THE ROLE QF 'FHE BAPTEST PARiSH METER
EN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN

Them M the» EM 6‘ Pk. £36.
MECHEGM‘E EETATE UNWERSWY
fiamm W. @5639:
396-5

 

 

 

THESIS

 

LIBRARY

Michigan State
University

 

This is to certify that the

thesis entitled

The Role of The Baptist Parish Minister
In the State of Michigan

presented by

James w. Didier

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

Ph. D. Guidance & Counseling

degree in

{flerfir 5', /1;/ur{;£71.

/,/ Major Wessor

DateQ’ax/Zfi fl7.//fl646‘
/ d ’

0-169

 

 

 

ABSTRACT

THE ROLE CF THE BAPTIST PARISH MINTSTER
IN THE STATE OF MICHTGAN

by James W. Didier

It is generally believed that Protestant ministers
are experiencing uneasiness and confusion concerning the
role of the pastor. Also, it is generally believed that
laymen are quite uncertain concerning the role of the
pastor. An unfavorable trend of recruitment for the
ministry, and an increasing exodus from the pastorate are
believed to be partly due to these conditions. This study
was conceived as an effort to help determine and undere
stand the extent of this uncertainty, uneasiness, and
confusion.

Comparative information was gathered concerning
expectations and perceptions of eXpectations held for the
role of the Baptist pastor by pastors and significant
others. The two general problems of the study were (a) to
determine and examine the differences in expectations that
significant others hold for the professional role of the
Baptist parish minister, and (b) to determine and examine
the Michigan Baptist parish ministers' perception of
expectations that significant others hold for this role,

A basic hypothesis and a set of sub—hypotheses were

James W. Didier

established concerning the differences between the expecta—
tions of (a) pastors, (b) pastors’ wives, (c) church
deacons, and (d) church educators. Also tested were
differences between the expectations of significant others
and these eXpectations as perceived by pastors.

A secondary problem was to identify relationships
between expectations of significant others, and relations
ships between Baptist pastors“ perceptions of the expecta-
tions of significant others, on the basis of the variables,
(a) minister's age, (b) minister‘s education, (c) size of
church membership, and (d) type of community. A second
basic hypothesis and subehypotheses were established to
test these relationships.

The data were obtained by the mailed questionnaire
technique, utilizing two instruments develOped for the
study. Each instrument contained 36 items concerning pros
fessional activities of the Baptist pastor, divided into
six role areas. ltems called for response on a five point
scale ranging from Absolutely Must to Absolutely Must Not.
Instrument l was completed by all four position groups.
Instrument ll, dealing With perceptions of expectations,
was completed by the pastors. Packets were mailed to the
churches of the Michigan Baptist Convention and the Detroit
Association of American Baptist Churches. Usable question?
naires were returned from 134 churches, for a 75% response.

The chi square statistic was used in the interpositional

James W. Didier

analysis of data, yielding a measure of divergence, conflict,
and inconsonance. Variance was used in the intrapositional
analysis, yielding a measure of group consensus.-

The first basic hypothesis was generally supported,
with most divergence existing between the groups pastors
and deacons (differences on 19 of the 36 items), while-
least divergence was shown between deacons and educators
(one item). Group homogeneity tended to produce more”cone
sensus. Pastors perceived more interpositional differences
than in fact existed; they experience more role conflict
than would be the case if they were more accurate in-their
perceptions. There was also a high incidence of difference
between the expectations of significant others and these
expectations as perceived by pastors. No distinct pattern
of response emerged on the basis of role areas. From
inspection of the data it was discovered that pastors cone.
sistently believed that significant others tend to be more'
conservative, demanding, and restrictive than was the case.
Pastors tended to respond in ways that indicate a desire
for more autonomy and self direction than they perceive'
that significant others would allow.

The second basic hypothesis was partially supported.
The most operative variable was minister‘s education.

There were no trends of accuracy of perception based on the

variables under study.

James W. Didier

Observations recorded on the back of the instruments
by respondents tended to confirm commonly held beliefs
concerning role conflict as experienced in the ministry.
Ministers and wives expressed the desire for more self
determination for the pastors; deacons and educators tended
to express a need for more lay control. Some of these

comments were particularly pointed and emphatic.

THE ROLE OF THE BAPTIST PARISH MINISTER

IN THE STATE OF MICHIGAN

By
\k '-

’.\
4

James wf Didier

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Counseling, Personnel Services
and Educational Psychology

College of Education

1965

I am entrusted with a sacred commission. . .Though
being free from anyone‘s control, I have made
myself servant unto all, that I might win more

men to Christ. . .Actually, I have become all
things to all men, that by all means I might win
some to God. Now I want to play my role in this
prOperly. . .I do not strive aimlessly, but with

purpose, discipline and determination.

From a letter of the
Apostle Paul to the
Church of God at Corinth

ii

VITA
James William Didier
candidate for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

Final Examination: July 27, 1965, 9:00 A.M.
Outline of Studies:
Major Subject: Guidance and Counseling
Minor Subjects: Psychology, Higher Education
Biographical Items:
Born, December 25, 1932, Berkeley, Michigan
Married to Joan M. Meylan, August 7, 195A
Ordained to the Christian Ministry, January 17, 1960
Undergraduate Studies:

Bay City Junior College, Bay City, Michigan, l950v52
Fort Wayne Bible College, Fort Wayne, Indiana, 1952—54
Alma College, Alma, Michigan, 1954—55, A.B.

Graduate Studies:

Northern Baptist Theological Seminary, Chicago,
Illinois, 1955-58, B.D. (Thesis: An Evangelism
Survey of the Chicago Baptist Association);

1958—59, Th. M. (Thesis: Social Service and
Group Dynamics as Methods of Local Church Evangelism)
Michigan State University, 1959—65

Experience in Education:

Youth Director, First Baptist Church, Bellwood, Illinois,
1955-57.

Instructor, Northern Baptist Theological Seminary,
1958-59-

Graduate Assistant, Bureau of Educational Research,
Michigan State University, 1959-60. Counseling
internship, Counseling Center, Michigan State
University, 1961-62. Director, American Baptist
Student Foundation at Michigan State University,
l960—-. Director, Christian Higher Education,
Michigan Baptist Convention, l964—-.

iii

Memberships:

University Baptist Church, East Lansing, Michigan;

Phi Theta Kappa National Honor Society; Religious
Education Association; American Personnel and

Guidance Association; American College Personnel
Association; National Vocational Guidance Association;
Michigan Personnel and Guidance Association; Phi
Delta Kappa Educational Fraternity; National Campus
Ministry Association; American Baptist Educational
Association; American Educational Research Association.

iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The writer wishes to express grateful and sincere
appreciation to all who have contributed to the development
and completion of this study, but especially to:

Dr. John E. Jordan, my guidance committee chairman,
for his encouragement throughout, and particularly
for his careful examination of the early drafts of
this study;

Dr. Wilbur B. Brookover, for many valued suggestions
in the planning and execution of the research
phases of this study;

Dr. Carl Gross, for his continued interest, and for
his final review of the manuscript;

Dr. Buford Stefflre, for his initial counsel, and
for his final review of the manuscript;

Dr. Arthur L. Farrell and Dr. Selwyn Smith, American
Baptist executives, for their good will and
co-Operation;

Mrs. Gladys Olds Anderson, who expressed confidence
in the value of this study by her personal interest
and financial support;

the many pastors, wives and lay leaders of the
Baptist churches in Michigan, whom I have come to
know and understand so much better because of this
study;

my wife, Joan, and my son, Mark, whose frequent
expressions of love, confidence and encouragement
during the days of the manuscript will always be
remembered.

to my wife, Joan

and oldest son, Mark

vi

VITA

TABLE OF CONTENTS

0 O O 0 0

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

LIST OF TABLES. . . . .

LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF APPENDICES

Chapter

I.

II.

III.

THE PROBLEM

Introduction .

General Purpose of the Study.
Significance of the Study.
Statement of the Problem
Hypotheses.

Definition of Terms.
Statement of Sub- problems.
Limitations of the Study
Organization of the Thesis

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Definition of the Pastor's Role.
Appraisal of Significant Others.
Allocation of Time . .

Anxiety, Conflict and Tension .
Ministerial Recruitment and Withdrawal
Research Methodology

Summary.

METHODS AND PROCEDURES. . . . . .

Preliminary Investigation.
Population. . . . . . .
DevelOpment of the Instruments
Procedures of Securing Responses
Data Analysis.

vii

Page

iii

viii

ix

IV. PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS

Pattern of Response .
Outline of Presentation of. Data

Findings Related to the Two General Problems.

First General Problem—~Differences in
Expectations

Second General Problem--Differences in
Perception of Expectations

Differences in Expectations and Per—
ceptions and Expectations .

Discussion of Findings Related to the
Two General Problems . . .

Findings Related to the Secondary Problem.

Age of Parish Minister as a Variable

Education of Parish Minister as a
Variable

Size of Church Membership as a Variable

Type of Community as a Variable .

Discussion of Findings Related to the
Secondary Problem . .

Other Observations

Refusals to Co- operate .
Remarks Recorded on the Instruments.

V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . .

Summary
.Conclusions.

Methodology.

Basic Hypothesis 1

Item by Item Inspection.
Basic Hypothesis 2 .
Other Observations

Implications
Implications for the Work of the Pastor

and for the Work of the Church.
Implications for Role Theory

viii

Page
75
75
77

77

83

89

92
109
110
112
113
1114
119
127
127
129
135

135
1140

11:0
140
1A2
114A
145

1A5

1146
1148

Chapter Page

Recommendations . . . . . . . . . 1A9
Recommendations for Further Research . 150
Recommendations for Denominational

Action. . . . . . . . . . . 153
REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . I56
APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16A

ix

Table

LIST OF TABLES

Role area divergence and role divergence of
position group pairings.

Role area variance and role variance of
position groups . . . . . . . .

Role area conflict and role conflict of
position group pairings.

Role area variance and role variance of
position groups as perceived by ministers.

Role area inconsonance and role inconsonance of
position group pairings. . . . . . . .

Number of parish ministers according to age

Number of parish ministers according to
educational level. . . . . . . . . .

Number of churches according to total membership
Number of churches according to community type

Number of chi squares at the .05 level of
significance occurring in the comparison of
the responses of the position groups divided
according to minister's age, minister's
education, size of church membership, and
type of community. . . . . . . .

Page

80

8A

86

89

91
111

112
114

115

119

Figure

LIST OF FIGURES

Design of interpositional analysis

Role convergence - divergence of position
group pairings

Role congruence — conflict of position
group pairings

Role consonance - inconsonance of position
group pairings

xi

Page

82

88

92

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix

A List of Jury Members

B Instruments Used in the Study

C Correspondence Used in the Study

D Expectations and Perceptions of Expectations
Held by Significant Others for Professional
Activities of the Baptist Parish Minister

E Expectation Convergence - Divergence of
Position Group Pairings . . .

F Expectation Congruence — Conflict of Position
Group Pairings

G Expectation Consonance - Inconsonance of
Position Group Pairings

H Position Group Responses According to Minis-

ister's Age, Minister's Education, Size

of Church Membership, and Type of Community.

xii

Page
165
167
l76
185
204

211

218

224

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

 

Although the Protestant minister is engaged in the
oldest and one of the best established professions, there
is today a general uneasiness among members of this pro—
fession—~an uneasiness largely attributed to a general
lack of clear expectations concerning his professional
role. In most situations, the Protestant minister works
without a clear understanding of what is expected of him.
He is quite aware of the complexity of society, and of the
accelerated rate of change taking place in society. One
of the demands of his profession is that he deal con—
structively and helpfully with people, in spite of their
varied and changing life situations.

Conventions and traditions are changing so rapidly,
however, that frequently the minister is faced with the
disconcerting realization that the pattern of his ministry
is outmoded and irrelevant--his parishioners are moving
far ahead of him into new and strange patterns of work,
leisure and worship. He becomes victimized by contradictory
expectations of persons who are both within and without
the membership of his church. He is confused. He has

1

R)

difficulty in formulating clear directions, purposes and
goals for himself and for his church.

Professional Journals and popular periodicals abound
with references to this condition of uneasiness and con-
fusion. It is widely recognized, both in and out of the
minister's profession.

This general condition complicates the problem of
securing qualified men to fill Protestant pulpits. Per—
ceptive college students sense the uneasiness and confusion
and resulting insecurity of their own ministers. Seminary
students in increasing numbers are selecting curricular
offerings that will prepare them for specializations in
the ministry, and, once graduated from seminary, these
same men move directly into specialized ministries such
as the military Chaplaincy, public relations, university
and institutional Chaplaincy, denominational administration,
religious journalism, religious education, stewardship
promotion, and clinical pastoral counseling. Many who
have served for years in the pastorate are Joining the
increasing exodus from the parish ministry into these
specialized branches of church-related work. Denominational
officials find it difficult to secure men to fill the
increasing number of vacant pastorates. At the same time,
it is customary for a number of candidates to apply for

open positions within the various specializations.

This movement of pastors into specialized fields of
service has had a proportionately adverse effect upon
recruitment for the ministry. There now exists a very
widespread shortage of qualified and trained clergymen
for the Protestant churches of the United States. At the
same time, there are unprecedented numbers of students
preparing themselves for careers in related, but secular
fields, such as education and social work.

If the parish minister is adequately to meet the
demands being placed upon him, and if he is effectively to
minister among his parishioners, his role must be
identified and understood by himself as well as by the
persons among whom he lives and works. His many and complex
responsibilities, activities and relationships should be
agreed upon and set forth as definitely as possible. The
expectations he has for his professional activities must
coincide to a considerable degree with the expectations
of his wife and associates if he is to gain satisfaction
and reward, respect and response.

American Baptists share these concerns. There is a
widespread dissatisfaction among Baptist pastors. Many
are leaving the pastorate for other areas of specialized
ministries. There is a shortage of men to replace retiring
ministers and to fill the pulpits of the new Baptist

churches that are now being built.

Within the "free church" polity of American Baptists
there are many persons holding expectations for the
professional role of the parish minister. Among these
are the ministers' wives, the church deacons, the church
lay educators, and colleagues, or fellow pastors.

It is readily understood that the Baptist parish
minister might very well become frustrated and discouraged
in his work if (a) his eXpectations differ significantly
from those of his wife, the deacons and educators of his
church, and his colleagues in other churches, or if (b)
he perceives that there is a significant difference between
the expectations of his wife, the deacons, the educators,

or his colleagues.

General Purpose of the Study

 

This study is an attempt to help determine and

understand the nature of the anxiety and confusion con—
cerning the role of the pastor that exists today among

Baptist ministers and significant others.

Significance of the Study

 

The findings of this study could be used to help
Baptist pastors better understand their role. These
findings could be used to help laymen better understand
the role of their pastor. Such understandings should
bring about better communication, an increase in Job

satisfaction, a reduction in the exodus from the parish

ministry, and solutions to some of the problems faced in

the recruitment of men for the ministry. Baptist seminaries
and other institutions might use these data and findings

to assist them in their work of training ministers.

Although not strictly applicable to other denominations,

the findings should be of interest to them, and could

stimulate similar studies among these religious bodies.

Statement of the Problem

 

The two general problems of the study are (a) to
determine and examine the differences in expectations that
Michigan Baptist parish ministers, wives of Michigan
Baptist parish ministers, Michigan Baptist deacons and
Michigan Baptist educators hold for the professional role
of the Baptist parish minister, and (b) to determine and
examine the Michigan Baptist parish ministers“ perception
of expectations that the four position groups hold for

the professional role of the Baptist parish minister.

Hypotheses

 

There are two basic hypotheses of this study. The first
basic hypothesis has three related sub—hypotheses. The sec—

ond basic hypothesis had four related sub—hypotheses.

Basic Hypotheses

 

I. There are differences (a) between the expectae
tions of significant others (divergence), (b) between the

expectations of significant others as perceived by the

incumbent of a position (conflict), and (c) between the
expectations of significant others and these expectations
as perceived by an incumbent of a position (inconsonance).
2. Factors inherent in a group or in a group's
environment (background variables) affect the expectations
and the perceptions of expectations that the group holds

for an incumbent of a position.

Sub-hypotheses

 

Three sub-hypotheses emerge from the first basic
hypothesis. These subehypotheses deal with differences
according to selected groups of significant others, and
the incumbent, Baptist parish minister:

1. There are differences between (a) Michigan Baptist
parish ministers, (b) wives of Michigan Baptist parish
ministers, (c) Michigan Baptist deacons, and (d) Michigan
Baptist educators on the expectations held for the profess
sional role of the Baptist parish minister.

2. There are differences between (a) the perceptions
that Michigan Baptist parish ministers have of the expectas
tions held by Baptist parish ministers for the professional
role of the Baptist parish minister, (b) the perceptions
that Michigan Baptist parish ministers have of the expectae
tions held by wives of Baptist parish ministers for the
professional role of the Baptist parish minister, (c) the
perceptions that Michigan Baptist parish ministers have of

the expectations held by Baptist deacons for the professional

role of the Baptist parish minister, and (d) the perceptions
that Michigan Baptist parish ministers have of the expectae
tions held by Baptist educators for the professional role

of the Baptist parish minister.

3. There are differences between (a) Michigan
Baptist parish ministers“ expectations and (b) Michigan
Baptist parish ministers“ perceptions of Baptist parish
ministers' expectations held for the professional role
of the Baptist parish minister; there are differences
between (a) Michigan Baptist parish ministers“ wives“
expectations and (b) Michigan Baptist parish ministersb
perceptions of Baptist parish ministersb wives‘ expectations
held for the professional role of the Baptist parish
minister; there are differences between (a) Michigan \
Baptist deacons“ expectaions and (b) Michigan Baptist
parish ministers‘ perceptions of Baptist deacons' expecta—
tions held for the professional role of the Baptist parish
minister; there are differences between (a) Michigan
Baptist educators‘ expectations and (b) Michigan Baptist
parish ministers‘ perceptions of Baptist educators'
expectations held for the professional role of the Baptist
parish minister.

Figure 1 presents graphically the above three sub-
hypotheses. Each connecting line in the figure indicates
that the connected boxes are tested for incompatibility

of each item. The upper bank of boxes (M, W, D, E)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

* * * * * * * * * * Convergence _ Divergence * * * * * * * * * *
x
a
a x x a x s x a x * * x x x x x x a s x x
a a x
1' II * II ‘
H 1! * t!
m u * w x u x x x x * *nx * x x x x x x x a H
O H ' H ' H
c
‘9 II II It
s
O H II It
2 n H N
O u n H
0
C2 1! II n
H I! II 1'
' l! n t!
(1) (1 II n
8 u H II
(g I! II II
0 II II II
(a II _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ii _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ II
8 II I II ' n
" II I II I H
II " I H I II
Mp - — - - — - - Wp F - - - - - — Dp _ — - — - - # Ep
I I I I
I l I I
I I-— _ - _ _ - _ _ _ _ _ _ ______ L I
I I
I I
I- - - - - - - - - - Congruence — Conflict ————————— - I
M — Minister's Expectations Mp — Minister's Perceptions of
9. Ministers‘ Expectations
W - Wives' Expectations Wp - Ministers' Perceptions of
Wives' Expectations
D - Deacons' Expectations Dp - Ministers' Perceptions of
‘ Deacons' Expectations
E - Educator's Expectations Ep — Ministers' Perceptions of

Educators' Expectations

Figure l.-- Design of interpositional analysis

 

comprises the responses of the position groups to the items
of Instrument I (Expectation Questionnaire). The lower
bank of boxes (Mp, Wp, Dp, Ep) comprises the responses to
the items of Instrument II (Perception of Expectations
Questionnaire). There are sixteen tests for each of the

36 items, or a totalcfi‘576 chi squares computed in this
interpositional analysis of data.

Four sub—hypotheses emerge from the second basic
hypothesis. These sub-hypotheses deal with the four
background variables as related to the expectations of
significant others, and to the expectations of significant
others as perceived by the incumbent, Baptist parish
minister:

4. There are differences in (a) the expectations of
significant others, and in (b) the expectations of
significant others as perceived by Baptist parish ministers,
when these expectations and when these perceptions are
grouped on the basis of the variable minister‘s age.

5. There are differences in (a) the expectations
of significant others, and in (b) the expectations of
significant others as perceived by Baptist parish ministers,
when these expectations and when these perceptions are

grouped on the basis of the variable minister‘s education.

 

6. There are differences in (a) the expectations of
significant others, and in (b) the expectations of signi—

ficant others as perceived by Baptist parish ministers, when

10

these expectations and when these perceptions are grouped

on the basis of the variable size of church membership.

 

7. There are differences in (a) the expectations of
significant others, and in (b) the expectations of
significant others as perceived by Baptist parish ministers,
when these expectations and when these perceptions are

grouped on the basis of the variable type of community.

 

There are 32 tests for each of the 36 items, or a
total of 1152 chi squares computed in the analysis of

data related to the second basic hypothesis.

Definition of Terms

 

Position.——A position is the location of an actor or
class of actors in a system of social relationships. In
this study we are concerned primarily with the occupational
position of the Baptist parish minister (pastor).

Expectation.~—An expectation is an evaluation standard

 

applied to an incumbent of a position.
Role.--A role is a set of expectations applied to an
incumbent of a particular position.

Significant others.-—In this study, significant

 

others will refer to (a) colleagues (fellow Michigan Baptist
parish ministers), (b) wives of Michigan Baptist parish
ministers, (c) Michigan Baptist deacons, and (d) Michigan
Baptist educators. The positions of significant others

shall also be referred to as position groups.

 

11

Perception.-—Perception refers to the comprehension

 

that an incumbent has of the expectations that are applied
to his position. In this study we are concerned with the
perceptions that the Baptist parish ministers have of the
expectations of significant others.

Role divergence.——Role divergence is the condition

 

in which there exist incompatible expectations within a
system of social relationships. In this study, role
divergence will refer to the condition in which there are
incompatible expectations between position groups, or the
degree of incompatibility between position groups.

Expectation divergence.—-Expectation divergence

 

refers to incompatibility between position groups in the
definition of a specific expectation.

Role convergence.-—Role convergence is the condition

 

in which there exist compatible expectations within a system
of social relationships. In this study, role convergence
will refer to the condition in which there are compatible
expectations between position groups, or the degree of
compatibility between position groups.

Expectation convergence.--Expectation convergence

 

refers to compatibility between position groups in the
definition of a specific expectation.

Role consensus.-—Role consensus is the condition in

 

which there exists agreement on the definition of expecta—

tions within a group of incumbents of a single position.

12

In this study, role consensus will refer to the degree of
agreement of a role within a position group. It may also
refer to the degree of agreement in the_perceptions of

a role within a position group.

Expectation consensus.—-Expectation consensus refers

 

to agreement within a position group in the definition of
a specific expectation. It may also refer to agreement
in the perceptions of the definition of a specific
expectation within a position group.

Role conflict.--Role conflict is the condition in

 

which the incumbent of a position perceives that he is
confronted with incompatible eXpectations within a system
of social relationships. In this study, role conflict will
refer to the condition in which the Baptist parish minister
perceives that the expectations of significant others are
incompatible.

Expectation conflict.-—Expectation conflict refers

 

to perceived incompatibility between significant others
in the definition of a specific expectation.

Role congruence.--Role congruence is the condition

 

in which the incumbent of a position perceives that he is
confronted with compatible expectations within a system
of social relationships. In this study, role congruence
will refer to the condition in which the Baptist parish
minister perceives that the expectations of significant

others are compatible.

 

l3

Expectation congruence.-—Expectation congruence refers

 

to perceived compatibility between significant others in
the definition of a specific expectation.

Role inconsonance.--Role inconsonance is the condition

 

in which there exists an incompatibility between expectations
of a position group and the perceived expectations of that
position group. In this study, role inconsonance will

refer to the condition in which there exists an incompativ
bility (or, to the degree of incompatibility) between the
expectations of a position group and the expectations of

that group as perceived by Michigan Baptist parish ministers.

Expectation inconsonance.—-Expectation inconsonance

 

refers to incompatibility between the definition of a
specific expectation by a position group and the definition
of that specific expectation by the same group as perceived
by the incumbents of a position (Michigan Baptist parish
ministers).

Role consonance.--Role consonance is the condition in

 

which there exists compatibility between expectations of a
position group and the perceived expectations of that
position group. In this study, role consonance will refer
to the condition in which there exists compatibility (or,
to the degree of compatibility) between the expectations
of a position group and the expectations of that group as

perceived by Michigan Baptist parish ministers.

14

Expectation consonance.--Expectation consonance

 

refers to compatibility between the definition of a specific
expectation by a position group and the definition of that
specific expectation by the same group as perceived by the
incumbents of a position (Michigan Baptist parish ministers).

Role area.-—Role area is a part of the role that

 

forms a constellation of professional activities determined
by type of behavior or activity. In this study, we have
designated six such role areas of the Baptist parish
minister; (1) Pastor, (2) Preacher, (3) Priest, (4) Teacher,
(5) Administrator, (6) Organizer.

Michigan Baptist parish minister.v—Michigan Baptist
parish minister shall mean the pastor of a church affiliated
with either the Michigan Baptist Convention or the Detroit
Association of American Baptist Churches.

Michigan Baptist educators.stichigan Baptist educators

 

shall mean the laymen serving as chairman of the Christian
Education Committee or as the superintendent of the Sunday
Church School of the churches affiliated with the Michigan
Baptist Convention or the Detroit Association of American
Baptist Churches.

Deacons.--Deacons shall mean the laymen serving as
chairman of the boards of deacons of the churches affiliated
with the Michigan Baptist Convention or the Detroit Associav

tion of American Baptist Churches.

15

Statement of Sub—problems

 

The sub—problem emerging from the first general
problems are:

1. To identify divergence in the expectations of
Michigan Baptist parish ministers, wives, educators and
deacons for the professional role of the Baptist parish
minister.

2. To determine which role areas are marked by
divergence between position groups, and which role areas
are marked by convergence between position groups.
Divergence is operationally defined by the number of
statistically significant chi squares occurring within a
particular role area between any two position groups.

3. To determine which expectations are marked by
consensus among members of the same position group.

4. To determine which role areas are marked by
consensus among members of the same position group.

The sub—problems emerging from the second general
problem are:

5. To identify incompatibilities in specific expec-
tations of Michigan Baptist parish ministers, wives,
educators and deacons as perceived by Michigan Baptist
parish ministers (expectation conflict).

6. To determine which role areas are marked by
perceived incompatibilities (conflict) between position

groups and which role areas are marked by perceived

l6

compatibilities (congruence). Conflict is operationally
defined by the number of statistically significant chi
squarescmcurringwithin a role area between any two position
groups.

7. To determine which expectations are marked by
consensus among members of the same position group as
perceived by Michigan Baptist parish ministers.

8. To determine which role areas are marked by con:
sensus among members of the same position group as perceived
by Michigan Baptist parish ministers.

The sub—problems emerging from both general problems
are:

9. To identify incompatibilities between the
expectations of the position groups and the expectations
of the position groups as perceived by the Michigan Baptist
parish ministers (inconsonance).

10. To determine which rcle areas are marked by
inconsonance and which role areas are marked by consonance.

A secondary problem:

11. To identify relationships between expectations
of significant others, and relationships between Baptist
parish ministers' perceptions of the expectations of
significant others, on the basis of the variables, (a)
minister's age, (b) minister‘s education, (c) size of

church membership, and (d) type of community.

17

Limitations of the Study

 

This study uses as a pOpulation the churches affiliated
with the Michigan Baptist Convention and the Detroit Associa—
tion of American Baptist churches. This population is not
strictly generalizable to the entire American Baptist
Convention, but should have value and relevance to the
entire denomination, and could be useful to administrators,
educators and researchers of other Protestant denominations,
particularly as a demonstration of research technique.

The study is confined to an investigation of the
professional role of the Baptist parish minister, and is
not concerned with other roles an incumbent of this
position might play, such as father or husband.

The study does not deal with the normative aspects
of role behavior (how ministers actually perform).

No attempt is made to determine how perceptions of
the expectations of significant others influence the real
behavior of the pastor.

The two instruments used in the study are limited to
36 specific professional activities, determined by means

of the jury evaluation technique.

Organization of the TFEBES-

 

Chapter I has presented a description of the research
problem; a statement of the general purpose and significance

of the study; a listing of the basic hypotheses and the

18
sub—hypotheses; a listing of definitions of terms used;

a listing of the sub-problems; and an indication of the

limitations of the study.

Chapter II will contain a review of related literature.

Chapter III will describe the methods and procedures
used in planning and conducting the study, and in presenting
the data.

Chapter IV will present the findings of the study.

Chapter V will comprise the summary, conclusions,

implications and recommendations emerging from the study.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In the presentation of a study of this nature it is
important to include a review of literature and research
that is related to the_problem under investigation. It
was considered desirable to diVide the presentation of
the review of literature into the following categories:

1. Definition of the Pastor's Role

2. Appraisal of Significant Others

3. Allocation of Time

4. Anxiety, Conflict and Tension

5. Ministerial Recruitment and Withdrawal

6. Research Methodology

7. Summary

Definition of the Pastor's Role
Possibly the single most influential stimulus to
research of the concepts of self image and role of the
pastor is that of H. Richard Niebuhr, The Purpose of the

Church and its Ministry. Niebuhr refers to the ministry
"1 H

 

as the "perplexed profession. .the Contemporary

 

lH. Richard Niebuhr, The Purpose of the Church and
Its Ministry (New York: Harper and Brothers, 19563, p. 48.

 

l9

20

Church is confused about the nature of the ministry. Neither
ministers nor the schools that nurture them are guided today
by a clear—cut, generally accepted conception of the office
of the ministry, though such an idea may be emerging."2
"The evidence that perplexity and vagueness continue to
afflict thought about the ministry is to be found today in
the theological schools and among ministers themselves."3
\ Niebuhr devotes one—third of this book to an emerging
new conception of the ministry. He points out that a pros
cess of reconstruction has been going on in the church
and ministry allowing us to speak today of this emerging
new conception of the ministry, and outlines what he feels
to be its essentials——pastor, preacher, and priest. From
this rather traditional delineation he turns his attention
to what he calls the "major role" of the parish minister——
that of Pastoral Director:
What seems most evident in the case of the modern
pastoral director is that he can think of himself
neither as parish person responsible for all the
people in a geographic area nor as the abbot of a
convent of the saved, but only as a responsible
leader of a parish church; it is the church, not he

in the first place, that has a parish and responsi-
bility for it.“

 

Ibid., p. 50.
3
Ibid., p. 53.

Ibid., p. 91.

 

21

Dobbins provides a typical delineation of the several
roles of the pastor. His classical book, still being used
as a textbook in some seminaries, is organized around the
roles that the pastor must play. The second part of this
book is outlined as follows:

Achieving Ends Through Efficient Organization5

VIII The Function of Pastoral Administration

IX Organizing to Meet Human Needs

X Utilizing the Educational Organizations
XI Employing the Service Agencies
XII Developing Christian Leadership

XIII Integrating the Total Church Program

There are many aids published for ministers, offering
advice and counsel on virtually all the subsroles of the
profession. From the perspective of years of experience
in the pastoral ministry, Schuette6 has written a book
offering advice for almost every conceivable situation,
from "When He Sings in Church," to ”When He Drives.“
Altogether sixty-two situations are covered in this typical
guide book.

7

One of Blackwood‘s books treats with thoroughness
the executive and organizer suberoles of the pastor, with
recognition that a man who shines as an executive may not

excel as an organizer, and vice versa.

 

5Gaines S. Dobbins, Building Better Churches: A
Guide to the Pastoral Ministpy (Nashville, Tennessee:
Broadman Press, 1947).

 

 

6Walter E. Schuette, The Minister's Personal Guide
(New York: Harper and Brothers, 1953).

7Andrew W. Blackwood, Pastoral Leadership (New York:
Abingdon-Cokesbury Press, 1949).

 

 

22

Out of several years' research with small groups of
ministers in a conference center for continuing education,
Johnson8 proposes that the role of the pastor is best
divided into those of (a) prophet to the nonrchurched,

(b) priest to the church, and (c) pastor to persons.

Some writers, researchers, and educators have pressed
toward a clear statement of the basic role or "major roleN
(Niebuhr) of the pastor. An example of this is seen in an
editorial critical of a symposium concerning theological

training found in Christianipy Today. This editorial calls

 

for a determination and examination of the primary task of
the minister, and suggests that much of the present confusion
is the direct result of a lack of understanding concerning
this primary task: "What should go into the making of a
preacher depends upon what he is to do after he is made.
Unless there is clarity about his task, there will be little
assurance about his training.“ Again, ”Many ministers are
quite at sea about who they really are and what they are
actually supposed to do.N9

Reuel L. Howe, a specialist in communications, recomv

mends that the pastor today should have one basic function.

 

8R. Lewis Johnson, ”The Changing Role of the Campus

Ministry," paper read at the Conference of the Baptist
Associates in Campus Work at the American Baptist Assembly,
Green Lake, Wisconsin (September 3, 1962).

9Christianipy Today, VPreachers and Their Making,"
Vol. 8, No. 18 (June 5, 1964), p. 24.

 

23

The question, then, is how shall we live in this kind
o1 tension, treasuring what we have and yet expecting
what we are to become? The answer is: By keeping
the ministry, whatever its present form, focused on
its most true and relevant purpose for the time. The
present time is one in which men are looking for
meaning. . . .The meanings of the gospel cannot be
imposed on the meanings of each generation like a
veneer. . . .It follows, therefore, that the function
of the Church is to be in dialogue with the world;
and the function of the pastoral, homiletical,
educational, and priestly ministry is to promote and
maintain the dialogue between the Word of God and the
word of man in order that men may know their own need
and possibility, and know and accept what God has
given them.i

In 1954 the Association of Theological Schools
authorized a program of research to culminate in a series
of three books concerning the trends, present status, and
future of theological education in the United States. One
of these books was an effort to appraise the present needs
of the church and its ministry in light of recent history.
In this book, Michaelsen concludes that the preaching
role has been the dominant role in the past. NThe pulpit
has stood at the front and center of the Protestant church
in America-—both in practice and in theory; preaching has
been by all odds the most important aspect of the minister“s

work."ll

 

lOReuel L. Howe, The Miracle of Dialogue (Greenwich,
Connecticut: The Seabury Press, 1963), pp. 145-146.

11Robert S. Michaelsen, "The Protestant Ministry in
America: 1950 to the Present," Chapter 9 in The Ministry
in Historical Perspectives, eds. H. Richard Niebuhr and
Daniel D. Williams (New York: Harper Brothers, 1956), p. 280.

 

 

 

A series of articles and reports have come from Dr.
Samuel W. Blizzard, Professor of Christianity and Society,
Princeton Theological Seminary. Much of the supporting
research was conducted under joint auspices of twenty—two
denominations. Blizzard‘2 distinguishes between the
minister's master role and practitioner roles. The master
role is that which a minister perceives to distinguish
himself from the occupational role of other persons. He
reports on several dimensions of the minister‘s selfv
image of his master role: (a) the ideological, (b) the
theological, (c) the functional and (d) the criteria
of ministerial effectiveness and success. He concludes
that ministers share a common understanding of their
master role to a greater degree than present day assumptions
and folklore about the ministry would seem to suggest.

Blizzard defines six "practitioner roles" as means,
or professional skills, that a minister may use to attain
the goals of his ministry, distinguishing and defining
them as follows:

In the administrator role the minister is the manager
of the parish. At the local church level this
involves official board and staff meetings, publicity,
clerical and stenographic work, financial administrae
tion and promotion, physical plant supervision and
general church planning. Related denominational and
interdenominational assignments enter here, too. The

organizer role involves leadership, participation and
planning in local church associations and community

 

 

 

v—

12Samuel W. Blizzard, "The Parish Minister's Self—
Image of His Master Role," Pastoral Psychology, Vol. 9
No. 89 (December, 1958), pp. 25—32.

 

25

organizations. The_pastor role involves interpersonal
relations. This is distinguished from the intrav and
inter—group relations in the organizer role. The

pastor does the visiting among the parishioners and
prospective members, ministers to the sick and distressed,
and counsels all who seek his guidance.

The preachgp role involves the preparation and delivery
of sermons. The priest is a liturgist. He leads
people in worship and officiates in the rites of the
church. The teaching office involves church school
instruction, confirmation classes, §tudy group leader?
ship and preparation for teaching.1

In a questionnaire study of Methodist ministers of
Indiana, Mirse discovered that the subtroles of Methodist
ministers fell naturally into five categories. He describes
these as functional roles: (a) Preacher—prophet, (b)
Pastor, (c) Priest, (d) Teacher, and (e) Administrator.
He concludes:

The Methodist minister of Indiana understands his
task in terms of winning people to Christ and the
church, building the church, bringing in the Kingdom,
and serving the church. His emphasis is upon the
second of these, to the neglect of the other three,

with major effort directed toward an improved
statistical record.i

Appraisal of Significant Others

 

The Protestant minister today is assailed by criti—
cisms from every side, and he suffers as much from his acute

self criticism. Jennings hints that ministers invite much

 

13Samuel W. Blizzard, "The Minister's Dilemma,"
The Christian Century (April, 1956), p. 508.

l“Ralph Thomas Mirse, "The Self Image of the Methodist
Minister in Indiana”(unpublished doctoral thesis, Boston
University, Boston, 1962).

 

26

of the criticism that they experience: "The stereotyped
portrait, and consequently the sterile expectations that
the ‘average' layman has of his minister is the reflection
of what ministers once wanted to be. Even while lamenting
the 'image' imposed upon them many ministers still revel
in the fringe benefits of such an image."15

* Open criticism of pastors frequently is expressed in
lay-authored articles appearing in religious or clerical
journals. An example of this kind of criticism is an article
found in a widely circulated Protestant minister's journal.

Will it take a "peasant's revolt" to awaken the clergy

to our predicament? Not all parts of the United

States have the blessing of a few "good churches."

More common are the areas where one would have to

drive for several hours, if not a day, to find a

preacher who makes God talk to men in direct,

authentic, and quotable sermons. Were it not for

denominational loyalties, family traditions, and

practical considerations too numerous to mention,

many a preacher would certainly find himself witIiI6

only a handful of the undiscriminating faithful.

A melancholy reflection on the consequences of

the displacement of the traditional pastor role by recent
specializations appears in a recent editorial in a

journal known for its conservative stance:

 

15Raymond P. Jennings, "The Editor Exegetes," Baptist
Freedom, Vol. 26, No. 4 (January, 19651 p. 2.

16William J. Samarin, "A Layman Speaks to the Pulpit,"
Christianity Today, Vol. 8, No. 18 (June 5, 1964), p. 5.

27

Gone are the days when the Protestant clergyman was
regarded as a man of special wisdom for the problems
and heartaches of life. Today the perplexed and
brokenhearted usually come to the minister when the
lawyer, physician, psychiatrist, and marriage
counselor have failed. The minister is often the
last resource in trouble, as he is in death. No

one challenges his aptitude for burying the dead, but
relatively few regard him as a source of wisdom for
life.17

The tendency toward specialization within the ministry
itself apparently has been accelerated by the offerings of
most theological seminaries. In a book intended to describe
the principal features of professional education in the
United States, Baker states: "The central focus of all
these (seminary) disciplines is on the task of the pastoral
ministry. There are, however, provisions in practically
all seminaries for specialization in teaching, social
service, rural church, industrial and labor relations, and

the chaplaincies."18

19

Davies reviews fifteen novels of the past century,
tracing what the authors have to reveal of the clergy,
both Protestant and Catholic. He concludes that novels

treat the Roman Catholic priest more fairly than the

 

17Christianity Today, "Read, Minister, Read!" (an
editorial), Vol. 9., No. 10 (February 12, 1965), p. 32.

l8Oren H. Baker, "Theological Education: Protestant,"
Chapter 29 in Education for the Professions, Ed. Lloyd E.
Blauch. ( U..S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare,
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1955), p. 237.

 

19Horton Davies, A Mirror of the Ministry in Modern
Novels (New York: Oxford University Press, 1959).

 

28

Protestant minister. He believes that the minister reflects
or distorts his image in the modern world in five ways:

1. Preachers and Evangelists

2. Interpreters of Faith in Crisis

3. Directors of Souls

4. Missionaries

5. Community Leaders

Worden2O has conducted a similar review of the portrayal
of the Protestant minister in American Motion Pictures. He
subjected seventy films which featured ministers as characters
to a content analysis. He concludes that the screen portrayal
of the Protestant minister reflects the ministry as a poor
vocational choice because of (a) the irrelevancy of the
movie minister's total ministry to social and moral issues,
including the irrelevancy of his message to the basic
questions of human existence; (b) the portrayal of the
young minister as awkward and inept when compared with his
peers in other professions, (c) the portrayal of ministers
as being awkward in courting and love relationships, and
(d) conflicts seen in the life of the movie minister as
he attempts to be both male and minister--male aggression
versus ministerial pacifity, male achievement versus

ministerial humility.

 

20James William Worden, "The Portrayal of the Protestant
Minister in American Motion Pictures, 1951-1960, and Its
Implications for the Church Today" (unpublished doctoral
thesis, Boston University, Boston, 1962).

29

During the Johnson—Goldwater presidential campaign of
1964, the Very Reverend Francis B. Sayre, Jr., Dean of the
Episcopal Cathedral, Washington, D. 0., spoke out force-
fully from his pulpit against both candidates. His remarks
were quickly carried across the country by the public
communications media. In one of the first articles referring
to the castigating sermon, it was pointed out by United
Press International that there was no clear answer as to
the propriety of Sayre‘s making a political judgment and
pronouncement from the pulpit. It was indicated that church
leaders were sharply divided. Five clergymen were quoted
to illustrate the wide divergence of Opinion on the matter.21
As a result of a sociological survey of Protestant
and Catholic persons in Detroit, Lenski22 suggests that the
increasing emphasis on politics by religious leaders is a
direct result of the compartmentalization of our city
societies, and the columnization of social organization
within urban centers. He believes that the maintenance of
a pluralistic society would tend to maintain traditional
ethical and spiritual elements in religious life and
religious activity. He believes that sociological factors
are predominant in leading to and forcing specific responses

of clergymen.

 

21News item in The State Journal (Lansing, Sept. 21, 1964).

22Gerhard Lenski, The Religious Factor: a Sociological
Study of Religion's Impact on Politics, Economics, and Family

Life (Garden City, New York: Doubleday and Company, Inc.,
1961).

 

30

One of the early critics from the field of anthropology
was Wilson D. Wallis, of the University of Minnesota. He
traced the history of Messiahs through ”all" cultures,
citing the frequency of the Messiah belief. His report
is quite thorough, dealing with such matters as prOphecy

and miracle, and treats in detail the "Christian" Messiahs,

23

such as Father Divine.

Samuel H. Miller, venerated Dean of Harvard Divinity
School, demonstrates proof that harsh criticism is not
limited to unchurched persons and non—clerical professions,
when he reflects a critical and punitive attitude toward
the Protestant pastor of today:

The Minister has become an executive, a big operator,
a roving salesman of sorts, a publicist, an adroit
manager, and a community committeeman. In fact, there
was a time, not so long ago, when the ministry was a
profession, a learned profession. It had cultural
background and depth, a knowledge of the classics

from whence its tradition originated. It had a body
of theory behind its practice, by which self-
criticism and some sense of perspective were exercised.
Today the ministry, by and large, is a trade, its
practitioners no longer concerned with theory or
theology but with techniques. They are technicians,
dealing with the practical and pragmatic aspects of
running a church, conducting its meetings, enhancing
its pOpularity, exercising a certain genial friend—
liness, and be t on finding a larger one before the
tide changes.

 

23w11son D. Wallis, Messiahs: Their Role in

Civilization (Washington: American Council on Public
Affairs, 1943).

 

 

24Samuel H. Miller, "The Minister and the Church,"

The Voice (Chester, Pennsylvania: Crozer Seminary, 1963),
p. 18.

31

Southard cites a study by Garriott conducted shortly
after World War II, in which he reviewed the fiction of
his day and commented, "The reader is led to believe that

the churches are stagnant pits where neurotic women and

hypocritical men scream and squirm."25

Southard prepared a compendium of many of the
references to the Protestant minister from ”every channel
of American communication.” He illustrates how novels
often reflect negative aspects of the clergy:

Dimmesdale, in Hawthorne's The Scarlet Letter lacked
integrity. Samuel Butler satirized a clergyman in
The Way of All Flesh. His Ernest Potifax is an
immature man from a "fundamentalist" environment. In
Jane Eyre, Charlotte Bronte presents the unrelenting
severity of the Reverend St. John Rivers. Thomas
Hardy's Jude the Obscure never obtains his dream of
standing in a pulpit to preach; he spends his day as
a laborer, sometimes in building churches. There is
no mature character in Theron Ware (Harold Frederic,
The Damnation of Theron Ware): Clym Yeabright turns
to the ministry after debauchery because he could do
nothing else (Thomas Hardy, Return of the Native).
There was sincerity in Thomas Wingfold, Curate (by
George MgDonald), but not in Elmer Gantpy (by Sinclair
Lewis).

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Southard calls for three stages of research of lay—
clerical interaction, (a) description, (b) classification
and (c) interpretation. He believes that studies are now
in the first of these three phases, and suggests that more
work be done to classify systematically, and, finally, to

interpret.

 

25Samuel Southard, "The Layman's View of the Ministry
in Fact and in Fiction," Pastoral Psychology, Vol. 15, No.
149 (December, 1964), p. 49, citing study of Christopher T.
Garriott in Christian Century (July 21, 1948).

 

 

261bid.

 

32

An early survey of lay opinion was conducted by
Leiffer,27 who analyzed over 1000 questionnaires. These
respondents, Methodist lay leaders and youth, prescribed
standards for their ministers that they were themselves
unwilling to abide by. A widespread dissatisfaction with
sermons was revealed, as well as the belief that more
time should be spent in sermon preparation.

Several recent doctoral studies focus on the expecta—
tion element. Johnson28 presented expectations of parochial
school teachers and laymen, along with those of ministers

9

and denominational leaders; SizerC of lay and clergy role

expectations in Maine and Massachusetts communities.
50 interviewed 107 parishioners and 12 clergymen in

31

Johnson

a small town to establish eXpectations. Chamberlain found

 

27Murray Leiffer, The Layman Looks at the Ministry
(New York: Abingdon Cokesbury Press, 1946).

28Jeff Griffith Johnson, "An Analysis and Description
of Role Expectations for Ministers of the Southern California
District of the Lutheran Church—-Missouri Synod" (unpublished
Doctoral Thesis, University of Southern California, Los
Angeles, 1961.

 

29L. M. Sizer, "Role Conception, Role Discrepancy, and
Institutional Context" (unpublished Doctoral Thesis, State
University of Iowa, 1954).

30C. D. Johnson, "Priest, Prophet and Professional
Man” (unpublished Doctoral Thesis, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, 1961).

31David Barnes Chamberlain, "Communication Problems
in the Parish Ministry: An Action Research Study of Fifty
Protestant Ministers in a New England City" (unpublished
Doctoral Thesis, Boston University, Boston, 1958).

33

laymen to be generally satisfied with their minister's
performance, negative criticism being diffused among members
of the congregation, rather than flowing directly to the
minister.

32

Douglas conducted a study of Episcopal ministers
in Massachusetts, utilizing psychological tests and inter—
views with the clergy, and administered questionnaires to
vestrymen, presidents of woman's auxiliary, and superin-
tendents of church schools. He discovered that the laity
preferred clerics' skills to saintliness; organizer to
priest. The practitioner roles developed by Blizzard33
were used to establish ratings.

In a monumental effort to survey the entire ministry

34

of the American Baptist Convention, Baker claims he
detected a discrepancy between pastor and laymen with
respect to understanding the mission of the church. He
believes that this condition calls for an increased
communication between pastor and layman, with a program
of education provided for all church members concerning

the purpose of the church, and the role of the layman and

the pastor in achieving this purpose. He also indicates

 

32William T. Douglas, "Predicting Ministerial
Effectiveness” (unpublished Doctoral thesis, Harvard
University, Cambridge, 1957).

33ngg, Refers to pp. 20, 21 of the thesis.
3LAOren H. Baker, Profile of the American Baptist

Pastor (New York: The Ministers and Missionaries Benefit
Board of the American Baptist Convention, 1962).

 

3“

that over 80 per cent of the pastors in the American Baptist
Convention feel a strain between the demands of their parish
responsibilities and the demands of the denomination to
promote denominational objectives.
The belief that pastors are now beginning to resist
the weak stereotype image generally being portrayed today
is presented by Shafer, a pastor and former military chaplain.
The Opening words of his article:
In 1956 Life magazine startled us with its article:
"Why More and More Ministers Crack Up." Since then
pastors have been critically analyzed by a battery
of self—appointed experts. ‘Today, pastors are no
longer hypochondriacally obsessed with themselves,
as their evaluators imply. The open season on the
ministry is over. Pastors are beginning to resist
being told that they are sick, aimless, stupid, and

irrelevant. They are starting to stand up and 35
Speak out in their own rightthhe pastor's right.

Allocation of Time

 

In investigating ministerial roles it would seem
necessary to have access to data concerning the dayvtoeday
activities of ministers. But little has been done to
provide information on this important part of role study,
nor is there much information concerning the relative
effectiveness of ministers who allocate their time in
different patterns.

The Ministers Life and Casualty Union, an insurance

company serving ministers, publishes a series of reports

 

35Floyd Doud Shafer, ”New Pastors are Coming,”
Christianity Today (October 25, 1963), p. 15.

35

intended to educate laymen to the needs of the minister and

to his role.36

In rather popular style these reports refer
to studies conducted by otheragencies,and, on occasion,
studies conducted under their own auspices. A typical report
first poses a question, NHow Many Hours Can a Minister
Squeeze Out?" or "Should Your Minister Be a Clerk?"
followed by an analysis of the minister's function, or a
breakdown of the hours a minister spends weekly in various
responsibilities. A final question is then asked, "What
can you do?” or "What Can be Done About It?" These reports
are circulated among ministers insured by this company,
with the notation, "Reprints of this public service message
for distribution to your Trustees and Board members are
available on request.”

Chamberlain37 conducted a time study of ministers,
recording carefully one week day and one Sunday of pastors,
and subjected the data to an analysis of time spent in
different functions.

Two major time studies have been conducted among

American Baptist ministers. The first study was that of

Hartshorne and Froyd.38 In an attempt to determine the

 

w

36Ministers Life and Casualty Union, ”A Report to
Thoughtful Laymen" (Minneapolis: Ministers Life and Casualty
Union), Single page.

37

38Hugh Hartshorne and Milton C. Froyd, Theological
Education in the Northern Baptist Convention: A Survey
(Philadelphia: The Judson Press, 1945).

Chamberlain, op. cit.

 

 

36

more important objectives of ministers, and the more important

ta ks of ministers, they undertook to research the division

I'll

of time of American Baptist Ministers. It was concluded
that there was very little pattern to the daily life of
miniSters in the 1940's, and that conventional patterns were
being broken up as men faced the actual needs of their
people.

In a questionnaire study conducted by the Home Mission
SociEty of the American Baptist Convention in 1960, it was
discotered that the expectations that Baptist church members
had for their pastor's expenditure of time followed the
following rank order: (1) Prepare Sermons, (2) Counseling,
K3) Calling, (A) Visit non-members, (5) Work in the denom—
ination, (6) Administrative work, heading committees of
the church, etc., and (7) Work in community affairs.39

In the same study it was concluded that church members
are seeing an expanded role for the pastor, When asked
to indicate which activities the minister should perform
in the community, members answered as follows: 91.5% of
the members approved of the minister's participation in a
ministerial group; 75.3% in Community Planning; 71.0%
in Charities; 52.3% in Service clubs; 30.A% in Local

Government; and 14.9% in Political Party.“0

 

 

39Harvey A. Everett, and Isaac Igarashi, Meet Mrs.
Jones: Typical American Baptist (New York: American Baptist
Home MiSSion Societies), p. A2.

40

Ibid., pp. 42-43.

3?

Anxiety, Conflict and Tension

 

Virtually all persons are agreed that there exists
presently in the Protestant ministry a general state of
anxiety, conflict and tension concerning the role of the
minister, and specifically the role of the pastor. We shall
cite a variety of articles and studies that bear this out.

In a book prepared for the reading of college students
considering the ministry, Coburn, With remarkable trans—
parency of intent, speaks directly to those who would con-
sider entering the profession concerning its inherent
difficulties:

The minister tends to consider his role in one way
and his lay people to consider it in another way.
There is not a commonly accepted image of the office
and work of a minister today, and the result is con—
fusion, conflict, and tension. i

The minister cannot always do what he wants to do,
feels qualified to do, and enjoys doing. He is

under pressure to respond to the needs of his church
as an organization, to do what his parishioners want.
The pressures of the culture and the organizational
church seem to put emphasis upon success evaluated

by numbers and by statistics. 4

This type of conflict is seen in a number of ways.

The minister is eager, for example, to find time

for study in order that he may be an effective

priest, pastor, and teacher; yet in the urban ministry
the average minister gives, on the average, only twenty-
seven minutes a day to general intellectual activity.

He recognizes the need to develop a specialized

ministry if he is to be effective, and yet he considers
himself to be no more than "a general practitioner."

 

ulJohn B. Coburn, Minister, Man—in-the-Middle (New

York: The Macmillan Company, 1963), p. 181.
42

 

Ibid., pp. 182—183.

 

38

He feels a primary responsibility to the members of
his local congregation, and yet he is called upon to
minister also to people who belong neither to his
congregationrmnito any other and to serve in some
capacity in organizations in the community at large.
In brief he stands within a welter of stresses, con-
flicts, and tensions.

Davies writes concerning the built-in absurdities of
pastor's task:

The profession of the priest or minister is full of
paradoxes. The minister stands in the public pulpit
inculcating the essentially private virtue of humility.
Learned in sacred theology, he admits that the simple
Christian's love in its importance exceeds all his
lore. Trained to interpret the needs of modern man
with the assistance of psychology and sociology, he
stands at the apex of ciVilization in the Western
world, and yet claims that the profoundest revelation
of God's truth is to be found in first—century
Palestine in Jesus of Nazareth. Believing that
Christianity is essentially a practical way of life,

of transformed human relationships, of wordsvmadev
flesh in dependence on the Word—made flesh, he is
professionally a public speaker, an expert in verbalism.
He inculcates a perfectionist ethic unattainable in
this world, yet proclaims its relevance. The servant
of a homeless carpenter who rode upon a borrowed ass,
he receives, in addition to his stipend, a parsonage

or a presbytery free of rent, and a travel allowance
for an autcmobile. Accused of hypocrisy, sentimentalism,
obscurantism, and irrelevance by the era of Relatitity
he is yet his own severest criEEc, when unblinded by
the adulation of his admirers.

Michaelsen concludes that the present concern over the

proper role of the minister is greater than at any other

time in recent history. "Who is the minister and what is

he doing? In recent years many in the ministry have been

put in a quandary as they have been confronted by these

 

u3Ibid., p. 183.

AA . .
DaVies, op. Cit., p. 3.

39

questions. But questioning has led to a seeking for answers,

a deeper searching perhaps than that of any former period

in American history.“45
Bowers has written a book attempting to present an

analysis of the "inner psychological conflicts" of ministers,

and provides thirteen case studies to illustrate her

analysis. This book emerges from 15 years of private

psychoanalytic practice in New York City, with a large

number of her patients being ordained clergymen, misSion—

aries, or members of clerical families. In the first part

of the book she focuses attention upon the unconscious

motivations and the self image of the minister. She draws

a parallel between clergymen and psychoanalysts, and

suggests that in both groups there are many persons who

are directed consciously or unconsciously by inner conflicts

in the selection of their profession. COnflict is defined

as the tension resulting from early experiences in religion

and later teachings concerning responsibilities and beliefs.Ll6
In an article describing research conducted among 690

clergymen, with an effort to discover the time the clergys

man devotes to the several "Practitioner roles," Blizzard

states:

 

“5

“6Margaretta K. Bowers, Conflicts of the Clergy (New
York: Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1963).

Michaelsen, 0p. cit., p. 287.

 

40

. . .Protestant parish clergymen in the United States
face a basic dilemma. The theology they hold and the
seminary instruction they received place the roles
they perform in the parish in one priority order. But
they actually spend most of their time doing those
things they feel are least important. Denominational
goals and programs and local parish needs determine
the use of their time. But these activities bring the
least satisfaction. Hence the various offices of the
ministry are normatively in one order of priority,

and functionally in another order of priority. There—
fore there is much ambivalence about those offices.”7

Blizzard refers to the changing expectations of
laymen, and how this contributes to the minister's dilemma:

The new American culture has resulted in a change in
what people expect of the minister. In the past the
parish clergyman has performed his functions as a
general practitioner. Now, increasingly, he is expected
to be a specialist. Parishioners who are confronted
by a complex and chaotic world want to be counseled
rather than to receive a social call from the minister.
They look for a perceptive prophet who is able to

make sense out of the crisis of the current week

rather than for a preacher who merely assures them
that all is well with the world. They seek the help

of a priest who uses liturgy, rites and sacraments in
a way that is meaningfully related to issues of life
rather than letter—perfect administration of the

church ordinances. They want a professional organizer
rather than an amateur promoter. They expect the
minister to be an efficient manager of the business
affairs of the garish rather than a laissez faire
administrator.q

Blackwood reports on a questionnaire study focused
upon determining the causes of anxiety. The researchers
were particularly interested in the financial position
of pastors, and how much and in what form anxiety is
experienced and expressed in this area of life. Other

areas of anxiety were also investigated:

 

247Samuel W. Blizzard, "The Minister's Dilemma," The
Christian Century (April 25, 1956), p. 508.

 

ualbid.

91

Among all the churches represented, 52 per cent of
the pastors voice concern about undue demands for
administrative work; in churches With more than five

hundred members, 58 per cent. In all sorts of fields
42.3 per cent express concern about the apathy of
laymen. If it were feasible to conduct a similar

study of Opinions among laymen in these congregations,
they might have something to say about the other
side of these reciprocal relations.

A notice was published in the May, 1963 issue of

Pastoral Psychology, indicating that several extra thousand

 

copies of two previous issues of the journal had been
exhausted almost immediately upon publication, and that

me issues had been

in

several subsequent reprints of these s
depleted. These two special issues dealt with the ministry
as a vocation, and the minister's wife and family.50
Apparently many regular subscribers had ordered extra
copies for distribution to their board members. This
indicates a high degree of interest in the minister‘s
role and the relationships within his own family——mcre of

an interest than in other themes treated by Pastoral

Psychology.

 

,, , l -
Blizzard5 reports on a study of role conflict among

3A5 urban parish clergy, sponsored by the National Council

 

{P

 

A . . . .
9Andrew W. Blackwood, The Growing Minister Hi '
pp rtunities and Obstacles (New York: Abingtcn Press, 1960),

50

 

E:
p

Pastoral Psychology, "The Minister and His Own

 

Family," Vol. II, No. 106 (September, 19603 and "The Minister's

Wife," Vol. 12, 119 (December, 1961).

I!

’iSamuel W. Blizzard, "Role Conflicts of the Urban
Protestant Parish Minister," The Citprhurch, Vol. 7, No. 4
(September, 1956), pp. 13-15.

 

 

H2

of Churches, Union Theological Seminary and the Russell Sage
Foundation. Several areas of conflict were isolated: (a)
the believer or saint versus the prophet; (b) the practi-
tioner Versus the counselor; (d) the specialist versus the
general practitioner; (e) effective versus successful. In
the latter conflict he speaks of the tension a minister
feels because of his desire to be effective in terms of
parish work and because of his awareness of denominational
expectations for cooperation in denominational programs.
This study also investigated the conflicts associated with
family relationships and other extra—professional roles.
Blizzard concludes that, although lack of clarity in role
expectancies is to be expected, in the case of the urban
minister the situation is magnified by the number of people
served and the longer hours worked.

Miller offers ministers counsel and concolation. "As
a minister, you are to be in your church what Christ was to
his disciples——a shepherd, a teacher, a friend. And yet
you must do this in a time when it seems as if everything

«52

is twisted out of shape. He then speaks of the part

played by the church in eroding away the self respect of
ministers:

There may have been a time when the church knew
what it expected of the minister, and when the
minister knew what the church was, but it is no
longer so. Something has happened to change the
minister as well. . . .He (the minister) falls

 

52Miiier, op. cit., p. 15.

“3

under the thumb of pOpular demands, democratic

arrogance, and infallible majority prejudices. He

is corrupted by the church. I will leave it for

‘your own inner witness to tell of how many men of

your acquaintance entered upon the ministry only

to awaken slowly and bitterly to the sad realization

that it was the church itself which had violated

their sacred calling, and reduced it by its own

methods to something akin to slavery, in which the 53

spirit was shackled to serve the needs of statistics.

FalkSl4 tried to discover in what ways ministers
respond to particular kinds of conflict as experienced in
their professional and non—professional roles. His findings
suggest that when there is increased disagreement among
parishioners‘ prescriptions, a minister tends to repudiate
unacceptable expectations or redefine his role. However,
when parishioners consensually disagree with their minister
he tends to become depressed rather than reacting overtly.
He concluded that generally the ministers tend to under-
estimate both the amount of disagreement among their parish-
ioners as well as the amount of disagreement between them—
selves and their parishioners. Also, ministers are less
consistent in evaluating disagreement among their parishioners
than between their parishioners and themselves.
Jennings, reflecting insight gained in an informal

midwest gathering of a number of American Baptist pastors,

says, "The unique nature of the minister's frustrations

 

53Ibid., pp. 15-16.

5”Laurence LeRoy Falk, "The Minister‘s Response to
His Perception of Conflict Between Self-Expectations and
Parishioners' Expectations of His Role." (unpublished
Doctoral Thesis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 1962).

44

lies in the intimate relations between his frustrations and

his work. His involvement with his congregation is the

very seed-bed of his success."59

Howe states that the contemporary separation between
the clergy and laity results from a failure of communi—
cation between them. He sees the first problem as that of
language barrier.

Most clergy are trained in the use of biblical and
theological concepts and words. These become their
stock in trade so that they cannot talk without using
them. These words, however, are not the ones that
laymen use in either conveying or receiving meaning,
with the result that for the layman the clergyman
often does not seem to b6 saying anything under-
standable or practical.5

A second problem. . .is to be found in their images
of each other which keep each from seeing the other
as he really is. the image situation is really very

complicated. Not only does each have an image of the

other, but each has an image of what the other's

image of him is. Communications from either side,

therefore, are filtered through this complex of

images so that neither may be able to hear what the

other is saying.5

Howe sees the solution to the problem of communication

as a breaking through the barriers or blocks to communication,
and believes that until that is accomplished attitudes
between clergy and laity will continue to be defensive,

cautious, and conservative.

 

55Jennings, op. cit., p. 2.

5 _

’6Reuel L. Howe, "Problems of Communication Between
Clergy and Laity," Pastoral Psychology, Vol. 15, No. 149
(December, 1964), p. 22.

 

57Ibid., p. 23.

“5

c,

J

Douglas affirms that, on the whole, available research
data would indicate that ministers and their wives find
fulfillment and happiness in and through the clerical voca-
tion, and that when problems arise they can be traced to

the personalities of the individuals involved, or to the
interaction between them, rather than to the peculiar
demands and pressures of the ministry.

One minister's wife, writing concerning her role and
that of her husband, concluded her article with these words,
”I shall continue to read Paul‘s word in. Philippians A:11-—
'I have learned, in whatsoever state I am, therewith to be
content.‘ There is no other way. And I would want no
other, for I am happily married to a minister and enthu—
siastically wed to his job."59

The fact is, however, that many ministers' wives are
not so ready to take the above attitude. It is recognized
that much tenSion exists in the typical parsonage because
of the professional demands upon the husband—father,
demands that are met frequently at the expense of time that
might have been devoted to a wife and children.

In a paper presented at a joint meeting in 1958 of

the American Sociological Society and the Rural Sociological

 

58William Douglas, "Minister and Wife: Growth in
Relationship," Pastoral Psychology, Vol. 12, No. 119
(December, 1961), pp. 66—70.

59Edith A. Rees, ”Once Married. . .Twice Wed,”
Christianity Today, Vol. 8, No. 18 (June 5, 1964), p. 14.

 

 

A6

Society, Blizzard reported research conducted among 1,111
clergymen on the problem of the minister's sensitivity to
community structure, his adjustment to particular community
needs and patterns, and his awareness of these needs and
patterns. He questions whether there is any defensible
categorization of personality types or interests that are
useful in placing men in urban or rural church situations,
and suggests that the rural-urban dichotomy is artificial.
He says, "there is a basic orientation that every minister
needs, whatever the uniqueness of the demands and expecta—
tions he may encounter in a particular community."60

He also concludes that a minister's ”frame of
reference toward and awareness of community public Opinion
about the church he serves is not significantly related to
the community cultural classification of his church

"61

location. And finally, "Ministers share a common

socialization to their profession and outlook about their

work regardless of community cultural variability.“62
Increasingly, people eXpect their pastor to speak

out on issues that are vital and relevant——social, moral,

ethical, health, political and economic issues. Yet, at the

same time, people distrust increasingly what their pastor

has to say about these issues.

 

60Samuel W. Blizzard, "The Parish Minister's Self-
Image of His Master Role,” Pastoral Psychology, Vol. 9,
No. 89 (December, 1958), p. 36.

6lIbid., p. 35.

621bid., p. 36.

147

This strain between expectations and acceptance is
likely rooted in the increasing specialization of modern
society. Concerning this specialization, CarreSaunders
writes:

Today, professional men are regarded by the public

as experts--persons with high competence in a
restricted sphere. Great deference is paid to them
while they act within their particular range. Other-
wise, they have little prestige. Outside their

role, they are thought to have no mogg claim to

be heard than the man in the street.

And,

Training has taken the place of education. The modern
professional man has no comprehensive View of his own
field of work and little interest in its place in the
scheme of things at large. He is absorbed in restricted
problems for which he seeks ad hoc solutions. Unlike
the general practitioner of former times, he is no
longer able to act as an understanding friend to his
clients and to contribute usefully to the discussion
of public affairs. . . .The professional man is
becoming one of the numberless experts who work in

the service of the common man. The common man is set
on a pedestal. The experts seek a way for him out of
his troubles and a path to better living. Once the
professional man was on top; now he is on tap. As the
interests of professional men narrow and as the needs
of the common man grow, gaps are discovered and fresh
experts appear to fill them. Psychiatrists and other
specialists take charge of spheres relinquished by
medical men while members of the Institute of Hospital
Administrators look after the organizations in which
the specialist doctors work. The emergence of specialist
administrators is significant. From this source, we
get ad hoc management, Eat we do not get the guidance
and leadership we need.

 

6381r Alexander Morris Carr—Saunders, "Metropolitan
Conditions and Traditional Professional Relationships,"
Chapter 15, in The Metropolis in Modern Life, edited by
Robegg M. Fisher (New York: Doubleday and Company, 1955),
p. 2 .

6A

 

Ibid., p. 287.

 

48

Presenting an argument in defense of specialization
within the professions, Donald Young, General Director of
the Russell Sage Foundation, replies to Carr—Saunders:

The specialist may be far from perfect, but his short—
comings are more likely to be bettered by an improved
understanding of the specialized roles he must play
than by looking backward to a social order which may
not be expected to return. Paradoxically, a good

part of the answer to professional atomism may lie

in more gntensive specialization rather than in the
reverse. 5

Ministerial Recruitment and Withdrawal

 

Eight prominent Protestant ministers engaged in a
symposium dealing with the subject of recruiting young people
for the ministry in the United States. In a report of this
symposium, the editor of Missions pointed out that the
pastor is the key person in recruitment efforts.

James K. Mathews, bishop of the Methodist Church in
the Boston area, emphasized the personal relationship
between a minister and a potential ministerial student
as perhaps the most common factor in attracting young
people into the ministry. Declared BishOp Mathews:
"By far the most influential element in a 'call' to
the ministry is the prompting by another minister,
particularly at the parish level."

In spite of the recognized understanding that the
pastor is the most important figure in recruitment, and of

the increasing number and variety of materials that are

sent to him yearly, there is no significant increase in the

 

65Donald Young, "Universities and Cooperation Among
Metropolitan Professions," Chapter 16 in The Metropolis in
Modern Life, Edited by Robert M. Fisher (New York: Double—
day and Company, 1955).

 

 

Missions, "On Recruiting for the Ministry," an
editorial, Vol. 162, No. 5 (May, 1963), p. 1A.

“9

enrollment of seminary students, and there has been an actual
decline in the total number of seminary graduates entering
the pastorate in recent years. The American Baptist Conven-
tion has mailed packets of material to its pastors since
1958 for an annual emphasis on recruitment, and official
catalogues list more materials related to recruitment than
in most other areas of Christian education.67
Church vocations conferences are held at regular
intervals at all of the seven seminaries related to the
American Baptist Convention. A variety of similar con-
ferences have been held across the country, both in local
churches and at campus centers. In one such conference,
held at Ann Arbor, there were twenty-four representatives
of several participating denominations, from all sections
of the country, for two days, yet the total number of
students responding to the invitations to attend the con—
68

ference was less than the number of resource persons.

Many books have been published to appeal to students to

 

67One Message One Mission, Resource Guide for
American Baptist Churches (Valley Forge: Judson Press,
1965).

68

A conference on Vocations in Religion, November
1“ and 15, 1963, sponsored by the University of Michigan,
Office of Religious Affairs, Ann Arbor, Michigan.

 

 

50

69, 7o, 71. 72. 73, 74. 75 Other

consider the ministry.
books have been prepared to assist ministers and workers
with youth in counseling with prospective candidates for
the ministry.76’ 77 Films and film strips have been
produced.78’ 79 Yet, with all of these feverish efforts,
still there is no apparent success in arresting the

downward trend of seminary enrollment and church vocations

 

69Coburn, cp. cit.

7OConsider Your Call (Valley Forge: Commission on
the Ministry, American Baptist Convention, n.d.).

 

71Nathanael M. Guptil, Young Man, You're Wanted
(Valley Forge: American Baptist Convention, 1958).

 

72Charles F. Kemp, Preparing for the Ministry (St.
Louis: The Bethany Press, 1959).

 

73Benson Y. Landis, Careers of Service in the Church
(New York: M. Evans & Company, 196A).

 

7”Thomas W. Wersell, Why I am at the Seminary (Rock
Island, Illinois: Augustana Press, 1962).

75You are Needed (Valley Forge: Associated Home
Mission Agencies, American Baptist Convention, n.d.).

76Charles F. Kemp, The Pastor and Vocational
Counseling (St. Louis: The Bethany Press, 1961).

 

 

77Samuel Southard, Counseling for Church Vocations
(Nashville: Broadman Press, 1957).

78"Minister, A Film for Recruitment of Ministry
Candidates," A movie produced by Ministers Life and
Casualty Union, Minneapolis, Minnesota.

 

79"The Ministers We Need," A filmstrip produced
by American Baptist Convention, Valley Forge, Pennsylvania.

51

recruitment. In a special report to the American Baptist
Convention, Otto Nallinger pointed out that the number of
pre—seminary candidates in our colleges and universities
appears to remain static: "There has been no marked increase
over the last years in the number of pre—seminary students
at the college level. . .we average about 800 pre-seminary
students annually at the college level. We need to increase
this number by 1000."80
He points out that there is a great difference between
the number of graduates of American Baptist related sem-
inaries each year and the number needed. "We need about
350 new ministers (all church vocation) each year to
supply all of the needs for leadership in the ABC. Pres—
ently we graduate an average of about 200 ABC students
from our seminaries each spring.”81
Recruiters are increasingly candid concerning the
popular image of the minister. They frankly admit that
it is no longer a vocation with widespread acceptance
and prestige. in a "letter” addressed to students who
are prospects for church—related vocations, Peter L.

Berger analyzes the present state of the parish ministry

from the persepctive of sociology. With disarming candor

 

80Otto Nallinger, "Pertinent Facts," paper prepared
for distribution to ministers of the American Baptist
Convention, March, 1961, p. 1.

81Ibid.

———-_.

52

he begins his "letter" by dealing with the most common
criticisms of the parish ministry, listing them as
follows:

Specifically, you ask whether the parish ministry
today is not "irrelevant,” "ineffective," "morally
ambiguous" and "generally absurd ". . . .Let me say
at once that I think one must answer affirmatively
in each case. Also, however, one must probe a
little furthe§_and ask just what such affirmative
answers mean. 6

There is much concern over the high inCidence of
withdrawal from the parish ministry. A popular article
dealing With the struggles of the parish minister appeared
in the Saturday Evening Post. A Journalist collaborated

with an anonymous minister to produce a testimonial

'0
\

;.ory in which the young minister tells why he left the
ministry of a parish church. Attention is focused upon
the perverse expectations of parishioners, and their total
unwillingness to live up to what is felt to be the basic

requirements of the Christian f ith

so

The realization of how things really are in a church,
and how different they are from what we have been led
to believe, shocks almost every minister. One

isheartening discovery comes after another, like a
series of blows for which the classical seminary
curriculum cannot prepare one. I must admit I was
stunned.83

 

82Peter L. Berger, "Letter on the Parish Ministry"
(Hartford, Connecticut: Hartford Seminary), p. 1.

83Alfred Balk, "Why I Quit the Ministry," Saturday
Evening Post (November 17, 1962), p. 34.

Within two months an af713i€ appeared in Chr;stianity

 

'fldgy addressed to th;s anonymous young pastor, as an
impassioned plea to remain at the exacting task of minis-
tering to a lo:

Nallinger points out that the American Baptist
Convention is losing many of its young people to other
locations after they had indicated that they felt a call
into church related vocations, and that the "drop—out"

roblem is most serious at the college level.

Morse discovered Ln a study of 701 subjects that
the Strong Vocational Interest Blank and the Minnesota
Multiphasic Personality Inventory do not effectively dis-
criminate between those who persist and those who do not
ry training to the pOint of ordina-

86

tion into the Presbyterian ministry.

$1)

persist through semin

A survey of the patterns of withdrawal from the
Ministry in the Church of the Brethren showed that for
every 100 ministers wh: enter full-time pastoral service,
36 Withdraw; for every 100 who antic1pate entering the
ministry only A6 eventually become full—time pastors. For

the Church of the Brethren, it takes approximately 100

 

A

 

”Robert S. Lutz, ”Young Man, Don't Quit!" Christianity
Today (January A, 1963), p. A7.
85

86Paul Kenneth Morse, "The Strong Vocational Interest
Blank and the MMPI as Measures of Persistence Toward the
Ministry as a Vocational Goal" (unpublished Doctoral Thesis,
University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1962).

Nallinger, 0‘. cit.

\fl
1?:

men who antibipate going int; the ministry to produce 30

87

full—time pastors who will remain at their post.

Research Methodol:gy

 

Although the co cept of role is not new in the field
of sociology, useful methods of conceptualizing and
researching role are Just emerging. After reviewing most
of the relevant material published up to that time, in
i95l Neiman and Hughes concluded:

Frequently in the literature the concept \role) is
used without any aite empt on the part of the writer
to define or delimit the Hh ept, the assumption
being that b: th writer and reader ggll achieve

an immediate compatible consens's.

Persons writing in the field of religion particularly
tend to fail to bolster their ideas with empirical research.
Benson, after taking a close look a: trends in religious
writing, concludes:

. . .writ rs in religion m than in any other fields
have tuzned unoritically t ieces of driftwood floating
in science which might support preconceived édeas, a
mood not conducive to objective scholarship. 9

In recent years soc;al s ientists are piecing together

a meaningful pattern of research related to the concepts

that revolve about the basic concept of role. However,

 

87Eugene Garber Carper, "The Recruitment and Conserva-
tion of the Ministry in the Church of the Bret hren" (unpub—
lished Doctoral TheSis, Boston University School of Theology,
Boston, l962).

8Lionel J. Neiman and James W. Hughes, "The Problem of
the Concept of Role——a Re-Survey of the literature,” Social
Forces, Vol. 30 (1951), p. lA9.

89‘ ,
'urnell Handy Benson, Religion in Contemporary Ctlture:

 

A Study c.f Bel_gicn Thr:ugh Sofiai Science «New York: Harper
and Brothers, 1960), p. ix.

55

persons involved in research of iniumbents of positions of
religious orientation are many years behind the forerunners
in this field. Their contributions are few, and the quality
of research is not uniformly good.

A major survey of American Baptist ministers was con-
ducted by Baker,90 Dean Emeritus of Colgate Rochester
Divinity School, under the auspices of the Ministers and
Missionaries Benefit Board of the American Baptist Conven—
tion. There were 401 ministers and 66 laymen who were
interviewed, and each completed a questionnaire. Others
submitted autobiographical essays. Data were tabulated
and reported in percentages of response. Much was left to
the discretion of the interViewer. Although the research
methods are not sophisticated, many reflections contained
in the lengthy report have relevance to our present study.
Gross, Mason and McEachern91 have done more than any
others to collate recent studies in role and establish a
pattern of research in role analySis. They have provided
the most complete record of any role study of recent years.
They emphasized the need to analyze role consensus in

determining and defining role, and disproved that a con-

sensus is easily obtainable or easily observed in the

 

90Oren H. Baker, Profile of the American Baptist
Pastor (New York: The Ministers and Missionaries Board
of the American Baptist Convention, 1962).

91Neal Gross, Ward S. Mason, and Alexander W.
McEachern, Explorations in Bole Analysis (New York: John
Wiley and Sons, Inc., 1958).

 

 

analysis of a given role. While their research is related
to the position of school administrator, the methodology

is easily adapted to other roles. They review the contri—
butions of their forerunners in this field and p‘ace their
own work in historical perspective, providing a detailed
review of role theory and research. While they discovered
many useful facts concerning the role of the school super—
intendent, their rjmary contribution was in their excellent
reporting of the utility of methods and procedures of role

study and role analysis.

(1)

Gross and his associates expre s the hope that their
studies might also have furthered the trend toward inter-
action between academic disciplines by providing definitive

_ 2
and usable concepts related to role.9 The study under

(‘

investigation draws rather hea ily upon the methodology

0

Q
n.

m‘

and theory eStablished by Gr .
Most studies of ministers are conducted by psycholo-

gists and educators in the area of personality, relatin

0Q

t7 010 or characteristics to rcblems academic standing
3 33

persistence in seminary or parish, effectiveness, etc. An

93

example of this kind of research is that of Whitcomb, who

 

921939., p. 327.

9onhn C. Whitcomb, "The Relationship of Personality
Characteristics to the Problems of Ministers,” Religious

Education, Vol. 52, No. 5 (September—October, l957),
pp. 371—374.

 

 

57

administered the Guildord—Zimmerman Temperament Survey and
a personality data sheet to 156 students in five seminaries.
He concludes that personality characteristics are a factor
in a minister‘s performance, but that there are other
important factors operating as well.

94

Hodge employed similar techniques in a study in
vocational satisfaction, administering to 58 Presbyterian
ministers an instrument purporting to indicate vocational
satisfaction. A Q—sort test, an attitude inventory, a
general information sheet, and the Wonderlic Personnel

Test were also administered. The first three instruments
were originated for this study. In addition, a tape-
recorded interView was held with each subject. The data
was subjected to analysis by use of the Pearson coefficient
of correlation. A correlation of .30 significant beyond
the .01 level supported the hypothesis that ministers who
score higher in vocational satisfaction would also tend to
score higher in feelings of fellowship with others and
acceptance by others. Four factors which appear to be
related tended to be associated with vocational satisfac-

tion: (a) having attended a secular college or university

in contrast to a church—related college; (b) having served

 

guMarshall Bryant Hodge, "Vocational Satisfaction of
Ministers: An Introductory Experimental Study of Younger
Presbyterian Ministers (unpublished Doctoral Thesis,
University of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1960).

58

in the armed forces prior to entering the ministry, (c)
haVing entered another profession prior to attending
seminary; and (d) having been older at time of ordination.
All four factors suggested a trend for satisfaction in the
ministry to be associated with experience in and contact
with the secular world.
Similarly, Plyler95 interviewed 63 Methodist ministers,
the BishOp and twelve District Superintendents of the
Missouri area. He divided the churches into eleven size
and location categories. He determined that ministers
serving churches with 400 to 599 members manifested more
difficult adjustment to their congregations' norms than
either ministers of larger or smaller churches. He also
determined that ministers of churches of more than 600
members were committed to coordinating type of adminis-
tration rather than to originating type. He utilized a
questionnaire designed for this study. The number of
subjects was so small as to raise serious questions con-
cerning reliability of data.

Empirical research of the role of the minister is
not common. In a study of expectations held for the role

96

of Lutheran ministers, Johnson examined single expectations

 

95Henry Ellis Plyler, "Variation of Ministerial Roles
by Size and Location of Church" (unpublished Doctoral Thesis,
University of Missouri, St. Louis, 1961).

96Jeff Griffith Johnson, op. cit.

59

along the dimensions of the type of obligation, the degree
of responsibility and/or mandatoriness, and the general
level of consensus. The general working hypothesis of
the study was that groups of position incumbents will vary
in defining the action in which a minister is expected to
engage. The data were gathered by means of a questionnaire.
The sample consisted of ministers, parochial school
teachers, lay leaders, congregational members and members
of a District Committee of the Lutheran Church--Missouri
Synod. The church members were divided into three groups
based on size of church in which membership was held. It
was determined that as position incumbents occupying
positions of authority within a congregation become more
intimately involved in the authority structure of the
congregation, they are less willing to grant the minister
as high a degree of responsibility as the minister would
grant himself. It was found that as a specific expecta-
tion increases in importance, role definers become more
mandatory, exhibit a relatively higher level of consensus
and become less permissive in their expectations. Role
definers in large, medium and small congregations hold
similar expectations concerning the minister's activities.
Smith97 studied the role of the Methodist bishOp

from the year 1784 to the present. Using the historical

 

97James Alfred Smith, Jr., "The Developing Roles of
the General Superintendent in the Methodist Church (unpub-
lished Doctoral Thesis, Boston University, 1964).

60

method of research, he examined General Conference minutes,
Jurisdictional Conference minutes; addresses delivered

since 18AO; minutes of the Council of Bishops from I9NO to
l960; biographies, eulogies, letters, and the like of
bishops; Methodist apologetic literature and magazines and
various historical and theological works. He established

a typology of episcopal roles as follows: Preacher; Pastor-
Priest; Administrator; Promoter; Initiator—Innovator;
Conservator; Unifier; Judge; Educator; Theologian; Prophet;
Ecumenist; and Public Symbol.

Wood98 prepared a list of twelve professional clergy
activities and arranged them in a sixty-six pair paired—
comparison type instrument in studying the role of the epis-
copal parish priest. The instrument was circulated among
clergy and lay persons of New Jersey. Each participant
was asked to check, in each pair, the professional
activity the parish priest should do if time permitted
him to do only one. Fifty per cent of the invited clergy
responded. These recruited the lay sample. Returns were
processed to yield means and standard error for each of
the twelve activities as perceived by each of twenty-nine
sub—samples of participants. The t-test was used to
analyze the data. The study found no significant differ-

ence between the overall selections made by clergy and the

 

98Charles Leon Wood, "Functions of the Parish Priest
in the Episcopal Diocese of New Jersey" (unpublished
Doctoral Thesis, Rutgers — The State University, 1964).

61

overall selections made by lay people. Significant differ—
ences were found on two specific activities, however. Youth
Activity was ranked third by lay persons but eighth by
clergy, and Private Prayer was ranked fifth by clergymen

and tenth by lay persons. It seems likely that the fact
that the priests were given freedom to recruit laymen for
this study would significantly affect the conclusions,

and probably toward more consensus or agreement than away
from consensus or agreement.

99

Brown conducted a study utilizing a questionnaire
comprised of A5 statements related to social issues. He
also held.interviews with 67 ministers and 61 lay chairmen
of deacons of American Baptist churches of Washington. The
main hypothesis of the study was that ministers would be
more liberal in attitudes toward certain social issues

than lay officers. This was proven true relative to some
of the issues and disproven in others. it was discovered
that there was a greater homogeneity of attitudes among
ministers than among deacons. Brown explained the greater

homogeneity on the basis that ministers represented a

single occupation.

 

99Robert Lane Brown, ”Attitudes of Ministers and
Deacon Chairmen of Washington American Baptist Churches
on Selected Social Issues,” Foundations, Vol. 6, No. 3
(July, 1963), pp. 256—26”.

 

Summary

In this chapter an attempt has been made to review

the literature related to the role of the minister. No

attempt was made to review the literature on role theory,

100

as this has been reviewed comprehensively by Drake

in his doctoral thesis. This reView brings us to several

important conclusions:

1.

There exists today no clear definition of the
parish minister's role.

Appraisals of the role of the parish minister

are marked by confusion, contradiction and
generally negative criticism.

Studies of the allocation of time of the

minister generally conclude that the minister

is overworked (or overworks himself), is
dissatisfied with how he must divide his time,
and is disappointed withtlualimitations of his
accomplishments.

Most authorities conclude that the ministry today
is suffering from acute anxiety and tension
because of role conflict and lack of role consensus,

yet there is little empirical research to support

 

100

William Emerson Drake, "Perceptions of the Vocational

Agriculture Teacher's Professional Role in Michigan” (unpub—
lished Doctoral Thesis, Michigan State University, 1962).

the conclusion that this it true of ministers in
particular, or that existirg anxiety and tension
is necessarily due to role conflict or lack of
role consensus.

The slow pace of ministerial recruitment and the
high rate of withdrawal is apparently related to
the widespread confus1on and conflict concerning
the role of the minister.

There is a recognized reed for measuring the
expectations held for the parish minister.

role conflict have

C)
b—-O

The productive aspects
not been recognized.
There eXists an inadequate number of role
studies using the methodology of empirical

research.

The design and direction of the study under inxesti-

gation takes into account the streng ns, weaknesses and

general findings of the literature rexiewed. The metho—

dology,

procedures and

esearch design are presented in

a;
v

'i

Chapter III.

CHAPTER III

METHODS AND PROCEDURES

In a study of this nature it is necessary to establish
specific procedures for conducting the study. This chapter
will describe these procedures and the activities carried

out in planning and conducting the study.

Preliminary Investigation

 

A review of the literature was the first formal step
in the planning of the study. The review preceded the
formulation of the problem and the determination of the
methods of researching the problem, but did continue through
the duration of the problem research, and is brought up
to date with the final drafting of the thesis report.

The investigator, because of the nature of his
employment, had Opportunity prior to the inception of this
study to visit approximately thirty per cent of the churches
comprising the population, and he had personal acquaintance
with most of the pastors and many laymen of these churches.
It was through these contacts that the general problem of
this study was first brought to the attention of the
investigator. Several persons spoke of lack of agreement

and tension between pastor and laymen, between different

64

ON
\J‘l

laymen, and within the family o the pastor. This condition

be related to expectations held for the

,4
O

was purported

professional role of the Bapti

(I)

t pas-or.

Population

 

The population used for the study was taken from
- l . . , - l --
the l96z Michigan Baptist Convention Annual. All churches
related to the Michigan Baptist Convention and the Detroit

Association of American Baptist Churches are listed in

this annual. A questionnaire packet was mailed to all
churches being served by paSt‘fS. There was a total cf

l78 churches for the mailing.
Although there is no claim that the Baptist population

of Michigan is generalizable to the entire American Baptist

Convention, there are suffLCient similarities between the
Michigan Baptist Convention membership and the total
American Baptist Convention membership to conclude that

the findings of this research would be of vital interest
, . . A , 2 . . .
to the American Baptist Convention. Michigan reflects

A

j

quite well the patterns of "Town and Country" membership

 

a.
I

LMichigan Baptist Annual, l962 (Lansing, Michigan:
Michigan Baptist Convention, 1953).

 

2 , . . ..

The Michigan Baptist Convention figures presented
in this comparison are inclusive of the Detroit Associa—
tion of American Baptist Churches.

5A "Town and Country" church is defined by the Home
Mission Sooiety of the American Baptist Convention as one
in a place of less than 10,000 population regardless whether
licated within Standard Metropolitan Statistical Areas or

66

statistics compiled for the entire denomination. The member—
ship of the American Baptist Convertion is 3A.5% town and
country; Michigan is 8A.5% town and <1::untry.L4 Michigan
closely approximates the national average in percentage
of churches with membership less than 20l, with the national
being 57.6% while Michigan's stands at 56.6%5 The median
size of the American Baptist church on the national level
stands at 161.5 members, whereas The median size of the
Michigan Baptist church is 168.9 members.

This study is ccncerned with the expectations held

by significant Others for the professional role of the

(f:

Baptist pari h minister. It was decided to use four pos1—
tion groups to study this role. The fcllcwing were selected
because it was believed that they would be fairly represen—

tative of significant others, could satisfactorily provide

 

not. Size of population, according to the 1960 census,
was the determining factor as to whether a church was Town
and Country. This definition and the resulting categori-
zation and statistics are the only ones available.

4National figure is taken from The 1961 American
Baptist Census (Valley Forge: Ameri:an Baptist Home Mission
Societies, American Baptist Convention, l960;, p. 7.
Michigan figure is calculated from data presented in Michigan
Baptist Annual, l960, Lansing, Michigan: Michigan Ban? st
Convention. l96l, and ”List l960 Town and Country Churches
of ABC." Mimeographed report prepared by the American Baptist
Home Mission Societies, American Baptist Convention, n.d.

5National figure is calculated from data presented in
Characteristics of American Baptist Churches Reporting 200
or Fewer Members (Valley Forge: American Baptist Home
Mission Societies, American Baptist Convention, 1960).
Michigan figure is given in same, p. 46.

 

 

6 _ . . . .
National figure is taken from The 1961 American Baptist

Census, op. cit., p. 2 . Michigan figure is calculated from
data presented in Michigan Baptist Annual, 1960, loo. cit.

 

 

67

data for analysis, and were ocpteniently and definitely
determinable: (a) Colleagues, (b) Wives, (c) Deacons and
(d; Educators.

This

Q
()

-es not exhaust possible grotps holding expec—
tations for the professional role of the Baptist parish
minister, as there are others within the "free church"

polity of American Baptists that could be used.

Deveiopment of the Instruments

 

The review of related literatt

51

e was helpful in

I)
(D
(D
Q.
.1
:3

preparing the two instruments the study. Litera—

(fl

ture in the field of social cience research methodology
was examined, with particular reference to techniques of

construction of gtestionnaire and schedules. Of special

7

U2

assistance in this review was the work of Gross, et a1.

Two instruments were developed for this study.
Instrument 18 was titled "Expectation Questionnaire-—Pro—
fessional Activities of the Baptist Pastor." This con-
tained 36 items in the form of professional activities of
the Baptist pastor, and was prepared for distribution to
all four position groups.

Instrument 119 was title ”Perception of Expecta—

o y .‘ . .1 . .5 (38‘ ‘L -‘ ”'1 ‘5‘
tions Questionnaire ' This wa re, red for the so e u e

 

k')

(Gross, op. «it.
8Instrument I appears in Appendix B, pp. 168—170.

9Instrument 11 appears in Appendix B, pp.l?l—l75.

of the Baptist pastor. The pastor was instructed to respond
to the items according to his perception of the expectations
of the four position groups. This instrument utilized

the same items appearing in Instrument I.

It was decided that Blizzard‘s division of the pro-
fessicnal role of the pastor into the six "practitioner
roles" was appropriate for the problem under consideration:
(a) Teacher, (b) Pastor, (c) Organizer, (d) Priest, is)
Preacher, and (f) Administrator.i0

It was further deCided that the two instruments should

L-f

h

(D
m

contain an equal number of items for each of e role
areas for the purposes of convenient quantification and
statistical analysis. The items are not understood to be
units of equal value.
A scale of five possible responses was selected for
use, following the methodology of Gross, et al.,11 including
(a) absolutely must, (b) preferably should, (c) may or may
not, (d) preferably should not, and (e) absolutely must not.
An attempt was made to word the items so as to make it
possible for a respondent to select any of the five responses.
Because of the fact that Instrument I was to be admin—

istered to both professional clergymen and laymen, care

had to be used to select words that would communicate

 

loSee pp. 24-25 for a definition of these role areas.

ll .
Gross, Op. Cit.

69

f

equally well and with approximate definitions to all oi
the respondents. The varying level of Knowledge of theo—
logical and ecclesiastical terms among the respondents
pointed up as well the need for specificity in phrasing,
and limitation to words generally understood and agreed
upon. Some degree of understanding was assumed, however,
as all respondents should be somewhat knowledgeable of
Baptist terminology, polity and procedures.

A list of from ten to fifteen professional acti—
Vities of the Baptist parish minister was assembled for
each of the six role areas. This list of items was
developed by means of personal interviews with a Jury
including nine laymen, four pastors, two denominational

'1 A
- . .. . .LC ~ .
administrators, and one theo ogical educator. Blizzard's

I

}

definitions of the six "practitioner roles
a basis for these interviews, and in the development,
evaluation and refinement of the items. The jury con—

sultants were asked to evaluate the items on completeness,

(I)

representativeness, appropriatenes and clarity.
The Jury was asked to categorize all items into one
of the six areas listed above. They were also asked to

suggest additions, deletions and changes. On the baSlS

of the jury interviews a questionnaire was prepared,

 

For a listing of the Jury consultants see Appendix A

70

including six items for each role area, or thirty—Six total
items. The category of the items was not shown on this
questionnaire.

The items were variously worded so as to reduce the
likelihood of the respondents developing a set toward
answering the items either positively or negatively.

At this point Instrument II was drafted. A section
was added to this questionnaire for the minister to fill
out. It contained items of information about the respon-
dent and the church. This information was needed in order
to secure data for analysis of the secondary problems,

concerning (a) age of parish minister, (b) education of

parish minister, and (o) size of church membership.13

To determine the clarity of the instructions and the
clarity of the items, both instruments were then mimeo—
graphed and tested on several small groups of persons.
These subjects were not drawn from the general population
of the study. After these groups had completed the
questionnaires they were asked to specify points of con—
fusion or any lack of clarity in the directions or in the
items. Their criticisms resulted in changes in the

wording of several of the items. In this pretest, the

 

13Because of the problems involved in classification
of communities, it was decided to rely upon the 1960 census
and other criteria, and independently classify churches
according to type of community served, thus providing data
for the last secondary problem. For an explanation of pro—
cedures used in categorizing community types, see pp. ;;4_
116 of this report.

71

directions were understood clearly, but there was a tendency
to leave some of the items unanswered. The final form of
the instruments then were prepared for distribution to the
population under study. A number of the item changes were
incorporated, and a second set of instructions to complete
all items was added, in the hope that respondents would

be more thorough.

Procedures of Securing Responses

 

It was decided that the best time for the securing
of responses was in the early fall of the year, after
summer vacations, and before the busy Christmas season.
In late August, 1963, the Executive Secretary of the
Detroit Association of American Baptist Churches and the
Executive Secretary of the Michigan Baptist Convention
each sent a letter to all of the pastors within their
respective Jurisdictions. These letters introduced the
research progect to the pastors, indicated that it had
been authorized by the executives, and encouraged the
pastors to cooperate with the researcher.lu

On September 5, a 13" x l0" packet of materials was
mailed to each of the pastors. This packet contained (a)

a cover letter of explanation and directions to the pastor;

(b) a COpy of Instrument I boldly marked with a red grease

 

14
These letters appeariiiAppendix C, pp. 177—178.

72

pencil "PASTOR”; (c) a copy of Instrument II,15 (d) a

9" x 12" unsealed envelope labeled with a red grease pencil
"WIFE"; (e) a 9%" x 6%" sealed envelop labeled "DEACON";
(f) a 9%" x 6%" sealed envelope labeled "EDUCATOR”; and

(g) a 9" x 12" envelope addressed to the researcher, with
postage and label for first class mail. The envelope
labeled "WIFE" contained a letter of instruction16 and a
COpy of Instrument I. The envelopes marked "DEACON" and
"EDUCATOR" each contained a letter of instruction,17 a copy
of Instrument I, and a stamped, self-addressed return
envelope, size 9" x 6".

In the letter sent to the pastors, and in the letters
of instruction to the other respondents, assurance was
given of anonymity and coding of responses. The pastor
and wife were instructed to return their questionnaires
in the same enveIOpe. The secondary data of Instrument II
provided identification for this set of materials. As
a further precaution, the pastor's copy of Instrument I was
coded for identification. A code number was placed on the
COpies of Instrument I sent to the deacon and educator so

that these could be identified and matched with the returns

of the pastor and wife.

 

15Instrument I and Instrument II appear in Appendix B,
pp. 168—175.

16This letter appears in Appendix c, p. 181.

17These letters appear in Appendix C, pp. 182—183.

73

In November, 1963, a typed personal follow—up letter18

was sent to every pastor who had failed to respond, with a
copy of Instrument II enclosed with the letter for identi-
fication and reminder. The pastor was requested to comply
with the directions sent him earlier, or return a self-
addressed card with the indication that he failed to receive
the original packet or had mislaid it. He was assured
that another packet would be sent to him immediately upon
receipt of the card.

The questionnaires were carefully examined, matched
by church, and given to card punchers for the direct
transfer of data to computer cards. This was completed

by the spring of 1964.

Data Analysis

 

The chi square was the primary statistic used in the
analysis of the data. Following the methods demonstrated

by Gross,19

the data were prepared and submitted to the
Michigan State University CDC 3600 computer. The computer
was programmed to print frequencies, theoretical frequencies,
totals, means, standard deviation, and degrees of freedom
for each problem. The program was set so as to "collapse

categories" in the computation of the chi square, thus, the

degrees of freedom varied from problem to problem. This

 

18A sample c0py of this letter appears in Appendix C,

p. IBM.

19Gross, op. cit.

7”

was taken into account in determining the significance of
the resulting chi squares.

For determining consensus within the position groups
it was decided to use the variance of the distribution as
the most appropriate measure, again following the work of
Gross, who found that upon examination of several scoring
methods on a sample of items, very similar results were
achieved.20

There were 576 chi squares computed in testing the

first basic hypothesis; 1152 were computed in testing the

second basic hypothesis.

 

20Ibid., p. 107.

 

CHAPTER IV

PRESENTATION OF FINDINGS

Pattern of Response

 

At the time of mailing, 178 churches were qualified
to receive packets. There were ten Michigan churches and
five Detroit churches not being served by pastors. A
usable response was secured from 134, or 75% of these

1 Not all of these 13“ churches provided

churches.
usable questionnaires for each position group, however.
The totals for the position groups are as follows:
Ministers--ll7, or 66%, Wives-—ll2, or 63%; Deacons-—ll6,
or 65%; Educators--lO7, or 60%. The last four position
groups, Mp, Wp, Dp and Ep, are equal in number, being
taken from Instrument II, which was completed by the
ministers. The total for these groups was 113, or 63%.
This response is unusually high for this kind of
population. It is likely that this high percentage of
responses was due to the fact that the investigator was

known personally by a number of these persons, and that

the study was conducted under the auspices of the Michigan

 

1There was a 63% response from 46 Detroit churches
and a 80% response from 132 Michigan churches.

75

76

Baptist Convention and the Detroit Association of American
Baptist Churches. It is recognized as well that the
favorable response might be offset by unknown variables
introduced because of the fact that the study was con—

ducted under these denominational auspices.

Outline of Presentation of Data

 

The presentation of data is divided into three
general division. The first division deals with inter—
positional analysis and intrapositional analysis, or the
sub-problems emerging from both general problems.2

The second division deals with the secondary problem
of determining relationships between the expectations of
ministers and significant others and the variables (a) age
of the minister, (b) education of the minister, (0) size
of church membership, and (d) type of community.

The third division is a presentation of other general
observations.

A discussion of the findings related to each general
division appears at the end of that division. Each method

of presentation is introduced with a descriptive statement

concerning its use.

 

2For a listing of these problems see pp. A5, 15-16.

77

Findings Related to the Two
General Problems

 

Again, the two general problems of the study are (a)
to determine and examine the differences in expectations
that Michigan Baptist parish ministers, wives of Michigan
Baptist parish ministers, Michigan Baptist deacons and
Michigan Baptist educators hold for the professional role
of the Baptist parish minister, and (b) to determine and
examine the Michigan Baptist parish ministers' perception
of expectations that the four position groups hold for
the professional role of the Baptist parish minister.

First General Problem—-Differences
in Expectations

 

This problem deals with the concepts, (a) expectation
convergence——divergence; (b) role area convergence——diver-
genes; (0) role convergence—-divergence;3 (d) consensus
(and variance) of position group expectations; (e) consen—
sus (and variance) of position group expectations grouped
into role areas; (f) consensus (and variance) of position
group expectations taken together into one role. Appendices
D and E4 present the basic data for reference in this

determination.

 

3For illustration of this part of the interpositional
analysis (concepts a—c) see Figure 1, p. 8.

“Appendices D and E are found on pp. 186—203.

78

Appendix D presents for each item the number of
responses in each of the five categories: (a) Absolutely
Must, (b) Preferably Should, (c) May or May Not, (d)
Preferably Should Not, and (e) Absolutely Must Not. The
columns break down these responses into eight groups: (a)
M-—Ministers' Expectations, (b) W——Wives' Expectations, (c)
D——Deacons' Expectations, (d) E--Educator‘s Expectations,
(e) Mp——Ministers' Perceptions of Ministers‘ Expectations,
(f) Wp——Ministers' Perceptions of Wives' Expectations, (g)
Dp--Ministers' Perceptions of Deacons' Expectations, and
(h) Ep——Ministers' Perceptions of Educators' Expectations.
The total number of responses, the mean response, and the
standard deviation are provided for each group. In com—
puting the mean, a value of O was assigned to AM, 1 to PS,
2 to MMN, 3 to PSN, 4 to AMN.

Appendix E presents the chi square statistic for
each possible combination of comparisons between the four
position groups, on each of the 36 items of Instrument I,
thus yielding a measure of convergence——divergence. The
condition of divergence is identified by the chi squares
that are marked by an asterisk for the .05 level of
significance and two asterisks for the .01 level of signi—
ficance. For subsequent tabulation of significance the .05
level is used. The direction of disagreement between two
pos1tion groups can be determined by cross reference to
Appendix D, by observing the means of the two position

groups on the particular item.

79

Instruments I (Expectation Questionnaire) and II
(Perception of Expectations Questionnaire) both were designed
so that six items were assigned to each of the six role
areas. These were arranged evenly, so that Item #1 matched
with items #7, #13, #19, #25, and #31; Item #2 with #8,

etc. The assignment of role areas was as follows:

Item #1, etc. —- Teacher

Item #2, etc. -- Pastor

Item #3, etc. -— Organizer

Item #A, etc. —— Priest

Item #5, etc. —— Preacher

Item #6, etc. -- Administrator5

By computing all possible combinations of comparisons
of the position groups of Instrument I, and listing the
number of chi squares at the .05 level of significance
occurring in each role area, we secure a measure of diver-
gence existing in the expectations as grouped in role areas.
This treatment is based on the interpositional analysis
data presented in Appendix E.6 We investigate the other
direction of the matrix of Appendix E to determine differ-
ences that are related to position group pairings.

All of the above data are summarized in Table I,

which provides an interpositional measure of expectations

 

5For a definition of these role areas see pp. 24-25.

6Appendix E is found on pp. 205m2lO.

80

TABLE l.--Role area divergence and role dixergence of position
group pairings.

 

Role Area

 

 

L
o
4.)
m
c m 8 h L
o 60 p N a) 3
"H C2 (1) La -«—1 4—) ,C: H
-p;1w .2 O C tn 0 C H
0H 13 $4 0 4—) CG (1) (U ~r-4 CG
(0 O 'H (U U) bf) .f—l q) E 4.)
o:.m m m L p L "U o
mcpa. 34 m 0 CL m c: B
Ministers —
Deacons A 3 A 2 A 2 l9
Ministers -
Educators 2 0 l 3 2 3 ll
Ministers —
Wives l l 2 l 2 l 8
Wives -
Educators O 2 l l 2 2 8
Deacons -
Educators O O O O l O l
Wives -
Deacons l 2 2 1 2 3 ll
TOTAL 8 8 IO 8 13 ll 58

 

by role area. The last row of Table I (Total) provides the
role area divergence of all six position group pairings

taken together. The last column of the table (Total) pro-
vides the role divergence of each pairing of position groups.
In interpreting Table I, it must be recognized that the
highest possible total entry for each position group pairing

and for each role area is 36.

81

The method of presentation of data shown in Figure 2

7

is used by Brookover' in his adaptation of a presentation in
a doctoral thesis by Doyle.8 Doyle apparently used the
ratio of the area enclosed within the intersecting circles
to the area of the unit circle as the visual presentation

of the percentage figure. Brookover used a ratio of the
perpendicular bisector of the chord connecting the points

of intersection of the circle, measured from arc to arc,

to the length of the diameter of the unit circle in pre-
senting the percentage. This visualizes the findings

more effectively than the method used by Doyle.

Figure 2 presents in graphic form the data of Table 1
related to role divergence. A single circle would represent
a lack of divergence (convergence). Completely separate
circles, with edges Just touching, would represent complete
divergence. The percentage figure shown represents the
percentage of the 36 items on which there was not a signi-
ficant difference.

An important consideration in the interpretation of
the findings concerning convergence——divergence is that

of consensus within the position groups. We have selected

 

7Wilbur B. Brookover, and David Gottlieb, A Sociology
of Education, 2nd edition (New York: American Book Company,

1964), p. 336.

 

 

8Louis Andrew Doyle, "A Study of the Expectancies
which Elementary Teachers, Administrators, School Board
Members and Parents have of the Elementary Teachers'
Roles" (unpublished Doctoral Thesis, Michigan State
University, East Lansing, 1956), p. 102.

 

Figure 2.--Role convergence——dlvergence of position group
pairings.

83

a standard deviation equal to or greater than 1.00 to iden—
tify the condition of lack of consensus. Appendix D9 pro-
Vides the standard deViation of responses of each position
group on each of the 36 items. Table 2 is a partial summary
of Appendix D; it lists the number of standard deviations
equal to or greater than 1.00 occurring in each role area
for each position group of Instrument I, thus providing

an intrapositional measure of expectations by role areas.
The last row of the table (Total) provides the lack of
consensus, by role areas, of four position groups taken
together. The last column of the table (Total) provides
the lack of role consensus for each position group. In
interpreting Table 2, it must be recognized that the
highest possible total entry for each position is 36, and
for each role area is 24.

Second General Problem-—Differences in
Perception of Expectations

 

The second general problem deals with the concepts,
(a) expectation congruence——confliot; (b) role area con—
. , .-. p p _ . 10 . .
gruence——confiict; (c) role congruence-—conflict; (d)
consensus (and variance) of perceived position group
expectations; (e) consensus (and variance) of perceived
position group expectations grouped into role areas; (f)

consensus (and variance) of perceived position group expec-

tations taken together into one role.

 

9Appendix D is found on pp. 186-203.

10For graphic illustration of this part of the inter-
positional analysis see Figure 1, p. 8.

84

TABLE 2.—-Role area variance and role variance of position
groups.a

 

Role Area

 

 

L

o

4.3

m

L L

C <1) L 4:

o L N o m

-H o L .H p c -H
430. 13 O C (n 0 C H
V15 0 p m m m -H m
(DO CU U) ()0 Vi Q) E 4-)
0:. m m L L L U o
0.0 B a. 0 CL m < Ea
Ministers 0 0 0 i 0 2 3
Wives 0 0 l 2 l 3 7
Deacons 0 1 2 2 l 3 9
Educators 0 0 1 2 l A 8
TOTAL 0 l u 7 3 12 27

 

8The matrix figures represent the number of SD 1 1.00.

Appendices D and F present data for reference in this
determination. Appendix D has already been introduced.
However, it should be noted that the total number of responses
for the four position groups as perceived by ministers is
the same (113) because these responses were all recorded
by the pastors in the columns of Instrument II (Perception

of Expectations Questionnaire).ll

 

llSee Instrument II, Appendix B, pp. 171-175.

85

for

0

Appendix F12 presents the chi square statisti
each possible combination of comparisons between the minis-
ters' perception of the four position groups, on each of
the 36 items of Instrument II, thus yielding a measure of
congruence--oonf1ict. The condition of conflict is
identified by the chi squares that are marked by an
asterisk for the .05 level of significance and two aster—
isks for the .01 level of significance. For subsequent
tabulation of significant difference the .05 level is
used. In the event of a direction of disagreement between
position groups, this direction can be determined by cross
reference to Appendix D, by observing the means of the two
position groups on the particu;ar item.l3

By computing all possible combinations of comparisons
of the position groups of Instrument II (Perception of
Expectations Questionnaire), and listing the number of
chi squares at the .05 level of significance occurring in
each role area, we secure a measure of the conflict existing
in the perceived expectations as grouped in role areas.lu
By examining the other direction of the matrix of Appendix F,

we determine the differences that are related to position

group pairings.

 

12Appendix F is found on pp. 212—217.

13Appendix D is found on pp. 186-203-

1“This treatment is based on the interpositional
analysis data presented in Appendix F, pp. 212—217.

86

All of the above data are summarized in Table 3,
which provides an interpositional measure of perceived
expectations by role areas. The last row of Table 3 (Total)
provides the role area conflict of all six position group
pairings taken together. The last column of the table
(Total) provides the role conflict of each pairing of
position groups. In interpreting Table 3, it must be
recognized that the highest possible total entry for each
position group pairing and for each role area is 36.

TABLE 3.—-Role area conflict and role conflict of position
group pairings.

 

Role Area

 

 

L

o

p.

m

L L

C. U) a) L 4—)

O 60 L N a) (f)

ar—i c (D L «‘1 p .2 H
+>om4 o o C m 0 C H
H :3 L o 4.» co (1) co :1 (U
(I) O H (U U) 60 H (1) E: U
o:.m o m L L L U o
mcoo. B a. o a. m < B
Mp - Dp 5 3 4 3 2 5 22
Mp - Ep 2 3 3 2 2 u 16
Mp - Wp 0 2 3 0 2 O 7
Wp - Ep 3 l A l l A 14
Dp - Ep 3 l 3 2 3 3 15
Wp - Dp 5 2 L4 3 l a 19
TOTAL l8 12 21 11 ll 20 93

 

87

Figure 3 represents in graphic form the data of Table 3
related to role conflict. A single circle would represent
a lack of conflict (congruence). Completely separate
circles, with edges Just touching, would represent complete
conflict. The percentage figure shown represents the
percentage of the 36 items on which there was not a signi—
ficant difference.

Appendix D provides the standard deviation of minis-
ters' responses of perceived position group expectations.15
Table A summarizes this part of Appendix D by listing the
number of standard deviations equal to or greater than
1.00 occurring in each role area for each position group
of instrument II, thus providing an intrapositional measure
of perceived expectations by role areas. The last row
(Total) of Table 4 provides the lack of consensus of per-
ceptions, by role areas, of the four position groups taken
together. The last column of the table (Total) provides
the lack of consensus of perceptions of each position
group for the entire role. The highest possible total
entry for each position group is 36, and for each role area

is 24.

 

15Appendix D is found on pp. 186—203.

88

Mp — Dp Mp - Ep
‘lllllllliillllllll’ ‘llllllllllllllll’
Mp - Wp Wp — Ep
“|||||Ellillll’ ‘llllllllllllllll’
Dp — Ep Wp - Dp

‘IIIIIIEHHIIIIII"

Figure 3. Role congruence—-conflict of position group
pairings.

\ I

89

TABLE A.--Role area variance and role variance of position
groups as perceived by ministers.a

 

Role Area

 

 

%
:19
s L
(DU 0
$40) 4—)
ca> m
H m L L
CCDQ <1) L 4—3
00(1) $4 N (D U)
HLIJJ (1) $4 -:-1 4-3 .C H
4JQ)W 5: o o m o c .4
Hqu-i o 4.) <8 <1) CU ~r-i <13
U) s: cu 0) £20 or! a) E 4-3
OUJH (1) co L. L L. '6 O
mcuz: s4 m C) a. m d Ea
Ministers 0 l 0 2 0 2 5
Wives 0 l l 2 0 l 5
Deacons 0 1 l 2 l 3 8
Educators 0 0 0 2 0 0 2
TOTAL 0 3 2 8 l 6 20

 

aThe matrix figures represent the number of SD 1 1.00.

Differences in Expectations and
Perceptions of Expectations

 

 

This division involves treatment of the concepts of
consonance and inconsonance. Appendix G16 presents the
chi square statistic for each matched pairing of the expecta-
tions of the four position groups (responses to the items
ofInstrumentI--Expectation Questionnaire) and the expecta—
tions of the position groups as perceived by ministers'

responses to the items of Instrument II—-Perception of

 

16Appendix G is found on pp. 219-233-

9O

Expectations Questionnaire), thus yielding a measure of
consonance--inconsonance. The condition of inconsonance

is identified by the chi squares that are marked by an
asterisk for the .05 level of significance and two asterisks
for the .01 level of significance. For subsequent tabu—
lation of significant difference the .05 level is used.

In the event of a direction of disagreement between posi-
tion groups this direction can be determined by cross
reference to Appendix D, by observing the means of the

responses of the two position groups on the particular

item.17
These data are summarized in Table 5, which provides
an interpositional measure based on role areas. The last

row of Table 5 (Total) provides the role area inconsonance
of all four position group pairings taken together. The
last column of the table (Total) provides the role incon—
sonance of each pairing of position groups. The highest
possible total entry for each pairing of position groups
is 36, and for each role area is 24.

Figure A represents in graphic form the findings of
Table 5. A single circle would represent a lack of incon-
ance (consonance). Completely separate circles, with

edges just touching, would represent complete inconsonance.

 

1 _q-
7Appendix D is found on pp. 105*803-

91

TABLE 5.--Role area inconsonance and role inconsonance of
position group pairings.

 

Role Area

 

 

L:

O

4.)

(U

54 £4

c: U) <1) L p

O 60 S-c N (1) m

*4 C2 (1) $4 -r—1 4.) ,3: .H
-p(lH £1 0 C m o C H
wish 0 4.3 Cd 0) (U H Cd
aiowa m a) m -H a) E p
OS-«CU (1) (6 $4 $4 $4 '6 O
mcoa. Ei CL 0 m m <: B
Mp-M l o 1 o 0 o 2
Wp-W 2 2 5 2 2 16
Dp - D 3 3 3 3 A 18
Ep-E 14 3 5 3 5 u 214
TOTAL 10 8 11 ll 10 10 60

 

Discussion of Findings Related to
the Two General Problems

 

 

8

We note from an examination of Tables 1, 3, and 51
that there is little difference in the occurrence of chi
squares at the .05 level of significance as grouped in
role areas, either on divergence, conflict or inconsonance.
Caution should be exercised in comparing Table 5 with
Tables 1 and 3, as there are a total of 144 chi squares
computed for Table 5, while 216 are computed for Tables 1

and 3. Therefore, any broad comparison of Table 5 with

 

18Table l is found on p. 80.

92

Mp-M wp—w
. .
Dp — D Ep - E

Figure 4.-—Role consonance-~inconsonance of position group
pairings.

93

Tables 1 and 3 should provide for a multiplication of the chi
squares in Table 5 by a factor of 1.5.

We conclude, then, that whatever differences are
registered in relationship to sub-hypotheses (l), (2) and
(3),19 these do not exist on the basis of role areas.

The general spread of differences throughout the
role areas suggests the possibility that the role areas
chosen for the division of the items might not be the most
appropriate or efficient. A different basis for dividing
the items could be employed in order to secure a measure
of role area differences. One such diviSion could be based
on the immediate, direct or personal relevance of the item
to the incumbents of the several positions. Such a
division would require a rebuilding of the instruments so
as to provide a set of items that could be assigned with
facility to the position groups. An examination of the
responses to items of the instruments used in this study
leads us to believe that such a restructuring of the items
would be feasible, though there is no reason to believe
that such a restructuring would yield different results.
We discover a tendency for a registration of more differ-
ences on those items that are most immediately, directly

or personally relevant to the respondent's position. It

 

19Sub—hypotheses (l), (2), and (3) are found on
pp“ 6—70

94

is also observed that there tends to be less consensus on
these items. This tendency can be detected in items

21 22
2

#6,20 #7 #13 and #36.23

An examination of Table 12“ yields some provocative
findings. It is discovered that there is most divergence
between ministers and deacons; somewhat less divergence
between ministers and educators, and between wives and
deacons. The divergence between wives and ministers is
equal to that between wives and educators. There is
Very little divergence between deacons and educators.
Ministers and wives differ on eight items, while deacons
and educators differ on only one. This means that there
is more disagreement in the parsonage than in the pew
on expectations for the professional role of the Baptist
parish minister.

We conclude, therefore, that sub—hypothesis (l)25
is generally supported, with the exception of the comparison

of the expectations of the position group deacons with the

position group educators.

 

20Item #6 reads "carry out decisions of the board of
deacons that he believes to be unsound."

21Item #7 reads "expect a layman rather than himself
to teach a class for new church members."

22Item #12 reads "occasionally enroll in college
courses in order to help him do a better job with leadership
training of laymen."

23Item #36 reads "preside at the regular business
meetings of the church."

2“Table l is found on p. 80.

25Sub—hypothesis (l) is found on p. 6.

95

Table 1 also suggests that the deacons and educators
are drawn from the same general population. These findings
are somewhat conditioned by the observation that there is
less consensus within the positions of deacon and educator
than within the positions of minister and wife.26 One
might expect that there would be more agreement between
groups with high consensus, especially between ministers
and wives. But this is not borne out by the findings of
Table 1.

An examination of Table 327 leads us to the con-
clusion that sub—hypothesis (2)28 is supported. There
are differences between the perceptions that Michigan
Baptist parish ministers have of the expectations held by
significant others for the professional role of the
Baptist parish minister. This ranges from 22 items on
the comparison of perceptions of the groups ministers
and deacons, to seven items on the comparison of the
perceptions of the groups ministers and wives.

An examination of Table 529 leads us to the conclu—

sion that sub—hypothesis (3)30 is generally supported,

 

‘6See Table 2, p. 8U.

27Table 3 is found on p. 86.

28Sub—hypothesis (2) is found on p. 6.

29Table 5 is found on p. 92.

3OSub-hypothesis (3) is found on p..7.

96

with the exception of the comparison of the expectations
of ministers with the perceptions of the expectations of
ministers.

One example of the inconsonance between minister and
wife is found in the responses of the ministers and wives
to item #10.31 The ministers perceived that the wives
would take a more permissive attitude toward baptism of
an eight year old child, when, in fact, the wives took
the most demanding stance of the four position groups.
This difference between the expectation of the wives and
the wives as perceived by the ministers was significant
at the .01 level.32

In examining Tables 133 and 33’4

for a comparison of
role divergence and role conflict we observe that ministers
perceive more differences in the expectations of ministers
and deacons than actually exists. The minister tends to
overestimate the difference in expectations of ministers
and deacons. The observation holds true in the comparison
of role divergence and role conflict as related to

ministers and educators. Ministers perceive less differ-

ence in the expectations of ministers and wives than exists,

 

31Item #10 reads "baptize a child of eight years of
age if he has made a profession of faith in Christ."

32See Appendix G, p. 219-223.

33Table 1 is found on p. 80.

3“Table 3 is found on p. 86.

97

and perceive many more differences between wives and edu—
cators and wives and deacons than exist. Ministers perceive
that there are more disagreements between ministers and the
laymen in the church, while at the same time they perceive
that there are even more disagreements between the ministers'
wives and the laymen in the church. The most interesting
finding of Table 3 is the perception of ministers concerning
the differences between deacons and educators. They per—
ceive that they disagree on fifteen items out of a possible
36, when, in reality, Table 1 shows a difference on only

one item. The major conclusion of this general comparison
is that ministers perceive more differences than in fact
exist.

Table 535 reveals that the ministers are particularly
faulty in their perceptions of the expectations of wives,
educators and deacons. In the case of the educators,
the perceptions of ministers are significantly different
from the expectations of the educators on 24 of the 36
items. On the other hand, ministers' perceptions of expec—
tations of their colleagues are quite accurate, for we
discover a significant difference on only two items. It
is likely that this agreement is influenced by the tendency
to ascribe to other ministers the views that one himself

holds.

 

35Table 5 is found on p. 91.

98

It would be possible for a high level of divergence
to be matched with an even higher level of conflict, yet
with a relatively low level of inconsonance. This condi—
tion would indicate that the ministers had exaggerated
the differences between the position groups, yet had
diagnosed for most items the nature of the differences.

However, what we have in this constellation of data
is the condition of a relatively high level of divergence
matched with an even higher level of conflict, as well as
a high level of inconsonance. This means that the ministers
have exaggerated the differences between the position
groups, and frequently failed to diagnose the nature of
these differences. This is a more extreme condition than
that described above, especially as we note the relatively
low incidence of inconsonance between Mp - M. Clearly,
the ministers have failed to properly perceive the expecta-
tions of wives, deacons and educators. In other words,
the ministers' positive error of perception of the actual
differences between the groups is compounded by their
faulty perception of the groups themselves.

From the above findings it seems quite possible
that clear communication is lacking between the minister
and his wife as well as between the minister and the lay-
men of his church. Communication does not necessarily pro-
duce convergence, but it should tend to produce consonance.

The ministers perceive that there are more differences in

99

expectations than actually exist, so they apparently
experience more conflict than they would if there were
better communication established between incumbents.

A comparison of Tables 236 and 437indicates that
ministers tend to perceive wives, deacons and educators as
having a higher role consensus than in fact they do have.
This is particularly true of the position group educators.
Least consensus is perceived to be among the position group
Deacons. Table 2 shows that ministers have the highest
consensus, while wives, deacons and educators have an
almost equal amount of consensus on the items. Deacons are
perceived to lack consensus on eight items; educators on
only two. From this we see, again, that the ministers
make a faulty differentiation between the deacons and the
educators, when, in fact, these two groups are quite alike
on the basis of consensus. The comparison of these tables
bears out the previous observation that the deacons and
educators are apparently representative of one population.

Although the foregoing discussion of the findings
related to a broad comparison of position groups as
presented in the tables has proved to be profitable,
another interesting method of examination is that of

inspection of response patterns, item by item. The recording

 

36Table 2 is found on p. 80.

37Table A is found on p. 89.

100

of a statistically significant chi square statistic does not
imply a directional difference. Nor when a directional
difference occurs, does this necessarily imply that the
directional difference is the primary factor contributing
to the chi square. Therefore, the technique of item—by-item
inspection with particular reference to direction of dif—
ference has limitations. However, the technique does yield
interesting and provocative findings, and provides a worth-
while SUpplement to the previous analysis. In each case
where a significant chi square was recorded a direction of
difference was clearly discernible. We now proceed to a
discussion based on this inspection of individual items.
One example of the failure of ministers to perceive
properly the expectations of significant others is that
of item #3.38 We discover that there is general consensus
within all position groups for this expectation and in
the perception of this expectation.39 There is also a
general convergence, with the exception of W - D, where
the chi square is significant at the .05 level.”0 Yet
the ministers perceive that there is a great difference
between significant others on this expectation, with a

recording of chi squares at the .01 level of significance

 

on each of the comparisons.“1 They, then, experience
38Item #3 reads ”become a leader in a cub scout pack.”
39See Appendix D, p. 187.
uOSee Appendix E, p. 205.
1See Appendix F, p. 212

101

conflict where there is very little actual divergence.
Two of the four chi squares related to consonance are at
a significant level, while the chi square related to
Mp - M is very low.“2 This analysis of item #3 indicates
that ministers' perceptions on this item are particularly
faulty as regards the positions wife and educator. In
this case, the ministers perceived that the educators
were close to the MMN category of response. In fact, the
educators were very close to PSN in their responses.
Ministers overestimated the disagreement between their
own expectations and those of the wives and those of the
educators, when, in reality, both position groups were
very close to their own expectations. It is reasonable
that educators might tend to wish for pastors to relate
to a cub scout pack as a leader, but this was not the
case.

Item #21143 yields similar findings when analyzed
in this way.

Item #7“4 falls into this same general pattern,
with the ministers perceiving that the position groups,

including colleagues, take a more conservative and

demanding attitude then is the case. The ministers

 

ugSee Appendix G, p. 219-

u3ltem #21 reads ”play on an athletic team in a
church league."

“ultem #7 reads ”expect a layman rather than him-
self to teach a class for new church members."

102

believe that the incumbents of other positions expect them
to take a more direct part in teaching than they actually
do. They are not mistaken in their belief that signifi-
cant others expect them to be personally responsible for
this part of the work of the church, but they are mistaken
in what they believe is the strength of the expectations
of significant others.

All position groups are more liberal than the
ministers perceive them to be in item #31L45 as well.

The best example of the failure of the minister to
perceive the expectations of others is that of item #16.“6
He apparently believes that his expectations are very
much like those of others, when, in fact, they are not.
He believes that others are more liberal than they prove
to be on this item. The response of the other groups may
be an indication that they feel a personal need for a
more clear understanding as to the meaning of the ordinance
of the Lord's Supper, or that they are concerned that
the constituency clearly understand its meaning. In
any event, the minister has altogether failed to perceive

their expectations.

 

uSItem #31 reads "encourage laymen to lead week
day study group meetings rather than lead them himself."

46Item #16 reads "give explanation at every communion
service as to the meaning of the ordinance of the Lord's
Supper."

103
A cursory review of item #5147 would lead one to con-
clude that the ministers have a fairly good perception of
the expectations of significant others concerning this
particular behavior. The existing divergence is recognized
by the ministers, and translated into conflict. There is
also a high level of general consonance, and one could
conclude that no great problem of accommodation might
exist. However, upon further inspection we see that there
is conflict built into the expectation because of a high
variance. The SD of both deacons and educators is above
1.00, the SD of the perceptions of these are also above
1.00. An examination of the responses falling into the
categories indicates that there were fourteen responses
from the four position groups in the AM category and A9 in
the AMN category, with the lay groups of deacons and
educators tending toward a more conservative stance. Thus
we conclude that there could very well be considerable
strife in a local situation concerning this particular
expectation.

Another item presenting a general picture of lack of
consensus is item #15,“8 where there are 39 AM responses

and Al AMN responses from the four position groups. This

would indicate that there was a general disagreement or

 

“7Item #5 reads "speak from the pulpit in support of
or against proposed legislation of the local government."

“Bltem #15 reads "avoid envolvement with clubs or
lodges in the community."

104

conflict built into this expectation on the basis of lack
of consensus rather than on the basis of divergence. How-
ever, if the responses tended to be grouped by type of
church the disagreement would not be so acute, as there
would be a general consensus or homogeneity of Opinion
within the separate church memberships on the expectation.
The same could be true of item #5 presented above.

We find that in the responses to a number of items
the ministers perceive that significant others are more
demanding than they actually are. Conversely, we could
say that ministers tend to respond in ways that indicate
their desire for more autonomy and self direction than
they perceive that the other groups would allow. This
proves to be a rather consistent direction of disagreement.

Item #8149 falls into this category. The minister
perceives that significant others are less willing to have
him be available for counseling with non-church people,
when, in fact, they are as willing as he to have him spend
his time this way. He is more demanding of himself con—
cerning his availability for counseling. Here we find
that the minister tends to see others as being more

restrictive than they are.

 

ugltem #8 reads "make himself available to all
residents of the community for counseling at any time."

105

50

Items #20 and #2851 provide an almost identical

pattern of response as above.

52

An inspection of item #9 indicates that ministers

perceive that others are more conservative than they

”’53

really are. This is also true of item #3 even with
allowance for a uniform lack of consensus. In item #195“
the ministers perceive that deacons and educators tend
toward PS, when, in fact, they tend toward PSN.

It is common to hear ministers say that their church
people do not want them to promote denominational programs
within the church. This is born out in the pattern of
responses to item #12.55 The minister perceives that
other ministers are inclined to be more conservative than

he in promotion of unpopular denominational programs, and

that the other three position groups tend to wish for him

 

50Item #20 reads "spend more than an average of four
hours a week counseling with people who are not members of
the church."

51Item #28 reads "conduct private communion services
at least once every three months for the shut—ins in their
homes or places of confinement."

52Item #9 reads "avoid associating with other minis-
ters who are of a radically different theological position
or persuasion:"'

53Item #3A'reads "depart from the traditional mode of
baptism for reason of physical or medical incapacitation
of the candidate."

5“Item #19 reads "be a teacher in the daily vacation
Bible School."

55Item #12 reads "promote a program of the American
Baptist Convention when this program has limited support
within the church."

106

to avoid such promotion. The fact is that the responses of
all position groups indicate that they are more ready to
have him promote denominational programs than is he himself.

As to length of sermons, the minister perceives that
the deacons and educators tend toward PSN on his preaching
more than twenty minutes, when, in fact, they tend toward
133.56

A case of poor perception is presented in item #22,57
where the minister perceives that there is a marked differ-
ence in the expectations of the deacons and educators.
This difference is non existent, for there proves to be no
significant difference between deacons and educators,
nor is there a lack of consensus within the two groups.
Ministers are mistaken if they hesitate to read from a
variety of Scripture versions on the basis of conflict.
It seems likely that they could do so with much less dis—
agreement than they anticipate.

In item #2458 the words "compromise" and."pressure
groups" are likely to bring strong response. It is probable
that the wording of this item was influential in producing

the low consensus on the expectations of the position groups.

 

56This refers to Item #17, which reads "preach for
more than twenty minutes in the Sunday morning worship
service."

57Item #22 reads "read from different versions of the
Bible from Sunday to Sunday during the regular morning
worship service."

58Item #24 reads "compromise with pressure groups
within the church.”

107

Deacons' SD is .97; cducators' 1.10.59 In this case, the
deacons tended to be most ready to allow the minister the
right to refuse to compromise. The minister perceived
that the educator and deacon both were about mid—way between
MMN and PSN.

Item #2660 is similar in construction and in response.
Here, again, there is a tendency on the part of the minister
to perceive the deacon and educator as being more restric—
tive than they are.

The wives consistently respond in favor of more free
time and flexibility for their husbands, and for more
casual family relationships. In item #2761 we see the wives
asserting their feelings concerning the wish to have their
husbands spend more time away from their work (and, probably,
with their families). Again, the pastor perceives his
deacons and educators to be more restrictive and demanding
of him than they actually are.

62 63

In items #7 and #9 ministers perceive other

ministers to have different expectations than themselves.

 

59

60Item #26 reads "offer advice to a church member
when it is not asked for."

61Item #27 reads "Spend as much as one day a week en-
gaged in activities not directly related to his church
responsibilities."

62Item #7 reads ”expect a layman rather than himself
to teach a class for new church members.”

See Appendix D, p. 197.

63Item #9 reads "avoid associating with other minis—
ters who are of a radically different theological position
or persuasion."

108

In item #7 ministers perceive other ministers to be more
ready to expect laymen to teach a class; in item #9 other
ministers were perceived to be more conservative than
themselves in associating with ministers of a radically
different theological position or persuasion.

Table 2,614 dealing with variance and consensus of
position groups in role areas, reveals that there is more
consensus among ministers and wives than among deacons
and educators, with the role areas administrator and
priest recording the least consensus of the six areas.

A comparison of Table A65 with Table 2 reveals that
the ministers are particularly faulty in their perceptions
of the expectations of educators. The consensus of the
ministers‘ perceptions was much higher than the consensus
of educators.

In Appendix D66 we discover some items marked by a
lack of consensus within several groups. These items are
not necessarily marked by a corresponding divergence.

68 69

Items #30,67 #39 and #36 are examples of this pattern.

 

6A
65

Table 2 is found on p. 80.
Table A is found on p. 89.
66Appendix D is found on pp. 186—203.

67Item #30 reads "know how much each church member
contributes financially to the support of the church."

68Item #39 reads ”depart from the traditional mode of
baptism for reason of physical or medical incapacitation of
the candidate."

69Item #36 reads "preside at the regular business
meetings of the church.”

109

It is likely that whatever the practice of the particular
church or pastor in regard to these activities, they will
occasion disagreement, and, depending upon the diSposition
of the persons involved, possibly disruptive disagreement.
It might be said that the responses of a cross sec-
tion of the laity of the churches would be different from
those of the deacons or educators selected for this study.
On the other hand, the pastors' responses might be different
if they were asked to respond to the items in Instrument II
according to their perception of a ”typical" layman of the
church. Both of these possibilities are speculation, how—
ever. Offsetting these suppositions is the fact that
there has beerlairemarkable convergence in the responses of
the deacons and educators, even more so than on the part
of the ministers and wives, where one might expect a higher
convergence than has been demonstrated.

Findings Related to the
Secondary Problem

 

 

This division of the presentation of findings deals
with the relationships between the expectations of
ministers and significant others and the variables (a)
minister's age, (b) minister's education, (c) size of
church membership, and (d) type of community. Also
presented will be findings concerning relationships between
ministers' perceptions of the expectations of significant

others and these variables.

110

The ministers were quite lax in completing the last
section of Instrument II, concerning age, education and

70

size of church membership. The church membership
figures that were provided by the ministers proved to be
quite unreliable. Because of this the investigator used
the membership figures printed in the Michigan Baptist

1.71 A number of ministers failed to pro-

Convention annua
vide information concerning their educational attainment.
In each case where this information was not provided,

the investigator was able to secure it from the executive
secretary of the Michigan Baptist Convention, or from

other reliable sources. In a very few cases the minister's
age had to be secured from these sources. Fortunately

the records were available for all respondents who failed

to provide this data.

Age of Parish Minister as a Variable

 

Table 6 presents the number of pastors assigned to
groups according to their age. As pointed out earlier,
usable questionnaires were returned from 134 churches.
There were seven sets of "yoke parishes" in the total group
of 134. A yoke parish situation is one in which two

churches are served by one pastor. This accounts for

 

7OSee Instrument II, Appendix B. pp. 171-175.

71Michigan Baptist Annual, 1960, Lansing, Michigan:
Michigan Baptist Convention (1961).

 

111

the total number of pastors listed in Table 6 as 127.
Extra sets of materials were provided these pastors so that
they might provide materials for the educators and deacons

of both of the churches they served.

TABLE 6.--Number of parish ministers
according to age.

 

 

Age No. Age No.

_ 34 22 Up to 43 64

35 - 49 68 Over 43 63
50 f 37

TOTAL 127 127

 

Table 6 presents two sets of figures—-one with the
ministers divided into three age groups, the other with
the ministers divided into two groups. Because of the
small N anticipated in the expected frequencies when a
three—part division was used, it raised the question of
the reliability of the resulting chi squares. Because
of this, two sets of figures were prepared, and submitted
to the computer. The results were not appreciably differ-
ent, so it was decided to use the data related to the
three-part division of age groups.

The findings of the comparison of age with responses

72

Of position groups is found in Appendix H.

7°dAppendix H is found on pp. 225—234.

112

Education of Parish Minister
as a Variable

 

 

Table 7 presents a listing of the number of pastors
assigned to groups according to their educational level.
The classification "non College” included men who had
completed high school, Bible school or Junior college, and
possibly had completed some work toward a college degree.
The classification "College" included men who had completed
either the Bachelor of Arts, Bachelor of Theology, Master
of Science, Master of Arts or Master of Religious Education
degree, and possibly had completed some work toward a
standard three year Bachelor of Divinity degree. The
classification "Professional" included men who had earned
one of the following degrees: Bachelor of Divinity, Master
of Theology, Master of Sacred Theology, Doctor of Education
or Doctor of Philos0phy.

The range of educational level of the pastors of
respondent churches was from high school graduate to Ph.D.

TABLE 7.—-Number of parish ministers
according to educational level.

 

 

Education No.
Non College 21
College 35
Professional 71

TOTAL 127

 

113

The findings of the relationship of educational level

with responses of position groups is found in Appendix H.

Size of Church Membership
as a Variable

 

 

Table 8 presents the number of the respondent churches
assigned to categories based on total membership. In
addition to the breakdown by hundreds there is a breakdown
into the three categories that were used for the computa-
tion of the chi squares. Most denominational statistics
divide the churches into two sizes, with 200 members being
the dividing point.73 However, it was felt that for our
purposes it was best to divide the churches into three
categories of size. There are obvious differences in the
kind of program and activities that can be planned and
carried out by churches of different size membership.

There are limitations placed upon a church with a total
membership that is lower than 100. The medium size

church should be able to carry on most of the traditional
patterns of activities, while the larger churches often
conduct a variety of novel or special programs that the
other churches cannot afford because of fewer members,
smaller staff and limited financial resources. Because of
these factors it is reasonable to eXpect that the responses

to some items would reflect a relationship to size of church.

 

73An example of this method of reporting is: Charac-
teristics of American Baptist Churches Reporting 200 or
Eewer Members (Valley Forge: American Baptist Home Mission
Societies, American Baptist Convention, 1960).

 

114

TABLE 8.--Number of churches according to
total membership.

 

 

Membership No. Membership No.
- 99 34

100 — 199 34

200 — 299 20

300 - 399 16

400 - 499 5

500 - 599 5

600 — 699 4

700 - 799 5 — 99 34

800 — 899 4 100 — 299 54

900 # 7 300 / 46

TOTAL 134 134

 

The findings of the relationship of church size to

responses of position groups is found in Appendix H.

Type of Community as a Variable

 

Table 9 presents the number of the respondent churches
falling into the community types used in our study. It is
noted that there are two sets of figures, one based on a
breakdown into five types of communities, the other based
on a breakdown into three broad types. Because of the low
N occurring in the Suburban and Downtown categories, it
was decided that the best division for our purposes was
that of rural, town and urban. Thus, the data appearing in

the second column of figures was used in computing the

115

differences shown for our study. The last three categories
of the first column were collapsed to make up the third
category of the second column.

TABLE 9.—-Number of churches according
to community type.

 

 

TYPE No. Type No.
Rural 29 Rural 29
Town 47 Town 47
City 33
Suburban 15
Downtown 10 Urban 58

TOTAL 134 134

 

In the assignment of churches to community type the
following definitions were used:

Rg£§1.—-A church located in a community with a
population of up to 500.7“

Tgwn.—-A church located in a town or city with a
pOpulationcm‘SOO or more, so long as this is the only
American Baptist church in the town or city.

City.--A church located in a town or city that con-

tains more than one American Baptist church.

¥

7“Population figures were taken from the 1960 U. S.
Census.

116

Suburban.--A church located in a community associated
with a larger city or metropolitan area with a pOpulation of
80,000 or more.

Downtown.-—A church located in a declining inner-
city area of a city with a population of 80,000 or more.

This method of division of community type is based
partly on the church factor and partly on other sociological
factors. It is believed to be important to differentiate
by some reasonable method between churches that are
obviously of different Type rather than arbitrarily assign
by more or less unrelated, if obJective criteria. In a
community of 20,000 in which there are several American
Baptist churches, these churches are more likely to be
equated to churches in larger cities than would be the
case in a community of equal size where "all" Baptists
attend the only Baptist church in town. In cities where
there is more than one American Baptist church, the
churches tend to be quite different. This might be less
true of denominations with more homogeneity than American
Baptists possess. It is generally recognized that there
is much heterogeneity among Baptists. We tried to allow

for this in using this method of assignment to community

type.75

 

75This classification possibly could be called
community—church type.

117

The findings of the comparison of community type to
responses of position groups is found in Appendix H.
Appendix H presents the findings of the comparison
of responses on the basis of the minister's age, minister's
education, size of church membership and type of community.
These four variables are indicated in the table under each
item by the lower case letters, (a), (e), (m), and (c).
There was a discernible direction of difference in all
cases where a significant difference occurred. A signifi—
cant difference is indicated by the symbols (%) and (-).
When no symbol appears this is an indication that there
is no relationship between the variable and the position
group. An asterisk next to the directional symbol indi-
cates that the registered difference is at the .01 level
of significance. No asterisk next to the directional symbol
indicates that the registered difference is at the .05 level

76 will

of significance. A cross reference to Appendix D
provide the mean and the variance of the responses for each
item for the position groups if it is desired.

In the case of the variable minister's age, the symbol
(%) indicates that there is a positive relationship between
the tendency toward AMN responses and churches being
served by older ministers; the symbol (-) indicates a

negative relationship between the tendency toward AMN

responses and churches being served by older ministers.

 

76Appendix D is found on pp. 186-203.

118

In the case of the variable minister‘s educational
level, the symbol (%) indicates that there is a positive
relationship between the tendency toward AMN responses and
churches being served by ministers with more education,
the symbol (-) indicates a negative relationship between
the tendency toward AMN responses and churches being
served by ministers with more education.

In the case of the variable total church membership,
the symbol (/) indicates that there is a positive relation-
ship between the tendency toward AMN responses and churches
with larger total membership the symbol (-) indicates a
negative relationship between the tendency toward AMN
responses and churches with larger total membership.

In the case of the variable community type, the symbol
(%) indicates that there is a positive relationship between
the tendency toward AMN responses and churches assigned to
the classification urban; the symbol (—) indicates a nega-
tive relationship between the tendency toward AMN responses
and churches assigned to the classification urban.

The advantage of presenting the data related to
these four variables in a single table is that one can
make item-by—item comparison of the variables at a
glance. Also affecting this choice of presentation is
the relatively few number of significant differences found
in the comparisons. It is further noted that the direction

of differences is of value only in an item-by-item analysis.

119

Table 10 presents a compilation of the data of Appen-
dix H so that we can readily survey the number of signifi-
cant chi squares occurring within the position groups
according to the four variables under examination.
TABLE 10.—-Number of chi squares at the .05 level of signi-
ficance occurring in the comparison of the responses of the
position groups divided according to minister's age, minis—

ter's education, size of church membership, and type of
community.

 

 

Variables M w D E Mp Wp Dp Ep Total
Minister's Age 0 2 3 2 A 2 0 4 l7
Minister's Education 9 8 2 2 7 7 3 0 38
Size of Church
Membership 3 l 2 A 1 2 2 1 16
Type of Community 1 2 3 4 l 2 4 4 21

TOTAL 13 13 10 12 13 13 9 9 92

 

Discussion of Findings Related to
The Secondary Problem

 

 

The first general impression that one gets upon
reviewing the data related to the secondary problem is that
there is a low incidence of significant difference. This
observation holds up fairly well as we examine the number
of significant chi squares occurring in the different
position groups. This examination leads to the conclusion

that the variables under study are only selectively operative.

120

Table 1077 indicates that there is little difference in the
number of significant chi squares occurring according to
position groups. However, there is a difference in the
number of significant chi squares occurring according to
the four variables.

In the drawing of conclusions and in the discussion
of the findings related to the secondary problem, it must
be kept in mind that of 1152 chi squares computed for the
secondary problem, there were only 95, or 8.2% that proved
to be significant at the -05 level of significance.

0n the basis of the findings presented in Table 10,
we conclude that sub-hypothesis (5) is well supported; sub—
hypothesis \7) is generally supported; sub-hypotheses (A)
and (6) are partially supported.78

With some of those items where there is a significant
difference between ministers' perceptions based on one of
these variables, it is possible to determine which
ministers are more accurate in their perceptions. This is
possible when for one of these items there also happens
to be a significant difference between the expectations
of a position group and the expectations of that group

as perceived by ministers (inconsonance). In this case we

 

77Table 10 is found on p. 119.

78Sub-hypotheses (A), (5), (6), and (7) are found on
pp. 9. 10.

r .1
{\J
5.;

must determine whether the distribution based on the vari-
able matches the dlrecticn of the difference between the
—expectations of the position group and the expectations of
the position group as perceived by ministers. The location
of the mean of the position group orders the statement
that one can make concerning the accuracy of the ministers
in their perceptions. The same caution holds here as in
the previous case of inspectlin of response patterns with
special reference to the direction of difference. The

chi square statistic does not necessarily depend upon a
directional difference between the sets of observations.
In each case where a significant chi square occurred the
direction of difference was discernible by inspection of
the pattern of response. The following analySis provides
an example of this procedure.

79

Item #12 is the only item on which we find a

number of significant differences for the variable age

of the minister. We discover the same direction of dif-
ferences in the pos1:ion groups Mp, Wp, and Ep. In each

case the older minister perceives that colleagues, wives

81

and educators tend toward AM responses.80 Appendix G

 

{gltem #12 reads "promote a program of the American
Baptist Convention when this program has limited support
Within the church."

0See Appendix H, p. 228.

1See Appendix G, p. 220.

Fl
'\)
[\\

reveals a difference between Wp — W and Ep — E at the .01
level of significance. We find the mean responses of these
position groups in Appendix D: W — 1.64; E - 1.66; Wp -
2.02; Ep - 2.17.82 By comparing these means we can deter-
mine if the direction of the difference between the
position groups matches the direction of the differences
recorded in Appendix H. From this comparison, and noting
the location of the mean of the position groups, we can
make the following statements regarding item #12 as per—

tains to the variable age of the minister: (a) The

 

older ministers tended to perceive that wives and educators
prefer that a minister promote a program of the American
Baptist Convention when this program has limited support
within the church; (b) The older ministers tended to be
more accurate in their perception of the expectations

held by wives and educators for item #12.

Table 1083 reveals that the variables education of

 

the minister and type of community are the most operative

 

 

of those we have chosen to investigate. Although there
is no clearly established pattern of occurrence of signi—
ficant differences in the position groups, there is the
tendency for a higher occurrence of significant differ—

ences related to the variable education of the minister in

 

 

82See Appendix D, p. 191.
83

Table 10 is found on p. 119.

123

the position groups M, W, Mp, and Wp. Perhaps this tendency
is due to the fact that the education of the minister is
more personally relevant to the ministers and wives than

to the church laymen. Appendix H reveals that in most
instances the direction of significant differences
associated with the variables is consistent. The most
notable example of this consistency is found in the
responses to item #35,84 where five position groups show

a positive relationship between responses toward AMN and

85 Appendix G86 indicates

more education of the minister.
a significant difference between the expectations of wives
and the ministers' perception of wives' expectations for
item #35. The direction of this difference is provided

by reference to the mean of the position group responses

87

in Appendix D. The direction of the difference between
Wp - W in Appendix G does not match the direction of the

difference based on the variable education of the minister

 

recorded in Appendix H. We also discover that the mean
of all position groups is close to the MMN category. In

this case it is clear that ministers with more education

 

8”Item #35 reads ”primarily speak on passages of the
Bible rather than on contemporary problems on Sunday
mornings."

85See Appendix H. p. 223.

86See Appendix G, p. 223.

87See Appendix D, p. 203.

124

were more likely to perceive that ministers, wives, and
deacons are less absolute in favoring primarily speaking
on passages of the Bible rather than on contemporary
problems on Sunday mornings. We can state‘further that
ministers with more education tended to be less accurate
in their perception of wives‘ expectations concerning
item #35.

In a similar examination of item #2188 we discover
that ministers with more education, and their wives, both
tend toward AM responses.89 The mean response for W on
item #21 is 2.16; the mean response for Wp is 2.44.90
Appendix 0 reveals a significant difference between Wp -
W.91 From this analysis, we can say that ministers with
more education tended to be more accurate in their
perception of wives' expectations concerning the question
of a minister playing on an athletic team in a church
league.

There are four instances where the significant

differences recorded in the perceptions of ministers for

 

88

league."

Item #21 reads "play on an athletic team in a church

89Tnls is shown by the symbol (-) in Appendix H,

P. 230. -
90

See Appendix D, p. 196.

91See Appendix G, p. 221.

125

'tlae variable size of church membership are coupled with
:iriconsonance. These are items #3, #4, #6, and #24.

In examining item #392 we discover that ministers
vvlio served churches with larger membership tended toward
AIVINresponses.93 Appendix G indicates that there is a
ssi4gnificant difference between Dp - D.9u Appendix D
ssknows that the direction of the differences between Dp -
I) is positive, and that the mean response of D is 2.71%.95
Daciriisters who served churches with larger membership
‘tearided to perceive that deacons prefer that ministers
rlcrt become a leader in a cub scout pack. Also, these
nlinisters tended to be more accurate in their perceptions
CDI‘ the expectations held by deacons for item #3.

Ministers who served churches with larger membership

tended toward AM responses on item #4.96’ 97 A signifi—
98 The

Cant difference is registered between Wp - W.

Ciirection of this difference is negative, and the mean

k

92Item #3 reads "become a leader in a cub scout pack."

93This is shown by the symbol (%) in Appendix H,
I). 225.

9“See Appendix G, p. 219.
95See Appendix D, p. 187.
96Item "A reads "wear clothing that sets him apart

from the layman as he leads in worship."
97See Appendix H, p. 226.

98See Appendix G, p. 219.

126

response of wives is 2.25.99 Ministers who served churches
with larger membership tended to perceive that wives tended
toward MMN rather than toward PSN in their responses to
item #4, and they tended to be more accurate in their
perceptions.

100 follows an identical pattern of analysis

Item #24
to that of item #4, with the notation that the mean
response of wives is 2.88.101

102 we find that the ministers

In the case of item #6
who served churches with larger membership tended toward
AM responses,103 and tended to be less accurate in their
perceptions of the expectations held by educators.lOLl

There are six instances where the significant
differences recorded in the perceptions of ministers for

the variable type of community are coupled with inconsonance.

 

 

99See Appendix D, p. 187.

100Item #24 reads "compromise with pressure groups
within the church."

101See Appendix D, p. 197.

102Item #6 reads "carry out decisions of the board of
deacons that he believes to be unsound."

103See Appendix H, p. 226.

10“For a further observation concerning item #6
see p- 9“.

127

106 107 #24 108

These are items #1,105 #17, #19, #29,109 and

4.110 The ministers who served rural churches tended to

#3
be more accurate in their perceptions of expectations of
significant others on items #1 and #34. Ministers of urban

churches tended to be more accurate on the other four items.

Other Observations

 

In addition to the foregoing analysis of the responses
to the items, it is of interest to note the reasons cited
by a few concerning their failure to complete the question-
naires. Such material may be of value to other researchers
interested in this or similar problems, and may generate

hypotheses for further research.

Refusals to Co-operate

 

In spite of the satisfactory percentage of response,
there were three ministers failing to complete the question-
naires who wrote letters or short notes to the researcher
explaining their refusal. One pastor returned his wife's
questionnaire with the note, "wife does not wish to

cooperate."

 

105Item #1 reads "teach a Sunday school class."

106Item #17 reads "preach for more than twenty minutes
in the Sunday morning worship service."

107Item #19 reads "be a teacher in the daily vacation
Bible school."

108Item #24 reads "compromise with pressure groups
within the church."

109Item #29 reads ”endorse a local candidate for
political or civic office from the pulpit."

110Item #34 reads "depart from the traditional mode
of baptism for reason of physical or medical incapacitation
of the candidate."

128

One pastor returned Instrument II, partially completed,
along with a follow—up letter that he had received. The

note read:

I found it impossible to carry out your wishes to
complete the enclosed form because I cannot conceive
either of a Typical pastor, or deacon or educator,
etc. It seemed to me that we have as many views on
most of these matters as we have people on our
boards. Please forgive my withdrawal and noncoopera-
tion, but I thought I should tell you quite honestly
how I feel. Best of luck in your project.

P.S. My wife felt the same.

Another pastor sent the following postcard message:

My wife and I both worked on the questionnaire when
it first came and decided that we couldn't really
answer the questions. It wasn't possible for us to
check other than MMN on 90% or more of them. Circum-
stances and people and situations are different and
there is no "norm."

So we decided not to participate.
The best to you.

Another pastor returned Instrument I with a full page
letter explaining why he responded the way he did, and
offering the suggestion that an additional category be
added. Most of the spaces between the items on his
questionnaire were filled with interpretive comments.
Excerpts from his letter:

I've Just looked over the questionnaire you enclosed
in which you suggested sending thoughts or impressions.
My immediate impression (and please know that I mean
this in what I hope is constructive comment) is that
I wish you had included at least one more category--
STC——"Subject to Condition." Either I have been in
the pastorate too long or not long enough (the latter
I suspect), but I find it very difficult to give a
simple categorized answer to most of the questions
and still be honest with you.

129

Some questions I feel that I can be absolutist about,
but others I feel are simply too complex to deserve
an objective answer. For example, on #6, this would
depend upon the nature of the deacon's decision (a
question concerning race relations would likely make
me more dogmatic than a question on the frequency
of having communion). 0n #7, I must be non-dogmatic
since we require an extensive period of membership
instruction during which both laymen and I teach.
Some classes I feel must be done by them and others
by myself. On such "counseling" questions as #s 2, 8,
14, 20, 26, 32, I guess I have had too much clinical
training to be dogmatic. Here, it would depend upon
the nature and circumstances of each case (sometimes
the response would have to be "AM" and at other
times "AMN"). Therefore, I am circling "MMN" on
those which I would rather label "STC,".

Sincerely,

 

All of the non co-operatives were from a city church
of outstate Michigan. Two of these churches had a total
membership between 100 and 199; one had a membership over
400; one over 700. All of these pastors had received

full professional training.

Remarks Recorded on the Instruments

 

In a study of this nature it is usually helpful to
provide opportunity for the respondents to express their
impressions and ideas concerning specific items, the general
subjectof'the research methods of securing responses,or
difficulties experienced in completing the questionnaires.
Frequently new insights are gained from this kind of
response. Occasionally such responses generate hypotheses
for subsequent research.

Instrument I contained a statement encouraging respon—

dents to write on the back of the questionnaire any comments

130

they might wish to share. There was little difference in
the frequency of responses among the four position groups;
with major observations recorded by 21 ministers, 23
wives, 23 deacons and 24 educators. An equal number
wrote minor comments, usually of an interpretive nature,
next to the items on the questionnaire.

There was no discernible pattern among the position
groups in these responses. Seven kinds of responses
were noted, however.

Most frequent were comments indicating that responses
to the items were difficult to generalize because much
depended upon circumstances.

There were 35 such comments. A wife wrote:

It is impossible to give an answer that is generally
correct. Since every individual and every situation
presents a different need, there must be flexibility
in what the pastor may or may not do. Since he is
given over to the leadership of the Holy Spirit he

will be sensitive to the right action when the time
comes. At least this is our prayer.

Along the same line, an educator commented:

My only "absolute" response is to absolutely avoid
being absolute on most all situations. Baptists,
being different, require different responses.

One pastor inserted next to six items, parenthetically,

"U. C. 8.," and provided a footnote, "Use Common Sense."
However, he did complete the questionnaire satisfactorily.
Several persons indicated that the size of church, age of
pastor or the "kind of congregation" were variables that

must be taken into account in responding to the questionnaire

items.

131

There were 29 comments that were primarily of an inter-
pretive nature. One pastor wrote, "Many of the answers
are from a personal reaction, others are from a present
situation." An educator: "As you can see, most of my
answers leave the whole decision of what the pastor should
do strictly up to the pastor." Another educator typed
out an extra page, and indicated in a short statement the
basis of his choice for 19 of the 36 items. A deacon:

"I feel a pastor's time is better spent calling on
prospects than in sermon preparation of seven hours."

There were eight responses that took the form of a
philos0phical statement. These proved to be of special
interest because of their divergence. A wife wrote, "Most
of all, I feel a Baptist pastor should feel free to serve
God in whatever way he may wish without pressure from the
congregation or society." The following quotations are
from educators:

The pastor of a church is primarily a general manager
of the Lord's business in the local church, and I
feel that he should have great latitude in the
carrying out of his duties.

When a minister is Spirit-filled——walking close to
God, he knows what is the will of God in these areas
covered. This leading he Must obey even to conflict
within the church, trusting God for the smoothing
out of these upsets.

Three deacons provided a statement of philosophy. These

are recorded here in full:

132

I thought that I should explain some of my thoughts
regarding an ideal pastor. Altho elected by the
church body, I feel that he is a messenger from God
to us and must be allowed to speak freely to us,

in whatever way he prayerfully feels is God's will.
To me the pastor's responsibility is primarily a
spiritual thing. Worship, sermons, and calling are
spiritual in purpose. The less the pastor has to
do with administration, finances and the like, the
better.

Our pastors should confine themselves to the growth
of their church and meetings. I believe that this
is not being done and this is one reason for the
lack of growth in the American Baptist Convention.

Next in order of frequency were six requests for
a report of the findings of the study.

There were five statements predominantly of a
pietistic nature. Typical of these was the comment of
an educator, ”He should be a very contientious disciple
of Christ and his motives for any thing he does should
be winning souls to Christ, and helping them to know the
way of Jesus Christ."

Three pastors and one deacon offered complimentary
comments such as, ”This certainly is a needed study,” or
"Keep up the good work!"

Finally, one pastor was critical of the construction
of the items. His comment: "Question 9 and 15 are so
worded that you may have 'confused' answers."

There were two items that elicited much more written
6111

responses than the others. These were items # and

 

111Item #6 reads "carry out decisions of the board
of deacons that he believes to be unsound."

H
DO
UL)

‘2 It is clear that Item #6 challenged the authority

1
#350
of some of the deacons. This is born out by comments of
deacons, referring specifically to this item.

As for number six, the importance of discipline

cannot be stressed too strongly. No organization

is any stronger than its discipline. Sound or

unsound, the decisions of a duly constituted

authority must be carried out.

After serving on the board of deacons for six years

composing of ten members, it is my sincere belief

that we would not give our pastor an unsound
decision. (referring to Q. 6) We too are working

for our Lord Jesus Christ.

I would draw your attention to question #6——The

pastor never knows the needs of the church better

than the Board of Deacons and should recognize this.

If he doesn't, he is bound to get into serious

trouble.

While many deacons provided written comment con-
cerning item #6, many pastors commented concerning item
#35. They were unanimous in their stand that there was
no legitimate bifurcation of preaching on passages of the
Bible or on contemporary problems. Obviously, they were
sensitive to the suggestion that the Bible might be
irrelevant to contemporary life. One pastor wrote, "I
believe that it is possible to speak on a Bible passage
and make application to contemporary problems at the same

time." Others wrote a more detailed explanation of how

this is possible. A typical explanation:

 

112Items #35 reads "primarily speak on passages of
the Bible rather than on contemporary problems on Sunday
mornings."

134

In the Sunday morning sermon, I believe that neither
contemporary problems or passages from the Bible
should take precedence. The stress should be on
finding solutions to contemporary problems from
Christian and Biblical teachings-—I do not favor

the "service club" type of address, as is delivered
from many pulpits on Sunday mornings.

One pastor offered the following worthwhile comment

concerning role theory:

Contrary to most contemporary literature on the sub—
ject, my frustrations are not from the differences
but from the agreements in role expectation. For
example, I think the other three from here will agree
with my "PSN" on #1, yet I do wind up teaching;

their agreement is what intensifies the anxiety.
Again, we probably all agree on "PS" or ”AM" for #23,
yet I wind up got doing it; whether their pressures
or my inadequacies prevent me, still it is their
agreement that intensifies my anxiety. Not that

this crushes me; but I think the point is germane to
your study.

 

Apparently this man had given considerable thought
to the frustrations he feels in his work, and apparently
has concluded that he doesrun:fit well into the general
expectations of his parishioners. He responds to their
consensus with feelings either of inadequacy or of

disinterest.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS,

AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

It is generally believed that Protestant ministers
are experiencing uneasiness and confusion concerning the
role of the pastor. Also, it is generally believed that
laymen are quite uncertain concerning the role of the
pastor. Most observers agree that Baptist pastors share
in this pervading uneasiness and confusion. An unfavorable
trend of recruitment for the ministry, and an increasing
exodus from the pastorate are believed by many to be
partly due to the above conditions. Because of these con-
ditions, Baptist denominational administrators, educators,
and others, want to establish as clearly as possible what
the role of the pastor is and should be. This exploratory
study was conceived as an effort to help determine and
understand the extent of this uncertainty, uneasiness and
confusion concerning the role of the pastor. Comparative
information was gathered concerning expectations and
perceptions of expectations held for the professional
role of the Baptist parish minister by pastors and signi-
ficant others.

135

136

A preliminary investigation of literature was under-
taken in order to secure a general consensus of the nature
of the problems concerning the role of the pastor, to
review the findings of related studies, to discover what
methods of research have been employed effectively to
solve related problems, and to become familiar with con-
temporary role theory. The resultant information helped
in the planning and methodology of the emerging study.

The two general problems of the study were (a) to
determine and examine the differences in expectations that
significant others hold for the professional role of the
Baptist parish minister, and (b) to determine and examine
the Michigan Baptist parish ministers' perception of
expectations that significant others hold for this role.

A secondary problem was to identify relationships
between expectations of significant others, and relation-
ships between Baptist parish ministers' perceptions of
the expectations of significant others, on the basis
of the variables, (a) minister's age, (b) minister's
education, (c) size of church membership, and (d) type
of community.

There were two basic hypotheses of the study. The
first basic hypothesis was that there are differences (a)
between the expectations of significant others (divergence),

(b) between the expectations of significant others as

"\

137

perceived by an incumbent of a position (conflict), and

(c) between the expectations of Significant others and these
expectations as perceived by an incumbent of a position
(inconsonance). From this basic hypothesis, three sub—
hypotheses were established concerning these differences,
according to four selected groups of significant others

and the incumbent, Baptist parish minister. The four
position groups chosen for the study were (a) Ministers,

(b) Ministers' Wives, (c) Deacons, and (d) Educators.

The second basic hypothesis was that factors
inherent in a group or in a group's environment (back—
ground variables) affect the expectations and the percep—
tions of expectations that the group holds for an incumbent
of a position. From this basic hypothesis, four sub—
hypotheses were established concerning the affect of the
variables, (a) minister's age, (b) minister's education,
(0) size of church membership, and (d) type of community.

It was decided that the population to be studied
would be the churches affiliated with the Michigan Baptist
Convention and the Detroit Association of American Baptist
Churches. This group of churches reflects fairly well the
pattern of membership of the American Baptist Convention.
Therefore, the findings of the study should be of parti-
cular interest to the entire denomination.

The data in the present study were obtained through

the mailed questionnaire technique. Also used in the

F“
LA)
CI)

analysis was information contained in the Michigan Baptist
Convention Annual1 and the 1960 U. S. Census.

Two questionnaires were developed especially for the
study. The final form of the instruments contained 36
"expectation" items concerning the professional activities
of the Baptist pastor, calling for a response on a five
point scale ranging from Absolutely Must to Absolutely
Must Not. These items were further divided into six sub-
scales matching SlX definitional professional role areas.
The items were arranged so as to distribute each sub—
scale throughout the instruments, with every sixth item
taken from the same sub—scale. The six role areas were:
(a) Teacher, (b) Pastor, (c) Organizer, (d) Priest,

(e) Preacher, and (f) Administrator. The jury technique
was used in the determination and in the role area classi-
fication of the items. The items were pretested before
the final draft of either instrument was completed.

Instrument II was prepared for the sole use of the
pastor, using the same items contained in Instrument I.

He was instructed to respond to the items according to
his perception of the expectations of the four position
groups. This instrument also contained a section on

background variables for the pastor to complete.

 

 

Michigan Baptist Annual,_l3§9. Lansing, Michigan:

139

Arbitrary values from zero to four were assigned to
the responses that could be made on each item. The items
were worded variously so as to avoid a positive or a negative
mind set in responding. Agreement within position groups
(consensus) was determined by the variance in the responses
to each item, each sub—scale, or the total instrument
(intrapositional analysis). A standard deviation L 1.00
was selected to determine lack of consensus. The chi square
statistic was used to test the hypotheses concerning group
differences (interpositional analysis). In testing the
hypotheses, the confidence limit was set at the five per
cent level of significance.

In the fall of 1963 a packet was mailed to all of
the pastors related to churches in the population, with
instructions for securing the cooperation of the pastor's
wife, a specified church deacon and a Specified church
educator. This packet contained a cover letter of
instructions, separate smaller packets for the wife, deacon
and educator, and return envelopes. The wife, deacon and
educator each received instructions as part of the materials
in their separate packets.

Packets were mailed to 178 churches. Usable question—
naires were returned from 13A churches, for a 75% response.
The returns on Instrument I were as follows: 117 ministers
(66%), 112 wives (63%), 116 deacons (65%), and 107 educators
(60%). A total of 113 usable copies of Instrument II were

returned by the pastors.

IMO

INA in
Conclusions

 

Methodology

 

1. It was discovered that the methods employed in
this study in examining the role of the Baptist parish
minister are useful.

2. In the analysis related to the general problem
of the study, it was discovered that the grouping of role
areas made little difference as pertains to divergence,
conflict or inconsonance. No distinct patterns emerged
on the basis of role areas. We co.clude, therefore, that

this a priori diviSion of the items into role areas is of

questionable value.

Basic Hypothesis 11

 

3. This basic hypothesis was generally supported.

The following conclusions are drawn from the data
analysis of the sub-hypotheses (l), (2), and (3), related
to basic hypothesis 1:2

A. In measuring role divergence (taking all items
together), it was discovered that there was most diver-
gence between ministers and deacons, somewhat less
divergence between ministers and educators and between
wives and deacons. There was little divergence between

deacons and educators. Ministers and wives differed on

 

1A statement of basic hypothesis 1 is found on p. 8.

2Sub—hypotheses (l), (2), and (3) are found on pp. 6-7.

lhl

eight items, while deacons and educators differed on only
one. This leads us to conclude that deacons and educators
were taken from the same population, a population that
might be called "Lay Church Leaders." There is reason

to believe that there is more divergence in the parsonage
than in the parish.

5. Ministers recorded the highest consensus on
expectations, while wives, deacons and educators
recorded an almost equal amount of consensus on the items.
In this study, group homogeneity tended to produce more
consensus.

6. A high degree of conflict exists on the specific
items used in the study. In the analysis of conflict it
was discovered that ministers perceived many more differ—
ences than in fact existed. This was particularly true of
deacons and educators, for ministers perceived that they
differed on fifteen items out of a possible 36, when, in
fact, these two groups differed on only one item. We
conclude that ministers overestimate divergence. If they
were more accurate in their perceptions they would
experience less conflict.

7. As for role inconsonance, it was discovered that
the perceptions of ministers are significantly different
from the expectations of the educators on 2“ of the 36
items, on 18 when matched with deacons, and on 16 with wives,

while on only two when matched with ministers' expectations.

152

This fact, along with the foregoing, reveals that a high
level of divergence was matched with an even higher level
of conflict, as well as a high level of inconsonance. This
means that the pastors exaggerated the differences between
the position groups, and frequently failed to diagnose

the nature of these differences. The ministers? error in
perception of the actual differences between the groups is
compounded by their faulty perception of the groups them—
selves.

8. The general conclusion emanating from the intra~
positional analysis of perceived expectations is that
there is less consensus existing in the expectations of
significant others than in ministers' perceptions of the
expectations held by significant others. This was

especially true with the position group educators.

Item-by-Item Inspection

 

Of great interest and value was the item-by-item
inspection of the responses. Such examination reveals the
nature of the differences, and this, in turn, tends to
generate hypotheses and suggest possibilities for further
investigation. Assuming face validity for the items, this
method yields information that is of practical value to
persons engaged in training ministers and in working with
church laymen, for it provides a more complete appraisal

based on specific activities.

lU3

The chi square statistic does not require a directional
difference between sets of observations, and there is a
consequent limitation on the strength of findings based on
inspection of response patterns with specific reference to
the direction of difference. However, where inspection
of data did yield a clearly discernible directional pattern
of difference, worthwhile observations could be made.
Following are several observations based on this technique
of item—by-item inspection:

9. Ministers consistently believed that incumbents
of the position groups, including colleagues, tend to be
more conservative, demanding, and restrictive than was
the case. On item after item, significant others tended
to be more liberal with the minister than the ministers
perceived them to be.

10. It was also demonstrated that ministers tend to
respond in ways that indicate their desire for more autonomy
and self direction than they perceive that the other groups
would allow.

ll. On some items where little or no divergence was
shown, there was a very low consensus. This indicates
that in fact there is potential for much disagreement
within and between position groups on those particular
activities, but that, because of a lack of pattern of
interpositional difference, this was not registered as

divergence.

3

Basic Hypothesis 2

 

12. This baSlC hypothesis was partially supported.

The following conclusions are drawn from the data
analysis of the sub-hypotheses (A), (5), (6), and (7),
related to basic hypothesis 2:

13. Although it was reasonable to expect that the
variables would affect the responses, only a relatively
few items did reflect a relationship to these variables.
The following low incidence of significant differences was
recorded: Of 1152 chi squares computed for the secondary
problem, only 95, or 8.2% proved to be significant at the
5% level of significance.

lA. There was little difference in the total number
of disagreements recorded according to position groups.

15. There was some difference in the number of
significant differences recorded according to the four

variables under consideration. Minister's education was

 

the most operative variable.
16. Consensus Within groups did not seem to be
greatly influenced by the background variables chosen for

our study, except for the variable minister's education.

 

17. For some items there was a significant difference

between perceptions of the ministers grouped on the basis

 

3A statement of basic hypothesis 2 is found on pp. 6.

“Sub—hypotheses (A), (5), (6), and (7) are found on
pp. 9-10.

145

of one or more of the iour variables and at the same time a
significant difference was registered between the expecta—
tions of a position group and the expectations of that
group as perceived by ministers. Where this kind of
matching of differences occurred it was possible to
determine the relati e accuracy of ministers in their per-
ceptions, based on the four variables. Although not many

profitable to determine

2
OJ
(1

‘items met these conditions, it
this where possible. In employing this technique, it was
discovered that there were no apparent trends of accuracy

of perception based on the variables under study.

Other Observations

 

l8. Observations recorded on the back of the instru-
ments by the respondents tended to confirm commonly held
beliefs concerning role conflict as experienced in the
ministry. Of special interest were the philos0phical
statements recorded by the respondents, with the ministers
and wives expressing the desire for more self determina—
tion for the pastors, and the deacons and educators tending
to express the need for more lay control. Some of these

comments were particularly pointed and emphatic.

Implications

 

The following implications based on the findings of

this study are considered to be pertinent.

lab

Implications for the Work of the Pastor
and the Work of the Chtrch

 

 

l. The four position groups examined have definite,
and sometimes, differing expectations for the pastor's
professional role. Because of different orientations and
different responsibilities, group differences in expecta—
tations can, and, probably should exist in some degree,
as these expectations, as perceived by the pastor, are
used to determine his day—to—day activities. It appears
that there is a sufficient amount of disagreement on
some of the activities examined in this study to cause
the pastor immediate frustration, or, perhaps, an environ—
ment of frustration in which to perform his duties. Such
a climate can be detrimental, affecting the quality of his
work as well as the satisfaction he derives from his work.

2. Disagreement concerning the role of the pastor
means that there is probably a lack of understanding about
the pastoral function. It follows that there is probably
limited communication between persons within the general
framework of the church——both professional persons and
lay persons. It is also possible to interpret this dis—
agreement as primarily a reflection of today's complex
society; that the church "family" is no longer as cohesive
and ingrown as it once was; that the church is not
"separated" from the world, or "other worldly." This

might be either a good or a bad sign, depending upon one's

i4?

point of view and one's understanding of the mission of the
church in society.

3. It is possible that the professional training
of Baptist ministers is dominated too much by idealistic
professionals, and that more voice should be given to the
lay leaders of the church, and that theological educators
should develop curricula based on a more conscious
involvement with lay church leadership.

4. In the Baptist tradition, the privilege and
responsibility of leadership is granted to the pastor by
the layman. Part of this responsibility is to serve the
layman by leading him to a broader and more complete
understanding of the role of the various members of the
church--including the role of the pastor himself. This
apparently is one area where the professional is failing
to fulfill his responsibility. The minister‘s role conflict
should motivate him to engage his laymen in the kind of
exchange that would tend to produce more definite and com-
patible expectations. This implies the need for adjust-
ments on the part of the professional as well as on the
part of the layman. With the congregational polity held
by Baptists, this seems to be the only valid approach to
accommodation.

5. It is reasonable to believe that the current
re—evaluation of the basic mission or purpose of the

church—-what the church is dOing and what it is supposed

148

to be doing in this world--is having an impact upon expecta-
tions held for the pastor. Whatever attempts toward
accommodation are undertaken must take this current reap-
praisal and re-examination into account, or they are likely
to fall.

6. The fact that there is divergence in the expecta—
tions of position groups should not necessarily be a mattercfi‘
overriding concern. Such a condition is likely to be con-
ducive to democratic innovation and change. A climate
now exists that should serve the frequently expressed
need for change, and possibly a sweeping change, in the
professional ministry of the church. In the oldest pro-
fession of all there is need for a readiness for the
kind of accommodation and innovation that is commonly
experienced in most of the infant professions. Therefore,

a condition of divergence should not be decried if it

leads to profitable and beneficial change.

Implications for Role Theory

 

This study provides support for the following theoreti—
cal postulates:
1. Role expectations people hold are related to
their position in the social system.
2. Persons within the same position groups tend to

have similar role expectations.

1&9

3. When significant others are divided into position
groups they exhibit interpositional divergence
on expectations held for the role of an incumbent
of a position.

u. The incumbent of a position perceives that the
expectations significant others hold for his
role are related to the position of significant
others in the social system.

5. The incumbent of a position perceives that the
expectations that position groups of significant
others hold for his role tend to be similar.

6. The incumbent of a position perceives that when
significant others are divided into position
groups they exhibit interpositional divergence
on expectations held for his role.

7. A measure of role agreement is necessary for
the satisfactory performance of an actor in a

social system.

Recommendations

 

On the basis of the foregoing conclusions and impli—
cations two kinds of recommendations will be made. The
first has to do with research. The second has to do with
measures that might be taken by the Baptist denomination
in utilizing research findings concerning the role of the

Baptist pastor.

150

Recommendations for Further Research

 

More exploratory and descriptive research needs to

be completed before any inclusive, integrative or con—

clusive statements can be made concerning the role of

the pastor. The investigator believes that the following

problems are worth special consideration.

1.

Greater effort should be extended to define
the differences between significant others on
their expectations for the role of the pastor.
Research could be conducted on the role of

the deacon, the educator, or the "layman."

The development of a more precise instrument is
recommended. Although used effectively for
item—by-item evaluation, a questionnaire con—
structed by the a priori method has limita-
tions.

Replications of this study or similar studies
could be conducted among other denominations
to try to determine similarities and differ-
ences based on denomination.

This study has not dealt with the normative
aspects of role behavior——how ministers
actually perform, or the perceptions of how
they perform. Research could be initiated to

discover how perceptions of the expectations

151

of significant others influence the real behavior
of the pastor in his local situation.

This study was limited to the professional role

of the pastor, and did not include other roles

he may be called upon to play. Research could

be undertaken that would deal with these other
roles and how they affect the pastor's professional
performance.

It has yet to be determined whether there is
actually more or less divergence, conflict, or
inconsonance on activities associated with role
areas. Studies could be designed with role

areas assigned on a different basis than that

used in this study. The division into role

areas would have to be done on a different basis
than was used for this study, and would require
rebuilding some items, or possibly all of the
items, in order to match such a division. One
basis for division into role areas could be
relatedness—-remoteness. A questionnaire developed
on this basis could be administered to a sample

of the leadership or membership of churches with
the purpose of discovering whether there tends to
be more or less agreement on items more personally

relevant to the respondent. Another basis for

10.

152

division might be depth of involvement in the
life of the church, using groups such as (a)
church leaders, (b) occasional attenders, (c)
”drop-outs," and (d) non—churchmen.

No clear evidence has been presented to show
that more training either of the pastor or of
significant others will necessarily decrease
role conflict. There is a need for such
sequential research. This could be focused on
how in-service training programs for ministers
and laymen affect role divergence and role con-
flict. Such research could be based on expecta-
tions recorded before and after training.

There is need for research in the area of
ministerial job satisfaction. This research
could be directed toward a determination of the
affect of role conflict on morale and perfor-
mance of pastors. Does poor performance tend to
produce conflict, or does conflict tend to pro-
duce poor performance?

It would be helpful to know if activities shown
to occasion disagreement on the professional
role of the Baptist pastor, when made analogous
to other professions, are activities that
occasion disagreement on these professional

roles.

153

Recommendations for Denominaticnal Action
The following recommendations evolve primarily from
the impress'ons received, the observations made, and the
Opinions formed on the part of the investigator during
the course of his pursuit of this study.
ll. Because of the lack of definition of the role
of the Baptist pastor, and of the apparent
divergence in expectations, a "conclave" or a

series of conferences could be undertaken to

(I)

work toward a consensus definition. Thi
could include theologic l educators, social

science researchers, pastors, and laymen. A

Q

(‘3

o ument could emerge from such a program of
interaction, defining in some detail the role
of the Baptist pastor, and offering appropriate
guidelines within which to operate. No up—to—
date manual of operation is now available upon
which a Baptist pastor can rely, and to which
he can refer as an objective authority in his
dealing with laymen within the church. The
denomination, through its appropriate agencies,
could work toward publication of such guidance
material.

12. The denominational in-service program of

education could be expanded to provide guidance

for pastors in the field as they seek an

14.

t...’
U]

16.

lSQ

understanding oi their professional role and of
proper relationships between themselves and their
parishioners.

Theological seminary educators could discover
in this study and in other similar studies some
helpful additional guidelines for the develop—
ment of curricula for training pastors.

Special sections for pastors' wives could be
incorporated in the schedules of state and
national pastors' conferences during which
time they could be involved in directed dis-
cussions concerning the roles of pastor and

pastor' Wife.

(1)

An expectations check list could be developed
by adapting items contained in the instruments
used in this study and in instruments used in

discussion ses

U7

ions for pastors and laymen in
regional conferences or workshops, or at the
local church level. It could be used as a
stimulus to discussion in orientation sessions
with lay leaders or with other persons studying
Baptist polity.

Any program directed toward accommodation of
differences concerning the role of the pastor

should not avoid the study of expectations

155

marked by general convergence and consensus.
These should be studied along with those that
are marked by divergence and variance. It is
helpful to be aware of the common ground that
is shared, even as it is important to recognize
that some divergence is both desirable and
essential to creative dialogue, continued move—

ment, and beneficial change-

REFERENCES

156

REFERENCES

Baker, 0. H. Theological education: Protestant. In
Lloyd E. Blauch (Ed.), Educati n for the professions.
U. S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Washington: Government Printing Office, 1955. Ch. 29.

Baker, 0. H. Profile of the American Baptist pastor.
New York: The Ministers and Missionaries Benefit
Board of the American Baptist Convention, 1962.
Balk, A. Why I quit the ministry. Sartrday Evening Post,
November 17, l962, pp. 32—37.

Benson, P. H. Beligio n in contemp: ary culture
of religion through socia scie '
Harper & Brothers, l96O

Berger, P. L. Letter on the parish ministry. Hartford:
Hartford Seminary, October, 1963.

Blackwood, A. W. Pastoral leadership. New York:
Abington-Cokesbury Press, i9u9.

 

Blackwood, A. W. The growing minister: his opportunities
and obstacles. New Iork: Ab ingt on Press l960.

 

Blauch, L. E. Education for thegprofessic ns. U. S.
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare.
Washington: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1955.

Blizzard, S. W. The minister's dilemma. The Christian
Century, April 25, l956, pp. 508-509.

 

Blizzard, S. W. Role conflicts of the urban Protestant
parish minister. The City cru rcn Vol. 7 No. A,
September, 1956, pp. l3-l5.

 

Blizzard S. W. The parish minister's self—image of his
master role. Pastoral Psychol., Vol. lO, No. 89,
December, 1958, pp. 25—32. (a)

 

Blizzard S. W. The Protestant parish minister's integrating
roles. Religious Educ atio , Vol. 53, No. A, July—
August, 1958, pp. l-7. (b)

 

157

r _
U1
03

The parish minister's self—image and vari—
n community culture. Pastoral Psychol.
No. 97, October, 1959, pp. 27—36.

Blizzard, S. W.
ability 1
Vol. 10,

Bowers, Margaretta K. Conflicts of the clergy. New York:
Thomas Nelson & Sons, 1963.

Brookover, W. B. and Gottlieb, D. A sociology of education.
(2nd ed.) New York: American Book Company, 196A.

Brown, R. L. Attitudes of ministers and deacon chairmen
of Washington American Baptist churches on selected
social issues. Foundations, Vol. 6, No. 3, July

1963, pp. 256—264.

 

Carper, E. G. The recruitment and conservation of the
ministry in the Church of the Brethren. Unpublished
doctoral thesis, Boston University, School of
Theology, Boston, 1962.

 

Carr-Saunders, Sir A. M. Metropolitan conditions and
traditional professional relationships. In Robert
M. Fisher (Ed.), The metropolis in modern life.
New York: Doubleday & Company, 1955, pp. 277-314.

Chamberlain, D. B. Communication problems in the parish
ministry: an action research study of fifty

Protestant ministers in a New England City. Unpub-
lished doctoral thesis, Boston University, Boston,
1958.

i ics of American Baptist church
o- fewer members. ”alley Forge: Am;
Home Mission Societies, American Bap

 

 

 

anity Today. Preachers and their making (an editorial).
l 8, No. 18, June 5, 1964, p. 24.

 

 

anity Today. Read, minister, read! (an editorial).
ol. 9, No. lO, February 12, 1965, pp. 32—33.

COENJrn, J. B. Minister, man in the middle. New York:
The Macmillan Company, 1963.

 

93551196? your call. Valley Forge: Commission on the
Ministry, American Baptist Convention, n.d.

 

Davries, H. A mirror of the ministry in modern novels.
New York: Oxford University Press, 1959.

HI
U!
\@

Dobbins, G. S. Building better churches: a guide to

 

 

 

the_pastoral ministry. NaSthlle: Broadman Press,
1947.

Douglas, W. Minister and wife: growth in relationship.
Pastoral Psychol., Vol. 12, No. 119, December, 1961,
pp. 66—70.

Douglas W. T. Predicting ministerial effectiveness.

Unpublished doctoral thesis, Harvard University
Cambridge, 1957.

Doyle, L. A. A study of the expectancies which elementary
teachers, administrators, school board members and
parents have of the elementary teachers' roles.
Unpublished doctoral thesis, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, 1956.

Drake, W. E. Perceptions of the vocational agriculture
teacher‘s professional role in Michigan. Unpublished
doctoral thesis, Michigan State University, East
Lansing, 1962.

Everett, H. A., and lgarashi, 1. Meet Mrs. Jones: typical
American Baptist. New York: American Baptist Home
Mission Societies, n.d.

 

 

Falk, L. L. The minister's response to his perception of
conflict between self—expectations and parishioners'
eXpectations of his role. Unpublished doctoral
thesis, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, 1962.

Gardner, L. A. Certain religious attitudes and beliefs
of students in a Lutheran college, with reference
to their value structures and personal variables.
Unpublished doctoral thesis, Boston University,
Boston, 1960.

Gross, N., Mason. W. S. and Mcanhern, A. W. Explorations
in role analysis. New York: John Wiley & Sons,
Inc., 1958.

 

 

Guptil, N. M. Young_man, you're wanted. Valley Forge:
American Baptist Convention, 1956.

 

Hartshorne, H., and Froyd, M. C. Theological education
in the Northern Baptist Convention: a survey.
Philadelphia: The Judson Press, 1945.

 

160

Hodge, M. B. Vocational satisfaction of ministers: an
introductory experimental study of younger Presbyterian
ministers. Unpublished doctoral thesis, University
of Southern California, Los Angeles, 1960.

Howe, R. L. The miracle of dialogue. Greenwich: The
Seabury Press, 1963.

 

Howe, R. L. Problems of communication between clergy
and laity. Pastoral Psychol., Vol. 15, No. 149,
December, 1964, pp. 21-26.

 

Jennings, R. P. The editor exegetes. Baptist Freedom,
Vol. 26, No. A, January, 1965, p. 2.

 

Johnson, C. D. Priest, prophet and professional man.
Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, 1961.

Johnson, J. G. An analysis and description of role expec-
tations for ministers of the Southern California
District of the Lutheran Church-Missouri Synod.
Unpublished doctoral thesis, University of Southern
California, Los Angeles, 1961.

Johnson, H. L. The changing role of the campus ministry.
Paper read at the Conference of the Baptist Associates
in Campus Work, at the American Baptist Assembly,
Green Lake, Wisconsin, September, 1962.

Kemp, C. F. Preparing for the ministry. St. Louis: The
Bethany Press, 1959.

 

 

Kemp, C. F. The pastor and vocational counseling. St.
Louis: The Bethany Press, 1961.
Landis, B. Y. Careers of service in the church. New

 

York: M. Evans & Company, 1964.

Lenski, G. The religious factor: a sociological study
of religion's impact on politics, economicsy_and
family life. Garden City, New York: Doubleday &
Company, Inc., 1961.

 

 

 

List 1960 town and country churches of ABC. Mimeographed
report prepared by the American Baptist Home Mission
Societies, American Baptist Convention, n.d.

Lutz, R. S. Young man, don't quit! Christianity Today,
January 4, 1963, p. A7.

 

161

Michaelsen, R. S. The Protestant ministry in America:
1850 to the present. In H. R. Niebuhr & D. D.
Williams (Eds.), The ministry in historical_pers-
pectives. New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956.
Chapter 9.

 

Michigan Baptist Annual; 1960. Lansing: Michigan Baptist
Convention, 1961.

 

Michiggn Baptist Annual, 1962. Lansing: Michigan Baptist
Conventicn, 1963.

Miller, S. H. The minister and the church. The Voice
(Crozer Seminary, Chester, Pennsylvania), October,

1963, pp. 15-18.

Ministers Life and Casualty Union. A report to thoughtful
laymen. Minneapolis: Ministers Life and Casualty
Union, n.d. single page, print.

 

 

Mirse, R. T. The self—image of the Methodist minister
in Indiana. Unpublished doctoral thesis, Boston
University, Boston, 1962.

Missions. On recruiting for the ministry (an editorial).
Vol. 1962, No. 5, May, 1963, p. 14.

Morse, P. K. The Strong Vocational Interest Blank and
the MMPI as measures of persistence toward the
ministry as a vocational goal. Unpublished doctoral
thesis, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, 1962.

Nallinger, O. Pertinent facts. Mimeographed paper pre-
pared for distribution to ministers of the American
Baptist Convention. Valley Forge: Commission on
the Ministry, American Baptist Convention, 1961.

Neiman, L. J., and Hughes, J. W. The problem of the con-
cept of role-~a re-survey of the literature. Social
Forces, Vol. 30, 1951, p. 149.

Niebuhr, H. R. The purpose of the church and its ministryy
New York: Harper & Brothers, 1956.-

 

Niebuhr, H. R., and Williams, D. D. (Eds.), The ministry
in historical_perspectives. New York: Harper &
Brothers, 1956.

 

One message one mission, resource guide for American
Baptist churches. Valley Forge: Judson Press,

1965.

Pastoral Psychol. The minister and his own family, Vol. 11,
No. 106, September, 1960, pp. 1—66.

*::e, Vol. 12, No. 119,

 

1

 

Plyler, H E. Variation of ministerial roles by size
and location of chtroh. Unpub ished do'toral thesis,
Universi y of Missouri, St. Louis, 1961.

Rees, Edith A. Once married. . .tWice wed. Christianity
Today, Vol. 8, No, 18, June 5, 196A, pp. 13-14.

 

Samarin, W. J. A layman speaks to the pulpit. Christianity
Today, Vol. 8, No. 18, June 5, 196A, pp. 5—6.

(i)

Schuette, W. E. The minister's person 1 guide. New York:
Harper & Brothers, 1953.

 

 

_Shafer, F. D. New
t:

” pa
October 2 ”9

ar' :omi ng. Christianity Today,

U 0(1)
T5 "S
'U U)

3

Sizer, L. M. Role conception, ro1e dis;repancy, and
institutiora1 cortexr. Unpublished doctoral thesis,
State Unixersity of Iowa, Iowa City, 1954.

Smith, J. A. Jr. The developing roles of the general
superintendent in the Methodist Church. Unpublished
doctoral thesis, Boston Uni%.e sity, Boston, 1964.

 

Southard, S. Cour :sel1i ng for church vocations. Nashville:
Broadman Pre ess, 1957.

Southard, S. The Laymen's view of the ministry in fact
and in fiction. Pastoral Psychol., Vol. 15, No. 1A9,
December, 1964, pp. 49-55.

 

State Journal, The (Lansing), September 21, 196A.

Wallis, W. D. Messi s their role in civilization.
Washington: Ameri an Co unoil on Public Affairs,

19u3.

 

Wersell, T. W. Why I am at the seminary. Rock Island,
Illino s: Augustana Press, 1962.

 

Whitcomb, J. C. The relationship of personality
characteristics to the problems of ministers.
Religious Education, Vol. 52, No. 5, September—
October, 1957, pp. 371-7A.

 

}._l
m
l1)

Wood, C. L. Functions of the parish priest in the Episcopal
Diocese of New Jerse . Unpublished doctoral thesis,
Rutgers-The State University, New Brunswick, New
Jersey, 1964.

Worden, J. W. The portrayal of the Protestant minister
in American motion pictures, 1951-1960, and its
implications for the Church today. Unpublished
doctoral thesis, Boston University, Boston, 1962.

You are needed. Valley Forge: Associated Home Mission
Agencies, American Baptist Convention, n.d.

 

Young, D. Universities and oper tion among metropolitan
professions. in Robert M. Fisher (Ed.), The
metropolis in modern life New York: Doubleday
& Company, 1955, pp. 589— 9A.

1“

U

A $1)

 

R)-

APPENDICES

1611

APPENDIX A

LIST OF JURY MEMBERS

165

Rev.
Rev.
Rev.

Rev.

Dr.
Dr.
Dr.
Mr.

Mr.

LIST OF JURY MEMBERS USED IN THE

DEVELOPMENT OF THE INSTRUMENTS

William Hartman, pastor

Clyde Masten, pastor

Raymond Mecca, pastor

Harold Malmborg, pastor

C. Adrian Heaton, theological educator
Arthur L. Farrell, denominational executive
Selwyn Smith, denominational executive
Theodore Balthrop, layman

Jon Richmond, layman

A group of five laymen from Cherry Hill Baptist Church,
Dearborn, Michigan

A group of fourteen laymen of the Mills Memorial Baptist
Church, Mayville, Michigan

Several graduate students, College of Education, Michigan
State University

166

APPENDIX B

INSTRUMENTS USED IN THE STUDY

1.67

168

1’: D1.‘1 n' ' “<71 I ‘r “at“
l‘ - nuke/1 114’ . f..L_J 1" 1‘“ J. .41
Y‘" *1 n(w"" D? A wrv“? '1 —-w‘- m - «W -—. fim
f A? o . IT .. in H] r I . »~ I
L - - .l 1.‘ A ‘4‘) i; - _ it a l

‘irecticns: Please consider each activity listed in this questionnaire, and
i dicate how important you ‘Win it is for the septist pastor
CO (10 1C.

In reeper' n2 to these items, pier e n“!S“ one C” tre foiloving
AM absolutely must
'1 A '. ‘, m‘p ,‘
Pb preferably .‘tu'flLllj
MLJJ mag' or'rnay In“:
PS preferably snoul d rot
:“ '1‘? , ‘ (~ ,—,‘ \ «fix \ \
ell ~J dOoclbtr:ij ('1‘ St TIC/t
' ‘ ' . " . 1. Y7.’ ‘ . H
Begin rea‘ing each item Wlth he words, The l t p. o .

(D (D 11?
”'3 U} '0
F9) (1‘ (f
(D (0
’U
“‘5
.Y (I) w
(I? CT
v—oJ (D
C U3 *3

(D m m

t u
Then choose one of the above re. ses which
what extent you expect the Bapti t paistor to
mentioned in the item.

*0 0' (.17
O

“3

3::
(7‘

Circle the response you select. Circle only one response per item.

Be certain to answer all (36) items.

The Baptist pastor:

1. AM PS MMN PSN AMN teach a Sunday school class.

2. AM PS MMN PSN AMN call on hos pi italized members at least every two days
3. AM PS MMN PSN AMN become a leader in a cub scout pack.

A. AM PS MMN SN AMN wear clothing that sets him apart from the laymen
as he leads in worship.

5. AM PS MMN PSN AMN speak from the pulpit in support of or against
proposed legislation of the local government.

6. AH PS MMN PSN AMN carry out decis :0
he believes to be ur s

7. AM PS MMN PSN AME expe ct a layman raix er than himself to teach a
class for new church member:

The Baptist paste

8.

9 .

10.

ll.

12.

13.

IA.

15.

l6.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

23.

AM

AM

AM

AM

AM

AM

AM

AM

AM

AM

AM

PS

PS

PS

PS

PS

PS

PS

PS

PS

PS

PS

.‘nr..1‘“T
.‘IA'A .V

MM N

n n N

MMN

MMN

MMN

M M N

MMN

V‘-
L

PSN

PSN

PSN

PSN

PSN

PSN

PSN

:D

..
.

l

I)
' l
.2.)
’—‘ fl
‘4

AMN

AMN

A M N

AMN

AMN

169

make himself available to all residents of toe
community for counseling at any time.

avoid associating with other ministerc .no are ;f
a radically different theclcgi'al poSiticn or
persuasion.

baptize a child of eight years of age if he has
made a profession of faith in Christ.

schedule his preaching so as to dea- witn all cf
the books of the Bible over a nerioo of time

rican Baptist Convention

promote a program of the Ame
i ted support within the

when this program has 1 mi
church.

occasionally enroll in college courses in order to
help him do a better job with leadership training
of laymen.

directly encourage qualified young peeple of the
church to enter a church—related vocation.

avoid involvement with clubs or lodges in the
community.

give explanation at every communion service as
to the meaning of the ordinance of the Lord's
Supper.

preach for more than twenty minutes in the Sunday
morning worship service.

have on paper a long—range plan for development
of building and program.

be a teacher in the daily vacation Bible school.

spend more than an average of four hours a week
counseling with people who are not members of the
church.

play on an athletic team in a church league.

read from different versions of the Bible from
Sunday to Sunday during the regular morning worship
service.

spend more than seven hours in specific preparation
for the morning sermon.

170

The Baptist pastor:
2A. AM PS MEN PS? AWN compremise with pressure groups within the church.

2’5 . AFT PS DISK} P SI: ATVIIJ u

a church member when it is not

no
(I\
I
I)
p—a
"U
C
4
’TJ
.' '1
LI“)
4 o
O
”’3
H
‘7}
’j
A
}
5‘
1
F.)
11
(‘f
C
,.

27. AM

”C!
(I)

HEN PSN AMN spend as much as one day a wee k engaged in activities
not directly related to his church responsibilities.

28. AM PS NEH PSN AMN conduct private commur11on services at least once
every three months for the shut—ins in their homes
or places of ccnfinenent.

29. AM PS MMN PSN AIM endorse a local carli.11e for pclitical or c tic
office from the pulpit.

30. AH PS MMN SN AMN know how much each church memt er contributes
financially to the support of the church.

O O

31. AM PS MMN PSN RN encoura e lavmen to lead week da} stud' roup
i J g ‘ f .
meetings rather than lead them himself.

32. AH PS MMN PSN AMN refer to a psychologist or psychiatrist a young
adult who has shared a desire to commit suicide.

33. AM PS MMN PSN AMN hold a political office in the local government.
34. AM PS MMN PSN AMN depart from the traditional mode of baptism for
reason of physical or medical incapacitation of

the candidate.

35. AM PS HMS PSN AMN primarily speak on passages of the Bible rather
than on contemporary problems on Sunday mornings.

36. AM PS MMN PSN AMN preside at the regular business meetings of the church.
Now please check to be sure that you have circled ONE response for EVESY item.

If you wish to share some thoughts or impressions, feel free to do so by using the
back of this page. You may sign your name if you wish, but this is not necessary.

ionnaire in the envelope provided and mail it

Please enclose the three page quest
W nk you very much for your cooperation.

directly to the researcher.

 

is

x.“
4, 11,1.
.. v
_ L

nu
1

 

,‘3

 

 

 

 

 

(I

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

l

l».
‘rw‘
A.
.-
o
r
.

 

 
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1

 

 

 

 

.
.j ‘1
- ..,.
,‘L a
« o
.g- .
.Hu 1-
o
.u, -\
' v
o
H" 0“,
1* -
"Y r I;
,
'\ "
;, .4 l
.1 "
1
i .V
a ,-
n,

x F"
’ l

‘ A
. c

 

‘ .
5‘ 0
‘J n
.

c

v t

4..

.7 ‘. {’fi '.

 

 

I ‘ .1.
. .

v

I fl

 

I

\ . ‘

a (N
, \_2

 

.'
,‘Iv
.
a»;
\‘AA

 

‘ u.
.L‘

f.

it

~ I

1-1 A

 

 

 

   

 

 

r .1

 

 

1' ,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

   

 

120 I“

v VY“\1’“.‘
AllgA A.) v

4

‘

olutel

172

V

I“

at

n

a flu

m1 nu . d O_ 41». ”iv HQ _
t n C h 1.1 . 1 r1. ._... .1
fly 0 H; .14 70 ..4 4 \1 \4

in «41 .r; CV 01. 0 VI. w. 1” 45c
n. ,.. . O a.” O S 1 .. .- .c S 1.

.1 n: .1. n... .1 L .,. S 1 . ...
.1. r .t 1.. u q n w u t
Iolv ”1‘ 1.1.“. D. . f H. . WI“ 1 ‘1 Fry 01 . \l”
n: t h.. mu 0 Q ,3 a: .1. N1 1.1 H r
.1. 1 0 1c M 1 .1
. 3 O O L. M .L 11... .1 1 . ..1
s r c m w u o o nun a.» h f
S ... S .l S .1 P. t H m. L 1.. .1.
.u. .L -H n 41V -- .1,” VA. 0 4. v .1
1 W .L .1 .... , 0 d

m .. t S .. ,.l K I .H
l a... d .L .1 O 3.. x. .. LL 1
1 ~v4 14 v) 44 .l.

1.0 1 .,

C ,1\ .r.. Ck o . oi; .LJ.

0 a O D. C S .
.t. . .1. t 1 1 1 .1. ..l ..
n u 1. cl . 4 u o 0 VI. \. 1». u-..
3 l .u e 1 d t .l 0 w... H. 2.
. . . n. t -111. A... .1.“ S w .1. .1 x it .1 8
..- .r. a i... m S .., .1. 1.-.“ u. .. .1. t .
.l v». d we a. .1. O m 0 mm. B .1. H
d 1.18 1 n S ,1. L w, t S .1 .1...“ .l a
r” S 1.... _ .l C P .0 B a. 1 m C
L .0 l 11. n m r e 1... 1 1 9 m 0 .1
o. h 0. t e. O V t t c S O s o
w H O m r c U .... m .. S
q- n . 1 V. ...i t g 0 S a .L
O C .<,_ ,1 S n t .1. O T
:1. Y. L 1 -K r. 1 V. 0 ,.. h . 1..
. 1 r C r .1. 1 .1 .r. a. c. n t w. .1
a... 1 m... C H a... .1 n. r H. 3.1.. K m 0 n.
a v w .11 P; O a e K r. 1f .1 - _.
t a C 1..., .C S .1. 1 .r. d. e .t m C t r- .

 

 

 

 

 

 

MTHHE

l

L-

o
.5.

1'7.

. '* :1. 101:.
”1011 O i'
"'1 L; 5.2,.

. 0
Qt)

F, {1

posit?on

F

:1‘1...3'C.

”31

10.1;
in C2

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Y ll 1 J T '1.
1 .1...) ..
M~.(.r»,_rk¢t "W
I
1:.1‘IIUL. v1 lj T.-. .1111 111111111 7.
H. .. if. 3)....
CCLL, r. (Fr; m
rl I4 IIIL Tllll. .Il‘l‘ll vl. IIIIJ ill I'1 11111 4|!" V111. 1|]

 

 

a‘l K/n

.\ .
:1. H
»r (x v H

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.. v ‘ .. i I
1 x r. .. ¢ OJ .0 (Q
.11. A . EVA
. .4 H. . .. 8 n H .
i . \ .. _ , .. 1.
vi. 7|. vi. r11 71 r; Y! v. .

t
~t pastor
sto
tor
t

1 .a .3 us a, ,b 7- is .J

1% Baptist pastor

12.

13.

l“.

15.

16.

17.

18.

20.

21.

The

The

The

The

The

The

The

The

Baptist

Baptist

Baptist

Baptist

Baptist

Baptist

Baptist

Baptist

Baptist

O
,3.)
(1}
CT
’0
F3

pastor

pastor

~stor

'O
.

pastor

“astnr

(1

A

173

Choo;e t1 of the Tollcwinu rwsn use :
l absolutely must
? [an Terafluiy sfrm1ll
3 may or may not
3 preferably ahgulq 1m:
V 3t3ulutely mug? t

an

3N
AT
E?

Q C) {1 :1
‘3: 7:7 5» Z :
m .1 .1 .1
D 1;] L‘ .

 

.. -. . b" - r
MENU-’11."? '3.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

occasional
i,r1 C)I“(' s>1* T

,
1
leaue

 

directly
people of
church—rel

 

 

 

 

 

21VC11d
lodges

in

 

 

 

 

 

rive fi

 

L391“! 1 C53 as

 

ordinance

 

 

 

 

 

'1
‘.

.ible rcfi‘

 

 

 

 

 

1,.
k.
r
I
4.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

hours

 

MW p. ,
‘u'...‘x/ Air? 11
y ‘7’ f . v v
H.111. 1. 1 ’
.. . ..., P.
181.1e

 

 

 

 

 

 

program
: anvent
lifiltfihi Efllp1r3rt

l ' 1
>1
{‘1
V
encourage
I . _‘
1 3’1 "J! 3...’
FXQ1&

or more than twenty

preacfi V
in the Sin

'1’fY. 3 't ‘4
'11. ‘1

e a teach

spend more
meek counseling with people
CL members

of the American Bap-
when this program has
within the church.

. C'I’l

)? 1.?

enroll in college cou
heip him do a better job

rship training of laymen.

qualified young
church to enter a
vocation.

tilt?

,
.11 T, E? G

lvement with clubs
community.

01"
tile

nation at every communion
to the meaning of the
of the Lord's Supper.

minutes
morning worship service.

11 5 'n,’
krkd

a long—range plan for
building and program.

wr in the daily vacation
«1.

than an average of four

of the church.

athletic team in a church

{a
‘ .5

r n-
4 J,
9“.
life
i

Y

,,

I
A -

CT

‘V ‘VI

174

I
‘;11_ in: Ft“@dfi?“s2
1"‘lUiVlfl mist
rref Jublv hculd
mfy J? l' TEL
W i la
IF“ ezezi, rsuld L’t
: 1tv‘r 1. ." 7‘
is ill_~1; nu , nzb
T.
‘
l
v . ‘ ‘- A“ .‘tnu. is ~ .- o
I reuu Iron uiiierent Versions 01 the

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

_ L
.JJ'
H;

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

J

 

 

;

 

 

 

 

Bible :rom Sunday to Sunday during
the resular mornin: worship service.

:pend more than seven hours in
r. _.:i’ - ’ I -‘

irereratlon for the morn—

x '74
C
p-
y—v
‘ H-
O

compromise with pressure groups
within the church.

'ble rather than other
terisl: as the basic re-
at a mid-week

sdvice to a church member
is not asked for.

spend as much as one day a week en-
” tivities not directly re-
3 church responsibilities.

(3

:7," 81
lated to h

1
| L
Q
P
:5

‘Jo

conduct private comm nion services
at least once everv three months for
the shut—ins in their homes or places

‘W

oi confinement.
endwr e a local can idete f r poli-
"t I H r)

1 o
ticul or civic of ic; mm the pulpit.

W 4. _ .h each church member con-
tribute: Firehciully to the support

175

Choose one of the following responses:

1 absolut
2
3 may or
u
C:
,J
m
C)
1‘: 8* D:
Q d O
o o P m
‘1: :3 C 3 T: .
Li) (3 <1: H
Q L11 0. 3

 

31. The Baptist pastor

 

 

32. The Baptist pastor

 

 

33. The Baptist pastor

 

 

 

 

 

3U. The Baptist pastor

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

35. The Baptist pastor l

 

 

 

 

 

 

36. The Baptist pastor L—

 

 

 

 

 

Please fill in the followinn:
Your name . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Your highest educational attainment or your

The number of church members active in your

(

ely must

preferably should

may not

preferably should not
absolutely must not

encourage laymen to lead week day
study group meetings rather than
lead them himself.

refer to a psychologist or psychi—
atrist a young adult who has shared
a desire to commit suicide.

hold a political office in the local
government.

depart from the traditional mode of
baptism for reason of physical or
medical incapacitation of the candi-
date.

primarily speak on passages of the
Bible rather than on contemporary

problems on Sunday mornings.

preside at the regular business
meetings of the church.

Now please check back to be certain that a number appears in EVERY box.

Please enclose this completed questionnaire, al

ong with the other questionnaire

you have completed, and your wife's completed questionnaire in the envelope

provided and mail it directly to the researcher
cooperation.

. Thank you very much for your

APPENDIX C

CORRESPONDENCE USED IN THE STUDY

176

INCORPORATED 1842

  
  
  

./ut-
!_

<

  
   

\

   
 
 

MICHIGAN BAPTIST CONVENTION

EXECUTIVE SECRETARY. DR, ARTHUR L. FARRELL PO, BOX 126
213 W. MAIN
LANSING. MICH, 48901
TEL. AREA CODE 517 4849431

Ewe}
T—. .Lu 2 .

\
‘ ../

  

August 30, 1953

Dear Pastor:

The Michigan Baptist Convention is cooperating with
the Rev. James Didier, our University Chaplain at Michigan
State University, in a research study among our churches
on "The Professional Role of the Baptist Pastor." This
study is in partial fulfillment for Mr. Didier's Ph. D.
degree in Guidance and Pastoral Counseling at Michigan
State University.

Within a few days you will receive a packet con—
taining questionnairies and other materials that Mr. Didier
has carefully prepared to yield the basic information on
the role of the pastor.

All data gathered in this research will be coded by
the researcher for processing by electronic computer,
assuring anonymity for all respondents.

It is hoped that the findings of this project will
be helpful to American Baptist pastors and laymen alike,
and we shall distribute these findings to you as soon as
they are available.

I heartily endorse this work and urge you to con—
tribute the time required to carry out your part of the
project, according to the directions that you Will
receive in the packet. Since time and complete coverage
of our constituency are two vital factors, your immediate
and personal attention will help to guarantee the
validity of this survey.

arrell

 

ALF/lm

y’-

otmon ASSOCIATION t
.. J... .... AMEIQICAN BADTIST CHURCHES

9504 broderick tower detroit, michigon 48926 telephone: 969-3927
(area 313)
Fraser E. Pomeroy
President SeIwyn Smith, DD.

‘ Executive Seer ‘tar
Mrs. George Hopktns ' y
Secretary

Frederick L. Sturdy, Jr.

Treasurer

Christian Education

Walter B. Pulliam, B.D. August 26, 1963

Church Extension, Development
and Strategy

Edward Goodman, B.D.

Division of World Mission
Support

Raymond D. Weigum, Th.D.

n of American

Dear Friends:

I trust that you have had, or are having a
profitable summer, whether you are on
vacation, or "staying by the stuff."

Shortly after Labor Day you will receive a
questionnaire fro m James W. Didier, minister
to students at Michigan State University.
This will be incorporated into his doctor‘s
dissertation, but there will be the possi-
bility of providing a practical synopsis of
is findings. I hope you will respond
immediately to the questionnaire.

Sincerely,

Selwyn Smith
Executive Secretary

SS/bm
cc: James W. Didier

I‘“
an]
CI)

 

”we?” 3W 5mm 7%

AT MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

336 OAKHILL
EAST LANSING. MICHIGAN
EDGEWOOD 2-8472

September 5, 1963
JAMES W. DIDIER
UNIVERSITY BAPTIST CHAPLAIN

Dear Michigan Baptist Pastor:

This packet contains materials that are being used in a
research project I am conducting in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for a degree in the area of Guidance and
Pastoral Counseling. The project is under the direction

of Dr. John E. Jordan, College of Education, Michigan State
University

As you will note from the nature of the questionnaires, the
study deals with the role of the Baptist pastor - as per-
ceived by pastors, pastors' wives, deacons and church educa—
tors. We hope that the study will provide information that
will help pastors in their work, as well as provide helpful
information for those engaged in training pastors.

All of the pastors of the Michigan Baptist Convention and
the DetrOit Association of American Baptist Churches are
being requested to cooperate in the study. No doubt, you
already have received a letter from Dr. Arthur L. Farrell
referring to this research.

Several copies of a general report of the findings will be
provided to all participating pastors.

Now — your part. Will you please do the following:

I. Give the envelope marked "WIFE" to your wife. She
is to complete the questionnaire it contains. Her
envelopecontainscomplete instructions for her.
(Please do not help her complete her questionnaire,
and do not confer with her in completing your
questionnaires.)

2. Fill in the questionnaire titled EXPECTATION QUESTION-
NAIRE, PROFESSIONAL ACTIVITIES OF THE BAPTIST PASTC
This questionnaire is identical to the one to be
filled in by your wife, your deacon and your church
educator. Your copy is marked "PASTOR" in red
letters.

3. Fill in the questionnaire titled PERCEPTION OF
EXPECTATION QUESTIONNAIRE.

179

REPRESENTING THE AMERICAN BAPTIST CONVENTION AND MICHIGAN BAPTIST CONVENTION

 

AW 3W 5W 7%

AT MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

336 OAKHILL
EAST LANSING. MICHIGAN
EDGEWOOD 2-8472

JAMES W. DIDIER
UNIVERSITY BAPTIST CHAPLAIN

Baptist Pastor — Page Two

A. Enclose the two questionnaires you have completed,
along with your wife's completed questionnaire,
in the large, stamped, addressed manila envelope,
and mail it directly to me.

5. Give the envelope marked "DEACON" to the chairman
of your board of deacons (board of elders), and
encourage him to carry out his part of this pro—
ject quickly, according to the instructions con-
tained in his envelope. (The deacon's and educa—
tor's envelopes contain a questionnaire, an
instruction sheet and a return envelope. They
will mail their completed questionnaires directly
back to me.)

6. Give the envelope marked "EDUCATOR" to the chair-
man of the Christian Education Committee of your
church. If there is no such committee chairman,
give it to the general superintendent of the
Sunday Church School. If there is no general
superintendent, then select, in order, the super-
tendent of the adult department of the Sunday
Church School, the teacher of the adult class,
or the teacher of the young people's class.

7. Check with the deacon and educator to be sure1
that they have filled in and mailed their question—
naire.
Your prompt cooperation will be greatly appreciated.
Thank you.

Sincerely yours,

éééézauvu44r2r/AEEZ;Z;1;;¢,
James W. Didier

180

REPRESENTING THE AMERICAN BAPTIST CONVENTION AND MICHIGAN BAPTIST CONVENTION

181

August 23, 1963

Dear Pastor's Wife:

The enclosed questionnaire is one tkat is being submit ed

to all of the American Baptist pastors of Michigan, their
wives, the chairmen of the boards of deacons and one educator
from each church. The responses of these four groups of
persons will be compared to determine the similarities and
differences in the expectations tue groups hold for the pro-
fessional role of the Baptist pastor. This research is being
conducted in cooperation with tLe Detroit Association of
American Baptist Churches and the Michigan Baptist Convention,
and is to be incorporated into a Ph.D. thesis in the area of
Guidance and Pastoral Counseling at Michigan State University.

I appreciate your willingness to spend a few minutes to con—
tribute to the study. I believe that you will find the ques-
tionnaire both challenging and thought—provoking.

Will you please read carefully the directions on the first

page of the questionnaire, fill it in promptly, and then mail

it back to me along with your EUSband's completed questionnaires,
using tie stamped, addressed enJelope provided in his packet.
Please do not discuss the questionnaire with your husband, or
consult with him on any of the items until both of you have
completed your questionnaires and they have been mailed back

to the researcher.

These suggestions seem helpful wgen filling out the questionnaire:
(1) Please consider the activities on the basis of Baptist pastors
in general and not in terms of your husband. (2) Please be frank
and select the response that most nearly expresses your own
opinion. Your responses will be combined with other pastor's
wives, and will not be specifically identified. All responses will
be coded and all respondents will be kept anonymous.

 

The findings of the study will be distributed to all participating
pastors.

Thank you very much.
Sincerely,

James W. Didier

182

 

7336 OAKHILL

flaw» 3% SW 7%

AT MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

EAST LANSING. MICHIGAN

EDGEWOOD 2-8472

JAMES W. DIDIER '

U N IVE RSITY BAPTIST C HAPLAI N

  

Dear Baptist Deacon:

The enclosed questionnaire is one that is being submitted to
all the American Baptist pastors of Michigan, tieir wives,

the c airmen of the boards of deacons and one educator from
each cnurcy. T e reSponses of tnese four groups of persons
will be compared to determine the similarities and differ—
ences in the expectations the groups mold for the professional
role of tne Baptist pastor. This research is being conducted
in cooperation with tie Detroit Association of American Baptist
Churches and the Michigan Baptist Conrention, and is to be
incorporated into a P .D. thesis in the area of Guidance and
Pastoral Counseling at Mic igan State University.

I appreciate your pastor‘s willingness to cooperate in this
project, and your willingness to spend a few minutes to
contribute to the study. I believe that you will find the
questionnaire both cgallenging and thought—provoking.

Will you please read carefully the directions on tie first
page of the questionnaire, fill it in promptly, and then
mail it back to me, using the enclosed, stamped envelope.
Please do not discuss tue questionnaire or consult with
anyone on any of the items until all four respondents from
your church have completed their questionnaires and mailed
them back to the researc er.

T ese suggestions seem helpful when filling out the ques-
tionnaire: (1) Please consider the activities on the basis

of Baptist pastors in general and not in terms of you specific
pastor. (2) Please be frank and select the response that

most nearly expresses your own opinion. Your responses will

be combined with other deacons and will not be specifically
identified. All responses will be coded and all respondents will
be kept anonymous.

The findings of tge study will be distributed to all nap-

ticipating pastors. l am sure that your pastor will be
glad to share the findings vitt you when they are made
available.

Thank you very much.

Sincerely,

James W. Didier

REPRESENTING THE AMERICAN BAPTIST CONVENTION AND MICHIGAN BAPTIST CONVENTION

 

336 OAKHILL
EAST LANSING. MICHIGAN
EDGEWOOD 2-8472

JAMES W. DIDIER
UNIVERSITY BAPTIST CHAPLAIN

73(op

Dear Baptist Cynic“
The enclosed question:
all the American Bapti
of the boards
The responses of these
to determine the simil
ations the groups
Baptist pastor. This

with the Detroit Assoc
and the Michigan Bapti
into a Ph.D. tresis in
at Michigan State Univ

I appreciate your past
project, and your will
contribute
questionnaire both

Vtill you please read c
of the questionnaire.
back to me. using the
not discuss the questi

of deacons

Lold for

tr) tiie STLuCLy.
challenging and thought-provoking.

183

24mm“ 3W SW 7W»

AT MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

. 1963

august

L. Cit}. ca I O I":

aire is one that is being submitted to
st pastors of Michigan. the chairman
@MCILflle EdihiltoT ifimnn eaci1<fl;urch.

four groups of persons will be compared
arities and differences in the expect-
tie professional role of the
researcg is being conducted in cooperation
iation of American Baptist Phurcnes
st Convention, and is to be incorporated

the area of Guidance and Pastoral Counselim;
ersity.

or's willingness to cooperate in this
ingness to spend a few minutes to
I believe that you will find the

arefully the directions on the first page
fill it in promptly, and then mail it
enclosed, stamped envelope. Please do
onnaire or consult with anyone on any of

the items until all four respondents from your cnurch have

completed their questi
researcher.

onnaires and mailed them back to the

These suggestions seem helpful wten filling out the ques-

tionnaire: (1) Please
of Baptist pastors in
pastor. (2) Please be
nearly expresses your
CCHUleiGCl vuitii otflirz’ c;
ifically identified.
respondents will be ke

St

I

The findiigfis of the
ticipating pastors.

glad to share the finding

available.
Thank you very much.

Sincerely,

     

James w. Didier

REPRESENTING THE AMERICAN

consider the activities on the basis
general and not in terms of your specific
frank and select the response that most
own opinion. Your responses will be
nzcm educators. and will not be spec-
All responses will be coded and all
pt anonymous.

udy will
am

be distributed to all par-
sure that your pastor will be
with you when they are made

8

BAPTIST CONVENTION AND MICHIGAN BAPTIST CONVENTION

 

AW 3% 5W 7%

AT MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

336 OAKHILL
EAST LANSING. MICHIGAN
EDGEWOOD 2-8472

JAMES W. DIDIER
UNIVERSITY BAPTIST CHAPLAIN

November 20, 1963

Reverend John Doe
100 Main Street
Yorktown, Michigan

Dear Mr. Doe:

Some time ago I sent to all the American Baptist pastors in
Michigan a packet containing questionnaires for the pastor,
his wife and two laymen, with instructions and stamped
envelope for return mailing.

Enclosed with this letter is a c0py of one of the pastor's
questionnaires.

Most of the pastors have completed these questionnaires and
returned them, as have most of the laymen. My records do
not show that you have returned yours.

Would you and your wife please complete and return your
questionnaires, and check to see that the laymen from your
church have completed theirs and have sent them back to the
researcher.

li‘somehmwyou have failed to receive the original packet,
or if you have mislaid it, please indicate this on the
enclosed postcard and mail it to me. I shall send you
another packet immediately upon receipt of your card.

I hOpe to hear from you very soon.

Thank you very much.

Sincerely yours,

James w. Didier

Enclosures - Two

184

REPRESENTING THE AMERICAN BAPTIST CONVENTION AND MICHIGAN BAPTIST CONVENTION

APPENDIX D

EXPECTATIONS AND PERCEPTIONS CF EXPECTATION
HELD BY SIGNIFICANT OTHERS FCR PROFESSIONA

ACTIVITIES OF THE BAPTIST PARISH MINISTER

n
O

L“

186

 

mo. MN.H mHH H m mm mm 3 am

NN. HN.H mHH H m NN mm NN am

mN. Nm.H MHH 0 HH om mm 0 d3

ON. 0:.H mHH N m m: N: :H a:

MN. ::.H NQH o N mm am N m

mN. mm.H NHH H z o: mm NH a .

mm. mm.H NHH H m m: mm ma 3 mpm>m pmmma pmmmmmnmwh

NN. mm.H NHH o m m: Nm NH 2 emNHHNpHQmon co HHNo .N
No. Nm.H mHH N :H mm on MH am

mm. m:.H NHH H NH Nm am N am

0N. mm.N mHH NH N: z: N 0 a3

om. mm.N MHH : om N: 0H H a:

SN. NN.N NOH H N: 3: ON 0 m

NN. SH.N NHH o o: @m NH H a

on. mm.N NHH m Hm a: m H 3 .mmNHo

mm. HN.N NHH o 0: Ne :H H z Hoogom Hmecsm N comm» .H
cm x Haaoe 22¢ 2mm 2:: mm z< eOHpHmom ampH

 

187

 

NN. HN.N NHH N N: N: HN O am
HN. :N.N NHH NH mm Om :H N No
OO.H N:.N NHH NH N: mm :H N a:
NN. NN.N NHH N N: mm OH H N2
NN. NN.N NOH N Nm N: NH N N
NN. NN.N NHH NH Nm N: NH : a N
. . . Hampoz CH mumma on mm
ON NN N NHH HH NN NN ON H 3 NNENNH Nap Soap ppNNN EHN
mN. NN.N NHH N Nm :m NH H z NNNN chp NchpoHo NNNz .:
NN. NN.N NHH N mm NN NH O am
NN. NN.N NHH NH O: N: NH O NO
NN. NH.N NHH N: N: :N O O N3
NN. ON.N NHH ON NN Hm O O a:
:N. :N.N NOH NN N: Nm O O N
ON. :N.N NHH :H HN. Nm N O O
ON. NN.N NHH NN N: O: H O 3 .NoNN NNOON 950
:N. NN.N NHH NH mm N: O H z N CH NNNNNH N NEOONN .N
mm x NNNON 22¢ zmm 222 mm SN coHOHNON ENNH

 

188

 

ON. :O.N NHH O ON O: ON O am
NH.H NO.H NHH N OH OH ON O: NO
HN. NN.N NHH ON N: NN O N O3
NO.H NO.N NHH NN o: NN OH N O3
NH.H O:.N NOH NN NN ON NH O m
ON.H N:.N OHH ON H: NH HN OH O
. . .GCSONCS on on mm>mfiamn
NO H :N N NHH O: NN NN N N 3 N3 ONOO NcooNNN no ONNOO
OH.H N:.N NHH NN o: ON HN : 3 NON No NNOHNHONO use NNNNO .O
NN. NO.N NHH O NN O: NN N ON
NO.H NO.N NHH ON O: NN NH N NO
HN. H:.N NHH NH N: O: NH H a3
ON. NO.N NHH O ON ON ON N .O3
.OH.H ON.N NOH NH ON ON NH O N
NO.H N:.N OHH HN HN H: NN H o .Ocmscpmsmm HNOOHONNM
. . mo coHpNHmH ma Ummo on
mm ma m NHH O mm :m mm m 3 pmcHNwN no mo pHOQQSN CH
NN. ON.H NHH N NH NO NN O 3 OHOHNO ONO 30pm NNNON .O
ON 3 O¢NOB 23¢ 2mm 233 mm 3¢ OOHOHNON ENOH

 

189

 

HN. O:.H NHH O OH NN N: NH Nm
NO.H ON.H NHH N OH HN :N ON NO
HN.H ON.H NHH OH :N ON ON NH N3
OO.H OH.H NHH N N :N N: HN N3
NN. OO.H NOH N O NH OO NN m
ON. NO.H OHH H N NN NO HN O N .meu NON ON
. . CHHmmcsoo mom pHCSEEoo
NN HO H NHH O : NN OO ON 3 NO» No NOONOHNNO HHN o»
HN. NO.H NHH N N :H OO NN 3 NHONHHN>N NHNNEHO NNNE .N
ON. OO.N NHH OH :O NN N H N3
HN. NN.N NHH NN NO NH N N NO
NN. OO.N NHH :H OO ON NH H N3
ON. OO.N NHH OH OO ON N N N3
NN. ON.N NOH :: N: NH N O m
NN. ON.N OHH N: N: NH O H O .NNNOENE
. . nopsco 3mg pom mmNHo m
ON HN N NHH :: N: NH H O 3 Oonp 0» NHNNEHO ONOO
NN. NN.N NHH NN HO ON N O 3 NNOONO :NENNH N OONNNN .N
ON 3 H¢NON 23¢ 2NN 233 NO 3¢ OOHOHNON ENOH

 

190

 

:O.H NN.H NHH O NN N: NN NH Nm
NO.H :O.H NHH O OH NN o: NH NO
ON. HN.H NHH H HN OO ON N N3
ON. NO.H NHH H NH OO NN NH N3
OH.H :O.H NOH O ON ON HN ON m
OH.H NO.H OHH N ON NN HN NN O .ONHMOO OH OOHNO
. . mo COHmmmmop w mums mwn
NO H HO H NHH N HN :N ON ON 3 N3 OH NNN No NNNNN OONHN
NN. NO.H NHH H NH N: NN NH 3 No OHHOO N NNHONNO .OH
:N. O:.N NHH OH o: O: NH H N3
HO.H ON.N NHH HH NN ON :N : NO
NN. NO.N NHH NH N: NN OH H N3
NN. HN.N NHH NN O: NN NH H N3
ON. ON.N NOH NN NN :N N H m .OOHNNNNNNN
HH.H NO.N OHH NN NN NN OH O O No OOHOHNMN HNOHNOHONOO
. . OONNNNNHN HHNOHONN N No
NN NN N NHH ON N: NN O H 3 NON on; NNNONHOHE ONOOO
NN. NO.N NHH :: N: NN N H 3 OOH: NOHONHOONNN OHO>N .N
ON 3 O¢NON 23¢ 2NN 233 ON 3¢ OOHOHNON ENOH

 

191

 

ON. NH.N NHH OH NN NN HN H NO
NN. O:.N NHH HH :O ON NH N NO
NN. NO.N NHH O :N NO ON H N3
ON. HN.H NHH H OH OO H: O N3
NN. OO.H NOH H NN NN N: N N .Oopszo
NN. ON.H OHH H HN NN N: N O NO» OHOmHszNONNNN ONOHEHH
. . mm: Emu op mHnu coax coHu
ow no H mHH H NH Nm m: m 3 Icm>coo umHuamm :NOHHmE<
3w. HN.H NHH H mm OH H: a 2 man no EmthHQ m mpoEOHQ .mH
ON. NN.H NHH O : NN NO HH N3
NN. NN.H NHH O O N: OO OH NO
ON. NO.H NHH O N NO N: O N3
NO. O:.H NHH O : NO N: N N3
ON. HO.H NOH H N NO. NN N 3 .Ner
ON. NO.H OHH : N NO NN N O No OOHNNN N NN>O NHOHO
. . NO» NO NNOOO NON No
mm mm H NHH H 3 mm mm m 3 HHw EQHS HmmU Op mm Om
:O. OO.H NHH O N HO N: N 3 NOHOoNNNN NH: NHNONOON .HH
ON 3 O¢NON 23¢ 2NN 233 ON 3¢ NOHOHNON ENOH

 

192

 

NN. :N. NHH O N NH OO N: NO
NN. NN. NHH O H NH OO NN NO
NN. NN. NHH O N NH NO O: N3
HN. NO. NHH O N N N: HO N3
NO. :O. NOH O H O :O O: O
NO. NN. OHH O N N NO ON O .OOHONOO> NNONHNN
. . Iconzno N Hmpcm 09 303530
Om HO NHH o o O OO .NH 3 map mo deomQ w3303 OOHO
ON. OO. NHH H O N OO NO 3 -HHNNN NONNNooON NHOONNHO .:H
NO. NH.H NHH O N NN OO NH NO
NO. NN.H NHH H HH NO N: H NO
:N. N:.H NHH H N NN NO N N3
NO. NH.H NHH O N NN ON NH N3
OO. ON.H NOH O N N: :O N O .ONENNH No OOHOHNNO
OO. N:.H OHH O : :O NO O O NHOONNONNH OmHz ONO
. . NNOONO N ON 3H3 HNO Op
HO NH H NHH o H mm ON NH 3 Omcmo CH Ommpsoo mmeHoo
HO. OH.H NHH O N ON ON NH 3 OH HHONON NHHNOOHONOOO .NH
OO 3 O¢NON 23¢ 2ON 233 ON 3¢ OOHOHNON ENOH

‘ll

 

193

 

HN. :O.H NHH H HH O: N: N NO
ON. NN.H NHH H N N: H: ON NO
ON. NO.H NHH O OH OO :N N N3
NN. N:.H NHH O HH :: O: NH N3
ON. ON. NOH H : :H N: H: O
ON. OO. OHH O N :H H: NO O .NNNNNO N.ONNH map No NNON
. . ICHOHo map mo :Hcmme mnp
mm mm NHH H m :N .:H o: 3 Op mm m0H>cH®m COHCHHEEOO
mm. O:.H NHH m HH N: O: NH 3 33m>m ON COHONCNHQON m>Hw .OH
NN. NH.N NHH : NN NO NN N NO
NN. NN.H NHH N NN N: ON N NO
:N. OH.N NHH : HN NO NH O N3
ON. ON.N NHH O :N NO N O N3
NH.H NO.N NOH HH NN ON NN OH O
:H.H NN.H OHH HH NN H: NN :H O .3
OO.H NO.N NHH N ON :: NH OH 3 NON OH NNOONH wwcmmwmw
NN. NN.N NHH OH ON OO NH O 3 OOHz NON3N>HNNOH OHo>N .OH
OO 3 O¢3ON 23¢ 2ON 233 ON 3¢ ONHNHNNN ENNH

 

194

 

NN. :H.H NHH H : :N OO NH NO
ON. Om.H MHH m m mm :O O CC
ON. NN.H NHH N N O: OO O N3
mN. NH.H mHH H m Hm mO OH C3
NN. ON.H NOH H N ON OO NH O
OO. NN.H OHH o m Om mO HH Q
HN. :N.H mHH o m Om Om OH 3

NO. :O.H NHH O H ON NO NN 3 ENNONNN

UCN wCHCHHCC mo pCmE

ICOHm>mU Com CNHC memC

uwCOH m CNCNC Co N>NC .OH

NN. N:.N NHH HH N: H: NH N NO
ON. :H.N NHH O NN N: NN N NO
:N. NN.N NHH O :N OO OH N N3
HN. :N.H NHH m NH :N ON N N3
NN. :N.H NOH N NN NO HN N O
NO. NO.H OHH m Hm mO om CH C
:N. ON.N mHH 3 mm HO 0H m 3

OO. mo.m NHH H Hm ON NH m 3 .NOH>CNO

CHCOCoz mCHCCoE NNCCNO

NCO CH OmpCCHE Npszp

COCO mCoE Com ConCN .NH
mm m HNBQB 23¢ -sz 233 ON 23 COHOHOON ENOH

 

195

 

ON. OO.N OHH H Om mO om O NO
NO. NH.N OHH 2 :m OO Hm : CO
OO. OH.N OHH m mm 3O OH O C3
:N. NN.H NHH H NN NO NH : N3
NN. :N.H NOH H OH Om om O m .COCCCO NCO no OCNC
NN. NO.H OHH O :H NO :N N O :ENC ONO NNN NO: NHNNNN
. . COHz OCHHmmCsoo 3mm:
NO Om H mHH H OH ON 2H m 3 m OCCOC Odom Oo OONCN>N
ON. NO.H NHH H NH ON om : 2 CO COCO mCoE OCNCO
NN. :O.H NHH N NH N: H: :H NO
ON. OO.H mHH m OH O: O: OH No
NN. NO.N NHH O OO NN OH O N3
ON. NN.N NHH : N: N: HH H N3
NO. mm.m NOH O OO N: OH O O
OO. :H.m OHH O OO :2 mm O Q
. . .HooCom
NO 3: m mHH HH m: O: OH O 3 NHCHO C0HON0N> NHHNO
HN. OO.N NHH H Om mm O m z NCO CH CNCoNNO O NO

 

mm x H<BOE 22¢ 2mm 22: mm Ed COHOHmom EmOH

 

196

NN. :O.H NHH H OH N: N: O NO
NN. N:.N NHH O N: HO N H NO
NO. NN.H NHH H ON NO NN H N3
NN. ON.H NHH N ON NO ON N N3
ON. ON.H NOH O OH N: mm m m .m0H>CmO CHCOCoz OCHCCoE
NN. NN.H OHH H ON OO NN N O 3 ONHOONONNOO OOHOON
. . NOCCO 0O NOCCO COCO
NO ON H NHH N HH NO HN O 3 NHNHO NOO ON NONHNON>
NO. NN.H NHH H OH NO HN H 3 OONNNONHN ONNO NNNO .NN
OO. NN.H NHH N HH :N ON H NO
NN. NH.N NHH : NN NO NH O NO
NN. ::.N NHH NH ON NO : O N3
OO. NH.N NHH N :N ON N O N3
N:. OO.N NOH H NH ON N O O
OO. NH.N OHH O OH NN O O O
NO. OH.N NHH N :H HN OH O 3 .NOONNH ONOOON N OH
O:. OO.N NHH O OH NN N O 3 ONNO NHONHOON ON ON NNHN .HN

 

Om x H<BOE 22¢ 2mm 22: mm z< COHOHmom EmOH

 

197

 

ON. OO.N NHH OH N: HN NH N NO

OH.H OO.N NHH ON NN ON OH N NO

NN. ON.N NHH :N N: NN N O N3

HN. NN.N NHH NN HO NN : O N3

OH.H NO.N NOH HN ON ON NH N O

NN. HO.N OHH N: N: HN N H O

:N. NN.N NHH NN ON H: N H 3 .ONNOON NOO OHOOH3 NNONOO

:N. NN.N NHH HN N: NN HH O 3 NOONNNON OOH3 NNHONONONN .:N
HN. NH.H NHH O O O: NO ON NO

NN. ON.H NHH O O N: O: OH NO

NN. HN.H NHH O O N: N: NH N3

:N. NH.H NHH O N ON HO ON N3

NN. ON.H NOH H N .OO NN N O

OO. N:.H OHH O O OO O: OH O .ONOONO OOHMONM

NN. O:.H NHH O : NO :N OH 3 NOWHMMWNMMHWMOMOMMO

:N. OH.H NHH O N NN NO NN 3 ON>NN ONOO NONE NONNN .NN
OO 3 O¢NON 23¢ 2ON 233 ON 3¢ ONHOHNNN ONOH

 

198

ON. OO.N NHH N HO O: NH O NO
ON. H:.N NHH N NO NN OH : NO
NN. N:.N NHH NH H: N: NH O N3
NN. ON.N NHH N :N NO OH H N3
NN. HN.N NOH O NN NO NH N O
NN. NN.N OHH HH ON NO NH N O
. . .Com CNOON
mN mm m NH.H. OH .:H m: 3 O 3 902 wH pun CmflZFHmDEmE
NN. NN.N NHH N NN NO : N 3 ONOOON N NO NNHONN ONOON .ON
NO. HO.H NHH O : NO N: N NO
ON. NH.H NHH N O NN :O ON NO
NO. ON.H NHH O N O: OO OH N3
HN. ON.H NHH H O N: N: OH N3
:N. OH.H NOH O : ON N: ON O .OOHONNO OOHONNN
NN. NN. OHH N N ON OO NN O NNNOINHO N ON OOHONNNO_
. . Com mohsommh NHONC NCO ON
NN NH H NHH H : HN N: NN 3 NHNHNNONO NNOOHON ONOON
ON. ON.H NHH H N :: :O OH 3 ONOO ONOONO NHOHO NOO NNO .ON

 

Om x H<BOB 22¢ 2mm 22: mm 24 COHOHmom ENOH

 

199

 

ON. NO.H NHH H N NO :: N NO
:N. N:.H NHH N N H: OO NH NO
NN. :O.H NHH N NH O: :: N N3
NO.H NO.H NHH N NH :N N: NH N3
:O. HO.H NOH O O mm :O HN m .OCNENCHmCoo No OmoNHC
NN. NN.H OHH N N HN NO NH O ON NNONO OHNOO OH NOHNOOOO
. . NCO Com OCOCoE NNCCO Cm>m
am :N H NHH m H mm :m 0H 3 moco pmmmH pm m®0H>eHmm
NN. HO.H NHH O O H: NO HH 3 ONHOOOONN NONNHON ONONONN .NN
NN. NN.H NHH N OH NO :N N NO
NN. ON.H NHH N ON OO NN N NO
NH.H NH.H NHH : OH NH :N N: N3
NN. NN.H NHH N NH ON OO NN N3
:N. ::.H NOH N N ON N: OH O .NNHOHHHNHNONNNNO
:N. OO.H OHH : : :O :: OH O ONMOON NHO NO NNONHNN
. . HONNOHN ONO NNHOH>
NO NO NHH O : ON N: m: 3 :HOoN CH CNONOCN xmmz N
ON. NN.H NHH N NH NN N: HN 3 NNN NON NN ONOO ON NONNN .NN
OO 3 H¢NON 23¢ 2ON 233 ON 3¢ ONHOHNNN ONOH

 

200

 

NN. N:.N NHH NH N: NN HN H NO
NH.H OO.N NHH HN ON ON NH N NO
OO.H NN.N NHH NH ON NN NN H N3
:H.H NH.N NHH NH ON NN O: N N:
NH.H :O.N NOH ON NN ON HH O O
NO.H ON.N OHH HN O: HN OH N O NN .ONOOMN NON
.4 . ON NON ON NON NN HHNHN
NO . NO N NHH NN ON NN NN H 3 -ONOHO NNNOOHONONN ONOONO
OH.H HN.N NHH NH NN NN NN : z ONOOON ONNN ONOO 3NO 3NOO .ON
NN. :N.N NHH NN NO NH N N NO
:N. NN.N NHH :O N: NH H N NO
NO. NN.N NHH H: NO OH O O N3
NN. HH.N NHH o: N: NN H H N2
NN. NN.N NOH NO NN :H H N O
ON. HN.N OHH OO H: NH H O O N N
. . .NH HO NON ONOO NNHOON
ON NH N NHH N: NN NN O O 3 NHNHN ON HNNHNHHNN ONO
ON. NH.N NHH :: N: :N O O z NNNNHNONN HNNNH N NNONNON .NN
OO O OOOOO ZOO sz 222 ON ON ONHNHNNN ONNH

 

201

NN. :O.H NHH O : :N NO NN NO
ON. HN.H NHH O O NN OO ON NO
ON. HN. NHH H N OH NO NN N3
NN. NN. NHH H : OH OO NN NO
ON. OH.H NOH N O NN N: NN O
NO.H NH.H OHH O O ON OO ON O .NNHNHON NHOONN
O. N. O N N O O 3 NOMOOOMOONMOOO
NN. NN. NHH H : NH OO :: 2 ON NNHONHNONNNN N NN ONONO
NN. OO.H NHH O NH HN NO N NO
ON. NN.H NHH O NN :: HN O NO
ON. OO.H NHH N NH O: N: : N3
:N. NO.H NHH H OH N: HO : NO
ON. NO.H NOH : NH HN :O O O
:N. NO.H OHH N OH O: O: O O .OHNNOHO ONON
O. N: O . O O O 3 OO.NON NOON
OO. mm.H NHH O N N: mm m z OONH 0N ONENON NmeOoocm

 

om N A<BOB 22¢ 2mm 22: mm S< COHpHmom EmuH

 

202

NH.H NN.N NHH NH NN NN :N O NO
HN.H HN.N NHH NN ON NH :N N NO
ON.H N:.N NHH ON HN ON NN O N3

ON.H om.m MHH mm om om mm 0 Q2

 

NH.H OO.H NOH N NH NN NN NH O .NNNOHNONN NON ON ONHN
:N.H HN.H OHH :H OH ON N: NH O -NNHNMNMNOH HNNHNNO ON
. . HOOHO a mo commmp pom
:N H ON H NHH NH NN :N NN ON 3 ONHNNNO ON NNNO HNONHN
H:.H NN.N NHH ON ON NN ON :H 2 -HNNON NON ONOO NONNNN .:N
NN. NN.N NHH NN N: NN : O NO
HN. :N.N NHH NO NN OH H H NO
ON. NN.N NHH HO :: OH H H N3
NN. NH.N NHH :: O: NN H O N:
NN. H:.N NOH HO HN :H O H O
ON. O:.N OHH NN ON OH O N O
NN. NN.N NHH OO ON ON H O 3 .NONOOON>NN HNNNH NON OH
NN. OO.N NHH NN NO HN H O z NNHOON HNNHNHHNN N NHNO .NN
ON x OOBOO ZOO 2ON 22: NO ON ONHNHNNN ONNH

 

203

 

 

NN. NN.H NHH : ON NO NN .: NO

NN. HN.H NHH O ON NN O: O NO

ON. NN.N NHH N N: NN OH N N3

ON. NH.N NHH : H: O: NH O NO

ON.H ON.N NOH NH NN OH NN N O

HN.H NN.H OHH NH NN :N NN NH O

OO.H HN.N NHH N N: HN ON O 3 NON ON NOOHNNNO Nmmwmmmm

HN. :N.N NHH O O: O: NH O z ONHOONO NON NN NNHNNON .ON
NN. N:.H NHH O O N: N: HH NO

NN. :O.H NHH N N NH NO ON NO

NN. NN.H NHH N N o: N: ON N3

ON. ON.H NHH N : :N NO ON NO

ON. HN.H NOH N O NN :: HN O NONOONO NNNOON

NN. HH.H OHH H N NN O: NN O ON NONHNNON NONONN

NO.H NH.H NHH : N NN HN ON 3 IMMWMMNNmM “MOWNMMMWMM

NN. NN.H NHH N : N: OO OH 2 ON ONNNN NHHONOHON .ON
ON x OOOOO OOO zNN 2:: ON OO ONHNHNNN ONNH

 

APPENDIX E

EXPECTATION CONVERGENCE - DIVERGENCE

OF POSITION GROUP PAIRINGS

2ON

205

Nam.m

Hmm.m

ma:mo.:H

:Nmm.OH

ONm.m

3mm>.m

mmm.

OOM.N

mmN.H

:NN.m

mNN.m

m:m.m

:mm.a

H:0.0

OO0.0

mma.m

NON.N

Haw.a

momm.oa

tmmm.HH

Nom.m

m:o.m

mom.m

mmm.O

ONN.m

mmz.O

amOm.HH

mam.z

Nmm.m

NON.O

Hmm.a

mmm.m

©OH.H

*mNm.N

mmo.H

:Ho.m

*0H¢.HH

OOm.m

NOHOO.OH OONNO.OH

wmm.H

.NENN NON NN

wONNNmOOoo ONO NNHOOEEON
NON O0 ONONOHONO HHN 0N
NNONHHN>N ONNNEHO NONE

.NONOENE
ONOOON 3N: ONO mmmao

N ONONN 0N OHNNENO ONON
ONONNO ONENNH N NNNOxN

.OOOOOOO
NO ON mN>NHHNO NO NOON

mOooNNO Oo UONNO NON
O0 OOOHNHNNU Nso NOONN

.NONEOON>ow HNNON
NON O0 OONNNNmeNH ONmoO

:OOO NNOHNwN O0 O0 NOONOOO

OH NHOHOO NON EOOO ONNQN

Hmm.m .OHONOQS OH NONNH NO ON ONE

omm.H :mm.m

INNN
NNNm

.m

NON EOOO NONON BOO
NOON wOHONoNo ONNz

.ONNO Nsoom Odo
OH ONONNH N NEooNO

mmN.H

NmN.m

mmm.N

me.H

.NNNO ozN
NON>N NONNH NN NONOENE
ONNNNNNOONOO Oo NHNN

.ONNHN
HOOONN NNOOOm N ONNNN

ONNH

 

206

N::.m Nmo.m mam.a Omm.m Omm.m OmNm.ON .OOHNNoo> UNNNHNO
IONOOON N ONNON oN ONOOON
NON O0 NNQQNQ wcsom ONNO
INNNOO NwNOOooON NHNNNOHO

Naomm.ma mOO.m mmo.m mmm. *NN0.0 ummom.ma .ONENNH O0
NOHONNON QHOOONONNN ONH3

ONO ONNNNO N on OHO NHNO NN

ONUOO OH ONOOOON NwNHNoo

ON HHOOON NHNNOONONNNO

OOH.: :NH.H NN:.H NNN.N NNN.N NNH.O .ONOOON NON OHONHO NONN
IOOO ONNHEHH ONO ENONOOO

OHON ONO3 O0HNON>OOO

NONNONm ONNHONEO NON

Oo ENOwopq N NNoEOOO

NOO.: NON.H N:N.N Nmm.m NN0.0 .NN0.0N .NEHN
Oo OOHONO N ON>o NNOHm

NON Oo Oxoon NON mo

HHN ONO: NNNO ON ON 0O

NOHONNNOO ONO NHONNONO

HOO.H NOm.m OmN.m Omz.m NmO.N Oma.m .NONOOO OH ONHNO
O0 OONOONOOOO N NONE
ONO NO OH NwN O0 OONNN

NOOHN ON NHNON N NNNNNNN

HNO.N NOO.: NOH.N N:N.N :N:.N NNN:O.NH ..ONNNNONONN
Oo OOHNHOOQ HNonoaoNON

NONONOONO NNHNNHUNO N No

NON oO3 OONNOHOHE ONONo

ONHZ NOHNNHNOOON NHo>N

 

Q I 3 m I Q m I 3 3 I E m I E Q I S ENNH

.N
X
N
X
N
X
N
X
N
X
N
X

 

207

ttmmo.ma

mmm.N

mmH.H

NONN.NH

HHN.m

N:N.N

Nm©.H

NHH.N

Hmm.w

m:m.a

me.:

NNN.

:NNN.OH

NNo.m

NOO.:

NOON.N

Ham.m

OOm.N

Nma.H

awoo.oa

NNN.N

NO0.0

NNN.N

N:N.N

NOON.HN

OON.N

N:N.N

NOONN.NH

m:N.O

NNN.N

tsmwm.ma mamw:.om m3mam.om

OON.O

:mm.m

swmm.oa

.ONOOON NON O0 OONOENE
N0: NON 0O: NHOONO
ONO: wONHNOOOON ONNz N
OOOOO OOOO O0 NwNON>N
ON ONON NOos OONOO

.H00ONO

NHOHO ONNNNNN> NHNNN
NON OH ONONNNN N NO

.ENOwoOO

NON wOHOHHOO O0 NONE
IO0NN>NO OoO ONNO NwONO
Iwcoa N ONONO O0 N>NO

.NNH>ONO

OHOOOQg wOHOOoa NNUOOO
NON OH ONNOONE ONONzN
ONON NOoe O0O ONNNOO

.ONOOOm

O.NO0O NON O0 NNONOHOOo

NON O0 wOHONNE NON 0N ON
N0H>ONO O0HOOEEON NON>N

NN OofiNNONHOxN N>Hw

.NNH238800
NON ON ONwOQH O0 OOONN
ONO: NONEN>H0>OH NH0>N

.ON

.NH

.OH

.NH

.OH

.OH

 

ONNH

 

208

asmfio.>m oaw.w .:Hmo.om taumm.ma N®>.H unmNN.mH
tamdm.md owm.m *tHNw.®H samu.m N®N.© tNNN.NH
OmO.m NNm.O ONO.H mmO.N Nma.m acOm0.0N
ammw.HH mom.© 25m.m H©®.® mww.z mow.m
mHm.© aOHN.OH Hm:.© 8*MMH.®H *3mam.mm **MNN.NN
mOHN.OH m:o.m *w::.HH ©N®.N mom.m OOH.:
mHz.H mmm.m :Hm.z omw.w mmm.H mN©.©

.ONNNHHHONOO0OONO
ONOOON ONO 0N ONNNNNO
NHNNNOHN N0: ONNNN>HN0N
OH ONwNwON ONN3 N ONO
NO0 ON Oose ON OONOO

.OoO UNOON N0: OH
NH ONO: ONOENE ONOOON
N 0N NNN>ON ONOOo

.wOHNNNE wOHON>N
ONNzIOHE N NN wOHONNNN
O0O N0O50ONO NOONO

NON ON OHNNONNNE
ONNONOO ONONo ONON
ONONNO NHONm NON NO:

.ONOOON NON
OHONNS OOOOOw NOON
IONOO ONO: NOHEOOO800

.OoEONO NOH
IOOos NON OoO OofiNNONO
INOO NHOHNNQO OH OOOOO
ON>NO ONON NOos NONOO

.NNN>ONO OHOOOoz wOH
IOOoe ONNOwNO NON wOHOON
NNOOOm 0N NNOOsm EOOO
NHONm NON O0 OO0HOON>
NONONOOHN EopO UNNO

.NOwNNH ONOOON N OH
ENNN NHNNHONN ON O0 NNNQ

.NN

.ON

.ON

.ON

.mm

.NN

.HN

 

ONNH

 

209

mO0.0

NNN.N

ONN.O

m:m.m

mNN.O

Hmm.m

OOH.N

Hmm.N

ONO.H

NNO.

:ON.O

mam.m

NNN.N

:O0.0

ONN.O

omw.m

:ON.O

HmH.m

O:O.N

Nmm.N

NON.N

OOO.N

twnw.oa mtmnm.am stmmm.mm

mmN.m

mNN.N

HHO.©

NHN.H

NOO.N

:ONHO.NN sawm:.:H

ame.NH awom.oa

ONOOO.HN

.NNNNNOONN NON

O0 OofiNNNHoNONNOH HNNHNNE
O0 HNNHONOO O0 O0ONNO OoO
EOHNQNO O0 Ncoe HNcofiN
IHONON NON EonO NONONO

.NONEOON>0w HNNON NON OH
NNNOON HNNNNHHNN N NHNO

.NOHNHOO NH8800 0N NOHONO
N NNONOO ONO 0O: NNOON
wcdom N NOHONNHONOOQ O0
NOHwoaoOoNOO N 0N ONONO

.OHNOEHO ENON NNNH
ONON ONONNO OwONNNNE

OzoOw NOONO ONO ONNz
ONNN 0N ONENNH NwNOsoocN

.ONOOON NON
O0 NOoaasO NON 0N NHNNHN
IONOHO ONNOOHONcoo ONOENE
ONOOON ONNN ONOE 30O zocx

.NHOHOO NON EoOO NNNOOo
0H>Ho O0 HNNHNHNOO O0O
NNNNHOONN NNooa N NOOOOON

.NONENOHO

IO00 O0 ONNNHQ O0 ON80O
OHNON OH OOHINOOO NON

OoO OONcoe NNOON NON>N
N0O0 NONNH NN ONNH>ONO
O0NO58800 NNN>NOQ Nosccoo

ONNH

 

210

.HN>NH Ho. NON NN NQNONOOcNOmag
.HN>NH mo. NON NN NcNoNOOcNHm.

 

aamoa.ua mmm.m ammo.HH Hom.m a.:mm.am a.o~m.um .OoOsOo

NON O0 NwOHNNNE NNNOHNNO
ONHNmNO NON NN NUHNNOQ

:mm.5 mmm.m mmm.~ .mmO.OO mOo.m .mmm.m .mchcOoe
ONNONm O0 NENHOOOQ OONOOO
IENNOON O0 ONON ONONNO

NHOHm NON O0 meNm
INNQ O0 xNNQN OHHONEHOQ

.mm

.mm

 

D I 3 m W O m I 3 3 I z m I 2 Q I z ENNH

 

APPENDIX F

EXPECTATION CONGRUENCE - CONFLICT

OF POSITION GROUP PAIRINGS

211

212

mmm.m mmm.m aam:m.ma tazmo.ma aomo.ma :ma.m .NEHN mON
NN wOHHNNOOON O0O ONHOOE

I800 NON O0 NNONOHNNO HHN
0N NHONHON>N OHNNEHO NONE

mmm.m n:m.m mao.a mmm.m wmm.a mmo.m .mONOENE
ONONON ONO O0O NNNHN

N ONNNN 0N OHNNEHO ONON

ONONNO ONEONH N NNNOxN

axmmm.oaa*amzo.am a::m:.mm mmm.m smo~m.ma aa:mm.ww .NOOONOO NO 0N mN>NHHNO NO
NNON mOooNNO O0 OONOO NON
O0 NOofimHNNO N30 OOONN

mmo.m N.QNH.NH mmm.N *mmH.OH mmm.: NaomO.Om .NONOOON>ON HNNoH NON
O0 OQONNHNHwNH ONN0Q0OQ

NNOHNwN O0 O0 NOQQQON
OH NHQHOQ NON EoOO ONNQN

Hum.m m-.m :mm.w :m:.w m:m.m amm:.oa .OHON
IO03 Ofl NONNH NO NN ONE
IONH NON EOOO NONQN EHO
NNNN NNON wOHONOHN ONNz

as::a.mm aaaam.ma axmmom.m mammw.oa *szmm.m: msmmz.ma .ONNO Ndoom O30
N OH ONNNNH N NaooNO
aaaoa.mm aamnm.:m mao.m mmmw.m momm.ma m:o.m .NONO ozN

OON>N NNNNH NN NONOENE
ONNHHNNHQmoO O0 HHNN

aaomm.mw mom.a axmmm.mm mam.m asmam.mz a:mm:.mm .NNNHN
H00O0N ONOOOm N ONNNN

 

NO I O3 am I NO ON I O3 O3 I NO ON I O: NO I O2 ENNH

Nx Nx Nx Nx Nx Nx

 

NOH.N

OOm.O

*ONN.HH mamam.mm

OOOmO.wm

33

UL

mxwmm.m

*Hmm.oH

Ooma.ma

How.a

Nam.3

mnm.m

mmm.a

#:H3.oa

b-
[‘3‘—
(\J
LI“

sow.m

www.m

OOH.:

mom.»

mmN.w

me.N

omw.a

me.m

mwzm.m

mo:.H

3*mma.wa aamoa.m:

mmo.m

mmm.m

mom.:

umwoa.mm

.O0HNN00> NNNNHNO

IONOOON N ONNON 0N ONOOON
NON O0 NHOONQ wOsoz NNHO
IHHNOU NwNOsooON OHNNNOHO

mmow.oa

.ONEONH O0

wOHOHNON QHONONONNH ONO:
Ooh ONNNNO N NO ONO OONO ON
ONOOO OH mNNOsoo Nwmaaoo

ON HH0OON OHHNOQHNNNNO

.ONOOON NON

OHONH3 NONQOON NNNHEHH

NNO ENOwOOQ NOON ONO: OQHN
ION>O00 NNHNQNm ONNHONEO
NON O0 ENOmOOQ N NN0E0OQ

.NEHN O0 OOOONQ
N ON>0 NNOHm NON O0 mO00O
NON O0 HHN ONO3 HNNO 0N NN
0N wOHONNNOQ NNO NHNONONN

mm:.m

NNN.N .NNOOON ON
ONHNO O0 OOHNNNOoOO N NONE
NNO NO ON NwN O0 NONN»
NONNN ON ONNON N NNONONO

.OQHNNONONQ

O0 OOHNONOQ HNofiwoaoNON
NONONOOHO OHHNNONNO N O0
NON 0O3 NONNNHONE ONON0
ONO: mOHNNfloommN UHO>N

mmHN.NH

.:H

.ma

.ma

.OH

 

OO I O3

ON I OO
x

ON I O3

><

O3 I O: ON I Os

X

x

ON I O2 ONNH

 

smomH.MH

mmo.:

aaom3.mm

OHm.H

mOH.m

21M

mmo.m

mom.m

*mmm.HH *3mom.mm *wmw.m *mmwfi.ma owm.m
m:w.m mma.m 3mm.m mwm. m:m.w
mwm. axmmm.zm mmw.m ONOH3.mO as:mm.m:

ammm.HH *momw.zfl ma:.m o:m.a How.m

mmH.w NMH.O 33mmm.mH axmom.m ammmz.mH
mmw.: mmm.m mm3.: mw3.H me.m
omm.: Hmm.m com. m:m.3 t:m~.oH

.NOwNNH ONOOON N OH
ENNN NHNNHONN ON O0 ONHO

.ONONON NON O0 NONO
IENE N0O NON 0O3 NHO0NO
ONH3 wOHHNNOzoo ONNz N
NOOOO OzoO O0 NwNON>N
ON ONON NOoe OONON

.HooOom
NOONN ONNNNNN> ONNNN
NON OH ONONNNN N NO

.ENOwoOQ

NON wOHOHHsO O0 NONE
IQ0HN>NO O0O ONHQ NmONO
ImOoH N ONONO O0 N>NO

.N0H>ONN
OHONOoz mOHOOoe 3NOOOm
NON OH NNNOOHE 3NON3N

ONON NOoe O0O ONNNOO

.ONQQOm N.OO04

NON O0 NNONOHOOQ NON

O0 wOHONNE NON 0N NN
N0H>ONN O0HOOE800 3ON>N
NN O0HNNONHOxN N>Hw

.3NHOOEEQN
NON OH meOQH O0 NOOHN
ONH3 NONEN>H0>OH OH0>N

.Hm

.om

.mH

.wH

.OH

.OH

.mH

 

am I Q3

am I am am I O3 Q3 I Q2 am I as an I a:

N3 «x Nx «3 Nx

ENNH

215

oo3.m

aammm.mm

mmH.3

aaomw.mH

mumw.HH

mmm.

aammw.mm

mmo.3 3mm.w

mmH.m axwmm.m:

mom.m me.m

**mmw.mm nmm.:

:mm.3 samzH.:H

NNN.N ONm.m

*ammm.om **mmm.wa

OOH.: *ammw.3H mmw.3

mmm>.HH atowm.Hm msmmm.mm

mmm.3 mm:.m *ammm.:H

o:m.z mm3.o mqmz.m

Hm3.m mmomm.zH a&wmm.mH

Hmm.m ammo.m 3m:.m

Om3.H *Omm.mH mxmmm.mm

.NONENOHOOQN O0 NNNNHQ O0
NN50O OHNON OH mOHINOON
NON O0O NONOQE NNOON OON>N
N0O0 NNNNH NN NN0H>ONN
OoHOOEEON NNN>HOQ NNOOOQN

.NNHNHHHOHNOogmNO

ONOOO0 NHO 0N ONNNH

INO OHNNNOHO N0O NNHNH>
IHNNN OH ONwNwON ONNz N
ONO NO0 NN ONOE NN NONON

.O0O ONONN
N0O NH NH ONO: ONOENE
ONOOON N 0N N0H>ON ONOOo

.wOHNNNE wOHON>N

ONNSIOHE N NN wOHOoNNN
O0O NoOsomNO NHNNO NON NN
NHNHONNNE NNNOHOQ ONONo
ONON ONONNO NHOHm NON Nm:

.ONOOON
NON OHONHz mqsoOm NOON
INNOQ ONHz NmHsoOQeoo

.OosONN

wOHOOoe NON O0O OoHNNONO
INOQ NHOHNNON OH NOOQO
ON>NN ONON NOoe OONON

.N0H>ONN QHON
IOoz mOHOOoe ONHOwNO NON
wOHOOO 3NOOOm 0N ONOOOm
EoOO NHOHm NON O0 NOoHN
ION> NONONOOHO EoOO ONNO

.mm

.ON

.mm

.mm

.ON

.mm

.mm

 

OO I O3

ONNH

216

amom.oHsamzm.mm

aamzm.ma *aan.mH

Hmm. gamm:.OH
*Hm:.mH mam.m
OOH3.0H *Hm3.m

mmm.o Hum.o

mmm.© ammm.mH

mHm.O

m3m.m

*ozw.m

OHm.z

mmm.m

om3.H

ammm.OH

0Hm.H

mam.

mm3.m

mm3.H

mmm.

OH3.m

mo:.:

mmw.»

mm3.m

mom.m

mmm.:

moo.m

*mm3.m

Hmm.m

mmo.m

*mm:.mH

mmH.m

mmMH.MH

mmomz.OH

smmm.mH

Hmz.m

.mwQHOOQE
O0 NENHOoOQ
IENNOoo O0 ONON

3NOOOm
3ONO0Q
ONONNO

NHOHm NON O0 NNmNN
INNO O0 ONNON 3HHONEHOQ

.NNNOHOONN

NON Oo

O0HNNNH0NON0OH HNNHONE O0
HNNHszO O0 OomNNO O0O

ENHNONO O0 NOoe
IHONON NON EoOO

.NONEOON>0w HNooH
NNNOON HNNNNHHNO

.NOHNHON NHesoo 0N

HNOoHN
NONQNO

NON OH
N OHOO

NOHNNO

N ONONON NNO 0O3 NHOON
mOzoz N NNHONNHONONQ O0
NmeoHoOozmQ N 0N ONONO

.OHNNEHO ENON ONNH
ONON ONONNO mwOHNNNE

OsoOw OOONN ONO ONNB
ONNH 0N ONEONH NwNOsooON

.ONOOON NON

O0 NO0OOON NON 0N
IONOHO NNNOOHONOoo

OHHNHN
ONOENE

ONONON ONNN ONOE 30O zoOx

.NHOHNO NON EoOO

NNNOOo

0H>Ho O0 HNoHNHHoa O0O
NNNOHOONN HN00H N NNOoOON

.mm

.:m

.mm

.mm

.Hm

.om

.mm

 

ENNH

 

217

.ONNNN No. NON NN NONNNONONNNNN
.HN>NN mo. NON NN NONNNONONNNO

amon.3H NNN.N asmom.MH mwo.m :33.m *woo.mH ONOOON

NON O0 NwOHNNNE NNNOHNOO
ONHOwNO NON NN NOHNNOO

OO I O3 ON I OO ON I O3 O3 I O: ON I O: OO I O2

ENNH
x x

N
X
(\I
X
N
X
(‘4
X
N
N

APPENDIX G

EXPECTATION CONSONANCE — INCONSONANCE

OF POSITION GROUP PAIRINGS

218

219

 

NNN.N NMN.O NNN.N NNON.NN ONONNONONO Oo ONONNNNO ONNONNN
I0NON NONONOOHO 3HHN0HONO N O0 NON 0O3
NONNNHOHE ONONo ONHz wOHNNHoommN OH0>N .m
ttmmm.ma :::.m atoam.am moz.: .NEHN
OON NN wOHHNmOzoo O0O 3NHOOEEQN NON O0
NNONOHNNO HHN 0N NHONHHN>N OHNNEHO NONE .m
*sHm:.mm aaHmm.mH «*223.mm *mom.OH .NONOENE ONOOON 3NO O0O NNNHN N ONNNN
0N OHNNEHO ONON ONONNO ONEONH N NNNQxN .3
**omH.OH aazmm.om mmm.m owm.H .OOzomO: NO 0N NN>NHHNO NO NNON mOooNNO
O0 OONoO NON O0 NOOHNHNNO N50 OOONN .m
somm.OH :mm.m :Hm.3 mmm.m .NONEOON>0w HNNQH
NON O0 O0HNNHmeNH ONN0O0OQ NNOHNwN
O0 O0 NOoqqsm OH NHOHOO NON EoOO ONNON .m
Hw3.m oom.m amm3.oH 0mm.H .OHOmOoz OH NONNH NO NN ONEONH NON EoOO
NONON EHO NNNN NNON wOHONoHN ONNz .:
uaowo.:m ammO.OH 3mm.3 mmo.m .ONNO Nsoom O30 N OH ONONNH N NEQNNO .m
NNNmm.ON NNN.N NNNNN.mN N:N.N .NONN ozN OONNN
NNNNH NN NONOENE ONNHHNNHOmoO O0 HHNN .m
a1m3m.3m NamOH.m: sz.m :mo.m .NNNHN H00O0m 3NOOOm N ONNNN .H
N I ON O I OO 3 I O3 2 I O2 ONNH
x x x x

N

 

220

tamaz.mfl

asHom.mm

mmwm.mH

33H.»

mmm.o

mtmm©.3H

am:3.m

omm.m

ammm.oa

«*mmm.wm

mmm.m

me.3

Om3.m

atmm:.3m

«Hmm.HH

omm.m

0mm.H

asomm.mm

mmm.m

mmH.m

omm.m

##mmm.:H

HHm.m

ssmmm.MH

:wm.m

HHH.m

NNN.N

mou.m

0mm.

:mH.m

mo:.H

now.H

.NNHOONN QHONO03 wOHOOoe ONOOOm NON OH
NNNOOHE ONONON ONON NOoe O0O ONNNOO

.ONOOOm N.OO04 NON O0 NNONOHOOo
NON O0 NOHONNE NON 0N mN N0H>ONN
O0HOOEE00 3ON>N NN O0HNNONHONN N>Hw

.ONHOdesoo NON OH NNwOoH
O0 NOOHN ONHz NONEN>H0>OH OH0>N

.O0HNN00> ONNNHNOIONOOON
N ONNON 0N ONOOON NON O0 NHQONQ
wO303 ONHOHHNOU NwNOsooON OHNNNOHO

.ON83NH O0 wOHOHNON OHONONONNH ONHz

Ooh ONNNNO N 0O EHO OHNO 0N ONOOo OH
NNNOOQN NwNHHoo OH HHoOON OHHNOoHNNooo

.ONOOON NON OHONHz NOoaazm ONNHEHH
NNO ENOwoOQ mHON ONO: O0HNON>O00 NNHN
IONm ONNHONEO NON O0 ENOwoOO N NNoeoOQ

.NEHN O0 O0HONO N ON>0

NNONN NON No NONNO NON No HHN ONO:
HNNO 0N NN 0m wOHONNNOQ NHO NHOONONN

.NNHOOQ OH
ONHNO O0 OonmNOoOQ N NONE mNO NO OH
NwN O0 NONN3 NOwHN O0 OHHON N NNHNONO

.OH

.OH

.mH

.:H

.MH

.NH

.HH

.OH

 

m I Om

O I OO

3 I O3

3 I O2

ONNH

 

221

*m:m.ma

**umo.mH

*MHM.OH

3*mHm.mm

mHo.:

*mww.oa

cam.»

*xmmo.mm

::w.:

N I Om

mamm©.3H

m::.m

2:03.0H

*mmw.m

3*Omo.zm

OOOOO.mH

aammo.mH

asme.wH

mm:.m

Q I Q0

*mzm.OH

aazmm.:H

smmmm.ma

mmm.:

Hom.m

*mmo.HH

mmH.©

mzm.m

NOH.N

3 I O3

Hm3.m

mom.H

:mm.z

mom.m

:N:.N

mHO.:

wOQ.H

mmw.m

mwo.m

z I O3

.O0O ONONN N0O NH NH ONO:
ONOENE ONOOON N 0N NOH>ON ONOO0

.wOHNNNE wOHON>N

ONN3IOHE N NN wOHONNNN O0O NNOOQN
INO NHNNO NON NN NHNHONNNE ONNOHOO
ONON0 ONON ONONNO NHOHm NON NNO

ONONNO0 NON OHONH3
NasoOw NOONNNOQ ONH3 NNHEOOasoo

.OonNN wOH
IOOoe NON O0O OoHNNONONOQ NHOHNNQN
OH NOsoO ON>NN ONON NOoe OONON

.N0H>ONN OHONOoz wOHOOoe ONstNO NON
wOHOOO 3NOOOm 0N 3NOO3m EoOO NHOHm
NON O0 NOoHNON> NONONOOHO EoOO ONNO

.NOwNNH
ONOOON N OH ENNN NHNNHONN ON O0 3NHO

.ONOOON NON O0 NONOENE N0O NON 0O:

NHQQNO ONHz mOHHNNOsoo ONNO N NOzoO
OsoO O0 NwNON>N ON ONON NOoe OONON

.H00O0N NHOHm
OoHNNNN> OHHNO NON OH ONONNNN N NO

.ENOwoOO OON wOHOHHOO O0 NONEO0HN>NO
O0O ONHQ NwONOIwOoH N ONQNO O0 N>NO

ONNO

.ON

.mm

.:m

.mm

.mm

.HN

.om

.mH

.wH

 

axmmz.mm

aammm.fim

*mma.ma

222

aammw.om

aammm.wm

mom.m

omo.m

mmm.3

omm.m

mmm.m

m3m.z

samm3.mH

##mm:.mH

Hmm.m

m3m.3

Oom.:

mmH.m

womm.m

mammo.OH

aomm.mH

m:m.:

mmH.m

mHm.

mnm.H

mm:.m

mmH.m

mmm.m

mam.

.NNNO

IHOONN NON O0 O0HNNNH0NON0OH HNNHONE
O0 HNNHNOOO O0 O0NNNO O0O ENHNONO

O0 NO0E HNOoHNHONON NON EoOO NONONO

. .NONEOON>0w
HNooH NON OH N0HOO0 HNNHNHHoO N OHoO

.NOHNHON NH5800 0N NOHNNO N
ONONON NNO 0O3 NHOON wOsoO N NNHONN
IHONONO O0 NNHonoOoONO N 0N ONONO

.OHNNEHO ENON ONNH
ONON ONONNO NwOHNNNE OzoOw OOONN

ONO ONNz ONNH 0N ONEONH NwNOzooON

.ONOOON NON O0
NO0QOON NON 0N OHHNHNONOHO NNNOOHON
IOoo ONOENE ONONON ONNN ONNO zoO 30Ox

.NHQHOO NON EoOO NNHOOo 0H>Ho O0 HNNHN
IHH0O O0O NNNOHOONN HNooH N NNOoOON

.NONENOHOOoo O0

NNNNHO O0 NNsoO OHNON OH NOHINOON NON
O0O NONO08 NNOON OON>N NNOo NNNNH NN
NN0H>ONN OoHO38800 NNN>HOO NNOOOoo

.NNHNHHHOHNOQONNO ONONON NHO 0N ONNNH
INO OHNNNOHO N0O NNHNH>HN0N OH ONwNw

ION ONNz N ONO NO0 NN ONOE NN OONON

 

O

OO 3

O3

2

Oz

ONNO

 

223

.ON>NN No. NON NN NONNNONONONNN
.HN>NN mo. NON NN NONNNONONNN.

V y

 

.ONOOON NON O0 NwOHNNNE

 

axmwo.Hm «:HHO.3H :mH.m mmm.
NNNOHNOO ONHOwNO NON NN NOHNNOQ .mm
mmm.m HOO.O ammm.m MHm.H .NwOHOOoe ONOOOm O0 NENHOoOO
OONO0OENNO00 O0 ONON ONONNO NHOHm
NON O0 NNwNNNNQ O0 ONNON OHHONEHOQ .mm
m I mm D I am 3 I O3 2 I O2 ENNH
x x Nx x

 

APPENDIX H

POSITION GROUP RESPONSES ACCORDING TO MINISTER'S
AGE, MINISTER'S EDUCATION, SIZE OF CHURCH

MEMBERSHIP, AND TYPE OF COMMUNITY

22A

225

 

.OHH .OO NNN NHONN NHON OH ONNO NHQOEON O0 O0HNNNNOOONNOH ON OQON
E
x :5
ANN
I ANV .ONNO N500N
O50 N OH ONONNH N NaooNO .m
E
25
ANN
ANV .NONO 03N OON>N NNNNH
NN NONOENE ONNHHNNHOmoO O0 HHNN .m
I E
:5
NO
ANV .NNNHN H00ONN ONOOsm N ONNNN .H
Om O0 O3 O2 ENNH

226

A3
25
ANN
ANV

A3
2:
ANN
ANN

A3
25
NO
NO

A3
25
NO
ANV

.NONOENE O0O3O0 ONO
O0O NNNHN N ONNNN 0N OHNNEHO
ONON ONONNO ONEONH N NNNOxN

.OO30NO3 NO 0N NN>NHH
INO NO NNON NO00NNO O0 OONoO
NON O0 NOoHNHNNO N30 OOONN

.NONEOON>0w HNNQH NON O0 O0HN
INHNHmNH ONN0O0OO NNOHNwN O0 O0
NO0OO3N OH NHOH3O NON EoOO ONNON

.OHONO03
OH NONNH NO NN ONEONH NON EoOO
NONON EHO NNNN NNON wOHONoHN ONNO

 

ON

ON

O3

O: N O

ONNO

 

227

A3
25
ANV
ANN

A3
25
NO
ANV

A3
:5
ANN
ANV

A3
:5
NO
ANN

.NEHN O0 O0HONO N ON>0 NHOHm

NON O0 NO00O NON O0 HHN ONH3 HNNO
0N NN 0N wOHOoNNOO NHO NH3ONONN

.NNHOOO OH ONHNO O0 O0HNNNO
IoOO N NONE NNO NO OH NwN O0
NONNO NOwHN O0 OHHON N NNHNONO

.O0HNN3NONO O0

O0HNHN0O HNNHonoNON NONONOOHO
OHHNNHONO N O0 NON 0O: NONNNHOHE
ONONo ONHz NOHNNHoomNN OH0>N

.NEHN OON NN wOHHNNO3oo
O0O ONHO3EE00 NON O0 NNONOHNNO

HHN 0N NHONHHN>N OHNNEHO NONE

 

ONNO

 

228

a\

$3

on
AEV
ANN
ANN

ANN
“Ev
ONO
ANN

ONO
AEV
ANN
ANN

ANV
“EV
ANV
ANN

.ONHO3EEON NON OH NNwOOH
O0 NO3H0 ONHz NONEN>H0>OH OH0>N

.O0HNN00> ONNNHNOIO0O3ON N ONNON
0N O0O3O0 NON O0 NHOoNO mO30O
ONHOHHN3G NwNO3ooON OHNNNOHO

.ONEONH O0 wOHOHNON

OHONONNNNH ONO: OOH ONNNNO N

0O EHO OHNO 0N ONOO0 OH NNNO300
NwNHHoo OH HHoOON OHHNOoHNNouo

.O0O3O0 NON

OHONHz NO0OO3N ONNHEHH NNO ENOw
I0OO NHON ONO; O0HNON>O00 NNHNONm
ONNHONEO NON O0 ENOwoOO N NN0E0OO

.mH

.:H

.mH

.NH

 

ON

ON O3 O: N O 3 2

ONNO

 

229

A3
25
ANV
ANV

A3
25
NO
NV

3
:5
NV
53

A3
25
ANV
ANV

.H00ONN NHOHm O0HNN0N>
OHHNO NON OH ONONNNN N NO

.ENOwoOO OON
mOHOHH3O O0 NONEOoHN>NO O0O ONHO
NwONOImOoH N ONONO O0 N>NO

.NNH>ONN OHONOoz
wOHOOoE ONOO3m NON OH NNN3OHE
ONONON ONON NO0E O0O O0NNOO

.ONOO3m N.OO04 NON

O0 NNONOHOOo NON O0 wOHONNE
NON 0N NN NNH>ONN O0HO3EE00
OON>N NN O0HNNONHOxN N>Hw

 

ONNO

 

230

*\

on
AEV
ANV
ANN

ANN
AEV
ANN
ANV

ANN
OON
ANN
ANN

ANN
AEV
ANV
ANV

.OoEONN mOHOOoE
NON O0O O0HNNONONOO NHOHNNON
OH NO30O ON>NN ONON NO0E OONON

.NNH>ONN OHON
IO03 wOHOOoE ONH3wNO NON wOHO3O
ONOO3m 0N-ONOO3m EoOO NHOHm NON
O0 NO0HNON> NONONOOHO EoOO ONNO

.N3wNNH OoO3O0
N OH ENNN NHNNHONN ON O0 ONHO

.O0O3O0 NON O0

NONOENE N0O NON 0O: NHOoNO ONH3
wOHHNNO3oo ONNO N NO30O O30O

O0 NwNON>N ON ONON NO0E OONON

.mm

.mm

.HN

.om

 

ON

ON

O3

O2

ONNO

 

231

am

am

on
OON
ANV
ANV

ANN
Aev
ANN
ANN

on
Aev
ANV
ANN

ANN
AOV
ANV
ANN

.NNHNHHHOHNOQONNO

O0O3O0 NHO 0N ONNNHNO OHNNN
IOHO N0O NNHNH>HN0N OH ONmeON
ONNO N ONO NO0 NN O03E NN OONON

.O0O ONONN N0O NH NH ONO3
ONOENE O0O3O0 N 0N NNH>ON ONOO0

.mOHNNNE wOHON>N ONNO

IOHE N NN mOHONNNN O0O NNO30NNO
NHNNO NON NN NHNHONNNE ONNOHOO
ONONo ONON ONONNO NHOHm NON NN3

.O0O3ON NON OHONHz
NO30Ow NO3NNNOO ONHz NNHEoOOEoo

.ON

.mm

.mm

.:N

 

ON

ON

O3

O2

ONNO

 

232

 

on
“Ev
ANN
ANV

ANV
AEV
“NV
ANV

ANV
AEV
ANV
ANV

on
OON
ANV
ANV

.OHNNEHO ENON ONNH ONON

ONONNO NwOHNNNE O30Ow OO3NN ONO
ONNO ONNH 0N ONEONH NwNO3ooON

.ONO3O0 NON O0 NO0OO3N

NON 0N OHHNHNONOHO NNN3OHONOoo

ONOENE

E0OO
O0O

NNE0O
NONOoE
NNNH>ONN

ONO3O0 OoNN O03E 30O 30OO

.NNOHOO NON
NNHOOo 0H>H0 O0 HNNHNHHoO
NNNOHOONN HNNQH N NNOoOON

.NONENOHOOoo O0 NNNNHO O0
OHNON OH NOHIN3ON NON O0O
NNOON OON>N NoOo NNNNH NN
O0HO3EE00 NNN>HOO N03OO0N

oHm

.om

.mm

.mm

 

ON

ON

O3

O2

ONNO

 

 

233

AEV
ANV
ANV

ANN
AEV
ANV
ANV

ANN
AEV
ANV
ANN

ANN
AEV
“NV
ANN

ONOO3m O0 NENHOoOO
IO00 O0 ONON ONONNO
O0 NNwNNNNO O0 ONNON

.NwOHOOoE
OONOoOENN
NHOHm NON
OHHONEHOO

.NNNOHOON0 NON O0 O0HNNN
IHNNONNOH HNNHONE O0 HNNHNOOO
O0 O0NNNO O0O ENHNONO O0 NO0E

HNOoHNHONON NON E0OO NONONO

.NONEOON>0w HN00H
NON ON NNNOON HNNNNHHNO N NHNO

.NOH0H3N

NHEEoo 0N NOHNNO N ONONON NNO
0O3 NH3ON NO30O N NNHONNHONONO
O0 NNHonoOoONO N 0N ONONO

 

ENNH

 

234

xx

3
O:
ONO
:3

.ONO3ON NON O0 NwOHNNNE
NNNOHN3O ONH3mNO NON NN NOHNNOO

.mm

 

Om OO O3 O2

[:3

ONNO