ABSTRACT A SURVEY OF LOCAL RELIGIOUS RADIO BROADCASTING IN LOS AHGBLES, CALIFORNIA, WITH A BIBLIOGRAPHY OR RELIGIOUS BROADCASTING, 1920-1964 The problem was to survey local religious AM radio broadcasting in Los Angeles, California, to determine: stated Purposes of these programs, their format and content, their participants, production, and distribution, their policy and philosophy, audience response known to program producers and its effect upon the program, the extent of achievement of Purpose as measured by the producers, and an evaluation of the Programs and production techniques used. Another purpose was to compile a comprehensive bibliography on religious broadcasting, covering the period 1920 to 1964, which ultimately ran to 110 pages. Thirty-eight hypotheses were developed; a complete schedule of religious broadcasting was obtained from the stations serving Los Angeles, a spokesman (usually the pastor °f “19 BPonsoring church) for 109 of ll2 local programs was interViewed and data were coded, transferred to IBM cards, and v erified. From a computer output, tables were constructed, from which analysis was made substantiating, rejecting, 01‘ modifying the hypotheses. I - 0. O...‘. I ‘ D‘.' .... C N‘ “-3.00‘i ‘r lOuolo-.. ‘- n ‘1‘. 3" .‘I‘ - -‘ 0.. .I;‘ I .0: \ 1.. .0 ‘-.. I.’ a \ 5 Q o 2‘. ‘ N... . .- l-I'. O ‘. -‘.s ‘ "g. 6 .0.‘ .s 3'.‘ 1 ". w.‘ '\.‘ o . H .0 | 0'. l I I H u..- .1 L ‘. ‘1" ‘.'- . " ‘1 e C . e ‘ ~., -Q \k’ ‘9' ‘0 e‘ .. . -,. .3 ‘i ‘3.‘. O ‘ . e of: ‘ i. O -. 0“: .. n s u e. . C‘:‘ Donald D. D1 ck A comparison was made among results totals and sub- totals of the programs categorized as ”Catholic,” ”Protestant main stream," ”Protestant third force,‘ and ”Jewish and others." Two sets of criteria were established for evaluation; one, applicable to most communications situations, and a second, concerned with radio production. Using the first set of criteria, evaluation was made of data totals of all programs; then, using both sets, 18 selected programs were evaluated on the basis of recordings of each. Although voluminous data are reported in the study only a summary and ten specific results are reported here. Local religious radio broadcasting in Los Angeles shows a wide diversity in originators, formats, and quality. There are good, average, and poor programs, which, on the whole, are not approaching their potential in quality; and because of the diversity of the program originators, the upgrading 01’ quality and effectiveness will probably be meet difficult. 1. ”Worship“ and “instruction” are listed equally as u” Fri-“17 Purpose, and “instruction“ is listed as the secondary purpose by more spokesmen for local religious radio ”0811“ in Los Angeles than are other purposes. 2. A majority of these spokesmen indicate that with “83rd to religious affiliation, income, education, age, 861. and race of their intended listeners, their programs are “31811“ to reach ”everyone“ as opposed to attempting to reach ' ' Particular sub-groups within these categories. .0 a 11.4 ..L 0“ I... \‘A Donald D. Dick 3- Religious orientation of these programs reveals an ecumenical movement emphasizing common points of agreement among groups as opposed to a tendency toward divisions by specific denominational labels of the various program originators . A». One third of the spokesman of these programs are not very well aware of the limitations and conditions of the occasion placed on their programs since they are not fully aware of what precedes their programs on the air. . 5. A majority of these programs report that they use no transitions of any kind at the beginning of their programs to adapt to what precedes their programs. 6. A majority of the speakers on these programs present the doctrines of their particular faith while at the same time avoiding controversial religious issues. 7. A majority of these programs plan for a follow-up ministry, not merely a silent commitment from listeners. 8. Most of these programs lack adequate feedback from their listeners. 9.’A majority of these programs have instituted no Change in their programs as a result of analyzing their audiences, and changes made have been minor. 10. The religious orientation of the policy-making Broups of a majority of these programs is "Protestant” and 01 these a majority belong to the ”third force" [smaller, more recent, off-shoot groups, whose worship pattern tends to be emotional, e.g., Pentecostals]. A SURVEY OF LOCAL RELIGIOUS RADIO BROADCASTING IN LOS ANGELES, CALIFORNIA, WITH A BIBLIOGRAPHY ON RELIGIOUS BROADCASTING 1920-1964 by Donald of Dick A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Speech 1965 u AA A é ”g _.-Ac-_r‘¥ .-.M#W' m M Copyright by DONALD D. DICK 1955 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS First and foremost, acknowledgment must be made to Dr. Kenneth G. Hance, whose careful guidance of this project impm.well before its inception through its completion have been, in addition to an invaluable aid to the author, a real source of inspiration. Dr. Walter B. Emery, co-chairman of the author's guidance committee with Dr. Hance, also deserves generous mention here for his help and inspiration in this study. Dr. Kenneth Harwood, professor and head of the Department of Telecommunications of the University of Southern California, who acted as an unofficial member of the author's guidance committee on the site of the research project, merits special mention for his valuable aid in knowledgeable advice pertaining to the Los Angeles broadcasting scene, reference to related studies and students engaged in related studies, sum.counsel in methodology most useful in increasing precision in this study. Special tribute also must be paid to Professor Hilmer Essa” head of the Mathematics Department of La Sierra College andzacolleague of the author, for his unstinting help in writhngand refining two computer programs for the processing of data for this study. Further appreciation is extended to the Western Data Procemnng Center on the campus of the University of California 11 at Los Angeles for the data processing work done on the large computer there. In addition, grateful acknowledgment is made of counsel given the author by Dr. Wilber Alexander, then pastor of the White Memorial Church of Seventh-day Adventists and Associate Professor of Religion of Loma Linda University; Dr. D. Larrimore Holland, Assistant Professor of Church History and the History of Christian Thought of the University of Southern California; Dr. Jack Provonsha, Dr. Graham Maxwell, and Mr. David Cotton all of the Religion Department of Loma Linda University; and finally four colleagues of the author at La Sierra College in the Department of Religion: Dr. Walter F. Specht, Dr. Cecil J. Haussler, Professor Daniel Cotton, and Professor Royal Sage and three other colleagues in the Music Department, Professor Harold B. Hannum, Dr. Perry Beach, and Dr. H. Allen Craw. Compilation of the bibliography on religious broad- casting was made possible through the cooperation of the libraries and librarians of Michigan State University, The University of Southern California, The University of California at Riverside, and La Sierra College. And finally, to the author's wife, Joyce, who shared SOPanyproblems and saw so little of him during the completion or this project, and who faithfully typed this manuscript under great pressure, go the warmest appreciation and gratitude that can be conveyed in this academic third person style! D. D. D. iii v—o ~V. TABLE OF CONTENTS Page ACKNOhLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . LIST OF TABLES O O O O O O O O C O O O O O O O O O O 0 v1.1 Chapter I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l A. Local Religious Radio Broadcasting as a Subject for Study . . . . . . . . . . l B. The Problem . . . . . . . . . . 2 C. Hypotheses Together with a Rationale and Conditions for Acceptance for Each . . 3 D. Definitions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 E. Limitations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 A. Sources Searched for Related Literature . . . 46 B. A Closely Related Study . . . . . . . . . . . 52 C. Related Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 D. Other Related Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 III. METHODOLOGY AND TECHNIQUES . . . . . . . . . . . 104 A. The Survey -- Description, Analysis, and Interpretation . . . . . . . . . . . 104 B. Evaluation of Selected Local Religious Programs . . . . . . 120 C. A Bibliography of Unpublished Theses and Dissertations, Books, Articles, Materials, Etc., on Religious Broadcasting . . . . . . 124 IV. SURVEY RESULTS-“TOTALS e e e e e e a e e a a e e 125 A. Chapter Purpose and Organization of Chapter and Tables . . . . . . . . . . . 125 EL Hypotheses, Results, and Acceptance, Rejection, or Modification of Hypotheses. . 127 <; SURVEY RESULTS--SUB-TOTALS o o o o o o o a o a a 204 ‘A Chapter Purpose and Organization . . . . . . 204 13 Sub-Total Results--Discussion and Data . . . 205 iv Chapter Page VI. CRITERIA.FOR.EVALUATION OF RELIGIOUS RADIO BROADCASTS o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 248 A. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248 B. Communicator Oriented Criteria for Evaluation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 C. Radio Broadcast Production Oriented Criteria . . . . . . . . . . 252 D. Definitions of Terms Used in Criteria . . . . 254 VII. EVALUATION OF PROGRAMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 262 A. Purpose and Organization of Chapter . . . . . 262 B. Bases of Selections of Programs and Programs Evaluated . . . . . . . . . . 262 C. Format and Style of Program Evaluations . . . 267 D. Evaluation of All Programs on the Bases of Communicator Oriented Criteria . . . . . 270 E. Evaluation of Selected Programs on the Bases of Communicator Oriented Criteria and Production Oriented Criteria . . . . . 275 VIII. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . 379 A. Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 379 B. Substantiated Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . 380 C. Relevant Conclusions from Chapter V . . . . . 387 D. Relevant Conclusions from Chapter VII . . . . 397 E. General Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 F. Recommendations for Further Study . . . . . . 403 APPENDICES . O O O O . C O . O . O C O O C O Q . O C 0 405 A. Commercial AM Stations Serving a Minimum of 10% of the Population of Los Angeles County with a Signal Strength of at Least two Millivolts per Meter Listed Alphabetically by Cities . . . . . . . . . 406 B. Forms Used in Gathering Essential Information Prior to Interviews . . . . . 409 1. Forms (4) used in getting the schedule of religious programs from stations . . . 410 2. PrOgram sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 414 3. Appointments sheet . . . . . . . . . . . . 415 C. Los Angeles Local Religious Radio Program Interview Schedule and Musical Categories Sheet . . . . . . . . . 416 D. Master Schedule of Local Religious Programs in Los Angeles, California, Broadcast on AM Radio Stations March 24-30, 1963 . . . . 428 E. Snumnary of Religious Programming on 'Los Angeles AM Stations . . . . . . . . 2F. 'Tables,Containing Data Summarized in Certain Tables in Chapter IV . . . . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 SPECIAL ADDENDA: "RELIGIOUS BROADCASTING 1920-1964: An Extensive Bibliography of Unpublished Theses and Dissertations; Books, Pamphlets, Documents, Addresses, etc.; Periodicals; Articles; and Other Unpublished, Mimeo- graphed, and Miscellaneous Materials . . . 1.1le L0 DU CT I01: 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I. SOURCES OF BIBLIOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION . . II. UNPUBLISHED THESES AND DISSERTATIONS . . . III. BOOKS, PAMPHLETS, DOCUMENTS, ADDRESSES, ETC. IV. PERIODICALS O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 1J0 ARTICLES 0 O O O O O O 0 O O O O O 0 0 O 0 VI. OTHER UNPUBLISHED, MIMEOGRAPHED, AND MISCELLANEOUS MATERIALS . . . . . . . . . vi Table IV-1 IV-2 IV-3 IV'401 IV-A o 2 IV-A.3 IV-4.4 IV-5 LIST OF TABLES Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Purposes of Local Religious AM Radio Pro- grams in Los Angeles as Listed by Program Spokesman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Characteristics of Primary Target Audience of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles as Listed by Program Spokesmen . . Religious Orientation of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles as Cate- gorized by Spokesmen for the Various Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number and Percentage of Spokesmen for Local Religious Radio PrOgrams in Los Angeles Who are Aware of What is Broadcast by the Station Carrying Their Pragram in the Five Minutes Before Their Program is Broadcast - . . - . A Comparison of What Spokesmen for Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Reported was Broadcast Just Prior to Their Program, with a Compilation from a Recording of that same Period, for a 20% Random Sample of all Programs Whose Spokesman were Interviewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Number and Percentage of Spokesmen for Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Who are Aware of the Type of Music Used on the Program Preceding Their Own Program on the same Station 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o c Number and Percentage of Spokesmen for Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Who are Aware of the Type of Appeal Used by the Speaker on the Program Preceding Their own Program on the same Station . . . . . . . . Number and Percentage of Spokesmen for Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Who have Consulted with the Radio Station and/or the Producers of the Program which Precedes Their Program in an Attempt to Harmonize the Programs and the Announcements. . . . . . . vii Page 128 130 133 134 136 137 138 139 Table IV-6 IV—7 IV-8 o 1 IV-Bo 2 IV-9 IV'lO o 1 IV-lO o 2 IV-ll IV-12 Influence that Spokesmen for Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles have over the Announcements and the Contents of the Pro- grams Which Precede Their Programs . . . . . Type of Adaptation to Preceding Pr0gram Which Spokesmen of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Indicate Their Programs Make Number and Percentage of Speakers on Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Who Present the Doctrines of Their Faith . . Number and Percentage of Speakers on Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Who Present Controversial Religious Issues . . . Number and Percentage of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Which Plan for a Follow-up Ministry with Listeners as Opposed to a Silent Commitment on the Part of Their Listeners 0 O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Methods Used by Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles to Measure Listening Audience 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 0 Methods Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Use to Classify Mail and Word- of-Mouth Reports as Feedback . . . . . . . . Changes Made in Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles as a Result of Analysis of the Audience for each Program . . . . . . . Reactions of Approval, Disapproval, and Con- structive Criticism Received by the Producers of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Listed in Descending Order From Left to Right 0 O O O O O O O O O O O I IV--13.Il.Number and Percentage of Spokesmen for Local IV-13.2 IV-14 Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Who Indicate that They Receive Requests from Their L1 Steners O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Types of Requests Received From Their Listeners by Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Degrees of Satisfaction Spokesmen of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Indicate They Have with Their Own Programs . viii Page 140 141 142 143 izta 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 Table IV-lS IV—l6 IV—17 IV-lS IV-19 IV-2O IV-21 IV-22 IV-23 IV-24 Characteristics of Primary Known Audience for Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles as Listed by Program Spokesmen on the Basis of Feedback Available to Them . . . . . . Persons and/or Groups Who Determine the Policy Concerning the Objectives and the Content of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles 0 O O C O O O I O O O O O O O O 0 Summary of Religious Orientations of Policy Making Bodies for Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles as Indicated by Spokesmen for These Programs . . . . . . . Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles as Categorized by the Religious Orientation of the Policy Making Groups Which Control the Programs 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Primary Sources of Speakers' Messages on Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles as Listed by the Spokesmen for the Programs in Order of Frequency Mentioned . Rate of Change of Topic (Subject) of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles . Orientation of Music on Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles . . . . . . Mentions of Recent Local Events in the News or Names of Local Los Angeles Area Places on Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles. 0 O O O O O O O O O O O I O 0 Types of Music Used by Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles in Order of Frequency 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Types of Music Used by Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Listed by Individual Configurations . - - . . . . - IV-25.1 Days of the Week on Which Local Religious Radio Programs are Broadcast in Los Angeles Listed by Individual Configurations IV453.2 Days of the Week on Which Local Religious Radio Broadcasts are Heard in Los Angeles- ix 154 157 159 160 161 163 164 165 166 169 171 172 Table IV-26 IV-27 o 1 IV—27.2 IV-28.1 IV-28.2 IV-28.3 IV—29 IV-BO o 1 IV‘ 30 o 2 IV-31.1 IV-31.2 IV-31,3 17-32 IV—33 IV-34.1 Time Devoted to the Broadcast of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Listed in ”Hours:Minutes" by Days of the week 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I Comparison of the Number of Stations on Which Local Religious Radio Programs are Broadcast in Los Angeles . . . . . . . Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Presented on Commercial and Sustaining Time . . . . . . . . . . . . . Length of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Production Site of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles . . . . . . . . . Type of Origin of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles . . . . . . . . . Formats of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Compilation of Formats of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Revealing the Type of Origin of Each . . . . . . . Compilation of Formats of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Revealing the Point of Production of Each . . . . . Type of Scripts Used by Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles . . . . . . Program Writers for Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles . . . . . . . . . Producers and Directors of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles . . . . . . Production Site of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles . . . . . . . . . Personnel Handling Technical Portions of Production of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles . . . . . . . . . Compilation of Regular "Live" Participants of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Comparing Roles Taken by Clergymen with Those Taken by Laymen . . . . . . . . X Page 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 182 183 185 185 186 187 188 190 c" «to .. . '- b s ‘. . o It . L. ,o.._ H _ A _ u .- . " .- . a c. I C - t D -, . n . .‘ o u o - g - ~ . . . ‘ _ c I. 1 ‘- . .— . -.. .. I ‘- ."~ . . o ‘5 ‘- ‘ o. .O 0‘. ‘Q . .‘. u 'n .O ... . '§ '-‘ .‘o c ' O . c '0 o 0. ,- . . v . - .. g '. -.' _ . . . - . . Table Page IV-34.2 Number of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Utilizing Clergymen and Laymen in Various Roles as Regular "Live" Participants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 IV-35 Compilation of Infrequent Live Participants of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Who are Heard on Various Percentages of the Broadcasts of Their Particular Program 194 IV-36 Compilation of Infrequent Live Participants of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Comparing Roles Taken by Clergymen with Those Taken by Laymen . . . . . . . . . 195 IV-37 Compilation of Participants Other Than Musicians Who Participate via Recording on Radio Programs in Los Angeles Listed by Frequency of Participation and Roles Taken by Clergymen and Laymen . . . . . . . . . . . . 198 IV-38.1 Types of Musical Groups Participating via Recordings on Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 inh38.2 Extent to Which Recorded Music is Used by Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 202 Vel Primary Purposes of Local Religious AM Radio Programs in Los Angeles as Listed by Program Spokesmen Divided by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . 205 “2 Dominant Characteristics of Primary Target Audience of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles as Listed by Program Spokes- men Divided by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207 “3 Most Frequent Religious Orientations of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles as Categorized by Spokesmen for the Various Programs; Divided by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . 208 V“‘ Largest Percentages of Spokesmen for Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles who are Aware of What is Broadcast by the Station Carrying Their Program in the Five Minutes Before Their Program is Broadcast; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209 xi ' o... . h.— ..~'§O ’;- - . . .‘ 0 0 -~.ova - ... u.. - ...,.- ._.l. to ~10. 0-6. .~ 0... .. . u - . . ‘.. 0.3 L . u... n.. ‘ .- . t 9.- ...- .:-- .I . ......a...‘ _. . - .' " o-‘ ---- I, ' l n-ooa 0....“ O... - . ' . ""“‘ -.o - o ' . .- O.- ....- n. . ‘.. . . . .u ,' . ‘ .. . g . A... .' ' .0. u . .I. .c.-.. . . . . . . . I .D‘.- -- . - . . .‘ "-oo. . - . '.“‘ .- N"... .. . o..... _. o _ . . . 0" “C Coal... ‘.- . . D '-.. ”Q 5 I - . -‘ ' 0|. .. - 4...... , . u 0' . _ ' "’ ~-,_. .c g-.. ... . . ‘ . "“co.: ._ ‘ - I—I '. ‘ I .--.-,. . -_ I -..- ‘ '0‘.-..‘. ‘ . ‘ on. . o...~‘. ‘ ‘ o... .._ ‘ ‘ 0 an o. “ . .. ‘ v. -. .---~ ‘ u -. ‘ . ‘5 . ‘ . ..o.._ o - .. . - . . ‘~._- ‘- s C 0 . . . a - .’ ~ . O .- h _ v. ‘c ."~. .‘ A n l o A- . Q “‘3 - Q“4 . '5 . s'. s .‘C. ‘: ‘b . O . . nu .: . ‘ . - I ~ . O k" C.“ Q- '~ ~ '- O ' ‘- ‘ - Q ._ ' Q ‘ I‘ ‘.. ‘— u C N ‘- ' . c Q. _- ~ . c. ._ - . o e- ‘. ‘ 5. . ‘ ‘ q .. ‘- .._ ‘0 D .‘ . . s 'o I - .o 9. . ’ v Q u“ . .. ‘ Q I‘ ‘ It ‘Q ~ Table V-S V-7 V-8.1 v-802 V-9 V-lo.1 V‘lOoe Page Largest Percentages of Spokesmen for Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Who Have Consulted With the Radio Station and/or the Producers of the Program which Precedes Their Program in an Attempt to Harmonize the Programs and Their Announcements; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Largest Percentages of Spokesmen for Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Indicating the Degree of Influence They Have Over Announcements and the Contents of the Programs Which Precede Their Programs; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210 Largest Percentages of Spokesmen for Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Indicating the Type of Adaptation They Make to the Preceding Program; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 Percentage of Speakers on Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Who Present the Doctrines of Their Faith; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 211 Percentage of Speakers on Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Who Present Controversial Religious Issues; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O 212 Percentage of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Which Plan for a Follow-up Ministry with Listeners as Opposed to a Silent Commitment on the Part of Their Listeners; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . 21} Methods Most Frequently Used by Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles to Measure Listening Audience; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . 213 Method Most Frequently Used by Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles to Classify Mail and Word-of-Mouth Reports as Feedback; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 xii Table Page V-ll Changes Most Frequently Made in Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles as a Result of Analysis of the Audience for each Program; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 V-12 Reactions of Approval, Disapproval, and Con- structive Criticism Most Frequently Received by the Producers of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Listed in Descending Order From Left to Right; Reported by Reli- gious Orientations of Originating Groups . . 215 V-13.1 Largest Percentage of Spokesmen for Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Who Indicate that They Receive Requests From Their Listeners; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . 216 V-13.2 Types of Requests Received From Their Listeners by Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . 217 V414 Degrees of Satisfaction Which Spokesmen of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Indicate They Have With Their Programs; Reported by Religious Orienta- tions of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . 218 W45 Dominant Characteristics of Primary Known Audience for Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles as Listed by Program Spokes- men on the Basis of Feedback Available to Them; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . 220 V45 Persons and/or Groups Who Most Frequently Determine the Policy Concerning the Objectives and the Content of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups 221 V49 Most Frequent Primary Sources of Speakers' Messages on Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles as Listed by the Spokesmen for the Programs; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . 222 “40 Rate of Change of Topic (Subject) of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223 xiii Table V-21 V-22 V-23 V-23 v-2501. 7-25.? V-26 V-27.1 V-27.2 V-28.1 Page Orientation of Music on Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O I 0 O 0 222+ Mentions of Recent Local Events in the News or Names of Local Los Angeles Area Places on Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . 225 Types of Music Used by Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles in Order of Frequency; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22? Types of Music Most Frequently Used by Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Listed by Individual Configurations; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 228 Days of the Week on Which Local Religious Radio Programs are Most Often Broadcast in Los Angeles Listed by Individual Configura- tions; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . 229 Days of the Week on Which Local Religious Radio Broadcasts are Heard in Los Angeles; Reported by Religious Orientations of originating Groups 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O 230 Time Devoted to the Broadcast of Local Reli- gious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups and Listed in "Hours:Minutes" and Percentages O O O O O O O O O D O O O O O O 231 Comparison of the Number of Stations on Which Local Religious Radio Programs are Broad- cast in Los Angeles; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . 232 Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Presented on Commercial and Sustaining Time; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 Lengths of Local Religious Radio Programs Most Frequent in Los Angeles Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . 234 xiv ". .'-- 0......‘.-. .- ' Q . .- .. by n ‘\:.O:.‘... .’ s " '. ..-.‘°"-‘ 90 v.- ' t ."1 .ol,‘ " .- ‘ F "7“"... .. .'. '“t a " ‘fi 7....-. ' co ' _ 00- I..-‘.. "do. “~l ‘: ..‘ . ~I~b .- .‘. U‘- v.1 - . I o . n. . -. I"'. ‘ - . .'.u. I "he. ‘ - o c .' -' “v .- 1.. 0:10... .- ..-I. . . I ' 9 . . . “tool. . 1.. . p C ... - - -9..-‘ ' d V .v‘. I 0" ...:..'.. ., - v_ - 4". -‘ .- . u . —. "‘0‘. O . u a . .' x 0 . .'-u .-- O‘n‘ . C .. n '0 D‘- O. \. \ .._ 1‘- ' o _ ‘ '2 “I .v. . ‘ ~. . Q....- . 4’- u -- 0-]. ‘0. 1.. . . ‘..‘ v _ .;, e. . u '. Q o . . ..- .c ’\ ."' $‘s.’ - \. :9 , .\'. . n] '. o ‘1 . . . '.2 -~. ~ . C». .- .I h ' ., ‘2. o a" O. Q. . - ‘ c D fwd .k .h Table v-2§3022 V-EE3-3 V-29 V-BO ‘m-Blo]. V'3102 V'BIOS V-33 L34 V-35 Page Most Frequent Production Sites of Local Reli- gious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups 0 O 0 O O O O O O O O I O I O O O O O 231* Most Frequent Type of Origin of Local Religious Radio Pragrams in Los Angeles Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups 235 Most Frequent Formats of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . 236 Compilation of Worship Service and Non-worship Service Formats of Local Religious Radio Pro- grams in Los Angeles Revealing the Type of Origin and Point of Production of Each; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237 Type of Scripts Used by Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . 238 Program Writers Most Frequently Used by Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239 Producers and Directors most Frequently Used by Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . 240 Personnel Most Frequently Handling Technical Portions of Production of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups 241 Percentages of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Utilizing Clergymen and Laymen in Various Roles as Regular "Live" Partici- pants; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Compilation of Infrequent Live Participants of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Who are Heard on Various Percentages of the Broadcasts of Their Particular Program; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 XV Table V-36 V-37 V-38.1 7-38.? 4&0 17.00 18.00 19.00 34.00 3101 Page Compilation of Infrequent Live Participants of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Comparing the Roles Most Frequently Taken by Clergymen and Laymen; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups 244 Participants Other Than Musicians Who Parti- cipate Via Recording on Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Listed by Clergymen and Laymen; Reported by Religious Orientations of Originating Groups . . . . . 245 Types of Musical Groups Participating Via Recordings on Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles; Reported by Religious Orienta- tions of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . 246 Extent to Which Recorded Music is Used Most Frequently by Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles; Reported by Religious Orienta- tions of Originating Groups . . . . . . . . 246 Replies of Spokesmen for Local Religious Pro- grams in Los Angeles When Asked "What is Broadcast by the Station Carrying Your Program in the Five Minutes Just Before Your Program is Broadcast?" . . . . . . . . 446 Religious Orientations of Policy Making Bodies for Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles as Indicated by Spokesmen for These Programs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448 Religious Orientations of Policy Making Bodies for Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles as Categorized by the Types of Originating Bodies . . . . . . . . . . . . . 450 Summary of Primary Sources of Speakers' Messages as Related by Spokesmen for the Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Listed by Individual Configurations 452 Chmpilation of Regular "Live" Participants of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles by Individual Configurations . . . . 458 Cbmpilation of Infrequent Live Participants of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Who are Heard on 65 to 90 Per Cent of the Broadcasts of Their Particular Program 0 C O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 462 xvi Table Page T102 Compilation of Infrequent Live Participants of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Who are Heard on 45 to 64 Per Cent of the Broadcasts of Their Particular Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 / O\ 3503 Compilation of Infrequent Live Participants of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Who are Heard on 23 to 44 Per Cent of the Broadcasts of Their Particular Programcocoon-00000000...1H5"!- 3&04 Compilation of Infrequent Live Participants of Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles Who are Heard on "O" to 22 Per Cent of the Broadcasts of Their Particular Program 0 o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o 465 3&00 Types of Musicians Participating Via Recordings on Local Religious Radio Programs in Los Angeles with Indication of Staff, Lay, Clergy, or Professional Status with the Programs 0 O O O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O 467 xvii CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Local Religious Radio Broadcasting as a Subject for Study Religious radio broadcasting has developed into a major phenomenon in the field of broadcasting, in terms not only of the number of broadcasts but also the number of denomi- nations which are making use of its potentialities. Especially is this true of the "local program" -- that which is not a part of a network offering and which is intended for reception Within the area of a given city or a county only. To this investigator, who has professional interests in broadcasting and who, also, is a teacher in a church- related college, this subject has especial significance. It should also have considerable general significance because eVen though there is great interest in "local religious radio broadoasting," a review of the literature reveals that little I‘EESearch in this aspect of the mass media has been undertaken. Consequently, there appears to be merit in investi- gating in considerable breadth and depth the methods being used by a number of religious broadcasters and, also, in assessing these methods by which religious broadcasters seek to Spread their various religious messages. Also, there appears to be merit in developing another aSpect of this sub- jam; ‘- the compilation of an extensive bibliography in the 1 . "0 ”'- .._ b.. ,.c .- ...- u. -v- " - I A... on :0 . O t . .o. . C ,. ...¢.. . - -I 0 ~ 0 A. . .o o .- ...-- ,. . . ' .. ‘ -.. . ‘ .“‘- 9.4.0.}. ~c~ . O , . .bg.‘., .- .- . . -- .v. .- " n. u. . »o., or . a v ' w " ’ s.- o 9 . r u "9'. 7. 7 t . ~o. . . n . ~.., ‘ ._ 'o . '17- .- ‘ . . 'C I. c - . . 7..“ _ .- 1_ _ O -' .- '9'. ‘ < - 4 .1 ., ‘4‘: " . V I . H O . c A: . .4 ‘0. ‘ s _ O“ v- ‘- 0 ' . ‘ I ~ \ \' .- "c ‘Q‘; ' - c Q I . - .- .9 ‘ . ‘ ‘vn . . v a. p - .‘_ c ‘s Q \- ‘s? ‘- i . ‘ O. .' - . o. . 'I -‘Q 0 “‘ ‘ 0" _ . ,. o- r , u .'_ '.' - t,- -‘h. ‘ . ’o. _ s .- s. “ ‘- .. b I o o v. Q. . . . .. . V ‘- n- - .. ‘ ‘ - ~ -‘ U a .‘ I C I. ’l ‘ ‘. e. ‘ ‘ . . j c I b. ‘q: ‘t .- Q *0 ' v - n I ‘C ‘ i . n l‘. s ‘ 9 \~ ~Q ‘ ‘.' . e a ; .2 n ‘ ‘ \ U u ‘ . ‘_ ‘ . . c on . ‘ I I . . -~-\. . . .‘ ‘ i . s. i § -' u _< . ~ . . ‘ ' “ .‘ . ‘ § \ ‘ ' .Q . u ‘ e. ‘ .. .‘ . -. _. s ‘_ . - § - field of religious broadcasting covering the period 1920 to early 1964 in order to provide a ready reference source of material in this field. B. The Problem The problem of this study was to survey the local religious amplitude modulation radio broadcasting in Los Angeles, California, to determine: (1) the stated purposes of the various programs, (2) the format and content of the various programs, (3) the participants, production, and dis- tribution of the various programs, (5) the audience response known to the program producer and its effect upon the program, (5) the extent of achievement of purpose by the various pro- Erams as measured by the programs‘ producers, and (7) an evaluation of the programs and the effectiveness of methods used.1 An auxiliary purpose of the study was to compile a bhflimgephy on the subject of religious broadcasting, listing y 1In order to make possible a "depth study," it was to concentrate upon a single metropolitan area where CouldlSO-face interviews could be held and where adequate data bee be secured. Los Angeles, California, was selected arezuse of the large number of religious programs in this Qato and because of its proximity to the home of this investi- ‘éVerf- While it may not be typical of the United States in cows, raspect, Los Angeles does represent one of the largest “ventrations of religious radio broadcasting in the nation. a 011 As a first step toward the completion of this study, StétiOt study concerning itself with the three AM radio Stations and thirteen local religious broadcasts on those 1962 0118 in Lansing, Iichigan, was initiated in the spring of or the This pilot study provided the basis for the formulation Gel rationale of each of several hypotheses in the Los '° es Study. decided face- ‘Umses and dissertations, books, pamphlets, documents, EMdresses, periodical articles, and unpublished and miscella- neous mate rials . C. Hypotheses Together with a Rationale and Conditions for Acceptance for Each 1. More local religious radio programs in Los Angeles Mstevar gelism as their primary purpose, and instruction as fimtrsecondary purpose, than other purposes listed primarily zmdsmcondarily, respectively. Rationale: This hypothesis is based almost entirely Llpono‘oservation in Los Angeles. The pilot study of a small smmlein Lansing, Michigan, a year previous, however, does zmtJ ~l to a silent commitment on the part of their Rationale: This hypothesis is based on a considerable amount of informal observation of local religious radio pro- grams in Los Angeles. Conditions for acceptance: If at least 51 per cent of the spokesmen of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles indicate that they plan for a follow-up ministry with their listeners as opposed to seeking a silent commitment from their listeners, the hypothesis will be accepted. 10. While all local religious radio programs in Los Angeles receive some feedback in the form of mail, word-of- mouth communications, or surveys, few of these programs have a systematized method of evaluation of their program from mail or word-of-mouth communications, fewer programs make any use Of audience surveys, and fewer still have conducted audience analysis surveys of their own for their own pregrams. Rationale: This hypothesis is based on the results °f the pilot study done in Lansing, Michigan. Conditions for acceptance: If all Spokesmen of local I“311810118 radio programs in Los Angeles indicate that they measure their audience on the basis of mail received, word- °f'm°uth communications, or audience surveys, if no more than 20 Per cent of these Spokesmen indicate that they have a SyStematic method of classifying mail and word-of-mouth ”puts. if fewer than the number of programs using a systema- tized me’Chod of classifying their feedback indicate that they make “33 of any audience analysis surveys to measure their audience, and if fewer than the number of programs ‘131118 10 surveys to measure their audience indicate that the origina- HH$ of their programs have conducted audience analysis surveys (fiftheir own for their own pregrams, the hypothesis will be accepted. 11. A majority of the local religious radio programs inlms Angeles have instituted no change in their programs as aresult of analyzing their audiences; and the changes that hawabeen made have consisted largely of minor changes in format, type of music, type of musicians, program length, or program purpose. Rationale: This hypothesis is based on the results an um pilot study done in Lansing, Michigan. Conditions for acceptance: If at least 51 per cent ofthesmokesmen for local religious radio programs in Los “88198 indicate that they have made no changes in their pro- grams as a result of analyzing their audiences; and if these SPOkesmen indicate that the changes they have made in their Pmsrams as a result of analyzing their audiences have not been Changes from one to another of the format categories used 1nthisstudy, that the changes have not been those to include an“ tYPe of religious music or to exclude a type of reli- gious music previously used (the types considered here being 1hth1to the five types of religious music used in this Study‘EOSPel music-~western with a beat, popular, or ballad type; 8051361 music--standard; hymns--worship service congrega- tionalsinSing type of music; classical music--anthems, orato- rios c v antatas, masses or portions thereof, chants, reaponses, ‘v‘vv— " .n— '1‘}. 11 etc.; and Spirituals--negro and white [For further clarifica- tion see examples listed under these headings in the section on definitions in this chapter.]), that the changes have not been in type of musician (from among small vocal groups, large vocal groups, soloists, and instrumentalists), that the changes have not been in length or purpose of the program (from among the four purposes-~climate creation, worship, instruction, and evangelism), the hypothesis will be accepted. 12. A majority of the local religious radio programs in Los Angeles receive, in order of frequency, reactions of approval, constructive criticism, and disapproval from their listeners . Rationale: This hypothesis is based on the results of the pilot study done in Lansing, Michigan. Conditions for acceptance: If at least 51 per cent of the spokesmen for local religious radio programs in Los Angeles indicate that the largest number of reactions to their programs which they receive are reactions of approval, that the second largest number of reactions to their programs which they receive are reactions of constructive criticism, and that the third largest number of reactions to their pro- grams Which they receive are reactions of disapproval, the hypothes1s will be accepted. 13- Almost all local religious radio programs in L °S AnSeles receive requests of some kind from their listeners; and 3310118 the things for which these requests are received most frequently are: counseling. a COPY Of a broadcast sermon, Pra e y 1" literature, and music (requests for specific numbers). 12 Rationale: This hypothesis is based on the results of the pilot study done in Lansing, Michigan, and on informal observations in Los Angeles. Conditions for acceptance: If 95 per cent of the spokesmen for local religious radio programs in Los Angeles indicate that their programs receive requests of some kind from their listeners, and if according to these spokesmen, requests for counseling, copies of broadcast sermons, prayer, literature, and music are among the eight types of requests received most frequently from listeners by these programs, this hypothesis will be accepted. 14. More Spokesmen of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles are "somewhat dissatisfied," "predominantly dissatisfied," and "completely dissatisfied" than are "pre- dominantly satisfied" or "completely satisfied" with their Programs. Rationale: This hypothesis is based on the results of the pilot study done in Lansing, Michigan, although the terminology has been somewhat changed. The original question from Which this information was gathered in the pilot study was an open-end question asked without a structuring of possible Optional answers. From the analysis of answers to this Question on the. degree of satisfaction with the program, a cOrltinuum was set up and divided into five categories men- ‘0 ioned in the hypothesis above. COxiditions for acceptance: If a continuum is made pla Cing possible responses to the degree of satisfaction the wlrl.‘ -p.’ } Jutl l3 spokesman has with his program as follows: from "completely satisfied," to "predominantly satisfied," to "somewhat dis- satisfied," to "predominantly dissatisfied," to "completely dissatisfied," and if a majority of all replies fall within the categories "somewhat dissatisfied," "predominantly dis- satisfied," and "completely dissatisfied," the hypothesis will be accepted. 15. On the basis of what they know about their audience from feedback available to them, spokesmen of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles believe that the largest portion of their total audience can be characterized as being Protestant in religious affiliation, as being in the {$4,000 to $10,000 income group, as having had a maximum of some high school education, as being mostly women, as being between the ages of 40-60, and as being of the white race. Rationale: This hypothesis is based, for the most part, on the results of the pilot study done in Lansing, 3William. The income categories have been changed since the pilot study was done in order to coincide with United States Census categories, thus allowing accurate comparison of data in this study with those concerning the population in general in Los Angeles county. The race category has been added since the pilot study was completed. Although there are two stations in Los AnEeles which attempt to program 100 per cent to negroes and at least two other stations carrying a great deal of reli- gious bI’0adcasting also cater to the negro religious audience for a SiEnificant portion of their broadcast day, informal .0 O "' l..l. .- , .u'lv .- 00. one- .--. ..' , 0‘1... ’.-‘. . . . . .. O C. .0... . . .0 . , o. .- .-, . ‘. . w..... ..' . n .. -‘ o I can. . n. , o-‘..u _. 'u .- v ‘H ”' .'--.. ‘c u 0‘:- ' a v... ._‘_‘- . I. Q -- ..-.a. ..._._,... ‘ ~ l ‘ . . u... ii. , .‘.' - .‘ ... .“.‘. .‘m. -- I . \|.t-|~.. t. ... _ v - ..-...-o .“ .... . ~.-:‘ .- v.‘.- '— . .. ..‘ ¢..‘ ..._'. . I l . ... no. u -..I .- .1- H. ... ‘ "bc‘ I- c VI. ‘. .‘.. " - ' u. ‘ o t .. -O-.. '--‘ ' ._.. l s._ .'f :.,.. - . . as. ‘- s .-.,.. ~ . .,.;: ' K. - ‘ .-. bl. . ~ - \n .h‘ .-.‘ ..-'. . -. I .'n... e. a ..‘ "'w‘. W: --- ~ g.“ ‘- ‘A ‘ x ‘ l‘. . a. .. ‘ c. .. I -. '- -- \ § . -. ,\. . ‘_ ‘.‘ n -‘ -_. .‘ n h &.' on.‘ --. .. -~...‘; g“ . -“ I J-“ ._ .: ~ A. -A.‘ . 0‘ - ‘- I v... ‘ . .“ a ‘ ‘ . u‘ .. I .~ _ .. -\._ “ ‘ . ‘- ‘ Q. -‘~ .. a ‘ o . .‘ ‘ -‘ --. ‘ h. o \. e.‘ a .. .‘ ~ ‘l‘. . I .u 0“ “‘- A- . ; Q -s . .K .. ‘ ~ ‘ . c, I ‘- ~ ~ \. a .. g‘-u ‘ > --._ ‘ ‘ . \ ‘ I .-l. 14 LAO observation in Los Angeles suggests that a majority of the spokesmen will indicate that a majority of their listeners are white. Since foreign language programs have been excluded from the study, the two stations which broadcast in Spanish during almost all of their schedule and have several Spanish religious programs are not within the scope of the study; thus thelbxican Indians (Spanish-speaking) are not expected to be the largest racial group listening to programs in this study. The expectation in the sex category was changed from ”equal" (as to men and women) in the pilot study results to "women" in this study on an assumption that women are more receptive and more apt to be listeners of religious programs. Religious affiliation was switched from "equal" between Protestant and unchurched in the pilot results also on an assumption that re- 11Sious people were more apt to listen than the unchurched since People are more apt to listen to have their beliefs reinforced than they are to attend to something contrary or foreign. Conditions for acceptance: If a plurality of the Spokesmen of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles in- dicate, 0n the basis of their best knowledge of their audience, that their largest number of listeners is Protestant in re- ligious affiliation, that they are within the 534,000 to {$10,000 income category, that they have had some high school education, that they are from 40 to 60 years of age, that they are women, “nd that. they are white, the hypothesis ""111 be accepted. 15 16. The policy concerning the objectives and content of a majority of the radio programs in Los Angeles is deter- mined by the clergyman in charge of the religious body pre- senting the program and who is almost without exception the principal speaker of the program. Rationale: This hypothesis is based on the results of the pilot study done in Lansing, Michigan, and on informal observations in Los Angeles. Conditions for acceptance: If at least 51 per cent of the spokesmen for local religious radio programs in Los Angeles indicate that the policy concerning the objectives and content of their programs is determined by the clergyman in charge of the religious body presenting the program, and if at least 51 per cent of these Clergymen are also the Principal speakers for their programs, the hypothesis will be accepted. 17. The religious orientation of policy-making groups of a large majority of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles is termed "Protestant" (as opposed to Jewish, Catholic, and other religious bodies) by the spokesmen for these PrOgrams. Rationale: This hypothesis is based on the results 0‘ the Pilot study done in Lansing, Michigan, and on informal o‘ oserVations in Los Angeles. Conditions for acceptance: If at least 80 per cent 0i ' the spokesmen for local religious radio programs in Los Ange ~ 193 indicate that the policy-making bodies of their 16 Programs have Protestant (as opposed to Jewish, Catholic, and other) religious orientations, the hypothesis will be accepted. 18. The religious orientation of policy-making groups of a majority of "Protestant" local religious radio programs in Los Angeles is basically that of the "third force."5 Rationale: This hypothesis is based on the results of the pilot study done in Lansing, Michigan; and based on informal observations, it seems to be true to a greater extent in Los Angeles. Conditions for acceptance: If at least 51 per cent of the Spokesmen for local religious radio programs in Los AnSales who indicate that the policy—making bodies of their Programs are "Protestant" also indicate that more specifically this orientation of the policy making bodies of their programs is that of the "third force," the hypothesis will be accepted. 19. The primary sources of the Speakers' messages on local religious radio programs in Los Angeles are more often non-secular and non-fiction than they are secular and ficuon. respectively. Rationale: This is a guess based on listening to l ocal I"ail-gious radio programs in Los Angeles. k Stream PST his division of Protestant churches into "Main the fell I‘013estant" and "Third Force" was basically derived from listed °W1ng two articles with reference to the two books 1953) The Third Force in Christendom," Life, XLIV, (June 9, dog] n ’Lif.‘ 122; Henry P. Van Dusen, "The Third Force in Christen- Yuma-(“(49 KLIV, (June 9, 1958), p. 124; Benson Y. Landis, ed., f American Churches, Thirty-second annual yearbook Office of Publication and Distribution, National 3. Mead °1° the Churches of Christ in the U. S.A., 1964); Frank and 911151er dbook of Denominations in the United States, Revised Sea edition {New York: Abingdon Press, 1955}. 17 Conditions for acceptance: If at least 51 per cent 0f thesnmkesmen interviewed indicate that the primary sources Of'uuespeakers' messages on their programs are non-secular as opposed to secular, and non-fiction as opposed to fiction, thetwpothesis will be accepted. 20. A majority of the Spokesmen of local religious mfliognpgrams in Los Angeles report that they usually change hm mumps (subjects) of their programs every few broadcasts. Rationale: This is a guess based on some informal observations of local religious broadcasting in Los Angeles. Conditions for acceptance: If at least 51 per cent ofthesumkesmen interviewed indicate that they change the tc>PIC$(subjects) of their programs every few broadcasts, as Opposed to "every broadcast" or "almost never," the hypothesis Will be accepted. 21. A majority of the spokesmen of local religious rad“ PrOgrams in Los Angeles report that the music on their “hymns has a variety of topics, as opposed to music oriented ‘m Hm Central topic of the particular broadcast. Rationale: This is a guess based on some informal unawations of local religious broadcasting in Los Angeles. Conditions for acceptance: If at least 51 per cent cm hm Spokesmen interviewed indicate that they use music Witha'Val‘iety of topics in a given broadcast, as opposed to mmicoriented to the central topic of the particular broad- cast 'tbe hypothesis will be accepted. 18 22. A majority of the spokesmen for local religious radhogupgrams in Los Angeles indicate that the Speakers on their programs seldom or never use references to local events in the news but that they often do make references to local Los Angeles area place names in their broadcasts. Rationale: This hypothesis is based on informal observations of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles. Conditions for acceptance: If at least 51 per cent ofthesumkesmen interviewed indicate that the speakers on hmirxubgrams seldom or never use references to local events in the news but that they do make references to local Los Anflfles area place names in their broadcasts, the hypothesis will be accepted. 23. More hymns than any other type of music are used bylocal religious radio programs in Los Angeles. Rationale: This hypothesis is based on the results 0f the Pilot study in Lansing, Michigan, and on observations in Los AngeleS. Conditions for acceptance: If, when spokesmen for the 100511 religious radio programs in Los Angeles are asked What types of music they use on their program, more of them listhymns than any other type of music, the hypothesis will be accepted, 24. Among Spokesmen of local religious radio programs inlosAnSoles who report using more than one type of music, tme_". . . - ‘III‘ C l ._ ‘ .U. .‘;. ._ .7 L, o “ ‘..-, _‘.‘ .‘ ‘v . '- . \~. .' “I“ g ‘ . 4 Pa. I ‘~ ' < " .-.- . 1"; I u “y. a. w... . u. ‘_l ‘ "“.~| ‘ . ‘Q‘ IxA‘ . t a ‘ u ".‘ \ Q‘ ._. n ‘ in. '\ a. I H u :“ q -..:. ol ‘ Q "do. ': .. I“Nk . ... .. .3..- . .g‘s. \ ‘5,' b" 0“ m ‘.M . ‘§. ‘0 . L .‘_. ‘§ . \ . . ‘ Q \.._‘~ ‘r-§ . v '-¢... . “- h Q .-K ‘ ' - “~ “.i“'. .I" ‘9 t 'I. ‘ . ‘1. " 1 n‘ ..-"“ ~ ~' ‘ 'Q ‘t‘. . . . \_ \I.‘. ‘ .‘s‘ It - v4 u ‘ _. .. .‘ .‘ “: 5.. _ ‘ u ~t‘- .\ i K ‘ a l \‘ ~ “\ o; ‘C . ~ . . ..~ \_'- a.- ‘ I ‘0 ,, .I "‘ f-p S V 25 Rationale: This hypothesis is based upon the results of the pilot study in Lansing, Michigan, and on informal observations in Los Angeles. Conditions for acceptance: If a majority of the spokesmen for local religious radio programs in Los Angeles indicate that the most often used non-regular participants on their program are also listed as layman; and of the non-regular participant roles, the role of group vocalist is the most often used, the hypothesis will be accepted. 37. A majority of the religious radio programs in 103 Angeles use "participants other than musicians" every broadcast via recording, either at the time of broadcast or at the time the master recording is made, who are more often Clergymen than laymen, and who more often take the role of announcer than any other role. Rationale: This hypothesis is based almost entirely on the results of the pilot study in Lansing, Michigan. Conditions for acceptance: If at least 51 per cent 0fthesumkesmen for local religious radio programs in LOS Angeles indicate that their programs use "participants other flmnrmuncians" every broadcast via recording, either at the timec>fbroadcast or at the time the master recording is made. and if a majority also indicate that such participants are more often clergyman than laymen, and that the role of an n°un°er is listed more often than any other, this hypothesis 38. While a majority of the local religious radio pro: 0 r ams in Los Angeles do not make use of musicians who O. - C r s ' . -,.p ".: '0 ' .‘C-C . " ' I.” ..c‘ ’lv .‘ u- g- .- 04 ~.: . .- ’Q- . at- --a.. . I ' a- ‘l r: n“ ‘0‘ ‘ ...,_ - “ . ’. do .- . cu~o--’ . " I . ,. ‘I I "’ \ ‘ H o .t...‘-".l. . v . ‘ . 9 .0 .. g... ._r:- '- ‘ \ ...-o bro. .v... .u ' o ‘_ ‘Q-, ’v .: I' a u . n..- .... -.~ A” -._ . . . ‘..~~'o-.,: ... 2’- 'p-Conov—s .'. 2.. . . f ‘ ‘ ' -. "_r ‘p ‘_: v .u...- OI. ‘..I.. v. ‘, . L .-’--.a .'-O o. .. i. .1 ” 00...... 'IC“ . I. .. v..';. . a. :. .‘_ .Y". . ‘I. o _ n .“V " U... .- . l n n.‘ . \‘ . 1...... I‘..“"‘ '- ... .~-...M. - . ‘. I I ' o “t ' ".°‘ y-~. -n u_‘ ‘. '- ' in, ‘ ' ~ - - -“ . Q. ‘ r :-.L '1‘, ‘u. ‘ l ‘v - \ .‘ (r ‘ .Ma‘ x _. . v‘ - "_'I' “ ‘ ‘ -“l . .x, ' D ‘. ‘1‘3a . u. ‘ '.’ §-~.. . ‘ ‘- 0‘. . 'u . u u. .0». .c. _ -.‘ a . .4 ‘.. “‘ Q n h . I 0 v‘ . "."o ' I Q . . §~‘ : -_" u. _. 5" O." D 9 - V '- 5 §‘ '- .v‘ N U. U P n‘ .V_ i .4 §“‘ . . I 1'.- . ‘ - pi " F ‘ \ ks.“ a‘-’ - Cl...- 'c x . .'~. . ‘ a " ‘ . n q, -. ‘~' .‘v' r _‘-. .- ' I ,. I‘I ' D ‘ l 0 ‘N‘ ‘.. ‘ ‘v . C . ._ ‘ ‘ 2'. “ O . . _._ a .- ‘b v . x . i . ‘ . Q . h 4‘.‘ .n “ '\ ‘ I 26 participate via recording, a majority of those that do fre- quently use small vocal groups, and use them in the opening and closing, and as special selections during the program. Rationale: This hypothesis is based on the results of the pilot study done in Lansing, Michigan, and on informal Mmervation in Los Angeles. Conditions for acceptance: If at least 51 per cent ofthe spokesmen for local religious radio programs in Los Mgeles indicate that their programs make no use of musicians vnarecording at the time the program is broadcast live or whu1a.master recording is made; but if those that do, imhcate that they use more duets, trios, and quartets than thwrdo soloists, large vocal groups, or instrumentalists; andif those that do indicate that recorded music is used :mreoften as opening music, closing music, and as SPECIal zmsnml selections than as bridge music, background music, or in an other capacity or combination of possibilities, the YWTOHmsis will be accepted. D. Definitions LAnnouncer The term "announcer" is applied in this study to the Imrmnh remaining anonymous throughout the program, who reads thecflmning and closing announcements and such other announce- !Mmts and continuity throughout the program as are necessary. Ifie announcer may be hired by the station, or he may be a me mbe'I'of the staff of the prOgram itself. (See numbers 22 and 43 for related definitions.) ' A \-I a“ c 1. 4:...4 1' V ' I ‘ . ,u.-o,- . .u-o v v p.. ‘I-a", ‘0 . - v.-u - ..-.-.. (a u...... g. I A c g § A " I - t.‘ . I. u “ . “ 'u- .a.,..~ ’ u...:, . ~ I ' ‘1 .fi 3. ‘— ‘I.‘ d..‘ .. '.. ‘4. .'. ‘v'. ..- l 1 h. ”V " .‘~< ct. sulguucnl I‘- - q , a - T" "‘ 0 -4-... . ’1 ., . ' u - Oc." ‘ . l ".‘M-I ‘ §v“,.‘ - ' 6 N - "h— ' . ." .i -“u- 1., u. A "-.n‘, 1. . . . in I:,.~1‘. \ - . ~ -‘ u‘ h b u..." ., It . u .- ‘v- , ‘ . ‘h‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ v. .0: .H 'E s y‘ a. , ‘-.; I . .' 4‘1.‘ 7 s.. \ . ’ {,1 .~ u ‘ ‘0 1“ ~ \ ., 27 1 Background music Music used as a continuous background under another fiement of the program such as the reading of a poem by the mmouncer or speaker is termed "background music" in this Mmdy. (See numbers 3, 9, 38, and 52 for related definitions.) L Bridge music Music used to bridge or connect the end of one program elmmmt with the beginning of another program element is tammd "bridge music." (See numbers 2, 9, 38, and 52 for related definitions .) 1h Broadcast The term "broadcast" is used to denote all bits of infinmation transmitted during a single time period. (See numbers 47 and 48 for related definitions.) ibiChurch As it is used in reference to the point of production Orprmgams in this study, the term "church" is used to refer tothEbuilding where the "organized church" body meets for itsvmrshtp services. (See number 39 for related definition.) éLclmxncal music-~énthems, oratorios, cantatas, masses or mrtions thereof, chantsJ responsesgetc. EXAMPLES: The Holy City C Divine Redeemer The Messiah The King of Love My Sheperd Is Seek Ye the Lord Bach Chorales The Lord Is My Light and My Salvation God So Loved the World In an attempt to make the music categories meaningful to the interviewees encountered, five general headings co :- ~ U ‘_.. . ‘ ...-. .'I1 .7" . v, ...._ . u...a'.‘ I; t 4.... "l ‘ '. .IIO .J‘.‘ ,g!". It - ‘t | I 9! ’ ...."‘ '3 271‘ .3— A. A, -- 6 'ulvt. ,,...,_ . 0.. . Q-' .‘ "# .‘A. F- ‘H. .,. . ‘ ‘—Il. Our- ~'..‘. . . ‘fi . .' ‘ ‘0 n O a .- ‘u. .. "' .n‘h! v... ‘ ‘ ‘ ~.. .« .~:. I, . u ‘ Uh ‘ . ...-..~ “" .u . v ‘ . l . ....oo.’ .' .1. ‘ ~ . .n u..l.~- 5.. ‘_..-‘. c .' v... O‘A.l‘. a... .1. . I ~ ‘~ .- -.-u ho-hgbv ‘-‘.-.. . I . “.4, .lnlr‘ .": .r. .‘a 1......V uA- .-.‘ ‘ . ‘ | '- -. .."‘ . ¢ ‘ r‘ m“ “~.‘- I t o .N o. . -‘u.‘. .q . > I. u ‘ ‘ ‘.““ '~ 2.9 - ‘ Q. “ ‘ o.‘ h.- I '3’. '- “I. v.‘. -s b . I . ‘ .o.‘ - .a‘ ‘- ‘ . -. .u ' u ' . I ‘0. ‘.-.r ‘ ~ t V‘.-‘ . , ’.-~ ., ‘ . 0". -_ ‘ r . A‘s.» \". . ‘. ’ 5‘, I- Q ‘. - ii.. h“ '- \V-. “ o 'I u o_ . .‘i 5 .‘h “‘ ‘~‘ ‘ ‘ ‘ -.‘ c '.. . a. - ..-- v. - . I ‘ ' -|-f.-: ._ - M v. ‘ 0 n. s 3.. "". . ‘ C ‘. “‘.‘ ‘.v . u. _ § -. 5 o ‘. ' ‘e . ‘ ‘u n n‘ ‘ ‘ '1 ‘..I y C. , . ~‘_.‘ .‘ 28 together with some more specific types of music included under the general headings were constructed. In addition, a number of examples of each was listed under each heading to help distinguish from among the various types of music used in the study. Thus, only the general headings of music types and the examples used in the interviewing sessions are listed here in this section on definitions, since it would be futile to use21more precise definition than that used by the inter- viewees in giving the interviewer the original data. "Classical music . . ." was one of the five general headings usmL "See numbers 20, 21, 23, 53 for related definitions.) 1. Clergymen The term "clergyman" is used to denote the official sanctioned by the religious body to officiate at its services, etc. It includes such terms as minister, pastor, priest, rabbi, nun, etc. (See number 26 for a related definition.) LClimate creation The term used to denote the purpose of programs desiSned to awaken or prepare persons to be receptive to the mmechdect ministry of the church. (See numbers 17. 24, and 6“ for related definitions.)7 LChSng musical selection Music heard at the end of the program as a musical Signature to identify the end of the program is termed "a “Wine musical selection" in this study. Often such music \ 7Bachman , pp . 122-148. 29 may be carried at a low level simultaneously with speech for a portion of its duration. (See numbers 2, 3. 33, and 52 fin‘related definitions.) ML Commercial If a station sells the time in its schedule during unum a program is broadcast, that program shall be considered a‘ -o ‘Udvo ... u! I ‘...9 3.. . C u ‘ n . h o _. . \ ~,‘ In. h... . ‘ ." I 'n" .‘,-‘q I .u,_ “d b \ ..,__'.~ . c n. D.: ”I c.. ‘5 A I~.- .p.. .A\. ‘u v...‘ _.‘ u u _ .._ “ u. ‘ ' ‘- o~~ .- u .‘ I. . 0 \. " ‘.“‘ .g.‘ ‘ I . A '- . b . t.. . .. ‘I O ‘ ‘ v Q‘.-‘ ‘9. _’ " vs ‘4‘ f '3 ‘- .. “ ‘\ “‘ p- h a“ .' . kO’“ ‘ p .,. . ‘ ... .u . ..“ ‘ .‘ns 5. H,- o b _ i -‘h .H 1.._~ ‘ .. ‘r U. 2. ~ I%‘- ‘HL ' o .‘- .;t . .' -,' . ‘ . \‘u- u- - I - 6- ~ In“ ' -.‘ . Q - ‘01 . ,'1 ". .1 "‘~ ‘rs \ '-- > ‘~‘ s ' O -V " ‘. . \~ g v - v — . \ ‘~ I, ‘ ‘ L‘ -: Q ,‘_ . . .— a‘ . ‘- ‘ t ~ ‘ s ‘ h \ ‘ a g . \ ‘ ‘ 32 to continue to listen to the program, states what is to follow, and usually reads the narration, announcements, etc. Umuflly the host personally invites listeners to services, to mntake of offers, etc. (See numbers 1 and 43 for related definitions.) 23.EUmns--worship service congregational singing type music EXAMPLES: Holy, Holy, Holy Now Thank We All Our God 0 Worship the King Lead On 0 King Eternal A Mighty Fortress (See numbers 6, 20, 21, and 53 for related definitions.) 25.1nstruction The term "instruction" is used in this study to denote um mupose of programs designed to explain the Christian mnunand to portray eXperiences and relationships of the (MrMNdan life and work in the home, church, community, and theworld.lO When the term "instruction" was used in con; nection with a program other than Christian, such as Jewish, 1mermme of that religion was substituted for the word Christian When defining the term. (See numbers 8, l7. and 64 for related definitions.) 21 Interview form at This term is used to denote the format where one person as“ Questions of one or more other persons seeking information wt nifl1wru.hopefully be of interest to listeners. (See numbers 12, ‘1 1J:15, 19, 34, 36, 42, 57, 61, 62, and 65 for related definitions.) —_ o .34-? u'.. y;p:.r are L y».‘o.| -- Q - . . I ,.. .,.o‘.:..ol . ., . . 4 . .... .4.0.-.s.4....f ... s - o .3 ‘0‘ 'o'a -~ - 5... v , ~ ‘ an .u..>.'A~ . ‘A.. .. ~ o n I . . ‘ ‘ .l. “ i' f’ll q a . u . h - ' "O I a:-1.-A . . |"'-.‘ ‘ - L ‘ ‘ P::r' ~ . ...--‘ _, ‘.‘ ‘.. .. ..I ‘ I‘: - "HA-v. .4 .“ ow- ‘~ rt . . .- a _‘ -... h. ‘ :. .‘I-l.._ p“ ...‘ .""‘--. .; .1 ' - . . I ‘ ' ‘~‘,.~ ‘h _ “'A ‘2‘: ‘ O h. .»-.“‘.-- § . ,2- ‘ ‘Q 3 t l‘v ~.‘ x . ..‘ . ~ ‘ ." n‘..‘ K“ . “«o ‘~.--~-. o .. d... n. “ . . Io.‘_ I ."‘. in; ,. a“ '- ~ I._‘ CV. ‘ I ‘u‘t . ~ . a. - ,V, .._ .,- I.‘ -.~.\ , "~. p.“ “ ‘~ F.‘ s. .__ . . “ .., . . ~ ' I .'e. 1 a. g-- .._ g \H“ ~~. H.- -F -“ ’ Q . - ‘I on § VI.‘ :« ‘. .1 ‘4‘- Q - \ ' - ‘ ‘~ ‘m. ‘ I. ‘ ‘— . s ‘. . a n‘. -. -_ "-§ I .i c \. , u ’ I -- s. . a .’ ‘ .. . ‘v' ‘t h. , ‘ .w- e‘ Q. -A .- C ‘ . ‘ a - \_ M I \ _ 0 ‘ i . - “ l‘ ‘ . - v“ . I n ‘ i Q ‘ ‘. ‘. O 4 T .' "‘ ' v 1 . . ' ‘. ‘s‘ ., u. -. \ H - . ‘ ‘ . Q '0. -4 u“ o“ ._‘ 'vu‘.‘ . 1' ‘ _ K \ ' ‘. 1 I o _ O . . c _< ‘. . - n ‘ .- . Q _‘ . ~ .. q. ,. "‘-— . ."\ a n . ¥ A ‘ ~ _\- ‘ '.. ‘v n I - ‘1 .‘G ‘ ‘ o ‘- - \ Q‘ a. u‘ a ~ ,C‘ . .‘ . q ,. .~r‘ ‘ ‘ A ‘."I _ , Q -l ‘ I. . 33 26. Layman Any person who is not a clergyman, professional mmichnlparticipating on a program, or a staff musician of alomfl.religious radio prOgram is termed a "layman." (See mmmer7’for a related definition.) 2].Idvegparticipant A person heard on the program who participates in tmegnbduction of a program at the time of broadcast or when amasuu'recording is being made is termed a "live partici- pmm." (See numbers 37, 41, and 50 for related definitions.) 28.1dve remote Any program originating outside of the radio station MmdMJand broadcast as it occurs is termed a "live remote" origination. (See number 29 for a related definition.) .EL Live studio Any program originating in the radio station studio mm hmmdcast as it occurs shall be considered a "live studio" origination. (See number 28 for a related definition.) 31- Local religious radio program Fbr inclusion in the study as a local religious radio Pmsram the following conditions must be met: (1) PrOgrams presented on a regular periodic basis; (2)tupadcast only on amplitude modulation stations broadcasting every day which serve at least ten Per cent of the population of Los Angeles county south of the San Gabriel mountains with at least a two millivolt signal; C” concerned with the relationship of man to God in 1, every broadcast; () Originated by an organized church or the repre- ND sentative of an organized church; originating within a 75 mile radius of the Civic Center of Los Angeles; 4“ n In......l-«- .I-Qun -I as -vo¢ .... "‘ 'r-r 0 0.. . v-o'..o‘.. . 1 V -‘-v a .- "-- .. ‘,. . \Dv-,<.... ‘ . . IU-Ad._.. ' . s .r'“ u-o. . U a I : ‘l . ‘~ F- I f.‘ ‘ . ..a¢‘-‘..‘ ’ .-.oa‘..-‘" 'an."; ‘ - . 'J" .‘I. s "" ~.. . - ' " h-.u "I.. 0 v. ._ ~ - . . H. .t. -“. ‘ I. ' -h. . .' _ ; . .. m.‘ ' c ‘. .‘3 ._‘ “W. ' u ‘a . - “ '| -» u n .. ‘ 1“" D .‘ "-. 2h}. . V- ' \ ._‘ ~ -. . '| ‘t . ‘0 s ~g‘~'l‘s . .. - . g- I “. u . .- ‘ I‘Iul I , ‘\ -s_“‘ . ’ ‘ ‘u a ‘sl . a. ’ ~ t u “ ‘ J “v-. ‘-« .~~-. - ‘ .1. - ‘~ I"M ‘ . ‘| u ‘ . ~ .~ . I V-. , 'u“ ‘ '.‘ ‘ —- . . . - " a». ~ -. ‘ v N s ‘4 Lu. .\ I. ‘ u m“‘ . -. - ' u ., '~. - .‘ U‘. ~.. . .. . ~~ 'g \ -‘_‘ s .- ‘ -u - " I! n .. ‘A ..: - - 1 ' ‘~. h- ’ C '. .. a \ . ‘ c . . . . \ « _. \ " _' ‘ 6 “Q ,< .- '1 Q . v- _ ‘ ‘ .._ —_ x- . c a. . . I ‘ u I. . 31+ (6) contain at least four minutes of some sort of continuous speech activity for a program of 13 or more minutes in length and three minutes or one-half the content of the program if the pro- gram is less than 13 minutes in length; (7) broadcast in English. 31. Main-Stre am Prote stant This term is used to describe a portion of the Pro- teflmntgmlicy-making bodies of local religious radio programs inlms‘Mmfiles. The following list of religious orientations hmidispokesmen of the various programs used to describe fimmmflves) indicates which groups were included in the main- sUemnIubtestant" category. These orientations are listed Emre2u3they were given by the spokesmen listing them. No mnemn;has been made to differentiate or combine groups. Nms,tmere are two Baptist, three Lutheran, two Congregational, andtwolkesbyterian groups. All are listed just as they were reported. American Baptist American Lutheran Christian Church Congregational (politically and socially conserva- tive, theologically liberal) Congregational, United Church of Christ Lutheran Church in America Lutheran, Missouri Synod Methodist Presbyterian Protestant Episcopal Reformed Church in America Southern Baptist United Presbyterian Church in the U. S. A. AAA,“ «1 mm 42-»: m H VVVV AAA“ (1) KM R) H O \i) (D VVVVVVVVV 11 "N ee numbers 40, 49, and 60 for related definitions.) 11 (See footnote number 5.) u.'._'-. ‘ . .~ . n. .I C . . . . .. o ..: I p. .w “A‘- . u . .. , .. v -.. hy...~a .1 u- I. ' -~ 1. - . .~ _ ""‘Q QUA~ _ u . ‘ Q §'. . . .. ‘ Q .‘ 'I ,u . ‘ ..-.-, 04- ‘ . . . I . P. - - C§ .' n.‘_ ' ‘ . .h‘. "‘ n ._ ' - ..v ‘ t-4I .‘5- . O . _ ‘ t. “‘,..-. '-n. '.'O--ov-.‘. ' . — _. _.N I ‘ '- | '"‘h‘ ._ .9 '2 'I - ’r .. ‘ Q‘ .. v .‘ ‘ V. Q. A . n, . ‘-” .\ .. . 1‘ ..- .- " l - .“-. ._ .._ 1 -, ,. a M " -‘. . ., v ‘- .. ...-‘ t‘_ r l‘ l‘ ‘ . ~ .' c. ”31,! fl. ‘ ~. Q‘- -r o ‘ n¢. . .’- ‘ ‘1‘ , .> v .. “‘ . . n. ‘.u I. D .H‘. ; .'o‘ ._ " ‘4. .4 r‘. x — ‘- I'-’ . l‘ - " '~ ’~ -. ‘« 7n yd. Major change A program shall be said to have undergone a "major change" if it has changed from one format to another; if it has included a new type of religious music or excluded a type of religious music previously used; if it has changed the type of musicians heard on the program from among small vocal groups, large vocal groups, soloists, and instrumenta- lists; if it has changed the length of the program; or if it has changed the purpose of the program. (See number 33 for a related definition.) 3. Kim r ch ang e Any changes in the program not covered in the defini- ion of "major changes" shall be said to be a "minor change." (See number 32 for a related definition.) 3:. Mission format The primary intent of the "mission format" program is to report on foreign or local mission activities Sponsored by the PrOgram or its affiliated religious organization and to seek financial support for these missionary activities from the listeners. Appeals for funds for mission activities and rePorts from missions as the primary elements of the program Set this format apart from others, although it may contain such elements as music, talks, testimonies, etc., much like ot‘ ner formats otherwise. (See numbers 12, 13. 15: 19: 25' 3r, , , a 1+2, 57, 01, 02, and 65 for related definitions.) Ivy-0| l\ ,— ,‘Q. I-Cusic bridge Music heard between elements of a program to maintain continuity and provide a transition is termed a "music bridge." (See number 63 for a related definition.) 36 . News fo rmat A presentation of religious news items in a style similar to that of commercial newscasters shall constitute a "news format" program. (See numbers l2, 13, 15, 19, 25, 34, 1+2, 57, 61, 62, and 65 for related definitions.) 31. Non-regular participant A person heard on the program who, in the production of a program, participates in less than 90 per cent of all broadcasts is termed a "non-regular participant." (See numbers 27, 1+1, and 50 for related definitions.) )1- Opening musical selection Music heard at the first of the program as a musical SiEinature to identify the program and provide a transition into what is to follow is termed an "opening musical selec- tion." Often such music may be carried at a low level Simultaneously with speech for a portion of its duration. (See numbers 2, 3, 9, and 52 for related definitions.) 1!0 44. Organized church Any group which holds regular worship services and con- ce rns itself with the relationship of man to God shall be con ‘ Sidered a church. A church shall be considered organized if it ‘ nolds real property, is incorporated, or contains a group 0f elected officers. (See number 5 for a related dafinition.) ML Other religious bodies This term is used to describe a portion of the policy- zmkhmgbodies of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles imlflido not logically fit into the categories Catholic, Jmflsh,£rotestant, "main-stream Protestants," or "third fimca'groups. This group, "other religious bodies," com- prises the following: Church of Divine Science Liberal Catholic Church Metaphysical Non-denomination (and combinations such as Jewish, Protestant, Christian Science, and others, etc.) (5) Protestant and Orthodox (both Protestant and Eastern Orthodox represented on one policy-making body) 6) Religious Science (7) Unity S ( EL. Participants via recording ee numbers 31, 49, and 60 for related definitions.) Persons heard on a program who are not actually pre- smm'mn;who participate via recording either at the time the inmmnis broadcast or at the time the master recording of the PrOgram is made, are termed "participants via recording." (See numbers 27, 37, and 50 for related definitions.) 4.2: Prayer for the_day format lhe tenm "prayer for the day format" is used to denote apmgrmnvmich is usually very short (less than five minutes 1n1338mfi consisting almost entirely of a prayer. This type of PI‘Ogram is usually heard early or late in the day, and MWHIisxumd to sign the station on or off the air. (See me are l2, 13, 15, 19. 2'3, 34, 36, 57, 61, 62, and 65 for related definitionso) ‘ .v..~v' .’~ '-“ .,_..-—° " .-. -. Q . .. .-n‘ - ‘ .I I - ‘ ’ .4 ..—~~ ‘ . . . v o...a-- .“ ‘ ‘ "‘ . ‘ u- ‘, urn-Q-"' " " ’ ‘ ‘ A . N . ...... .-. ' - - .- u " ,.....o .... n- Q ~ ‘ e . . Q I . ....... ...1 It? . .... .— .¢150.94 1.....vo « . ... 4 . ... . U .. . .. ' u 5“ ‘ ... ' "-~Vu fl.» - _ :t ‘; u‘.o ‘ .. .V h‘ I ;. O n. us . ).D > ‘ , 0o-.- ,.. "C Ou- I . .- ' I . . - ‘v -OI - 0 ° 4 . h l . . ~'.IO I . o ‘ I. ‘ A . “-1.... ~ "" P V-.. ‘ - ~| "' ' 'g . r-‘ p f ‘- “ I... ,- u ."‘I . . _‘... .1 ‘ - I \ ‘." = ‘ 0.. f.-. . ..- w? 2 W. - . ' “. .._ \ ‘01-1. ~.4. I _. -‘ ‘-.__‘. 1““ U‘- I . . -' ‘. ~ - t u u‘ .‘ H rv'. -— f‘ u ’ '- d n ‘ Q‘J \~‘ .- \ .“~‘ i - .. ‘- .,_ ._ I 3.. .“ fl ~0., ‘ ‘d . m a ‘A '._ _‘5-. 'l v,. .- "‘1 .. . t 4 .._ .l , , s - t r . s, ‘ . .‘w ‘P: s ' by. . “w“ . '1.‘ - . p. s k . '7‘ . .. 3‘ 'h ' ._ . ‘ 'l . ‘ q «s ‘ . I I . ‘-' . _ - a ‘ . £3. Principal speaker The person who delivers the principal message or longest continuous speech communication on the program shall be considered the "principal speaker." (See numbers 1 and 22 for related definitions.) 44. Producer The person who is responsible for making all the arrangements as to what is to be in the program and for deter- mining that all the participants are present with all the necessary equipment is termed the "producer." (See numbers 14 and 66 for related definitions.) 45. Professional musician A non-clergyman who makes his living by his musical skills and is not a full-time employee of the program origina- tor is termed a "professional musician." (See number 54 for a related definition.) ii- Professional writer A non-clergyman who makes his living by his writing. skills is termed a "professional writer." (See number 66 for a related definition.) I 3L Pro gram The term "program" is used to denote a series of broadcasts with the same title, the same general format, and line same general purpose, which is broadcast regularly on the Sale weekly or daily schedule, week after week. (See numbers 4and 4.3 for related definitions.) 43. Program element Units of program content within a program will be referred to as "program elements." (See numbers 4 and 1+7 for related definitions.) ’13. Protestant The term "Protestant" Catholic, shall refer to those non-Roman- Christian policy-making bodies of local religious rmho programs in Los Angeles which do not logically fall inmathe categories "main-stream Protestants" or "third fdmm" by virtue of having an orientation which includes bomiof these groups and perhaps even some of the groups lled under the heading "other religious bodies." (See nwmmrs 31, 40, and 60 for related definitions.) fl Regular participant A person heard on the prOgram who participates in the Production of a program in at least 90 per cent of all broad- mmtsis tenmed a "regular participant." (See numbers 27, 37,andlfl.for related definitions.) EL- Silent commitment lmen a religious broadcaster seeks only to have his liMRnemsaffirm their faith in the principles expressed by tMabmnMcaster as opposed to the broadcaster's endeavoring tonmkezapersonal contact with his listeners through mail, tfifipmnmu personal visitation by the broadcaster or a staff '3T3T,cu‘any combination of these means of contact, the goal 0 fthebroadcaster Shall be said to be a "silent commitment." (oee number 18 for a related definition.) . . . ‘ A» ‘- ' . .. .u-o I a a. i ‘ O 'A4-n -- ..h . _ ~. . _... 0 ...,, -,..‘ _1. 1 Au...‘. ‘1. ~ . . '~.- I .,. ~- .. , ..... . .. . . V“- ’I ‘ . H. "' ‘ Q» Q ~, . . . - >4 . . . .‘ O ' ';‘- 3 ., "" -.._g. . . , ' Q .. c a .. . ~, 4 2‘ -1 ’ -... ‘ I -- ~ Q . .I ' c . ‘hI--~. -I- .. "Q l’ - 'O -. .,. .4... ‘ I . “- . u 4- g ‘WV‘Q. '- -V-\A ~.A__..~ -. I ,- _‘ "-.-_. _v. a - . l. . u.- '3’ .‘v~ "u, \ . . ._. . . .‘i .' . ' b . .‘ . .- . s »_‘. ‘ ‘.. a “_ _ . __- ‘ ‘ . . ~ I ‘--‘ .0 ‘ . . 4 - -‘ ‘U . . . u ‘- .1‘ 5'. ‘« A ‘. ‘A -. 32. Special musical selection Musical selections other than the opening and closing themes or musical signatures of the programs and other than music used as a continuous background for some element of the program or music used to bridge or connect the end of one program element with the beginning of another program eflement are termed "special musical selections." (See ‘mmmers 2, 3, 9, and 38 for related definitions.) _ZL.Spirituals--Negro and phgte EXAMPLES: Swing Low Sweet Chariot Were You There Deep River walk in Jerusalem Great Getting Up Morning (See numbers 6, 20, 21, and 23 for related definitions.) 2 Staff mus i cian A non-clergyman who is a full time employee of the Pflmranoriginator and whose musical skills are utilized by thernngrmnaoriginator is termed a ”staff musician." (See mmmer45 for a related definition.) ii- Station e ngineer A person in the employ of the radio station which cmmdmmms the program and the person who controls the volume lmml<fifthe program, records the program, or handles other 0 1“ o . Jectxnuc and/or technical portions of the program such as ‘ro‘ ~ ‘ ' 10“Hempmicrophones, etc., is termed the "station engineer." . Statistical information 1! S I ‘~ ) \r tatistical information," as used in this study, is t 4. ha» information which is, or can be, broken down into sub-catesories and can be manioulated to reveal additional Q A information by correlations, etc. It is more than a simple total of letters received by a given broadcaster during 1962, for instance. (See number 59 for a related definition.) 5]. Straight sermon or talk format The local religious radio program which consists ahmst entirely of talk by one person, as opposed to music, forat least 90 per cent of the program and which is not dewfldonal in the sense that the program is designed to con- strume a private worship service with the broadcaster and lister alone participating, shall be termed a "straight samwn or talk format." (See nunbers 12, 13, 15, 19, 25, 34, 35.42, 61, 62, and 65 for related definitions.) :3. Sustaining If a radio station does not sell the time during Imidia.progran is broadcast and the station sustains the cost ifimlf,tme program is then said to be "sustaining." (See mnbarlfl for a related definition.) 51. Systematic rnethod of evaluation A.method of classifying mail and word-of-mouth reports “In-becmnsidered systematic if it reveals statistical hfiormndon, other than a simple total of letters or reports, about the audience of a program. (See number 56 for a related definition.) 6;; Third force Thus is a term used to describe a portion of the Pro- tes tantmflicy-making bodies of local religious radio programs a-D'H ‘ . _. . ~ . c u‘ 1‘ o . \ .' ‘v . “ c ‘ I V. O . .. -~f_ ’d ..v 0-"-" I Q- 9 n I. - ‘ . J. a -9 O . ' --‘< O . .a « .1‘1 3. a ‘ A .-. . ...I,I e‘ ‘ .- “ IO 0‘.-.¢. ... . .. ,..‘.‘ ‘I ...o ., O. . 5.. - ' J 'O— . ‘ o... U"... . I. .4. u " I ‘ Q <- a u 42 in Los Angeles. Although these groups tend to be the smaller, "off-shoot," more recently developed churches of a warmer- emotional type of religious worship experience in general, no attempt is made to define by characteristics. This study simply uses as a definition of groups comprising the "third force" the following list of religious orientations which spokesmen of the various programs used to describe themselves. For this study then, the following groups comprise the "third force." Apostolic (pentecostal, etc.) Apostolic-Pentecostal Assemblies of the World Assembly of God Bible Presbyterian (fundamental, separatists) Christian Church of the Disciples Church of Christ Church of Christ Holiness Church of God in Christ Congregational--Protestant--evangelical Foursquare GOSpel Free Missionary Baptist Missionary Baptist National Baptist Convention of America Pentecostal (independent) Progressive National Baptist Convention Protestant--fundamenta1--evange1ical Protestant--evangelical Seventh-day Adventist Trinity Pentecostal United Fundamentalist (pentecostal) World Church (pentecostal, etc.) HowCD'QChU'I #Kflml—‘OOC‘O’QQU‘I bKJJMP-J numbers 31, 40, and 49 for related definitions (.0 (D (D and especially the footnote under hypothesis number 18 [footnote number 5].) Aél. Thought for_the day format The term "thought for the day format" is used to denote exprogram of less than 14 minutes in length during which tfluaspeaker presents a topic of religious significance ).|..Wr. 43 intended to stimulate listeners to think on the topic. (See numbers l2, 13, 15, 19, 25, 34, 36, 42, 57, 62, and 65 for related definitions.) 62. Variety format For the purposes of this study, the local religious radio programs which seem to fit distinctly into no other format category, either because of extreme flexibility or the inclusion of many different program elements usually characteristic of a single format, are said to be of a "variety format." (See numbers l2, l3, 15, 19, 25, 34, 36, 42, 57, 61, and 65 for related definitions.) 63. Verbal announcement-transition A vocal verbal message at the beginning of a program designed to prepare the listener easily and naturally for that follows shall be termed a "verbal announcement-transi- tion." (See number 35 for a related definition.) 54. Worship The term used to denote the purpose of programs designed to provide inspiration or a period of worship is "worship." (See numbers 8, 17, and 24 for related defini- tions.)12 fig, hership service fonnat A broadcast of a worship service of the organized church at which an audience is present constitutes a "worship servitmeformat" program. (See numbers l2, 13, 15, 19, 25, 34, 36, 42, 57, 61, and 62 for related definitions.) 1 2Bachman, pp. 122-148. 44 66. Writer For the purposes of this study, the term "writer" is used broadly to include the person who prepares the script for the program (complete script, partial script, outline only, or totally impromptu). See numbers 14, 44, and 46 for related definitions. E. Limitations The programs described, interpreted, analyzed, and eval- uated in this study were subject to the following limitations: (1) The study is concerned only with programs on the air during the week of March 24-30, 1963. Specific broadcasts were, however, not necessarily recorded at this time (but during April and Kay) because of the problem of attempting to record as many as six programs simultaneously. (2) All programs were presented on a regular, periodic basis. (3) All programs were broadcast only on amplitude mod- ulation stations broadcasting every day which serve at least 10 per cent of the population of Los Angeles county south of the San Gabriel mountains with at least a two millivolt signal. (4) All programs were broadcast only on stations located within a 75 mile radius of the Civic Center of Los Angeles. (5) All programs were concerned in every broadcast with the relationship of man to God. (6) All programs were originated by an organized church or the representative of an organized church. “— \- ‘ og-Hu' ”a. v.» A t - .._r ~...\o - -. - ~-.- \ a . -. w‘v .1 - no .. o.. ._ . "‘ ‘ '-- --.. . o. ° v ‘ .~« . -..A._\ . Q- ' o _ “ in. o. _ b. .‘ _. *-. x, .. . (7) All programs included contained at least four minutes of some sort of continuous speech activity for a program of 13 or more minutes in length and three minutes or one-half the content of the program if the program was less than 13 minutes in length. (8) All pregrams included were broadcast in the Enrlish language. v CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE A. Sources Searched for Related Literature The following publications are sources which, when searched carefully, yielded the related studies discussed in sections "B" and "C" of this chapter. Complete bibliographi- cal entries for each source are included in the first section of the Bibliography on Religious Broadcasting in the Appendix. The first sources searched were compilations of doctors' and masters' dissertations and theses in the field of speech and broadcasting, the outstanding indices in this field being the following. Franklin H. Knower's "Graduate lbeses--An Index of Graduate Work in the Field of Speech" in Speech Monographs from October, 1935, through August, 1963. This extensive annual index was by far the richest source of information, and in it were located many studies related to the present study. Knower also compiled two indices for the Journal of Eggadcasting which listed all doctors' and masters' dissertations and theses related to broadcasting, these appearing in the Winter, 1959-60 and Fall, 1961 issues of the Journal of Broadcasting. A third index compiled by Knower, entitled "Bibliography of Seminary Graduate Theses in Religious Speaking" appeared in the Speech Monographs, 46 47 June, 1963, wherein many theses related to religious broad- casting were cited. This index was divided and published in two sections with some additions in The Digest of Research in Religious Speaking in the May, 1963 and October, 1963 numbers. An additional index added to Knower's in the October number of The Digest of Research in Religious Speakipg pub- lished under the title "Continuing Bibliography of Graduate Theses in Religious Speaking: II" was also helpful. A careful check of Clyde W. Dow's "Abstracts of Theses in Speech and Drama" in the Spgech Monographs from 1946 to 1963 was helpful, not so much in locating studies as in determining the exact nature of various studies already discovered in Knower's index. Doctoral Dissertations Accepted by American Univer- sities, which was superseded by Index to American Doctoral Dissertations and then combined with Dissertation épstracts was, like Dow's abstracts, helpful in determining the relation of studies to the present study and thus evaluating them. A very similar publication, Microfilm Abstracts, covered like material from 1938 through 1951. Bob J. Golter's 1938 Bibliography of Theses and Dis- sertations Relating to Audio-Visuals and Broadcasting and Kenneth R. Sparks' 1962 A Bibliography of Doctoral Disserta- tions in Television and Radio were both excellent sources of additional information. 48 In the winter number of the 1957-53 Journal of Broad- casting, Robert E. Summers and Raymond Cheydleur compiled, with Bob Golter, another bibliography of studies in the field of broadcasting based in part on Golter's previously mentioned bibliography and the individual work of the other two authors. Their combined bibliography is entitled "Graduate Theses and Dissertations on Broadcasting: A Topical Index." Norbert Robert Rodeman's 1951 Ph.D. dissertation done at Northwestern University and titled "The Development of Academic Research in Radio and Television for the First Half of the Twentieth Century" is a bibliographical listing and handbook with rather good annotations about all of the studies related to radio and television completed in the United States between 1900 and 1950. This was one of the most helpful sources of information in that it provides means of determining whether or not certain studies which seemed from their titles as if they were related really would be of value to the present study. All four of the regional speech journals were searched—- the_§entral_States Speech Journal, The Southern Speech Joupngi, Igggy's Speech, and Western Spegph. Most helpful in making this search was Robert E. Dunbam and L. S. Harms' index and table of contents of these four publications covering the period from the first number of the first volume through 1960. Although only two articles were discovered from these sources, one of these was a valuable study of the Los Angeles religious broadcasting audience reported in the Spring number of the Central States Speech Jogrnal. I. {I Eiln - 49 The Annual Newsletter, 1963364 of the Department of Speech at Michigan State University surprisingly revealed a new and related study, although the relation was remote. The next richest source of information concerning studies related to the present study was personal conversa- tion with a number of fellow graduate students. Among these were Maxwell V. Perrow, whose M.A. thesis is probably the most closely related study on the subject of this study, and James A. Brown, S.J., who shared his "Review of Literature; Material and Procedures" chapter of his forthcoming Ph.D. dissertation at the University of Southern California. Another good source of information was rather exten- sive correspondence carried on with the broadcasting depart- ments of the various denominations, several of which had conducted studies of their own and most of which had published some type of a bibliography in the field of religious broad- casting. In addition to the various denominations there were such organizations as the Columbia Broadcasting System, the National Association of Broadcasters, and the Television Information Office which published selected bibliographies on religious broadcasting in which was listed some information of value. A careful survey of the related studies and a careful combing of their bibliographies provided additional sources, as did a careful check through some books in the field of religious broadcasting such as John W. Bachman's 1960‘2hg Church in the World of Radio-Television and the North American 50 Radio Commission and Ministerial Association of Seventh-day Adventists' 1944 Broadcastinggthe Advent Message. Other information was gleaned from such general reference guides as the "Books and Reference Works for Radio and Television," section of the annual BroadcastinggYearbook lpggg, The British Broadcasting Corporation's 1954 British Broadcasting; a Bibliography (replaces an earlier work, Books About Broadcasting), Brockett, Becker, and Bryant's g Bibliographical Guide to Research in Speech and Dramatic Art, Isabella M. Cooper's 1942 Bibliographypon Educational Broad- casting, Patricia Hamill and Gertrude Broderick's Radio and Television; a Selected Bibliography, Burton Paulu's biblio- graphies in his two books, British Broadcasting: Radio and Television in the United Kingdom (1956) and British Broad- casting in Transition (1961) as well as his Radio-Television Bibliography (1952), Hadley Cantril's Public Opinion, 1935- gggp, Oscar Rose's Radio Broadcasting and Television; an annotated BibliOgraphy (1947), and the "Your Radio Library" section of the Radio Annual, which lists books and pamphlets in radio and television. E. Frank Lee’s "Doctoral Dissertations in Radio and Television at German Universities 1920-1957" in the Fall 1958 Journal of Broadcasting was searched although it provided no related studies. The same is true of Lee Ash's 1961 book, Subject Collections: A Guide to Special Book Collections and Subaect Emphasis as Reported by University}College, Publip1 and Special Libraries in the United States and Canada. u n V‘ .. up I-plgwn t f ‘ A. g . v 4 h '- luo ‘aoa-Ae .u-I.y,~ , ' I ”4.1.. I ‘_ . '1' ’ ‘1: 'A ‘.:i 9?. ‘oun.'._ .“'.“‘ I” ‘ A~:' .‘ .Q ‘1‘._‘. S. “;.ol__.‘ ‘RA‘ ‘ ~ J ’u ' ~C‘, . _ ‘ ‘ . - ‘,,_ v u- H \ u u. 4'. *‘ v \.t h- H ‘s v i‘. ‘.‘.~ 0‘ ~. "¢V§‘ '9‘ A“ ‘ ‘U‘LV .‘ .‘ -"t n u 5 ‘ d a :: ._ ‘ t 0 ‘fl ‘ ‘ ‘ -' A J u‘. ‘ I ‘tnl - N, “ ‘d-fi ' u . D ‘ \ . .. - 's“ . - L- 51 A final source of information which should be mentioned are the various indices used in looking for related studies. These indices include the following: Bibliographic Index; A Cumulative Bipl:iLography of Bibliographies; Business Periodi- cals Index; the Complete Subject Index to "The Ministry" [Official Journal of theMinisterial Association of Seventh- day Adventists, 1928 Through 1961]; The Education Index; the Index to Religious Periodical Literature, Helen B. Uhrich and Calvin H. Schmitt editors; the Index to Religious Periodi- Lal Literature: Mthor and Subjgct Index to Periodical W4 1949-1952 Includingan Author Index to Book Mm edited by J. Stillson Judah; the Index to Religious Efiriodical LJiCterature: An Author and Subpeot Index to Periodi- cal Lit'Garature 1 -1 4 Including an Author Index to Book 393% edited by Pamela Quiers; The Industrialits Index; the .I.ntemationa1 Index; Public Affairs Information Service W; the Readers' Guide to Periodical Literature; and the "Seventh-day Adventist Periodical Index," an unpublished coop‘fil‘zattive card file index compiled by various Seventh-day Adventist college libraries indexing 2O periodicals published by the Seventh-day Adventist denomination, D. Glenn Hilts, editor. Of the many related studies found through the use of the sources mentioned above, one stands out as clearly most closely related-~a study of religious broadcasting in the Los Angeles area in 1957. Section B of this chapter will report this closely related study. In Section C nine studies relating ,..|'t.l.':‘ :QQ'“ -. v in .‘t-huo. U v on. in! a ' -3- a... O—ua: '1’ p”... coll. .:" 5. ."“"‘~- ‘ ‘ I l 9‘"! 4.. 55A. 0' r I runi. :nvicid .4 .l“ I ' I A: an I. p '"-Ia“ A Gt!!- .- 5 "‘-.~V. h. ‘ I nun-R: 3F; “‘fi‘.a‘ . ...~v-’ 0v uh:‘..'~‘. - Q‘ I b. '55 ‘ t . ... A: .- ‘ 1“ _- .. I. '..".‘¢ cu On:- .— ‘.¢.-lq'-‘.| '..: - | ,‘ih‘ H o ‘ ‘ “J: ‘: D“ A: in. .I‘.". V. “A u .‘:'.w .| ‘ W. ‘ "a“ r- ”v. .4 .H _ "-..9 . . .r .. .. “‘3 31...“ ' uvg-“' . \ .v. '.‘. l,. ' A‘. u l, P . no: ‘II a: .h., U‘ -‘ ' " “03-: e,‘ ‘ 5“ ‘ I Q '|. ‘ A‘ . a.d.‘,‘_ arq m" ‘- I l.- . .‘ .‘~.‘ \.‘ ..1 ‘0. . A . :9..,, a: "-l‘ ‘ ' §._. \ '4‘. 1.;~ '- K O -‘ “- _\ ‘9 ‘ ‘Q u ‘..‘l L‘c.: r fi“ , ... ‘ ‘ " 7‘: x‘ c~§. .H‘ _ "l e I l I ‘3 ‘en - ‘iu .. 52 to the national scene or specific cities and concerned with similar types of methodology and purposes are discussed. In the final section in this chapter a number of other studies related in a number of different ways, but of less over-all importance, are reported. B. A Closely Related Study Mrow's Study of Los Angeles Undoubtedly the most closely related study is Maxwell V. Perrow's Master of Arts thesis completed in 1960 at the University of Southern California entitled "A Descriptive Analysis of the Religious Programming and the Religious Pro- gramming Policies of the Radio and the Television Stations in the Los Angeles Area, 1957." While Perrow concerns himself with television and FM radio as well as AM radio and station proSx‘mflrning policies with regard to religious prOgrams--which the Present study does not--sti11 there is much in common to prWide helpful guidelines, hypothesis, and reliable data for comWrison to religious programming some six years later in the Same city. The Purppse.--The purpose was to aid any possible “Movement in the content and presentation of religious radio prOgrams and television programs in the Los Angeles area by I”resenting previously uncollected and unanalyzed data from which need for changes could be inferred. The Problem.--The problem was to determine whether or not there were any differences between the radio stations and z., .I.‘ c.- C q.- a . v 0 «Cp.‘- .‘A.-v3. .‘o '0 I u . "A ,....~ g o'u .. .- .0 ‘ 'nq-,.-__lr . "' 'I- on- go. “:0 " n. v.. -.~...“ 4. e. " --9‘I.. .' v .- ' vv.-._.: .- - ‘ Q ‘v "" . c Q- .' ' v. I... . ' .1 “' v. . . _ In- . ‘64-" v "u g s J h I... .— -v‘ k 0-. .V‘ '- 53 the television stations of the Los Angeles area in their religious programming and in their policies on religious pro- gnamming. Twelve hypotheses were then set up. Significance of Study.--Perrow states that so far as mawas able to discover no analyses of religious radio and unevision.pr0gramming in Los Angeles had been made. He does rmntunl Clifton E. Moore's "Los Angeles Religious Radio and Idevisixxn Complete Listings and Ratings" published (Mimeo- graphed) in 1957 in Los Angeles by the Radio-Television Film Cwmission.of the Los Angeles Church Federation. Perrow mmes'bhat this listings and ratings publication is not accompanied by an analysis. This finding relating to the 1mm 0f research in the field of religious broadcasting in km A“Seles has been borne out in the present study. Procedures.--As Perrow puts it succinctly: The procedures employed to gather the data for this study were (1) program monitoring and recording, 2) tabulation and analysis of program information, (3) interviewing of programming personnel of stations regarding policies on religious programming and 2” tabulatipn and analysis of programming policy information. Results.--Perrow's figures from the Los Angeles area werecompared whenever possible with Tilden's study of Ft. fiOFflhDallaS and McBirnie's study of seven radio stations in 1Maxwell V. Perrow, "A Descriptive Analysis of the Rfligious Programming and the Religious Programming Policies ufthe Radio and Television Stations in the Los Angeles Area, E57" (unpublished Master's thesis, Dept. of Telecommunica- Upns, University of Southern California, 1960), p. 26. .». p ‘0 7;: .. .Q -. H... an. 95 net. . 0' I I - ' e .. D‘ .4 rag“... . ‘ O‘ . - ..oA.I- .. .1... s . n "“" ' “Pun-.m— -4 .4 ""' . §’I‘ . I u t . . . .“ ‘ I-O—Qo I N I' “J... ~‘. . . I. I ‘ ‘ .. " “I-‘n 0’. . ""h‘ ."“~ ‘_‘ I..., '~ .A v .‘.. .. |‘ v ". ~..., I "o. .'J‘ 4“! ?.—. . on p .' ‘i 'l '.‘ ‘I-v“ . . . n. 1 v‘ . ea... ':!¢-o . . I -,,l 1 O .- ~ ‘ "Q.(‘: -‘ \0 Q... ' .L- a I .l.. l‘ -- " .-"r ‘. I ., . V v... -. _. '1 .. I.‘ ‘ . .,_ i .. ~“\ . w T . . . A. ‘ C o . -“: ,I -~— ‘5‘“: .5 .._ ._ . ' ‘-\ .‘. ~ 8, .0, ,_ ' ‘r . a“. . .1 . . '-~ ,x. . ‘ .F, ‘u ‘41‘ p ' e.‘ ‘\ ‘¢\, a '0 ...‘ 'I ‘u \ ‘9‘. . ' “p ‘ u. “A H‘ . u..‘ . ‘.\ 0. v :n ‘vu: .v‘ “.- Q.‘.. "A. n ‘- . . 4.. :_.“p i‘.. ‘ \ . ~‘ "‘ . 4 g ‘ fi:..; . v, r. .... L. ' ‘ ((f ‘ ’ M‘ H.\ .10 V. . h. . - ‘ ~.,“_ a.‘ ti ~ 0 “ ‘ . ‘. . I‘ ' .- ~— . p I r ' fl _ ‘ - - . ‘ s i e ‘ _I ‘C ‘ . ~ ‘x 5 ‘ 0- . . . ‘ lv ‘. I “ . \ x~ \-| I K t . p . 3 ‘N ., f x \ " 0 e .A ’ , \ u. " c.—n ‘ ‘. ' ‘0‘ on a» ' -". . v- ‘ . O . -. l . . '. ‘§ p ‘ . . . -;. . s“ '. . ‘ N i .'. ‘ . - ‘ . . _ ‘ ‘1 ‘I V VI . O h \. ‘ n -- . ~ 3 Iowa, as well as Parker, Barry, and Smythe's New Haven study.2 The results of Perrow's Los Angeles study are summarized in Hm twelve brief paragraphs following. 1. Radio stations allotted .04 more time for religious mmadcasting than did the television stations. The figures were J36 of their total broadcast time for religious broad- muns as; contrasted with .02 for television stations. When Um reliqgious radio stations were eliminated, the figures mus A33 for radio and .02 for television. 2. Television stations of the Los Angeles area aDptted.more than twice as great a proportion of free time fmvreligfious programming as did the radio stations. 3. There were fewer commercially sponsored programs ouradio (.05) than on television (.23); more church Sponsored prc’Eiramson radio (.63) than on television (.62); and more ind'Widually sponsored programs on radio (.32) than on tele- ‘wSiOH (.15) proportionally of the total number of religious Pregrams on each. 4. Per week, Los Angeles radio stations provided time worthmore ($26,743.00) than that provided by television Stations (315,435.00). ‘-__ 2Philip Nelson Tilden, "A Survey of Religious Radio $niTelevision in the Fort Worth-Dallas Area, 1953-54" (unpub- simmd Master's thesis, Texas Christian University, 1956), Robert s. McBirnie, "A Descriptive Study of the Religious anmams of Seven Representative Iowa Radio StationsVDuring afklected Week in 1949" (unpublished Master's thesis, State MMVersity of Iowa, 1949), and Everett 0. Parker, David W. hury, and Dallas W. Smythe, The Television-Radio Audience mm.Religion (New York: Harper & Brothers, Publishers, 1955)- 55 5. Figures revealed that .(1 of the religious radio programs of the Los Angeles area were presented on Sunday as cmmpared with .95 of the religious television programs. 6. Of the religious radio programs broadcast in the Mn Angeles area .50 contained some form of solicitation as mmosed to .19 of the religious television programs. 7. Television stations provided a more nearly equal disMfiJNItion of talk formats, talk-music formats, and drama- ticfbrnuats in their religious programming than did radio swmidns. The figures for radio were .27, .71, and .02 and fmrtelevision they were .33, .48, and .19 respectively. 8. An equal number of radio and television stations wereWilling. to sell time for religious programming. 9. More than three times as great a proportion of televlSion stations as radio stations in Los Angeles specifi- Mflly forbade the expression of controversial issues in reliElous programs. 10. The proportion of television stations in the Los Angfles area that were willing to allot time to individuals forIffiligious programs was substantially larger than the pro- pOrtion of radio stations. 11. It was found that an equal proportion (.7) of rahe stations and television stations was willing to grant thm to individual churches for religious programs. All tflevision stations indicated they would prefer to grant program time to widely representative groups. kn O\ 12. An equal proportion (.7)of radio stations and television stations permitted solicitation to be made in paid time religious programs. A greater proportion of radio Nations (.6) than television stations (.3) prohibited solici- tations in free time. Recommendations.--A brief inclusion of some of Emrmnv's recommendations is made here because of its relation tothis: study, conducted some six years later. The present study should be repeated in a roxi- mated? ten years to determine what changgs if any haaio+4 Thought for the Day 0 0 00“) Prayer for the Day m 000 Discussion 0 0 OHM Counseling 0 H OCDH News Q uw turdaa Straight sermon or Talk 0 O 16 .1 m 0"“) Variety l-' 000 Interview-discussion O H 000 Informative-music O H 000 O l 1178 8Does not equal 109, the number of completed interviews tmcause eight programs were broadcast on more than one station, Mdnging the total to 117 program originations. TABLE IV-30.2 183 COMPILATION OF FORMATS OF LOCAL RELIGIOUS RADIO PROGRAMS IN LOS ANGELES REVEALING THE POINT OF PRODUCTION OF EACH Point of Production Devotional Formats \0 CD K) O\ U'l-J-‘UJIUH O 10. Private Home Radio Station Private Studio Church Commercial Studio Radio Station and Church University Radio Studio Private Home and Church Radio Station, Private Studio, and Commercial Studio Improvised Studio at 0 College Church Home (NOT church) 0 Television Studio 0 Public Cafe- teria 0 W O O O O (DOD-’0 WOI‘Ship 0 H I-‘ H O H ON“)? 0 O O H O FWD-‘0 Mission 0 o o o o HOMO Thought for the Day 0 o o o o OHOO Prayer for the Day 0 O 0 0 0 OOHO Discussion 0 O O O H 00"“ Counseling 0 o o o o OHHO News 0 0 0 "" 0 How“ Straight Sermon or Talk 0 o o o o oopo Variety [.4 O O O 0 OOHO Interview-discussion O O o O O OOHO Informative-music O o O O O OOHO Interview-religious News 0 U1 NH H H m m Hxlmn) TOTALS H TOTALS 39 31 O\O O O v10 0 O HOOO MO I-‘O ulOOO MOOO WOOO HOOO HOOO O9 184 Table IV-30.l also reveals that most "devotional" and "straight sermon or talk" broadcasts are originated from tape recordings made in either the radio station studio or elsewhere. Since Table IV-30.1 is compiled in terms of "broad- casts" as opposed to "programs" the original hypothesis was modified so that the data and the hypothesis use the same terminology. Final hypothesis #30.--A majority of the "worship service" format local religious radio broadcasts in Los Angeles are presented "live remote" from churches; and inversely, a majority of the local Los Angeles religious radio broadcasts of other formats are broadcast from tape recordings. 31. A majority of the local religious radio programs in Los Angeles utilize partial scripts of the program (as pposed to complete word for word scripts or outlines) and are written, produced, and directed by the clergyman who is the principal speaker on the program. Table IV-3l.l reveals that 47% of the local religious radio programs in Los Angeles are produced from an outline only. Another 22% utilize a complete script of the program, and a partial script is used by 19% of the programs. The impromptu approach to production, usually stated by spokesmen of these prOgrams as "doing whatever the spirit moves us to do," is used by 12% of the programs. 185 TABLE IV-31.1 TYPE OF SCRIPTS USED BY LOCAL RELIGIOUS RADIO PROGRAMS IN LOS ANGELES Rank Type of Script Used Freggeggy Percentage 1. Outline only . . . . . . . . . . 51 47% 2. Complete script . . . . . . . . 24 22% 3. Partial script . . . . . . . . . 21 19% 4. Impromptu o o o o o o o o o o o 13 1270 TOTALS 109 100% Since the original expectation was based on the pilot study of Lansing, Michigan, and since the programs included in that study have proved to be atypical of those in Los Angeles in many ways, apparently working hypothesis #31 was not substantiated for the same reason. Table IV-31.2 indicates clearly that a big majority of the programs, 83%, are written by the clergyman who is almost always the principal speaker on the program. TABLE IV—31.2 PROGRAM WRITERS FOR LOCAL RELIGIOUS RADIO PROGRAMS IN LOS ANGELES Rank Program Writer Frequepgy Percentagg 1. Clergy [Almost always the principal speaker on the program] 91 83% 2. Layman and clergy . . . . . . . . 9 8% 3. Layman . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5% 4. Clergy and prof ssi nal writer. . 2 2% 5. Professional writer . . . . . . . 1 1% 6. Layman, clergy, and professiona writer . . . . . . . . . . . . l 1% TOTALS 109 100% _» EH1». 186 At this point it should be explained that the term "written" was used broadly and included the person who wrote the complete script, the partial script, and outlines as well as the person who was primarily responsible for taking action in the broadcast "as the spirit moved" in the impromptu broadcasts. Table IV-3l.3 reveals that 75% of the local religious radio programs in Los Angeles are produced and directed by the clergyman who is almost always the principal speaker on the program. PRODUCERS AND DIRECTORS OF LOCAL RELIGIOUS RADIO PROGRAMS IN LOS ANGELES Ramr Producer Director Frequency Percentage 1. Clergy . . . . . .Clergy . . . . . 82 75% 2. Layman . . . . . .Layman . . . . . 10 9% 3° Layman o o o o o .Clergy o o o o o 7 6% 4. Professional Professional radio man . . . . radio man. . . 5 5% 5. Clergy . . . . . .Professional radio man. . . 2 2% . Clergy . . . . . .Layman . . . . . l 1% 7. Layman . . . . . .Professional radio man. . . l 1% 8. Professional radio man. . . .Layman . . . . . 1 1% TOTALS 109 100% Einal hypothesis #3l.--More local religious radio IHpgrams in Los Angeles are produced from an outline only tmnzare produced from a complete script, from a partial mnipt. or on an impromptu basis; and a majority of these .~v-. 'Qal- local religious radio programs in Los Angeles are written, produced, and directed by the clergyman who is the principal speaker on the program. 32. More local religious radio programs in Los Angeles are produced in churches than in radio station studios, private studios, commercial studios, or other possible points 0f production. Table IV-32 indicates that of the local religious radio programs in Los Angeles, 47% are produced in churches, TABLE IV—32 PRODUCTION SITE OF LOCAL RELIGIOUS RADIO PROGRAMS IN LOS ANGELES Rank Production Site Freiuency Percentage 1. Church . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 47% 2. Radio station . . . . . . . . . . 28 26% 3. Private home . . . . . . . . . . . 12 11% 4. Private studio . . . . . . . . . . 7 5% 5. Commercial studio . . . . . . . . 2 2% 6. Radio station and church . . . . . 2 2% 7} Church home (not church) . . . . . l 1% 8. Improvised studio at college . . . 1 1% 9. Private home and church . . . . . l 1% 10. Public cafeteria . . . . . . . . . l 1% 11. Radio station, private studio, and commercial studio . . . . . 1 1% 12. Television studio . . . . . . . . l 1% 13. University radio studio . . . . . 1 1% TOTALS 109 $5175 a i The total does not equal 100% due to rounding off ndividual figures to the nearest per cent. ___ QQLin radio stations, 11% in private homes, and the remainder areznbduced in ten other places or combinations of places. Final hypothesis fi32.--(Substantiated as stated in Chapter I and above.) 33. A majority of the local religious radio programs in Los Angeles utilize professional engineers from the station over which the program is broadcast. Table IV-33 shows that radio station engineers handle the technical portions of production of 31% of local religious TABLE IV-33 PERSONNEL HANDLING TECHNICAL PORTIONS OF PRODUCTION OF LOCAL RELIGIOUS RADIO PROGRAMS IN LOS ANGELES Rank Personnel Frequency Percentage 1. Radio station engineer . . . . . . 34 31% 2. Clergy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2O 18% 3. Layman (occupation engineer) . . . 18 17% 4. Layman (hobby engineer) . . . . . 15 14% 5. Station engineer and clergy . . . 6 6% 6. Station engineer and layman (hobby engineer) . . . . . . . . 6 6% 7. Staff engineer . . . . . . . . . . 4 4% 8. Clergy, station engineer, and layman (occupation engineer) . . 2 2% 9. Layman (occupation engineer) and layman (hobby engineer) . . . . 2 2% 10. Station engineer and layman (occupation engineer) . . . . . 2 2% TOTALS 109 102%3 aThe total does not equal 100% due to rounding off individual figures to the nearest per cent. TNM3 PrOgrams in Los Angeles. In addition, radio station e11E;i.neers assist in some way in another 16, or 15%, of the programs. This means that radio station engineers are invol- vmiin 50, or 56%,of the programs. 189 Clergymen handle the technical portions of production on 18% of the programs, laymen whose occupation is in the engineering field do the technical work on 17% of the pro- grams, and another 14% are handled by laymen whose hobby is engineering. The remainder of the technical work is handled by'a combination of radio station engineers, Clergymen, and both types of laymen mentioned above. Since a majority of the programs do not have a radio station engineer handling the technical portions of produc- tion, the original working hypothesis must be modified. Final hypothesis #33.--The technical portions of pro- duction of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles are more often handled by professional station engineers than they are by Clergymen, laymen whose occupation is engineering, orlaymen whose hobby is engineering. 34. A majority of the regular "live" participants Oflboal religious radio programs in Los Angeles are clergy- men. Table IV-34.1 reveals that on local religious radio programs in Los Angeles of the regular "live" participants 'Um roles of principal speaker, associate speaker, host- pr“1011381 speaker, and host-announcer-principal speaker are uTMHJY taken by clergyman, but that the roles of announcer, including announcers at the church and at the station, choir member, Organist, pianist, congregation, and soloist are usually taken by laymen. In addition, it can be seen that mmnfother roles are played by both laymen and Clergymen. 190 COMPILATION OF REGULAR "LIVE" PARTICIPANTS OF LOCAL RELIGIOUS RADIO PROGRAMS IN LOS ANGELES COMPARING ROLES TAKEN BY CLERGYMEN WITH THOSE TAKEN BY LAYMEN Rank Roles Taken by Clergymen 1. Principal speaker . . . . 2. Associate speaker . . . . 3. Host-principal speaker . 4. Host-announcer-principal speaker . . . . . . . 5. Host . . . . . . . . . 6. Host-announcer . . . . 7. Organist . . . . . . . 8. Song director . . . . . 9. Announcer . . . . . . . IO. Announcer at church . . 11. Associate host . . . . l2. Hostess-principal speake 13. Pianist . . . . . . . . 14. Associate speakers (2) 15. Associate speakers (5) l6. Discussants . . . . . . l7. Host-announcer-associate speaker . . . . . . . . 18. Interviewee . . . . . . . 19. Moderator . . . . . . . . 20. Principal speaker-song lead r O O O O I O I O O O O O 0 er Frequency (number) Percentage of Programs Of Total ListinggEach Programs . . 43 39% . . 14 13% . . 12 11% 7% 3% O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O i-‘i-‘l—‘H HHHMNMMMU'vJUJWLD HHHmmmmmwww SABASASABSBASSSKSABASA O O O O O HHHH SASASASK 191 Table IV-34.l, continued Frequency (Number Percentage of Programs of Total Rang Roles Taken by Laymen Listing Each) Proggams l. Announcer . . . . . . . . . 51 47% 2. Choir . . . . . . . . . . . 32 29% 3. Organist . . . . . . . . . 29 27% 4. Pianist . . . . . . . . . . 20 18% 5. Announcer at station . . . 14 13% 6. Congregation . . . . . . . 13 12% 7. Announcer at church . . . . ll 10% 8. Soloists . . . . . . . . . 7 6% 9. Host . . . . . . . . . . . 5 5% 10. Solos-duets-trios— quartets, etc. . . . . . 5 5% 11. Associate speaker . . . . . 2 2% 12. Choirs (2) . . . . . . . . 2 2:7. 13. Instrumentalist . . . . . . 2 2% l4. Announcers (2) . . . . . . 1 1% 15. Announcer at mission . . . l 1% 16. Associate speakers (2) . . l 1% 17. Associate speaker- announcer . . . . . . . . 1 1% 18. Band . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1% l9. Duets . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1% 20. Discussants . . . . . . . . l 1% 21. Guitarist . . . . . . . . . 1 1% 22. Harpist . . . . . . . . . . 1 m 23. Orchestra . . . . . . . . . 1 1% 24. Organists (2) . . . . . . . l 1% 25. Principal speaker . . . . . l 1% 26. Quartets (2) . . . . . . . l 1% 27. Testimonies . . . . . . . . l 1% .A‘ u... "v. 192 Table IV-34.2 reveals that 76% of the local religious radio programs in Los Angeles utilize laymen in at least one role, as regular "live" participants, 73% of the programs have Clergymen in at least one role, as regular "live" participants, and 4% of the programs have no regular "live" participants. TABLE IV-34.2 NUMBER OF LOCAL RELIGIOUS RADIO PROGRAMS IN LOS ANGELES UTILIZING CLERGYMEN AND LAYMEN IN VARIOUS ROLES AS REGULAR "LIVE" PARTICIPANTSa Rank Item Frequency Percentage 1- Programs utilizing laymen in at least one role . . . . . . 85 76% 2. Programs utilizing Clergymen in at least one role . . . . . . 80 73% 3- Programs utilizing no regular "live" participants . . 4 4% 8Since the categories used in compiling this table a~I‘enot mutually exclusive, many programs used both clergy- awn and laymen in some regular '1ive participant role, for instance, no totals were reported. The percentages are based on the total number of programs and NOT the total frequency of "mentions" listed in this table. Since there are actually more programs whichuselaymen as regular "live" participants than there are whichuseclergy- malin regular "live" roles, even though the percentage is slight, the original hypothesis must be modified. [See Table 34.00 in Appendix "F" for a more complete breakdownal Einal hypgthesis #34.--Regular "live" participant roles on local religious radio programs in Los Angeles are almost equally shared by Clergymen and laymen, although V-v- ~..~.,. "cc. . . _‘ “ 5.. . a" . u ‘ Q s . \ 193 Clergymen are more often principal speakers, associate speakers, host-principal speakers, and host-announcer- principal speakers, than are laymen; and laymen more often than Clergymen are announcers, choir members, organists, pianists, and members of the congregation. 55. A majority of the local religious radio prOgrams in Los Angeles use "non-regular live participants." Of the local religious radio programs in Los Angeles " participants, Table lV-ZS which use non-regular "live indicates that 21% of the programs use such participants on approximately two-thirds to nine-tenths of their broadcasts, 12% of the programs use such participants on approximately one-half of their broadcasts, another 16% use them on approxi- mately one-fourth to one-third of their broadcasts, and 55% of all programs use them on less than one-fourth of their broadcasts. Final hypothesis #35.--(3ubstantiated as stated in Chapter I and above.) 36. Among non-regular participants on local reli- gious radio programs in Los Angeles, laymen are more often heard than Clergymen; and of the roles taken on these programs by non-regular participants, the role of group vocalist is more frequently used than any other. Table IV—36 reveals that 88% of all local religious radio programs in Los Angeles have Clergymen who take roles on their programs less frequently than 90% of the time; and that 55% of all local religious radio programs in Los Angeles COMPILATION OF INFREQUENT LIVE PARTICIPANTS OF LOCAL RELIGIOUS RADIO PROGRAMS 194 TABLE IV-35 IN L03 ANGELES hHO ARE HEARD ON VARIOUS PERCENTAGES OF THE BROADCASTS OF THEIR PARTICULAR PROGRAMa Rank Type of Participation Frequency Percentage Those Heard on 65% to 90% of Their Broadcasts 1. None . C C O C O O O O O C O O O O 36 79,3 2. Clergy and laity 1 various roles. 23 21% TOTALS 109 100% Those Heard on 45% to 64% of Their Broadcasts 1. None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 88% 2. Clergy and laity i various roles. 13 12% TOTALS 109 100% Those Heard on 23% to 44% of Their Broadcasts 1. None 0 O O O O O O I 0 O I I O O O 92 84.7) 2. Clergy and laity in various roles. 17 16% TOTALS 109 100% Those Heard on 1% to 22% of Their Broadcasts l. Clergy and laity in various roles. 6O 55% 2. None . 0 . O 0 O O O C O C O O C 0 49 45% TOTALS 109 100% aSee Tables 35.01. 35.02, 35.03, and 35.04 in Appendix "F" for a complete breakdown of roles taken by infrequent live participants. have laymen who take roles on their prOgrams less frequently than 90% of the time. When the various infrequent live participant roles taken by Clergymen and laymen are compared, it is clearly seen that Clergymen tend to take the speakers' roles, both the principal speakers (on 33% of the prOgrams) and various 195 TABLE IV-36 COMPILATION OF INFREQUENT LIVE PARTICIPANTS OF LOCAL RELIGIOUS RADIO PROGRAMS IN LOS ANGELES COMPARING ROLES TAKEN BY CLERGYMEN WITH THOSE TAKEN BY LAYMEN Frequency (Number Percentage of Programs of Total Rank Roles Taken by Clergymen Listing Eachlg Programs 1. Principal speaker . . . . . . 36 33% 2. Guest principal speaker . . . 18 17% 3. Associate speaker . . . . . . 13 12% 4. Guest associate speaker . . . 5 % 5. Guest interviewee . . . . . . 3 3% 6. Host-principal speaker . . . 3 3% 7. Interviewee . . . . . . . . . 3 3% 8.H0st............ 2 2% 9. Host-announcer-principa speaker . . . . . . . . . . 2 2% 10. Musicians . . . . . . . . . . 2 2% 11. Testimonies . . . . . . . . . 2 2% 12. Associate host . . . . . . . 1 1% 13. Associate speakers (3 . . . 1 1% 14. Associate speaker-testimonies 1 1% 15. Guest testimony . . . . . . . l 1% l6. Host-announcer . . . . . . . 1 1% l7. Solo-duet-trio-quartet, etc. 1 1% 18. Song leader . . . . . . . . . 1 1% TOTALS 96 887.3 Table IV-36, continued Frequency (Number Percentage of Programs of Total Rank Roles Taken by Lgymen Listing Each) Programs 1. Soloists . . . . . . . . . 9% 2. Associate speaker . . . . 3. Choir . . . . . . . . . 4. Solos-duets—trios- quartets, etc. . . Musicians . . . . . Testimonies . . . . Duets . . . . . . . Guest interviewee 9. Announcer . . . . 10. Guest testimonies 11. Interviewee . . . 12. Principal speaker 13. Song leader . . . 14. Trio . . . . . . . 15. Announcer at missi n 16. Announcer at station 17. Band . . . . . . . . 18. Guest choir . . . . 19. Guest instrumentalist 20. Guest soloist . . . . 21. Host . . . . . . . . . 22. Testimony-report . . . TOTALS 0 O 0 O O O O O O O O O O I O O O O O O I O C O O O O 0 O O O o 0 O 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O I O O O O O O O O O O H HHHHHI—IHt-JmmmmmmwwL‘h-m U10\O HHb—JHHHHHmmmmmmuwbbm UIO\ sass ask an BSVOSX cs. GA'QASXAA {NcN'cN on an sisassx New). O\ O U! U1 oi m 3This figure is a percentage of the frequency total rather than a total of the rounded-off percentages listed in the column above. 197 other speaking roles (on 51% of the programs), but rarely musicians' roles (on 4% of the programs). Inversely, the laymen, while rarely taking the role of principal speaker (on 2% of the programs) or more frequently various other speaking roles (on 21% of the programs), they much more often take musical roles (group vocalist on 10% of the programs, soloist on 10% of the programs, and various other musical roles on 12% of the programs). The data cited here necessitate a rather radical modification of the original working hypothesis. Final hypothesis f36.--Among non-regular participants on local religious radio programs in Los Angeles, Clergymen are more often heard than laymen; and of the roles taken on these programs by non-regular participants, Clergymen tend to take speaking roles, both as principal speaker and various Other speaking roles, while laymen much more often take musical roles and various speaking roles other than that of Principal speaker. 37. A majority of the religious radio programs in Ims Angeles use "participants other than musicians" every broadcast via recording, either at the time of broadcast or Etthe time the master recording is made, who are more often ‘flfirsymen than laymen, and who more often take the role of mumuncer than any other role. If one totals the frequency column in Table IV-37, cal places NOT Inentioned 25? 0% 22? 81 Recent local events NOT mentioned, 10 cal places mentioned 0% 22% 72 3% Recent local events SELDOM mentioned, local places SELDON mentioned 01 4% 71 4% Recent local events SELDGM mentioned local places mentioned OZ 43 5% 03 Recent local events mentioned, local places POT mentioned 25% OZ 2% 4% Recent local events mentioned, local places SELDOK mentioned 07 47 27 4% Regggt local events u mentioned, WOCal places EDJELDOM mentioned 0% 4% 0% 0% PSSEt local events °4UDOM mentioned, 10081 places NOT mentioned 07 0% 07 % TODALS 100% 997a 10173 977a \ ifidi aThe totals do not equal 100% due to rounding off of ‘ vidual figures to the nearest per cent. \ )\ 22 readily observed that with regard to the first item, the mention of both recent local events and local places, the religious groups do not vary much from the totals or the over-all average. For the other items the percentages are masnnall and so varied as to defy analysis except perhaps to say“that "main stream Protestants" are well above average in mentimaning local place names but not local events in their Inpggrams, and "third force Protestants" are not as apt to mentimon either local events or places in their programs as the zaverage. The "Catholic" sample is so small that, although the zaattern in this column differs from the others, it is Still. not judged significant. (23) Table V-23 indicates that the various religious EPOUTDS vary a great deal from the over-all average with regard to the types of music used on the programs which each preshents. "Catholics" depend heavily upon "classical" music, ”itkl one program using "hymns." "Main stream Protestants" plaque their emphasis on "classical," "hymns," "gospel music-- Standiard," followed closely by "gospel music--popular." A180 ‘Used by "third force Protestant" groups are "spirituals," "hynnls," and "classical" music in that order. Among "Jewish and cused on one thing at a time and clarity could result, the pInJgram could be judged good. As it is, no better than a "fair" rating can be given. 281 Program: "Hour of Worship of the First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood” Church: The First Presbyterian Church of Hollywood Spokesman: Robert B. Young, Jr., Business Manager, and Announcer for the Program Time and Station: Sunday, 8:05-9:00 p.m., KPCL Brief description of the format of the program The program opens with a man's voice giving an identification, a word of welcome, and prayer. This is followed immediately by organ and choral music as the listener is obviously taken to the sanctuary of the church. A man's voice is heard in a call to prayer, the prayer, and then in leading the congregation in saying the "Lord's Prayer." There is a choral response followed by a man's voice reading the "Old Testament Scripture" for the day. The chancel choir sings a number, and an apparently elderly minister gives about five minutes of announcements, and an introduction of the new minister, who is to speak on the program. There is an offertory prayer followed by a choral anthem and the "New Testament Scripture." A female soloist is introduced and sings; then follows a longer prayer. A man's voice is :next heard announcing the song to be sung and the verses 'Which the congregation should sing. After the congregational singing there is an announcement of the choral prayer which :follows. Then the minister begins to speak without further aurnouncement, and he closes his sermon with a brief prayer. Changregational singing follows the sermon immediately without announcement and fades into the background and finally out altogether as the same announcer who put the program on the air comes in to read the closing. Evaluation on the basis of communicator-oriented criteria 1. Awareness of limitations and conditions of situation.--The producers and the principal speaker on this program seem to be aware of some of the conditions and limitations of communicating in a radio situation, but still make errors in production by not making more effort to adapt the worship service of the church to radio. 2. Adaptation of message, choice of channel, selection of code on basis of knowledge of receiver and situation.—-The communicators involved in this program seem to do yery little adaptation of the message, choosing of channel, and selection of code on the basis of what they know about their receivers. Instead, this is a program where a microphone is opened on a regular Sunday evening worship service of the church. 3. Awareness of receivers through feedback.--The .feedback received by the producers is limited to mail and 'word-of-mouth reports, for which no systematic method of 1nail and word-of-mouth reports and the producer c>savstematic method of classifying these reports, he seems to have a reasonably good "picture" of his :ning audience. This comes through a careful reading of -etters and great attention to answering them. While it as argued that he is thus measuring only those responding he program and that this is not representative of his over- listening audience, still these people who respond are people wnom he is trying to reach and this response is . he is seeking. 4. Measurement of success by effects in light of gg§g§,--Taking his purposes into view, the spokesman icates that he thinks his program is "very succesful." 5. Time period when maximum number can receive.-- program is broadcast at an hour when the very largest her of listeners can listen. 6. Use of familiar symbols.--rhe speaker does a good >of using simple, non-technical terminology and is free of rgonxdflch only the religiously oriented would understand. en‘heckms find it necessary to use a term which the uninitia- dnmghtrmt understand, he freely uses phrases like "in her words" to define in simple words what he means. 296 :7. (Drgganizational pattern inppresentation of message.-- Igram always follows a set format, and the message is :eaci to :fit the pattern. First there is the main ser- 2 :foljxywed by music. After the music, the speaker again 1L0 tine main topic, giving what he terms a "wrap-up of zarnea for? the day." This pattern undoubtedly brings sed meaning to the listener. The sermonette, however, :r‘t :yeem to be as well organized as it should be. E3. Principle of rgdundancy utilized.--The speaker e clundancy freely as indicated in the use of the phrase Elear words" cited above in paragraph six, and in the '-11p discussion mentioned in paragraph seven above. 9. Channels used.--Whi1e this program is broadcast L2? one station, the spokesman indicates that this is :7 a.budgetary limitation and that if it were possible, I‘Ogram would be broadcast on more than one station, Eiting agreement in principle, if not fact, with this 2rich. 10. Degree of satisfaction with_program.--The spokes- 1ndicates that he is "predominantly satisfied"--which “1 allow some minor changes in format and style of presenta- n but would tend to keep the status 933 unchanged for the 3"Partui’flm fact that the program has had no change in 9 past sewnal years leads to the conclusion that change is die unlikelyunless some very strong feedback indicating a .ed for change reaches the speaker and producer of the 1‘08mm. 297 tion on the basis of tion-oriented criteria 1. [hiity.--There is reasonably good unity in the m, ‘mne main factor in providing unity being the "host- ' who ties all the various elements of the pal speaker,‘ nl‘mogether by providing the necessary transitions. erg 'Unere are some problems which tend to work counter why. First, there is noise which cannot be identified lgr‘between the first song and the sermonette. Second, usic on the program, while of excellent performance ty is of different styles--a gospel song sung in operatic ;, a gospel song by a quartet, and what seems to be a : section from a cantata sung in an operatic style. : differences may be too much for some listeners to ‘ate. The inclusion of "standard gospel music" and ssical religious music" in the same program is bound to >jectionable to some, probably both the gospel music rs and those who expect and enjoy the more sophisticated sical music. The ending is quite abrupt, a factor which also works :er to a sense of unity. Probably the speaker is running 3f time and as a result does not have time to give his 1 closing announcements, etc., just a quick "Good night, 'yone!" 2. Interest.--Interest value throughout the program elennyely high. The opening is short, gives the identi- ti<3nd fidelity. This may be due to the use of inferior .Upment in making the recording. Third, the last vocal solo is obviously performed der different acoustical conditions. It is relatively re'fidye" than any of the rest of the program. This is a t disconcerting to the purist unless he is told this music = a recording, at which time he can make adequate mental lLjustments for acceptance without questioning. 299 4. Performance.--The speaker has a very pleasant, and resonant voice. He makes good use of vocal variety, 5 good grammar amipronunciation, and has a very acceptable aral American dialect. Little problem with articulation ioticeable, and the vocabulary used is simple and under- 1dable by a very wide range of people. Fluency is excellent t of the time, with only a few vocalized pauses. The con- sational mode is used well throughout. There is some adaptation to the activities of the teners in the sense that the speaker recognizes the time day at which he is speaking and mentions it. The vocal music is excellent in performance although organ accompaniment on one number does not seem distinct precise which causes it to be more distracting than ancing. The quality of arrangements is also judged to be i. The wide range of styles of music presented may sibly draw a wider number of listeners [rather than offend teners as was suggested previously], each of whom may tune knowing he will hear his favorite type of music though he only toleration for the other types presented. If the ectations of the listeners are thus met, the program may more popular than if it attempted to present only one type music. The quality of the musical performanceof all the 88 of music presented is excellent. 300 'over-all" evaluation program Fuxnn almost any point of view, this program rates a to "excellent" evaluation. Pregram: "Full Gospel Businessmen's Fellowship International" Church: Full Gospel Businessmen's Fellowship Internationah Los Angeles Chapter Spokesman: Herbert G. Bonham, Secretary-Treasurer, and Host Time and station: Saturday, 9:00-10:OO p.m., KRKD Saturday, 8:30-9:00 a.m., KIEV description of the t of the program The announcer at the station reads an opening for the am and then plays a tape recording made that morning in :al Los Angeles cafeteria. The first sound on the tape xat of a congregation singing to the accompaniment of a u Next the host is heard, unintroduced until later in program; and he introduces each succeeding portion of the ram, whiCh is as follows. First there is a prayer with :>accompaniment in the background, then a trio singing a er and accompanying themselves with chords on guitars. Three testimonies by different laymen are heard and ivmivdth audience responses of applause, "amens," etc. firstcfl'two speakers is heard for approximately 10 xtes. Am the close of his talk he prays for people who .sentthizequests and asks the people present to pray nhim'flm.concert." At this point the speaker, who is a 301 ostal evangelist is heard praying in the foreground, he members of the live "studio" audience can be heard 1g in the background as the piano plays an accompaniment a "prayer in concert." Next a duet sings a special number, "Thank You Lord aving my Soul" in which they are joined by the congrega- Another testimony is presented; and a second speaker, stor of a pentecostal church in a small community in an cent county, talks for approximately 10 minutes. This ker is followed without an intervening transition by the ar-accompanied trio, after which the announcer at the 1io reads the final closing including announcements of re to write for more information, etc. luation on the basis of municator-oriented criteria 1. Awareness of limitations and conditions of tuation.--The spokesman for the "Full Gospel Businessmen's llowship" program, who is the host on the program that was :corded, appears quite aware of the situation in which the >mmunication takes place. However, there seems to be imited knowledge about such "limitations" as the fidelity f the equipment used in recording the program. This is 'eflected in the distortion of the sound as it is broadcast-- >robab1y due to inferior microphones or recording equipment 31‘ lack of skill in the use of the equipment by the partici- Pants on the program. In addition, the spokesman appears to be uninformed with regard to the conditions of the situation in which the program takes place. 302 2. Adaptation of message, choice of channel, selection g‘codeculbasis of knowledge of receiver and situation.—- ’hesxmmfisman indicates that no change has been made in the :muuem as a result of analyzing the audience. 3. Awareness of receivers through feedback.--Feedback o the spokesman is limited to mail and word-of-mouth reports. nere is no systematic method of classifying this feedback. 4. Measurement of success by effects in light of 1rooses.--The spokesman lists "climate creation" and evangelism" as the primary and secondary purposes, respec- .vely, for this program. When asked to evaluate the program .the light of its purposes, the spokesman simply (and ther uncritically) says, "Best program on the air." No ta are provided by the spokesman to substantiate this aluation. 5. Timegperiod when maximum number can receive.--The rst half-hour of this program is broadcast live on one ation Saturday morning, and another station carries the .l 60-minute version in the evening. Neither time catches leak listening audience. The fact that the program is adcast twice, although one broadcast is only the first f of the total, is indicative of the fact that the pro- ers off'mne program are attempting to maximize the number receivers able to receive the program. 6. Use of familiar symbols.--In view of the stated poses of the spokesman, "climate creation" and "evangelism," vnnfihi expect the program to be intended for the "unchurched" 303 >r1me anmved." However, when asked to indicate the target Lmnenmafpr the program, the spokesman indicated that it was or Wmmuybody" or "all." If this is true, such phrases as ' and "born-again-Christian" would rapture about to occur,’ ertanfly'be ambiguous or specialized symbols which would and'U)cmnfuse and disorient the uninitiated receiver. uw'such symbols are heard on this program in addition to e two cited above. I, Organizational pattern in presentation of message.-- e over-all program follows a regular format of testimonies i a special speaker in each half-hour segment; but this is signed to meet the peculiar broadcast arrangements of the )gram and it is not designed to maximize the intelligibility, mity, and retention of the message in the receivers. The special speakers on the program also seemed to speak from "spirit of the moment" rather than from an organization tern. 8. Principle of redundancy utilized.--The pentecostal Lkers on this program seem to use considerable redundancy ‘heir communications. The same may be said for the laymen Ir; testimonies. At times there is an overuse of such ses ens "amen," "praise the Lord," etc., so that they ne little more than vocalized pauses. _9. (Haannels used.--The producers of this program Lze inn) channels to communicate their message and thus rate aiciesire to maximize the number of receivers reached. 302+ 10. Deggee of satisfaction with program.--The spokes- for'ufls program indicates that he is "predominantly sfimf'vuth the prOgram; thus he would probably tend to . flwaprogram essentially intact and change only a few I‘items. In practice, the producers have changed nothing t the program as a result of analyzing its audience. (A. uation on the basis of iction oriented criteria 1. Unity.--This program has good unity in the sense it does not have more than one or two main goals and elements of the program build toward these goals only-- ‘ovide a devotional service where the "baptized-in-the- 'Spirit-Christian" witnesses to strengthen the spiritual 'ience of fellow believers, and to attract the "unsaved" experience like that shared at the meeting broadcast. rogram has an informal air about it which immediately the listener that these are not professional persons just plain ordinary people." There are transitions an elements of the program provided, in most cases, by ast. The program seems to have two climaxes-~the two 11 speakers, one in each half-hour of the program. rniflgrilittle attention is given to pacing, although the ‘ seems to be adequate to meet the requirements of radio. :2. Interest.--The opening of the program is weak in st valiue with simply an announcement by the station cer fkfitlowed by congregational singing. However, over- teresfl: is quite good and can be attributed to the 305 taneous character of the stories told by the persons who obviously laymen and not trained professional Clergymen. e is good focus of attention in spite of the fact that he point perhaps everyone of 100 to 200 or more people all praying aloud at the same time. This technique, 3d "praying in concert" by the speaker, who called for special prayer, adequately focuses attention on the :er's prayer with the prayers of the audience in the ground by keeping the balance regulated so that the former .ways quite loud in comparison to the prayers coming from Ludience. The effect was similar to that which one 'iences when a soloist at a microphone is heard with a ex multi-part harmony carried by the choir in the back- d. This technique may have elements of sociological and dolOgical interest for some people who would not other- be attracted to a prayer. ,3. Sound qgality. At times the volume level is not There is considerable "popping of 'P' sounds" and the speaker's "S" sounds are slushy with distortion which 1dicate an articulation problem, a poor microphone, or recording equipment. The live audience response and the Lvely "live" acoustics give a proper frame of reference 1e listener at home. At times the sound is "too live"-- istance once the public address system is turned up a >o high and there is sound feedback into the microphone. _fl: Performance.--The main thing of importance noticed the performance of the speakers and musicians on the ['5' ~— 306 rcgram is the "folksy" or "just plain folks" touch. This is evealed in a number of ways. The first speaker uses a very rapid rate with no fective use of pause until he comes to the prayer requests. e second speaker again uses almost no pauses and then falls to a choppy rate pattern characteristic of the pentecostal eacher. This pattern is most recognizable by the use of ort phrases, each of which tends to be emphasized similarly th stress placed on the last syllable of the phrase attached an "ah" vocalized pause and a gasp for air which is just dible. The host on the program has a "from the hills" flavor his speech dialect. One of the men who testifies has a ig-eastern-city" dialect and uses such pronunciations as rudder" for "brother." Poor grammar is heard throughout a program but especially from some of the men who testify am the second principle speaker. Some examples of poor ammar heard are the following: "I was worse than him"; "I thankful for what God has did for me"; and "men and women :s together. . ." Pronunciation is not consistently good. ? instance, the pronunciation "strinth" is heard for :rength." Articulation on the part of most speakers is not pre- ae. The final consonants arelost quite commonly, and "ing" “fixes are usually rounded off to "in." Vocabulary used is informal at best and makes common .39 of such words as "guy" to refer to a man in a story or 307 stration. Many vocalized pauses are noted, especially a of the "Oh Lord" type in prayers, and words like "amen," Lelujah," "Bless God," and "Jesus-ah." In summarizing the modes of speaking, one could say the prayers, especially those of the ministers heard, to be quite "dramatic," the preaching "preachy" or torical," and the testimonies "conversational," "sincere spontaneous." Although mention is made of "this evening," in the 1d half of the program, obviously referring to the time roadcast--although the prOgram is recorded in the morning-- little adaptation outside of this is made to likely aner activity. The music heard on the program is produced in the csy, popular" gospel music style. a : "over-all" evaluation 1e program While the performance heard is definitely substandard compared to the large majority of broadcast fare, it may to attract a kind of "common people" who are receptive :s message and its ministry. It does not seem realistic, rer, that the producer wants, or expects, to reach every- rith a program using such limited appeal. Program: "Sky Pilot" Church: Sky Pilot Radio Church Spokesman: Dr. Aubrey Lee, Pastor and Host- Principal Speaker 308 Time and Station: Monday through Friday 7:15-7:45 a.m., KGER Monday through Saturday 5:00-5:30 p.m., KGB; Friday, 9:00-9:30 p.m., KGE Sunday, 10:30-11:30 p.m., KGBS [All four of these programs fall into the ”devotional format," although the arrangement of the elements within each differs somewhat as does the length. This evaluation deals specifically with the 5:00- 5:30 p.m. broadcast.] f description of the at of the program The station announcer reads an opening announcement It is 5:00 o'clock and time once again for the Sky Pilot, Aubrey Lee, who comes bringing a word of gomfort to a needy world. Listen. Here he comes! .At this point the sound of an airplane passing )verhead is heard for a few seconds, and then the announcer comes back in with the following line.] The Sky Pilot's program is on the air." This first portion is apparently tape recorded and rd from the station. Then the program cuts directly to ‘live" portion from the church auditorium. A duet or trio with organ and piano accompaniment in abruptly. The host, Aubrey lee, follows this number a few words and introduces the next musical number, a solo. The host then gives a number of announcements the services of his church and invites listeners to Another solo is heard; and the host-principal speaker ns with another announcement, a plea for funds, mention centives [gifts] offered to donors, and a prayer for s. Then comes a message of inspiration based on a Bible about 10 minutes in length, followed by a prayer for u 0 ‘0 listeners, dealing: especially with specific occupations, e.g., Help them "Bless the nurses on their way to the hospitals. to be a blessing to the suffering in their work, etc." The organ comes in during this prayer and following it becomes louder for a short "bridge." Then the host comes back with a brief call for funds and letters and reads the evening prayer, with the organ in the background playing the melody of the song from which the prayer verse is taken. The announcer at the station reads the final closing announcement. Evaluation on the basis of ommunicator-oriented criteria 1. Awareness of limitations and conditions of .tuation.--The communicator seems well aware of the limita- ons and conditions of the situation. 2. Adaptation of message1 choice of channel, selection gpde on basis of knowledge of receiver and situation.--Dr. seems to adapt his message, choose his channel, and select code well on the basis of his knowledge of his receivers. Awareness of receivers through feedback.--Although 50 Lee has been a religious broadcaster for many years and l the air many hours per week, he still makes no use of ys of his listeners and is dependent upon mail and word- 1th reports, for which he has no systematic method of .fi cation for evaluation. 4. Measurement of success by effects in light of 2__.--In view of Lee's stated primary purpose for the ,—-"evangelism"--his evaluation of the program which 310 .9 fbllows seems to be based on good evidence. When asked his 0) evaluation of his program he ays, "Super-duper. It must be agmod one. We get a lot of people in the church every week." [The implication is that these are "new" people attending the church for the first time.] V 5! Time period when maximum number can receive.-- Because the time at which this program is presented is one of the peak listening hours, there would seem to be a strong likelihood of its reaching a maximum number of listeners. 6. Use of familiar symbols.--Lee's message is quite simple and direct; and by and large, the message is free of the trite, ambiguous, and specialized terms. 7. Organizational pattern in presentation of message.-- Although the speaker's organization does not become apparent, neither does the talk seem disorganized and confusing. The program follows a simple format which is obviously planned. 8. Principle of redundancy utilized.--The speaker uses the principle of redundancy abundantly in his development of the topic. 9. Channels used.--Since this program is on the air on two different stations and at four different times of day, as well as being broadcast at least once every day of the week, it can.lxe said that the communicator does an excellent job of lising eusxnany radio channels as possible to reach his receivers. _l0. Degree of satisfaction with program.--The communi- cator igniicates that he is completely satisfied with the pro- gram, innis indicating that he would be quite reluctant to change ijxs:format in any but the most minor way. 311 Evaluation on the basis of production-oriented criteria 1. Unity.—-The sequence of elements, placing popular gpspel music before the principal speaker's main message, seems to have a unity which builds toward a climax and still ies the entire program together. 'he slow ballad type of popular gospel music, with the emphasis placed on clarity so that the listener at home "gets the message" from the words of the songs and thus provides co-ordination between the music and the spoken message increases the unity of the pro- gram. The transitions between elements are good with the exception of the opening following the sounds of the airplane, where an abrupt cut to gospel music leaves the listener temporarily disoriented. 2. Interest.--The sound effect, together with the announcer's enthusiastic opening, does attract attention and build interest. There is good variety throughout the program with the possible exception that the speaker may speak without interruption for too long a period to sustain interest. Attention is always focused well on just one thing at a time. jg_Sound quality.--There is an obvious change of Sound quality in the opening when the transition is made from the tape recorded opening to the "live" pick-up. Balance is usually good, but at least one abrupt change in volume level Occurs in this broadcast. The fidelity of the reproduction is quite good but might be improved by placing the microphone Cloc . oer t0 the musical performers. 312 4. Performance.--The host's rate is quite slow and deliberate. His mode of Speaking is a very good conversational one, which should be quite effective in the personal medium of radio. While his articulation is not precise at all times, it is not so "sloppy" that it calls attention to itself; and it should, in this respect, be acceptable to most people. He uses an occasional expression which is not grammatically correct such as "all the goods there is." Pronunciation is also generally good, although "rekanize" is heard for "recognize." The vocabulary the speaker uses is quite simple and direct. The prOgram does not seem to show particular adaptation to likely listener activity at the time of broad- cast. The use of the slow jazz or popular interpretation of the gospel music used on the program tends to match the exPectation of the "outsider," who is doubtless the real target of this program. On the other hand, it is somewhat doubtful if the "devotional format" would attract such a listener in the first place. One problem of performance in this particular broadcast is that the vocalist and the piano accompanist are not synchronized on the rhythm at the outset, and for a few bars the difference is quite noticeable. There is also a great deal of vibrato in the slow, meditative organ number which would not be pleasing to the musical purist but Probably most enjoyable to the listener whose musical tastes a . .. re not refined-~the primary target of this program. Brief over-all evaluation Of the program In terms of the purpose, the effect, and the produc- tion, as well as most of the communicator-oriented criteria, 9 this prOgram rates high and must receive a 'good" evaluation. IProgram: "Thy Holy Will" ‘ Churcn: Greater First Baptist Spokesman: Rev. Robert R. Williams, Pastor and Principal Speaker Time and Station: Sunday, (2:00-9:30 p.m., KALI Brief description of the format of the program The station announcer identifies the program and lets the listen-e know that the remainder of the program is to come (1' . ”‘90": from 11 Greater First Baptist church. The first so , . . unds 1‘Tom the church are music and toe veice of the narrator I \f8‘ 3: 1 1 mrle) who again introduces toe program while the music is Stil ° 3 s 1 being heard. Then tne narrator introduces the female SOlOiQ ‘ O o a 0 1 “‘13 Who is accompanied by the choir. Following this the narra . tor introduces the next special music, which is a male 80101 4. 8“ With a great deal of choral response throughout and a Verx J loud organ accompaniment. After announcing the number just 3 ~ . ling, the narrator then introduces the pastor, who makes an in L.) 1:‘I‘Odiiction to his prayer and then begins a prayer of anprm ‘ JC 0 i a imately five to eight minutes duration worning from a EDP a ‘ 1‘3 . . . zational tone in toe beginning to a very high-pitched met g 1011-311 shouting or chantinr g deliveryat the conclusion. ,4 -’”" 11118 ~' the pastor is still praying, the narrator comes in again over the pastor's voice and reads the closing announcements; the pastor continues his prayer for a few seconds; and while he continues praying, tne program is returned to the main studio, where the station announcer reads the final announce- ments about the location of the church, where to write, etc. Evaluation on the basis of communi c ator-oriented criteria 1. Awageness of limitations and conditions of fltuationw-Pastor Williams seems to be aware of the situation in which he communicates but, if not unaware, at least uncon- cerned by the limitations and conditions of that situation. Specifically, the sound pick-up of the program is not good. Then, too the pastor states, when asked whom he is attempting 3 to reach primarily with his prOgram, that he is attempting to reach "everyone" without regard to religion, income, Education, age, race, or sex. This does not seem to be a very realistic approach since the station on which the program 18 bl‘0ac3.c:ast carries a series of Negro church programs on sunday evening from two hours before this program until over two houI‘s after it, while the remainder of the station's SChedule is broadcast in Spanish. .24 Adaptation of message, choice of channel; selection Wbasis of knowledge of receiver and situation.--If one eonsic‘iers the situation and not the stated primary target %udienc€ of the program, the communicator seems to have adapted \7 as meSsage, chosen his channel, and selected his code quite , . ll V. 6 for the most effective use of the medium. In terms of 315 the fweeciback available to the communicator, the adaptation caf the svessage, choice of channel, and selection of code are handled well. ‘3. Awareness of receivers through feedback.--The amount; cxf feedback to the communicator, which in this case is limj.tued to mail and word-of-mouth reports, plus the unsystxeniatic way it is treated, reduce the communicator's potendxizil.of successful communication. 4, Measurement of success by effects in light of PBIPOEH{EE.--From data gathered in the interview, one is led to believwa that the communicator does, indeed, evaluate the pro- gram or; 'the basis of the purposes stated in that same inter- view azid. that the program appears to be meeting his expectations. jig Time period when maximum number can receive.-- While E3ULnday evening at 9:00 p.m. may not be the ideal time for tfliiss -type of religious broadcast due to very high competi- tion‘IfrVDHI television at that hour, still, perhaps the people most likely to respond favorably to such a program are those Who Etre 21ccustomed to a Sunday night church service and would presumably be inclined to tune in. Si, Use of familiar symbols.--The communicator tends tO‘u s e Inanny religious symbols in his "message or 'prayer" Whi Q Oh tend to disorient the non-fundamental Christian. In this , “52?, as well as others, the pastor limits the probable Z. Organizational pattern in presentation of message.-- , Thile ‘37 tkHB program itself has a general format organization, 315 and the prayer of the pastor has a general organization, in that he prays for many specific problems and specific people-- mentioning them by name early in the prayer--it tends to break down and become disorganized when the pastor becomes more fervent and emotional toward the middle and latter part of the prayer. Under these conditions retention of the message by listeners is bound to be reduced. 8. Principle of redundancy utilized.--The principle of redundancy is overworked in the prayer to the point where it becomes monotonous--especially the repeated call for "TyTerc r H 4. “ 3 3 Lord! ebCo 3. Channels used.--The program is carried on only one station or channel, again limiting its imPECt- 34). Degree of satisfaction with program.--The com- municator expresses complete satisfaction with the program; thus little change in the program is likely to result. gggégigion on the basis of. can-oriented criteria 1, Unity.--In spite of some elements which tend to call attention to themselves, the program has a high degree Of unity. The major distractions are the Poor transitions, which are "poor" largely because they cannot be heard since Ame balance between the music and the narrator's voice is «very POor-_-the music being too loud. The sequence of elements ”builds to a climax,‘ with the main prayer at the apex--every art ? of the program working together toward the ultimate goal 0 j the Pastor's prayer. '3"! "7 IA. A distracting feature which tends to disrupt the unity is the narrator's voice coming in on top of the pastor's as the latter 3 at the most fervent portion of his prayer, while he is shouting and calling for "mercy" and punctuating his call by clapping his hands two or three times on each call. The prayer is not really in the background, and the narrator cannot be understood easily. 2. Interest.--The interest value of this program seems high, if only because it is so different from the usual religious broadcast. There are some dull moments, to be sure—-the "10"“"-I~fll‘lded" and editorialized opening by the ALC) armouncer, some long musical numbers VhiCh tend to become monotonous, and the poor balance when the listener cannot focus attention on one thing at a time but is forced to try 1; : y 1 o O ddefBrentiate what the narrator is saying wnen the muSic be . ,. . 1an; played at tne same time she is speahing is at so hlfjh a level that it practically defies speech discrimination. The n racing proceeds from a slow start With muSic of a slow tem o . . . p ’ builds to a fast mOVing "Jazzy" syncopated rhythm, dro - S . p late an easy-going conversational presentation by the paste ~ ' I‘ which he builds into a prayer that increases in tempo and ~ $ Q 1 ramatic range to a peak of Shouting at the top of his VOIC r e until he reaches almost total distortion of vocal quality Pit wh a t a h all of this being punctuated for emphasis with p"Parently is hand clapping. At this point in the TOE-gr 5? am there is response from the audience which is audible ut 19 not, intelligible. Then the narrator "interrupts" to read 31’} the closing of the prOgram with the pastor's fervent prayer still heard in that is not really the background for it is much too loud to make it easy to understand the narrator. ,3. Sound quality.--Sound quality for this program is poor. The balance, as has been mentioned, is unsatisfac- tory, making it almost impossible to understand the narrator at any time during the program. The balance is poor also when soloists perform because the organ and the piano drown out the soloist. Balance is adequate when the choir is per- forming, but fidelity is poor throughout. The sound is " dd‘ 91 . . mu J or lacrcing in sharp definition, and the microphones also seem to fail in adequately reproducing quality, probably because of inadequate placement of the microphones. The acoustics are very "live" and in this sense probably give a: 1 accurate frame of reference for the listener in that he is not v31. 0 a I o L. lsled into belieV1ng the program is coming from a stu dio Or a carpeted and draped church. Audience response to the I Pastor s prayer also tends to build the correct frame 0f re~ ferelics for the listener, although the shouts from the audie . nee are not intelligible. .4. Performance.--Judging in terms of the expectations of the ‘ Primary target audience, performance on this prOgram :must be u n Called poor at best. Judging, however, in terms Of an a . . uClience the program has a reasonable probability of reachinq , . Lu it is perhaps quite acceptable. In other words, bis 2" obvi'Lously "Negro pentecostal program" which is broadcast 1 a 5’ L time period surrounded by other Negro religious programs KN H u) is not likely to reach "everybody" or "all," as the pastor categorizes his primary target audience, but is, instead, likelyr to attract the average Los Angeles liegro interested in religion. The elements f performance make this quite evident. The dialect throughout the program used by the nar- rater, the singers, and the pastor seems typical of the Negro in Los Angeles. The pronunciation might be categorized as nSL‘L‘ostandard southern." Grammar is poor; for instance, the pastor's expression "some have fell" in his prayer. ArtT'LCLIlation is very indistinct and muffled at times. The pastor's voice quality is badly distorted when he Shouts in his prayer ( his distortion is not the type of dis‘tOrtion one gets from overloading a microphone but the diStOI‘tion one hears when the human voice is used at too high a Volume level for too long). This phenomenon, too, seems Common in Ilegro churches. The volume which the pastor uses is seemingly uncoordi- nated with the important portions of his messge. The shouts seem “to be more for the mere effect produced by shouting than for the emphatic meaning the pastor intends the word or £1938 to convey. While the pastor seems sufficiently fluent in the fir St part of his presentation, which is conversational in nat Lire, he waxes repetitious and fills his prayer with many near 1:? meaningless words and phrases. The following passage is 1111.1 strative . wn F (J Iv’IAHRCY [mercy]--(t'-.-r hand claps)--YEAH—-YEAEI-- I-C HR Y, mercy Lord is all we need. Please have mercy. . . I-ZAIZRCY--Rock in a veary land--I=T.".IIRCY. H H 1 The overuse of yeah, "mercy,' and phrases like "rock in a weary land" seems to be little more than vocalized pauses and non-fluent speech. Musical performance is lacking in polish and quality, but may match the expectation of the Negro audience although falling far short of the expectations of "all." The first vocalist uses an excessive amount of vibrato, and the second has a poor vocal quality. The choir lacks precision, and the Choir's interpretation of one number is highly syncopated 35132 of the type that assures the listener that he is listen- inEZ to a Negro group. The organ is not clear and precise, 3119538 sting a faulty microphone or faulty placement of the microphone; and the piano has a cheap, "tinny" sound. With the exception of the one faster number mentioned above, the interpretation given every musical selection is the typical Slow rhythm generally heard throughout Negro churches in 108 Angeles. The musical style used is musically inferior but that which is quite popular in Negro churches-~that of emphaSizing the rhythm on the orga1 with the foot pedals and freely interspersing long runs up and down the organ keyboard. TV as arrangement of some of the numbers seems to be almost C) 4 ‘A - a ~.. Lug For example, after the first few bars of "In the ”'— n . ‘ “”6311 it 18 almost impossible to recognize the melody. The Choir and/or audience (one cannot tell which) seemingly joins a -L 3. n pontaneously with singing and hand clapping. The last 321 solx) is a fast moving jazz number with "lots of drive" and C’- with sstrong jazz rhythms emphasized, especially by the piano. Brief‘ "over-alI'evaluation of thcz program In terms of the purpose, the target audience, and the 131%:duction elements the program must rate only "fair" at best. If, however, one considers that the listening audience is lilcealy to be Negro and of religious persuasion similar to that «32E the program, it may actually be placed somewhere betweuari "better than average" and "average." waight sermon or talk erat programs Program: “Hig. Noon Broadcast" Church: Church of the Open Door Spokesman: Rev. Edward Rowe, Assistant Pastor Time and Station: Monday through Friday Monday through Friday [The noon broadcast is tape recorded at the station and is replayed later that same day.] giiggtdescription of the of the program Following a tone signal indicating that it is 12:00 noorl, <3himes are heard for a few seconds; and a choir begins to Siaig "How Firm a Foundation," which is abruptly cut out as the alnlouncer states that as we hear the chimes and the choir 0f thfi! Church of the Open Door, it is time for the "High Noon Br . oadcast." After he names the speaker for the program, who qr- I" ILL .z "will be heard in a moment," the choir suddenly cuts back in with the closing phrases of the hymn. Then Dr. J. Vernon McGee begins his talk "live and direct" from the pastor's Study of the Church of the Open Door in dormtox-In Los Angeles. He begins by introducing the text for the day in Leviticus-- the Series is a continuous study of the Bible, consisting of eXPOSitory preaching based on a few verses in a given book of the Bible. Covering a single book of the Bible may take month 8 of daily study at only two or three verses per day. FollOI-ving this, the speaker reads a number of letters received, paying particular attention to comments about what a blessing the broadcast has been to this person and mentioning the gift enclo sed in the letter, saying, further, that these are the lean days of summer when we need your financial assistance, etc. A minute or two is then taken to announce the various upcoming services at the church, the speakers, and the topics. A Short prayer then precedes the main body of the talk, which ends rather abruptly with the comment that we shall take up at this point on tomorrow's broadcast. The station announcer then comes in a bit late, invites letters and donations, and gives the name of the program and the address of the church. Egiigiiion on the basis of cator oriented criteria 1. Awareness of limitations and conditions of S‘il‘lgflabn.----The spokesman seems to be aware of most of the li mi‘ba‘tions, although perhaps not particularly concerned ab out some of the limitations nor the conditions of the SunEi‘tzion. W’s 3:43 2. Adaptation of messageJ choice of channel, selection 97f code on basis of knowledge of receiver and situation.--The speaker does a good job of adapting the message, choosing his channel, and selecting the code to be used on the basis of wh at he knows of his audience. 2, Awareness of receivers through feedback.--The pro- gram depends somewhat on mail and word-of-mouth reports, but has also conducted a door-to-door survey to determine listen- ing; audience. Though no systematic method of classifying mail or word-of—mouth reports is used, the spokesman is quite aware of the nature of the people responding to the program. 4. Measurement of success by effects in light of purposew-The speaker definitely measures success by the effects on the basis of the purposes of the program. 5. Timekperiod when maximum number can receive.-- While the broadcast hour is not a peak listening hour, it is true that more people may be free from work to listen at noon than Would be the case just before or after noon. The rebroad- Cast Of the program later in the day tends to maximize the number who can listen and probably reaches a different audience. Q. Use of familiar symbolsw-The vocabulary used is very simple and in the vernacular, although the speaker does use many allusions to Biblical incidents and characters, thus 13 . endlng to limit the listening audience to people with a Tel 3:". « 1910118 background. 7. Organizational pattern in_presentation of mesSage.-- ZMma format of the program is rather well set, and the speaker has za set pattern of the things he will mention-~letten3first afixer giving the text for the day, letting it be known that firuances are needed, announcements of services at the church, Pftqyer, and then the main "m ssage." This message, however, maenns a bit disorganized and more like the ramblings of a Biible student on a given text or texts. 8. Principle of redundancy utilized.--Throughout the “Wild: a high degree of redundancy is utilized. The rebroadcast masr, also, be considered a form of redundancy. 9. Channels used.--The fact that the program is retxroadcast at another time, although on the same station, is an :indication of desire to increase the number of channels useci, Mention is made in this program of the recent use of teleavision by the church and of its use on the coming Sunday-- thUAs another channel. In addition, the Church of the Open D002? maintains other radio programs. 10. Degree of satisfaction with_prog§am.—-The spokes- Imin's indication that the church is predominantly satisfied With the program indicates at least some willingness to change, Snould feedback make it apparent that the program can be improved. Evaluation on the basis of Production-oriented criteria 1. Unitv.--The fact that the speaker carries approxi- mately 95% of the program himself yields a high degree of \A [U U") unity in spite of the fact that the transitions between the anntnincer and the choir in the opening were very abrupt and 9001?. Also, the choir opening does not really help build undgty'in.spite cf good intentions of identification of the prtmgram with the church, etc. 2. Interest.--The bells or chimes and the choir at this opening temporarily catch attention, but the cutting of file: choir out and in abruptly is annoying and disorienting. T313 variety in the program is so limited in the speaking, esguacially before the actual "message" or Bible study, that intnarest is likely to be low for all except the habituated lisvtener. There is good focus of attention on one thing at a‘tixne, but little evidence of pacing for interest. 3. Sound quality.--The balance is good except for the abrulpt cutting in and out of the choir at the opening which iS (lisconcerting at best. The fidelity is poor, and there is (lensiderable distortion. The speaker% "s" sounds all are distxorted, and there are many breaks and "pops" in the pro- grama While the acoustics are satisfactory, the choir and Chimes hardly establish the proper frame of reference for a talk by the pastor from his study. Also, the acoustics of these two parts of the program because of their dissimilarity tend to disorient the listener. 4. Performance.--The speaker is monotonous in rate; and his pitch and quality are not particularly pleasing, although the variety in loudness is judged adequate. He speaks With a southern dialect (he mentions Nashville, Tennessee, in 326 'tliea inroadcast as his home} which is quite noticeable and would gpezrflaerps be a barrier to his ministry with many people in Los lkrrguelxes, where "general American" is the dialect spoken by rnc>srt jpeople. His articulation is not crisp and distinct but \reazjy' informal and "sloppy." Examples are "gimme" for "give me, " "em" for "them," and the "ing" suffixes rounded to "in." ’Tkie sapeaker's vocabulary is very simple and vernacular with niaaiyr (examples of southern or "from the hills" background such 8J5 "ywonder," "willy-hilly, shilly-shally," etc. While he is 811 eaacpository preacher, he simplifies any Greek translations 111tC) ‘the modern vernacular. His fluency is excellent; and ne Ilsses a very conversational mode of speaking throughout 4. the broadcast. Brief "over-all” evaluation Of the prOgram Taking into account the target audience, the effects, and-'tiie criteria outlined in this study the program must be Judged "average" to "better than average." PrOgram: "Let's Talk About You" Church: Church of Religious Science of Beverly Hills Spokesman: Dr. Gene Emmett Clark, Minister (Pastor) and Principal Speaker Time and Station: Sunday 9:15-9:50 a.m., KABC Brief de Ormax; scription of the of the program The speaker opens the program himself with the follow- ing Statemen 32? Hello there. Let's talk about you. This is llr. Gene Emmett Clark. If I had to give this a title, I think I'd call it "Oh My Aching Back'. The talk continues until midway in the program, when hue n:a&{es an announcement of the services of his church (which take place one hour following the broadcast) and invites all to attend. He notes that if some live too far away, they s?10113_d.look up other churches of Religious Science in their ovum cuommunities. Following this, he reads a long quotation fITDUl ESir Richard Gregory which supports the metaphysical EMDirrt of view. The speaker closes the program with an arnaoiiricement giving the name of the program and an invitation to 21131 to come to his church service just one hour from now. Evalnazation on the basis of commulriicator-oriented criteria 1. Awareness of limitations and conditions of .§ltuartion.--Although the time of the broadcast is almost 35681. for'the spokesman, as it allows him to invite people to *fiiS church service the same day in time for them to prepare 9 . znri ccnne, he seems somewhat unaware of who forms the primary audieruce of his program. However, he seems to be well aware or mofift of the other limitations and conditions of the SitUation in which the communication takes place. 2. Adaptation of message, 0f COdG 0 choice of channel,,selection n basis of knowledge of receiver and situation.-- C' ‘\ ‘_ “NOrAEShan' :11. Like . s adaptation of message is quite good, his A _ _ a clsnnel is aiso very soou as his ' n .‘f‘ . , C». (J :1 (L) 313 will - ‘ a 1- .,,. .. , ,_ .P - Prubaoiy 217.1”? 31‘1“: «f t - 'C‘LJ CD upon the "white collar" people who the KABC staff say make up their audience than upon other listeners, and his selection of code is good. However, since the spokesman admits to a very limited knowledge of who his listeners are there is a question as to whether the adapta- tions are by accident or design. 3. Awareness of receivers through feedback.--In addi- tion to the usual mail and word-of-mouth reports, the spokes- man once checked where his mail came from after making a special offer and discovered that he had listeners in over 110 different cities or towns. In spite of this interest, however, he indicates that with reference to the religious affiliation, income, education, age, and sex of his audience, he does not know which sub-categories form the primary Portion of his audience. 4. Measurement of success by effects in light of mrposeSu-Listing "climate creation" and "instruction" equally as his primary purpose, the spokesman makes this eValuation, "I wouldn't want to be without it [the program]. My feedback tells me it is of great value," which seems to be a valid evaluation. flue period when maximum number can rece}y_e_.--Using the prOgram as he does as a platform from which to invite listeners to his services, the spokesman seems to have a nearly ideal time to broadcast when he can reap a maximum yield. Of Course, if the evaluation were to be made on the basis 0f peak listening audience, his time Sunday morning would be 32? .regarded as very good. In this case, however, with its .special needs and purposes, the time seems to be an excellent one. 6. Use of familiar symbols.--The speaker uses very ligttle jargon or specialized vocabulary and concentrates on tkie simple and direct approach, although his presentation dc3es seem aimed at the more educated people by virtue of the 11238 of a few words such as "psychosomatic." 7. Organizational pattern in presentation of message.-- irrie format or sequence of items mentioned in the broadcast i_s; set in advance, and the message other than the announce- Ineerits and invitations is very tightly organized. 8. Principle of redundanpy utilized.--The principle <31? redundancy is used effectively, if not just a little too Iniicih, especially on the strong invitation to attend the Sp e aker' 8 church. 9. Channels used.--Only one radio station is used, alithough it is a good selection to reach the people whom the Spokesman is seeking. 10. Degree of satisfaction with program.--The spokes- meui indicates that he is "predominantly satisfied" with the pITLSram; thus it would appear that he would probably permit rmxiification should this be indicated from feedback from the audience. :gayuation on the basis of « 0C”winch-oriented criteria 1. Unity.--The unity of this program is excellent. 330 O 2. Interest.--The good informal Opening in a sincere ssounding, very informal, and friendly voice is exceptionally {300d. Although there is good vocal variety in the speaker's troice, still it is only one voice heard continuously for riealfly 15 minutes, a situation judged by many radio men to bus too much to expect for maximum attention and enjoyment, 111 spite of a trend in radio now to more "talk." 3. Sound quality.--The balance and fidelity are excel- lxent; and the acoustics, similar to those found in a living Insom.or a pastor's study, establish a good context for listening. 4. Performance.--The speaker's rate is judged good, his Wrc>cal quality excellent, the pitch low and pleasant, and the ILcyudness adequate. The general American dialect, grammar, Ichonunciation, and articulation are excellent. His fluency 3.5: also excellent and his speaking mode a good conversational (Drie which should be attractive to most persons in Los Angeles-- EEspecially those with at least some high school education. Brief "over—all" evaluation 01‘ the program Taking everything into consideration, this is one of tine best programs among the local religious radio programs in Inns Angeles and merits an "excellent" rating. Hission.format programs Program: "The Church of the Air" Church: Union Rescue Mission 0 g + O '"S Spokesman: Chuck Lewis, Assistant Radio Dire Time and Ltation: Sunday, 3:00-9:00 a.m., KPOL EBrief description of the format ()f the program A brief poetical opening is heard as a music back- gground which comes in and then lades out. The announcer gives a. welcome to the "Church of the Air," and more organ music is laeeard in the background as the announcer continues the open- 1115. This is followed by a choir singinz ”Rescue the Perish- V zlxig"--apparently used as a theme as i reoccurs at the end c+ c>fT the broadcast. 'he music fades to the background as the zaxxnouncer tells of the need and the role of the Union Rescue 5:1.ssion; then the music comes up again for the last phrase c>f7 "Rescue the Perishing" by the choir. The announcer-co-host :izitubduces the president of the board of the mission, who Egisves a report of the week's activity. The announcer intro- Ciulces the guest choir, and following the choir introduces the SLtperintendent of the mission, who gives a report of how many Inena accepted a copy of the gospel of St. John. This is fCfiLlowed by what is called the "basement report"--a report (XE know many men took showers, had shaves, were sprayed for 'Vexvnin, received clothing, etc., that week at the mission. Thsni the announcer-co-host [about this point one loses track or Who is host and who is guest, etc.] and the superintendent take turns reading letters from listeners, always being sure to read the part about how much of a donation the listener was Sanding in the letter. The superintendent introduces the 532 announcer-co-host, who sings a vocal solo accompanied by “c Dbl organ. This is followed by an interview with the director of the boys' summer camp ranch and a musical number by the cfidoir of the Presbyterian church in Glendale, whose pastor 153 guest speaker on the program for the day. One of the "Iwascued" reads his testimony and is followed by a plea for fainds presented by the president of the mission board. The etioir and an unidentified male voice go through a series of fT code on basis of knowledge of receiver and situation.-- EBaised upon he audience which the spokesman believes the E>Iwagram to have, it must be said that the program does a good fits}: in this area. However, if one bases the evaluation on tliea target audience cited, the program does not measure up We 11 at all. 2, Awareness of receivers through feedback.--The I>Iwagram is dependent upon the station rating service [type 01? (organization compiling rating unknown to spokesman], mail, arui vmmflyof-mouth reports without any systematic method of Clziss fying the feedback. This limitation of feedback con- stiqtutes a serious liability. 4. Measurement of success by effects in light of purjyases.--"Evangelism" is listed as the first purpose of 'UN3IPr0gram and "climate creation" the secondary purpose. fihile a great number of requests for various things or ser- ‘J’ c" c 'v ‘ ‘ . 1090 are received by the cnurcn [rescue mission] produCing t he .—. . . . prwksram, there seems to be little indication of evangelism of listeners occurring as a direct result of the broadcast. The evangelism seems to take place among the men who come to ‘the mission for help and it is this help which the radio IListener is asked to help provide. Thus, the evaluation of ' w s 1 “very good" made of the pr gram Dy tne spomesman does not sneem to be made according to the criteria set forth above. 'Tliis may be an error in the indication of his true purpose rmather than one in his evaluation, however. jQ_Time period when maximum number can receive.-- is very early to reach a very Bright o'clock Sunday morning ILsirge radio audience, even a pious one over a 50,000 watt AM ssization with an FM affiliate simulcast as is the case with ‘tkiis program. 6. Use of familiar symbols.--While the symbols used 1337 the principal speaker are familiar to most Protestants, essapecially the readers of the King James version of the Bible, 'tlii£;dces not seem very appropriate for a program intended tCD ‘be evangelistic. 7. Organizational_pattern in presentation of messag§.-- WYiiLLe the program follows a somewhat regular format, it may Seenn to the listener like a "hodge-podge" of many elements. Thea message of the principal speaker is well organized, how- evwar; and portions of the over-all format bring meaning to the Exituation. The latter portion of the first half-hour of t1’191131‘0gram is the segment that seems most haphazard in organization. The separation of the "basement report" from a nether report is probably not very meaningful to most 335 3. Principle of redundancy utilized.--The program Liseas a.great deal of redundancy--almost to the point of waer-useo 9. Channels used.--The particular channel chosen is a. ssizrcng one but will not reach "all," as is the stated -tgir§5et audience of the program, nor do there seem to be pfilzaris to put the program on other stations. There are other zraudgio programs from the Union Rescue Mission on the air, licrwwever, and perhaps through these several means it is assumed that "all" can be reached. 10. Degree of satisfaction with program.--The spokes- meua iamiicates he is predominantly satisfied with the program, ari exraluation which would allow change. In fact, the program umuie a major change in format from that of a worship service apEHBaLL to more of a devotional-report format with an occasional docunuentary program inserted. Evalugation on the basis of produmrtion-oriented criteria l;_§gity.--Hith such a variety of elements as this program: presents, unity is difficult to achieve, especially when tknere seem to be two dominant ideas being presented--a report (bf what is going on at the mission (plus an appeal for fUuids) and a worship or devotional format program in additicui. One of the major problems is the lack of adequate transitions. Several voices are identified at first; and SO 1 i ‘ on 0he forgets which is wnicn, especially when tne man who 0 e . p ns the prOgram as a host oecomes a performer and the man he introduces as a performer becomes the host, etc. Later in the program, also, are several places where transitions on or why. 2. Interest.--The opening of the program is well done and does attract and hold attention. There is a good variety of voices heard on he program, and none of them but the fea- tured guest speaker is heard for too long a time without some change of pace. The focus of attention is kept on one item and apparently the desired item most of the time; one exception occurs when some loud, unexplained rustling noise auses division of attention. i, Sound guality.--The sound quality is quite good, a though the level drops badly at several points during the guest's talk and there are a few breaks in the signal. The fidelity is good, although some speakers "popped" several "P's." The mixture of the church choir recorded in a very "live" auditorium and the speaking of persons in a very "dead" studio may not bother listeners but it certainly destroys a sense of actually being present at a service. Also, on one occasion the reverberation of the choir in the live auditorium at the end of their number is out too abruptly--a noticeable and troublesome circumstance to the music lover. 4. Performance.--The performance of the various speakers varies. The man who acts as host at the first and the principal speaker have good general American dialect, reasonable rate, quality, pitch, loudness, grammar, pronun- ciation, and articulation. Some of the other speakers use a much more informal approach with much less careful articulation 337 and attention to delivery. This creates a sense of the "common people" working with and for the mission, to say nothing of the even more "common" or informal wording and articulation of the man who gives his testimony as one who came off of the street, found Christ, and was helped at the mission. However, this testimony sounds stilted as if read; it is not conversa- tional in delivery. The other voices all sound quite natural and conversational. The vocal soloist seems to use an excessive amount of vibrato; but aside from this, both his and the choir's numbers are excellent in performance, though the theme song does sound somewhat hackneyed. Brief "over-all" evaluation of the program 2' This program merits an over-all" rating of "average." Program: "Soul Patrol" Church: Soul Patrol Rescue Mission Spokesman: Sister Sylvia Creswell, Pastor-Founder, Principal Speaker Time and Station: Saturday, 6:45-7:00 a.m., KGER Sunday, 6:15-6:30 a.m., KGER [A recording of a Saturday broadcast is used for evaluation.j Brief description of the format of the program The announcer at the station identifies the program to follow and gives an opening of several seconds, concluding with the information that we take you directly to the mission and "here is the sister now leading her congregation in song." Then the congregation is heard singing accompanied by electric 333 guitars played in a "hill-billy and western" style. As the music ceases, Sister Creswell describes the scene at the "skid row" and introduces the next song, mission there at which the congregation sings. Following the 8 ng the speaker makes a long (five minutes) and strong plea for funds for the continuation of her work in operating the mission. Then she introduces her assis ant pastor, who in introducing the musical number he is going to sing, makes a 45-second request for money to operate the mission before he sings his song, accompanied again by the electric guita 3. After this special number Sister Creswell gives the names of the "boys" who have been playing the guitars, and at that point the program from the mission is abruptly terminated and the announcer at the station reads the closing announcement giving the name of the program and the address to which letters should be sent. Evaluation on the basis of communicator-oriented criteria 1. Awareness of limitations and conditions of situation.--The spokesman does not seem to be very well aware nor concerned with the limitations and conditions of the situation within which the communication takes place. 2. Adaptation of message, choice of channel, selection of code on basis of knowledge of receiver and situation.-- There seems to be little adaptation of the message to the target audience or what the spokesman lists as her primary audience. Her choice of channel seems poor since there is no music or other type of program like this one in the schedule. 1'3") ./_/“ 4 Another station in Long Beach, which specializes in country and western music, for instance, would provide a much better channel than would KGER, which is an all religious station featurin: primarily the Frotestant-evangelical groups. Sister Sylvia's selection of code seems based far more upon the type of people she is working with on skid row than those whom she is trying to reach via radio and who she indicates are, indeed, her listeners. 3. Awareness of receivers through feedback.--The feedback available is limited to mail and word-of-mouth reports, which are not systematically classified in any way. 4. Measurement of success by effects in light of purposes.--"Instruction" is listed as the primary purpose of the program and the evaluation of the program according to Sister Creswell is as follows, "I think I put on as good a program as any--as interesting as any-~not so many types of music though." The evaluation seems to be based on a compari- son of her program with other programs rather than upon the effects of her program in the light of the purposes. 5, Time period when maximum number can receive.--The time periods 6:45-7:00 a.m. and 6:15-6:30 a.m. Saturday and Sunday, respectively, are not times when very many listeners can be expected to be tuned in. Instead of reaching a maximum audience, the program more nearly reaches a minimum audience. 6. Use of familiar symbols.--The symbols used through- out this program are not only familiar but vernacular. 7. Organizational pattern in presentation of message.-- There is little organization evident in the program. The f4O order of events seems planned but beyond this all seems _g_lib and highly disorganized. 8. Principle of redundancy utilized.--There is a great deal of redundancy used in this program-~too much, in fact. The continual plea for funds for five minutes and a repeat by the hostess's assistant seems overdone. 9. Channels used.--While the program is limited to one station, it is offered at two slightly different times on different days. This is at least a limited indication of recognition that additional exposure of the message through more channels is essential if a maximum number of receivers are to be reached. 10. Degree of satisfaction with program.--The spokes- man's statement of "complete satisfaction" with the program indicates that she is unlikely to alter it in the foreseeable future. Evaluation on the basis of production-oriented criteria 1. Unitz.--The unity of this program is poor. While the transitions are fair, there are some unexplained noises. There is no particular relationship in the sequence of elements which helps to build toward the goal of the program. The timing is very poor. The speaker is in mid-sentence when the "live" portion of the program direct from the mission is ter- minated by the announcer at the station, who reads the closing announcement. Apparently this is not a rare occurrence as the spokesman for this program states that the "message is 341 usually cut off in the midst by the station, and I keep right on talking to 'the boys' present in the mission." 2. Interest.--hith poor congregational singing follow- ing a rather standard announcer's opening from the station of what program follows, it is doubtful if the opening of the program can gain attention. The variety is rated "poor" to "fair," with speech and music inter-mixed but apparently not very purposefully. Attention is not always focused on one item as there is sometimes unexplained noise in the background. 1, Sound quality.--The balance is poor on the music at the beginning, and again on the vocal solo as the accompani- ment is too low during the congregational singing and too high during the special numbers. Fidelity is also low. The acoustics, however, do establish a proper frame of reference for the listener at home-~it is a "live" sound with a bit of audience noise from time to time which provides a true mental image of the mission to the listener at his radio. 4. Performance.--The dialect used by the hostess is general American, although her assistant has a southern dialect which seems to fit the song he sings and the style he uses. The grammar heard is poor, and there are several inferior pronunciations. The articulation is poor and sloppy. The vocabulary is a very simple and informal vernacular; the vocal quality or delivery of those heard on the program is not particularly good or bad; and the fluency of the hostess is just "fair,' although her mode of speaking is certainly conversational. No adaptation to likely listener activity is heard. \ )4 3‘ R) The vocal music is presented in the "hill-billy and - .H testern style with electric guitars. The guitars seem to be played acceptably for this type of music, but the vocal music is not always on key and the diction is only fair at times. Brief "over-all" evaluation f the program On the basis of the criteria set down in this study "ihe Soul Patrol" is probably the poorest prOgram encountered. yariety format_pro;rams Program: "Collegiate Life" Church: Angelus Temple of the Foursquare Gos 1.I.F.E. Bible College e1, "(5 Spokesman: Rev. Charles Tate, Faculty Advisor of the Program Time and Station: Friday, 10:30-11:00 p.m., KRKD Brief description of the format of the prOgram The program opens with orchestra fanfare which is faded under a bit for an announcer who reads the opening announcements with the music in the background. The orchestra music comes up in volume again and then quickly crossfades to piano music, over which another announcer's voice is heard reading continuity providing an introduction to a vocal duet which follows. An announcer comes in again with the same kind of continuity between the next three musical numbers-~a trumpet solo, a girls' vocal trio, and a mixed duet. Follow- ing this duet a new male voice is heard interviewing, and -\Q .L- Di kn! calling for the testimonies of, two participants, a girl and a boy, each of whom gives his testimony. A third boy is introduced and asked for his testimony before the original male voice is heard again providing more introductory con- tinuity between the following musical numbers--a mixed duet, a brass instrumental group, and a male vocal solo. Then a female speaker is heard for approximately three or four minutes followed by prayer by a male voice. The organ accompaniment for the final vocal duet comes in next, and just before the duet concludes there is a quick cut to the same orchestral fanfare which provides the opening. The music is faded somewhat, and an announcer reads the final closing announcement before the music fades out and the statioL announcer announces when the program will be heard again. Evaluation on the basis of communicator-oriented criteria 1. Awareness of limitations and conditions of situation.--The spokesman for the program, the faculty advisor who is often heard on the prOgran, seems reasonably well informed as to the limitations and conditions of the situation in which the communication takes place. 2. Adaptation of message, choice of channel, selection of code on basis of knowledge of receiver and situation.--The adaptation of the message seems adequate but not outstanding while the choice of the channel and selection of the code cer- tahmbrare limited for reaching the target audience of "every- I! one, but fairly good for comnunicating with the known primary audience. 342+ 1. Awareness of receivers through feedback.--Aware- ness of receivers is very limited because of sole reliance upon word-of-mouth reports from listeners. 4. Measurement of success by effects in light of purposes.--The primary and secondary purposes of this program are "instruction" and "evangelism," respectively, while feedback from the audience is limited to word-of-mouth reports and the program receives no requests. In light of these facts the spokesman evaluates the program with remarkable candor and validity—~"It is a fair program and it is doing a fair job of presenting a picture of the school." 5. Time period when maximum number can receive.--The program is broadcast quite late on a Friday night, this lateness surely limiting the audience to far less than the maximum number of listeners. 6. Use of familiar symbols.--The program is very good in this respect, especially in use of symbols familiar to the Protestant-evangelical listener. Z, Organizational pattern in presentation of messa e.-- The program is well organized in terms of having continuity to'kmt the stage" for following musical selections, etc. The over-all pattern of the program is weak, however, with no central theme emphasized. The variety program may be especially open to this type of criticism. 8. Principle of redundancy utilized.--The primary use of the principle of redundancy is found in the repetition of the theme in both the continuity and the music which \A .12- \JF‘ follows. There is also adequate redundancy without making it trite in other parts of the program. 9. Channels used.--On1y one station carries the pro- gram, this being owned and operated by the same church that supports the program. 10. Degree of satisfaction with_prog§am.--The spokes- man indicates predominant satisfaction with the program. This hardly seems to agree with his evaluation of the program as being "fair," even though this degree of satisfaction will still quite readily allow change in the program. Evaluation on the basis of production-oriented criteria 1. Unity.--This is a variety program and does not attempt to create a central unifying theme. In the transi- tions no selections are specifically identified, nor are the performers. This has greater limitations in the realm of instrumental numbers than vocals, where the words often help the vocal number to fit into context. The timing and the pacing of the program seem weak, especially in View of the fact that the weakest musical selection occurred about three- fourth's of the way through the program, where one would ordinarily expect the climax instead of a low point. 2. Interest.--The music used in the opening is of poor quality; it does not conform to the remaining music in the prOgram; there appear to be flaws in the recording of the orchestra [the recording tape may be stretched or some- thing similar]. In addition, the announcer's opening remarks 346 are too long to hold interest. The variety of the program does avoid monotony. There is a considerable amount of unexplained noise at the beginning of each musical selection and bit of continuity which is distracting. The over-all pacing is fair in terms of interest, but the brass number late in the program is very poor. .QLSound quality.--Sound quality is one of the poorest features of this program. The balance is poor in the opening and closing as the music is so loud as to be distracting. There is often distortion in the various musical numbers. The acoustics are misleading in the use of the final musical selection, which is an organ accompanying a vocal duet in a very "live" auditorium while the other portions of the program come from a studio of high sound absorbtion. One is thus temporarily disoriented. 4. Performance.--Performance is even worse than the sound quality, probably because the amateur performers are simply members of the sophomore class of the Bible college. The host is quite good and consistent in his performance. The dialect, grammar, pronunciation, and articulation are generally good, although there is at least one major problem exhibited in each of these categories in this program. The vocabulary used is quite simple and direct, the fluency is adequate; however, almost every speaker sounds as if he were reading and not as if he were using the conversational mode. No adaptation to likely listener activity is noted in the program. 347 The music sounds amateurish at best. There are pro- blems of tone production and sense of pitch, and lack of precision in the vocal numbers. The instrumentalists are simply very poor--being off key, and very "shaky" in tone production at times. The musical style used is the general "popular gospel music," which attracts only certain people. The brass group and the trumpeter are quite mechanical in interpretation. The group shows little ability in precision and blending, also. Brief "over-all" evaluation of the program The program rates only a "fair" evaluation due largely to the sound quality and performance in the program. Counseling_format_programs Program: "Evensong" Church: First Congregational Church of Los Angeles Spokesman: Dr. James Fifield, Pastor and Principal Speaker Time and Station: Sunday, 7:30-8:00 p.m., KABC Brief description of the format of the program "Now the Day is Over" is sung by a small vocal group to open the program. The music is faded down, and the announcer makes the opening announcement with the music at a very low level and ends his opening as the music fades out completely by saying "now Dr. Fifield and the traditional 'Question Box.'" Fifield then makes his opening comments of kw! fx LJ four or five minutes before reading the first of 20 questions sent in by listeners during the past week and answering them. Some of the answers are long and require several minutes to complete, whereas some are very brief. Following the last answer, the pastor prays a short, fast prayer and the same theme music that is heard in the opening comes up, fades down as announcer closes the program including a call for , and the music is quickly faded out before the station Evaluation on the basis of communicator-oriented criteria 1. Awareness of limitations and conditions of situation.--The spokesman for this program is quite well informed and well aware of the limitations and conditions of the situation in which the communication takes place, with the possible exception of limited knowledge of the precise composition Of his audience. 2. Adaptation of messageLAchoice of channel, selection of code on basis of_knowledge of receiver and situation.-- In this particular situation the communicator knows the identity of the people who send in the questions and thus knows, at least partially, how to adapt his message, certainly which channel to choose, and what code to use on the basis of the writers of the letters containing questions. The problem comes in attempting to make the answer of benefit to many listeners other than the writers of the letters. While the speaker does not have very specific knowledge of his listeners, 349 he does know that he is getting good results among them; and rather than change the program in some way from the present, since he does not know why it is successful, he chooses not to risk losing what he has achieved over the years by main- taining the status q3_. In summary, the choice of channel must be conceded as good in view of the content of the program, and the adaptation of the message and the selection of the code on the basis of knowledge of the receiver and the situation only "fair" to "average" but certainly not "poor." 3. Awareness of receivers through feedback.--The pro- gram thrives or exists on feedback of one sort--mail from the speaker's listeners. In addition, there are word-of-mouth reports and tallies concerning the number of people who write in for a tract offered on the program. A projection of this figure has been made on the basis of what the spokesman calls the "General Motor's Formula" [each letter represents "x" number of listeners] to determine how many listeners there were. There is no systematic method of classifying the feedback from listeners used by the producers of this program. While the feedback is of value, to be sure, it is certainly severely limited. 4. Measurement of success by_effects in light of purposes.--"Instruction" and "climate creation" are the primary and secondary purposes, respectively, of this program. The effects of the program include many and varied types of requests of the pastor. The spokesman's evaluation does a good job of taking into account the purposes and effects When he states, 350 I think it [the program] is probably the most important thing I have done in my ministry. I am afraid to change it because the results are so good; and I don't know why. 5. Time period when maximum number can receive.-- Although 7:30 Sunday evening is not a peak radio listening hour, still there is a fair audience. However, if the pro- gram were at an earlier hour on a weekday, the program would doubtless have a larger listening audience. 6. Use of familiar symbols.--The spokesman is an educated man, and the vocabulary he uses on the program is quite a sophisticated one. The appeal is definitely to more highly educated persons through the words used. Examples include the following: "aggregate," "capital investment," "formulae," and "dementia praecox." This approach seems to be a good one in view of two characteristics of the spokesman's stated primary target audience--"the unchurched having a college education." 7. Organizational patternfiin presentatiop_of message.-- The format of the program follows a definite pattern which brings meaning to the listener, but the answers to specific questions are not highly organized although rarely disorganized or haphazard. 8. Principle of redundancy utilized.--The spokesman does a very good job of reiterating points he believes to be important in his answering of questions sent in by listeners, but he does not over-do the use of redundancy. 9. Channels used.--Certainly a limitation of the pro- gram is the fact that it is heard on only one station. 3:1 10. Degree of satisfaction with progpam.--The spokes- man has had this program on the air since 1924, every week in essentially the same form; and he is pleased with the results and afraid to institute any change. While he does not understand why it is so successful, because it is helpful to so many people, he indicates his degree of satisfaction with the program as "predominantly satisfied." This approach to the program by the producer allows for a change from the status 323 should such a change be indicated by audience feedback and must, especially under these circumstances, be considered "good" and remarkable. Evaluation on the basis of production-oriented criteria 1. Unity.--The unity of the program may be questioned on the basis that the opening and the name do not seem to "counseling" or fit the type of program. Why should a "question and answer" program have the name "Evensong" and use as a theme or signature song the old hymn "Now the Day is Over?" There seems to be little relationship between the "evensong approach" and the "question box" type program. The transitions within the program seem adequate, with the possible exception of the pastor's opening remarks. 2. Interest.--Interest is held throughout the program to a high degree with the possible exception of the time dur- ing the pastor's opening remarks. The questions and answers hold interest, especially because of the candid approach to them by the pastor. The attention-getting qualities of the are opening are perhaps a little better than average but certainly not outstanding. There is good variety in the program except for the vocal quality of the pastor, whose voice is largely "dull" or "lack-luster." There are only a few noises in the background that go unexplained such as rustling papers, which may in fact be the pastor's actual handling of the letters sent in by the listeners. 3. Sound quality.--The sound quality throughout the program is excellent in balance, fidelity, and acoustics. 4. Performance.--The speaker does not make maximum use of pause, often rushing into the next question while answering the preceding one all in the same breath without a break. His vocal quality is a bit breathy but judged "adequate." The pitch of his voice is monotonous, and the variety in loudness seems also to reflect this monotonous characteristic. The dialect, grammar, and pronunciation are what one would expect of the educated speaker in Los Angeles, in spite of a few slips when the pastor misspeaks. Articula- tion is one of the major problems of the pastor. He is not precise and articulate but tends to be lazy and somewhat slovenly in the use of his articulators. His fluency is quite good, and he uses the conversational mode of delivery throughout although without much animation. There is little or no adaptation to likely listener activity at the time of broadcast except for the mention of the evening, etc., in the opening. The performance of the music in the opening and the closing is excellent. k-J U] .01 Brief "over-all" evaluation of the program Taking all criteria into account, one must rank this program as "good." PrOgram: "Let's Talk" Church: Southern California Council of Churches Spokesman: Dr. Clifton E. Moore, Producer and Director, Radio-Television-Films Commission of the Southern California Council of Churches Time and Station: Sunday, 11:00-12:00 p.m., KRLA Brief description of format of the program The station announcer opens the prOgram with an announcement of the name of the program, the sponsor, the phone number to call to ask questions, and the name of the minister on the program that evening. This is followed by seven seconds of silence. Finally, the minister comes on the air and begins his portion of the program by expanding on an answer he gave on the program the previous week. Then the minister begins accepting questions called in by listeners over the telephone. (These are played into the radio circuit so that all radio listeners may hear the questions.) Then the minister's answer is also broadcast. In this case, his reply is broadcast from the studio microphone rather than from the telephone circuit, giving his voice much better quality and not making it subject to the technical sound reproduction limitations of the telephone. After answering a number of questions briefly, the minister gives the phone 354 number to call to ask a question and gives the call letters and occasionally the name of the program. At the mid-point of the program the minister gives the station identification. The minister receives questions from a very wide variety of people and on a very wide range of subjects. He apparently attempts to keep his answers short and entertains only questions, not allowing callers to argue or give "long- winded" statements of their point of view. It is not a forum or discussion program, but quite strictly a "question and answer" program. When the program has very nearly exhausted the allotted time, the minister closes the program [on the broadcast recorded] as follows: I'm sorry. Our time is up. It has been inter- esting. Thank you for your questions; and if you are still on here with a question, bring it next Sunday evening. Good night. This is followed by a moment's silence, and the station announcer is heard giving the station identification, the first portion of which is "chopped off." Evaluation on the basis of communicator-oriented criteria 1. Awareness of limitations and conditions of situation.-—The spokesman for this program seems exceptionally well aware of the limitations and conditions of the situation in which the communication takes place. 2. Adaptation of message, choice of channel,~selection of code on basis of knowledge of receiver and situation.--The message of this prOgram, the channel chosen, and the code KN U1 \J‘ 1 selected seem adapted to the knowledge of the receivers and the situation. 3. Awareness of receivers through feedback.--The producer of this program seems to be far more aware of the feedback of the program than does the average producer of religious radio programs in Los Angeles. In addition to the usual mail and word-of-mouth responses, the producer has access to Pulse surveys conducted by the station and is aware of the "share of audience" figure the program enjoys which at 38% is remarkably large. [This means that of all radios in use at the time of broadcast, 38% are tuned to this program.] 4. Measurement of success by effects in the light of purposes.--The purposes which the spokesman lists for this program are "climate creation" and "instruction." The evaluation made by the spokesman seems to take into account the achievement of the program in light of the purposes stated: It is very worthwhile. All participating clergy agree, and are excited at reaching so many unreached people and helping so much. 5. Timeperiod when maximum number can receive.--The late Sunday evening hour--ll:OO p.m. to midnight-~does not attract the maximum number of listeners but does reach a very large number of the type of people the program is attempting to reach. A 38% "share of audience" figure in as competitive a market as Los Angeles is almost unheard of for a religious program. ’ 353 6. Use of familiar symbols.--The terminology used by the minister on this broadcast is very simple; he attempts to steer away from heavy theological problems and discusses important questions in the language of the "man-on-the-street." Z. Organizationalgpattern in presentation of message.-- The organizational pattern of the program and the principal speaker's response to questions are so simple and straight forward that little organization of responses is required. 8. Principle of redundancy utilized.--The minister uses some redundancy in the program. Especially strong examples are the repetition of the name of the program, the call letters of the station, and the telephone number to call to ask questions of the minister. While there is some repetition and there is often a summary in the answers given callers, this is limited. 9. Channels used.--The communicator here uses only one channel to achieve his purpose, an unavoidable limitation, since a "live" program where listeners call a station tele- phone number is not likely to be broadcast by another station. 10. Degree of satisfaction with program.--The spokes- man states that he is "completely satisfied" with the program, indicating that little change in the program is forthcoming. In fact, however, in the summer of 1963 a change was cOn- templated [for that fall]--an increase in length of the program from one hour to two hours. w kl l —\1 Evaluation on the basis of production-oriented criteria 1. Unity.--The unity of the program is good. The minister sounds like a minister answering questions called in by listeners. The spontaneity of the program created by the unrehearsed questions of the listeners and the candid answers of the minister create a unity which takes the place of the need for a planned sequence of elements and careful timing and pacing. 2. Interest.--Again it is the spontaneity of the program which provides interest and captures the listener's attention. The opening is just "average" to "poor" in terms of interest quality, the long pause before the minister comes on being especially deadly. The extraneous studio noise, which is unexplained, is distracting at times; and the pacing is rather constant and does not build toward a climax. Yet, in spite of these limitations, the spontaneity carries the interest of the listener very well. 5, Sound quality.--The sound quality of the program is a bit more disconcerting. The volume level is not constant. There is some distortion of the questions from the listeners because of the loss of quality stemming from the limitations of the telephone. There is some feedback from listeners who have their radio volume controls set too high; and at times, calls are almost unintelligible. The acoustics of the pro- gram, however, do set a proper frame of reference for the listener. \ n (D KN 4. Performance.--The minister's performance is really all that can be judged meaningfully as the persons calling vary so much in their performance quality--some very poor and some excellent communicators. The minister speaks with variety in rate, pitch, and loudness. His vocal quality is quite poor--rather hoarse and breathy. The remainder of his performance is judged good, with the exception of some breaks in fluency--halting at times when mentally seeking just the right words to eXpress an idea. His mode of speaking is definitely conversational, simple, and direct. Brief "over-all" evaluation of the program Here is a local religious program launching out into a new and popular format in Los Angeles radio and competing remarkably well. As judged by some of the criteria, the program is found wanting; but "over-all" the prOgram must be judged a "good" one. Thought-for—the-dayformatgprogram Program: "In Quest of Life" Church: Glendale Seventh-day Adventist Church Spokesman: Dr. Arthur L. Bietz, Pastor and Principal Speaker Time and Station: Sunday-Saturday, 7:45-7:50 a.m., KIEV Brief description of the format of the program The program begins as the station announcer introduces the program and the speaker. The principal speaker then begins \Tl KN ‘x‘; J his talk by expanding on the idea used in the progra the day previous, and continues to discuss his idea until the end of the program, when the announcer comes back in giving the identification of the program and the speaker, the address of the church, and an invitation from the pastor to attend the service at the church this Saturday morning, when his subject will be . . . Evaluation on the basis of communicator-oriented criteria 1. Awareness of limitations and conditions of situation.--The spokesman for this program is well aware of the limitations and conditions of the situation. 2. Adaptation of message, choice of channel, selection of code on basis of knowledge of receiver and situation.-- The adaptation of the message the speaker makes is to his actual audience (high income, college education, white) and not his target audience-~"everybody." This seems to imply that there is no actual adaptation at all; the minister has designed a program to meet his standards of a good radio program and his audience is formed of people who share his appreciation—-they are selective or "adaptive" in this case-- not the minister. The minister undoubtedly feels a desire to reach and help "everybody" (at least he feels he must eXpress this desire), but in actuality he speaks to people who share his background (high income, college education, white) and cannot be given credit for adaptation to his expressed target audience. The choice of channel is good since the station 73-0 ,1 carrying the program is a 250 watt station located in the city where the pastor has his church and will reach out in a radius that will attract people who actually could attend the pastor's church. The pastor's selection of code is built firmly on the basis of knowledge of his audience and the situation in which the communication takes place-~during the rush hours of traffic in the morni g when people, while still in their cars, are likely to hear the program just before getting to work. 2. Awareness of receivers through feedback.--The feed- back which the speaker gets is limited to mail and word-of- mouth reports plus comments of the station--quoted by the speaker as saying that this is the best received prOgram on the station. Nor is there any systematic method of classify- ing the feedback. All this constitutes a serious limitation of the program. 4. Measurement of success by effects in light of purposes.--The primary and secondary purposes of the program are "instruction" and "climate creation,’ respectively. The pastor seems to get many requests and comments of approval from the program and believeS'mmejprogram is a big aid in bringing people to the church-~one of the primary responses hoped for in the "climate creation" purpose. The speaker's evaluation of the program seems to measure success reasonably: It [the program] is invaluable to the program of the hhurch as a part of the community.‘ we are interested in the impact of the church and not in building a radio program of itself. ‘7_/ )L]. f— 3. Time_period when maximum number can receive.--This program rates exceptionally high on this point as the hour () broad ast is during the 'peak listening hours of the day. CA . Use of familiar symbols.--The speaker uses familiar and non-technical terms in discussing rather substantial topics. 1, Organizational pattern in presentation of message.-- The ta k seems quite thoroughly and tightly organized. é, Principle of redundancy_utilized.--The ta k utilizes the principle of redundancy very well throughout. 9. Channels used.--As mentioned in point number two, the choice of channel is excellent. The use of other channels for reaching additional people would doubtless increase listenership but might not localize the message to the geographic area the pastor is attempting to reach. In general, the channel used can be rated "good." 10. Degree of satisfaction with prOgram.--The pastor indicates "complete satisfaction" with the program, introduc- ing the likelihood for little change in the program in spite. of detected flaws mentioned here. Evaluation on the basis of production—oriented criteria 1. Unitv.--The program has excellent unity throughout. 2. Interest.--Interest is also high. The brevity of the program aids in avoiding monotony. There is background noise heard faintly and it is distracting briefly, but only briefly. \.4 m [\J 3. Sound quality.--The sound quality is excellent in balance, fidelity, and acoustics. 4. Performance.--The speaker's rate over-all is good, but there are some poor uses of pause heard in the program. The vocal quality of the speaker is excellent; and the pitch is low and pleasant, while the loudness of the voice is adequate for the demands of the program. The dialect is general American with a very faint trace of German accent. The grammar, pronunciation, and articulation are excellent-- in fact, the articulation may be a bit over-precise, calling attention to itself. Fluency is excellent. The most serious adverse criticism of the prOgram is the "affected" conversa- tional mode of speaking used. The speaker seems to the investigator to be self-conscious of being a rather good performer and does not convey the feeling of dedicated sincerity. Brief "over-all" evaluation of the program The program rates high on nearly all of the criteria and thus earns an evaluation of "good" to "excellent." Discussion format pgograms Program: "Biblical Insights" Church: Earl Warren Institute of Ethics and Human Relations of the University of Judaism and the Rabbinical Assembly of America, Southwest Region Spokesman: Benny Takahashi, Graduate Student at University of Southern California and Producer of the Program Time and Station: Sunday, 9:30-9:55 p.m., KRLA 363 Brief description of the format of the program The station announcer gives the name of the program to follow; then a grand orchestral fanfare typical of the type used in the great Bible epic films is heard for 15 to 20 seconds. The music is faded down a bit, and the announcer is heard giving the identification of the program and its sponsors. Shortly the music fades out quickly; and the host for the program introduces himself [a rabbi] and his guest [also a rabbi], gives a recapitulation of recent programs, mentioning one idea from the previous week's broadcast which he uses by way of a springboard to launch into the discussion heard on the broadcast evaluated. The two men then discuss the topic introduced and two others which are closely related. At the conclusion of the program the discussants are simply faded out while they continue to discuss the issues or topics and the announcer identifies the program. The same theme music as that heard in the opening is heard again in the closing announcements, including the credits [who presented the program, the executive producer, and the producer-director]. Following the credits, the program is faded out almost immediately for a station break. Evaluation on the basis of communicator-oriented criteria 1. Awareness of limitations and conditions of situation.--The spokesman is well aware of the limitations but not so well aware of the conditions of the situation in 364 which the communication takes place. He is especially weak with regard to knowledge of who is listening. 2. Adaptation of messageg_choice of channel, selection of code on basis of knowledge of receiver and situation.-- There seems to be little adaptation of the message or special selection of code on the basis of knowledge of receiver and the situation. The choice of channel is not particularly a good one in view of the target audience--"everyone"--since this station caters to teenagers. 3. Awareness of receivers through feedback.--Although the spokesman indicates that use is made of Pulse surveys from the station to determine the popularity position of the station in the market (secondL this reveals very little about the audience for this specific program. Not only this, no mail feedback reaches the producer-director--only word-of- mouth reports--and these are not systematically classified in any way. In short, there is a serious lack of feedback indicated for this program. 4. Measurement of success by effects in light of purppses.--The only cited purpose of this program is "instruc- tion." No requests are received by the producer from listeners for topics, copies of the program, etc.; and the spokesman indicates in his evaluation simply, "We have succeeded in presenting the type of program we set out to produce." This evaluation is not very satisfactory in terms of the criteria because of the lack of effects known to the producer, the evaluation being made in terms of the purposes only, which is insufficient for a valid evaluation. 365 5. Time period when maximum number can reoeive.--The time of 9:30 on Sunday evening, even on the second most popular station in the Los Angeles market, is not likely to reach a maximum number of listeners. 6. Use of familiar symbols.--The discussants use rather esoteric symbols, or those understood by the educated, at best. I. Organizational pattern in presentation of message.-- The organizational pattern of the message is very good. The host gives the discussion direction, and,at the same time, the program sounds spontaneous and organized. 8. Principle of redundancy_utilized.--Both discussants use the principle of redundancy to at least a limited degree. 9. Channels used.--The channel chosen is perhaps as good a choice as can be made, but certainly communication could be increased through the use of other channels. How- ever, since the program is at least in part a presentation of the public service department of the station on which it is heard, this may be nearly impossible. 10. Degree of satisfaction with_program.--The producer states that he is "predominantly dissatisfied" with the program. This state of satisfaction will almost certainly call for some changes in the program to enhance its effectiveness. It also seems to be drawn from valid evidence and knowledge of the program. Evaluation on the basis of production-oriented criteria 1. Unity.--The program's unity is excellent. It always seems to do what is set down as the goal for the prOgram. The transitions are good, especially in the sense that as each discussant begins and ends his contribution he identifies the other speaker so that the listener always keeps clearly in mind just who is speaking. 2. Interest.--The standard opening frame is short and to the point, and the big production type theme not only sounds "big" and interesting but "Biblical" through associa- tion of this type of music with films of the Biblical epic variety. The variety in the program is not really very good. The voices are not interesting, and the contributions are often too long. The focus of attention is always kept on one item at a time, but the pacing for the sake of interest seems lacking. 3. Sound quality.--The quality of the music and of the voice pick-up is excellent. The only flaws in sound quality are a lack of balance between the volume levels of the discussants and the circumstances resulting from the fact that the discussion apparently takes place in a large, "live" room--disorienting the listener a bit. 4. Performance.--The host's speech seems quite adequate; but the guest on the prOgram has a slow, non-fluent, halting rate and his loudness level is very high and monoton- ous. The guest also has traces of an eastern or "New York" dialect, which is heard in his pronunciation of such words 367 as "numba" for "number." The guest also has difficulty in pronouncing the word "inexorably." The vocabulary used is mostly literary and esoteric plus a few terms which would be more fully understood by the general Old Testament student such as "birthright" in reference to Jacob, etc. Both men have real problems with fluency at times. The host is quite conversational, but the guest uses a pedantic mode of speaking. The music is of excellent quality; and if weakness is observed, perhaps it is that the style of the opening and closing is perhaps a bit too grand and dynamic-~in the same class as the epic--something which does not match the content and style of the discussion. Brief "over-all" evaluation of the program "Over-all" the program rates as approximately "average,"--certainly not much better. News format program Program: "Religion in the News" Church: Radio-Television-Film Commission of the Southern California Council of Churches and the Church Federation of Los Angeles2 Spokesman: Dr. C. E. Moore, Producer-Newscaster- Commentator and Director of the Radio- Television-Film Commission of the Southern California Council of Churches. 2The Church Federation of Los Angeles is one of the fourteen local councils within the Southern California Council of Churches. Some friction has developed between the two bodies as a result of a division of responsibilities in 1962 which sent the Radio-Television—Film Commission to the Southern California Council of Churches and left the Church Federation of Los Angeles essentially without access to the broadcast media except through the larger council. While all programs presented by the Southern California Council of Churches in Los Angeles should also mention that these programs are also presented under the auspices of the Church Federation of Los Angeles, the latter credit line is rarely heard. Time and Station: Sunday, 8:00-8:15 a.m., KFAC Brief description of the format of the program The station announcer, following the station break, announces that the station presents the Speaker in a tape re- corded program of religious news under the auSpices of the Los Angeles Church Federation. Then Dr. Moore launches into the first news item after a brief "Thank you. Good morning." A number of news items, international, national, and local are presented, along with brief commentary or evaluation by the speaker. Emphasis is placed at the outset on international and national civil rights news and how the church relates to it. Later local issues of this nature are also mentioned. The pro- gram does not attempt to give international news first, national second, and local last, but mixes the items in order. At the conclusion of the program Dr. Moore simply states That's all the news to now; I'll be back next Sunday with more of the news as seen through the eyes of religion. The time,8:OO a.m. At this point the announcer comes back in with the program identification and credits, and urges listeners to write to the station with any comments or questions about the program. Evaluation on the basis of communicator-oriented criteria l;_§wareness of limitations and conditions of situation.--The spokesman is well aware of the limitations and conditions of the situation in which he communicates. 2. Adaptation of message, choice of channeligselection of code on basis of knowledge of receiver and situation.--The 369 message seems well adapted and the code selected well, on the basis of the knowledge which the spokesman has of the receiver and the communications situation. The channel is particularly well chosen in view of the target audience and the actual listeners whom the station in question reaches primarily. 3. Awareness of receivers through feedback.--The spokes- man is dependent upon mail and word-of-mouth reports unsystema- tically classified for his feedback in addition to the comments he gets from the station personnel and the fact that this pro- gram was kept on the air when all the "paid religious programs" were discontinued. This latter seems important to the spokes- man, but may have no significance depending upon the nature of the policy change that caused the discontinuation of the other programs. If it came about as a desire to discontinue all "commercial" religious programs in favor of continuing "sustaining" religious programs, the quality of the program may have had nothing to do with the retention of this program. 4. Measurement of success by effects in light of pugposes.--The purposes of the program are primarily, "instruc- tion," and secondarily, "climate creation." A few requests are received by the spokesman from listeners for copies of the program. The spokesman seems to make his evaluation of the program on the premises outlined in this criterion: It is important, in that I run into so many people of all walks of life who don't come in con- tact with the church but who listen, that I would not drop the program and let someone else take it. I feel it is like a breath of fresh air to hear objective and critical analysis of religious news. n1 ~J O The final sentence of the evaluation, of course, is a highly subjective comment not based on the criterion above. 5. Time period when maximum number can receive.--The time, 8:00 a.m. on Sunday morning, is not a time when very many people are likely to hear the program. The program rates low here. 6. Use of familiar symbols.--The speaker uses familiar symbols readily understood by almost anyone with high school education. 7. Organizational pattern in presentation of messag§.-- There seems to be little organizational pattern in the pre- sentation of the items in the news unless one considers the relative importance of various items made by the speaker. This kind of organization is not particularly helpful to the listener in terms of retention of a given message. The tradition of placing most important items first in a news program does have some value for the listener, however, in that it enables him to see what item is considered most important by the newscaster. 8. Principle of redundancy utilized.--The program is not noted for the redundancy utilized, although it certainly is not devoid of redundancy. 9! Channels used.--The station over which the program is broadcast does reach the type of people the spokesman is attempting to reach; and in that respect, it is good. How- ever, there is no reason why the program could not be broad- cast on other stations to reach a still larger audience and maximize communication. 371 10. Dggree of satisfaction with the program.--The spokesman's "predominant satisfaction" with the program allows for change and at the same time is not likely to allow major changes in the program. The program seems to merit this degree of satisfaction. Evaluation on the basis of production-oriented criteria 1. Unity.--The content and format of the program provide what appears to be adequate unity. The transitions on the program are weak or non-existent at best, and the sequence of elements is not a clear, but rather a "mixed" one; however, the timing and pace do provide unity. 2. Interest.--The opening certainly is not startling or outstanding in any way but may be adequate for this type of program on this type of station. [KFAC is the "good music" station which caters to the well educated and sophisti- cated listener.] There is some variety in the news items to avoid monotony, but the pacing is not something which brings interest to the program. It is not the usual pace of a news program, but more like a local minister discussing the news items of the day having religious significance. 3, Sound quality.--The sound quality is adequate, and the balance and fidelity are good. There is, however, a noticeable change in the acoustics between the opening announcement and the first words of the speaker, and again at the end of the prOgram between the newscaster and the announcer. The announcer sounds as though he is in a studio, KN * x] Pt) and the minister in a more "live" situation though not a large hall, by any means. 4. Performance.--The speaker's phrasing is poor at times, and the pacing is a bit slow. His quality, pitch, and loudness all seem quite adequate. The dialect is general American, the grammar excellent, pronunciation, articulation, and vocabulary are good. Fluency is not exceptionally good, although the hesitations do add a spontaneous quality to the program. The newscaster's mode of speaking is conversational but without the usual urgency of the newscaster. Brief "over-all" evaluation of the program On the basis of the criteria mentioned above, the program rates somewhere between 'average" and "good." PrOgram representative of other formats-~specifically the "interview-discussion format Program: "As I See It" Church: Radio-Television—Film Commission of the Southern California Council of Churches 3This program was classified as to type of format on the basis of the information supplied by the producers at the time of the interview. No indication was given at that time that up to one third of the program is taken up by a "religious newscast" by the host on the program. Since the program was recorded in April and the interview was not held until August, it is quite possible that an intentional change in format occurred between the times listed above. At any rate, whatever the format should be called--"Interview-dis- cussion" or "news-interview-discussion"--the program is representative of the few formats having only one program each in Los Angeles. 373 Spokesmen: Rev. Robert Arnott, Pastor of the First Baptist Church of Los Angeles and an Associate Producer of the program; and Dr. C. E. Moore, Director of the Radio- Television-Film Commission of the Southern California Council of Churches and Producer of the program Time and Station: Sunday, 7:30-8:00 a.m., KHJ Brief description of the format of the program After the station break the minister who is temporarily filling in for Dr. Moore, the Director of the Radio-Television- Film Commission of the Southern California Council of Churches, comes in, announcing himself, the name of the program, the organization presenting the program, and the guests for the day. Then the host reads approximately 10 minutes of religious news, some of which is introduced by dateline, some by headline, some by the comment "now in brief," and some without any introduction. Then the host introduces the two guests, the first guest speaking for more than eight minutes and giving a history of the clinic he represents, the staff, etc. Finally the other guest is heard, and he discusses another aspect of the counseling clinic at the church which is the discussion topic for the day. This portion of the program, which is informational in nature, is then followed by an "opinion discussion" among the host and the two guests. The host concludes by giving an announcement which welcomes listeners to the clinic and by reading the closing credits for the prOgram. The station announcer is heard next giving another set of credits, program identification, and the 374 originators of the program. [This format does not conform to the format outlined by the spokesman of the program in the original interview. No mention was made at that time of the religious news section as it is presented in the program recorded and evaluated. In this sense as well as the fact that the host on this program is temporary, the program recorded may be atypical.) Evaluation on the basis of communicator-oriented criteria l;_éwareness of limitations and conditions of situation.--The spokesmen seem aware of the limitations but not of some of the conditions of the situation in which the communication takes place. 2. Adaptation of message, choice of channelL_select;gg of code on basis of knowledge of receiver and situation.--There is probably little choice of channel in this situation, the Southern California Council of Churches simply taking whatever time blocks are offered on sustaining time by the various stations. The adaptation of message and selection of code seem to be no better than ”fair" based on the spokesmen's knowledge of the receivers and the situation. jh_éyareness of receivers through feedbag§.--Feedback is limited to mail and word-of-mouth reports, neither of which is systematically classified--a serious limitation. 4. Measurement of success by_effects in light of purposes.--The primary purpose of the program is "climate creation," and the secondary purpose is "instruction." Both 375 spokesmen indicate that no requests are received by the pro- ducers from radio listeners--only comments of approval. The evaluation made by one spokesman takes into account the principle of this criterion: I think it is useful. I could wish it were on at a better hour for that kind of program. I think it is deserving of a different time slot and that at another hour a larger audience could be built. Some changes in format could make it more effective. 5. Time period when maximum number can receive.-- Certainly, in the above evaluation by the spokesman it is recognized that 7:30—8:00 a.m. on Sunday morning is not a very reasonable hour for one to expect to reach a large audience. This is a serious limitation of the program. 6. Use of familiar symbols.--During the "news" portion of the program the symbols used are quite familiar to most people. However, when the three participants begin the interview-discussion section, the terminology becomes esoteric in terms of psychology, psychiatry, counseling, medicine, sociology, and even theology. This constitutes a serious drawback to the average listener. 7. Organizational pattern ingpresentation of message.-- The material appears to be quite well organized, but this is not sufficient to overcome some other liabilities of the pro- gram. 8. Principle of redundancy utilized.--The principle of redundancy is used well in this program with regard to certain concepts, yet goes almost untouched with others. 9;,Channels used.—-The station involved is perhaps as good a station as any for this type of program if the prOgram 376 were designed a bit more to the "average man" or "all" as the spokesmen indicate. The fact that the program does appeal more to the intellectual, oriented or initiated Christian or Jew leads to the conclusion that perhaps another station that appeals more consistently to this type of listener would be a better channel for the program. 10. Degree of satisfaction with prOgram.--The spokes- men indicate "predominant satisfaction" with the program. This seems rather generous or conceited in terms of some of their acknowledgments of its weaknesses. However, this degree of satisfaction does allow for changes and will not necessarily limit the producers. Evaluation on the basis of production-oriented criteria 1. Unity.--The program seems to be going in two directions-~one with news, and another with the discussion- interview. The opening of the program, however, does provide an overview which holds all of this together. The transitions between news items are not consistent in style or type, perhaps causing loss of unity. The remainder of the program does seem to build toward the one central goal of informing the listeners on the topic under discussion. 2. Interest.--The program is very weak at this point. The opening is weak, and the variety is quite poor. The news has better variety than the remainder of the program, where we find the first guest's opening comment running over eight minutes in length and other comments also quite lengthy. 377 There is some "script" or "non-descript" noise in the program which is not eXplained and tends to distract the listener from what should be the true focus of the program. 3. Sound guality.--The sound quality seems quite adequate in balance, fidelity, and acoustics. 4. Performance.--The host has some problems with pauses and phrasing and is a bit monotonous in the use of his voice. His dialect is a mixture of general American with a touch of eastern speech. The grammar he uses and the pro- nunciation and articulation are quite acceptable. The two guests are similar in most of these attributes except that one guest seems to reveal a bit of a southern element in his otherwise general American dialect and his articulation is not preceise. The vocabulary used by all three participants is quite esoteric, medical, and even psychological in terminology, etc. Fluency is a problem for all three parti- cipants. The two guests, in particular, have trouble with the vocalized pause and non-fluency which becomes one of the most serious drawbacks of the program. The mode of speaking of all three participants is conversational but not really animated, and the host sounds as though he is merely reading the news. Brief "over-all" evaluation of the program ‘ The program is deficient in terms of several of the criteria. While the problems, as pointed out earlier, are not all those of the producers and performers, nevertheless the 373 effectiveness of the program is seriously impaired. Over- all, the prOgram must rate not more than "fair." CHAPTE. VIII SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS A. Introduction This chapter is divided into four sections. The first section, "Substantiated Hypotheses," is a restatement of the hypotheses finally accepted in Chapter IV. For a more thorough discussion of each and data relating to each, refer to Chapter IV, where these hypotheses are presented at length. The numbering of the hypothesis in Chapter IV and the "Summary and Conclusions" in this chapter is the same for easy reference. The second section of this chapter, "Relevant Con- clusions from Chapter V," is just what the title implies. For a more thorough discussion of each conclusion and data relating to each, refer to Chapter V. The third section, "Relevant Conclusions from Chapter VII," is a summary of the conclusions reached in the chapter on evaluations of the local religious radio programs on AM stations in Los Angeles, March 24-30, 1963. This third section has three divisions. The first deals with evaluations made of the total number of prOgrams from data gathered in the descriptive survey. The second deals with evaluations of selected programs on the basis of tape recordings made of 379 330 these programs. The third is composed of several over-all evaluations of the programs selected for evaluation. The fourth section contains a few general conclusions concerning local religious radio broadcasting in Los Angeles, and the fifth section lists a few recommendations for further study which have grown out of this project. B. Final Hypotheses 1. "Worship" and "instruction" are listed equally as the primarypurpose more often, and "instruction" is listed as the secondary purpose more often by spokesmen for local religious radio programs in Los Angeles than are other purposes. 2. A majority of the spokesmen for local religious radio prOgrams in Los Angeles indicate that with regard to religious affiliation, income, education, age, sex, and race of their intended listeners, their programs are designed to be received by "everyone" as opposed to making an attempt to reach particular sub-groups within these categories. 3. Religious orientation of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles reveals an ecumenical movement emphasizing common points of agreement among groups as opposed to a tendency toward divisions into discrete groups separated by specific denominational labels of the various program originators. 4. One third of the spokesmen of local religious radio prOgrams in Los Angeles are not very well aware of the limita- tions and conditions of the occasion placed on their programs 81 since they are not fully aware of what precedes their pro- grams on the station which broadcasts their programs. 5. A majority of the spokesmen of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles report that they have never consulted with the station or the preceding program's pro- ducers in an attempt to harmonize,at least to some degree, the programs and the announcements. 5. A majority of the spokesmen of local religious radio prOgrams in Los Angeles report that they have no influence over what announcements precede their programs or over the contents of the program that precedes theirs. 7. A majority of the spokesmen of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles report that they do not use any kind of transition at the beginning of their programs to adapt to what is broadcast preceding their program. 8. A majority of the speakers on local religious radio programs in Los Angeles present the doctrines of their own particular faith while at the same time avoiding contro- versial religious issues by limiting their message to inspira- tion, worship, and guidance as opposed to including attempted refutation of "doctrinal error." 9. A majority of the local religious radio programs in Los Angeles plan for a follow-up ministry with listeners as opposed to merely a silent commitment on the part of their listeners. 10. While all local religious radio programs in Los Angeles receive some feedback in the form of mail, word-of-mouth 332 communications, or surveys, few of these programs have a systematized method of evaluation of their program from mail or word-of-mouth communications, fewer programs make any use of audience surveys, and fewer still have conducted audience analysis surveys of their own for their own programs. 11. A majority of the local religious radio programs in Los Angeles have instituted no change in their programs as a result of analyzing their audiences; and the changes that have been made consist largely of minor changes in format, type of music, type of musicians, program length, or program purpose. 12. A majority of the local religious radio programs in Los Angeles receive, in order of frequency, reactions of approval, constructive criticism, and disapproval from their listeners. 13. Almost all local religious radio programs in Los Angeles receive requests of some kind from their listeners; and among the things for which these requests are received most frequently are: counseling, a copy of a broadcast sermon, prayer, literature, and music (requests for specific numbers). 14. A majority of the spokesmen of local religious radio prOgrams in Los Angeles are "predominantly satisfied" with their programs as opposed to "completely satisfied," "somewhat dissatisfied," "predominantly dissatisfied," and "completely dissatisfied" with their programs. 15. On the basis of what they know about their audience from feedback available to them, spokesmen of local religious KN CO \N radio programs in Los Angeles believe that the largest portion of their total audience can be characterized as being Pro- testant in religious affiliation, as being in the $4,000 to $13,000 income group, as having had some high school education, as being mostly women, as being between the ages of 40 to 60, and as being of the white race. 16. The policy concerning the objectives and content of a majority of the radio programs in Los Angeles is deter- mined by the clergyman in charge of the religious body pre- senting the program;and also this person is, almost without exception, the principal speaker of the program. 17. The religious orientation of policy-making groups of a large majority of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles is termed "Protestant" (as opposed to Jewish, Catholic, and other religious bodies) by the spokesmen for these programs. 18. The religious orientation of the policy-making groups of a majority of "Protestant" local religious radio prOgrams in Los Angeles is basically that of "the third force." 19. Host of the speakers of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles indicate that they rely on the Bible and their personal observations and experiences as the primary sources of their messages, while religious non-fiction, secular periodicals, religious periodicals, writings of the speakers' own denominational leaders, secular non-fiction and poetry, in that order, are next most often used as primary sources for the speakers' messages. K»! C) 4:. 20. A majority of the spokesmen of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles report that they usually change the topics (subjects) of their programs for every broadcast. 21. The local religious radio programs in Los Angeles which make use of music are nearly evenly divided with regard to the orientation of the music on the program between those with a variety of topics on a given prOgram and those oriented to the central topic of a particular broadcast. 22. A majority of the spokesmen for local religious radio programs in Los Angeles indicate that the speakers on their prOgrams make references to both local events in the news and to local Los Angeles area place names in their broadcasts. 23. "Gospel music--%tandard,”'more than any other type of music, is used most by local religious radio programs in Los Angeles, followed closely in order of usage by "classi- cal," "gospel music--'popular,'" "hymns," and "spirituals." 24. Among spokesmen of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles who report using more than one type of music, out of a large number of possible combinations, the combina- tion which the largest number of spokesmen indicate that they use consists of the following five types: (1) gospel music-- western with a beat, popular, or ballad type; (2) gospel music-- standard; (3) hymns--worship service congregational singing type music; (4) classical--anthems, oratorios, cantatas, masses, etc.; and (5) spirituals-~negro and white. 385 25. More local religious radio proggams are broadcast in Los Angeles on Sunday than during the remainder of the week's broadcast schedule, and more local religious radio broadcasts are transmitted in Los Angeles on Sunday than on any other single day of the week. 26. In addition to the fact that less time is devoted in Los Angeles to the broadcast of local religious radio pro- grams on Sunday than during the remainder of the week’s broad- cast schedule, the individual broadcasts tend to be a little longer, on the average, on Sundays than on weekdays. 27. A majority of the local religious radio prOgrams in Los Angeles are carried on only one station and are broad- cast on commercial time. 28. The largest number of local religious radio broadcasts in Los Angeles are approximately one-half hour in length, recorded outside of radio station studios, and dis- tributed to the broadcasting stations via tape recording. 29. While the "worship service format," "devotional format," and "straight sermon or talk format" are the first, second, and third most often broadcast programs, respectively, among local religious radio programs in Los Angeles, no local religious radio program designed primarily for children is heard in that city. 30. A majority of the "worship service" format local religious radio broadcasts in Los Angeles are presented "live remote" from churches; and inversely, a majority of the local Los Angeles religious radio broadcasts of other formats are broadcast from tape recordings. 386 31. More local religious radio programs in Los Angeles are produced from an outline only than are produced from a complete script, from a partial script, or on an impromptu basis; and a majority of these local religious radio programs in Los Angeles are written, produced, and directed by the clergyman who is the principal speaker on the program. 32. More local religious radio programs in Los Angeles are produced in churches than in radio station studios, private studios, commercial studios, or other possible points of production. 33. The technical portions of production of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles are more often handled by professional station engineers than they are by Clergymen, laymen whose occupation is engineering, or laymen whose hobby is engineering. 34. Regular "live" participant roles on local religious radio programs in Los Angeles are almost equally shared by Clergymen and laymen, although Clergymen are more often princi- Pal speakers, associate speakers, host-principal speakers, and host-announcer-principal speakers, than are laymen; and laymen more often than Clergymen are announcers, choir members, organist, pianists, and members of the congregation. 35. A majority of the local religious radio programs in Los Angeles use "non-regular live participants." 36. Among non-regular participants on local religious radio programs in Los Angeles, Clergymen are more often heard than laymen; and of the roles taken on these programs by 387 non-regular participants, Clergymen tend to take speaking roles, both as principal speaker and various other speaking roles, while laymen much more often take musical roles and various speaking roles other than that of principal speaker. 37. Over one-third of the religious radio programs ' via in Los Angeles use "participants other than musicians' recording, either at the time of broadcast or at the time the master recording is made; and these participants are nearly equally divided between Clergymen and laymen. 38. Of approximately one-half of the local religious radio programs in Los Angeles which make use of musicians who participate via recording, the type of recorded music most often used is chorus and instrumental music, as opposed to solos, duets, trios, and quartets; and recorded music is most often used in a nearly equal number of programs in the "opening and closing" and in the "opening only." C. Relevant Conclusions from Chapter V The paragraph numbers of the following conclusions are not "keyed" to the major hypotheses mentioned in the pre- vious sections and chapters. Instead, only the more important conclusions and those differing from the over-all averages are mentioned here, although the number in brackets following the conclusion does refer to the original hypothesis concerned, so that one can readily check back in Chapter V for more complete data. KN (I) C J 1. Among all local religious radio programs in los Angeles, an overwhelming majority of all "evangelism" pro- grams, nearly half of the "instruction" programs, less than half but still the largest number of "worship" and "climate creation" programs are presented by "third force Protestants" [13. 2. Among originators of local religious radio prOgrams "worship" and in Los Angeles, "Catholics" are concerned with "instruction" programs equally; "Main stream Protestants" place their major emphasis on "worship" and "instruction" programs in that order; "Third force Protestants" emphasize "evangelism," "instruction," and "worship" programs in that order; while "Jewish and others" groups prefer programs of "instruction," "climate creation," and "worship" in descending order [1]. 3. The various religious groups originating local religious radio programs in Los Angeles tend to attempt to reach "everyone" with their programs with only two significant exceptions; (a) "Main stream Protestants" have a strong second- ary aim of reaching members of their own faith as well as "everybody," and (b) "Catholics" are more widely diversified with regard to whom they attempt to reach in the "religion" and "age" groups [2]. 4. The most frequent religious orientations of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles divided by the four originating groups are as follows: "Catholic" programs are 589 100% Roman Catholic; "Main stream Protestant" programs are most often "Christian" (22%) and "Methodist" (22%) in orientation; "Third-force Protestant" programs are most often "Christian" (15%), "Protestant-Evangelical" (12%), and "Four- square Gospel" (12%) in orientation; "Jewish and other" prOgrams are most often "Protestant" (26%), "Protestant- Evangelical" (17%), and "Christian" (13%) in orientation [3]. 5. The four originating groups of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles which plan for a follow-up ministry with listeners as opposed to a silent commitment on the part of their listeners are as follows: "Third force Protestants" 63%; "Main stream Protestants" 52%; "Jewish and others" 48%; and "Catholics" 25% [9]. 6. With regard to the degrees of satisfaction which spokesmen of local religious radio programs in Los Angeles have concerning their own programs the following are the principal findings: (a) "third force Portestant" and "Jewish and others" groups vary from the percentages of the totals, but the ranking of the degrees of satisfaction is in the same order; (b) the two other groups differ markedly; "Rain stream Protestants" indicate that 65% of them are "predomi- nantly satisfied" with their programs, 26% indicate that they are "somewhat dissatisfied," and only 8% are "completely satisfied"; whereas among "Catholics" 50% are "completely satisfied," and 25% each are "predominantly satisfied" and "someWhat dissatisfied" [14]. 390 7. The four groups presenting local religious radio programs in Los Angeles tend on the whole to be much like the total with respect to the primary sources of the speakers' messages on their programs with these exceptions: "Catholics" rely less on secular and religious periodicals and secular non-fiction, and depend more heavily upon writings of the speaker's own denominational leaders than the average; "Main stream Protestants" and "Jewish and others" speakers rely more heavily on secular periodicals than do other groups; ”Third force Protestants" rely less upon writings of the speaker's own denominational leaders; Secular non-fiction is used much more by "Jewish and others" groups and less by "Catholics" than is true of the two Protestant groups; and finally, "main stream Protestants" use considerably more secular fiction as a primary source for the speaker's message than do any of the other groups [19]. 8. Of the local religious radio programs in Los Angeles, the four originating groups tend to be quite similar with regard to the way in which they orient their music to the topic of the program, with the exception of the "Jewish 1d other" groups, who have no music at all on 35% 0f their 9grams--a figure much higher than for the other groups [213. 9. The four originating groups of local religious .0 programs in Los Angeles are quite similar to the'totals he number of programs which make no mention of local .125 in the news or local place names; however, "main am Portestants" are well above average in mentioning local 391 plan names but not local events in their programs, while "fiflrd force Protestants" are not as apt to mention either lomfl.events or places in their programs as the average of other groups [22] . 10. The four religious groups presenting local reli- gfibus radio programs in Los Angeles vary widely from the over- efll average with regard to the types of music used on the Inpgrams which each presents--"Catholics" depend heavily upon "classical" music, with one program using "hymns;" "Main stream Protestants" place their emphasis on "classical," "hymns," "gospel 'standard,'" "spirituals," and "gospel 'popular'" in that order, with few programs having either no music or secular music; "Third force Protestants" place their heaviest emphasis on "gospel 'standard'" music, followed closely by "gospel 'popular'" music and then to a lesser degree "spirituals," "hymns," and "classical" music in that order; “Jewish and others" groups favor "classical" music most, followed by "gospel 'standard'" and "hymns" (which are used equally), while over one-third of these programs use no unisic, one-fifth use "spirituals," and just over one- sixth use "gospel 'popular'" music [23]. 11. The configurations of the various types of music used.tur the four groups originating local religious radio programs in Los Angeles vary widely from the over-all totals-- "Catholics" prefer to use "classical" music only, but do use a combination of "classical" and "hymns" on one prOgram; "Main stream Protestants" prefer to use a combination of all 392 five of the types of music used in this study followed closely by a combination of "gospel 'standard,'" "hymns," and "classical" music and two combinations equally--"hymns" and "classical" music, and "gospel 'standard,'" ”hymns," "classical," and "spirituals"; "Third force Protestants" indicate a slight preference for a combination of the five types of music used in this study over a combination of the two types of "gospel” music used, while two other configura- tions of types of music also appealing to "third force Pro- testants" are the combination "gospel 'standard,'" "gospel 'popular,'" and "spirituals" and the type classified as "gospel 'standard'"; the largest number of "Jewish and others" programs have no music at all; but of those that do, "classi- cal" music is used most often followed in equal number by a combination of the five types of music used in the study and a combination of "gospel 'standard'" and "hymns" [24]. 12. 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"mumtimusani Answers on Adventist Television; Questions znm humers," Review and Herald, Vol. 128 (May 10, 1951), p. 13. "Radhazmd.the Church," Radio Broadcast, Vol. 6 (March, 1925), pp. 693-96. "Radioznm.the Pulpit," Review of Reviews, Vol. 71 (February, 1925), pp. 203-040 "Radhaiflble Correspondence School Interests Bring Results," The Ministry, Vol. 28, No. 4 (April, 1955), pp. 8-11, 47. "Radio Church," Literary Digest, Vol. 89 (Ray 15, 1926), p. 30. "Radio Problems Answered," The Ministr‘, V01. 20, No. 1 (January, 1947), pp. 32-34. "Radio Relays Grow in Korea," Interchurch News, Vol. 1 (January, 1960), p. 3. "Radio Religion," Review of Reviews [London], Vol. 81 (February, 1931), pp. 40442. "Radio Religion," Time, Vol. 39 (January 26, 1942), p. 38. g " Time, Vol. 19 (February 8, 1932), pp. 33-34. Report of an editorial in the Christian Century on f$ermons,for Pastorless Churches," Literary Digest, Volt '73 (June 17, 1922), p. 27. "Radix>, Tefixrvision, and Film Evangelism," The ‘Vol. .31, No. 10 (October, 1953), pp. 24-29. li'transcript of a panel discussion at a ministerial confinnition held in Cleveland during the fall of 1958. "I _‘ $ -, " C‘ P., A'.J_nig2'un.v’ Radio, Visual Education, and Mass Communications Committee, National Council of Churches. "Million Thanks From Pfirilignpine Radio Listeners," National Council Outlook, V01. 5 (March, 1955), p. 12. Rahner, Karl. "Die Messe und das Fernschen," Apparatur und Glaube, Hurzburg l.J. Rasdum P. A. "Revising Norning Devotions," International Journal of Religious Education, Vol. 23 (Farch, 19477, p 0 1E. Rnwson, A. E. "Radio Evangelism in Southern Asia," Review and Hera d, Vol. 128 (August 9, 1951), pp. 16-17. . "Radio in Southern Asia," The Ministry, Vol. 28, No. 4 (April, 1955), pp. 6-7. . "Medical R Ninistry, Vol. 2 adio Program Opens New Doors," The 7, No. 7 (July, 1954), pp. 16-17. Redington, N. "Television and Religion," Twentieth Century, Vol. 160 (November, 1959), pp. 394—93. Reiner, H. L. "The Telethon in Kichigan," The Yinistry, 1 (January, 1964), pp. 12, 20. ’T '7 1n 601. 3'5, 130. "Relijion," [Sacred Rituals and Spiritual Themes]. Television, Vol. 17 (June, 1960), pp. 110-11. "Religion and the Radio," Christian Century, Vol. 58 (March 12, 1941). p. 349. "Religion by Radio," Literary Digest» Vol- 92 (AUEUSP 23' 1924). pp. 31-32. "Religion in Television," Broadcasting (December 3, 1951). "Religion on Television," Commonweal, Vol. 71 (February 12, 1950). p. 533. "Religion on the Air-~Abi1ene Christian's Findings About Religious Programming," Broadcasting-Telecasting, Vol. 47, No. 20 (November 15, 1954), p. 54. "Religion Learns to Use the Air," Sponsor (November, 1948). "Religion's Raid on Radio," Current Opinion, Vol. 78 (March, 1925), pp. 342-43. "Religious Advisory Policy," Broadcasting:Telecasting (edito- rial) (September 3, 1956). "Religious A-V News," Audio Visual Guide, Vol. 22 (March, 1956), p. 31. "Religious Broadcasting," National Conference on Educational Broadcasting, Educational Broadcasting, 1936, pp. 413-21. "Religious Broadcasting; Special Interest Group," Education on the A113 Institute for Education by Radio andfTelevision. Columbus: Ohio State University, 1951, pp. 428-32. 567 Wkdighnm Broadcasting; Symposium," Education on the Air, humitute for Education by Radio and Television. CoLnbus: Ohio State University, 1953, pp. 196-209. 'Tmlighnm Broadcasting Today and Tomorrow," National Council (hmlook, Vol. 7 (April, 1957), pp. 8-9. "Relufibus Broadcasts; report of a work-study group," Educa- thn10n the Air, Institute for Education by Radio. (mlumbus: Ohio State University, 1942, pp. 243-65. "RelighnusBroadcasting; Work-study Group," Education on the Air, Institute for Education by Radio and Television. Columbus: Ohio State University, 1952, pp. 330-332. "ReligMMusBroadcasts Being Reconsidered," Christian Century, Vol. 64 (March 26, 1947), p. 388. "Religious Conversations Continued," Commonweal, Vol. 72 "Religious Doctrine on TV," Christian Century, Vol. 68 (February 14, 1951), p. 196? "Religious Hit; This is the Life," Life, Vol. 35 (October 12, 1953). pp. 131-32. "Religious Hucksters," Time, Vol. 68 (July 30, 1956), p. 43. "Religious Programming at Local Levels; tork-study Group," Education on the Air, Institute for Education by Radio. Columbus: Ohio State University, 1948, pp. 372-76. "Religious Radio and Television at Yale," Yale Divinity News May, 1950). "Religjxnis Radio Awards," Christian Century, Vol. 66 (September 14, 1949), p. 1084. "Religfixnis Radio Programs," International Journal of Religious Exhication, Vol. 22 (February,_l946), p. 16. "Religious Radio Programs Need Much Improvez‘nent," Christian Cendnxny, Vol. 61 (February 16, 1944), p. 197. "Religious Raid on Radio," Current Opinion, Vol. 77 (June, 1925). p.343. 'WReljygiOLus TV on the Pan," America, Vol. 100 (March 7, 1959), Y". 6470 1" Iliscussion: Vol. 101 (April 4, 1959), p. 4. Rentfro, Charles A. "Freedom of Air Jeopardized," The Ministry, Vol. 18, No. 4 (March, 1945), pp. 8-9. 568 1 . 'Totent Factors in Radio Broadcasting," The Ministry, (November, 1943). . "S. D. A. Contribution to Religious Broadcasting," The Ministry, Vol. 18, No. 11 (October, 1945), p. 40. EMynolds,Ibnald C. "When the Telephone Rang 1,000 Times in Twofburs," The Ministry, V01. 37, No. 1 (January, 1964), pp. 13-14. Concerns responses to the religious television pro- gran'di Is Written" in a Los Angeles crusade. Reynolds,in 0. "It Is hritten Evangelism," Review and Herald, Vol. 135 (October 23, 1958), p. 21. . "Television Evangelism in the hashington, D. C., Area," Review and Herald, Vol. 135 (February 27, 1958), p. 24. Richards, H. M. S. "Coming Changes in Radio," The Ministry, Vol. 19, No. 14 (December, 1946), pp. 8, 40. . "Determining Factors in Our Broadcasting," he Ministry, Vol. 19, No. 8 (July, 1946), pp. 9-10. . "Keep the Message on the Air," The Ministry (October, 1942). A poem. . "Practical Pointers on Broadcasting," The Ministry, (April, 1943). . "A hord to Fellow horkers," The Ministry, Vol. 35, No. 7 (July, 1962), pp. 3-4. Richards, H. M. 8., Jr. "Radio Bible Marking in Georgia," The Ministry, V01. 37, No. 3 (Karch, 1964), pp. 24-27, 36} Etitchie, (3. J. "Radio and Tract Combination," The Ministry (May, 1937) . Robinson, H. A. B. "Radio Work and Results in Mexico," The Ministry, Vol. 21, No. 6 (June, 1948 , pp. 17-19. Robinson, Wilfred B. "M. V. Society on the Air," The Ministry, Vol. 219, No. 10 (August, 1946), pp. 35-37. Rodrigues, C. V. "Urge Seminaries to Advance," Christian Cerrturaz, Vol. 64 (September 10, 1947), p. 1094. Rolo, Charles J. "The Metaphysics of Murder for the Millions," ggass (hilture (Bernard Rosenberg and David White, eds.). Glencoe, 111.: The Free Press, 1957. 569 Wbmelkemmd," America, Vol. 98 (January 18, 1953), p. 442. Rormu J. "J. Harold Smith and the DOgs of Sin," Harper's Hannflne, Vol. 199 (August, 1949), pp. 69-74. Emss,1fl1dred. "horldwide Radio Ministry," TV-Radio Life (November 12, 1954) . Ross,EL G. "New Radio Department," International Journal of Mfligious Education, Vol. 21 (November, 1944), p. 14. Rosser,Ih "American Radio, Free," International Journal of Ekfligious Education, Vol. 23 (June, 1947), p. 9. Sadaie,ih (Translated by Brownlee, W.). "Test Case of Radio Evangelism in Hokkaido," Ja an Christian anrterly, V01. 27 (January, 1961), pp. 12-17. "Look and Listen," New Statesman, Vol. 47 Salter, h. (February 13, 1954), p. 190. Discussion: Vol. 47 (February 20-27, 1954), pp. 242, 252. Concerns B.B.C. Religion. "Schlockminsters," Time, Vol. 78 (Septem Schmidt, H. H. "Follow-up Work in Near-by Areas," Ministry (December, 1942). Schmitz, Charles H. "Religious Radio in the United States," Crozer Quarterly, Vol. 24 (October 1, 1947), pp. 289- BIS. (Presiding). "Religious Broadcasting," Education CH1 the Air Institute for Education by Radio. Columbus: Ohio State University, 1951, pp. 428-32. Presentations of S. Franklin Fack, Acting Executive, ;Division.of Foreign Missions, National Council of the (Hurrches of Christ, New York City, who spoke on the topic Use of Religious Motion Picture Films for Television.‘ "The The Inaport on this presentation is quite complete. Freufidlin Dunham, Chief of Radio-Television, U. 8. Office spoke to the topic of Education, Washington, D. ”Edutxitional Functions of Television for Religion." Executive Director of Department of A-V and Paui Rosser, Education, NCCC, spoke on the topic "Successful " Charles Schmitz Y n V., . Radio Religious Television Programming. Spcnce cni the subject "The Communication of the Christian Faith on Television." The last three reports are very One other contribution is also reported. brief. '“Television: Vision or Subdivision," Crozer Quart- erTy., Vol. 28 (October, 1951), pp. 333-42. 570 Schneider, R. E. "How Much Does it Cost?" The Ministry, Vol. 37. No. 1 (January, 1964), p. 18. Concerns cost of the "It Is hirtten" crusade in Southeastern California. Very brief. Schwarze, C. T., and Olsen, E. C. "Bible and Science on the Everlasting Fire: Midget or White Dwarf Stars; Radio Broadcast," prpiiotheca Sacra, Vol. 95 (January, 1938), pp. 102—12. Scragg, w. R. L. "Australasian Radio-Television Council," Review and Herald, Vol. 137 (November 3, 1960), p. 41. Scull, James H. (Presiding). "Broadcasts in Religious Educa- tion," E ucation on the Air, Institute for Education by Radio. Columbus: Ohio State University, 1941), pp. 199- 206. The report of a work-study group's activities includes comprehensive summary of major happenings and ideas presented. Also included is a set of suggested standards of practice for religious broadcasting in two parts: (1) for the religious broadcaster and (2) for station management. Sell, A. D. "New Minister; a Parable," Homiletic Review, Vol. 93 (June, 1927). pP- 472-73. "Selling Christianity; This is Life," Newsweek, Vol. 40 (September 15, 1952), p. 57. Senecal, B. T. "Bible Correspondence Course Successful," The Ministry (March, 1942). "Sense of the Sacred; Catholic Hour," Newsweek, Vol. 51 (January 13, 1958), p. 83. Shafer, Glen L. "Bible Evangelism in Relation to the Mass Media of Communication, The Ministry, V01. 36, N0. 11 (November, 1963), pp. 27-28, 46, and Vol. 36, No. 12 (December, 1963), pp. 29-30, 35. Shanley,/J. P. "Television," America, Vol. 95 (August 11, 1950). p. 451. . "Television; Bishop Sheen's New Series," America Vol. 100 (March 38, 1959), p. 755. ’ . "Television; Catholic Hour," America, Vol. 100 (January 17, 1959), pp. 478-80. . "Television; Death of Pope Pius XII and Election of Pope John XXIII," America, Vol. 100 (November 15, 571 . 'Melevision; Look Up and Live," America, Vol. 100 (Octner 18, 1958), pp. 90-1. . 'Television; Sund Morning Programs," America, 'VI. 95(November 3, 19 6), pp. 138-39. flmw,Ewram3J. "Broadcasters Have Busy Schedules, So-- “m Ntflstry, Vol. 19, No. 8 (July, 1946), p. 10. " The "Copyright Restrictions and Limitations, , No. 1 (January, 1950), pp. 11-12. iiinistry, Vol . 23 . "Favorite H mns in Public Domain," Th e Ministry, 70].. 23, NO. 3 (Iial‘Ch, 1930), pp. 12-19. "Millions Need It, Adventists Have It, Radio Can 21, No. 7 (July, 1948), Give It," The Ministry, Vol. pp. 17-1:. "Off Again, On Again, Gone Again--Radio Men, 20, No. 5 (Ma , 1947), pp. 32-34. e Ministqy, The Xinistry: Vol. "Programing a Simulated Broadcast," Th Val. 19, 10. 3 (February, "Radio Audition Circle," The Ministry, (September, 1947), p. 27. Vol. 20, 1:? It 0 . Shayon, Robert Lewis. "Pitch for Souls," Saturday Review of Literature, Vol. 34 (June 23, 1951), p. 31. . "Portable TV Gospel, 'Saturday Review of Literature, vfi. +2 (June 27, 1959), p. 25. . "Protestants and the Electronic Saturday Review of Literature (March, Goliath, " The 1960). Presbyterian . "Transistorized Mission; United Churmfli's Venture into Radio Jingles," Saturda Review of‘lliterature, Vol. 46 (August 24, 1963), p. 36. (knacerned with the "Freberg Spots" of the United 7. A. Presbyterian Church in the U. a 32 (March 24, 1952), p. 92. "l‘V sheen on TV Screen." Life, Vol. ShipPU. C., zand.Taylor, F. J. "California's New Fashioned 123 (January 15, 1949), pp. 14- Religion, " Colliers, Vol. :13: 552-633- "Shcnrld CChUJHQhes be Shut Off the Air?" Christian Centuqy, Vol.. 4~r (Ia; 12,1927), pp. 582-8 3. f 572 ( Eudver,k. R.,,Ir. "Radio and Television," Catholic Norld, AIE3u1ar departmental feature of the ma3azine during this time. fluvock,ibrold. "Children and Television," Review and Herald, Vol. 133 ( April 2, 1939), pp. 9-10. "dryuficmfl300ntacts by Seminary Faculty Iemoers," The Hhfibtry, Vol. 29, No. 8 (Au3ust, 1956), pp. lCT-Z". {bntains a brief run down of the telev isiOn pr03rat "Amndcan Reli3iou3 Town 1:11 X:etinf of the Air." Silvey,3t J. E. "Audiences for Reli3io us Broadcasts, The," Ihflggion on the Air, London: B.B.C., 1955. arith, R. L. The Apostola te of the Ralio, Christus Rex, A paper read before the Christus Rex Congress, 1953, dealing with a series of programs in England. Smythe, D. N. "Basic Issues in Communications in the Educa- tion of Protestant ministers," Religious Education, Vol. 49 (November, 1951), pp. 429-38 Snyder, R. "Chicago Workshop on Religious Radio," Religious Edu ucation, Vol. kl (IIovemoer, 1946), pp. 321-26: . "Some Goals of Religious Radio 3 roadcast ing, " Christian Education, Vol. 29 (September, 1946), pp. 359- 7’T 04. "Some Problems in the Broadcastin3 of Religion," Radio Broad- cast, Vol. 4 (November, 1923), pp. ll-12. "The South's Religious Radio Center," Federal Council Bulletin, Vol. 32 (December, 1949), pp. 8-9. Spanglery (I. R. "A New Experience in Adventist Evan3elism," The Ifixristgy, Vol. 37 (January, 1904), pp. 1- 2. SPSary 13. R. "How to Build a Radio Audience," The Ministry, Vol. IF7, No. 9 (September, 1944), p. 10. . "Questionnaire Response from ’GER," The Ministry (November, 1942) . "Special Offer to Broadcasters," The Ministgy, Vol. 20, No. 2 (Februalwq 1947),pu 18. "Speeding the Iiessa3e Throu3h the Radio," (Symposium), The Ifinistrz (Au3 net, 1935). Incfl tides the following: 1. Branson, N. R., "Radio's .Li:n:itlcuss Possioilities;' Richards, H. M. S., "Fundamental O‘CL. v-n-vdo.-sv»lt 573 Prhuflples of Approach;" Fries, R. 3., "Getting a Radio Awfience;" Vandeman, H. A., "Technique Before Micro- ;monefl'"3ringing Listeners to a Decision;" Bohn, A. D., 'Tuee Question-and-Answer Time;" hood, H. L., "Use kmfleur Short have;" lee, Frederick, "Problems and (mmortunities in China;" Enoch, G. P., "India's Opening Airlfines;" Heali, B. N., "Broadcast Meaning of News." Spence,imrtzell. "Han of the Lutheran Hour," Saturdax Even- ing Post, Vol. 220 (June 19, 1943), p. 17. * 'Kfifljflt and the Air Waves," America, Vol. 131 (May 30, 1959), p. 333'. "Spiritual Foundations; Great Scenes From Great Plays," Time, Vol. 52 (September 27, 1943), p. 73. "Sponsor for the Bishop; life is Worth Living," Time, Vol. 60 (November 3, 1952), p. 79. "Sponsored by the Church; Great Scenes from Great Plays," Newsveek, Vol. 32 (September 27, 1948), p. 73. Stevenson, D. C. "Pulpit, Mike and Camera,’ Christian Century, Vol. 74 (April 24, 1957). pp. 517-13. Stevenson, G. S. "Changing Africa Seeks God," Signs of the Suarez, E. "Voice of America," Christian Centugv, Vol. 70 (May 13, 1953): p0 573- Reply by h. A. Dudde in Vol. 70, (June 17, 1953), p. 718. "Successful Radio Workshop," The Ministrv, Vol. 22, No. 6 (June, 1949), p. 23. "Summer Reading and Televiewing," America, Vol. 97 (July 6, 1957). p. 380. "“"" "Sunday Morning; Look Up and Live," Newsweek, Vol. 48 (December 31, 1956), p. 57. Sutcliffe, Richard I‘. "The Church is in Show Business," Telljxug the Good News (Johnson, Dr. Philip A., Temme, Rev; iharman, and Hushaw, Dr. Charles C., (eds.)). St. Imnxis: Concordia Publishing House, 1962, pp. 131-139. A 'Thow-to-use-TV" chapter in a church public relations handbook. "TalflLet Ikmiicated to the Radio Congregation," Radio Broadcast, Vol. :5 (August, 1923), pp. 332-34. "U- 9.‘--—'—-'——. u¢—-.. S74 Tarr,3u Fletcher. "Adding Color to the Radio Sermon," The Ministry, Vol. 22, No. 7 (July, 1949), p. 7-3. . "Calling all Youth," Th. Ministry, Vol. 2}, Jo. 4 (April, 1950), pp. ll-12. . "Reaching Your Radio Audience," The Ministry, Vol. 21, No. ll (November, 1943), pp. llélé. "Televising the Kass," America, Vol. 109 (November 16, 1963), p. 619. "Television and Radio," Zion's Herald, Vol. 134 (September, 1956), p. 17. "Television and Radio," Zion's Herald, Vol. 136 (January, l95b). p- 31. "Television and Radio," Zion's Herald, Vol. 136 (February, 1953), p. 310 "Television and Radio," Zion's Herald, Vol. 136 (April, 1958), p. 31. "TV and Shut-ins," America, Vol. 94 (November 12, 1955)» p. 172. "Television and Telestatus," The Ministgy, Vol. 22, No. 10 (October, 1949), pp. 3—4. "TV and the Church," Christian Century, Vol. 66 (February 2, 1949). p. 142. "'TV Gold Rush'; Editorial," Review and Herald, Vol. 129 (Ray 15. 1952). pp. 13-14. "TV Needs Religion," Christian Century, Vol. 66 (August 10, 1949): p- 938- "Television Record; I Beheld His Glory," National Council OuthOk, V01. 3 (may, 1953), p. 18 "Television Revival Campaign," The Ministry, Vol. 29, No. 4 (April, 1956), p. 22. "TV Station Yields to Catholic Pressure; Martin Luther," Christian Century, Vol. 7& (January 2, 1957), P. 4. "TV Sunday School," Newsweek, V01- 56 (September 5' 1960)’ p. 50. "IV Theologyy" Time, Vol. 67 (January 9, 1956), p. 40. 575 lkmple,lh "Religious Broadcasting in Great Britain in War- thmn with Discussion," Education on the Air, Institute fdrEMucation by Radio. Columbus: Ohio State University, 1942, pp. 236-43. 'WEnth‘MHnyersary of Catholic Radio Hour," Catholic World, Vbl. 150 (March, 1940), p. 748. imuelicke, Helmut. "Kirche und Publizistik," Rundfunk und Fernschen III. Hamburg, 1955. Thurber, Merwin R. "Silver Anniversary of the voice of Prophecy," Review and Herald, Vol. 131 (September 30, 1954), p. 1. Tieche, Maurice. "Applying Our Work of Education to Evange- lism," The Ministry, Vol. 26, No. 3 (March, 1953). pp. 25-57, and Vol. 26, No. 4 (April, 1953), pp. 16-17, 20. Tillich, Paul. "Communicating the Gospel," Union Seminary ‘anrterly Review, June, 1952. Tink, A. E., and Taylor, G. M. B. "Broadcasting Church Services," Homiletic Review, Vol. 96 (July, 1928), p. 49. Tucker, Julius L. "'The Quiet Hour' Broadcast," The Ministry, July, 1939. . "'Quiet Hour' Radio Program and Reading Room," The Ministry, January, 1942. . "Radio Technique and Procedure," The Ministry, January, 1943. . "Ten Ways to Increase Our Audience," The Ministry, yet. 17, No. 9 (September, 1944), pp. 9-10. Tucker, Mrs. Julius L. "How 'The Quiet Hour' Began," The Ministry, July, 1943. "Tundxu; in on Religion," Literary Digest. Vol- 94 (July 30’ 1927), p. 30. Turnexu ii. G. "Broadcasting Restrictions Begin Agitated," The Ministry, September, 1942. . "Expanding the National Broadcast," The Ministry, May, 1942. . "Recent Developments in Radio Expansion," The Ministry, August , 1942. 576 "Twisting the Devil's Tail; Calvary Baptist Church," Time, Vol. 61 (March 16, 1953), pp. 81-82. "Types of Successful Religious Broadcasts," The Ministry, Vol.22, No. 8 (August, 1949), pp. 9-10. Apanel discussion. "Unseen Converts," Literary Digest, Vol. 77 (June 30, 1923), p. 36. "Urge Seminaries to Advance Radio," Christian Century, Vol. 64 (September 10, 1947), p. 109?. "Utilizing Church and School," The Ministry, Vol. 22, No. 9 (September, 1949), p. 33. A panel discussion. Utt, C. D. "Dealers in Delinquency; Editorial," Signs of the Times, Vol. 79 (August 12, 1952), p. 4. Van Horne, H. "Bishop Versus Berle," Theatre Arts, Vol. 36 (December, 1952), p. 65. Van Kirk, W. W. "Duty of Religious Radio in Time of War," Education on the Air, Institute for Education by Radio. ColumTus: Ohio State University, 1942, pp. 223-28. "Van Kirk Ends Broadcasts; Religion in the News," Christian Century, Vol. 63 (December 18, 1946), p. 1524. Vandeman, George E. "Bible in the Hand," The Ministry, Vol. 37. No. 3 (March, 1964), pp. 16—18. Description of Bible Marking Plan used in conjunction with the "It Is Written" television prOgram. . "It Is Written: Tailoring Truth to the Task," The Ministry, Vol. 37. No. 1 (January, 1964), pp. 4-6, 29. ”Variety and Quality," National Council Outlook, Vol. 3 (April, 1953). p. 1?. Varty, H. A. J. "Voice of the Vatican; Holy See's Radio Station," Catholic World, Vol. 168 (November, 1948), p. 164-650 "Video Debut; Life is Worth Living," Time, Vol. 59 (February 25, 1952). P- 72. " Voice of Prophecy Ministerial Club," The Ministry, Vol. 19, No. 14 (December, 1946), p. 2. Walde, Elmer R. "And Now . . . Television," Youths' Instructor, Vol. 99 (March 20, 1951). p- 3. in 577 . "Radio Fruitage in Australasia,’ Review and Herald, Vol. 130 (August 20, 1953), p. 25. . "Radio and Television Department," Review and Herald, Vol. 131, No. BO (June 4, 1954), pp. 230-31, 247. . "Recorded Mission Stories for Your Local Radio Station," The Ministry, Vol. 27, No. 2 (February, 1954), p. 10. talker, Allen. "Shall We Use Music in Radio?" The Ministry, Vol. 22, No. 3 (March, 1949), p. 11. Walker, F J. "Your Time on the Air," International Journal U. of Religious Education, Vol. 21 (May,il94§), p. 20. Waller, J. C. "Are You a Lazy Listener?" International . Journal of Religious Education, Vol. 24 (December, 1947), p. D. Lalsh, Mary E. "'It Is hritten' Has It," The Ministry, Vol. 37, No. 1 (January, 1964), p. 11. Walton, A. G. "Reconsider Religious Radio," Christian Century, Vol. 64 (September 10, 1947), pp. 1079;80. Welch, J. W. "Religious Broadcasting: Being a Sermon Before the University of Cambridge, 3 November 1942," Cambridge Review (14 November, 1942). Cambridge: Heffer,ll942. . "Religion and the Radio," The BBC Quarterly, Vol. 1, No. 3 (October, 1946), pp. 105-109. BBC: I945. heller, Mary, and Richmond, lee Joyce. "To Talk as Friends," Ave Maria (May IS, 1963), pp. 8-11. Interview with Father William Dunn about WBAI-TV'S program, "To Promote Good Will." Weniger, Charles E. "The Personality of Your Radio Voice," The Ministr , Vol. 22, No. 6 (June, 1949), pp. 25-27 (Part I5 and Vol. 22, No. 7 (July, 1949), pp. 9-10 (Part II). ‘Mestermann, Claus. "Rundfunkgemeinde und Kirchengemeinde," Kirche vor Mikrophon und Kamera, Munchen, 1959. "What About Christ?" Time, Vol. 65 (January 24, 1955), p. 44. '“hhat About Religious Doctrine on TV?" Christian Century. Vol. 68 (February 14, 1951), p. 195- 578 "that Constitutes Religious Education In Radio and Television? Lork-Study Group," Education on the Air, Institute for Education by Radio. Columbus: Ohio State University, 19439 pp’ 277‘55- ”hhiskery is do Father Mariano," Nepsweek, Vol. 51 (January 27, 1,5 ) 53- "nho Picks the Parson for the Raiio Parish?“ Christian Century, Vol. 43 (August 19, 1931), p. 1037. "tho hhould Be on the Air?" The Ministry, Vol. 22, No. 9 (September, 1949), pp. 32-53. A panel discussion. ”yhy Church IV is Needed," Christian Century, VOl- 56 (September 21, 1949), p. llO4L5. hickman, Paul. "The Air Arm of Evan elism,‘ Review and Herald, Vol. 130 (I 'ay 7, 1953), p. 19. I . . "Billy Grahanl X‘OW on ABC, " The Ministry, Vol. 24, ‘ O No? 1 (January, 1951), p. 26. __. . ”Broadcasting Transcriptions," The Ministry, Vol. 20, No. 1 (January, 1947), p. 34. "Commissions Chang ed to Department, " The Ministry, Vol. 22, No. 2 (February, 1949), pp. 27, 57. . "Faith for Today," Review and Herald, Vol. 123 (March 5, 1951), pp. -5. ___ . "Multiple Challenge of Radio," The Ministry, V61. 22, No. 6 (June, 1949), pp. 23-24. __1 ‘ . "Pioneering in Television," The Ministry, Vol. 23, No. 7 (July, 1950), p. 23. __, . "Ralio and Television Work for 1953," Review and 211731.21. Vol. 130. No. 3 (January 15, 1954), —""""""pp. 23-24. ___ ¥fi_. "Radio Evangelism Around the horld," Rgview and Herald, Vol. 129 (September 18, 1952), pp. 3-5. __. . "Radio--Our horld Evangelist, Review and Herald, V61. 123 (October 4, 1951), pp. 3-5. __e fi_. "Telecasting and Telestatus," The *Ministry, Vol. 24, No. 3 (March, 1951), pp. l4-15- ——— . "University of Chicago Radio horkshop," The Ministry, V61. 22, No. 11 (November, 1949). pp. 7-9. ‘."”1r.__... 579 . "hidening the Vistas of Radio," The Ministry, Vtfif. 19, No. 7 (June, 1946), pp. 21, 50. EailLliJanus, H. S. "Broadcastinr in the Pulpit, :omile tic Review, Vol. 35 (June, 192 5), pp. 451-32. lfiiJLLiean3, if. L. "S .11iiicance 0.. Radio and Audio Programs fkor IReligious Education," Religious Education, Vol. 41 (Vcovexnber, 1946), pp. 327-35. "hireless Fills Vacant Pulpit of Church,” 1 horld, Vol. 55 (Au*ust, 1921), p. 96 . a11t pulpit of Herron Avenie Presbyterian Cknxrch, Pittsbur :h, Pennsylvania, has filled through wiznelefs 1he1 the service at Calvary Episcopal Church, tezi miles di3t tant, was transmitted by wireless telephony. Minters, S. R. Illustrave ac "’13 11v ‘aitte, E1. "‘atholic Broadcasters A Lost Legion?" America, Vol. IUSO (February 7, 1959), pp. 544-45. tittenberg, tarren N. "A Youth Ralio PrOgram nture," The Ve Ziinistry, Vol. 22, No. 4 (April, 1949), pp. 9-10, 44, 46. hood, K. H. "The TV Quiz Scandal; Editorial," Review and Herald, Vol. 133 (December 17, 1959), pp. 5-4. Looller, K. J. "Relation of Radio to the Message," The ”inistry (January, 1943). “Lord from Monte Carlo," Time, Vol. 77 (May 5, 1961), p. 54. "torkshop Airs Religious TV-Radio Problems," Interchurch News, Vol. 1 (August, 1950), p. 4. ”tofiflnmp Defines Policies for Religious Radio," Christian Ckntury, Vol. 63 (September 11, 1946), p. 1034. ".erldcfi?Religi on," Television, Vol. 19 (August, 1962), pp. )2- 93- ‘”torLiTomorr Moe. Identified," The Ministry. V010 30: 30° 2 (February, 1957), p. 113. tright, Orville D. "Voice of Prophecy in Buffalo," The hhnstry, Vol. 13, No. 12 (November, 1945), p. 457 "Yfle Rmn Denounces Religious Radio," Christian Century, VdL 72 (March 13, 1955), p. 325. IMply given by O. C. J. Hoffmann, Vol. 72 (April 6, llifl. Po 425. Nh,Pomg Yun. "Radio Evangelism During Japanese Occupation," Thefinistry, Vol. 19, No. 5 (February, 1943), p. 5. ' a '.fi.h"Q-, 580 "H . Aaiio Evangelism in Lorth Lal , The Hinistry, V31. 17, 1:00 13 (::O VCYF 1198?, 17"PC)’ E}po 35--:00 Youngs, 11111as. "The ud4fi1t to .. e Vol. 19, 1o. 11 (September, 194: . “Radio and the Divine Commission,” The Hinistry (Harch, April, 1941). . "Radio Correspondence School Possibilities,” he Hinistry (October, 1943). Yount, David. "Small Voice in a Vast nasteland, ” Ave Haria (March 9, 1965), pp. 9-12. “iscussion of programs provided the three major ne works by the National Council of Catholic Hen. If "Your Pastor S These Times, Vol. C2 ( Question and Answer, e peaks ; epte 62b r. 1953). p. 30. (J) "'Your Radio Doctor' Tape Now Available," The Ministry, Vol. 29, Ho. 2 (Feoruary,1956), p. 20. Zimmermann, L. 3. "Leadership Education by Television," International Journal of Religious Education, Vol. 37 _§ion's Herald, Vol.133,.£o. ll (Hover oer, 1955), p. f. Zurcher, Jean. ”Our Hessace v b Radio in the Indian Ocean," Review and herald, Vol.1 ’3 [‘0 “<1 'C on the A1 ,"1HM32Cinistry, ’ 7 J J " a (Feoruary S, 1951), pp. 16-17. a .h p In“, 0‘ I." ' 580 1 w o —‘ o o ‘1- op . 'Rauio svangelism in north palaya, Vol. 1?, £0. 13 (Iovenber, 19df), pp. 35-30. Youngs, Dallas. "The Fight to Keep Vol. 19, lo. 11 (September, 194 ), pp. 32-33. . "Radio and the Divine Commission,” The Xinistry (Larch, April, 1941). . "Radio Correspondence School Possibilities,” The Hinistry (October, 1945). Yount, David. "Small Voice in a Vast hasteland,” Ave Earia (March 9, 1963), pp. 9-12. Discussion of programs provided the three major networks by the Xational Council of Catholic Hen. "Your Pastor Speaks; Question and Answer," These Times, Vol. 62 (September, 1953), p. 30. "'Your Radio Doctor' Ta es Now Available " The Hinistrr, / : Vol. 29, Ho. 2 (February, 1950), p. 20. A" Zimmermann, L. 3. "Leadership Education by Television," International Journal of Religious Education, Vol. 37 ‘(April, 1961), pp. 17-15. Zion's Herald, Vol.133,.fio. 11 (November, 1955), p. 3. Zurcher, Jean. ”Our Hessage y Radio in the Indian Ocean," b Review and Herald, Vol. 123 (February 3, 1951), pp. 16-17. VI. Other Un ublished XimeOQra hed, 9 \S And Eiscellaneous Haterials Adkins, Luther. "Building a Local Listening Audience." Fort horth, Texas: hBAP-AH-FM-TV, n.d. One sheet, mimeographed. Tips on building a local listening audience. [REAP is owned and operated by the ¥ Southern Baptists--Adkins is manager.) . 1 a." Fort Worth, 1 ”Planning a Radio or TV Prograz Texas: REAP-AH-FK-TV, n.d. One sheet, mimeographed. radio or TV program. Twelve tips on planning a . "Presenting a Radio or TV Program." Fort Worth, . Texas: REAP-AM-FM-TV, n.d. One sheet, mimeographed. A list of tips for people presenting a radio or television program. "ABC Programs and Advertising American Broadcasting Company. Policies," September, 1955. Beahan, Rev. Hugh Hichael. "1958 Survey of Diocesan Radio and TV Broadcasting with Supplementary Study of National Programs." Grand Rapids, Michigan: Diocesan Office of Radio and Television, 1958. An unpublished survey of Catholic radio and television Programming in the U. S. made by the diocesan directors Of broadcasting in New York City. Mimeographed. .Brackbi11, (flmudes, Jr. "Broadcast Training Reconsidered: a iBackgrbund Paper." New York: Division of Radio and ‘Television, United Presbyterian Church in the United 13tates of America, October 1, 1962. .A philosophical reconsideration of the problems of Ifliligious broadcasting, especially relating to training, ‘mlgether with recommendations. Mimeographed, 24 p. "Division of Radio and Television Field Uork Policy." Chicmnya: Division of Radio and Television, United Presby- terd£n1 Church in the United States of America, September 12: 1962. Ibists the four major goals for field work adopted at Ehe Chitober, 1961, meeting of the division; lists, also, 1e INDlicy for the realization of the four major goals. I"13190Sraphed, 6 pages . 581 582 . "Suggested Standards for Local Council Broadcast- hnh" New York: Division of Radio and Television, United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America. (September, 1951). (N'meographed, 3 p.) Standards developed by the executives for religious broadcasting from a number of councils of churches, including major areas of concern for effective local broadcasting and intended to be both specific and general enough to be adopted or adapted by local organizations. Brown, James A., S. J. "Review of Literature; Materials and Procedures.” (Chapter II of a Dissertation in progress concerned with policies of the Roman Catholic Church toward the use of broadcasting by the church.) Los Angeles: University of Southern California, 1963. "Constitution and Bylaws, Statement of Faith, Code of Ethics." hashington, D. C.: National Religious Broadcasters, : Incorporated, n.d., 9 p. (Mimeographed). ‘md‘i Crossland, E. M. "Report of a Survey of Methodist Religious Radio Broadcasting in the Baltimore Annual Conference." Westminster, Maryland: Westminster Theological Seminary, June 6, 1956. "Denominational Broadcasting Policy." New York: United Presbyterian Church, n.d. Doody, Edward G. and Company. "Size and Characteristics of the Quiz-A—Catholic Audience, March and April, 1958." St. Louis: Prepared for Archbishop Joseph E. Ritter, September 4, 1958 (Mimeographed). Survey of local audiences for Catholic religious programming. Essex, Frederick. "The Social and Religious Dynamics of the Mass Media Seen at Close Range." Paper read before the Baptist Joint Committee on Public Affairs, Washington, D. Co, MaI‘Ch 6, 19630 This four-page paper is available only from the author. Federal Council of Churches of Christ in America and Greater jNew York Federation of Churches. "Annual Report of Religious Radio Broadcasting Under Protestant Leadership for the Year 1929." Presented to the National Broad- casting Company. Signed Frank C. Goodman, Executive Radix) Secretary. (10 Mimeographed pages.) Foreign Missions Conference of North America. "Report of the Special Radio Project (Non-Network Stations) Conducted 'ay Foreign Missions Conference of North America, Spring, 1938." 27 p. 583 'Sbncthnusand Structure of the NLC Radio and Television Demnmment." New York: National Lutheran Council, Demniment of Radio and Television, November, 1959. (Mimeographed) Geanay,va. John, C.S.P. [Final title not yet chosen at time of present report. Work still in progress] M.A., St. Paul's College, Washington, D. C., 1963 (approx.) A study of Father Coughlin. (Mil, Donald H. "Study Released by Religious Broadcasters." Hashington, D. C.: National Religious Broadcasters, Inc., January 23, 1963. (Mimeographed, l p.) A news release concerning a study of the National Religious Broadcasters, Inc., dealing primarily with finances and numbers of hours of broadcast time pur- chased, etc. "Hollywood Feature Films Telecast in the New York Area, 1954, 1955, 1956, 1957." New York: Office of Radio and Tele- vision Communications of the Archdiocese of New York, 1958.(Mime0graphed) Legion of Decency ratings for films broadcast on local television stations in New York from 1954 to 1957. Kellam de Forest Research Service. "Extent of Catholic Pro- gramming in the United States." New York: Office of Radio and Television Communications of the Archdiocese of New York, 1956. (Mimeographed) An unpublished survey of Catholic radio and television programming in the U. 3. made by the diocesan directors of broadcasting in New York City. . "Religious Film Production Survey, October 19, I956." New York: Office of Radio and Television Com- munications of the Archdiocese of New York, 1956. (Mimeographed) Survey of religious film production. "Looking for'a.Spot?" St. Louis: Lutheran Television Pro- ductions, n.d. A small promotions leaflet for the "This is the Life" television series. Intended for stimulation of a Llarger'listenership among viewers. LeMay, Keith. "Study of Relative Effectiveness of General Viewing and Organized Group Viewing of Religious Broad- castms: Supplementation of Broadcasts with Face-to-Face Cknntact." East Lansin , Michigan: Michigan State Univer- situr, November 1961. Duplicated, available only from author] Cknnpilation of research data on supplementation of brmnmdcasts with discussions and recommendations for them. "A Manualcfi'lnformation for Lutheran Hour Keymen and Coopera- tors." A Report prepared by the administrative officers of‘the Lutheran Hour. St. Louis, 1949. "The Methodist Church and Mass Communication; Report of the Consultation-workshop of Annual Conference Television, Radio and Film Commission Chairmen, Cincinnati, Ohio, October 9-ll, 1956." Nashville: Television, Radio and Film Commission, 1956. "Audience Reaction to Indictment Millard, William J., Jr. Texas: Millard (A.Race Relations Film)." Austin, Research Associates, Ltd., 1959. Available only upon authorization of the executive director of the Division of Radio and Television of the United Presbyterian Church in the United States of .America and the author. "Audience Response to Religious Drama on Sponsored Texas: Millard Research .Program Series." Austin, .Associates, Ltd., 1960. Available only upon authorization of the executive ciirector of the Division of Radio and Television of the {hiited Presbyterian Church in the United States of .America and the author. __. "Audience Survey: Frontiers of Faith." Austin, firexas: Millard Research Associates, Ltd., 1961. Available only upon authorization of the executive (director of the Division of Radio and Television of the Lhiited Presbyterian Church in the United States of America and the author. __. "Frontiers of Faith: A Study of Audience Reaction." Agustin, Texas: Millard Research Associates, Ltd., 1955. Available only upon authorization of the executive (Lirector of the Division of Radio and Television of the Lniited Presbyterian Church in the United States of America and the author. 4__. "On the State of Network Religious Programming." Agustin, Texas: Millard Research Associates, Ltd., 1960. .Available only upon authorization of the executive ciizwector of the Division of Radio and Television of the Lnrited.Puesbyterian Church in the United States of Annerica and the author. —— . "A Pre-Test of Cuban Documentary Films." Austin, Was: Millard Research Associates, Ltd., 1963. [For'religious telecast] Available only upon authori- zafixion of the executive director of the Division of Eaadixa and Television of the United Presbyterian Church in ‘the United States of America and the author. .._.___— ‘ ‘ a " x i, . 0 man‘““‘ 535 "Research Report on Man to Man." Austin, Texas: Mfldard Research Associates, Ltd., lygr. Awfllable only upon authorization of the executive dimxmor of the Division of Radio and Television of the Unhmd Presbyterian Church in the United States of America and the author. Ar-f-y ' Pelham "A Research Report on This is the Life.’ January, Mamnx New York: Millard Research Associates, 1958. Emcellent audience analysis study on This is the Life. It Lsa.laboratory study utilizing a complete questionnaire maitelevac equipment with two carefully stratified mrfiences at two occasions when four This is the Life mmitwo Crossroads films were shown. Available only for approved purposes and upon written permission of the Intheran Church-Missouri Synod, Rev. Eugene R. Berter- mann, Director, Television Productions, 210 S. Broadway, St. Louis 2, Missouri. "A Research Study of Crimes and Crimes (Pre-test Millard Research of a religious drama)." Austin, Texas: Associates, Ltd., 1962. Available only upon authorization of the executive director of the Division of Radio and Television of the United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America and the author. "Study of a Public Service Campaign, One Nation Texas: Millard Research Associates, Under God." Austin, flan 1961. Available only upon authorization of the executive director of the Division of Radio and Television of the United Presbyterian Church in the United States of America and the author. . "Study of the Influence of Sponsorship of Willing- ness to Watch Network Television Programs." Austin, Texas: Millard Research Associates, Ltd., 1963. ‘Available only upon authorization of the executive director'of the Division of Radio and Television of the Ihrited Presbyterian Church in the United States of America and'mmaauthor. "Thirty-nine Propositions in Respect to Effective Religious Program Production." Austin, Texas: Millard Research Associates, Ltd., 1963. .Available only upon authorization of the executive director of the Division of Radio and Television of the Thiitexi Presbyterian Church in the United States of America and the author. { i—__‘_—',-| ' 586 'foicecfiTCommunication, The United Church of Christ - To thetbmmittee on Interdenominational Cooperation of the Bnnflcasting and Film Commission." New York: Office of mmmmnication, The United Church of Christ, 1961. (Limeographed) Parker,2hmrett C., and Snyder, Ross. ”How is Religion Using Radio?”:n.p.: The Joint Radio Committee of the Congrega- tional Christian, Methodist, and Presbyterian U. S. A. Churches, 1946. (Mimeographed) A study of religious broadcasting by Councils of Churches in the United States, and of training in radio being offered by Theological Seminaries. ea . "A Statement of Communication Policy - The Office of Communication, 1961." New York: Office of Communica- tion, The United Church of Christ, 1951. (Mimeographed) “...-__., -.;J._- —¢__ 4.. ' Perrow, Maxwell V. "A Compilation of Protestant Broadcasting ' Policies of Ten Major Denominations in the United States r and Canada." Los Angeles: University of Southern Cali- fornia, June 5-16, 1961. "Policies of American Broadcasting Stations with Respect to Political Broadcasts, Sale of Time for Controversial Issues, and Acceptability of Products or Services Adver- tised." Ohio State University, 1948. Some discussion of sale of religious time for con- troversial issues. "Policy Statement for the Radio and Television Committee of the American Baptist Convention." New York: Radio and Television Department, November 11, 1958. (Mimeographed) "Policy Statement to TRAFCO Annual Meeting, March 9, 1961." Nashville, Tennessee (1525 McGavock Street): Television, Radio, and Film Commission, The Methodist Church. (Mimeographed.) jPottle, Herbert L. "Report on Radio and TV Policy." Toronto, { (hdtario (85 St. Clair Ave., E.): Board of Information 1 and Stewardship, United Church of Canada, May 5, 1959. (Mimeographed) .Proggnmn Rating Sheets. New York: Broadcasting and Film Com- znission, National Council of Churches, n.d. "Purmmume and Program of Department of Press, Radio and Tele- 'ViSiODJ" New York: United Lutheran Church in America (ZIEI Madison Avenue), Adopted by ULCA Executive Board, Jenniary 27, 1957. (Mimeographed) / haporton Broadcasting to the Annual Meeting of the Board of ( Information and Stewardship of the United Church of Cmmfla, March, 1951." Toronto, Ontario: United Church of Canada Berkeley Studio (3 5 Queen Street East). (Mimeographed) Roahmmn, Haddon. An Analysis of Audience Attitudes Toward Religious Radio and Television Programs. New York: Division of Radio and Television, The United Presbyterian Church, U. S. A., June, 1962. (Mimeographed, 13 p.) A reprint of a study of Urbana, Illinois, of the C. questionnaire type of audience survey with BC samples. :.—A "'3' ..L't! Shannon, Joyce M. "laymen's Hour Promotion Kit." Los Angeles (6515 Sunset, Suite 403), 1954. A series of various promotion materials for Th2_£gy; men's Hour radio series. SPencer, Barry C. "Memo re: Policy Statement Adopted by EC at the Annual Meeting in February, 1960." Nashville 3, Tennessee: 1525 McGavock Street), The Methodist Church. (Mimeographed) "Statement Adopted by the National Council, Protestant Epis- copal Church, October 13-l5, 1959." New York: Radio and Television Division, Church Missions House (281 Park Avenue South). "A Statement of Purposes and Policies of Broadcasting by and in the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod." New York: Depart- ment of Public Relations, The Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod (2112 Broadway), June, 1957. (Mimeographed) N.,, inree Ehmiio Messages for our Time." New York: Division of Radio and Television, United Presbyterian Church in the [hiited States of America, n.d. .A promotion kit for the Freberg spots. Contains :recorded (7 inch, 33 RPM) message from Stan Freberg about 13M; three religious spot radio announcements he wrote and Pfxxiuced for the UPCUSA. Also included is a recording of tne tfliree spots and promotion material-~schedule, fact sheetns, text of the spots, reprints of articles about the SPWVCS, and a copy of a recent issue of Presbyterian :2roeuicaster devoted to these spots. p Iowafd Defining the Role of Radio and Television in the .uisfixion or the Church; Strategy Paper No. 2." Chicago: Divnnsion of Radio and Television, United Presbyterian defrgh in the United States of America, n.d. (Mimeographed, y. ‘ Cknicerns itself with the purposes of the church in DrOadCasting; concludes they are reinforcement and ‘ recmnistruction. "hmmud Reaching the Intended Audience; Strategy Paper No. l. 588 H Chicago: Division of Radio and Television, United Pres- byterian Church in the U. 3. A., n.d. (Mimeographed, 6 p.) A brief summary of recent thinking in the field of religious broadcasting, with suggested recommendations. Tower, Howard F "Interdenominational Cooperation in Broad- U. casting, Present Situation, Operatingi Molic , and Some Press Problems." Nashville 3, Tennessee: For Considera- tion by Advisory Council, The Methodist Church (1525 ImGa vock Street), February 1, 1951. (Mimeographed) Trendex, Inc. "Trendex Special Report: Survey of the Reli- "who gious Pro wraa Audience, May L 57." New York: Prepared for Office of Radio and Television, Communications of the Archdiocese of New York, 1957. (Mimeographed) Survey made of the national program audience for 1 Catholic religious programming. ' Listens to the Religious Broadcast?" Abilene Christian College, December 7, 1954. A two-page mimeographed compilation of pertinent facts about the audience for religious broadcasts com- piled from twelve studies involving three different kinds of approaches: 1) Summers' and Hahn's studies of Iowa and Kansas, 2) Studies by National Opinion Research Center of the entire population and a study by the Department of Agriculture, and 3) Nielsen material on three national programs. hroblewski, Rev. Edward D., C.S.P. "The Catholic Hour: An Historical Survey of the Church' First Official Use of Radio and Television in America." M.A., St. Paul's College, Washington, D. C., 1962. This study was still in progress in 1962. The study outlines the extent of religious programming on the American networks and the Protestant influence therein prior to Catholic participation in national broadcasting, the developing organization and pro; ram policy of Thg Catholic Hour on :IBC radio from 1930 to 1950 and on NBC rad.i;3 anmi telxrris ic r1 fTOPG 1930 to .19CC. .LZLCl‘ 1:21 is 2:. analysis of tre 1ds in chan ing content, ioruat, and par-icipant. through the three decades. The study also discusses the industry relations between broadcastilg statixius all networks on the one Ixuni, and NCCM's Depart- Iment (sf Radio and Television on the other.