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THESIS

This is to certify that the

thesis entitled

THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM BICARBONATE AND DIET UPON
ACID-BASE BALANCE IN A SUBMAXIMAL EFFORT

presented by

Vera Lucia Simoes da Silva

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

 

M.A. degree in Heal th, Prysical
Education, and
Recreation

 

 

Major professor

Date August 10, 1979

 

0-7639

 

 

 
 
    
       

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charge from circulation recon

 

 

THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM BICARBONATE AND DIET UPON
ACID-BASE BALANCE IN A SUBMAXIMAL EFFORT

By

Vera Lucia Simoes da Silva

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Health, Physical Education,
and Recreation

1979

ABSTRACT

THE EFFECTS OF SODIUM BICARBONATE AND DIET UPON
ACID-BASE BALANCE IN A SUBMAXIMAL EFFORT

By

Vera Lucia Simoes da Silva

The present investigation was conducted to determine the effects
of sodium bicarbonate ingestion (0.l2 grams/kg) combined with a car-
bohydrate diet or a fat-protein diet upon the acid-base balance
during submaximal work. Eight unconditioned male subjects (21-26
years) were selected for the experiment. The submaximal work con-
sisted of a treadmill run for 5 minutes at 6 mph, zero grade. Each
subject ran under four conditions: CHO diet plus NaHCO3 supplemen-
tation; fat-protein diet plus NaHCO3 supplementation; CHO diet plus
a placebo; and fat-protein diet plus a placebo. Gas collection took
place during the run and recovery utilizing the Douglas bag method.
Blood samples were taken before and after exercise and were analyzed
for pCOZ, pH, BE, and lactate.

The oxygen cost was significantly higher under the high fat-
protein dietary condition. The RQ values were lower under bicarbonate
supplementation and a high-fat/protein diet. Heart rate was higher dur-
ing the run under the supplement condition. The pH was significantly
higher under the carbohydrate condition before work. The serum

bicarbonate levels were significantly higher under the high carbohydrate

Vera Lucia Simoes da Silva

condition before and after the run. No statistical differences were
observed for lactic acid. The 02 uptake was consistently higher when

pH was lower than or equal to 7.44 during the run.

To my mother Alice and my sister and brothers.

ii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I want to thank Dr. Wayne D. Van Huss, my thesis advisor, for
his help in the preparation of this thesis.

Recognition is extended to the persons involved in the collec-
tion of data: Gary Hunter, Asyhar Hkaledan, Kazem Boosharya, and
Bosken Fallah.

My gratitude is extended to all professors who have guided and

assisted me during my M.A. program.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

LIST OF TABLES ......................... vi

LIST OF FIGURES ........................ vii
Chapter

I. INTRODUCTION ...................... 1

Purpose of the Study ................. 2

Research Hypothesis ................. 3

Research Plan .................... 3

Rationale for Research Plan ............. 4

Limitations ..................... 4

Definitions ..................... 4

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE .................. 6

Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation .......... 6

Diet and Activity .................. 7

Supplementation and Type of Activity ......... 8

Diet and Supplementation Interaction ......... 9

Acid-Base Balance, Lactic Acid, and Submaximal Work . l0

III. METHODS AND PROCEDURES ................. ll

Research Design ................... ll

Subjects ....................... 12

Dietary Procedures .................. 13

Measurement Procedures ................ l3

Heart Rate ..................... 14

Blood Samples ................... 14

Energy Metabolism ................. 16

Statistical Analysis ................. 17

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................. l8

Energy Metabolism .................. 18

Oxygen Measures .................. 18

Respiratory Quotient ................ 23

Heart Rate ..................... 23

iv

Chapter Page

Acid-Base Balance ................... 23

pH .......................... 23

pCOZ ......................... 29

Sodium Bicarbonate .................. 3l

Base Excess ..................... 33

Lactic Acid ..................... 33

pH and 02 Usage Relationship .............. 37
Discussion ....................... 39

Energy Metabolism .................. 39

Acid-Base Measures .................. 40

V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS ................. 42
Summary ........................ 42
Conclusions ...................... 43
APPENDICES ............................ 44
A. INSTRUCTIONS FOR DIETARY CONTROL ............. 45

B. FOOD INTAKE CALCULATION SHEET .............. 49
BIBLIOGRAPHY ........................... Sl

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

3.1 Mean Percentages of Total Calories Obtained From
Carbohydrates, Fats, and Proteins in the Four

Treatments ...................... 14
4.1 Exercise and Recovery Values of O2 ........... 19
4.2 Total 02 Usage ..................... 20
4.3 Work and Recovery Values of Respiratory Quotient . . . . 24
4.4 Work and Recovery Values of Heart Rate ......... 26
4.5 pH Results Before and After Exercise .......... 29
4.6 pCO2 Results Before and After Exercise ......... 31
4.7 Bicarbonate Results Before and After Exercise ...... 33
4.8 Base Excess Results ................... 35
4.9 Lactic Acid Before and After Exercise .......... 35
4.10 pH Versus 02 Utilization ................ 37

vi

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure
3.1 Experimental Design ...................
3.2 Electrode Placement ...................
4.1 The 02 Usage During the Work and Recovery With All
Conditions of Diet and Supplementation ........
4.2 Oxygen Usage ......................
4.3 Respiratory Quotient During Work and Recovery With All
Conditions of Diet and Supplementation ........
4.4 Heart Rate During Exercise and at Recovery .......
4.5 pH Before and After Exercise ..............
4.6 pCO2 Before and After Exercise .............
4.7 Bicarbonate Before and After Exercise ..........
4.8 Base Excess Before and After Exercise ..........
4.9 Lactic Acid Before and After Exercise ..........
4.10 pH and 02 Usage .....................

vii

Page
12
15

21
22

25
27
28
3O
32
34
36
38

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

It is established that the metabolic acidosis of exercise is
caused by the anaerobic formation of lactate and pyruvate, which are
transported to the blood and cause a decrease in pH and CO2 content
(8).

The search for ways of decreasing or delaying the acidosis
caused by exercise has brought investigators to examine the buffer
systems of the blood. One of the most important systems is the
bicarbonate buffer system. Many investigations have reported that
ingestion of sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) before exercise caused an
increase in the buffering capacity of the blood (4, 42). An increase
in pH and an increase in performance have also been reported (22,
46).

Smallincreases in the amount of serum bicarbonate have been
reported to improve the ability of the blood to buffer lactic acid
produced during exhaustive work and hence to improve work performance
(4, 20, 42, 50, 63). Several investigators have shown that ingestion
of sodium bicarbonate changes the acid-base balance of humans and
yields high levels of base excess, pH, and lactate (40, 52).

It also appears that diet can affect acid-base balance as well

as work performance levels. It has been reported that a significant

1

decrease in base excess of the blood is observed when subjects are
placed on a high-fat/protein (80%) and low-carbohydrate (20%) diet
for a few days (40). Christensen and Hansen (14) reported that indi-
viduals can work three times longer when they are fed a high-
carbohydrate diet than when they are fed a high-fat diet. In only
one study have the combined effects of specific dietary regimens

plus sodium bicarbonate supplementation been correlated with the
ability to perform exhaustive work of short duration (40).

The effects of altering the buffer reserve in the body's extra-
cellular fluid on work performance have received relatively little
attention in the research literature. In the studies that have been
completed, exhaustive exercise has been used exclusively as the
measure of work performance. Little is known about the effects of
altering buffer reserves in the body's extracellular fluid during
controlled submaximal work. There is a need, therefore, to investi-
gate the interrelationships between the effects of various dietary
regimens and bicarbonate on acid-base balance and related performance

measures during submaximal levels of exercise.

Purpose of the Study
The purpose of this investigation was to determine the effects
of sodium bicarbonate ingestion(0.12 grams/kg), in conjunction with
a high-carbohydrate diet or a high-fat/protein diet, upon the acid-

base balance during submaximal work.

Research Hypothesis

 

The ingestion of 0.12 grams/kg of sodium bicarbonate in combi-
nation with either a high-carbohydrate diet or with a high-fat/protein
diet will alter the acid-base balance so that the energy cost of a

standard submaximal treadmill run will be lowered.

Research Plan

 

The subjects for this study were seven male students, 21 to 26
years of age, who were not engaged in any training program. None of
them had previously run on a treadmill. To qualify as subjects they
normally ateaistandard American diet, high in fat-protein, and had
a reasonable level of fitness. A test of 6 mph, zero-grade tread-
mill run was performed to obtain their heart rate. The range of
heart rate was between 145 and 160 bpm. All seven subjects were
considered fit for the experiment.

The tests were ordered in a Latin-Square design. The subjects
were tested once a week under four experimental conditions: (a) car-
bohydrate diet plus sodium bicarbonate supplementation, (b) fat-
protein diet plus sodium bicarbonate supplementation, (c) carbohydrate
diet plus a placebo, and (d) fat-protein diet plus a placebo. A
5-min, zero-grade treadmill run at 6 mph was used as the standard
submaximal exercise test. Heart rate, blood samples (for pH, pCOZ,
HCOS, base excess, and lactic acid), and energy metabolism variables
(C02, 02, RQ) were obtained to determine the acid-base balance and

economy of work during exercise.

Rationale for Research Plan

 

The S-min, 6 mph, zero-grade treadmill protocol was selected
as a reproducible test reflecting economy of work. The dietary
regimens and the prescribed dosage of sodium bicarbonate have been

used previously in this laboratory (40).

Limitations

 

l. The results of this study should be applied only to young
men with characteristics similar to those of the subjects
used.

2. The results should be limited to submaximal work of about
5-min duration and especially applicable to running.

3. The results should be limited to subjects ingesting the
respective diets and the specified dosage of sodium bicar-
bonate.

4. The amount of rest and the levels of psychological or

physiological fatigue could not be controlled.

Definitions

 

Acid-Base Balance--The ratio of H+ and OH' ions in the blood.

 

Acidosis--A state characterized by a high physiologic level of
hydrogen ions in arterialized capillary blood. It is reflected by
a low blood pH (less than 7.42).

Alkalosis--A state characterized by a low physiologic level of
hydrogen ions in arterialized capillary blood. It is reflected by

a high blood pH (greater than 7.44).

Base Excess--The base concentration of arterialized capillary

 

blood as measured by its titration to pH 7.40 at a pCO2 of 40 mm Hg.
It is equal to buffer base minus normal buffer base; therefore, nor-
mal BE is equal to zero (40).

Bicarbonate (Hcoglf-The ion remaining after the first dissocia-

 

. . . + - .
tion of carbonic ac1d (C02 + H20 : H2C03 : H + HC03). Bicarbonate
acts as a buffer to decrease H+ ions.

Lactic Acid--An organic acid. An end-product of anaerobic

 

glycolysis.

Oxygen Debt--The elevated oxygen utilization after work which is

 

related to anaerobic processes during exercise.

Oxygen Uptake (V02)y—The volume of oxygen absorbed by the body

 

from the lungs per minute during exercise.
pfl:-Symbol for the logarithm of the reciprocal of the H+ ion
concentration. It denotes the degrees of alkalinity or acidity of

the body. Normal human pH is 7.42.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

This chapter is divided into five parts, designated as:
(1) Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation, (2) Diet and Activity,
(3) Supplementation and Type of Exercise, (4) Diet and Supplementa-
tion Interaction, and (5) Acid-Base Balance, Lactic Acid, and Sub-

maximal Work.

Sodium Bicarbonate Supplementation

Sodium bicarbonate ingestion before brief maximum exercise
increased alkalinity and was shown to improve the athlete's ability
to buffer lactic acid with a subsequent improvement in work per-
formance (4). Although run time, lactate concentration, and heart
rate remained the same, the average pH after exercise was 0.1 unit
higher in a study where the influence of sodium bicarbonate was
determined upon a 400-m run (46).

Hunter (40) found that NaHCO3 changed the acid-base balance by
means of a shift of the pH curve. He also reported an increase in
performance time. However, it has been observed in other studies
that although 02 debt increased after NaHCO3, no significant differ-
ence in muscular performance has been reported (22).

Only one study has reported statistically significant performance.
The subjects were given ammonium chloride (NH4C1) and sodium

6

bicarbonate (NaHC03) at different times. They were able to work
longer on an ergometer at the highest level of exercise (90%,
V02 max.) after NaHCO3 ingestion (63).

Alkalizing the body before exercise with NaHCO3 has been shown
to change acid-base balance of the individual by means of increase
in BE, pH, 02 debt, and lactate.

The performance, however, has been contradictory. Some found

it to be enhanced and some found it not to be (4, 20, 42, 46, 52, 63).

Diet and Activity

 

Studies on diet have shown carbohydrate (CHO) to be an aid to
energy expenditure to both aerobic and anaerobic activities. It
serves as a blood alkalizer (40). Dennig (20) found that alkalizing
the body before work buffered the acidity increased during the exer-
cise, thus helping delay the onset of fatigue and reducing the time
of recovery.

The role of CHO as an aid to improve performance in heavy exer-
cise has been attributed to its influence on muscle glycogen content
(44). Glycogen is quite stable in an alkaline medium but is con-
verted to glucose in acidic conditions (24). Alkalosis is believed
to promote and acidosis to hinder the utilization of CHO. Glucose is
more reactive in an alkaline solution than in an acid medium. In an
alkaline medium it gives rise to other glucose-like sugars, absorbs
measurable amounts of 02 and, even at ordinary temperature, is broken

into smaller fragments.

Fat and carbohydrate are the necessary fuels for resynthesis
of energy (2). The hypothesis is that aerobic metabolism predomi-
nates in work of about lO-min duration (36). Considering the effects
of a fat diet, Ershoff (28) found that ataawater temperature of 20°C
the swimming performance of rats and mice on a low-fat diet were
considerably longer than on a high-fat diet. Previous studies
reported that at water temperature of 36-38°C, subjects on a high-fat
diet performed longer (21, 28). Other studies indicated, however,
deleterious effects of diets low in fat (21).

The effects of a normal diet, composed of fat, protein, and
CHO, confirmed previous studies that the ability to endure strenuous
submaximal exercise may be changed with a CHO diet before work (53).

A combination of CHO and NaHCO3 was expected to have the most
effect on performance and on acid-base balance, but Hunter (40)
did not find this to be true. Differences in the effect of NaHCO3
ingestion between basketball players and distance runners were
reported to be due to the differences in diet. Under the placebo con-
dition, distance runners showed more alkaline pre-exercise blood
than the basketball players. The distance runners were found to be

on a high-CHO diet.

Supplementation and Type of Activity

 

Sodium bicarbonate was shown to have a higher buffering capacity
during brief high-intensity work (4, 20, 42, 50, 63).
Previous studies on the influence of pH upon lactate showed

that at 70% V02 max. and at exhaustion, on a cycle ergometer, the

fall in pH reduced lactate production in muscles (42). Using the
same work protocol of the above study, Jones (42) and co-workers
reported an increase in lactate output after exercise when the blood
was in alkalotic state due to the NaHCO3 ingestion. However, a prior
study reported that the buffer capacity of NaHCO3 was shown to work
after 20 min of exercise (20).

In relation to performance, no difference was found, although
it was reported that an increase in pH, BE, and standard bicarbonate
occurred by alkalizing the blood with sodium bicarbonate. The exer-
cise was a 400-m run. PCO2 was also higher after the warm-up with
the buffer infusion (46). On the other hand, some researchers have
reported significant improvement on performance after administration
of alkali compounds. Highly trained swimmers were given an amount of
.50 grams of NaHC03, 2 days prior to the test. The sprinters had
greater improvement (62). Hunter (40) reported that the largest
increase in performance time on a treadmill run was induced by the

lowest of the three dosages of sodium bicarbonate.

Diet and Supplementation Interaction
Studies have indicated that a high-carbohydrate diet (80%) has
an alkalizing effect on arterial blood and a high-fat diet (80%) has
an acidifying effect (40). Relating the supplementation of NaHCO3
and diet, it was noticed that the subjects who had an increase in

alkalinity due to diet were less sensitive to the supplementation.

lO

Acid-Base Balance, Lactic Acid, and Submaximal Work

Some studies have shown slight or no accumulation of lactic acid
in the blood during light work. J. Gordon Wells and co-workers (69)
made the classification of lactic acid accumulation related to inten-
sity of work as follows:

1. Light work--pulse rate at 120, no significant increase of

lactic acid above the resting value.

2. Heavy work—~pulse rate at 120 to 160, increase in lactic

acid from 20 to 40%.

3. Severe work--pulse rate above 160, increase in lactic acid

of 100% or more.

No significant amount of lactate is produced in working muscles
when standardized submaximal exercise is performed (2, 5, 44).

Others have indicated that a decrease in lactic acid is evident after
submaximal work. Moderate muscular work, such as a brisk walk, does
not materially increase the level of lactic acid in the blood (22,
55). Friedmann et a1. (30) found that a brisk walk at the rate of
4.04 mph did not increase lactic acid or pyruvic acid content of the
blood.

Acid-base balance was shown to be different in subjects with
different kinds of fitness (17). Although similar pulse-rate
responses on a submaximal running were shown by basketball players
and distance runners, there were observed differences in their body
acid-base balance (40). These results tend to confirm Davis' earlier

data.

CHAPTER III

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

Studies have shown that the pH of the body's extracellular fluid
can be elevated by supplementation of sodium bicarbonate and/or by
certain dietary conditions. However, it is not known if an induced
pre-exercise alkalosis can improve the efficiency of submaximal exer-
cise performance. Therefore, the current study was undertaken to
determine the effects of a pre-exercise ingestion of 0.12 grams of
sodium bicarbonate per kg of body weight, under high-carbohydrate and
high-fat/protein dietary conditions, on performance in standard sub-

maximal work of 5-min duration.

Research Design

 

A nonbiasing repeated-measures design with seven subjects and
four treatment conditions was used. The four treatment conditions
were: (a) carbohydrate diet plus NaHCO3, (b) fat-protein diet plus
NaHCO3, (c) carbohydrate diet plus placebo, and (d) fat-protein diet
plus placebo. The oral dose of NaHCO3 was 0.12 grams/kg of body
weight, whereas the placebo was an oral dose of 0.095 of dextrose/kg
of body weight (Fig. 3.1). Doses of the supplementation (NaHCO3 or
placebo) were administered 12 and 2 hours before each exercise test.
The supplement was encapsulated and unlabelled so that the subjects
would not know what they were taking.

11

12

 

 

 

 

DIET CONDITIONS
SUPPLEMENT
CHO FAT/PRO
NaHCO3 n = 7 n = 7
PLACEBO n = 7 n = 7

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 3.1. Experimental design.

The exercise test was a 5-min, zero-grade treadmill run at 6 mph
followed by 10 min of recovery. Each subject was tested once a week
for 4 weeks under the various diet and supplement conditions. A
random assignment of treatment order was used. The room temperature
and humidity were maintained approximately constant (68-72°F, 40-60%
humidity) and each subject was tested at the same time and on the same

day each week.

Subjects

The subjects for this study were seven male students. They
were 21 to 26 years of age and they were not engaged in any training
program. None of the subjects had previously run on a treadmill.

To qualify as subjects, they normally ate a standard American

diet and had a reasonable level of fitness. This was determined by

l3

obtaining their heart rate during a 6-mph, zero-grade treadmill run.
The range of heart rate was 145 to 160 bpm. All seven subjects were
considered fit for the experiment. Informed consent was obtained
from each subject.

The subjects were instructed to keep their activity levels and
sleep as constant as possible throughout the 4-week experimental
period. There were no controls over these extraneous factors, how-

ever.

Dietary Procedures

 

Written instructions for a high-carbohydrate diet and a standard
American or high-fat/protein diet were given to the subjects (Appen-
dix A). For 3 days prior to each of the four treadmill tests, each
subject was assigned one of these diets. A daily log of all food
intake was kept by the subject during the 3-day period. When the sub-
ject arrived for testing, all dietary information was recorded and
percentages of total calories obtained via carbohydrates, fats, and
proteins were calculated according to the method of Bowes and Church
(9) (Appendix B). Table 3.1 shows the mean percentages of carbohy-
drate, fat, and protein obtained under each of the four treatment

conditions.

Measurement Procedures

 

Each subject was asked to come to the laboratory for testing

dressed in shorts and tennis shoes.

14

Table 3.1: Mean Percentages of Total Calories Obtained From Carbo-
hydrates, Fats, and Proteins in the Four Treatments

 

Treatment Conditions

 

 

 

Source

CHO-SB FP-SB CHO-P FP-P
CHO 56.00 19.14 63.29 19.14
Fat 27.43 48.43 22.29 51.29
Protein 16.57 32.43 14.43 29.57
Heart Rate

 

Disposable electrodes1 were placed on the subject in the single
bipolar V5 electrocardiograph configuration shown in Fig. 3.2 (27).
The electrocardiogram was recorded on a Cambridge 3030 ECG unit.z
Heart rate was calculated for every 30 sec during the run and every

minute during recovery.

Blood Samples

 

Arterialized capillary blood was taken from the finger tip
before exercise and at the fifth minute of recovery. The finger was
warmed in 45°C water, for about 2 min, before the blood was taken.

A lZO-microliter (pl) blood sample was collected in a heparin-
ized capillary tube to determine pH directly. The pCOZ, H003, and

BE were determined according to the Astrup Equilibration Method (3).

 

13M Red Dot Electrodes, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Co.,

3M Company, 3M Center, St. Paul, Minnesota.

2Cambridge Instrument Co., 73 Spring St., Ossaning, New York.

I!-

 

15

 

Figure 3.2.

Electrode placement.

n -—---r——-..
_.‘a._-.

16

A Radiometer pH meter 72 and a Radiometer Microtonometer3 were used.
This blood sample was stored at 0-3°C and was analyzed within 2.5
hours.

Another lOO-pl blood sample was collected in a centrifuge tube
containing 220 p1 of cold perchloric acid (70%). A protein-free
supernate was obtained and stored at 0-3°C for up to 6 days. Lactic
acid concentration was determined by enzymatic procedures on a Bausch
5

and Lomb Spectrophotometer4 (Spectronic 20) using a Sigma Chemical Kit

(n. 826-UV).

Energy Metabolism

 

The standard Douglas bag method was used to obtain energy
metabolism data during exercise and recovery (16). Expired gas was
collected in neoprene weather balloons6 (31). During exercise the
bags were changed every minute. During recovery the bags were changed
at l, 3, and 5 min.

An Otis-McKerrow7 respiratory valve was used with a hose length
of 18 in. between the subject and the collecting bag. The resistance

in this circuit was less than 20mm H20 at a flow rate of 225 l/min (45).

 

3Radiometer, 72 Emdrupvei, Copenhagen MF, Denmark.

4Bausch and Lamb, Rochester, New York.
5Sigma Chemical Company, P.0. Box 14508, St. Louis, Missouri.

6Darex Balloons, W. R. Grade and Company, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

7Otis McKerrow Valve, Warren Collins Company, Braintree,
Massachusetts.

17

Each bag of gas was analyzed immediately after it was collected.
Percent CO2 was measured on a Beckman Medical Gas Analyzer (Model
LB-2). Percent 02 was determined on a Beckman Oxygen Analyzer (Model
OM-ll).8 The gas volume was determined using an American Meter Com-
pany Dry Gas Meter (Model DTM-ll).9 The calculations were done as
described by Consolazio, Johnson, and Pecora (16). The 02 and C02
concentrations of the standard gas sample were checked using a

Haldane Chemical Analyzer.10

Statistical Analysis

 

The data were analyzed using the repeated measures subroutine
of the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) on the
Michigan State University CDC 6500 computer. The data were plotted
to look for time-related trends in diet, NaHCO3 supplementation, pH,
pCOz, BE, HCOS, lactic acid, 02, RQ, and HR. In instances when mul-
tiple measures were made during and following a run which plotted in

a curvilinear manner (Fig. 4.1), the Sign Test (59) was used.

 

8Beckman Instruments, Inc., 3900 River Road, Schiller Park,
Illinois.

9Singer, American Meter Company, 13500 Philmont Ave., Philadelphia,
Pennsylvania.

10Arthur H. Thomas Company, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The purpose of the present study was to investigate the combined
effects of sodium bicarbonate with high-carbohydrate and high-fat
diets upon the acid-base balance of individuals during standard per-
formance.

This chapter consists of four sections: Energy Metabolism,
Acid-Base Balance, the Relationship of pH to Oxygen Usage, and a

General Discussion.

Energy Metabolism

 

Oxygen Measures

 

The results for oxygen consumption during the run, the recovery,
and the total 02 requirement can be seen in Tables 4.1 and 4.2.
Table 4.1 shows the means, standard deviations, and statistical analy-
sis for each of the 5 minutes during the run, and for the total recov-
ery. Table 4.2 shows the means, standard deviations, and statistical
analysis for the total run, total recovery, and the total 02 require-
ment.

Significant diet effects were observed during the fifth minute
of the run and during recovery. The oxygen values were significantly
higher for the high-fat/protein condition. If one considers all
points measured (Fig. 4.l,f) and uses the Sign Test, the data are

18

19

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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20

highly significant (p=.004). From these results one can conclude
that the oxygen usage is consistently higher under the high-fat/

protein condition.

Table 4.2: Total 02 Usage

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Oxygen Usage (1)
Treatments Total
Run Recovery Requirement
High x 14.13 4.39 18.52
Carbohydrate s 1.26 .68 1.77
Diet .
High x 14.12 4.60 18.73
Fat-Protein s 1.57 .66 .2.02
Sodium x 14.54 4.48 19.03
Bicarbonate s .96 .45 1.25
SUpplement 13 71 4 51 18 22
x . . .
913°9b° s 1.87 .89 2.53
Diet p>.1 p=.005 p>.1
Anova
Results Supplement p>.1 p>.1 p>.1
Diet x Supplement p>.1 p>.1 p>.1

 

 

 

Significant supplement effects were observed in the fourth and
fifth minutes of the run, with higher oxygen values observed under
the bicarbonate condition (Table 4.1). When the Sign Test was applied,
the results were highly significant (p=.004), with higher oxygen val-
ues observed under the bicarbonate condition at all points. It is
considered that oxygen usage was consistently higher under the carbo-

hydrate condition.

V02 (1 lmin)

V02 (1 Imml

V0? (1 /mm)

35

30

25

35

30

25

20

 

 

21

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

T r l l l T T i l T i r T T f 1 T T n T 1
I 2 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 5 O I 2 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 5
RUN RECOVERY RUN RECOVERY
TIME (min) TIME (mm)
(0) SODIUM BICARBONATE (D) PLACEBO
H SC H SFP
‘#-—0’___o_j o-—-o PC o-——o PFP
IV-
V
“N“
\\‘
1 l r 1 r i l 1 T T r r l f I 1 r 7 f fit
I 2 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 O I 2 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 5
RUN RECOVERY RUN RECOVERY
TIME (mm) TIME (mm)
(C) CARBOHYDRATE (d) FAT - PROTEIN
1 T 1 r T I l 1 T I i r 1 T i r T l T j
I 2 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 O I 2 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 5
RUN RECOVERY RUN RECOVERY
TIME (MIN) TIME (min)
wlflfifgflfifll HIQEI

Figure 4.1.

The 0% usage during the work and recovery with all
i

condi

ons of diet and supplementation.

RECOVERY 02 (1.) WORK 0; (1.)

TOTAL 0, 0)

15.0 -

14.5 -

14.0 -

13.5 -

13.0 '-

 

51)-
4.5-
413L.
315-

3.0 -

 

19.0 r-

18.5 -

18.0 I-

17.5

17.0

 

FI%AI

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I*‘
F“'
J; JI- J " JL’
T ‘T T T T T T
sc SFP PFP
WQRK
,r___
.L .IL J L J. J J-
'I T 'T T T *I T
sc SFP PFP
RECOVERY
F'TT‘
F—l
1. J. 1 I J) ‘ J“
J ‘r 'r T T T T
sc SFP PFP
WORK + RECOVERY
Figure 4.2. Oxygen “5393'

23

Respiratory Quotient

 

Differences found in R0 related to diet and supplementation
are shown in Table 4.3 and Fig. 4.3. Significant diet effects were
found in the third, fourth, and fifth minutes during the run. The
Sign Test also showed the R0 to be significantly higher under the
carbohydrate condition (p=.004).

Although no significant mean differences were observed during
the run in relation to supplementation (ANOVA), the bicarbonate sup-
plementation mean values were consistently lower throughout the run.
The Sign Test showed the bicarbonate effect to be highly significant
(p=.004). From these results it may be concluded that lower RQ's
were associated with the bicarbonate supplementation and a high-fat/

protein diet.

Heart Rate

 

As shown in Fig. 4.4 and Table 4.4, the heart rate curves
exhibit normal patterns for the 5-min run period and recovery.

Significant differences (ANOVA) were observed in the second and
fourth minutes of exercise with supplementation, and the heart rate
was also consistently higher under the supplement condition during

work (p=.03). No significant diet effects were observed.

Acid-Base Balance

 

Efl
Table 4.5 and Fig. 4.5 show the results of pH before and after

exercise.

24

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

P.Aa P.Aa F.Aq F.xa F.Aa _.Aa —.Aa F.Aq acmsm—aaam x umwo
. . . . . . . . mupammm
F Am F An P Ag — Ag _ An _ Ag _ Ag _ Ag “cwEmngam o>oc<
_.ua _.ua F.xa mo.ua moo.ua eoo.ua o_.xa o_.xa pawn
mo. ~_. No. mo. No. no. so. ~_. m
Fm. om. Am. mm. mm. em. om. km. x camua_a
ucoempaqzm
m_. ~_. mo. mo. co. co. co. mo. m
em. mm. mm. em. mm. _m. NA. NA. x moaeoacau_m
o_. m_. so. No. co. mo. mo. m_. m =_apoca-uaa
em. am. am. mm. _m. mg. mu. «m. x gm_=
pm_o
~_. ~_. mo. No. mo. mo. mo. my. m acacexgonaau
_m. mm. mm. um. mm. mm. .Nm. mu. x ;m_=
=_E :_E ewe =_E ewe awe cps ewe
gum uem cm, cam :54 cam ecu “m_ m c amt
xgm>ouma A may h

 

 

 

acmwuozo acoamcwqmmm

 

 

ucwwuozo xgoumgwammm co mm=_m> >cm>oomm can xcoz "m.¢ mpnmh

R0

R0.

R0.

 

 

25

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1.00 F
o 95 ~ :
090~
085»
0.80 [-
O 75 .-
070-
‘L
T‘ r r 1 T T r r l 1 fl T —f f 1 T l r 1 l r l
O I 2 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 5 O 2 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 5
WORK RECOVERY WORK RECOVERY
TIME (mm) TIME (mm)
(0) SODIUM BICARBONATE (b) PLACEBO
1 OO [-
O 95 -
O 90 I-
0 85 >-
O 80 I-
075-
o——-<> PC
0 7O '-
It
I f T T I I T F fi 1 T 1 T T I I 1 T I 1 I 1
O I 2 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 5 O 2 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 5
WORK RECOVERY WORK RECOVERY
TIME (min) TIME (mm)
RICARBOHYDRATE (leAT-PROTEWI
1 CO I.
095 I-
090~
085-
O 80 '-
075~
onuo FP
070-
I
I l i T T n i T f T l r fl i T fl i r 1 r I T
O I 2 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 5 O 2 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 5
WORK RECOVERY WORK RECOVERY
TIME (min) TIME (min)

Figure 4.3.

(e) SUPPLEMENT

Respiratory quotient during work and recovery with all

1!) DIET

conditions of diet and supplementation.

 

 

 

 

 

26

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

F.Aa _.xq ~.xq F.Aa ~.Aa F.Aq F.Aa ucmsmpqaam x umwo
. . . .- . .- . mp_=mam
_ An F Am F An mo In A An mo in P An acmEmFQQ=m m>o=<
P.xa F.Aa F.xa P.Aq _.Aa P.Aa P.Aa pm_o
o.o_ _.F_ ~.m m.o C.“ m.m m.m m
9.4m m.N__ o.mm_ ~.emp m.Nmp m.~ep m.¢m_ x onmua_a
pcmEm—aazm
N.__ m.m ~.m N.m A.“ m.o m.o_ m
m.~m o.N__ m.em_ m.om_ N.em_ e.omp o.me_ x aoacoacaucm
m.m ~.o_ e.m m.“ e.m m.“ o.m m =_6502a-uaa
m.mm o.m_P m.~m_ ¢.om_ _.mmF m.mep e.~e_ x gap:
Sa_a
m.FF m.o_ 9.0 m.e m.m N.m _.__ m apaaussoaaau
o.mm o.~_P 0.4m, e.em_ m.Fm_ m.me_ m.~e_ x ;m_=
cws :we are ewe c_s cps :_5
32m pm_ com :54 cam new Sm_ mpcaspaaac
xcm>ouom
mama acme:

 

 

mama “Lam: Co mmapm> >gm>oumm new xcoz ue.e mpamp

HEART RATE (Irma) HEART RATE 11min.)

KART RATE (1min)

160 r- on“
ISO r o—o pc
o-—-o st o——-o PFP
140 - I 1
I30 - I I
| 1
12° " ". ' I
110 I- I 1
I00 I- 1 1
l l
90 P-
.L I I
I T fir I I I I I r I T I fir I T 1 I I I I I I
O I 2 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 3 O I 2 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 5
WORK RECOVERY WORK RECOVERY
TIDE 1min.) TIME (min)
(a) SODIUM BICARBONATE (b) PLACEBO
160 I" I I
o---o PEP
:40 h I I
:30 ~ I I
I I
I20 - | '
110 I' I 1
100 ~ I I
1 l
90 P I ~~~°~“~o 1
I I I I T OF I I I I I I l I fill I I I I I
O I 2 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 5 O I 2 3 4 3 I 2 3 4 5
WORK RECOVERY WORK RECOVERY
TIME (min) TIME (mm)
(c) CARBOHYDRATE (d) FAT-PROTEIN
160 - I I
150 .. 1
mo - I l
130 - I I
| I
110 h l l
[m i- I I
l |
I.
90A I 5“ I
I I fl I I 11 I I T I I I I I I I I I I I I
O I 2 3 4 3 I 2 3 4 5 O I 2 3 4 5 I 2 3 4 5
WORK RECOVERY WORK RECOVERY
TIDE (min) TIME (min)
(0) SUPPLEMENT 1!) DIET

 

 

27

     

 

 

 

 

     

 

 

 

 

     

 

 

Figure 4.4.

Heart rate during exercise and at recovery.

pH

pH

pH

7. 50

7.45

7.40

7.50

7.45

7.40

7.50

7.45

7.40

28

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

d- «L JL ‘L
[JITTJL

SC SFP SC SFP
BEFORE AFTER

(0) SODIUM BICARBONATE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

‘b db de d. ‘I-

 

'[ r T T T 1;, T
5c PC so Pc
BEFORE AFTER

(C) CARBOHYDRATE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

IL .b IL 4» 3L
T '1' T T T

s P s P
BEFORE AFTER

(0) SUPPLEMENT

r4:

Figure 4.5. pH before and

 

 

 

 

 

I .I y
T ‘T 'T 1' T' LI,
PC PFP pc PFP
BEFORE AFTER

IPIELAEEQQ

 

 

 

 

JL AL JI
L T I T T I

SFP PFP SFP PFP
BEFORE AFTER

((1) FAT - PROTEIN

 

 

 

 

.I

«II: di-
1 T '1' T T L
c FP c FP

BEFORE AFTER
(f) DIET

after exercise.

29

Table 4.5: pH Results Before and After Exercise

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

pH
Treatments
Before After
High x 7.45 7.41
Carbohydrate s .02 .03
Diet
High x 7.43 7.41
Fat-Protein s .02 .03
. x 7.44 7.4l
Bicarbonate s .02 .03
Supplement
x 7.43 7.4l
Placebo s .03 .03
Diet p=.1 p>.l
A
Regalis Supplement p>.l p>.l
Diet x Supplement p>.l p>.l
L092

The ore-exercise and post-exercise results of pCO2 with diet
and supplementation can be seen in Table 4.6 and Fig. 4.6.

The overall results of pCO2 before exercise were slightly dif-
ferent. There was a small increase, although not significant, with
sodium bicarbonate supplementation. The results after the run were
significantly different (p=.02) with bicarbonate supplementation.
This would be expected if the bicarbonate is serving to buffer the

lactate produced.

Pco, (mm Hg)

Pco, (mm Hg)

pc0, (mm H0)

361)
351)
341)
331)
321)
3I1)

301)-

361)
351)
341)
331)
321)
3l1)
301)

361)
351)
341)
331)
321)
3I1)
301)

T

l

 

 

I

I

 

r4¥vi

30

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.. I. .IL .L l

.L
T T T J T T
SC SFP SC SFP

BEFORE AFTER
(0) SODIUM jICARBONATE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.. . .I .. fl

 

1' T I I TJ
SC PC SC PC
BEFORE AFTER

(c) CARBOHYQRATE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

JL .t 1

.L
T T’ T’ T' 7' T
S P S P
BEFORE AFTER

(0) SUPPLEMENT

 

 

 

 

 

 

-L 4L .I [ .r"'1

TI,TTI T T T .1#
PC

PFP PC PFP
BEFORE

“” ELJEZEQSI

AFTER

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.L .L .L 4L

 

 

.J"51

T T I T ‘T L
SFP PFP SFP FFF
BEFORE AFTER

(d) W

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I. .L

 

JL .L J)-

T T I T T L
0 PP c FP
BEFORE AFTER

(1‘) DIET

Figure 4.6. pCO2 before and after exercise.

3l

Table 4.6: p002 Results Before and After Exercise

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

pC02 (mm Hg)
Treatments Before After
High x 34.65 32.22
Carbohydrate s 3.85 3.43
Diet
High x 34.35 3l.27
Fat-Protein s 3.76 4.75
. x 35.00 33.55
Bicarbonate s 4.15 4.25
Supplement
Placeb x 34.l8 29.90
° s 3.30 3.90
Diet p>.l p>.l
Anova =
Results Supplement p>.l p .02
Diet x Supplement p>.l p>.l

 

 

 

Sodium Bicarbonate

 

The results of bicarbonate supplementation are shown in Table 4.7

and Fig. 4.7.

The serum bicarbonate level was significantly higher

under the high-carbohydrate conditions both before (p=.07) and after

(p .06) the run.

No significant supplement effect was observed.

0n

the basis of the means and the previous experience error, it should

not be concluded that there is no supplement effect.

Unfortunately,

this study does not present a definite conclusion regarding the sup-

plement.

the serum bicarbonate.

It may be concluded that the CHO diet significantly increases

HCO3- (MEQ/ I.)

HC03- (MEQ/ I.)

Hco,'(mEq/L)

251)

2215

201)

251)

2215

201)

250

22.5

201)

Figure 4.7.

r4?*

 

 

 

L

r

32

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4L IL ‘L
T ‘T '[
SC SFP SC SFP
BEFORE AFTER

(0) gamma LICARBQNATE

T» .L
T I T

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

J. ._ L .. J.

L
'r

 

T T T T L
SC PC SC PC
BEFORE AFTER

(C) CARBOHYDRATE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.L .L .t .. .L .L
TTIJTT
S P S P
BEFORE AFTER

(0) §UPPL§M§NT

Bicarbonate before

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ji-

 

L L

.L .L «L
I '17 I_
Fc PFP Fc PFP
BEFORE AFTER

(b) PLACEBO

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

L. .L .L 4, 4L .

r

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

T T T T 1' T
SFP PFP SFP PFP
BEFORE AFTER

(d) FAT - PROTEIN

JL .L 4L «L ‘L «L

T 3;: 'T 1' T' I_
c FP c FP
BEFORE AFTER

(f) DIET

and after exercise.

33

Table 4.7: Bicarbonate Results Before and After Exercise

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Bicarbonate
Treatments
Before After
High x 23.90 22.95
Carbohydrate s 2.6 l.l
Diet
High x 23.25 2l.46
Fat-Protein s l.3 l.0
. x 24.00 23.03
Bicarbonate s 1.7 1.8
Supplement
x 23.l5 2l.38
P‘aceb° s l.3 0.8
Diet p=.07 p=.06
A
Regalis Supplement p>.l p>.l
Diet x Supplement p>.l p>.l

 

 

 

Base Excess

 

Table 4.8 and Fig. 4.8 show the base excess results. The base
excess was significantly higher under the CHO condition both before
(p=.03) and after (p=.06) exercise. The differences between the two
supplementations were not significant but were in the same direction

as with previous investigations.

Lactic Acid

 

The results of lactic acid before and after exercise are shown
in Table 4.9 and Fig. 4.9. No statistical differences were observed

between the four conditions.

B.E. (mEq/I.)

B. E. (mEq/l.)

B. E. (mEq/I.)

-2.0

-3.0

-413

-5.0

-2.0

-3.0

-4.0

-5.0

-2.0

-3.0

-4.0

-5.0

Fig. 4.8.

34

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.__1
TL—
SC SFP SC SFP
BEFORE AFTER

(0) SODIUM BICARBONATE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

PC FFF
BEFORE

“0 EEAEEEEQ

Fc PFP
AFTER

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SC PC SC PC
BEFORE AFTER

(c) CARBOHYDRATE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

SFP PFP
BEFORE

(d) FAT -PROTE IN

SFP PFP
AFTER

 

 

S P S P
BEFORE AFTER

(a) W

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TJF-_"
c FP c FP
BEFORE AFTER
(f) DIET

Base excess before and after exercise.

35

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 4.8: Base Excess Results
Base Excess (mEq/l)
Treatments Before After
High x +.43 -2.52
Carbohydrate s l.6 .2.2
Diet
High x -.90 -3.30
Fat-Protein s l.6 l.4
Bicarbonate : ;:§6 '}:24
Placebo
x -.73 -3.89
Placebo s 1.3 2.0
Diet p=.03 p=.06
Anova
Results Supplement p>.l p>.l
Diet x Supplement p>.l p>.l
Table 4.9: Lactic Acid Before and After Exercise
Treatments Lactic ACid (mm/l)
Before After
High x l.82 3.26
Carbohydrate s .6 l.0
Diet
High x 1.92 2.75
Fat-Protein s .7 .9
. x l.87 2.96
Bicarbonate s .6 .9
Supplement
x l.87 3.05
Placebo s .7 1.]
Diet p>.l p>.l
A a
Regfllts Supplement p>.l p>.l
Diet x Supplement p>.l p>.l

 

 

 

 

LACTIC ACID (mm/I.)

LACTIC ACID (mm/I.)

LACTIC ACID (mm/I.)

3.5 r-

3.0 -

2.5 -

 

3.5-

2.5-

2.0 #-

 

3.5 -

2.5 -

2.0 -

l.3-

 

am

36

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

J. L .L .L .I
ITJ TTT

SC SF P SC SFP
BEFORE AFTER

(0) SODIUM BICARBONATE

 

 

 

 

 

 

JL JI. JL- .
I T l T T T
SC PC SC PC

BEFORE AFTER

(c)CARBOHYDRA:§

r

 

 

 

 

 

I T J T T T
S P S P

BEFORE AFTER
(9) SUPPLEMENT

Fig. 4.9. Lactic acid before

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

JL 3L .L ‘L
T T T J 1' L
Pc PFP Pc PFP
BEFORE AFTER
(b) W
J». JL. .LL J- JL
T T T T T I
SFP PFP SFP PFP
BEFORE AFTER
(d) FAT -PROTEIN
J- J» db JL
1’ L L T T J;
c FP c FP
BEFORE AFTER
(f) DIET

and after exerci

SB.

37

pH and 02 Usage Relationship

 

Table 4.l0 and Figure 4.10 show the oxygen consumption during
the S-min run and during recovery when pH was less than 7.44 and when
pH was higher than 7.44.

It was found that there was no significant difference in 02 con-
sumption when the individual was in less or greater alkalotic state.
However, there was a consistently higher 02 uptake when pH was lower

than or equal to 7.44 during the run.

Table 4.10: pH Versus 02 Utilization

 

 

 

 

 

 

Time (min) pH 5 7.44 pH > 7.44
z 2:3; L2:
and 2‘ 2:23 2'3;
Run 3... i: 3:33 2:22
2 33.; 332
z 3:1; 32.;
z 32; 223
Recovery 3rd 2 1:23 :22
z :2: 3;
Anova Results p>.l p>.l

 

 

38

Pl!)

.mmmm: No use :q .op.¢ mcsum

5.5:: ms;
>mw>00mm xmog
¢. m” “N _ .m o. m” _N
_ .E Tr _ _ p _

 

 

 

 

0.0

m0

0..

0..

0.N

AWN

0.m

m.m

('Ule’I) 20A

39

Discussion

 

Energy Metabolism

 

Oxygen measures. Significant diet effects were observed. The
oxygen measures (Fig. 4.l) were consistently higher under the high-
fat/protein condition. This effect has been observed many times
(ANOVA).

The oxygen values obtained under the bicarbonate condition were
consistently and significantly greater than when no supplement was
given. This result is in conflict with the results of De Lanne et al.
(l9), who found a decrease in oxygen usage under a bicarbonate con-
dition combined with a carbohydrate diet. From our results it would
appear that De Lanne's results reflect the carbohydrate effect and
not the bicarbonate effect. The submaximal protocol used in the
present study was different, which also might account for the discrep-
ancy.

Respiratory quotient. Bicarbonate supplementation and a high-

 

fat/protein diet result in significantly lower RQ values. The dietary
effect was expected and is well known (2). A higher RQ, not lower,
was expected as a result of the bicarbonate supplementation. No
parallel data on submaximal work are available for comparison.

Heart rate. No significant diet effects were observed. The
heart rate was significantly higher during work under the bicarbonate
condition. This was also expected on the basis of the greater oxygen

utilization following bicarbonate ingestion.

40

Acid-Base Measures

 

RE: A significant diet effect with higher pH values under the
CHO condition was observed. Surprisingly, in this study no signifi-
cant supplement effect was observed. The supplement effect is not
consistent with the previous studies (40).

When the pre-work pH is equal to or less than 7.44, the oxygen
intake is significantly higher during the run (p=.03) than when the
pre-work pH is greater than 7.44 (Fig. 4.l0). The difference does
not extend into the recovery period. These results are similar to
those observed earlier by Hunter (40) for high-intensity, exhaustive
work.

9992. No dietary effect on pC02 was observed. Post-exercise
p002 values were significantly higher under the bicarbonate condition.
If lactate is being buffered by the bicarbonate, this is an expected
result. The results are similar to those observed by Kinderman (46).

Serum bicarbonate. The serum bicarbonate was significantly

 

higher under the CHO diet condition (pre work p=.07, post-work p=.06).
No significant supplement effect was observed, but the measures were
in the same direction as those observed by Kinderman (46), Hunter
(40), and Atterbom (4). It may be concluded that the CHO diet has an
alkalotic effect.

Base excess. The base excess was significantly higher under the

 

CHO condition (pre-work p=.03, post-work p=.06). No significant sup-
plement effect was observed, but the means were in the same direction,

i.e., higher base excess following supplementation as observed by

4l

Hunter (40). Judgment should be withheld regarding any supplement
effect. It may be concluded that a high—CHO diet results in a greater
base excess.

Lactic acid. No significant differences in lactic acid were

 

observed between any of the conditions.

The research hypothesis should be reviewed and assessed at this
point: The ingestion of 0.12 grams/kg of sodium bicarbonate in com-
bination with either a high-carbohydrate diet or a high-fat/protein
diet will alter the acid-base balance so that the energy cost of
standard submaximal treadmill run will be lowered.

The ingestion of the high-carbohydrate diet did result in sig-
nificantly greater work economy. In terms of oxygen cost, however,
the ingestion of the bicarbonate resulted in a significantly greater
work cost. The problem appears to be confounded by the resting pH
level. When the pH is below 7.44, the oxygen uptake during work is
higher than when the pre-work pH is above 7.44. The interpretation
of the pH results is not clear.

In summary, part of the research hypothesis was supported,
i.e., the lower energy cost under the CHO condition. The remainder
of the hypothesis, however, may be rejected. The energy cost follow-

ing bicarbonate ingestion was significantly higher, not lower.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Mail

This study was conducted to determine the effects of 0.l2
grams/kg of sodium bicarbonate combined with CHO diet or fat-protein
diet upon acid-base balance changes associated with a submaximal
exercise. Eight male subjects who had not previously run on a tread-
mill were selected for the experiment. Each subject ran under the
four conditions (CHO diet plus NaHCD3 supplementation; fat-protein
diet plus NaHCD3 supplementation; CHO diet plus placebo; and fat-
protein plus placebo). ‘The work consisted of a 5-min run on a tread-
mill at 6 mph, zero grade. Gas collection took place during the run
and during 5 min of recovery utilizing the Douglas bag method. Blood
samples were taken before and after the exercise and it was analyzed
for p002, pH, BE, and lactate.

There were significant diet effects for the 02 consumption. The
oxygen values were significantly higher for the high-fat/protein con-
dition. Under the supplementation condition it was observed that
oxygen values were higher with the bicarbonate condition.

The results of respiratory quotient showed that lower RQ's
were associated with the bicarbonate supplementation and a high-fat/

protein diet.

42

43

Relatively higher heart rates were found under the supplement
condition during the run.

The pH results showed significantly higher values for the car-
bohydrate condition before work. No differences were found between
the results of pH in relation to diet or supplement after the exer-
cise. The results of p002 before exercise were slightly different,
although not significant, with sodium bicarbonate. However, after the
run there were supplement-related differences. The serum bicarbonate ‘
values were significantly higher under the high-carbohydrate condition
both before and after the exercise. Base excess values were signifi-
cantly higher under the carbohydrate diet both before and after the
exercise. No statistical differences were observed for lactic acid.

Although TK) significant differences were observed in oxygen
consumption when the individual was in less or greater alkalotic
state, there was a consistently higher 02 uptake when pH was lower

than or equal to 7.44 during the run.

Conclusions

 

l. Lower energy cost in submaximal work is observed under a
high-carbohydrate dietary condition.

2. The ingestion of 0.l2 gm/kg sodium bicarbonate prior to work
results in a greater oxygen cost for standard submaximal

work.

APPENDICES

44

APPENDIX A

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DIETARY CONTROL

45

APPENDIX A

INSTRUCTIONS FOR DIETARY CONTROL

The dietary control was based on previous study (40). The sub-
jects were asked to go either on a high-carbohydrate diet similar to
the distance runners of that study or a high-fat/protein diet similar
to the basketball players.

The instructions related to the amount and type of food were

based on the "Mayo Clinic Food Exchange List."

a. Instructions for the High-Fat/Protein Diet

Foods that can be consumed in any amounts:

 

Meat

Fish

Fowl

Eggs

Nuts

Peanut Butter
Bacon
Butter

Corn
Lentils
Cranberries
Lettuce
Margarine

AT LEAST 3 SERVINGS OF ANY COMBINATION OF MEAT, FISH, AND FOUL MUST
BE CONSUMED EACH DAY.

46

47

No more than 3 servings of any combination of the followinggcan
be consumed each day:

 

Fruit
Vegetables
Bread
Cereal
Potatoes, Rice, Macaroni
Margarine
Sugar
Milk
Cakes and Cookies, plain
Pancakes
AN EFFORT MUST BE MADE TO KEEP YOUR TOTAL CALORIC INTAKE RELATIVELY

CONSTANT. A BODY HEIGHT LOSS OR GAIN DURING THE CONTROLLED DIET
PERIOD COULD AFFECT THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS.

b. Instruction for the High-Carbohydrate Diet

Foods that can be consumed in any amounts:

 

Fruit (except cranberries, plums, prunes)
Vegetables (except corn and lentils)
Bread

Cereal

Potatoes, Rice, Macaroni

Margarine

Sugar

Skim Milk (no more than 3 servings of whole milk)
Cottage Cheese

Lettuce

Pancakes

48

No more than one serving of any combination of the following can be
consumed each day;

Meat

E99

Fish

Nuts (including peanut butter)
Corn, Lentils

Cranberries, Plums, Prunes
Cakes and Cookies, plain
Butter

AN EFFORT MUST BE MADE TO KEEP YOUR TOTAL CALORIC INTAKE RELATIVELY
CONSTANT. A BODY WEIGHT LOSS OR GAIN DURING THE CONTROLLED DIET
PERIOD COULD AFFECT THE EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS.

APPENDIX B

FOOD INTAKE CALCULATION SHEET

49

._... _

APPENDIX B

FOOD INTAKE CALCULATION SHEET

Summary of Food Intake of an Individual Subject

 

 

 

 

 

Subject Age__ Sex Ht_ Ht_ Date__/___/_
_ gm gm. gm
FOOD M T H T F S S TOT AV FAT PRO CHO TOT AV
Milk
Cheese
Eggs

 

Dried beans and
peanut butter

 

Meat, fish, etc.

 

Tomatoes and
citrus fruits

 

Leafy, green,
yellow vegetables

 

Potatoes

 

Other frUTts and
vegetables

 

Whole graTn or
enriched bread

 

Other bread and
cereal*

 

Baked goods, pancakes,
doughnuts, etc.

 

Soda pop

 

Candy, jelTy, jam,
syrup, sundae top-
ping, etc.

 

 

 

Tea, coffee

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

TOTAL

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

*Includes spaghetti, macaroni, plain rice, noodles, and popcorn.

50

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