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METHODS OF CURING SOY BEAN HAY

THESIS FOR THE DEGREE OF M. 8.

Henry Lankford Dunton
1932

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METHODS OF CURING SOY BEAN HAY

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

The writer wishes to take this
opportonity to express his appreciation to
Professor 0. R. Megee and others for help-
ful advice and guidance throughout this
problem and final review of this paper.

I.
II.
III.

IV.
V.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.

SUMMARY

General Outline .................
Weather Survey ..................
Experimental Procedure ..........
Results of each Plot ............
Rate of Loss of moisture ........
Protein.Analysie of Cured.Hay ...

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COIICLUSIOIIS OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO...

Page

11
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METHODS OF CURING SOY BEAN HAY

A Thesis Prepared by
HENRY LANKFORD EEETON
in.partia1 fulfillment of
the requirements for the
Degree of master of Science

Department of Farm Crops

NECHIGAN STATE COLLEGE OF AGRICULTURE
AND APPLIED SCIENCE
1932

INTRO DU CTI ON

ImproPer cultural practices and adverse weather
conditions often result in the failure of alfalfa and clover
seedings. This condition necessitates the need for an annual
hay crop to supply high protein forage during the winter
months.

The soy bean is an annual legume and when preperly
cured is comparable to alfalfa in feeding value. Yields of
from 1.5 to 2.5 tons of hay per acre may be expected where
the local varieties of dent corn mature for grain. Soy bean
hay is eaten readily by livestock. These qualities aid in
making the soy bean one of the leading high protein emergency
hay'crops for the southern section of the lower Peninsula.

The large stems and leaves and the slow moisture loss
make the soy bean more difficult to cure under similar
conditions than alfalfa. The soy bean is ready to harvest
for hay in September when rainfall is frequent and general
weather conditions unfavorable for the curing of hay.
APproxinrnely six days of favorable weather are required to
°I1re soy bean hay and weather reports show that during the
Past ten years there have not been six consecutive days with-
°ut rain during this period. The fact of natural difficulty
in curing and adverse weather conditions make the soy bean

One of the most difficult hay craps to cure in this section.

5333012

Several methods of harvesting and curing soy beans
for hay were compared to determine the best method of handling
the crap so that it will not be damaged by rain and mold.

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A review of literature indicates that a comparatively
small amount of work has been done to determine the most
efficient method to cure quality soy bean hay. methods used
and results obtained in curing alfalfa hay will be cited
principally since this crop is a legume and bears a direct
relation to soy beans.

The production of quality hay requires that certain
processes take place when the hay is curing and that the hay
possess certain qualifications when cured. Kiesselbach (6)
of Nebraska gives the following attributes of quality hay:

The hay is pure.

It shall retain a high per cent of leaves.
Olinging foliage.

Pliable stems.

Green color.

Free from moisture and moldiness.

Stewart (20) gives the processes that must take place
while the hay is curing:

Reduction of moisture as quickly and uniformly as possible.
DeveloPment and preservation of aroma.
‘Avoidanoe of waste due to loss of leaves and injured hay.

The uniform loss of moisture from stems and leaves as
quickly as possible is one of the most difficult and important
curing processes. There is a tendency for the leaves of the
soy bean to dry rapidly and become brittle before the stems are
sufficiently dry to stack or store. Delaying the drying of

 

 

 

4

the leaves and hastening the drying of the atoms is essential
to produce the highest quality hay. The retention of a high
per cent of leaves is essential as they make up forty to forty-
five per cent of the hay and contain approximately fifty per-
cent protein. The correct amount of fermentation is essential
to deve10p the prOper aroma so that the hay will be relished.
The processes that take place in the curing are essentially
linked, each being necessary for the other to deve10p prOperly.

Megee (12) states that to secure the largest yield of
hay and highest food value the soy‘beans should be cut when
the beans are one-half developed and before the bottom leaves
turn yellow and drop.

Willard (23) gives the following results:
The weight of leaves increase until beans are well formed,
remains constant for three weeks and then decreases. The
weight of stems reach a maximum When the beans are well
formed and remains constant thereafter, the per cent of atoms
increases as leaves drop.

Whether the hay will be used on the farm or sold,
influences to some extent the curing. The soy bean is an
emergency hay crop in Michigan and the hay is usually fed on

th. fame

Curing methods Practioed.in the U. S.
JMorse (15) gives the general methods that are used to
cure soy beans in the U. 8.:-
Method 1. - The soy beans are cut as soon as the dew is off
and left in the swath until the leaves are well wilted which

requires one day of favorable weather. The second day or

when the hay is well wilted, it is placed in the cock for
the remainder of the curing process Which requires three to,
five days.
Method 2. - The entire curing process takes place in the swath
which requires little labor but a lower quality hay is prod-
uced due to exposure. The hay is raked when slightly damp
and either stacked or stored.
Method 5. - The hay remains in the swath until the leaves are
wilted and is then windrowed by the use of the side delivery
rake. The hay remains in.the windrow until cured being
turned whenever conditions permit.
Method 4. - The soy beans are left in the swath until wilted
and then placed on a frame of some kind to complete the
curing process. This method is followed in the southern
states using the rick, tripod, ventilated stack and curing
truck.

Stewart (20) found.the following to be true when
alfalfa was exposed to three rains in fifteen days totaling
1.75 inches.

Alfalfa Hay

Per cent Ash Protein Fiber Carbohydrates Fats
Original hay 12.2 18.7 26.5 58.7 5.9
Damaged hay 12.7 11.0 58.8 55.6 5.8

The per cent of ash and fiber increased due to the
decrease in proteins, carbohydrates and fats. Sixty per
cent of the crude protein, thirty three per cent of the fat,
forty one per cent of the nitrogen free extract or thirty

I'J‘

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6

two per cent of the total dry matter was lost when exposed
to rain.

Kiesselbach (5) conducted a number of tests in
Nebraska to answer numerous questions concerning the curing
of alfalfa hay. A direct relationship existed between the
per cent of leaves present and the protein content of the
hay. The time of day the hay was cut did not influence the
rate of curing or the final product. The larger the windrow
the slower the loss of moisture. Oocked hay required three

times as long to cure as did the average size windrow and

was lower in quality.

EXPERILENTAL
General Outline

Different methods of curing soy‘bean hay were conducted
at the college farm to determine the most practicle and
efficient system to use under Michigan.conditions. The experi-
ment was started September II, 1951 and continued for twenty-
one days or until the hay was cured.

The tests of the curing methods were conducted on two
fields. Each field was divided into eight quarter acre plots
fourteen.yards wide and eighty seven yards long.

A section of each field was sown broadcast and the
remainder drilled in twenty eight inch rows. The soy beans
drilled in rows and cultivated were practically free from
grass and weeds while those sown broadcast contained a large
amount of foxtail and the growth of the soy beans was
lighter. A portion of the soy beans were a little past the
preper stage to cut for hay, some of the bottom leaves having
turned.yellow and drOpped. This condition existed
particularly on the knolls and was influenced by soil type
and moisture.

The plots ran across both drilled and broadcast
seedings, giving a representative sample of the soy beans
in each plot. The diagrams on pages 5 and 4 give a layout
of the plots and the curing methods that were outlined and
methods followed. The outlined procedure was changed in
several cases, the principle changes being in the length of
time the hay remained in the swath and the windrow. It was

necessary to make the changes due to the damp weather.
lhere the hay was handled immediately after cutting as in

the binder method there was no change of procedure.

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Table I and figures 3, 4 and 5 show that the September
precipitation is higher than.any month in the year except
May Which exceeds it by .15 inch. The average rainfall per
mnnth trom.l922 to 1932 is 2.34 inches while the September
rainfall is 3.15 inches which is .81 inch above monthly
average. The September precipitation in 1931 was 3.33
inches Which is .18 inch above September average for ten
years and .98 inch above monthly average.

The weather, from September II when the experiment
was started to October lst, was unfavorable for hay curing.
Immediately after cutting the hay there was six days with
sufficient precipitation to prevent handling the hay. The
weather during the remainder oi the curing period was
principally damp and delayed the curing process. Only twice
was there sufficient wind and sunshine so that the hay was
sufficiently dry to handle to the best advantage.

Six consecutive days of favorable curing weather are
required to cure soy beans so that they may be stored with-
out danger of loss. Weather reports show that during the
past ten years there have not been six consecutive days
without rain during this period. A method that will allow
the hay to be handled so that it will not be damaged by

damp weather would prove the best at this season of the year.

12

Table I
Weather conditions for September 1931

Date Mean temperature Inches precipitation

Character of
day

1 66 degrees C .23 Cloudy
2 64 . Trace Cloudy
3 63 .00 Clear
4 66 .25 Partly cloudy
5 68 .00 Partly cloudy
6 65 .00 Clear
7 64 .00 Clear
8 72 .05 Partly cloudy
9 78 .37 Partly cloudy
10 78 Trace Partly cloudy
ll 80 .00 Clear
12 79 .13 Partly cloudy
13 78 .40 Partly cloudy
14 73 .54 Cloudy
15 65 .06 Cloudy
16 70 .07 Cloudy
17 68 .50 Partly cloudy
18 57 .00 Cloudy
20 76 .00 Clear
21 80 .00 Clear
22 70 Trace Partly cloudy
23 70 .02 Partly cloudy
24 56 e00 Clear
25 55 .81 Cloudy
26 54 .04 Cloudy
27 52 .00 Partly cloudy
28 51 .00 ‘Partly cloudy
29 56 .00 Clear
30 58 .00 Clear
Mean temperature for month ............ --.... 55.5
Mean temperature normal monthly ..... .. ..... 51.4
Total precipitation this month ........... 5.33 inches
Hermal precipitation this month. ........... 2.91 n
Excess precipitation this month. ........... .42 a
Clear days ............... ------ ....... --- 9
Cloudy days - ..... - ...... - ....... ---- ..... 9
Partly cloudy ............................. 13
Summary of weather from Sept. II, to October Ist
Mean temperature .............. - ..... ------ 65.6
Total precipitation .................. ----- 2.43 inches
Average daily ............................. .122 "
Clear days ------ --------- o- --------------
Cloudy days ---- -------- --------— ........ --

Partly cloudy days ------ ............ ------

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MICHIGAN STATE

      

 

 

    
            

 

 

 

         

 

 
    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   
 
   

 

 

 

 

 

      

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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0

 

 

   

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

16
PROCEDURE

The soy beans in Field A were cut September II, 1951,
from.twc until five o'clock in the afternoon. The afternoon
was clear with a gentle breeze from the south west,
apparently an ideal day to start the curing. The cutting was
done with a mowing machine except Plot 8 which was cut with a
grain binder.

Samples of the hay were taken immediately after cutting
to determine the original moisture content. Samples of
leaves, stems and beans and a composite sample were taken of
immature, mature, and very mature soy beans. The samples
were weighed immediately to prevent error due to loss of
moisture. The average weight was six pounds. The drying was
done by hanging the samples in the barn where there was a
free circulation of air on all sides.

The cutting was done across the drilled and broadcast
seedings so as to secure a representative sample of mature
and immature and clean and grassy soy beans in each plot.
Each.plot contained four swaths and the windrows contained
two swaths.

Results of each.plot
Plot I:

The curing was done entirely in the swath and the hay
‘was not disturbed after cut. Representative samples of the
Ihay were taken at regular intervals to determine the rate of
moisture loss and when.the hay could be safely stored or

stacked.

17

 

 

 

 

Representative sample of soy beans taken from the
swath cured plot in Field A. There are few leaves present

and those remaining dark colored and low in quality.

18

The day after cutting the hay the weather was cloudy and damp
except for a limited amount of sunshine in the afternoon.
The hay became damp and the under side of the swath was wet.
The frequent rains and the large amount of damp weather
prevented the prOper curing of the hay. The hay on the under
side of the swath remained damp from the begining of the
curing period. The limited amount of sunshine was in-
sufficient to dry the hay so that it could be safely stored.

Two days after cutting, the leaves on the under side
of the swath showed the development of mold becomdng dark in
color and eventually rotting. The fifth day mold and rot
was found.on the stems and beans. This condition arose be-
fore the hay was sufficiently dry to store. When the
weather conditions were such that the hay was allowed to dry
so that it could be safely stored its value as a feed was
worthless. The small per cent of leaves that remained wore
bleached and poor in.quality.

The use of a tedder is not practical, resulting in
the loss of a large per cent of leaves which is the most
valuable part of the hay. The hay that contained the grass
was slightly superior to the clean hay as the leaves
contained less grit. The light growth of soy beans aided
the curing process. A heavy growth would have resulted no
poorer quality hay. The results show that swath curing
alone under the conditions that existed could.not be

recommended.

l9

Plot 2:
The hay remained in the swath six days or double the

time outlined, under favorable curing conditions this would
have been longer than.necessary. The hay when windrowed on
the sixth day'was damp on the top and wet on the lower side
of the swath being inferior in quality after exposure to the
damp weather. Windrowdng the hay at this time even though
very damp enabled it to dry quicker by having a freer
circulation.of air. Raking the hay while the leaves were
damp reduced the loss to a minimum. Approximately fifty per
cent of the leaves were lost when the hay was windrowed, the
principle loss occuring on the under side of the swath where
the leaves had stuck together during the damp weather. Dne-
half the windrow was turned whenever conditions permitted,
though producing a poor quality hay it was superior to the
unturned.windrow at the end of the curing period. The hay on
the lower side of the unturned windrow was moldy and rotten,
being worthless for feed.

The grass had a decided influence on the quality of
the hay'the same as in plot I. A higher quality hay was
produced containing less grit and a smaller per cent of the
leaves were lost where the grass was present. A large per
cent of grass would not be desirable as it would injure the
growth of the hay. The amount present proved beneficial in
the curing of the hay in this experiment. The grass cures
quicker than the soy beans and allows a freer circulation
of air through the hay.

20

 

Soy bean hay in Field A curing in the swath and

windrow. The plants at the right, standing were taken
from the windrow and show dark color and loss of leaves.
A large amount of grass is present in the hay in the back-
ground.

21

The hay in the unturned windrow was useless as feed. The
turned windrow was of superior quality but lost a larger per
cent of the leaves in the turning. The turned or unturned
windrow hay couléyge classed as feed but both were superior
to the swath cured hay.

Plot 3:
As outlined the hay should have remained in.the swath

two days in the windrow one day and cooked the fourth day.
The hay actually remained in.the swath five days, windrowed
the sixth day and was cooked the seventh day. The damp
weather necessitated this change. Windrowing and cooking the
hay caused the loss of a large per cent of leaves.

The hay containing the grass was sufficiently dry to
cook While the hay containing no grass was a little damp but
due to cloudy weather and the forecast for rain all the hay
was cooked at the same time. The cocks were constructed very
simdlar to those on.farms in.the state. The drier hay or that
containing the grass was placed in larger cocks than the clean
or damper hay. The size of the cooks may be Judged from the
pictures. The loss of leaves resulted in a poor water shed
and.the inside of some of the cooks soon‘became damp. Damp-
ness was present principally in the cocks that contained no
grass while those containing the grass did not leak and cured
in better condition. The grass aided in.the water shed and
ventilation of the cock. The section of the cock on the
ground and the top few'inches was lost due to being wet. The
cocks that did not leak dried and could be used as roughage

22

but could not be classed as quality hay. This hay was not
exposed to the damp weather while in the swath and windrow
for as long a period as Plots I and 2 Which accounts in part
for the fact that it was slightly superior in quality.

Plot 4:

The MbNaughton system of curing beans as used in
Michigan was used to cure the hay. A steel fence post is
used or any post seven or eight feet long that can be easily
driven.in the ground to a depth of twelve to eighteen inches
so that it will be sturdy and strong. Sufficient straw is
placed around the post so that it will be four to six inches
thick when settled. The straw is approximately four feet in
diameter for bean stacks, however four to six:feet prove
better for soy beans eliminating all chances of the hay extend:
ing over the edge of the straw and becoming damp. Care must
be exercised when beginning the stack to prevent the extension
of the hay over the edge of the straw. Four to six inches
of straw should extend out beyond the hay leaving three to
three and one-half feet for'the diameter of the stack. The
stack is eonstructed.in the form of a cylinder and the sides
are nearly perpendicular. One of the primary requisites of
a well made stack is proper capping. The hay should extend
eighteen to twenty inches above the tap of the pole so that
after settling the hay still remains well above the top of
the pole and does not give an Opportunity for leakage Which
may result if the pole extends out beyond the hay.

The soy beans remained.in the swath five days and

.were windrowed the sixth.day. The hay containing the grass

23

was stacked on the seventh day and the clean hay was stacked
on the ninth day. The hay containing the grass dried quicker
and in better condition and therefore could be stacked earlier
than the clean hay. The hay stacked on the ninth day was

damp on the upper side and wet on the lower side of the wind-
row being in very poor condition to stadk. The stacking was
done as an experiment to determine how damp soy beans may be
stacked by this method and still dry without molding. A cock
was made under identical conditions as a comparison.

The stacks of hay remained in the field thirty days
during which time the rainfall was above the average. At the
end of this period the stacks were torn down and carefully
examined and in every case were dry and in good condition.

No difference could be detected between those stacks contain-
ing the dry or wet hay when stacked. There was no loss of
hay around the bottom as is found in all cocks. The hay

that was cocked while damp had molded in the center and the
cock throughout was in very poor condition.

The favorable results secured from stacking the damp
hay indicate that the soy beans may be placed in the stack
directly from the swath when wilted and cure quality hay
under adverse conditions. This allows the hay to be placed
in the McNaughton stacks soon after cutting which greatly
reduces the chances of loss due to wet weather.

Several of the stacks were imprOperly constructed,
being more cone shaped than cylindrical and the hay settled
below the tap of the pole. Some leakage occured but the
amount was insignificant. Considering the condition of the

24

hay When placed in the stacks and the quality at the end
of the 30 day curing period the results were favorable.
Plot 5:

The hay was raked one hour after cutting into a two
swath windrow by the use of the side delivery rake. The
remainder of the curing process was in the windrow. The growth
of soy‘beans was lighter than in plots 1, 2, 3 or 4. The
presence of grass aided in the curing process, the grass cur-
sing much quicker than the soy‘beans gave a.freer circulation
of air through the hay and kept the leaves freer of grit.

A heavy growth.of soy beans with no grass present cured
poorly. There was a large amount of mold and decay present
and the leaves were gritty.

The clean and grassy hay were both useless as feed
at the end of the curing period. The results indicate that
it is not advisable to windrow a heavy growth of soy beans
as soon.as out especially where there is no grass present.
Curing soy beans in the windrow alone at this season of the
year is not advisable due to the excessive amount of cloudy
damp‘weather.

Plot 7:

The hay was cooked two hours after cutting into small
cocks containing approximately three to four forks of green
hay and one to two forks When well cured. Two types of cocks
were constructed, in the first the hay was rolled with no
attention to the capping or the formation of a well made cock,
in the second each fork of hay was placed in the cock.and the

cock well capped so as to prevent leakage. This gave a direct

25

cOmparison between pr0per and improper cocking.

The hay that was rolled into the cock was lost in
every case, becoming wet and remaining so throughout the
entire curing period causing mold and rot to deve10p which
rendered the hay valueless. The properly constructed cocks
showed varied results at the end and during the curing period.
The soy beans that were well matured and contained grass
cured fair, being free from mold and decay in the center of
the cook. The usual loss of hay occured on the ground and the
top few inches. This hay could be used as a roughage but
could not be classed as quality hay. The soy beans that were
green, clean and of heavy growth develoPed mold and decay in
the center of the cock due to early cocking and not to leakage.
The soy beans that were green but contained some grass gave
varied results, some cocks cured in good condition while
others leaked and molded. The cause of this difference is
not known.

The majority of the pr0perly constructed cocks were
in fair condition at the end of the curing period. The hay
could be used as a roughage but could not be classed as
quality hay. The usual loss of hay on the lower side of the
cock and the top few inches is a factor to consider since
there are a large number of cocks per acre. Booking a heavy
growth of green soy beans that contain no grass immediately
after cutting usually results in mold and loss of the hay.
Partial curing in the swath and windrow would give a better

I'L

26

Plot 8:

A binder was used to harvest the soy beans. The
binder was set to tie smaller bundles than the regular size,
resulting in a constant flow of bundles from the binder. The
section of the plot that contained the grass was difficult to
harvest. The hay was not out clean and there was a tendency
of the binder to clOg and stop. Ho difficulty was experienced
where the soy beans were clean and planted in rows. The lay
out of the plots across the drilled rows necessitated the
cutting of the hay across the rows which caused a jerking or
unsteadiness of the binder and as good results could not'be
expected as if the binder had been run with the rows. A
binder run with the row should have no difficulty cutting
clean soy beans.

The hay was shocked as soon as cut into long narrow
shocks two bundles wide and three to six bundles long running
north and south. The tape of the bundles were pressed to-

gether as they were shocked to aid the water shed.

87

 

Soy bean hay cut with the binder and stacked in six

bundle stacks inmediately after cutting. There is no loss of
leaves, the hay bright in color and very good grade.

28

The presence of grass caused a poor water shed and in every .
case the bundles were wet and moldy on the inside. The grass
in some manner held the bundle Open and allowed leakage which
could not be prevented. The clean soy beans were in excellent
condition at the end of the curing period. The bundles had
remained dry in the center and the leaves were bright showdng
that the water shed had been perfect or nearly so.

The hay produced by this method was superior to that
produced by any of the other methods. There was little loss
of leaves and the leaves were free of grit and bright in
color. The binder method, while curing the hay at a slower
rate, allows the hay to be handled immediately after cutting
so that it is not damaged by damp weather Which is a very
important factor at this season of the year. The results
indicate that the binder method of curing 80y bean hay has very
good possibilities where the hay is free of grass and a binder
in good.condition.

Field B

The soy beans in this field contained less grass and
were a little more mature than.in.field A. A heavy growth
of pusley on.the south side of the field or in plot 8 had
caused.the growth of the soy beans to be lighter. The soy
beans on the north side of the field or those in plots 1 and
2 were more mature and of heavier growth.

The soy‘beane were sown both broadcast and drilled in
twenty eight inch rows the same as field A. The drilled rows
ran north and south while the plots ran east and west as that

"a representative sample of the hay would be in each plot.

29

The broadcast soy beans contained a very limdted amount of
grass which did not influence the curing process. The stage-
of maturity was more advanced than.in field A, more yellow
leaves, the pods further develOped and the moisture per cent
was lower. This condition existed particularly in the north
section of the field. The hay being more mature naturally
cured more rapid than in field.A.

The methods of curing and the general procedure followed
are essentially the same as field A, field B being used as a
check. The layout of the plots was given on page 4 showing the
method of curing outlined and followed. The hay was cut on the
afternoon of September 12, 1931. The weather was cloudy and
damp but not raining. Samples of stems, leaves, beans and a
composite sample of immature, mature and very mature plants
were taken as soon as cut to determine the original moisture
content. Sampling was done in the shade and the samples were
‘weighed immediately to prevent error from loss of moisture.

The average weight of the samples was six pounds.

The hay in plot eight was cured by the rick or tripod
method Lnstead of the binder as used in plot eight of field A.
This was the essential difference in the curing methods of the
two fields.

Plot I:

The hay was cut September 12th and was not disturbed.
The curing was done entirely in the swath. The soy beans were
more mature in the lower section.on the east end of the plot.

The bottom leaves had turned yellow and began to drop. The

30

cause of the mature condition in.the lower section is not.
known unless it was due to difference in soil type. The over
ripe condition of the soy‘beans will influence the curing of
the hay. The shattering of leaves when.handled will be dif-
ficult to prevent since a large per cent of the leaves
shattered when the hay was cut.

The hay was exposed to a large amount of cloudy, damp
weather making the curing difficult. The quality would have
been inferior under favorable curing conditions as the percent-
age of leaf loss would have been high. At the end of the
curing period or When.the hay was sufficiently dry to stack or
store a large per cent of the leaves had shattered even though
the hay had not been disturbed during the curing process.

The value of the hay as a feed was very low, as the few
leaves that remained were gritty and bleached and the stems were
very woody and coarse. The results show clearly what may be
expected When.the cutting of soy bean hay is delayed. The re-
sults of this plot are similar to those of plot I in field A
except there is a greater loss of leaves and the leaves that
did not shatter contained more grit. Curing the hay in the
swath alone gave very poor results in both fields. -
Plot 2:

Swath and windrow curing were used as outlined. The
hay should have remained in the swath three days and wind-
rowed on the fourth day. The hay actually remained.in the
swath five days and was windrowed on the sixth day, with one-
half the windrow turned whenever conditions permitted. A

large per cent of the leaves shattered when the hay was wind-

31

rowed, especially those on the lower side of the swath that
stuck together. The hay on the lower side of the swath showed
mold and some rot of the leaves, while the stems and beans were
in better condition. The quality of the hay when windrowed was
very inferior after being exposed to five days of damp weather
in the swath.

One windrow was turned whenever conditions permitted or
when such turning would hasten the curing process. The wind-
row was turned on the third, fifth and seventh days, being
turned oftener due to the damp weather. A large per cent of
the leaves shattered whenever the windrow was turned and by the
end of the third turning a small per cent still remained. The
exact leaf loss could not be determined but an estimate of 75%
would not be too high. The over ripe condition of the hay when
cut influenced the leaf loss to some extent. The unturned
windrow soon developed mold and rot on the lower side and mold
in the center resulting in an inferior quality hay.

The hay in the turned windrows was a little superior
to the unturned but in neither case was it of value as a feed.
There was shattering of the leaves, mold and rot developed,
the leaves were gritty and the general quality of the hay was
low. The results secured by this method were similar to those
in field A, except there was more shattering of the leaves and
the quality of the hay was of a lower grade. The hay in

neither case was of any value as a feed.

32

Plot 3:

The procedure was a repetition of plot 2. The same
pling of the hay for moisture determinations, turning of the
windrows and all phases were done in like manner and at the
same time. A smaller per cent of the leaves had drapped as
the stage of maturity was not as far advanced, however, a
large per cent of the leaves were lost when the hay was
handled. The hay at the end of the curing period was a low
grade and useless as a feed the same as the hay in plot 2.
Plot 4:

The McNaughton system was used to cure the hay. The
‘hay remained in the swath five days and was windrowed the sixth
day. The hay was in poor condition when placed in the windrow;
the lower side of the swath was wet and some mold and rot were
jpresent. There was shattering of the leaves When the hay was
‘windrowed, especially those that had stuck together. The hay
remained in the windrow one day and part was stacked on the
seventh day. The tap of the windrow was in good condition to
stack while the lower side was very damp. The remainder was
stacked on the eighth day, being damp and wet due to rain in
the forenoon. The stacking was done as a test to determdne how
wet the hay may be stacked and still cure without loss. A
smaller per cent of the leaves Shattered when handled than.in

previous plots as the hay was not as mature.

35

 

ImprOper construction of McNaughton stack. The hay

was not placed sufficiently high above the pole, giving a
chance for the stack to leak. The stack is too wide at
base and poorly capped.

 

:
. .

.—Pf‘?..!‘le,(

 

Properly constructed McNaughton staek. The stack
is well capped to prevent leaking, nearly cylindrical and
is proper width or nearly so. The straw extending out be-

yond the beans prevents them from becoming wet.

35

The hay remained in the stack twenty eight days. The.
interior of the stack was examined at regular intervals during
this period to determine the condition of the hay and Ln no
case was the develOpment of mold or decay found. There was no
perceptible difference in the drying of the hay that was stack-
ed when wet and the hay stacked when drier. The amount of
grass present in.the hay was negligible and did not influence
the curing process. The stacks were examined very carefully
after two heavy rains and no indication of leakage was
detected. A small amount of the hay at the top of the stack
was lost but no loss occured at the bottom.

The same conclusions may be drawn from this plot as in
plot 4 of field A. The hay stacked where wet and drying with
no loss indicates that the hay may be stacked with comparative
safety when the leaves are wilted. This allows a quick hand-
ling of the hay so that it will not be damaged by damp weather.
The quality of the hay was inferior since it was in very poor
condition.When placed in the stack but may have been used as
a roughage.

Plot 5:

Swath and cook curing were used. The hay should.have
remained in the swath one day and cocked the second day. The
rainy weather necessitated delaying cocking until the fourth
day. The growth of soy beans was lighter than the preceding
plots but was nearer the preper stage of maturity.

The tap of the swath was dry when the hay was cocked but

the under side was damp resulting in.shattering of the leaves

36

 

 

Soy bean hay in Field B curing in the cock and

McNaughton stacks. The hay in the background curing in
the swath and windrow. Soy beans practically free from
grass and weeds. Stack on the right is properly

constructed, stack on left improperly constructed.

37

when the hay was raked but the amount of shattering was less-
than in previous plots. The cocks were smaller than those in
plot 3 of field A as dampness was present and there was not
sufficient grass to keep the hay from packing and allow a free
circulation of air. The cocks were constructed so as to Shed
water.

The cocks were exposed to a large amount of warm damp
weather Which is undesirable for the curing of quality hay.
mold developed in the center of some of the cocks while others
showed no evidence of mold due to either heating or leakage.
The water shed varied, some cocks shed the water perfectly
while others leaked badly, the reason for this could not be
determdned.

This hay was superior in quality to the swath cured
hay or the swath and windrow but was not equal to the
MbNaughton. The method used in this plot could not be
recommended as the quality of the cured hay was inferior and
would make poor feed.

Plot 6:

The curing method as outlined was followed. The hay
was placed.in.a two swath windrow as soon as cut and one-
half the windrow turned whenever conditions permitted. The
turning was done with the hay fork which does not cause the
shattering of as large a per cent of leaves as the side
delivery rake. The plot contained two windrows made as nearly
alike as possible so that a direct comparison of the turned

and unturned windrows could be made.

58

The unturned windrow soon developed mold in the
center and mold and rot on the lower side. This condition
arose before the hay was sufficiently dry to stack or store.

A small section of the top side was in better condition but
the leaves were bleached and poor quality. At the end of the
curing period or When the hay was sufficiently dry to stack
or store it was useless as a feed.

The loss of moisture from.the turned windrow was slow
but a little quicker than.the unturned. The turning was delay-
ed by the damp weather. The leaves shattered badly when the
hay was turned, and the original position of the windrow could
be easily determdned by the large amount of shattered leaves.
Hold and a small amount of decay deve10ped.on the lower side
of the windrow When the hay was not turned for several days.
The hay was superior to the unturned windrow but was useless
as a feed at the end of the curing period.

The loss of moisture was slow; mold and decay develOped,
leaves shattered badly when.the windrow was turned and a very
inferior quality hay was produced.

Plot 7:

The hay was cooked immediately after cutting. The
cocks were smaller than in plot 7, field A as there was no
grass present and the leaves were green. The size of the
cooks may be Judged from the pictures. The water shed was
nearly perfect, there being no loss of hay from leakage.

Mbld deve10ped in the center of some of the cocks two days
after cooking due to being too green when cocked. No mold

39

 

Soy beans taken from center of cock that was cocked

immediately after cutting. Mold developed on the leaves,
stems and particularly the beans. There is no loss of
leaves, yet the hay is worthless due to mold resulting from

early cocking.

a»

4O

develoPed in two of the cocks and the hay cured in good
condition. The cause of this difference could not be deter-
mined as the cocks were similar in appearance. In every case
the bottom of the cock and a section at the t0p was lost Which
was unavoidable. Cooking green soy bean hay that contains no
grass immediately after cutting cured into poor quality hay.
Plot 8:

A tripod or rick was used to cure the hay. The
materialused to make the tripod was the same as the poles
used in the MbNaughton stacks. Three poles were fastened to-
gether at the top and spread out at the base in tent Shape.
Similar poles were fastened twelve to fifteen inches from the
,ground. Better results may have been secured if the poles had
been.nine feet instead of seven. The tripod would have held
were hay and in better condition.

The stacking of the hay was delayed due to the damp
weather, remaining in the swath two days and windrowed the
third day. The windrows were turned the fourth day with the
side delivery rake and stacked the sixth day. The shattering
of the leaves and some mold present caused the hay to be
inferior in quality when stacked.

The presence of a large amount of pusley delayed the
curing in this plot. Pusley contains a high per cent of
moisture and loses it slowly, having cured but little when.the
hay was stacked.

The hay when stacked was damp containing approximately
the same per cent moisture as the hay stacked by the MhNaughton

41

 

The rick or tripod method of curing hay. Five or six

of these stacks are required per acre. The stack is tent
shaped and air circulates up through the stack from the
bottom. *

42

method. One stack and one cock were used. There was not
sufficient hay to make two stacks so that a check was not
used but a comparison of the cock and tripod methods of
curing were made under identical conditions.

The poor condition of the hay when placed on the
tripod could not be expected to cure high quality hay. No
mold developed and the hay dried with no evidence of leakage.
The circulation of air up through the center prevented the
development of mold.

Leakage at various places in the cock caused mold and
decay to develop rendering the hay useless as a feed. The
quality of the tripod cured hay was superior to the cook.

The results indicate that the hay may be placed in
the stack when wilted and cure in good condition. Stacking
the hay quickly after cutting to eliminate loss due to rain
is advantageous at this season of the year.

Tables 2 and 3 and Figures 6 and 7 give the rate of
moisture loss from the soy beans in the different plots
during the curing period. A large number of moisture samples
were taken in field A than in B.

Zero per cent moisture in tables 2 and 3 and figures
indicates the moisture content of the hay after it had been
stored for five months. Moisture determinations were made on
fourteen samples March 13. The mean per cent was 12.73.

The hay in field A, cocked immediately after cutting,
cured the slowest from the beginning to the end of the curing
period. The binder cut hay lost moisture slowly but quicker
than the cooked hay. There was little difference in the rate

43

of moisture loss in Plots 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6. The results
were varied some, losing moisture quicker at the beginning
and slower at the end of the curing period.

The rate of loss of moisture is no indication of
best curing method in field B. The hay in plot 2 cured at
the most even rate and plot 3 cured slowest. The rate of
moisture loss in fieldeA and B do not indicate the best curing
method to follow to produce the highest quality hay.

a a‘ .lull at

44

Table 2

Rate of loss of moisture from soy bean hay.

Field.A
Expressed as per cent moisture

(Zero per cent moisture is 12.73 per cent or air dry hay
and is stage at which loss of moisture ceased.)

Date sample
taken 9-11 9-15 9-17 9-19
Plot I 62.2 41.6 33.4 20.6 14.4
Plot 2 62.5 43.2 32.7 21.7 22.0
Plot 3 61.7 45.1 37.2 22.6 16.0
Plot 4 63.0 43.1 36.2 17.3 14.0
Plot 5 60.0 41.0 37.2 26.3 13.1
Plot 6 61.0 42.0 31.1 19.6 8.7
Plot 7 62.0 54.2 43.9 33.3 23.8
Plot 8 62.0 47.0 33.3 29.9 29.3
Table 3
Field B

Expressed as per cent moisture
Date 9-12 9-14 9-21 9-24 9-27
Plot 1 53.0 39.5 20.7 14.3 00.0
Plot 2 53.0 43.2 27.9 16.7 00.0
Plot 3 54.0 47.6 38.2 24.2 00.0
Plot 4 55.0 46.1 37.0 20.9 00.0
Plot 5 53.0 36.3 23.2 15.4 00.0
Plot 6 56.0 31.3 22.4 14.2 00.0
Plot 7 55.0 41.3 38.8 9.2 00.0
Plot 8 54.0 45.6 38.7 21.3 00.0

6.0
17.0
16.3

6.0

9.2
12.1
26.5

6.7

9-21 9-22 9-24

00.0
6.7
8.3

00.0
8.7
4.8
7.0

00.0

9-27
00.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
00.0
00.0

4.8

 

4/6’ ,
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE

DEPARTM ENT OF MATH EMATICS

ye
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE ’

 

DEPARTM ENT OF MATHEMATICS

47

Protein.Analysis of Cured.Hay

(Hay'Analyzed by Division of Agricultural Experiment
Station Chemistry.)

Protein.Percent Ouring.Method Average

18.15 Rick or tripod

17.23
16.3 Rick or tripod
15.6 moNaughton

15.45
15 e 3 McNaughton
15.62 Binder

15.39
15e16 Binder
14.6 Cock

14 25
13.9 Cock ’
13.86 Windrow

13.48
13o]. Windrow
13.18 Swath

12.94

There is a variation in the per cent protein present
in.the analysis of the final hay. The methods allowing the
greatest exposure of the hay gave the lowest per cent protein
in the final analysis. Figure 4 gives a graph to show the
decline in per cent protein as the exposure of the hay to

rain is increased.

y:
M!CHIGAN STATE COLLEGE [,f

 

  
  
   

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

     

 

 

 

 

 

   
     

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  
  
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

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DEPARTMENT OF MATHEMATICS

49

Table 4
Summary
Field A
method of Curing Plot Final Quality Rating
Out with binder and 8 Very good 1
stacked immediately
McNaughton ' 4 Fair 2
Cooked immediately 7 Poor 3
Windrowed immediately 6 Poor 5
Windrow turned
Windrowed immediately 6 Very poor 4
Swath five days 3 Very poor 4
Windrow sixth day
Cook eeventh day
Swath five days 2 Valueless 5
Windrow sixth day
One-half turned
Swath alone 1 Valueless' 5
Field B
McNaughton 4 Fair 2
Tripod or Rick 3 Fair 2
Cook immediately 7 Poor 5
Windrowed immediately 5 Poor 3
One-half turned
Swath five days 5 Poor 5
Cook sixth day
Swath five days 2 Valueleea 5
Windrow sixth day
Onedhalf turned
Replication of Plot 2 3 Valueloga 5

Swath alone 1 Valueleee 5

 

lsP N

1.

2.

3.

50

CONCLUSIONS

The hay cut with the binder and cured in shocks contain-
ing six to eight bundles was superior to the hay cured by

ébwjd
_ei§h€r of the other methods. The soy‘beans free from

grass retained the leaves and there was little loss during
the curing process. The binder method is not practical
Where grass is present. The grass is generally tough,
01038 the binder, and the hay will not be out clean.

Grass tends to hold the bundles cpen at the top causing

a poor water shed. The bundles soon become damp on the
inside and the hay is lost. The soy beans free from grass
cut with the binder cured high quality hay under the
adverse weather conditions.

The hay cured in the MbNaughton and rick stacks was equal
in quality and cured at the same rate. Hay cured by
either of these methods may be stacked quickly after
cutting, lessening the danger of loss from rain. The
construction of the stacks is such that there is a free
circulation of air through the hay. Grass aids in the
water shed and circulation of the air. The quality was
second to the binder hay.

Swath and cook curing combined produced an inferior quality
hay. Partial swath curing increases the chances of the hay
being damaged by wet weather. The presence of grass aided
in the water shed and the vmtilation of the hay in the
cock. The hay was third in quality.

4.

5.

6.

51

The hay cocked immediately after cutting gave varied re-‘
sults. A few cocks cured in good condition while the
majority were poor in quality. The soy beans containing
grass develoPed little mold but the green and clean soy
beans molded in each cock and were lost. This method of
curing gave very poor results.

The swath and windrow combined and the swath alone gave
the poorest quality hay. A large per cent of the leaves
were lost and the hay was gritty and useless as a feed.
A method of curing that will allow the handling of the
hay so as to eliminate or reduce chances of loss due to
rain will prove most efficient. The binder method was
most efficient with the McNaughton and Rick second.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Amma, J. W. and Bolts, G. E. Handling Alfalfa Hay.
Ohio Agr. Expo Sta. Bul. 2. 19170

Benton, H. A. Successful Southern Hay Farm. U. S. D. A.
Farmer‘s Bul. 12. 1907.

Hamilton, R. W. Soy Beans. Clemson Agr. Ext. Bul. 76.
1926.

Hughes, H. D. and Henson, E. R. Crop Production. 1930.

Kiesselbach, T. A. and Alexander, T. Quality of Alfalfa
Hay in Relation to Curing Practices. U. S. D. A. Tech.
Bul. 235. 1931.

Klesselbach, T. A. and Anderson, A. Curing Alfalfa Hay.
Jour..Am. 3000 Agron. V01e 19, N0. 2, Febe 1927e

Kinney, E. J. Soy Beans and Cowpea for Hay. Ky. Agr.
Exp. Sta. Ext. Ciro. 232. 1930.

Kinney, E. J. and Roberts, H. Alfalfa. Ky. Agr. Ext.
Bul. 70. 1928.

‘Mcclure, H. B. Haymaking. U. S. D. A. Farmer's Bul.
943. 1918.
b. Conditions EffeCting Value Of Market Hay. Ue Se De A.
Farmer's Bul. 62. 1909.

MbClure, H. B. Curing Hay on Trucks. U. S. D. A.
Farmer's Bul. 956. 1918.

lMcGinnis, F. W. Hay making in Minnesota. Minn. Agr.
EXP. Stae SPOCe Bul. 1150 1927.

Megee, C. R. Soy Beans. Mich. Exp. Sta. Spec. Bul. 100.
1920.

Metzger, J. E., Holmes, M. G. and Bierman, H. Soy Beans,
Production, Composition and Feeding Value. Md. Exp.
Sta. Bu10 277. 1925.

Mboers, O. A. How to Save the Soy Bean Crap. Tenn. Agr.
Exp. Sta. Bul. 230 1908e

Morse, W. J. Soy Bean.Hay and Seed Production, U. S. D. A.
Farmer‘s Bul. 16050 1929.

Horse, w. J. and Piper, C. V. The Soy Bean. 1923.

17.

18.
19.
20.
21.

22.

23.

24.

53

Parker, E. 0. High Grade Alfalfa Hay: Methods of
Producing, Baling and Loading for Market.
U0 80 D0 A0 Farmer's BUle 15390 19290

Pettigrove, H. R. The MCNaughton System of Curing
Beans. Michigan State College Pamphlet.

Ross, P. H. Hay making at Kenai Experiment Station.
Alaska Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 3. 1907.

Stewart, George. Alfalfa Growing in the United States
and Canada. 1926. The macMillan Co.

Westbrook, E. C. Hay Production in Georgia. Ga. Agr.
Ext. Bul. 300. 1924.

Westover, H. L. Comparative Shrinkage in Weight of
Alfalfa Cured with Leaves Attached and Removed.
Ue S0 D0 A0 Dept. BUle 14240

Willard, C. J. The Time of Harvesting Soy Beans for
Hay and Seed. Jour. Am. Soc. Agron. Vol. 18, No. 5.
March 19250

Winters, R. W. and Herman, V. R. Soy Beans for the
Piedmont and mountain Sections of North Carolina.
He 00 Agr. EXto Ciro. 1110 19210

 

 

 

 

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