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Thesis
Respectfully submitted in partial fulfillment
of the reguirements for the degree of
Easter of Science
at
Hichigan State College
of

Agriculture and Applied Science

Bjarne‘gggggs

1937

IHEStS

rl‘he author is grateful to Professor E. 3. Down
and to Llr. H. LI. Brown for guidance throughout this
problem and for a final review of it. Appreciation is
also due to Professor J. E. Cox for the final review.
rIhe author is indebted to Dr. A. J. Patten, Experiment
Station chemist, for the assistance rendered in analyzing

the wheat and to Llr. B. 3. Robinson for the machine used

to determine breaking pressure of the wheat grains.

86040

I - 4.3qu gm; l-:".’.'.‘o.‘lL}nL‘lcl.'.J — - - - — - - —
II - 3A37lube ILYgeilJnJlbne —— — - _ _ - _ _
III - Ere-.‘ucli'l‘ I-.“.’..e'.‘l&ai10;;c - - .- -. _ .. i _ _
43.. LhteriLl Used — - — — - — .. .. .. ..
3.1.Lethods —--.————-_.._.._..

Breuning Technique - - - _ _ _

Chemic;l Analysis — — _ _ _ _

bed now Laterial — — — - - _ _

Kead n n Haterial - — — — _ _ -

C. The Season — - — - _ _ _ _ - _ _

Breaking Iressure

to

The Rod Row Hateriul

The Head Row Eateriel

The Red Xuteriel — -

Conclusions - — _ - _ _

. "T .-.‘ V
‘b‘ll‘l Old - - fl .— a. - .- cu-

Q»:
1 ¢

I - ASAJUN A‘Cri IIWEJJlGAl‘IOlJJ

Unite nheuts, us grown in Kichignn, have been found to
contain “red" nernels in some years. fishy of these "red“ Kernels
are much more vitrous and translucent then the general run of the
variety. killers, supplying the demand for flour for the crscnsr
and biscuit trade, consider that because these Kernels are hard
in texture that they are higher in protein content than the vhite
grain. Eor this reason such white sheets are given a lower grade
than they would receive if there were no red Kernels in the lot.

These red grains are usually of three ninds:

(1) Those Known by their shape and size not to
belong to the white variety. This type is usually due to impure
seed or to mechanical mixture during threshing and so is not
considered in this thesis.

(2) Those which are red but have the same type of
grain, as to shape and texture, as the variety. The question
regarding these is, are these Kernels due to crossing, or are they
due to environmental conditions? This question will be discussed
in this thesis.

(5) Those which are apparently red and have the
shape of the nhite variety but they have a more vitrous texture
than the cannon run of the variety. The questions with regard to
these are, is the redness due to coloring or to a difference in

translucency, or both? And, are tiese translucent grains harder

'1
—~—

in texture and so higher in protein content then the non-translucent
white Kernels? These duestions are discussed in this thesis.

The possibility of selecting strains of low protein content
from among the white wheuts used in this investigution is also dis—
cussed.

To answer these uuestions three methods have been followed.
The first was to mane plantings of the white chalky kernels and also
of the apparently red Kernels and to exdmine the progenies for
segregations in color as well as vitrousness. The second line of
attack was to develOp a method of determining the hardness of the
two types of Kernels by a breeding or crushing machine. The third
phase of the morx was to muse chemical analyses of the various
Kernel groups when classed according to the pressures needed to
breag them. This thesis desls in major part with the last two

phases mentioned.

II - PlLlJVIOUd Ill ’35: GaTlOLI’d

Roberts (1) tested the hardness of two struins of sheat
by breaking samples containing 100, 150, 200, 250, and so on to
500 Kernels. He took random samples and found that 550 kernels
gave so small a probable error that it could be considered accurate.
The Kernels were broken by means of a machine which indicated the
weight needed to crush each Kernel. He dried the grains seven
days at 100°C and Kept them in s dessicetor during the york. He

found that soft wheats had a breaxing pressure of about six

-3-

kilOgrnms, semi—hard of nine nilogrnns and hard of twelve Kilograms.

He (2) further detennined the breaking pressure of ninety—
four pure strains of wheat, but found no correlation between breah—
ing pressure and protein content.

Shaw and Gaumnitz (3) used an apparatus made of a pair of
pincers. They counted out five samples of 100 kernels each and by
using different weights found how many Kernels were crushed by each
weight. They graded the nernels according to sise and found within
the variety the larger grains were harder to crush. They did not
find any correlation between hardness and protein content.

Harper and Peters (4) devised a machine for cutting the
grain by adding weights directly to a vertical piston and they
considered this cutting method better than crushing. No correlation
was found between breaking pressure and protein content.

Bryan and Pressley (5) found in a pedigreed strain of Early
Baart wheat some grains of extremely hard and glossy texture. From
19 planted grains they obtained ten plants with hard seed only
while the others had either soft grains or a mixture. The texture
of the grain was the only noticeably differing character, so neither
crossing nor mechanical mixture was the cause for this difference.
They thus obtained ten hard grained lines which after four years
growing under irrigation have Kept the hardness unchsnged. They
are about two per cent higher in gluten and six per cent higher in

absorption than the soft parent. Since Early Baart is considered

.4-

a pure strain for visible characters, this should mean that it would
be possible to find different lines for certain characters within
a variety alreadJ considered as a pure strain.

Freeman (6) found that some varieties at the Arizona station
maintained their hardness while others softened. Hardness was judged
by sight, tmlt is, only translucent Kernels were termed hard. He
thinks the change in varietal texture was due to a natural sorting
out and discarding of the less adapted strains in impure varieties.
Also, that varieties considered pure for some characters, in reality
are not necessarily pure strains for certain other characters.

According to the last two papers it also should be possible
to find wheat strains of different hardness within.a variety even

if the variety is considered to be pure for some characters.

III — £33533? INJESTIGATION

A4 Material‘Used.

Three varieties of vhite wheat were chosen for this in-
vestigation - Early Windsor, 0. A. C. 30. 104, and American Banner.
Early Windsor, 0. A. 3. 30. 104, and one lot of American Banner
were received from the Earm Crepe section of the local Experiment
Station. Five smiples or the latter variety were obtained through
the Eichigan Crop Improvement Association. The reasons for choos-
ing these varieties are that they are the three best white theats
grown at this station and that they are also considered to be pure

strains, as Early Windsor and uncrican dunner are pure line

selections made at this station and O. A. 6. 30. 104 is a pure line
selection coming from a cross made at the Ontario Agricultural College,
Guelph, Canada. American Banner is the only one of the three varieties
grown commercially in this state.
All lots of grain of the 19:5 crOp contained a varying amount
of red and vitrous appearing kernels. Erom each of these samples
3000 of the most chalky and 3000 of the most vitrous kernels were
picked for seed, breaking test and chemical analysis.
The source of material, variety name, accession number,
number of red grains per k1105ram of wheat, and the number of kernels
used in the breaking test, are all shown in Table I.
TABLE 1. Showing the source, variety name,
accession number, number of red kernels per kilOgram, and
number of soft and hard kernels brOken for analysis, for

the bulk lots of grain, 1925 crOp.

variety

 

 

‘Accession Io. of red No. of kernels
Source name number kernels per broken for
kilogram analysis
boft Hard
farm Crops Dept. Early Windsor 6 235 100 100
" " " O.A.C. No.104 407 $5 100 100
" " " American 408 91 100 100
Banner

Clarence Heinline " " 487 45 100 100
" " " " 468 70 100 100

W. E. Eckerson " “ 489 120 100 100
Farley Bros. " " 490 56 100 100
Orval walker “ " 491 304 100 100

 

Individual head selections were also made from the station
plats of the white varieties, in the winner of 1925, to determine
whether strains of different protein content existed in these varieties.
A sample of the 1926 crOp of Red Rock, a medium hard red wheat, was
included in order to comisre the break ng pressure of a harder wheat
with its protein content. These were threshed in such a say that the
Kernels from toy, middle and base of the Spike were kept separate,
to see if differences in the color mould appear within the spike.

In some cases there was a tendency for more chalny kernels to apiear
in tap and base, and the chalkier the apyearance the smaller the
grain, but the differenies were too shall to be considered of any

importance. This material is given in Table II.

TAALE II. Giving for the material used in the
head rov planting, the source; Variety name, number of
heads threshed; numbers with red chaff, with red kernels;
numbers and types of heads discarded; and the number of
heads used in breaking test (five nernels per heudeere
used in this test). 1935 crcp.
_......'-—----"'"'-—--"--——--"-—-'-----"-""---'---"

number of heads

 

Source variety ——————————————————————— - ---------------------------- -—
Esme Thresh- With red; Discarded for: Ihose
ed chaff nernels poorly contain- kernels

deveIOped ing less were
Kernels than 25 broken

 

kernels
ho.104
n n n American 567 all 0 136 205 224
Banner

Jindsor

 

-7-

In 0. a. J. Lo. 1041 here found n8 heads vith more reddish chaff than
common but as there was no sharp distinction the difference was con-
sidered to be due to more or less weathering. In American Banner and
Early Uindsor sene heads mere found vith kernels which were whiter and
more chalxy than common, while in Early Jindsor ten heads were found

having red Kernels.

B. Kethods.

The methods of attacking this problem may be divided into
two groups, laboratory and field. The laboratory methods involved
the breaking of grain and then chemically analysing that grainfor
its protein content. The field methods pertained to the rod row and
to the head row materials. These methods will be discussed in the
following order:

Laboratory:
1. Breaking technique.
2. Chemical analysis.
fileld:
:5. Rod row planting.

4. Head row plantins.

V

l. The Breaking Technique.
The breaking was done with a tensile testing machine
which was kindly loaned by hr. 3. B. Robinson of the Office of Fibre

Investigations, U. S. Department of Agriculture, and which he uses in

-8-

his worn on flax fiber. See gig. I.

The testing of 1925 material before planting thnt fall was
done by crushing the kernels between the blochs of iron having smooth
crushing surfaces. The kernels were always put in the same position,
with the crease down, by using a pair of forceps to place the kernels
in position.

By turning the wheel (a) the upper block is) was pulled
down and pressed upon the lower block (f) which was connected with
the weight (d) and Mith a hand which indicated the increasing pressure
in Kilo;rens on the dial (b). hhen the Kernel brohe, the Operator
instantly stepped the wheel (a). The latch (c) Kept this weight (d)
in place and permitted reading the amount of pressure needed to
crush the kernel. The latch had to be released by hand to put the
scale in position for the next Operation. As seen in the figure
a couple of chutes of stiff paper were attached to the machine so
that the broken grains were easily gathered into the enveIOpe below,
when pushed off the block. Kernels of as even size and shape as
possible were selected for breaking because it was apparent from
preliminary tests that differences in shape had a great deal to do
with the pressure needed to crush the kernels.

For the breaking done on the 1926 crOp the lower iron block
was replaced by a wooden block and into the upper was inserted an
AutostrOp safety razor blade tith the dull edge down, which cut the

kernels instead of crushing them. It was found that if the sharp

~85—

 

 

Fig. l. .‘Jhowing; the tensile testing; machine
used for determining breaking pressure.

-9-

edge of the razor was used the pressure needed for cutting the
majority of kernels was barely enought to cause any movement of the
dial hand, while if the dull edge of the blsdswas used, the pressure
was sufficient to be recorded. It was also found that the pressure
needed for cutting by this latter method was considerably less than
that required when the grain was crushed between the broad surfaces
of the iron blocks as was done in the first part of the work, but
it was felt that, even so, the results were much more accurate
because the shuLe of the Kernel influences the crushin; pressure
more greatly than it does the cutting pressure. Fer c nvenience
the author has used the tenn breaking pressure for both crushing
pressure and cutting; pressure.

For breahing the bulk material before planting 1995, 100
kernels were counted out of the sample, eliminating kernels of odd
shape and taking only those of even size. The size was only judged
by sight. The sane kind of selection was made for the five grains
broken fran the head samples. flhen broken, the grains were pushed
off the block and gathered into the envelOpe below, and the break—
ing pressure recorded for each grain.

For breaking done in 1926 some of the muteriel was put
in classes accordin; to breaking pressure. This was done by
placing, with the aid of 3 pair of forceps, the crushed Kernels
into envelOpes merged with the breaking pressur .for each class.

The chutes were retwined so that, even if a hernel should fall

piched up, it has collected in th

off the bloc: before beinU
envelOpe belch and could be put in its proper class. The breuning

or this ngup

H,

pressures for the 3 2; le grxins mere not recorded
of measureucnts out t..e number of grains in such class w-s noted.

2. Chemical Analysis.

The chemicul snuLVsis of the l§h5 mnteriul mus done

by the Experiment Station's Chemist while the analysis of the 1936
material has done by the suthor for thou space and usterinl res
nude 3Vniluble in tle station's chemical lsboratory.

The five grain su1ples tufen from the head ‘elections
and the 100 grain sun 108 from the bulk seed in 1S451 \.ere ground in
a mortsr by hand, a lung and tedious job, but all the Be, or more,
grain smnples of 1926 crop were grsund on a mill olzer; ted by
electricity. The 36 Kernels needed only n minute's grinding in
this :hchile for all material to puss throujht he 1/301 inch sieve
reguired for anulysis.

“lysis of

c.
D-

KJeluuhl's method was used for the chenicnl
protein content of theuts.
3. Rod 4 m Lateriul.
rlantings were nude in rod rOLs of the most chulxy
Kernels and in adjacent runs of the most trunslucent Kernels from
each of the lots of \hite mheuts listed in Table I. nee :15. 2.
The roms were nade one foot p1rt and 61. hteen feet lonb with a
two-foot alleywav 1t t.18 end of tie rO‘s. The Kernels were space

planted tno inches spurt maxing 108 Kernels to a row. The rows

-lOa.-

 

Fig. 2.. Showing; part of the research field. The rows
are rurmin; north to south.

.11...

were covered with a rune. The materiel was replicated four times,
musing five rows of chalky and five rose of translucent selections.
Every third row was a check. Each row was harvested and thrashed
as a whole.

4. The Head don Eateriul.

The msterial involved in this plunting were the
remnants from the heads used in the breaking test end reported in
lele 11. The revs were planted in sections three and one—half
feet long with two and one—half foot nlleytays between sections.

The grain was planted in rows One foot spurt, the Kernels being
two inches apart in the row, making 20 kernels to the row. Every
second rom was a check. 0. A. C. No. 104 was used as a check
throughout.

Each plant in the head row was harvested and thrashed
separately. .All the plants in the checms were harvested and thrashed
tOg‘ether.

After harvest,nhich toon place July Bard—24th, the wheat from
the rod row and head row plats were hung up in the laboratory where the

temperature was 50° - 52°

C, so that it dried fairly fast both in
the straw and after being thrashed thile kept in bags and envelOpes.
The distribution of the different varieties is shovn in the
figure on planting arrangement. ht the end of each section were
planted seven edge rose except on the east side of section III

where the number of then was eight unu the east side of section

VIII where there was a. larger number. On the north was planted

an extra section as a protection against birds because a large tree

grew nearby.

C. The Season.

Before discussing the results of the various tests it seems
advisable to give an outline of the growing season.

The wheat was planted in 1935 on September 23rd. This did
not germinate very well, Only about eighty per cent. However, the
winter was favorable for the wheat on this plat, and only part of
one section was covered with ice which lasted from the middle of
December, 1935, until the snow went off during the middle of January,
1936. After that there was no more ice formed and only part of the
most northern section was covered with snow. In the Spring, some
water stood over the edge rows 0n the west side and killed out most
of these and had sons affect on the nearest rows of the adjacent
sections.

The wheat began to head out about June 5th, 926, and to
blossom about June 16th.

There was much smut in the American Banner from the farmers
and some in the three varieties from this station. All plants were
heavily rusted.

The harvesting; was done July 35rd and 34th, 19:36.

The last part of the groving season was rather dry and
warm, which was fortunate, for such conditions are favorable to

develOping a crop of "red" translucent appearin; hernels and hence

would aid in the selection of soft chalzy strains.

- r

_;J-

D. Results. - Breanin; Pressure.

It was assured,when tuning the first samples for the breun—

in; tests, that weight of nernals would affect the breaning pressure.
To prove this 200 kernels of O. A. 0. 30. 104 of the 1935 crOp were
taken at random and placed in classes according to their braaxing

pressure. The sage was done with 1000 kernels of C. A. C. No. 104

of the 1926 crOp. The results are given in Table III.

TABLE 111. Showing classes for breaking pressure
and number of grains, 1000 grain weight and per cent protein
in each class for 200 Kernels of C. A. C. No. 104 of 1925 crOp
and for 1000 kernels of the sage variety of the 1986 crap.

-‘—-—- —

200 Kernels 0. A. C. To. 104 of
1925 crop thrown in

 

1000 Kernels of O..A.

f‘ “T
v o 1‘0 0

104 of

1926 crOp thrown in classes

 

classes of l 33. difference of 1/2 kg. difference
Classes -?or the class- Classes -Fbr the class—
for for
breaning Number of 1000 brea‘zcing Kimber 1000 Per
pressure Kernels grain wt. pressure of grain wt. cent
in gram Kernels in gram protein
200 - 2.09 12. 25 LOO " 20‘ :5 1905 14042
5.0 - 5.9 146 56 2.5 - 3.9 50 19.6 15.56
4.0 - 4.9 51 40 5.0 - 5.4 519 27.1 14.08
000 - 509 7 4:9 305 - 3.9 4’24 34:07 14.19
6.0 - 6.9 4 55 4.0 - 4.4 65 59.8 14.06
405 '- 4.9 ‘28 $405 13051
5.0 - 5.4 25 45.2 14.56
5.5 - 5.9 5 53.0 too
sax-111
6.0 - 6.4 2 50.0 sanples
for
6.5 — 6.9 1 50.0 accurate

anilgsis

-14-

This table shows that there is suite a strong positive cor—
relation between weight of Kernels and breaking pressure.

hecuuse of this relationship it seemed advisable to use only
kernels of a standard size (cross section) in the future more. In
order to find such a size, one kilogram each of American Banner and
Red Rock was screened. Red Rock was included in these preliminary
tests because it is harder than the three white wheats used and it
was considered desirable to compare the results fron a soft, tith
those from a semi-hard “heat. Combinations of two kinds of screen
were tried. First the grains were put through screens mith.meshes
three-quarters of an inch long but of different widths. This was
done easily and conveniently. The sizes of grains obtained in this
wsy were then put through screens with round holes of different
diameters, and vice versa. But screens with round holes did not
work well because the individual grains had to be put through the
holes in the screen by hand, as they would not screen through readily
enough to give a uniform swnple. Table IV’gives the sizes of screens
used in this test. The diameters of the round hole mesh were the

same as the widths of the oblong holes.

QABLE IV. Showing number and size of screens
used to determine a standard size of kernels for analysis,
and weight of kernels retained on each size out of 1000
grams of grain. All meshes were three—Quarters of an inch

long.
Left in Screen Width of —Jei5ht of kernels in grams-
Ho. meshes in
64thiof an American Banner Red Rock

inch

1 7H 16 48

2 7 150 206

4 6 69 84

5 solid 254 172 mostly
bottom shriveled

ice rnels

 

In this screening test the screens were placed on ton of
each other, the one with largest holes (Ho. 1) on ton and in order
of decreasing size of meshes down to the solid bottom (No. 5). The
screens were shaxen till no more nernels went through. dince screen
Ho. 3 retained by far the largest number of kernels, this size was
chosen as the standard and all later testing was done with kernels
of that size.

Kernels of poor appearance or of odd shape were omitted

so that the breaking was always done nith unifonn looking Kernels.

-15-

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-17-

Table V shows samples broxen at different times to see if
the time after harvesting would affect the breaking pressure. samples
for this test were obtained from the regular varie y series which
were harvested about the same time and dried out of doors. The samples
were Kept in the laboratory during the work.

It is seen that for both varieties the first date, August 10th,
has the lowest breaking pressure, uhile the others although with con—
siderable variation might be said to run about the same. This should
suggest that by handling the material as done, breaking test for
comparison could be started about three to four weeks after harvest.

If artificial drying were resorted to, one might be able to start
earlier.

It should be noted that though breaking was done with standard
sized kernels the protein content did not vary with the breaking pressure
nor vith the date when broken. The large variations in the lowest
and highest classes of breeding pressure are in all probability due to
inaccuracy in analysing such small samples.

The weights of the 200 Kernel samples, under each date,
indicate that the method of screening gives quite an even sample as

judged by weight.

_-18—

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V

-19...

Table VI shous how the breaking pressure decreases mith
smaller size of kernels and shows, as in Table V, thnt there is a
correlation between brennind pressure and the weight of Kernels with-
in the sxne size group. It is seen tilt the larger kernels have the
higher protein percentnge, but within the same size there is no cor-
relation betmeen breaking pressure ana protein content.

The average protein percentage is obtained by multiylying
the single protein analysis with the number of analyzed kernels,
add';3 these products and dividing the sum by the total number of
Kernels. This applies to the averages within a size and the averages
for each class of breaking pressure.

The column on the right gives the average ger cent protein
for each class of breaking pressure. The increase of average per cent
protein with the increase of breaking pressure is due to the fsct
that the loner classes of breaking pressure contain most of the smaller
sized kernels and the higher classes, greater numbers of the larger
sized Kernels, and only shows the same condition as does the average
per cent grotein of lifferent kernel sizes. Gougere with Table V for
which all nernels were of the sale size she in which no correlation
is seen between breeding pressure and protein content.

It is seen from these tests that the higher the lUUU grain
weight of even sized nernels, the denser the kernels and, hence as
might be expected, the higher is the breaking yressure but, contrary
to common belief, the denser kernels do not contnin more protein

than tne less dense.

-30-

The Rod now Zaterinl.

Each lot of 8-06 4 ‘nas 01‘ ssified by sivht into three grougs,
one ccrth nin; only the PL rdest trnnslucart ;erie 1:, the second
containing the softest chnlxy Kernels nnu the thiru s11 the inter—
gredes. One hunured kernels of each extrene class were broxen and
analyzed for protein. The results are given in T able VII. Some

of the remnant of each class were planted far progeny tests.

'0

TASLA VII. bho;in~ the ennlvsis for the herd and
soft groups for breLning pressure Lna protein content for
parent 1925 material given in Table I and proqeny 1926.

-- - — - I. — _ _ - — — - - —- ~ ~ — — — - - - - — — .n - — - - u. u— — -—

I‘HS 0""P m is crop
Ave. Per Diff. Diff. Average Average
Ac— Type breahin; cent in in $ breaking per cent
cess— pressure pro- breaking protein pressure protein
ion per gratitein pressure between content
E0. in has. between herd &
hard & soft
soft
Windsor herd 7.18 15.50 4¢5.7 12.12
10.104 11 9.43 14.86 496.4 13.34
AlfieriCdll r. 3 7.17 13.48 1 49 , rv 40405 1.3054.-
Banner 4J9 ii 6.66 14.83 R.” 469.5 12.56
" S 9.x9 8.49 . 443.7 1° 5°
4 1.49 3.17 “'”~
" s 9.17 7.92 .3 449 5 1D 7”
488 1.35 1.4" " “° “
11 10.43 9.35 " 454.6” 2.71“
" s 8.88 6.78 n 45’ 6 12 54
4o - 1043 2050 k. .
“‘9 h 10.31 11.29 458.0 12.53
" 490 s 7.90 9.92 1.07 1.42 455.5 12.43
h 8.97 11.04 451.0 12.51
" s 8.94 '3.65 454 2 12 53
4 , 1.06 1.66 ° '
91 h 10.00 14.31 46‘.2 13.53
Average 3 8003".- 10059 0" 9 45503 12 52
, ‘ loo-a ~01? .
h 9.4 1.3.76 460.3 12.46

severege of only four

The chalky kernels in all cases had the lower breaking pres-
sure and protein content.

One hundred kernels of standard size and of the two extrene
classes of texture were taken from each row of the progeny, and were
analyzed for breaking pressure and protein content. The average of
these tests are also given in Table VII. It is seen that the brash-
ing pressure and per cent protein of herd and soft classes of kernels
are practically ecual. Th 5 indicates that this character is in—
fluenced to a very great extent by environmental CLuses, and that
the selection of chalgy-or trnnslucent—looning kernels does not
necessarily determine the texture of the resulting progeny. The
coefficient of correlation between breaning pressure and protein
content was calculated on the check material,thich was planted every
third row, and was found to be r - .129 i .105; shoving tth no
relationship exists between these characters.

There was a considerable Variation in the protein content
throughout the field as is shown by the coefficient of variability
of the checks, it being 5.40 * .407fl. This ndicutes that the
growing conditions to a large extent determine the protein content.
The coefficient of variability for the bresnin; pressure, 5.96 1
.299fl,'wns much lower than that for the protein content and gives
further proof that one of these pregerties can not be used as
an indication for the other, even tithin a variety.

The grsphs of the check and soft Lnd herd selections of

the 19:6 progeny are given in b g. 5. The fluctuations in the soft

and hard selections follow the curves of the check.

The Head Row heterinl.

The head selections given in Table II were divided into
classes according to their brenning pressure. fifty hands with uni-
fonnly high and fifty sith uniformly low breaking pressure were
selected fron.anericsn Banner and Early Windsor varieties. The same
was done pith O. A. 0. No. 104 and in addition fifty heads with
medium breaking pressure were selected,zxsning 150 in all from this
variety. The larger number was tsnen from O. A. C. No. 104 because
it was devGIOped from a cross and it sealed to offer the greatest
possibility for selection of strains with different protein content.
The range for the brenning pressure for the selected heads is given
1n.Thble VIII.

TABLE VIII. Shosing range of breaking pressure of

head selections used for seed 1925. five nernels per head
Were broken and the remnants were planted.

 

variety Range of total breaking pressure
in kilogrsns for five nernels-
soft medium hard
0. A. 0. KO. 104 55.6 — 45.8 48.0 - 53.6 55.1 — 67.0
American Banner 5?.5 - 46.0 55.1 - 66.9

Early \findsor 35.6 - 4:106 5107 - 63.4

 

Because of the size of the en pies (five kernels) the protein
content could not be accurately determined but it should serve as an
indication of the protein content.

No correlntion was foanh between breaking pressure and protein

content as sncun by the following coefficients of correlation:

0. A. 0. 30. 104 hard r = .180 t .17
O. A. J. 30. 104 soft r z .067 3 .18
American Banner hard r 3-5027 1 .15
Americdn Banner soft r =-.058 * .15

Further analysis of this material Was discontinued.

In examining the 1936 material by sight there were found
some plants with partly chnlky kernels but no plant was found with
only chalky kernels. In mapping these plnnts it use found thbt
the chalky kernels only appeared on certsin spots in the field,
see rig. 4, and just as much in the hnrd as in the soft selections.
Two heads with extra chalky kernels were selected from the 1925
or0p of Early Windsor and one from American Banner were planted,
but these progenies had no chalky grsins, only those with a trans—

L

lucent hypedrunce. These fucts seened to indicate thlt the Variation
in the soil, to a large extent, is responsible for the variation in
grain texture.

There proved to be such a largelmlss ofinsteriul that the
work had to be limited, and the series of 0. A. C. No. 104 were

chosen because this variety came from u or es and it has thought

there might be more chances for segregation and thus for finding

:1'7
—‘;{~‘—

Fig. 4. Lap of the research field. The numbers to the right
are numbers of the different sections. The edge rows
are not given on this Lisp. The red lines are the rows
where chnllqr imrnels appeared.

a constant soft shite line.

Twenty-five kernels from each sample were used in the break—
ing test, and in order to get enough for u one—grun sample for protein
analysis about ten kernels were added from the same plant. brom each
head row was taken one sample - single plant - for breaking test of

the common translucent appearance and this use analysed for protein.

1

Where one or more plnnts of a progeny contnined chslky kernels one
of these, too, was brOken and analyzed. for some rows, the thole
proaeny was broken and analyzed.

The coefficient of correlation betmeen breaking pressure
and protein content was calculated upon the check rows of this
material and was found to be r . .010 t .054.

Correlations on the breaking pressure of parents, 1925,
with that of pregeny, 1926, of the 20 hardest and 30 softest selections

were found to be -
for soft selection, r _ -.101 1 .155

for hard selection, r _ -.092 i .014
Similar correlations of per cent protein of parents, 1925,
with that of prOgeny, 1926, gave -

for the soft selection, r _ -.002 3 .19

for the hard selection, r .015 t .18

These values show that there is no correlation either in
breaking pressure or protein content between parents and progeny.
The graphs of the breaking pressure and protein content

from the progeny of the check as well as he soft medium and hard

selections are given in Fig. 5.

Summing up breaking pressure arfi protein content from the

‘-

proseny of all soft, medium and hard selections,this use found.

Average breaking average per cent
pressure protein
50ft 113.4 12."-
Ledium 114.8 12.5”
Hard 111.6 12.21

The values for r between breaking pressure for 1925 (parent)

and breaking pressure for 1826 (progeny) are as follows.

80ft selection r : .070 t .091
Eedium selection r = .050 1 .095
Hard selection r = .11: t .094

Between the breaking pressure 19L5 (parent) and protein

percentage 1936 (progeny);

soft selection r = -.145 t .095
Kecium selection r = -.055 t .092
Hard selection r : -.040 i .094

Be ween branding pressure and per cent of protein of

prOg ny:

Soft selection r z .050 1 .095
Ledium selection r : -.015 i .095
Hard SQlQCtion r - "0062 t 0092

These values show that the selection of hard, medium and
soft kernels did not bring about any change in the proseny, and

that there is no correlation whatsoever between breaking pressure of

-26..

parent 1925 and pregeny 1926 or between breaking pressure 1925 and
protein 1926 or between breaking pressure and protein of progeny
(1926).

Table I& gives a comparison of 1936 plant selections, made
by aight,fron muong the same progenies. In the first column, the
1925 classification according to the breaking pressure of the mother
selection is given. In all cases the chalky appearing plants have
the lower protein content. However, there is no relationship be—
tween the hard and soft selections of 1925 and the classifications
of hard and soft made in 1926.

Table 3 gives the results on the breaking pressure and
protein content of three typical progenies out of the nine of which
25 kernels from each plnnt in the prOgeny were tested. Idants not
having enough seed for testing and a remnant for future planting
were discarded from the pregeny. There is no correlation between

breaking pressure and protein content.

-37-

TABLS 14. Showing plant number, total breukin;
pressure and per cent protein from one translucent and one chalky phat
of the prOUeny from a head row. The 1955 classification of the head
13 given.

 

 

Head Proveny i§86
selections Translucent Chalky
classified appearing plant alpearing plant

by - — - — - - — - — - — - — — - — — — — — — — - — — - — —
breaking Plant Total Per cent Plant Total Per cent
pressure 30. brenKiIU protein 30. breaking protein
___1925 pressure pressure
, hard 660103 105.0 15.28 881108 111.4 9.86

soft 85501 105.0 13.65 85514 131.5 10.08
hard 85781 105.3 15.54 85713 142.3 9.29
soft 85901 185.6 15.91 85910 155.8 11.59
medium 84101 106.4 15.e5 8e107 107.6 11.46
hard 90901 148.0 11.25 90906 151.5 10.49
medium 91501 118.1 15.46 91502 150.6 10.85
hard 95501 116.5 ~.54}. E5509 104.1 ..5
soft 95503 111.1 11.15 95505 115.1 10.15
medium 95703 108.5 15.85 95704 106.6 11.91
soft 94101 150.3 11.65 94101 159.5 9.52
medium 04501 157.7 12.03 9e505 106.1 9.06
hard 94501 155.1 12.65 9450s 97.6 6.75
medium 105701 110.4 15.4~ 105715 156.8 9.75
hard 105901 118.7 10.55 105904 108.5 9.29
soft 104101 117.5 15.51 104110 111.7 9.75
hard 104501 151.: 11.96 104508 105.9 10.85
soft 104701 10%.: 10.15 184705 117.5 10.05
medium 104901 150.1 11.51 104908 117.4 9.55

 

Head lro;elé,1§;6
se lecti ons- Translucent 310.112!
classified appearing plant appearing plant
b.'r — -. — — _ — - - - ‘- "- _ _ ‘- - — — — - — _ - _ - — — - _
breanlng Elant Total Per cent Plant Total Per cent
pressure 10. breanind protein 10. brennin; :rgtoin
1915 pressxre pressure

hard 105101 117.6 9.05 105111 103.5 8.95

medium 105301 1~8.7 10.49 105505 110.1 9.35
medium 105701 1L5.‘ 11.51 1L5710 114.1 9.52

hard 105901 33.3 11.74 10:.qu m 1 o,;.e

 

 

 

Average soft,7 plants 116.0 13.04 1 9.1 10.05
average Hediun,8 plnnts 119.2 1d.”3 115.7 10.15
Average hard,9 plants 118.7 11.76 111.4 9,”?
Av:rabe of 311,54 plants 118.1 12.03 115.5 9.94

II
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wm.mH m.bHH ma
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«m.ma N.¢NH 0H ¢fi.mH n.00H mo .¢H.NH m.moH mo
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¢m.mfi m.n¢H mo ¢>.na m.>Ha No db.HH o.mHH mo
#m.m~ N.noH Hobnmm mo.¢H >.¢NH Homnww Hm.MH m.mmH Hoammm
Gwovoum ouduooum “mass: swvapm ouanuoum. hogan: camaoum ou5muoum gonad:

accouom wcmdehm cowpooaom ocooaom wcfixaopm coavooaom peachom wzwxcohm scavooawm

32 53023 2% mg” 53.38 53% 32 53038 $8

.donhadcu 0&9! .ooo» pnoao«Mqu wafl>an .nvcdam
cuo£3_mo Had mach cam: mougv mo nowcowoua oga you uanhddcu adopoum wad
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-3 O.-

dince tJBbB heud selection: fdiled to trunsxit either their
hardness, chulny cgtenrnnce or grotein content, the expression of these
characters any not be considered to be due grimnrily to hereditury
differences because this variety r“s een grown so long thut, even if
it consisted of severul strdins, the sinble plnnts should represent
pure lines.

The differences uithin the proseny from a single head, '3
seen from the table, can, at present, only be attributed to environ—
mental differences. However, it is possible that segregations or
mutations might have taken place, u27 so it any be worth while to plant

the low protein selections for further investigation.

The ded haterial.

V ’|

Table I shone that all tue lots 01 seed used centnined a

number of nernels that mere classified as red. The rod mith have
been due to mechanical mixture of red nernels among the mhite, to
crosses, or to the results of environmental conditions causing the
soft starch to become herd thereby giving the Kernel u red urgenrunce.

Twenty red-nygesrind nernels were planted from each scarce
of seed. The results from these Kernels are shown in Table hl-a. The
germination was low and varied considerably. The number of plants
classified is given in the last column. This table shows that 36 of
the 108 red-appearing Kernels produced white offsPring, indicating

that many of the red-agpearing Kernels, having the same general shape

and size as the variety in which hey appeured, were the result of

-3 1-

environmental conditions. This percentage will Vary with the variety.

In the Early Hindsor head selections, it nus p‘ssible to
find ten hands having red Kernels. The feur best ssmples were planted.
The other six did not have enough well develOped Kernels for one row
each and so were discsrded.

Three of the prOgenies segregated for besrded and heard—
1ess heads, and one of these for red and white nernels, showing that
they were the result of crosses. This shows the possibility thnt
sows of the red Kernels ap-enring in white sheets are the result of
crosses.

TnnufithI—u. Showing name, accession number and

classification of the progeny, of the red kernels from
the bdld and shite grained varieties 0. A. 0. H0. 104,

American Banner and Early Windsor. The two latter having
red chnff, the first white. (w is white grains, r is red

 

 

 

grains.)
B i ~ . ,T . _ number
Name of Accession earned not besrded__ of
variety Number white red white red plants
chaff chaff chaff chaff har-
r w r w r V: 1: yestgg
Early Hindsor 6 3 2 3 4 ll
0. A. C. 30.104 407 3 2 9 14
American Banner 408 3 l 1 7 12
" " 4e? 2 2 ' 4 7 15
" " 488 3 3 2 10 l?
" " 489 3 2 6 5 16
" " 490 4 4 o
" " 491 _ _ __ __ __J; 1.. ___‘4 15

 

Total 2 2 13 5 13 51 44 108

Teens hI-b. chewing selection number of heads
with red kernels from Early Hindsor and the segregation of the
pregeny; Early Windsor being a beardless white wheat with red

 

Olhffo
bearded Hot bearded
Selection Accession Red chaff Red Chnff number of
Number Number w r w r plants
harvested

146701—11 6 11 ll
148901-30 6 6 14 20
ldSlOl—ho s l 6 l 12 20
149501-15 6 7 6 15

V - CUJJLUoIGNS

i. There is a close positive relationship between brenning pressure,
size (cross section) and 1000 grain weight of the kernels.

2. Breaking pressure and protein content are not correlated, so
breaxing pressure, as obtained by the method employed, can not
be used as a means of determining protein content.

3. The kernels of lower protein content could be picked out by
their more chnlhy appearance.

4. So far as can be seen new, textural appea‘azce is due to environ-
mental conditions and not to hereditary preperties.

5. The tto classes of red Kernels used in this investigation proved

-33-

to be due to three causes.
1. Environmentnl conditions. These Kernels ere trans—
lucent but this condition is not transmitted to the offszring.
2m Kixture of'zed vhedt. These will continue to breed
true for red Kernels.
S. Crossing of white sheets with red. The F1 of such
a cross is red. The heteééygous red kernels will continue to
segregate.
6. This investigation has not proceeded far enough to determine the
possibility of selecting strains of white mheats with lower protein

content than the present varieties.

l.

2.

4.

5.

6.

-3154 linema—

Roberts, H. E. 1910. A Quantitative Ketnod for the Ibtermina—
tion of Hardness in Wheat. thsas fi‘r. EX). eta.
‘La
Bul. 167.

Roberts, H. E. 1921. Relation of Hardness and Other rhetors
to Protein Content Lheat. Jour. Agr. Aesearch
21:507-523.

ohaw, G. W. and Ganmnitz, A. J. 1911. Galifornia Unite Wheats.
dalifornia agr. Exp. dta. Bul. 21:.

Harper, J. N. and Peters, A. L. 1904. studies on helationship
between Certain PhJSlCul Characters of the JhEat
Kernel anu its Chemical Comoosition, and a Pronosed
Iethoe of Imoroving Wheat by the selection of Seed.
dentucxy agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 115.

Bryan, N. E. and Pressley, H. h. 1955. Head Grain Texture as
a Basis of selection for Improving the duality of
Early Baart wheat. Jour. Amer. doc. Aaron. 17:
440—43.

Freeman, G. E. 1918. A Kechnnical Explanation of Pregressive
Changes in the Proportions of Hard and Soft Kernels
in sheet. Jour. Amer. Uoc. AQTOM. 10:23-28.

 

 

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