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Mapping from Aerial Photographs

A Thesis Submitted to

The Faculty of

MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE
of
AGRICULTURE AND APPLIED SCIENCE

by
Edwin C. Lingtney

Candidate for the Degree of

Bachelor of Science

June 1936

1‘64?le

Acknowledgment
Th3 author wishes to acknowlsdge the helpful
cooperation of Mr. Talbert Abrams, President
of the Abram's Aerial Survey Corporation,
Lansing, Michigan, and Professor C. M. Cade,
Department of Civil Engineering, Michigan

State College.

Through the help of these gentlemen this
thesis was made an instructing and inter-

esting problem.

Edwin C. Whitney
Class of 1936

i032 l 1'1

Section
I
II

III

IV

Table of Contents

Part I

Resun‘ of Aerial Photography up to the

History of the Aerial PhotOgraph

Primary Steps in Map-Making . Q o o o o

a. Personnel of a Mapping Expedition
b. Werk Uhdbrtaken by the Personnel

The Aerial Camera

year 1936

a. Special Characteristics of the Aerial

b. Classes of Cameras. 0 o o . e e o e o

O. T‘ypeSOfCameraBooeeeeeeee
d. Design of Supplement for Tri-lans o
Types and Results of Photographic Errors

a. Errors of Relief. 0 e e e

b. Errors of Camera Tilt . .

0. Aerial Haze . o e o o . 0
Types of Aerial Maps

a. The Mosaic Map. . o . o o

b. The Photographic Map.

c. The Tpp0graphic Map a e .
Preparation of the Prints

0

a. Numbering the Prints. 0 o o o o o o e

b. Arranging the Prints in an Index Map.

Camera.

Page

MN

IFCACAN

‘ CJ'I

Section

VII Methods of assembling the Mosaic. . .
a. The Paper Traverse Method . e
b. The Straight Line Method . .

0. Jones' MéthOdo o e e c e e 0

VIII Drawing Contours from Aerial Photographs

a. The Stereocomparator. e e e o e o

b. The Stereoplanigraph. e o o e
o. The Aerooartograph . . . . e

d. The Mirror Stereoscope. 0

IX The Future of Aerial Photography
a. In City Mapping . . . e o . .
b. In Archaeological Surveys . e
c. In Locating Timber. e e e e e
do In.Aiding Navigation. . o o 0
Part II
Special Problem
Mapping from Aerial Photographs
I The Problem. . . . . . . . . . . . .
11 Material . . . o . o . . . o e . . 0

III Procedure. 0 e e e e e e e e e e e e

a. Description of Control Points

by Intersection

b. Method of Orientation of Prints

0. Making the Map. 0 e e o e o o

d. Checking the Map by a Transit Survey.

IV Conclusions 0 e e e o e e o o o e o e e o o o e

Page

10
10

10
10
10
ll

12
12
12
12

~: 0| uh uh (A no hi hi

Part III
Appendix and BibliOgraphy

Section Page
I Appendix
a. Description and Method of Plotting a
polyconic Projection. . o e . . . . . . e e . I
II

b. Controls. 0 e e e e e e e o o e o e e e o e 0

11 Bibliography 0 e e o c e o e o e e c e e o o o o e 0‘. III

Part1
Mmmemmmw

-1-

Maugham

The science of aerial photographing and mapping had its in-
ception on January 10, 1910, when a man by the name of Erickson .made
the first photograph from an airplane. The picture was an oblique
(angle) photograph of San Diego Bay, and the event formed the first
chapter in a new branch of photography whose growth parallels that of

J

the automobile and the airplane itself in importance.

The World War lent impetus to this new science, and it was
because of the accurate spotting by the aerial camera that artillery

divisions were able to Operate so effectively during the war.

After the war the activity along this line did not cease, but,
to the contrary, new developments took place which lifted the work of
the aerial photographer from crude, catch-as-catch-can work to that of
a science which, with the help of the precision instruments now avail-

able, makes possible a high degree of accuracy in mapping.

The civil engineer was quick to seize the opportunity of im-
proving his surveying by using the aerial photographs as a supplement,
and it was not long before maps were being constructed directly from
the photographs with the ground surveys serving but as a basis of pri-
mary survey. It is now possible to bring old maps up to date cheaply
and quickly by the use of aerial photographs which show objects in
their relative positions, and it would appear that the entire field of
mapping has been revolutionized by the aerial camera. As -a contemporary
has said, "It is safe to say that aerial photography in its present
status is the most valuable aid to map-making in general that has been
devised in the last century".1

 

1mm”, Ashley 0- . _sp__A nod Assisi. W. p. 233

-2-

Brings! §isss.is.M§2:Ea¥iag
The personnel of a mapping expedition consists of three dis-
tinct divisions; the pilot and photographer, the laboratory personnel,
and the draftsmen. It is imperative that proper coordination exist

among the workers of these divisions to insure the proper results.

The work undertaken.hy the above workers falls into the fol-
lowing seven steps, each of which.must be done to the highest degree of
accuracy;1

1. Primary survey by the ground crews (This includes the studyb
ing of light conditions and obtaining of flying information.)

2. Photographing the area.

3. Developing the filmh

4. Numbering the negatives.

5. Making the prints.

6. Making the index map.

7. Preparing the map with, or from, the prints.

Although, as has been stated, each of the steps is equally
important, a complete study of the subject would entail volumes so we
will concern ourselves principally with the last five steps, taking up
the others in as brief a.manner as possible when.they become necessary

to the understanding of the main subject.

Iss.észisl 222222.

Aerial photography brought up many problems concerning the
camera that were not encountered in ground photography. It was nec-
essary to develop 8 fixed camera lens (one that did not need special
focusing for varying object distances), and every action of the camera

had to be one that could be positively controlled by the Operator. All

 

LMcKinley, Ashley C. , Applied Aerial Photography, p. 2

-3-

springs and devices that depended upon gravity for their Operation had
to be discarded and an entirely new form Of camera built up which resist-
ed the vibrations of the airplane while in flight. NO adjustments which
depended upon the senses Of feeling or of sound were admissible, and all
levers and catches were made extra large in order that they might be
handled with gloved hands. The film, or plate, capacity of the camera
had to be enlarged, and the weight of the entire mechanism had to be

kept as light as possible, preferably under one-hundred and fifty pounds.

The cameras are classified into self-explanatory divisions of
nonpautomatic, semi-automatic, and automatic cameras, depending upon
their method Of Operation. Up to recent years the cameras consisted of
but a single lens, but, within the last few years, three, four, and even

five lens have been added.1

The principles of the multi-lens camera were first enunciated
by Captain Theodore Scheimpflug, an Austrian Army Engineer, who studied
the prOblem with the aid Of captive balloons. As a result Of his exper-
iments a tri-lens camera was invented by James W. Bagley, a pioneer in
aerial photography, for the purpose of speeding up the taking of neg-

atives by enabling a larger area Of ground to be photographed at one time.2

The tri-lens camera consisted of one lens pointing directly
downward and two supplementary lens pointing at an angle of thirty-five
degrees to either side (Fig. 1). Upon developing the negatives, a sup-
plement had to be used to project the side photos onto the plane of the
center print. This required a change in the scale Of the side photos

as they were taken from an angle instead of from a vertical position.

 

1For furthur information on multi-lens cameras consult Applied Aerial
mm by Ashley 0. McKinIGY. Po 9

2Bagley, James “R, "The Tri-Lens Camera in Aerial Photography and Photo-
graphic Mapping", The Militagy Engineer, vol. 12, p. 360

 

 

 

 

/.
a
/ .» \

 

 

Pig.“ Wefthelminthetr-lensemera ‘

 

a ,i

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

U Fig.1-bremotphetogrsphtahn, new, tri-lens camera

 

 

.4.-

The required camera supplement was designed, shortly after the design
of the cameras, by Mr. F. H. Moffit or the U. 3. Geological Survey,1
and since that thus the tri-lens has gained rapid favor because of its

speed and because it reduces the number of ground controls necessary.

The four and five lens cameras failed to gain popular favor
until very recently. Latest developments along this line, however,
point to the possibility of their acceptance as a successor to the tri-

lens.

Although photos can be made more rapidly with a multiple-lens
camera, (fifty to one hundred miles of territory being mapped in one hour)
the cameras are found to be susceptible tO moisture in the air and are

easily affected by haze which spoils the negatives easily.2

.2122: and Essulisusf Ehaisszsshis E22221.

were a photograph to be taken of a terrain of nearly equal
relief (altitude above sea level) from a plane fLying at a constant
altitude, and with the camera in a true vertical position, the map con-
structed from this photo would be an exact representation of the under-
lying ground. These ideal conditions, however, are very rarely en-
countered. variations in the relief of the territory being photographed,
aerial haze, and distortion of the camera lens cause errors whose cor-
rection is essential before a true representation Of the territory can

be made.

 

1Bagley, James “R, "The Tri-Lens Camera in Aerial Photography and Photo-
graphic Mapping”, Egg Militagy Engineer, vol. 12, p. 360

2Jones, Col. E. Lester, "The Airplane in Surveying and Mapping," 229
Militagy Engineer, vol 12, p. 32

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

{Fig.2 Thisre sentsaerosseeoticnefaealerathathasbeen
wmlml forsnexpesure. Linen

l,plane. Mmmsammti
photographed. Thelinelrepressntsa

elevationsefthsse lines is she-null. For-mph:
alshows pedtisnefpcintAasitshmldbereps-esentedsn
map whileAgshowsthepesitimwhese 1
lie}. a1 pointsAandBareatapproxinatelythesa-e
tin,thedistsnseofAfraatheeenterofthephotographnabsthe
errerncreprmouneed.

(w.m lied Aerial mm} by
Ashley . pTflg‘Fm

 

 

 

 

Of these errors, relief and camera tilt form the majority,
distortions of the lens and shutter being negligible except when doing
very large scale work. When the two errors are combined it is veny
difficult to distinguish between the-rand many complications arise

which demand skilful computations for their correction.

Errors of relief are caused by the height of the photographed
object. A photograph taken from directly above an object will show it
in its correct position but objects three hundred feet high and five
inches from the center of the photograph are displaced approximately
sixty feet from.their actual position (Fig. 2) while those of the
same height and one and one-half inches from the center of the photograph

are displaced about thirty feet from their actual position.1

Camera tilt errors are usually caused by the motion of the
plane in flight because most Of the aerial cameras now used are fixed
rigidly to the airplane and cannot be moved by the operator. Camera
tilt of less than one degree is not noticeable, but tilt at any greater
anlge than that figure tends to vary the form of photo taken, enlarging

it onp one side and reducing it a corresponding amount on the opposite

side (Fig..3).

This type Of error tends to distroy the uniformity of the scale
of the photos and entails extra work in the preparation of a.map from

the pictures.

The process of eliminating these errors is too long to con-

sider at this point.

Another Obstacle to the taking Of good photos is aerial haze,

 

lMcKinley, Ashley C., Applied Aerial Photography. p. 241

2For information on the correction Of errors in photographic mapping
seem W, by B. M. Jones and J. C. Griffiths, p. 140
Also refer to Applied Aerial Photography by Ashley C. McKinloy, p. 236

-6—

an “Optical turbidity of the atmosphere"1 which arises from particles
Of dust, smoke, or water vapor being present in the atmosphere. There
are two types of haze; that which clings to the ground and that which
extends uniformly to great heights. The former is caused mainly by
water vapor around.marshy lands, while the latter is caused by particles

of solid matter in the air.

Numerous camera filters have been tried in an effort to elimp
inate the effects of haze, but so far progress along these lines has

not been entirely satisfactory.2

Types p§,Aerial Maps
Aerial maps are divided into three classes according to the

accuracy of their detail and scale. The mosaic map is the most common
and also the haast accurate of these types. It consists Of strips of
overlapping vertical photos, taken with a single lens camera, laid and
pasted in.a.mount inwa,matched position. ‘A composite picture of the one

tire photographed area is Obtained in this manner.

The photographic map is constructed in the same manner as the
mosaic:map except that it is accurately scaled on a base on which have
been plotted accurately obtained control points (see appendix). Relative

relief'may be drawn on a map of this type.

The third type of map is the topographic or line map. It is
not essentially an aerial map, but it is mentioned here because topograph-
ers are coming more and more to depend upon the aerial photograph to en,

able them.to place Objects accurately on the line maps. Either single

 

1Definition fran Aerial Haze and its Effect pn_Phptography from the an,
Bulletin Number I, Eastman Kodac Company Research Laboratory, Rochester,
New York, 1923.

211219:

£3 888». .3 sconce connectors on» no soaficfia m earl _

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-7-

lens or multi-lens cameras may be used for this work, the main features
of the photos being transferred from the photographs to the line map

by the use Of tracing cloth or paper.

An aerial map will be accurate in preportion to the number Of
control points used and the methods by which these control points were
obtained. It is possible to construct a map with much greater accuracy
than can be easily read, for example; on a photographic map with a scale
of 1315,000, the dot made by a pencil in taking measurments will cover
an area of approximately fifteen square feet. This error will be trans-

ferred throughout the entire calculations.

Most authorities, up to the time Of 1929, thought that the maps
made from aerial phbtographs had to be carefully checked by ground sur-
veys in order to insure accuracy. SO much progress has been made in the
establishing of control pOints and in the using of these points that now
the aerial surveyor, "can detect as many errors in the work of the ground
surveyor as the ground surveyor formerly could in the work of the aerial

photographer."1

Preparation pf the Prints
After the prints have been develOped they are sent to the

drafting room where they are numbered in the order in which the print
was taken. Additional information such as the altitude from which the
picture was taken, the time, and any other data that might be deemed

important, are sometimes added.

The prints are then laid in piles, each pile corresponding

to a strip Of territory covered by the plane during one trip over the

 

1Talbert Abrams, President of the Abrams Aerial Survey Corporation,
.mlade the quoted statement in a recent interview.

-8-

corresponding territory. These strips are then assembled into a pri-
mary map, known as an indexznap, which serves to show any part of the
project that may have been omitted, or, in work on large engineering

projects, serves as a record of the work as it progresses.

The index map is arranged by taking one strip of the prints
and laying it out so that it will overlap as accurately as possible.
The second strip is then laid adjacent to, and overlapping the first
strip. Using the first strip as a basis, the remaining strips are
built outward from bozh sides, the best photo being used in each case

to overlap the preceding picture.

Methods pf Assembling 333 Mosaic
There are two main methods Of assembling mosaic maps from
photographic prints, the paper traverse method and the straight line
method. The steps in the construction of a map by the paper traverse

method are as follows:

First assemble a rough mosaic (index map) by matching images
in the zone of overlap, and select about nine points, widely distri-
buted over the map, for use in primary control. These points should
be easy to identify and suitable for easy field control. The photos
containing the selected points are then turned oter to a field party

which controls the points from the ground.

Next select and mark two points on the first photo of each
strip. These points must also appear on the adjacent photos of the
same strip. For example: The first point is taken near the center Of
the first print, and, due to overlap, appears also on the outside of
the second print. The second point lies near the center of the second

print and near the edge Of the first print. The remaining prints of

-9...

the strip, and all other strips, are marked in a like manner.

A sheet of tracing paper is then placed on a drafting table
and the first photograph of the first strip placed near the corner.
a small hole is punched through the photograph and paper at each se-
lected point and numbered, on the tracing paper, to correspond to the

number of the print. If a control point is contained in this photo it

is also numbered.

The first print is now removed and the second print placed
to correspond to holes punched in the paper. The second point is
obtained from this print, punched through to the paper, and used as a
guide for the third photo. The strip is completed and a lateral tra-
verse made in the same manner so that all points on the map are finally

punched through to the tracing paper in their respective positions.

In order to obtain the tentative scale of the mosaic, measure-
nents are made, on the tracing paper, of the distances between two con-

trol points. The actual distance between these points is then taken

from.ground surveys.

A.polyconic projection1 is now plotted, and all Of the control
points are accurately plotted from the field notes. The final scale is
worked out in this manner, and a prOportion obtained between the final
scale and the tentative scale. The controls are replotted to this final
scale by drawing lines from the origin of the projection2 to all control

points, measuring the distances from the origin to these points, and

 

1For a definition.and description of the method Of taking a polyconic
projection see the appendix.

2The origin is the central meridian of the projection.

~10-

increasing or decreasing their distances in accordance with the pro-

portion Obtained between the tentative and the final scales.

After the control points have been adjusted to the new scale,
the prints are out (only the centers being used, the overlap being dis-

carded) and pasted1 over their corresponding points, thus completing

the map.

Due to the fact that the straight line method is not as comp

monly used as the paper traverse method it will not be described at

this point.

A third method of assembling mosaics has been devised by B.
M. Jones and makes use of the fact that the separate strips will have
been taken in approximately straight lines. This method is used when
speed, rather than accuracy, is the essential factor. Data on this
method will not be considered here but may be found by consulting the

book, Rapid Survey Methods by B. M. Jones.

Contours m m Photographs
As has been previously stated it is possible to obtain re-
lative relief from aerial photographs. This fact leads to another
important possibility in the use of aerial maps, that is the drawing

of contours directly from the photos.

Several complicated instruments have been developed for use
in the drawing of contours. Some of these are the Sterocomparator, the
SterOplanigraph, andthe Aerocartograph. Their operation is too complex

to be considered in a paper of this type.

 

1Gum arabic and rubber cement are two of the adhesives used to secure
mosaics to their mounts.

-11..

Perhaps the best method of constructing contours from photo-
graphs is by the use d? the mirror steroscope (Fig. 4). This instru-
ment makes use Of the fact that two pictures of the same object, when
projected onto one another, will show relative relief. It is quite
simple to make comparisons of elevations by this method and, by joining

the points of equal height, to show contour lines.

The value of the aerial photograph for showing relief depends
upon the following factors: The magnifying power of the steroscope,
the stereoptical vision of the Operator, the skill used in adjusting
the prints, the quality Of the prints, the altitude from which the photo

was taken, the amount of relief and the scale Of the two adjoining prints.

If two or more altitudes are known (vertical controls) it is
possible to sketch inthe contour lines at regular intervals. The mag-
nitude of the stereographic effect is proportional to the length of the
base on which the two photographs were taken, the length being the dis-

tance the airplane covered between exposures.

226. 211.1122 9.1M We in
In 1920 James W. Bagley made the following statement, "There
are many miles of our outlying coast lines about which we need accurate
information, and there are vast areas Of our frontiers, such as the
valleys and plains of Alaska, of small relief, which probably will-:3
remain for a century almost as little known as at present unless a

more rapid and economical method of'mapping them can be devised."1

Since that time many of these frontiers have been.mapped with

the aid of the aerial camera. Noticeable among these recent conquests

 

1Bagley, James W., "The Tri-Lens Camera in Aerial Photography and Photo-
graphic lapping", The Militagy Engineer, vol. 12, p. 359

 

 

 

agrucfthsnrrsrsterecsccpe,nsedfcrshosingrelisf

 

83 are the photographic prints, placed
EBisthcpcdutcfvisicn,cseyes,ct
Thepcdntcfsme is cmtrelledby

, mm

was

mirrors.
emu-mo.

Wommmialphotcgraphs. Marat-we
sue.
tes-

Fig.4“.

 

 

-12-

is that of the upper Amazon River, a territory in which ground surveys
‘were found to be veny inaccurate and inadequate. Isle Royals, in Lake
Superior, has been.mapped within recent years for the U. 8. Government,
and the U. S. Geological Survey is making tremendous steps toward even

greater perfection Of the photographic system.

City mapping will prObably play a major role in this work due
to the fact that cities psually grow much more rapidly than do their
maps when made from ground surveys. As an example of the efficiency of
aerial mapping in this respect, let us mention that the City Of Paris
'was mapped in one day's actual flying time with the taking of eight-
hundred exposures.1 The City of washington was photographed in two and

one half hours with less than two-hundred photographs.1

Air photos can also be used to advantage in archaeological
surveys and in the location of timber, while their use in the location
of submerged and hidden Objects along our seacoasts makes them.an im-

portant aid to navigation.

Although aerial mapping has been known for several years it
has only recently become universally recognized: SO we may say of aerial
photography, as Kipling did of aviation, that, "We are at the Opening

page of the Opening chapter of the book of endless possibilities."

 

11V“. Herbert Eugene. WW po 412

Part II

Special Problem

Mapping from Aerial Photography 31 Intersection

lbs.££ahlsn

Although contemporary works give many ways of constructing
a.map from aerial photographs (the most important Of‘Wthh are noted
in Part I of this paper) all search through available material failed
to shoW'any method of plotting a topographic map from.aerial photographs
by means Of intersection, not could any reliable information be Obtainp
ed as to the accuracy of a map so constructed. It was therefore decided
to Obtain prints of a nearby area which had been accurately controlled

and to construct a map of this type, checking it as accurately as pos-

sible with available information.

Material
Through the courtesy of Mr.Talbert Abrams, President of the
Abrams! Aerial Survey Corporation, Lansing, Michigan, ten overlapping
photographs were obtained which covered an area E N E of the City of
Lansing, Michigan, from the Fair Grounds (just north of M916), east to
the Lake Lansing Road, and from the Fair Grounds north to the Haslett

Road (or Saginaw Street).

Each photograph was to the scale of 129600 (1" = 800') and

covered an area 5600 feet by 7200 feet.

One of the photogrpphs, covering from the Fair Grounds north
a distance Of approximately 7200 feet and east (from the Fair Grounds)
a distance Of approximately 5600 feet, was selected as a basis for the

topographic map.

Another copy of this same photograph was obtained,from Mr,
Abrams, printed on single weight paper, the first ten prints being

on double weight paper.

Data as to the coordinated of the bench marks available with-

-2-

in this area was obtained from.Mr. C. M. Cade, Professor of Civil En-
gineering at Michigan State College and director of the U. S. Coast and

Geodetic Survey work which covered this area.

As a permanent map record was desired it was decided to sub-
stitute tracing cloth for tracing paper in the construction of the map.
This enabled blue prints to be taken of the completed map (one of which

is enclosed in this thesis) and was more easily preserved‘?s the orig-

. ‘
inal work. 1 i

It was found that the use of a T-square of triangle in con-
structing intersecting lines was slow and arduous so two intersection

arms were devised.

These arms were of isinglass, twentyaone inches long and one-
half inch wide, their edges carefully straight-edged, and so constructed
that a pin, placed through a hole along the edge and punched through a
control point on the photograph, would serve as a hub for this rotating“
isinglass arm, enabling a straight line to be laid off in any direction

\

from the control point. Two of these arms were constructed for simultah- ;“
." " 2's
eous use over two control points. ”

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The method of procedure followed resembles that described in
Higher Sugygying by Breed and Hosmer, Chapter VI, on Photographic.
Surveying (ground).

The description fit the bench marks contained in the photo-
graph was obtained and, after a study of the photograph under a mirror

stereoscope, these points were pinppricked on the photo.

These points are described in the manuscript Bench Mark El-

-3-

mm W Ingham County, as determined by C. W. A.
Projects under the supervision of the U. S. Coast and Geodetic Survey,

as follows:

15 B. - Located 2 mi E'ly of Abbott Road, E. Lansing, Ingham
County. It is on the E side of gravel road on the E 1/3 line
of Sec. 17, T 4 N, R l W, Meridian Twp. It is situated in
triangle formed by driveways to Prof. C. M. Cade's house, 23.8'
S of end post of N & S fence, 20.2' E of CL of N & S gravel
road; 37.6' NE'ly of 12" hickory tree; 73.25' SW"1y from
telephone pole, and 119.2' NW‘ly from NW'corner of Prof. C. M.
Cade's house. To reach station go 2.0 mi E of’Abbott Road in
E. Lansing, on US Highway 16 (Grand River Ave) and 0.6 mi. N
on gravel road. A standard disc set in top of concrete post.

15 C. - Lodated 2 mi NE'Iy of intersection of US Highway 16
and Abbott Road, E. Lansing, in Ingham Cc. It is situated in
the NE quadrant of the x of Haslett Road and N a s 1/8 line
of Sec. 8, T 4 N, R l W, Meridian Twp. 45.8' I of CL of Has-
1ett Road and 32.4' E of CL of N & S Road; 20.2' SE'ly'of
traffic sign; 25.9' SW‘ly'of 6" maple tree (twin). To reach
station, go 2.0 mi E of Abbott Road in E. Lansing on US 16
(Grand River Ave.) and 0.6 Ni N'on gravel road. A standard
disc set in top of concrete post.

15 D. - Located 2-;- mi. NE'ly of x of US Highway 16 and Abbott
Road in E. Lansing, in Ingham County. It is in Sec. 9 on N
side of Haslett Road the abandoned X of Trunk Line Road M978,
0.4 E of B.M. 15-0 and approx. i-mi E of the Sec line common
to Secs. 8 & 9, T 4 N, R l'W, Meridian Twp. 21.5' E of stub
of pavement of abandoned X, and 28.0' N of CL of pavement of
Haslett Road. To reach station from traffic light at Abbott
Road and US 16 in E. Lansing, go E 2.0 mi on US 16, 1.5 mi. N
to Haslett Road and 0.4 E to monument. A standard disc, set
in top of concrete post.

Although there were three bench marks contained in the photo
only two were used for the major portion of the mapping work (B.M.'s
15-B and 15-0) as only two photographs of this area were available. The

third (B.M. lS-D) was used to check the position of certain points in
the final transit check.

 

l”Probably should read 1.6 mi instead of 0.6 mi.

 

The North and South Road past Professor Cade's house and
shown down the center of the photograph, was chosen as the primary line
of orientation. Accordingly a line was drawn down the center of a
sheet of 18" x 24" detail paper and the positions of B.M.'s 15-8 and
15-0 were accurately located to the scale of 123600 (1" 3 300') with

this line serving as the center line of the North and South Road.

The detail paper was secured to a drawing board by means of
thumb tacks and the two photographic prints placed in position over the
two control points. The location of BM 15-B was pricked through the
photograph and into the detail paper through the position of the point
taken as the position of BM 15-B on the detail paper. The second photo-
graph was now taken and the position of BM 15-0 was located in its
correct position in the same manner. The prints were now swung, using
the pins through the control points as the hubs, until the picture of
the North and South Road paralleled the corresponding line on the detail

paper. The prints were now considered oriented.

Using a paper*mucilage the prints were glued secureby'tO‘the
detail paper in this oriented‘pcsition. The sheet of tracing 919th was
now placed over the prints and detail paper and held in position with
thumb-tacks.

The isinglass intersection arms were nOW'placed in position,
one with its end over one control point, the other with its end over
the second control point. A pin was then pricked through the intern
section arm, through the tracing paper, through the control point on
the photo, through the control point on the detail paper and firmly
into the drawing board in each case. These pins, securely imbedded,

formed the initial points in the location of all other points.

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-5—

The construction continued as follows:

A point was picked on one of the photographs. The intersec-
tion arm.for that photograph was placed so that its edge ran directly
through this point as shown on the picture. The same point was located
on the second photograph and the intersection arm of the second photo
was passed so that its edge passed directly through the point. The
point at which the two intersection arms crossed was marked on the
tracing cloth and represented the point chosen on the photographs but
now shown, on the tracing cloth, to the scale of 1:5600 instead of to

the scale of 139600 as shown on the photographic prints.
Werk proceeded in this manner until the map was completed.

As a check on the accuracy of mapping by intersection, a
brief transit survey was made of the area. Several shots were taken
from the hem marks and the points plotted accurately on the completed
map by means of angles and distances. A copy of the notes taken during

this work is shown on the following page.

C u 'on
The points that were located by means of a stadia traverse
are shown as dotted lines on the map. It will be noted that quite a
bit of discrepancy is noted on about fifty percent of the points that

were plotted.

The first eight points that were plotted (numbered 1 to 8
on the map) ShOW'the most error of the entire group. This is easily
explained. When in the field the tree taken as the line of zero azi-
muth seemed very conspicuous and one which'would be easy to locate on
the photograph. Once at the drawing board, however, it was found that

the tree showed up only in vaguest outline. An approximate position of

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

-6-
Notes Eran Stadia Traverse
I
his as??? me. we
at ta. FNWACficfilg Angle Remarks
an 15E 1 116°02' 314°w 435' 0° N Corner Barn
2 117°00' 313°w 465' 0° 3 Corner Barn
3 . 233°40* N75°E 290' +l° Cade Barn
4 l 221°46' N88°E 280' 0° Cade Barn
5 221°20' Nes°E 312' 0° Cade Barn
6 221°18' nss°s 169' 0° - Cade Garage
7 214°00' i SB4°E 168' 00 Cade Garage
8 00°00' 150““ 812' 0° Check on 0P Ax. tree
*n 150 9 00°00' [ 383°E 502' 0° C-L Road, 0° At. Line
10; 1°10' ss4°s 492' ' 0° Culvert >
11 1°13' ss4°E 510' E 0° Culvert
12 98°13' n02°W' 696' 0° C-L Road (N&S) ‘
13 102°15' N05°W 223' 0° Culvert
14 116°38' _ N10°W 228' 0° Culvert
15 190°05' 387°w' 1060' 0° ' Back of Culvert Q
16 190°l5' 887°“ 1020' 00 Front of Culvert :
l7 189°22' ss7°w 1050' ’ 0° Edge of Road
18 r 189°30' ‘ 337°w 1040'. 0° Edge of Road g
19 275°15' $32°w 1360' +46 C-L N&S Road 5
. i l r a
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3%
E

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

-7-

the tree had to be drawn in by intersection and the line from BM 15-8

to this point thken as the line of zero azimuth.

The shots taken from lS-c were, in general, veny good.
Only two of the points were badly out of position, points 10 and 11

being displaced about twenty feet north.

A good many of the errors can be laid to the lack of tech-
nique of a college senior. An expert could probably make a reasonably
accurate map, suitable for most purposes, by means of intersection from
aerial photographs. For the best work, however, the other types of

making maps from aerial photographs are strongly recommended.

 

 

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Part III

Ink”. -

 

ndix and Bibliograpgz

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-I-

gym—0d 3: Plotting iPolyconic Projectionl
Polyconic projection is based on the fact that when a
number of cones are placed tangent to some parallel, with their apex
falling over the pole, the data at this point of tangency, and for some

distance on each side of the point of tangency, can be projected on the

cone 0

Numerous calculations are involved which are made simple in

Bulletin 650, published by the U. 8. Geological survey.

When laying a polyconic projection, the construction will

proceed as follows:

1. Find the central parallel and meridian of the area of which
the projection is to be drawn. Refer to bulletin 650 for the desired

scale, and lay off accurately the desired distances given in the table.

2. Draw two lines at right angles to each other and through the
center of’the mosaic mount, then, by referring to Bulletin 650, the value
of inches for a minute of latitude of the area of which the projection

is being made can be determined at the desired scale.

3. Refer to the table and find the required offset. Plot these

distances to the north or south.

4. Refer again to the table in Bulletin 650. The distances of
curvature for the meridians are found and can be laid off from south

to north along each construction line.

5. Control points are then plotted along the projection.

 

luethod quoted from.Applied.gg;1g1‘Ehgtggzgphy_by Ashley C. McKinley

‘ ‘1‘ 4‘ __r-A-‘ol'_ 2r"—

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-11-

ShunazfleL

Controls are all data employed in accurately fixing points on
which to construct a mosaic or map. They are always related to some
point of the earth's surface and are of two types; the horizontal con-
trol, which is the horizontal distance between two pointson the tarth's
surface, and the primary control which consists of belts of triangulation
an accurately measured basesiacrcss the country from coast to coast
and from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico. The primary controls
are determined by astronomical positions. These positions are permanp
ently fixed by using a concrete pier to which is attached a tablet with
the desired information.

Secondary control is any control taken especially for the photo-

graphs themselves.

a.“

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"'7‘='i’; ‘KH 1'.

-n‘

 

 

.,. .-

‘. V

 

 

Breed, C.B., Hosmer, G.L.

Ives, Herbert Eugene

Jones, BeMo. Griffiths, JeCe

McKinley, Ashley C.

Sharp, Ho 0.

Bagley, James W.

Bagley, James W.

Fiske, Major

Luscher, H.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Higher Surveying
J. Wiley & Sons Inc., New York

1934

Aipplane Phptograpgy
J.P. Lippencott & Co., Philidelphia

1920

mm
Cambridge University Press
1925

Applied Aerial Photograph!
J. Wiley & Sons Inc., New York

1929

Ehgtggrammetgy
1934

Periodicals

"The Tri-Lens Camera in Aerial
Photography and Photographic
Mapping"

mm W. 123358-363

"Stereophotography in Aerial

Mapping"
The Militagy Engineer
1923

"Tepography from Aerial Photographs"
$924 .

"Photographic Mapping Methods"
Art i_n E_ngineering
1927

 

in“ A a":

u

"l magnum: ' E

MM MA. va ow...-

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Marks, Edwin Hall

McKinley, Ashley C.

Heblette, C.B.

Wheat, Joseph Henry

Yates, B.

Anon.

Anon.

Periodicals (Cont.)

"The Use of Aerial Photographs in
Mapping"
Egg Militapy Engineer, 12:184

"Mapping the Antarctic from the Air"

The National Geographic Magazine
LXII:471-486

"Long Range Aerial Photography"
.Ehaierfisa. 108877-78

"Mapping with the Aerial Camera"
JUEL '1.ta Engineer, 12:11-12

"Edith Keating is Paid to Look Down
on the Human Race"
The‘American Magazine, 67:47

Miscellaneous

Aerial Haze and i_.__ s Effecto %
Ehgtography from the.A;_
Bulletin Number 4, Eastman Kodao
Company Research Laboratory,
Rochester, New York, 1923

 

 

 

 

Use pf Aerial Photographs-ip_
Igpggraphic Mapping

U.S. Air Service Information
Circular No. 184, Washington, D.C.

 

 

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