" f"*-vssz:-.e.,¢?r THE TRAIT AND SITUATIONAL APPROACHES IN THE DEVELOPMENT OF A LEADERSHIP INVENTORY TI‘WIIS for tha 009m of Ph. D. MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY Andrew J. Du Brin 1960 AH") (“133“ .7” THE TRAII‘ MID SITUATIOEAL APPWHES DI THE DWELORFIFEIT OF A LEADEEZSIIIP INVENTORY mama-1n . A TREES Suhmitted to the College of 301mm and Art: of Michigan state ummnty or Amcutm and Applied Scum. in partial mmiamt of tho mar-menu tor the degrea of DOCTOR OF PKILOSOPW Deparuum of tholow 1950 mutumomdxmmmwonxmmm WDMOWam surmount-mm mmmtornwpim mtm.ormmmhdp¢. mutotnmmmdommhmmmmm. mplmanttorno. AGEISOIEE‘JGE-‘IEST Iviehtothnnk theMmowanidamecmuee. Dr. We 1» mummy. for the dire“ em“. negation. and encomgment he has given an in the mm and want of this investigation. Dr. McQuitty he: helped me convert w new nebulous concepts into n writable emperimenm design. I the wish to express appreciation umwmdwmtm Ir. Tex-rennin men, m‘. We R. Hick.“ end Dr. Albert 1. Mn for their helpful criticisms. Seventeen colleague. or nine med :0 judges in this inventi- ation. mthout their help this etudy could not have proceeded. mm. at theee Judge». John a. may. Donnie! H. Hakim and Than: 3. mm saved as both preacher end criterion Judges—conse- WIwiehtothmkthuMoe. my appreciation to the W and auto comment pmmal who participated in this study amt be overstated. Appmximtaly 5,5) pecans. uidetmnwooMttmm-ufljudgfl- mama: or may involved in this etudy. “me” people included the secretarial start at the Depamm 0: Psychology 31’. Richigan State Unimitm mum It Michigan Ben. the Redmond CW, and the Hiohigan Civil Service: the 39‘» puticipante; end any other. including tn elevator operator who expressed hie opinion on the readability of the 03:12th WWW?”- Maren: J. W11 THE THAI? AND SIMTIGZIAL APPROACI‘L‘IE Iii THE DEIWHEEIT OF A LEADEISHIP If-PJEIITORI mam AN ABSTRACT Submitted to the College of Science and Arte of Human State Grand-city or Jug-1mm end Applied Science in partial fulfillmmt or the requirements for the dean or [00108 OF PLELOSOi’HI , Department or Psycholog 1960 LfiTRACT mmotmmmumumuumdw mmtmnmmwbimmpm»mm tut relative mutton to unity. The rdetive effluent e: MMWIMMWiAMMWW Wenderimdlw. “Macadam nWW (88:) ad .menrmuoe m (311). the 851 eoneiete e: 70 iteuu )6 “them." and a» "mu the m mm e W'- luderehip telee end matinee. the predator. theeflterien. endenintdngneeteetmehlnietered fie 395 lapel-vim: m DIET-426 Iele um pereemel: m OER-4.78 civil eeniee pummel elem me 19 electric: new eenpelv pm; mic-6801111 eervieeendthreetelqheneempwtule pm. Iheeritetienvu eeeredinthreemes (e) contain-enab- eta-In mum» mutt” w nine Meet (1:) ite- analytically-a. Objective «elation: by the medium M (e) In ewe of (e) led (b). mneeeteet mum. Wed“ thehene of WW teletiemhipe feud in the ennui-um eagle. ewe utilized in creel-validation. thirteen out of 27 ewes-mat: Wat- vu-e signifieent etubqundtho .OSlevel. Iheeeeeettiunte vengeance-.016“ $28 Inhaledunof .199. mmmmmmuam mmummmmrdtmmmimmym emit-flea. the eeeeiu kg with the new.» wee-way coefficient V tee epplied to map F (the mint: gmerelie’etion eenple). yielans e may or .152 mu: did not autumn: ettemete when intelli- me we: panelled out. 800nm km mob cross-mated were Wotemigxdtieenfiy mrmmbeeetmitendntue. m it”. The nearing kq epplied to the validity gmerelieetion Inple The Infidel! into eh eqeel unbu- ot tn“ end eitnetione]. it”. Heath.- the trait nor eitnetioael it” ”wider-ed eeperetdy ehoved e einiiimt releuonam to the criterion. Aemfimel mum-ocean» eppliedtoieoletenw euholnetere udded nine Emerienoed Leeds: end «an Immersed Lender ecelee to! map 2481'. end thirteen Reprinted end nine unmanned Leeder eceleetorgroupCSR. Whehtheeell Wee tors-tome HB‘I‘endCSR were combined in the cremation]. emple (thee "mung within m Wm utilised in confine-.1 enelyeie) the chi equere ehteihedm MSBO (p<.os). 0n the other bend. the configurel enelyeie mean-e eppned to ieolete m euhclnetm teued to warm signifie- eent mes-miave Lin-er unique apt-used in term ot chi equate for the erode- «lideuonel emule ehowed minnow recite only when eoroee mug MET-ma criteria 2 eooree were utilized (:13 II 10e53)e Configure]. mewmmupmwmm didnot meet significant eroee nudity. Although lineu- enelyeie more Malt]: yielded significant mane-validity then did configure}. enelyeie. ite reletive eupciority over oohi‘igurel emlysie could not be annotated: both nethode yielded eimncent arose-eventing when their reenlte were expressed in tom of the met eppmpriate etetieticel pm On the beeie of then remit! it ie eomlodod theta (e) Self end eitnetiunll rqaorte at waimced Indore ere both configureu: end Manon: different from those of imam-ind leedm. (h) Both the treit end eitnetional theories of laden-ship ere new in the motivation or its” for loaderehip eeaeemmte Ah mothesie one (omitted that maimed leadore in contreet. to lose «penned laden W are confidence ehont the edoqueoy of their relationmipo with their grows end report leee winded» ebout me of their pereooel Wen”. /%%&M/7d0 at. . \ _.. O“ ( \\‘\ I J We of Content- Ie 13113091131103 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee trait Appreeeh eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Mop Appmh eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Leederehip end the 5d! eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Self-Contideeee eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee mm m eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee thitedee end Self-Rete- eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee SdIePceeptioe eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee self-Widen eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee e nut end Site-tum Approx» eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee WOO eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee W eed Comm We eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Definition of Leederehip eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Leederehip Critcie eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Leederieee Grow: medallion eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Sonic-eta or mum Tannin“ eeeeeeeeeeeeee Activity Retinal eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Biomphieel Intonation eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Goodwin; e Leederehip Poeition eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Selection of e Criterion ee-eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Be 513an ARI) PROCEDURE eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Sdeeote eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Criterion eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ix " '5 GQQUUUNH up emSSG'efiSISS Sigfiflh’ M 05 IIe Ive Ve VIe boot.) Heeeure of Intellime eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Predictor eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee linear Analysis eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Constrootioo o! Verbal Deconption eeeeeeeeeeeeeee Configure]. W3 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Comerieon or Configurel end Linoer insure» eeeee Inton-eldtioosmpe elm; mandate}. Vox'iohloo ee RESULTS eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Analysis or the Criterion eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee selection of 531 (Predictor) It». eeeeeeeeeeeeeee Iten Amlyeie 81th Walnut“. Simple eeeeeeeeeee Cross-Validation end Validity damnation ..... Comm WI eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Coupes-inn Between Configure}. Md eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Lineer imbue ”‘1‘ Verne Situetionel W1. eeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Interreletiooehipe m Verieblee eeeeeeeeeeeeeee COMM” 0: I 7“ Description eeeeeeeeeeeee DISCUSSION eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee 5W AND CONCLIBIOI'S eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee BIEIOGRAPHY Q’OOIOOOOUDQIQOOOOQIOOO'OOOCOIOOCOOOOOOOOIO Pege U ‘d’u \6‘8‘65588‘8 \AUt HUI ‘33 5535553 Appadixu MB: Appndix c: Appmdiz DI Appmdix 3: Appendix Fl Appmdix 8: Appendix H: Appendioee Letter 0: W to W“ eeeeeeeeeeeee For" M“ in Cluedmng It” eeeeeeeeeeeee ee fruit or Sitnetiooel For” Btilieed in flaking Configurel Mention e o: Capleted Biou'ephioel Inforntion Inventories Foreed Dietrihtion For” :0? W C eeeeeeee m MW ‘0 WW eeeeeeeeeee Civil Service Germ]. W to Respondente eeeeeeeeeeeee aiozrephioel Information lavatory eeeeeeeeeeeeee Sm-éitmtdorll Imtory eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Peso 123 125 129 13’ 1-1 133 13* Me 10 13 it Liet of Mel Speoitio Job i‘it‘iee of Participants in this 1’3".qu eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Wit: 0: Couriers-fl Criterion Sooree 1w IMO. Corrietion eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee mail of Variance of Rev Item We Criterion Sooroe end m an WOW eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Aoelyeie of Verieooe of Ru Cardigan}. Criterion Sm end m H” mm eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Mention of 85! Ital Meet-ding to fruit V6901“ SthIOMJ. mOhOW eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee-e Comerieon of Judges" Await an Trait Verne 51153339031 It” eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee miter-emu Between Melted end Inupaimed needed-e. ee Detmxined by Item Auntie Critu'ion 5008‘“. do .58. emotion. and W3“. eeeeeeeeeee flirted-emu Bettie» Experimed end Ineocperimoed Leedere. ee Beta-mined by Configure]. Criterion 3M“. 63 A56, Education. and MEMO eeeeeeeeeee Mermaids Ween Experimood end Inonzsoriemed Laden. ee Determined by Outlined Criterion 5M1“. oh Ago, Education. and Intelligence eeeeeeeeeee tuber of Predictor-Criterion Phi Coefficient: Simitioent in hoot-imam 3m. eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee close-Validate. end Reliehilitiee or 831 Scoring del. using Configure]. Criterion 3601'” eeeeeeeeeeeeeee Gross-taliditiee and Reliabilitioo of 38: Scoring Km. 085.33 Itm W0 Criteria Scores eeeeeeeeeeee Croee-Veliditiee end Reliebilitiee e: 55! Scoring 169‘. Being Combined Criterion 5001'“ eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Group can Stowe Key Applied to Validity merelieetion 3091. eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee Pege 53 63 65 67 m. 15 16 17 18 19 23 25 28 Mate 0: “WM PM“ out in Vflidiw ems-“m Sm. (8 . 71) eeeeeeeeeeeeeee 35]: Scoring Kq Applied to nudity Guardin- tion m. eeeeeeeeeeeoeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoeee mmotwmmmaum 3W WCQMW W 5m. eeeeeee mmothmatmmthefiocsfl 3mm” Chan M ”I. Waite). 588131. 0900000 Mel-imam! and Wand Leeds-hip Scales Obtained with m Pmoochu-e Applied to Inlete PW 301101133”. (03033 HBT) eee‘eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeooe manned and Wad Lucia-ship Sula Obtained with M mm. Applied 1'0 1.018“ F” SWIM” (Map 033.) ee-eeoooceuemeeutenone. Experienced end Manned Leederehm Scene 0mm ‘11“! m mm. mid to 1001‘“ m Subaluetm (m H3?) eeeeeeeeeoeeeeoeoeeeeeeeoe Experienced and Waited Leadership 8&1“ OW “1th EA mm. A9911” to 1.018“ ”110‘ mm (M 633) eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeunoeee Cm: Validiw o: ELL boom. Applied to Isolate Fall Summers eeeeeeeeeeeeoeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoeeeeeeeeee Cm: Validity of nu Pmedm-e Applied to Ieolete m Snbuluatere eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee ILA Cross-Validity Using Across Group Criterion z Scam f0? WI MB? ”3d 033 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoee Crow Validity of Itu Lannie with (tourism-:1 Criterion Expressed in Tom: 0: Chi. Sqmre eeeeeeeeeeee Gran Validity of Item Anninie with Lamas m Configure). Criterion Z Scone (Grow MET-C83) "an... Column-inn of Item We. ILA with Few 3mm. and ILA with New thoiutm. in terms 0: Chi. Square eeee-eeereoeeeweuooeeeeebe“...e0 Page. 73 76 92 93 95 100 101 We fruit Venue Situational Wis at 85! Scoring I”! with Significant Crone-Validity Oeeeeeeteeooteeeee Tmit Venus Summon]. W in Validity Camdiution 3m. 0..COO-OO00-900....QOIOOOOOO.I.OOOO Interrdiationshipa‘Nmnngihgeb Humberwof Peogie Supervised. Education. Adaptabiii Score. and W Cum 3m (3 C 356 eeeeeeeoeeeeeeeeeee xiv Page 103 103 105 Figaro List at Figurw Min. of W Used in 1".” W1. eooeoeeeoeeeeee Procedure Used to Obtain Phi Coefficiuxts with minimum Discrimination 8mm mm.med and Marian“ Leader WOW)! oeeeeeeeoeeceeeeeeeeoeeeoee KB? marinated Lewes-e with manned Lenders 5“?“th Cluster Ono eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee.e100eve-.0 MB? Examined Leiden with Inexperiemed Laden Attfifldj 61W tan and thus eeceeeeeoeeeoeeeeteeee Hm heparin-nod Landau with Murine“ W AW 31m One eeeceoevoeeeeeoee-eeeeeeoeeeeeeeee KB? linemen-island Landon-e with maimed Laden Atmhed: 01mm m ind m aeeeeatooeaooonbeeeaoo 03R Marianna! Leaders with Inmwimood Landau-e Attached; 61m Om eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeoeeeeeeeee CSR Inurperiemod Lemme With Emu-iced Leedere Attached; Cluster 0110 eeeeeeeeeeeeeeoeoeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeo 033 Inmm'imad Leads: with Wei-mod Leeds-e ‘W mm M beeeeeeeeeeeeteeeeeeeeeeeeeeeteee Page 39 CHAPTER I IMRDDUCTIOH Tho comcpt of 193:1”ch has both practical and theoretical WemdmflyMclongbmcmflutopicct Wticn in psycholog and ctha‘ disciplines. The psychological litmtm alone contaim an «tinted 2.92 5 titles dealing with index-ship} Both in research proccw-c and oomqats ebout 1am. ohip thou-o isolated: diffuooccinpointofviow. Onthoonohand in the icon that luau-crap in a characteristic of en individual. en ability largely indepmdm of the situation in which leadership is mus-ed. This approach to. been call-d the ”wt mm" or trait theory or leadership. The not mm o: publicized mm on lendorchip before 19149 is concerned with the pccconal characteristics of loaders (Fox._ at. an... 1953*). Tho other point of view concoim of leadership to primarily 0. group situation in which the characteristics or the group and or the Roda-ship citation arc u ignorant to tho chamotcioticc of the leader. The majority or the 11th in the put too you. w contoured itself With this approach (Ron and chdry. 1937). .7. V w— w—.._ 1 This activate was obtained in the following camera Roch (1953) writes thtt 2. 5? items um found for a bibliography of leadership compiled under his direction. These item included leadership totem- encao prior to Sqatmber l. 1952. Titles listed undu- "lender" or flooded-amp" in W W; from this data up until October 19?. were than counted. These 393 titles were added to tho time given by Roch. Taken together this gave a total or 2.925 tit]... W Oneotthencaeuidelyqootedesrliermmorleedwp mt statues. mdebyBirdinlW. tandem-mnemite mumwm studiee. omyi’ivepercentotwhich We own to tour or more investigation. The most cmrehoncive marmmdewstoadiniolaha. The traits uncommon}: fomidtcbewiricallyrelatedtcleudcflhipinthelzlietudice reported by Stogdill include the following: 1. pivcioel end mutton-J. factor" height; manta physique: my: heath; We; 2. intelligent» 3. eelfaonnmnce end colt-um» #- eociehiiity: 5. will (initiative. persistence. mutton): 6e» We: end 7. mm (1.0.. talkatimees. cheermuness. many. enttmeieee, WWI. Ila-tacos. Ind originflity). Deqoite these findings. hem. studies of the pereonelitice of 1m end wields" have failed to find w concietent patterns ct tnite which chsncterice lends-e. Failure to 11nd consistent patterne hevebemsttrimudtoomormreor three factors by Gibb (199+): 1. Personality seam-11m is still inndeqocto. 2. the heterogeneity of the grows studied may have contributed to inconsistent results. 3. Leadership ie considered to he s couple: pattern or rmtiorm rolee. Another animation to:- the failure to find consistent resulte is that the statistical methods we not edequste to ieolete ell oi the any possible patterns of chmcterietice which my be “scented with imam—amp. Kennett: (1956) writes that: '. . . man- an Matter Mahdsetw. hefldmtlmvflhetberhie More teofittiomocmpletedirtwtistienm doeto theperticoler ituehehedehoeeororhis teetortothe mummhem eelected for weighting the items in obtaining totel men 0 e ." (mm. 1936: p. 9). Similarly. althoum single treite have not consistently been found empirically related to leadership criteria. it is theoretically poesihle that patterns ct traits or chemterietics niwt he eigxdfio canny rented to leada'chip criteria. may (1956. 19$. 1939) hoe unheated that eherecterietics investigated oonfignrm: my show higher reletionshipe to. ctiterie than when investigated etoznietically. In one pm or this inventigetioa laden-ship “1:. reports will beinveetigntedhoth atmdeticfllysndccnnmnin rcleticn to leedmhip critu'ie. W The map ca.- situetioml eppnoech to leadership in reflected in the leadership etwnee conducted for the put em» year-e st Dino State adversity (Stogdill. 1955). Leadership according to this approach ie defined as e process ci’ influencing the counties of en deinits taekcrgocl ecttmguzdpaleohievmcnt. This defhfition impliee that leadorehip ie an espoct or en organization rather than an individml. Leadership is not detox-muse} hw en individual but by (A pattern at interrelationships among the grow We and the loader. Since index-mix) is determined by e mm otmmmee. mummvmm Wmmdmuumemmormflxme. My W in tho men-ed in ten- or the who of Mmemumfluw Mammotlamp letter in men he eases-e (swam. 19$). monument “mammal-sacrum» We: to m» (195%) involve. tel! den-eta: mmwxmm. :mmm .. sync-lit: aha-semen“ each u mono defined by e e o m dinmione e e e . (111) aha-newlines or the mxmaxmmm finmfirwfiiw 1e confronted (cm. 195% p. 901). 80th the we end nautical lppmhel t0 1M hive mumunnndmp ht‘hqhtu awn-attested“ ntlmltln We filth. W h” M provided In Idem!“ endomnhenetn mmmmmm «tone to develop an eppmhee to Wu; or manna; lam-hip. the preeem em ttttrptl to integrate the we and situation]. Ippmhee nmuemmumummmwmnuunemaacu mate of leadership emporium“ Litmm "Imus to 1W and flu 'eelf' is reviewed indium: that ludm tend to m about the-mm airway than mule-dare. The me neuter. nee Indiana that leaders an dirt-rat ”new!" from those of neu- laden. Both were“ and appointed leaders ere (amend. Our invests... piston deal with appointed leaders. therefore. thou Moreno» ummnnpwmeummxmpm mwmmemmmmeuMeWuonmmou Km when when“ men leadership. W. M pflmdwmtlmnumumeeethueu mmwuumdnmuum-pmum mwmm1mmmmum. res-Newer: mnmeetmmlwmammmmmm LEADE‘C‘J‘KIP MID TEES SELF W thetnueppmutleedcehip 31m manipporttothe methane the: laden-e give different nit-superb tree non-deuce. the twenty of mate- mieh correlete peueneutw “new.“ with leadership ohm: e poeittve releuoaehip We.) edt-oonfldmee or eat-tame end 1W: 1W. are me self-confident then mm (Gibb. 195% “lid”. 19“?» ma: rose-rah «1m. non; then nnee we presented by Bach (3.918) some fart: were ego. He autumn that an important. component of luderehip 10 ediuoonfldeme. Eight years later Cox (reported in Steam. me) wrote that great leadere are «Warned by each we. as cal-confidant. “Rename. and sdt-kmfledze. 601110? (1928) meme; mum. em. and mam-em lad-re. found thee tren- o: ecu-eonndune m cannon to all three. Bake (19%) round e correlation of .9? Wm leadership and ear-confidue m con-e- einh Bolling-nth (reported in Gibb. 1951») alumni: W e correlation of .58 between: teacher retina: of self-confidan- 5 endefludeflhip tummy“ 316%!!th (1953) found thet college and adult leedere nuke Ingm- mm on the Ines-mute: edteeennanu wee then do Meek-e. 0111-» (19”!) ehend thet new mete-lien 003 eendidetee ere Weed ‘7 eupeuor beekmd. higher then emu eat-madame, eoeieulity end mittens. .Ineeerereeeetetuwoutd (1953)deeeribeethedevelepu¢1t eteeceleetpereonenty teetitue torminfieerizmnting between leaders end malada- “Men or the titration. need-re were found to poeeeee neuter sewn effectiveness. more edequete intereetioml technique. end meter eat-emndeme. Gene (1955) ha e180 ehom e positive fluttenehip between lendcehip end «It. «inane. Theta“). imlieetioaetflleeetindinzeie thetleedere mietmtl: fete higher then tone!“ in nit-eoni‘idue or «it. We. '. e . A pea-eon who believe- in Iii-eel: cine the iupreeeioa thet he hee the akin. power. or ehllity which um «b1. hi: to eelve the pane: in hand. . .' (Gibb. 1951»: p. 886). W ”(19109) mmmemueiemreeuteamthemmue Lppeflmtien feet end interview procedure» eomlnded that wealth: mum me high drive end eehimt deeire. The menu" lam-mundMV-ummmmupm dumtmliehinerdertebehlppy. Itie eta-eeeedthetthe WhMthqdethdrMmdnflydiftmmm 6 feelethiedriveforeeealpliel-ut. 'eeend.eeheeldbedietin- Who-etneetpeeede—eehieneentdriveinmohtheamet thempreMteleneieltreeeede Thepmuiththielettertwpe DIM". mmtmmmmmmmmuethe mumflthecloryitimpmaulmdthepmjeetl thetheeinheveeemletedeeeeeppoeedtetheeehimtm'eer themes“ mun. melt Memmdeheereeeeepneh- I“ a ”I. m 1We e e. (M. 1939! PO 289)e e- lorthmp (1955) bed eixteen indium foresee end rupee-vim duet-tee elm-ate they ”mm neeeeeery for eeeeeeem ludmhip. line out 0! titty-one reepeneee enpheeieed the import-me of «u. ettitudee for the eueeeeem lender. It wee eomieded thet laden-chip -dq>eude. temutnt. wmemteeleeheetmeelr. heeenee thiedetunineehoeheuinreeettmdethere. momentu- eeted that eithoezh attitudee about the eel: ere equhuieed. the inalieetdone ie that theee eelteettetedee he» mega-wee in peep mention. MM (1955) mediated the ecu-statue- er leedere end “showman-emanation. “extenuating“ eherepeeted tut tenable Dell-muted of 1M9 emit] ie more Wt “IWMeI-ensthezml ”much. am (1953) end e eat-retina technique to may edtnetienel end mvmuluderehipmc eemiveeeen'. Want V/ laden. wmdmmmmtiutedteetmleemp etetee. enduflmhiweenmminm-eetec. xete (1955) rend. that etehdlity e: eit-oomqat ie politivel: MMbMe mm. «ingeMgheehoolme Thiei'imn; eeueltmtdyheinterpretedteleentheteeu-eeteu. erreqneut mete at etehllity at mm (W 19528 We. 19?). ie lilo rented to We etetee. The demo of this Mtoleederehipeenhemdenteedehenitie reeognieedthet leeeeeehipietrmuydenneduhdsheeeioeemnie mm (81086111. 19%). Thmfimhngeeneelt-eeteuendedtdttitmammmd madam tendte sheathetleedeee WMupenthmdne diflrentlytmmleedere. Iheeefindinzewneeheteheuee with!“ that linden give diffex‘mt self-room frou nonieulere then it it maxim that the nethednleaieel appreeeh need in these etudiee an e eels-report technique. mm mm (1953) repute the devdepnem e: e toned-choice eel: deeeription edJeetive cheek lint. On the belie of edJeetivee ehoeeu h: e given reepoMenrt. e deeeription e: hie edit-peneptiene ie emf-meted. Heinz thie technique. Ghieeni end hie eo-tnrkce hue emperedtheedu-peeeeptieneeteubereerdiflerent a-eupe whee linemkmmdmenieore. Ineetnwlyl’erta‘u9fi) them. mummmwmmmnmmmwm mmpmendfiolinemrkm. Mementpereemeim Wumemmveeweupmeerymuee. mute-embed 8 no eepmieory cuties. theee in the lowest level of their emulation. meleeeifiedeelinewekeree fiMveetthefixty-fmm “WNW then» me etthe e051“ e1 eentidutee. mmmwwmermemmmw with eeeh other. meant pummel pictured theneelvee in e my thet eloeel: tite e 'leeder' etueetype. Line pereomel. en the other head. gen the eemlenentuy picture at e “rollover etereotype. can-menu: W the testy-five padre. mm pee-met eeleeted tredte elem to the leederehip end of the eontim. end linepereomel eelectedtreite Wthefollevenhlp end. elite? etedy w Porter (1953) utilised eeeentieuy the eeme experimental deem end denuded thet the eelt-pmeptiene of tint—level eupem- vim ere different from both then et upper man-ht personnel end line more. Gebel (195“) mahttodim. W‘Mm whtepee'eemliv. uhetherthepereoneb enme- theleedee- er en initial: leaderleee dieeeeeion perceivee hieeelt differently m- e mnleeder. To test the euther‘e twpothuie. the meptml eetrieee of the perm etteinine the high!“ mm min; the me e: the leedetieee map dieeueeion were ear-pared nth than of pet-m etteiningtheloweetetetu. meeemeptuel metrixrdm to the individnel’e amputation of the world end hie upreeeed perception of (e) himself. (1:) that which ie not pert e: 11.1.3361. and (e) the interrelatione or (:1) end (h). the reenlte showed that leedere mmsed e simiflcently greater manhu- er response unite which suggested '. . . acetat- tolerance for min; the phenomenal ade Meminterpretedtomthetmnleeden empmeueedaorethreat enduhooneeqmeemtflotionorthwmmenn neldtock piece. Leedare tendodtehueurepoeiuve ettttndee town-d them- Ielvel. tmded to perceive the raid with h 1m positive meat. tndtmdedtopereedveether'l erratathutohenorepoeitdve thlnnonleedau. Campbell. (1956) mom the W or e mm mmmwmbemdeumdtonmetm Inpatheticfl. dynamical o: lender hen-flan mum 0p. Reoopdtion. (Ix-Manon. Initiation. ”My. Commutation mm. Integration. Pmdmtion. Repmttuon. and minimum. The tmmmedhyw Merriam todeeortbetheumbeheuor. Using theidanticel eoelee. thehahemotthe merrier-m eleo doecribod by their subordimtee. Subordinatee included :11 the enuetednonundartheireupemm However. momma! Minutes 10 notrqaortod. Although thetenvernueetendedto he intertwined. the general level of coma.» no not high. the amnion between em. to 1mm eel! destination MIN.“ tad tithes: Brim varietal-e of letdmhip each u Level in Organisation. minty Rank. Home in until. end Mane mutation- werethenomted. Onlylhpccutotflumdetioneoetnotate magnum etthenveper eentlevel «better. he went mmmlefldet‘hdufior mummmmwm oontrut With Wt. Mpuom- (imam describe Milt“ 10 ee mmmmukmmw Madam mounting the work of meme». initiating lore idea. inte- grating. representing their on map. whaling emanation). preceding. and pushing for predation. :5th were else need in e 'Ddeatton Sell... Using thieecale. ornemdeeenhedtheeatuttemchthqdeleghte responsibility end “that-1w to We. Iheee ear-description items showed tenure]: am: positive mention wtth m lad-$1111) mun. For eagle. wmmrmm me on the Magnum Sane end level in the ”Mention me AZ. Cellpheu whens» the value at using eelhdeeeriptm item in musing eon-elem of laden and leederehip behavior. The W concludes thtt mMpttm Ire emetic:- to description. weaherdimteetntherenmgreepeetu (e)8nhord1mtedeeer1po tune eemte hereleuvdJWu-entntedbytepte. endme mbjeettehele u ehevnhyehiahlevdetmteromeleuonmm then (b) Suhendmete deeeflpuene ere cont-minted heeeuee retm ere nee often Men (e) swam u-e relatively uncen- Wd by mammal overlep with cum-ion mm: (a) Self- deeenptione standemnhbetterehemeorrweflmeteueend peflietmt attribute! of individual- than do withstand. my (e)Deeor1pttonewothmeenenlyheudeMthepeuontehe “cubed is mflehle for channel: In describe“: (I) Bias present in eat-description is leee ayatenatlo than that to be found in description by otherer '. . . For these reasons the eon-muons 11 feud between edf-Mriptione end leaderemx) crita‘ie have I petunia velue. . . 4." (Campbell. 1956: p. 70). ‘ the pert of our «2.an entitled 'Leedmhip end the Self." hee taught together both direct and indirect eupport for the eeemption that leedere perceive themed": diffmthr then nonleedera md give different self-mm from nonleedu'e. The evidmne (Long these lines can be W391! ee follow: 1. Mite of self-00mm“ lair-awe. and. selfcoatean have frequently hem found eheraeturiefio of lenders. 2. Executive Indore eonoeive of themelvee differently in term: of echievmmt chive than (b nonleedere. 3. Leaders look won themeelvee more fevorabl; and with more ’edf-accepme than nonleedera. h. M leaders have been shown to perceive thmelvee more in tame of a leader stereotype than do nonleadere. 5. Meat lender-e in e landmine group dimenion have ehown different self-comma than mnleadere. 6. Landm- self-descriptions show positive oorreletiene with leadmhip criteria. Our plan ie to prepare en Mentor-y of eelf end situationll itenae mutabemupletedwenbjeotemominmuntofleadomhip avenue. 'lhe inventory ettenpte to eepiteliee on the contribution of both the tnit end eituetinul theoriee of leader-hips the inventory mmmnimmhderivefrmhothlpprouhee. 111011th 12 redeemed hm hee mooted that leedere ave differed. edf-reporte www.mmmuenmeforthemtrmtioo efeleederehip eelfrepertimtery. iheeelf-mertinveum mtreotedhereidnreqdrermondutetonteeelf—mrteon both treit end eitnetimel etetemente. ~ PWOSE The literature reviewed here suggests thet there ere diffmee inboththetreite otlmvm mmmmme eooiel citations in which they perfm. However. the two 'leeda" end 'nonleeder“ oenbeoomwtuelieedeepointeonemtim item and of theoontinmm m those individuele who actively any out lenderehip narration: end possess any leaderehip ehamtee'ieuee; et theotherendeftheoontimmmthoeeindivimelemeemout m no laden-elm) frantica- end poeeeee reletdnly few leederehip mun-lotion. The experimtel dens: utilised hm describee twp differences intemeofenuntofleedereup aperienee. tether then utilieinc the «nautical ‘1udel‘ end 'nonludue' Ihemeiorhypetheeieefthieinmfixetioeiethetemeriued leederemlgivehotheelfendeitnetiomlmortevddeh differh'oe those of Made-wed leedm. Thin hypotheeie ie inveetigeted hy teetingtwoeoreepeeifie hypotheeee. eeohofihiehieinveetigeted ineeohemthenmenhothmtekentozethnthvemte em the major muted.“ The eeoonchry twpotheeee me (e) Self end situational reports of eepee'iued leedere ere eonflmflly different from those of inexperienced leaders. 13 (h) Self and situational revert: of eaqaerienoed leedm‘e ere Michell: diffs-ant from those of inemerunoed nodes. In testing theee hypotheeee. two purpoue emerge. (e) To develoo e edf-eitoetionel inventory hosed men defini- tioneofleederemx) endluda'ehip heheviorfroehoth the tmit end Citation). points of View. (h) To develop e criterion of leedu'ehip based upon Mographioal infatuation of leeda'ehip maimed. menextpertofthie inmtdationie devotedto ereviewof the literature relennt to museum the two wonder; tmnotheeee ad imlmmtinz the two pm'poeee. DBWIS 1021M. AND COEFI GURM. ARALISIS The first eeoondery tvpofixeeie ie that the self end eituetioml . mom of maimed ludu'e are oonfigurelly differ-1t from those of Manned leedere. According to pettmmytio theory ee described by thr (1956) it ie possible that itene will show mum mimw when treated in «rim mutatione in relation to the criterion. as frequently cited theoretdoel mnemtion of the predictive possitdlity of petterne of reopens» he: been presented by heehl (193)). mum: the mesh]. peredox‘ deemetreteo that it ie poeeihle to obtein perfect pnediotion or edema. criterion We two dichotououe it“. both of Which when eoneidel‘ed indivichxelly heme emmetionehipto theorita'ion. 11¢- It 1. theoretical): possum. um. thl «a: ma :1th reports Grimm Mammal-momenta adtandsitmtional 1m. Patton-n analysis 13 mm to discovering significant response paw-m. may (1956) ha ens-waned the mafia» of linear models for 1:01am prodicuvo pattern: at roman. The mm. mm mastodthatpatta'n-mlym procedural mduigwdto yield comm We. w. 1W0 method: an inadequate in this "spout. The autumn» amondary vaothm: in this investigation is that. salt and 21mm "pom or «pounced laden-n m dimen- sionally diffm'mt from those of Madonna loads-o. Th1: hypo- thesis names that W17 items will m m validity when mud mum. in accord mu. muons}. 13M: theory. 133.1031: andprocedm-u «:th 1W0 techniques are mmmm mated by Wu (1919). Word (1956). and Ween (1950). Ind mod not be described here. DE'IFISHTIOEI-S OP LMDEIESEIP The first purpose of Mo invcstiantion is to develop n calf- aitmtioml 1mm” based upon Miriam of leadership and 161mm hm. After reviewing appmmtel: two hundred ’ pqchological and meningeal articles and books mung with luau-ship. as indicated w their titles. the author found 1.10 mum of leadership. mo devalupmmt of & lair-altmuam inventory based upon these definitions or leadars or 1mm behavior in dewribed in Chautau- II. Following are I. male of tho 15 defimuona drum on the 11mm which were Judged w the present invootigator to mom. Wt Moran appromhu to Mining leadership. 1. Authority uLwda-ahipummooormwmmwmg of dwiniom (Boom in 73). b. The leader is an individual in i am office or position of may high influence potential (Show. 1950). 2. Interaction n. Loadm'ship is the infliction of not. which result in a comm pattern or coup interaction dirootod toward the solution or I mutual pmblon (mm. 1918). b. Leadership is I mm). interaction between the driv- or mmmmmoucamdwuoroftho person who um: o control solo (Run. 19;). o. The leader: is one who initiate. and facilitates wha- ixrumtion (Balu- ond Strodbcck in 63). 3. Ammo o: m goal- » mods to Loadarohip in the process of inflminz map activities tom-d goo. setting a. goon. achievement (swam. 1955). bul W relationship called leadership artists when I loadwiopwoeivodwnmuooonu-oningnm for tho satisfaction of their mods (Gibb. 1947). 16 it. PM Wattle. I. Pierson]. leadership ie the Mutton no control of peeple in face-Mm Citation! through the If.“ tea-Invent". any. or pruned maturity of the 1m (4m. 191m. 1». m lender in e per-on who poeeeeou tannin dietimtive skill. or abilities. over the teat at the mop label-e (Ram. 1950). WHIP (3me menondmrpoeeo: this investigation «new the “agent claims» criterion. Sade-eternie-edmehdefl. directly nth the mole: of mum ieedc effeetiveneeeo the laden“: m milieu approach (1.61)) hen frequently bomuedto inlet. those mqatodulm bathinindnetryend to: momenta]. purpoeee (Best. 195”). The been eohue of the LG!) ”tout-enrol enbjeoteuemtoflrryonedimeion. No lend.- ie appointed. memento” do not entc the discussion one “beans. mtrmintreetoobemeendnote thoporrommeofthe mute. mu surveyed 12 candies using this technique. involving 1065 subjects. High rater W wee found. especially where etendnrdised bduvior check liete were need. A median cox-relation or .82 me tom! between pairs oi“ observer ratings for the 12 inmtiaetione. Bus (195“) concluded that the Lao is e and name of leader- ehip on the besie or positive correlations between leadership 17 MmmuwmwwmothcmmhumWa wit retinal: under-hip" connotation»; and other situaticnfl. um. Limuuonofthomuelmemp criterion“ thatthe opportunity formalimtdllm decreeeee withm size. mammwmmtummemnetmn in '18. (Been. 195'»). Socimtry has been 91mm to be an effective inotnment for the steady of well group leedee’ehip (Gibb. 19$). There in evidence that mince of 1 group can mum: identify thou persons who exert most influence upon the: end that leaders identified in this Hey we eleo identified by content]. obeowero and other criteria. Gibb (1951;) reports that when participants in groups of ten were asked e question implying the selection or oo-uoxizm on the basis or ”inflame.“ though the word influence was not need. the correlation of theee‘choicee with chem retina: of “leadership“ m .80. when participante were won directly whom they W coining 1m. the moon with observer ratings as ewe .80. Socimetric devices In criterie of lumehip ecu to be limited by et lee-t three considn‘etiom. First they ere countable for {1.an cinch in tax-moi orgamuuom (me. 1951*). Secondly there in mob evidmoe that the aociomotrio question asked makes 3 consida'b chic difference on the person cemented as leader (Gibb. 195“). mm. than in mm thet the extrapolation of inderehip «elation Emltc‘ than mall. wipe to other situations Md be Width amnion: (Snith. a. 3.. 199). 13' mumwmue'mmwmm' henna; to the man; netbd or meeting leedenhip. people- edeflepmmthqthifltwfldmethebeetend/orpoomt 1m. came Ind W (1950) was the mung tubulqne nth mom hen. reported 'edeqeete' mm for the Wee. suave). ethcetndeehevemtedtheumneuermm nae-n or the map to me- mum ru- neon-mp positions. mum end Luutt (1947) report nominations to be their most wee-m name in picking Herine whet lend-re. Wherry and m (19“9) eoneider nan-mung tenhxdquee to be one o: the 'pureet' nee-rec er lend-temp. Yen Dunn (191:8) need e nonmetal; technique ummunedmtmmnleedenmsaymtemdmeete tilt the em nethod of obtaining leldmhip cum. night have W111 nppnahuitw. Bennetymmendntinzetwrufltynnbm havebeen investigated kg cm end film (1999). The reliability or both mange hy mm end faulty tuba-e to use» leadership nullity we. found inadequate. being subject to the ”edition-J. damme- 01 unit retina nah ee mo. leniency. and new Mu. meee une mud.” are found to hold true for merit. retinas in annual (Smith. a. 0.. 1955). W One-uthodotueeeumepereon'eleedmhip etetnetete mmmumammmummputnnuua. cctcendfiimuw) Mendoza-whine}. intonation m. 19 mignod vetoes 5 points for each presidency held. 3 pointe for holding other officee. and 1 point for Mp in minor orgaduflom. The "nobility of this criterion was considered edeqmto. nthowh ite interdetionsmp with other oritcie is “met negligible. Other mum. 1mm. tindprevioueieederehip woman. tobeevmd preahotor of future leadership W. Sane or these atodiee are cited in the following notion of this investigation. Wm») wemmunumormmm mtrmmmeppumwpmmmmmmmwu lemming) Ibiliw. using the W Biog‘phifll Intonation mm. the WM tome! mmammmnimo outwit-e 1mm Homilies). item nova-ins both vocation). end mentions}. activities. After item We with en mun criterion at office:- mom. thepooimreanedtomhitene. heron-validationuth e enmie of 13111} atrium yidded e nudity mum e: .33. Browne (193))e1eopreeente mumchmmmuwetm biographies}. intonation to tartan-trunk lend-re tron nonleedere. Hie results Med thet mantive leaderehip is oloed: rented to mbcehip in mid end profusion“. organisations. The number of eooin‘i end professional mum to flinch en motive bdonge immune with the level of position he holds. _ The concept of using previous leadership on a predictor of future moose is commuted by atndioa Vmioh and with pmietemy of leadership behavior. Page (1935) using 115 Best Point Cadets ee 20 enhjeotetomdthltflonrthmieedceupremeoofldbepndieted Immumleudrm mite. Mombeeedmeemimflon of retina onielderehip Iv fellow etudente end superior otnom. MOSEG) awemmmmnmmwmiuwamp mauamuuwmmmme. momma“ 200mm1eedreendmindenendtomdthet1eedeflhip pel'eietedinoouegeendemntylii‘e. Frequmt‘iy oocmyins e Ridership position or the enchanting of 1.qu muons is considered I criterion of lenderehip (Cowbell. 19558 Shift-10. 1956: Stogdin. 1955: Bambi-n. 1949). Carter (1953) end Henphin (1952) have proposed e dafixAtion of leadership in tm of leadership note. newton magnate that: 'e e 0 To lend ie to engege in on not which initietee e etnnmre in the interaction or othere apertoitheprooeee oteolvingelutnel pnohlen. e e' (1952. p. 15). London are then idmtiried w the mm" am with which they engage in ouch eats. This type of leadership criterion is moot mum. in e mm mm organisation our. leadership mm are won defined (Gibb. 1951+). W Lin-electing witmmrwrunnh. mama-immune u indented by Thorndike (3.9149) ere: Reliemity. name. m from bias. and pmtioaliw. Criterie which eppeered to be deficient in no one of those tom- upeote were rejected for inclusion in thie imtigntion. 21 mmmmmmmdmmw mvammmmmumuwm mMWthmmmu. 30W. nee-(191)»:mm1umpmameome: mammemmme. meme: mmuuiummmmmmmo: ite mmw for him: mun-ed Mention. We mmmmmmuummeumm Monument-nuiummmfi). mania-envy mummmmmmmuwmm breath-mun. Thaeteohflqneemeppueehietom- IMMG. mmmnmmummm We anmmmeltedtortmm: (oumtmmwmmummmumu enoh fee retel- bite. hole. and law. (b) For various Mott-auto mmmmmmmmwmmnma mtluemitntimmme. mmmmwmmemmemmm mmmmwimmm WNW“ mmwemummmwnammanu Wmimtofiee. Memdtendtedmneteueeeeue umwmmmumm. WWe-mdmmmmpmiwwuw mmmuhemmmmdmmimwuv (m 1933! W 1953). ”WWW 22 hWinChepthIe mememiwotmmmmu We. AnotherWotWMueent-rionmeie mmwmrwmmummunum. mmwmmnmmmmumm Wmmmom ummmheenamuedmeh mummtmmmm (dbadceiooket Mm mm the mm. (b) Laden are «it. WMMGMWOIMM (diluda'lhip «mmmmmmotiquo imuerelenntoritu'ion. mmmmmmummww mmmaummummumuw We. more (mammals-mmmmmnm “WWW Thu-Crime!“ (0mm “mtmmmm (mm-mammot- men'ontinetotine. (0)1'heintc'pretetionetiteunriee ”maxim (flmeeemeifytheirme Mite Mmmmimotewmel.moflm nottekethepoeitioathetmedtmimneemuthon mmtbthmmehofldbedimed. Wording“ Wmummmuummumnmw uemummortmqmdmmm 2) cmm II nmo MED PROCEDGEEE mm: foMWMWWIMIMIu muzzmmuummwemmummmomm We mmmwumw—mmm rammcm.mmmmsmwmwma “amnion“ Aumdmwuumwum mummummmm-memm nhwiohtit‘ie. ‘ mmmwwmnmw mmcmwmsioanmuuwzzm mmmmmmwnumm math!!!» mmmmrm.memmaammmm Ile- Mimwmummmmmmm mamnmmnmmummm. mmwmwoammmuwmm main. Wimwmmmmvta thepctmeettmteeixtimmw Bothtiret “Wimwmmm-pcmmummwu Wind. emu-vim hue ween responnhuity for eervriee mate mmmwmmmmummmw WW mwmmuewamm Wm.mmm. Mnettheeeeepmieeee 21b mmmpmmwmmmmmmeumm' “detluttmwe mmmam wmewmmmmmnuw. MWMWWWMmBBMOim mrmzlflfilnmfltm Int-Worm muwummmmumum wammmumamcmiwmm wumnmsmmim.mwor W the-anneottheminmIMneufimuth ewmetmmmuumuwzme: “manemmfimmmm «mow-ammnnuwmaum. nemideptehiiiwreetsmuntdlizudatMeg-mpm 19.609uthtwmtiuetfi76. Mummm miemmmmmm¢mm maemeumwuuummmmm Ahmw not (m e 19.“ em mm: 6.9). the» “Wmoapoeedottmeteetedmhmmiew maem.mdtmotepimmummm m- homomotemeie.mewiemaeidodintothreemen mummmmapmmuom).mcimsmmdw 0mm“ (csmgend'ntmee (I). momma ammo” iedtotueenhavieimottheenfiremieo (1)13“th 25 Memmflmmmmneudineupeutem. (ameemw-Ipiqeeeeeueumeieuhetmcmme ”maniacs-mom. mumsmehnmhmm iwnamuemumeummmem-eu ”(Wflmmwumende Mondale-pita). mmWW. however. didnot Mthemdimflfidaohmmjehtitle. hereto“. wmmmmmewummummnueu WeardetiWWMIitMnthemlee (0m mummumwm. meg-mm “thmmflWMendmthw mmuummmummm 0111.11!“th umunemaoemmcimsmememum-m 683.» t “ memdmmmufiumuwu “qudmhMelo man-Immunoa- M W e totei or 106 mm in! tithe. mammuemuuemmemmmdy mmqummtwm-umw memmmummmwm moo-donnin- mooupietedwmdq. Speeilu instruction :iventornpoodente “(MMWBMMB mm the mmphioei Infomtion manta-y (311). e criterion mom WMthiefludnettawtetomn-veymhreogondent'emtire 26 Ttble 1 Spain: Job titlee et map-ate In thie Imtiptien Job Title I“ 0! 3mm feet Center Sopd-eieor then-Iota Pleat Wt Siva-vim “amt 5w“ E Revenue Supervieor 0m“ Mite k3 Flinn-non Real-id W lint nine Supervisor Predation Control muse! nut superintendent Inepeetor Fm Office Swim-or rm Director mm Matinee 3; FFHPflFu Me 1 (cont) W State who. flauhquowuunr confirm.» PquuhnSaQIWfi. fluummr Lmyuumuu» Punuut MMmhflan Kuwnhmuc rune *umwmcunr EmTuMhnn sandmannu—u awn mauve unnunusmuuur nun» innumcmuemumr nauuun uanmmmo "mun HMJuNMI B kwwwuvcwwuwcwugwwwuvuw NununmtuuunuuwflnwmlWHMamsuuwuh) auunuaouuce “reunowuuur 6 Pflflihflomufl .3 9 lfim¢mfldflhmnuuawfluemnqufl Mumtmuuhe nunuunu Hmuflnnmw'unr “flaunua PanadOHMC annoyed”! unmwm memuthmuehnflue canon «mound» “Newmwnumswuunr uwemnflUe Pmuflumaunc Huwunvwwufiwwu Me i went.) Went of Commotion (case. We“) hunt.) Public Relation Executive 2 nu: Meme» 2 Civil W , 1 run Gene Restoration Bupenim 1 Bee-Mon wee 1 tweets-y Executive 1 men-ice, omen-c .1 37 mm mehinn m1 i'eziqahone 0o. om.» ”minor: Wt of Revenue Audit Clark mane Soprano? ioeoont Motive Wt of cm Wt Emotive Mount motive ceehier Aeoomtent omoe aloud Ipeilenti State 80mm Cool: Attendant Borne Smtreee Mn; Room Swan-or thietrie mu Dene tacit]. worker Phyaion Attendant Office Supernat- Peyehietrio mum-etu- Sopmieor of Rnreee reyehietrie none U nae-non HF!” NJ? NHHFPuuH Nl-‘u put-'5» Table l (Conn) W1 Ipeilenti stete Wit-.1 bout.) Ame Supervisor Kitchen Show»: motions]. Wet Director XI nook 81pm Dining Boon 5mm housekeeper :1 Luvs-draw» Grand Total for Inlet lends-momenta. rotunihutflemleedenhip “I!” m dudes! into three It... “nautical. mm. momma-1. momma-1 Manama-omen umuxmmeunmmmitnueuupm “Imam-mumm Iva-WWW mtheretoremvioedintethreeperte.eneperttoreeohorthethne Irene e: lei-dentin merino“. Item on the BI! eel: the respondent to reeerd 'uogrephieel' intonation tether that away mm. m: pace-em m eon-1m new to ovoid WWMMeWnutWMmeein «notation. elohe. teem. etc... were ”leadership" experienoee. he described inter. Judzee flute}: W the “index-chi? quliv ezthereepondonte' «Mutual ups-inane. themiepreemted “M0. MWHWWWMW 3X1. “dim Wed intonetien. akin; the pertieipnnt'e uemdthemofpeopleheNIMmeowm mahonutioneukedenthemumeettheeetetqui- mum. meeeqeeetieneereehoninAppendixsendr. AeonfimelMterieneoet-etoreeehpertieipnntmduived “wallowing-Inner: mnemamummupmog uMuwnumumetuu-mmuwme tulle. sujmummuimmt heath. mmmwumwmm.m mmpmm.MuWivm(m:-neh umemmnemmwetmmmt men. ammummwmum. 3. amtetmmmpmmmwm information qua-Wee cowl-teal: euperueore. Xenmeekedtomuthem e: mwnu-etetm. Inntmtonveeech veneto mmmuumbmwmmemabe www.mm. arm. wwuottheqflmetthe W'lmpwmuefi mtmmmmmmotmw mun into e toned mete-undone 101% or the Wuwmdveemeotlc 20$eeooreet 2; hofieeooreotaeaofiemeorhlfiemflet 5. Wmmwhpuedmmw mummthetmpmuded. madman. tothe ”pile. Proceednnmmmeeulutedmtm pflnafempletedmmtorne. Aludutormrpmiemuepmuho eeuetohenhedsmneladclmp “new. mmmummmmwummxcm D. mmummmmummmmm'omkmh adamant-1.1%”. hedfifieetethereepmeenven ”Wmmm1.3ud¢eemmdthemotpeopleeuh mum ThedneMu'aneMdcedeemxm-dmm munmmfiqmemhhewedmm. mmaemnmmmmmouummm ”theatre. hWtheMtemhflaemmm mummmmmundqmummmmm mmwwmmmwmqwummmum mumummmmmwumgmm. that. Mtjndgeemtheqmm 32 emmmmmmobteimdtormhnbjeettven mmmuthemecivmmehotthenineW. AthuidthmmduemfiMeritmmmm ”9%”. rofaomuuntaoqnentitmemlyeeehothfimnthe mm.csa.indt.endecroeemthreemupe.thesemeen. awacriterioneooreewmoonrertedintozworee. Muted: mmmm (dummsmwammnend (e) mumthreemwe. merdieun‘Veftheeeemfimeleritaion m.inm.cetedtyamumtmninejedgee,mmtedwwe We!tnt1mieeemxn1etian(mord. 1955). eeeoondutororitertooemreemderivedweeerimeeoh WMBHWbWth.MopedeIW he stated eeriier. the BI! is divided into three eeetimg mum. mm. end vooetionel ieederehip menace. mutant}. end evocation]. leederahip experiencee were eee‘imed pointe— in en idmtitei amen One mint was ”aimed for each response winch appeared to this euthor to reflectooomyugeieedeemx; petition. either poet or present. Vocational leadership mmmuumminthetollwiuem Ire reepondmt pram“; warned 13 or more people he an “aimed 3 point!" 6-12 people. 2 pod-nu: 1- 5 people. 1 point: 0 people. 0 points.2 The preeem venetian vocation held by euh respondent m then «eluted on e enetethmbeeiez Threeindioetingehifideyeeot 1W. 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Science Ream}: nominee 35 immumuiwmpmimmmrm Le “Mummmmuunammuuw «immoruedtvthenthefldottheerueiem recorded. Anettenptmeedetee-itdetiniflmthtmnrwim (“teammate Wen.eutetthielietel1, mum.zodmueetiomwetoeed. Menammmerded memnuotnommmmom ole-questionnaire tteeeeeurittentoeeeehettbnodetmuoee. meeenOit-a mmwumwnnmmmwnm elder. mmmmmiauimmmwm WW1“: Wm meleedereekee theermieetienperterhie eel: picture (Arm-u 19 53) . SBIItne ImutheernnieeuoIIpu-totm Definition: Leedu'ehip ie the m of Manning the eetivitiee orenorgenisedm inite eflerte toe-repel eettinz end pel ”Movement (swoon. 193)). ssztteee thmeiafleeeeeinneleetfinendned “Minamotherpminwowm nmflewmmuinpmemdu mummeumimwmmeu uWMdIMp. Muflmmmw ng.mmmmmmmm.nnm umuummmmuwmnmmmm. 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Barnum tortheeepereonewm WWMeotingotherpa-sommeeerimmeewmdomt bmmmwiamumwmmmmm Ho meant Mme: Wm maimed and Mainland lender mtowdtuegeendemuoninthetirettependhottaemW «netted. Formmmiteemolyeeeeondmtedemqeuimerimed WMWWWMGIWWMIW WWI-tented. mmmmmmmmmmxm Wauimmmwmnummim diet-mm eere charm The it. liter-mum. u eteted previously. we never. Seldom. mum. Orton. end “we. the dietribotim «mmnmmnmnmuummmaum 35 mmemuummmmnmmmmu imamum1w me. mm (1937) her mooted mworim-dmmmunesonemmnmm routine». mammmmmmchmmm. Mmoummmumaumm Iteee with phi «cornea-nu eignifioent et theIOS 1m). or Wewlmmedmrormmutheimmum enforcer-nudity. Anobdeeuvepreoedlnemthenneedtem thedtmfimmewbituddohmdbemidwmwe “maimed 1W direction. we prosecute me u follower (e) he www.mmmumnmnnmnmw «ed and Warned laden-e ehoee the item: eiternetivee m nuwmmewuuwumm (whoa-1m“ immemeoneideredthounmtimenmeideotthe nummumnmmmmmmmmmm w maimed leedere then Maud I“. M eltee‘neflm wadmdemwtotplnem mamummnmm «M by towel-now! leedere then maimed 1mm were eeeimd emeatermo. mmgusmmamummm Elma. eiternetivee townhnereeoneidered'ma-tmed leader Wmmmmmuamumurpmm mam. tiveeene,tm,enothree.ereeeneidered'inemerieneedieedc' mmwwmmmumorm. mmwmmmmmmmmm mmmemmwmemrumh'mau )6 rim" 2 Proeethre Deed to om PM. “ancients with m Madman Between Emeriemed end Lneopee'ineed Leedn Me suit-lee. 6: Grit-Imam Input“ Wed Leeder Leeder 1 1 i H. II. 2 o 3 2 5 1 1 I! 332' n :5 phi-JR W __ ‘ #‘ no ‘f “ m ladle-eup‘reepeeeeheme. women-«emu»: “without-ammo. MMWthd’ (omxmwnummme-wmim. (t)enu-eeiuineenteter1eeetheethenvepereutierdrmd (e)eniteeeeiunneelteterieeettntheeeeneutievd. mmwvammemuw wmmm—emnummmma theehqeenderitcieeeeeree. ”widen-dine” veueetiem (e) not. (b) can. end (e) Mar-csn ensue-d. no mun nine or eat «item- (mm. ewe“. “WhWMm-WWWW We of dittmee elm the urheet Iron-mat: Week 3? Wfifitbmmm Memiyeiemreetriotedtothe wwmmummmmhormmmer mmutheeoheritcion. amethemnmmonotegimitn ummmmmmummkq. mmvummmmwwmmw memsWtMe. rheniehigen mammanme-eeinteeeupmmaun mmwwmawummm drew r. 71 tee-lee. eel-red ee eveiidw retaliation maple. mmumkmmwmmmemewm eppiiedtemr. mmmmeieoeniieediemeetep. Ittinbereeenedttetenettenpteeeeedeteeontnete lendenhip eeele mt swam: eorreieted With intelligence teet m. wwmmmumwmmwmod'mm pained ind- me ehoee eeen intelligence tent emree were not ummmrmt. nwmmmmnmm- tilled. intereomhtioee m predictor eeoree. mummy feet coerce. end criterion W in thee-lid“: guardian» remievere estimated. The innuenee or intdnzenee teet eeoree upon predictor mmthmPMedent. Theeimtiemeefthediffme m the nudity sneer-11m Walt attuned with intdiime pea-tidied out end the velichw centralisation coefficient ehteined uithoet eentronm tor We no then computed. amntmudehhiidemwuuetmmed “mmbmlmwwlmmmmeiflufinted m‘mmnnthiemeeetheeeetentetemetit—euneh mmwewnwmmmmmnw “unintuitive-ted. Wit-emandedinhtwmeu mammmmimmnppnedumwem mamammwmreuwum teeieeeerutent. anthemettheeeteogroepeetiteee.ho Wammwmuumuumrwm mmmmmwflle“ We Otthemereinethodeoteonnan-Qerpettemmsieevme. Dittwentin‘i Linkage Analyoie «may. 1939) we: utilized in the pram-tuck“ toot thermotheoie that eMendeitnetioneir-eporte of envenomed leaders ere Wight-e11: different from thoee of inns-V pained laden. The purpose or mtrerenuei 14W ineiyeie (ILA) Leta differmtiate mhnubaofoneeriterionm heathen-lb. or when of mother criteria mop thet he ie eoet like: it ie usmedthethewin anbedifrerentietedtrtheemn resemble him lees. One amend: or no ie that the utilisation etth‘ie nmdieeepemeotuximaingthemotmeeieouted tron e netrix of inmnim. An indieetion er the desirehuiv etmioyinzeuthodotoonngnreieneiyniemmmenneeuw main proudedinereeent 1W investigationwamlc (19$). 39 Schiller etilieed Lingoee' Haitians-ion). Sodom WI W). euthodotemeieehiehtudetednieieethemetmee WMuereeuihiner-eeethedrdepmtw. 13W theimutioneethiereeeite.sohinereriteethet'...nthe mmmmewmmmmhtmu Wemumimmummmmu niMheIpitediflMee' WMMnflmnflimm inordertoinereeeetheeeebaetmee(er'eieetere')ebteined. Mmemuedintheeedumiwme.w.endcsa. Theeritcionmmmioyedeithtothmemtheerituimmuh yielded the hi“ Mdv Nefliedent in en! 11w minim. awewmmummwmimmmmm meetmeinmfimnimzemfiiewmeem. The inmeMmuedeefidrendcsa. thereforeedy mmunm 1e muses-immummiuuemw inteeeemieetybenpeflieore. anm’pfldflw (soniteereepmeeemmatpmmm manna matiiiredinthieetqa. Seventyiteneerefeendeethepreaetor. memmpmmdummedhyenw meet?!» 2. meuuixeteuemtmehteinedinetapu)m new into tour notion” (e) Upper left—Emcimed Leedere \Iith M :1 A 4‘ 5111191133531 itemeitenntimmminedinuehe-nneree to acetone to the median of the dieteihxtion of the frequency eith mob theee eiteemtivoe were olweon. Altmtivee Never. Seldom. end Oeoeeieneuy eonetitnted one am. Lita-neuron Often end Aime mutated the eeoond oetegory. ‘30 Experienced Leedm. (o) Lover left-ammo“ London with maimed Lender-e. (0) hope right—mum“ Leedm'e 21th WW London. (6) Lower ugh-maimed Leedu'e 31th Inmerienoed Lenders. 3. Merimedteedereieetmmeieoietedeeingdeteinthe we! left notion Iv fluent“: Linkage Analysis (may. 1957). Wenoedteedereluotmereehominmpreeamm int-1m 3W9Wwedtmeereindieetedweepiteiiettm mlooedinecirelez Inemerimedneedereereindioetedwnn letter. “heathen“!!- 1}. 'Imerimed Leedere em etteohed to maimed Leedere. eeinctheinfomflmobteinedtmnthemperrighteeetionotthe Intrixotegreeomt eooree. AnInmerimedLeederehofinathe higheetwmtuithenmcienoedteederie'etteohed' tohin. ru- min. in thenppea' right mumdmeorumx'mm 17). Mutated Leeda' e mree Wt with manager.“ D3 Inemerienoed Leader b eooree him with maimed Leeder 0; end manned teed” q room mm with Examined Leeder 1'. Con- eeqmtiyinngerea. e ieehomtobeetteohedtonwedotted um. Inngnreh.bieehmmtebeettochedt00byedottedme. InflamquirehomtobeetteehedtoPWIdottedlmeo meuzaperrighteeotionettheeetrixmetudiedjoinmviththe mimmtiontodeterunereoiproefl. relationehipe. Formie. mmmorimodbmemfmdtebemreiikemerimed Lendero thenhe ielikeemothw maimedheeder. Wimlett ’41 WNMWthWUIdLWOHHM mmaIan-xudmlmnumowmmud m. mmmaaommmnuounam w. wommpmumnnmbwndomumnu mm. ammuaumuwumb‘m. mmmmauo. ”mom‘s” mmmmuodenwum-m mumps-awn“. , 3. swammmmmmmmunuu Mmdmnuflmt WWI-“Wm mmmaunmmmmummm mzywnwwymmm “anti-comm Mulls-MG. mmmmmuwummu mmmmmmmntsnmoxmm For “minute-autumn“. WMMMAMW Mnmmmmarkuummumwmm mumunmswnatmnumtmm mum- “mafimtmaumumwummm nu. mmmmwmmmnuum mummmuxmmm. 6. mommmmumka5mmm MnMotleVW.mewm motWonm mluhummmmuu mmmomMWuW—umum What-mum mmquwmatflbm mmcmauwwumummnuw mafiamhnpmlu 11.2 7o mmuumamwmmmmomu to mmuu nah Maud m be: thn Inna-timed Lmuummmwmummmmw mmmmmummuummo. flit-mos. Mmmmumwomuum:m MMOummmwm.hm.mpmma ”munwommumam. bunch mammpmxmwmmwugm Mum. 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Smouhmdomfmmdl‘wbothwmdmd Madman“. mmuommmmm mummmnmm unmmommodammmemtm mmammuanmww bromnatnnmmhmolmmmhmmmd manomwmtmwummnmmmmuu Munumm Mommmumwpmn; matmmummkqmm. mum-laud meomwmmummammuaunmmm Witmonmammmdmmomohmumuth mmmmodnmmnmmmm rue-mum whoWthmttthmemm «We. wt «was. (them 1:“ than bio «m1... Mommas: unionlmxpcflmodmw m1“ mm with mwmmmmmamaum mmtmmmommmomchnmmuam mmmmmzmmnummtmmuimautn «Mum. wept 25: step 70. 11111.: of the criterion vanished www.mmmmmmmuxmummxmm amused: amcxnmwawnmumuq. 11m ummmuaum.mmnmuaomwmm mmaamommumnumuwuummum nmmr.(Awmp01ntUw1:ouode.)Foa-muplqfl mmxunmmusmmuu Lmdlm bmmwmmmmmuomummmm ammommuumx. 45 rho romtmmmmmwmm mmumwuommwmmmmn W‘Ugwaw.905 m-u.g+3.goat.s memmmmmummmmm. mwfmomumfionuthl“Standalmflutvifih Ln Elma." to an mutton as many. mom. in my one wwwamummmmmmmuu. 13$th MIWdNWMMNMMQWMde mummmmommmm. 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Inordwtomuu “Wafmwmhmwmmu. “madam." wumhwmaMcmm-pmmmmu ‘Msmcodumar. 2. mm: investigationnAmausodme‘lytopma comm-n: neared criterion. it is theoretically pessim- that awn-mmmmmmmpmmmummm cum-Lon. man-a1 mm might. be mm in madam m at. ”lyrical: adored criterion. Such t pommzty 19 commend WarmMmm'oh. 3. mummmmwmworth-Wsmm Moped far this mammal. m messed. An applied stud: mam be prelim carried out men wild attmt to mess the mute mmw 01‘ the MM m. m mums.» momumomdmeasluaaamumdauceum'ddllubo mmchtcHMOmmuon-mmmmuot ludmma 3.- ‘ho twpotheaes about the differs-ma). ad! and 31th mom of maimed Indies: maimed loam were remand an mommozumcomusmmmmmormssnm: 112 (I) mmmdlmumblm manned 1mm www.mmmummmm-uum ma. (1:) manned laden in m to 1m lip-dud Indusmlmomnmwmtumuthmmmm mu. MWdab‘MWhWnfi 113 CHAP‘I'H! V Sit-HER! LED COMLIEIOflS mam-oum-mmumuwmdm momtwummwulmmmmmm their mm" contribution do my. mo mun «new: or mummmmhodamwummuwtm Lavatory and mm at law-Mp. M mu you dovdopod; uwmmmmwsnw:mmmm m (311)» the 531 could-u of 70 1m: x 'dW.‘ and 35 "and Th. 311 mm o. respond-it's 1M3: mu “.mmmm The MM. Narmada. IndlnMMMmmm h 39km”. mum—4263:1- quw-om: m CSM'IS civil "rue. pox-sound. along with 19 double actor mm W: mupF-oéacifll umwmmmmmrmo panama. rho Brannon m poured in turn was (I) condemn... 0mm qualitative «alum iv an. Judges; (5) 1t. W. objective ovulation: w tho 1mm and (o) n mo of (a) and“). Manamumrlngkqs. Mapdmmbuunor Wt“ WW! found in tin Wand am}... an utilised in man-manna. mm out of 27 emu-unfit 00011101.!!! m Want “0'de the .051“. The» mum Medina-.016 m J28 nth Indian: .199. WWW: WQAWfiddod «WWWthmuhcu-umnm mud uni-ton. Tho mane key with tho highest muonudiw coefficient 1.15 In mud n M P (tho nudity calculation ample). yielding "mango: .le finch admwammumxa “Gunman“. kaMmu-vdidatodwm Wagdotamn-umnmfiy wmmamtmum. mm item. no scoring kw mind to the may gala-tuna“ mommummmqmmumtmumm 1m. lathe tho in“ as: “ham 1%.- mud-d swam: Mod a significant managing: to the marina. A mm mm Pmodm'o appuod to taunt. mm mm. ”dud m Mahmud Leader and um Imam-laud Lad. lulu for m m. and Wm manhood ad um. Imagined Load. and“ for mug CSR. Whoa tho «1). frequencies for ma MB! and 633 we canhdmd 1n the mas-mam "an. (than "tuning within mmmumuodmwm my) mom. mo mama... 3.53 (p<.os). Outbound-hind. meant-1m mum- proooduro applied to isolat- ‘31 “helm {mod to unite» aim. «at. dross-validity. Mamas» .1131»...thqu aqua-rumma- nudnuonn «mph Madalydnuntz‘mu onlytmanncrou m Maw-053 criterion Z door“ we Mixed (:2 II 3.0.53). Gmflgnrd We «pressed in term or pndmt-mmnt ”mum did not unite“ significant. cross nudity. nthougb 11m mm. more W yieldod gimme man-undiw than an: mum Win. it: reign" maturity «or unusual unlin- could a» be 4mm both methods 3mm significant omwuv shun thus: results um upmad in term or the non tppmmto statistical pram 115 0n tho huts or that. mu 1% is concluded mu (a) 5:1: and umuom report- of wound laden at both «tourism-my md dimionany Mutant tron thou or mum-uncod Indus. (b) Both tn. trait and amuona than» or luau-sup an useful in tho construction of 1m M leadership “human. An wpothoau m formant-d thlt cum-loud louder: in contrast to has marinaded 108de mart mo 00mm. about tho Idaquacy of mm relationship. with em: you): and report has oomdanco about m a: tholr pan-now. arm-ammo... 116 Y“ a" 3‘ 5° 9“ 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. camm VI BIBLIOCRAPH! m. c. momma-arm mum. my. 1953.3. 93-55. Ala-min. 31mm. wrwvwmdlm WIMfi Whm M. 0.10M. .5: -* ' ‘ fl. 1519:5270 (Wt) “maudndfiarhmhx. muuudlum“ amnion. down My 1910,3537“. Bun. 8. $1.. Mum. Con. mundlmr‘uum Wtdfl m ”m. ‘0 m. We. 19a M. 30".. 0831.31th Mwminlm magma Ian-a. gm. m1” 97.30.16 mafia.fi6).v 3' Duo. 3.1!. moluddmmdimuulm mama-M mm" 195”. 2. 470407. Whiz. Lmdmpcmwotumlmu connect in thc mum sutu- . m. :m..1925. a. muse. ' i m. m... c. a. study“ mfiwlndnnm inhuman I. 500m m put-mn- i- ml.- mm... 199. 2. 12-15. man. J. J. Shunt!“ wmtuddimnuot pew-um I.- m- mo 1mm}... 19?. E.- W- Cmpbou. n.1'. Loadarflupmdiu «:mmmm. m mm~m.mmum.mn mums. cm. 1.. J. Han. magnum». mum” 1955.5 “z . 1913. cm.t..r..mmnm. ummummw mmmmulmmwmmmrm. m. in WC. 1919' at 255-251 113 1. 2. 7. 8. 9. 10. n. 13. cm VI BIBIJOGRLPR! Arena. 0. San. mm.- o: manta}. mural. m1" 1953. 2! ”'55- um. 81“ m. Penman W and 1M. W 19‘6- éfi- $590. c. M. ”.3: "‘. ‘ fl. 1819-1827. (IN MlfigdeFoflo manual“... flm hm” m.19£.25 397400- “. Bonoowm. Con. Mdemmufl) Wadm Maw-lam. 1. m. m... 195'). M. B. No. it .1. 51““ m FM” W “I“ m 19 930016 mmm Wm mm. 53.6? Ban. 8.1!. mludcimm umunlm mum mm mm" 199}. 1. mm. Who. Amumpmwamxmu gmgmmmsum 1.mm.zm.1926. Bram-.6. a. smumunxmmpumma I. Wmmttm. {.mm..19$.2.1245o wufl. Jo ’0 3m” 0‘ oat-commt .- ‘ W91! 0: pmv. l. m. m. W0. 19?. fl. W6- cmm. n. r. Ludorsmpmm armmm.m .m mm. mmomv-mmnao-nms. Win-I. u... noun-mach. madam..1955.m. MO schedurundmm. ummumm mmmmulmmvmmmrmt mm. 1. m. 1919. $2. 2am 118 1‘. 15:- 16. 17c 13. 19. 20c 21. 22. 23- 25. /'25. 27. 28. m * Am m “Mamet. Metamotfléhfllm. tom-0‘0 may 19”. b 3%330 cum-1 am . A. (mi ' W. mum. mfi“&‘pfi‘§a and 0mm. 1% W. H. E. Pchlud-nmp. m. m. 19158. g. 97-107. U n. mammal-1n tho-Wofludas. 1. $3: &- mm. 1928. 23. mar- mmu. Amouudnmp. m.mm..19h~. 15.285489. 1mm. WI inventory of «1: mm“. Papa N “tixbtbnhnmalmotmmmgzotqu Wm. and Letters. Am Arbor. moms-n. mmfa’m“m3' 1;“ “I. no. 900‘». Do Ho. mm. W. In. a Km. 2. A. o W.I Mad. marquee-34mm“ 18“ thnnfiobém . m Ls.sd£pmmmmm1nmaammw anti. 1. 39,. mm... 195%. £- 3094 . f not. mow. E. n. mtmdmwnmm mm... 1953.1. 301-205- mm. c.» mpnmmummuat1m. 1.”. ”am" ”“7013'257'28'” W. '7. “_L";..‘..‘:.‘,‘ 2' ammhgmm 18%? iv H mo. 19 p. 871-920. «mm 11.1.. wmmuum W M 1955- u “SI-wa- J 0 MM}, m Indus-flap and pwv 31:99: in» m. map. 1955. £0 523-6270 fl. 3.. 33- 3“. 35. 36. 3o 33. 399 ‘60. a. ‘32. “3. 3:20:43. P. PMVo lam: Wham. Owl-11km 3‘ W In tom Mum-thaw. In... 19:). Wt. I. 6.. mm m. Mum-mun fihow‘ggaimiwmt IV. “imam-1.30: WC. “ “I. m. cm. 19,0: .23.. 37'4"}. . mph-m. J. I. swam noun-nu 1M. m m mmmmmmm. 19'». no. 3. napkin. J. x. Mail-Maw. mad-unmet. one am. an". PM W Boa-d. 19.9. Kathml. min-imam”: no not. ”0111 N10. “0 in mu. 1m. .39 ' Judas. w. 0. A III“! or lad-whip Mn lull We aim to Ilium prom-I. gm. mu 19W. 5 9h??- ntl. I. 3. AMdMWVdmm-ummm :umumptommmnm-Momcpm mm doctoral dissertation. am am.- [luv-nun 1956. Mow. A- I. W "HM: mu 31°." 195'" ' www.mh Emma“ MMdW mum. W mt. mam-1v mm... Duo-be. 1956. Magda. nmwmwmmw galvofiqusovww m m m m. 0 t o manna. Jammmkmwtmmunp mm-mMLu-unmm maul». m mm. M" 1953- IQ- M0 Humility. L. L. {Affirm may 1- In. 1mm m. mmmnuandru. Bog. ,. 4 u. *5. b7. #3. ‘59. lg. 53- Hedi. P. L. C 1 .' 165471. mgr-llamas. gum-m. 913.]... Kaye. a. mum. 8.2.. pmvmmanw «mam-at mm. 1,. m. am“ 195». 2- 73-80- Horthrup. G. 1. 50m dmu «zwp u “Mum 1m. W 1.. 1955. 3 161.183. 00M. A. 11. My. A W“ that. Wan-d doctor-1 W was. at mum-us. 1953. P189. D. P. Hanan-mt m Milan “ 1M. “0 in m» 1935. 3. M3- Pmmps. B. 5.. mama)... u. v. nanmapuunud mummumummmm otuhoolohnm lam-W01955Uaomm m. 5.1-3... “W. 30:. mmmeMfltflp 333.215.?0 mum pm. m Rm" 193:. 19,. m. L. H. mm salt mapflms of mm m 1111. workm. J0 Q3910 P33011010. 199. M. 105-1030 W. L. w. memafintnmwmmm with “mama pox-ma and with ape-nun um imam. J. “)1. PM» 1939. “3. 183-187. We. H... 5!. Rdaumslnpa W the salt concept.- «It ideal concept. and mm. ggw 5M, 1957 u. so. 2. ~09. ’ Rea. R. Grow mums mdleadm'smp. m 1912. 5. 573-33“. may at. and m. C. E. Em: tort: ”mention Press. . ' W 5.3..Indflmlt. ma; Mum” Mentor pmmlitw mares:- I. College leadership in at“. Gardenin- «anti... 1. m. m» 1943, 12.- 237.2%. fl. Mat. 3. A. Pm; tests Ind prediction. In H. 13. Prayer and E. a. Km (Eda. . .--. ‘. y :. 101‘!!! W 1999 13249i. 121 60. Sumner. K. W in am 1% «sum A “We immanent. Wed doctoral damn... Michigan auto umw. 19$. 53. 66. V67. 68. 69. 70. 7.1. .'.~:.-.'.'.-u.,:.lr q “W torts Haw- Smith. 3. a. Social Wu and m Pmmfln m m- m" 1952. 3. 175-20“. swam. R. H. Pal-m1 futon anoint-d nth 1M: 1 mg or the 11mm 3,. W... 19118. 25 35-71. V Susan. R. n. Luau-chip. nabs-ship intimation. m. w" 19$. 22. Mb. Shem. 8.3..Ind8hlfllc. 60L. 119%!!!“de Mama" 1.0131119.“- m. 309 80. We 33.. 30.00 0M0 5““ mm" 1955. Thorndike. a. L. W flu tort: “human: 30”. wt. 19’69. m. R. J.. md m. D. a. Buddy-um: mun-1v content or a 1mm saw W... 19149. 3,. 1337-13. Wilma. 8.3..mdLuflthml. WW“. predictor “minty 1mg». {.mp Emu 19"}. no p233-291 Van man. A. O. Hm hula-hip mam mm" 19%. L. 57-69. Lppmdxh a “new «mm m 123 MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY EAST LANSING DEPARTMENT OF PSYCHOLOGY The pm-pose or this letter is to seek your cooperation in a research prograa which night prove of mtual help to both of us. The general purpose of the research is to atteupt to differentiate leaders from ncnleaders. after controlling for certain relevant variables. In amlysing the results. both conventional and newer. more refined statistical prooedureswillbeueed. Theultinstepurposeistodevelopaninstrment whichwillaseistinthe selectionotnentor supervisoryandnenagerial positions. ' In the prospectus and other material enclosed. full details of the proposed stunt are presented. including the instrments which will be used. The prcmectus presents the stuchr in its broadest application. We are willing to adapt the stunt to the individual facilities and interests of your organization. To execute the proposed research. approximately two hundred supervisors would be required to complete the questiomaires. It would require a nucim of one hour and a half for a supervisor to complete all four questionnaires. After the etucw is completed. we would present to your organisation the 11111 results of our findings to use at your discretion. In reacting to this proposal you might appreciate having sons background information about no. I'm currently working on a Ph.D. in industrial psychology at Michigan State University. under the direction of Professor Louis L. HcQuitty, Head of the Department. I graduated at Hunter College in June. 1956. cm lauds and Phi Beta Kappa. I received a Master of Science degree in psychology at Purdue University in August. 1957. I recently received a national Science Foundation Fellowship which will allow us to devote m1 time to w research this sumsr. IV dissertation topic hasbeen fullyapprevedbymrccnnittee. Thenext step inmreeesrch requires the actual collection of data. -77.“. p.— ,- Vt ~2- It you feel your organization might be intere stsd in participating in this research. please notify us at your earliest convenience. Specifically, I would like to know! 1. Under what conditions would you be willing to furnish subjects for the sandy; 2. 'Jhatst'eps would it be necessary for me to take in order to conduct w research ' in your organization: 3. The tentative date on which I might be authorized to conduct the research. I would, of course. be delighted to come to your office to talk over this matter it you think there is likelihood of assistance. Thank you for your cooperation. Sincerely yours. W Jo mm hoionlres AJD/ob MB Ferns mmmclmlmumaunmm 1-25 0'.- eat. ”u up .1.“ as r...” r... I i -\ r» no. (u G 3 \a wt. . a... 1.. .‘u 8 w to.” .U’ .L P. 0v 5... 1. 1 IF. .7... hrs I .t u.. i. 3 "I ‘_s, .“ i .-.. .6 .1 is ‘| ' ..I. «la “J I ' ff.» 8 AL u. l mu. HT. 7.. l O. fi\ l.‘ .1... a. ....\. . . . I a .u .v 0‘ I... f a... .II 1...- l... . \ [FIL r! ,e ‘ :1 O G =. u m .1... k. .6 LL e o e v All. On. In 6.... its '0‘ '7‘- .1 ctr-HID 8 .L f :3 «we. 91. or". .0) {O 92. (“PD 70. 7) OJ 4“? ‘1‘} #1.... iv. . P... Q, C(nPJ.‘ .’ Hil- l "Jo-fr. r0 G, “'0‘! r... .3 \. I. pl. .9 PD. 6e ‘ C-“ I. .1, 3 x) 9 ~m‘ 1 D l"' 3") .. new.” .\1 CJ 'I” '7‘, C) C. u! ”9, .' o e w) J. as. If. my 73' 3’. ..¢ :4 119 1-. «U 12¢ V... 3 or." I. .i. an. n .3. P: “ mu . .1... m -h‘ II'IV 101. 13 a... 14. me ‘ 102. Mary" 7) 101: .m 5 .m crn'Y‘u H .0) 5.) e on- I‘- 5.. ... M! ’4: J. r.- . KL. .' 5'. v 1-.. AC 8 .017 Ga .22.).1. In: '. .IV- ‘. ’. \r ‘C. ‘7‘.“ "..;.my :' . -" (.9 7? .. w . t ’- . .v r o .. .1. . Id) 1.0.0. .2. u fl. m. m a . D .. .1 n. V I aim J . 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J I1.’ 3. . ,s-v . w "5 “WE u.-r-‘c'{1- ‘» Appeal: D Forced mat-1m Fm: m Appeal: c J . . > , '7 ’ ,- «J S. ' '\) \ vw‘ -. ‘.. .b 'J‘lfr - ‘ r4 ., - - ‘ f. ,' . 3‘. a ":3: '. ': I ‘.-'. 32L- ) 7. .' n ‘ 7 F " ,:.~ ‘ t?- :rr. --«' 15"“. :1 a: ' ‘ ’~4' I'vv‘ _~’ rg‘v 7“ HE; C”) \Uk‘ 014’ “J!" ‘2‘ 'E" 0:36. an" 7" 1-:- '::'V:- run I 'm It“ ,~-.- #32 um "-‘v' "f“ '1. L :7.» ., . .Z‘Y' a»). .1 2 I: "J ('13. ‘ l u" w“ a“. 4.7.. r“ em ’ ~29 art» 0' ~ ‘3 “ ,' 5‘. ;.—,__v~ «I.- \.-I .‘Q‘.' . ) ft D ‘1 Agtrpmflx E W Instructions to W cm). saga. 13) GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS We are asking you to participate in an industrial research project being carried out at Michigan State University. There are three separate questionnaires to complete. Specific directions are found on the first page of each questionnaire. All completed questionnaires will be returned directly to the campus at East Lansing, Michigan. Your division will only receive information about the study as a whole. No information pertaining to specific individuals will be given to your division. Since these results will be used only for research purposes. and have absolutely no bearing on your Job, you are asked to answer each question as accurately as p0881b180 After completion of the study, copies of a report of the findings will be given to the State Personnel Director and to each cooperating state agency. Thank you for your cooperation. Andrew J. DuBrin, Research Director Please ansWer the following questions: ' Class Title Number of people you supervise Age ' Sex Education (Circle the" correct answer) Grade ‘ School L2 years B-h years 5-6 years 7-8 years High School » * '1 year 2 years 3 years it years College. , 1 year 2 years 3 years it years Graduate work ' mm! ts a Rwandan mm Data» ms. 11 GENERAL msmnonous We are asking you to participate in an industrial research project being carried out at Michigan State University. There are four separate questionnaires to complete. Specific directions are found on the first P880 of each questionnaire. All completed questionnaires will be returned directly to the campus at East Lansing. Michigan. Your oomany will only receive information about the study as a whole. No information pertaining to specific individuals will be given to your company. Since these results will be used only for research purposes. and have absolutely no bearing on your Job. you are asked to answer each question as accurately as possible. Please answer the following questions: NAME 1m ENGATICN (Circle the correct answer) Grade School 2 years it years 6 years 8 years High School 1 year 2 years 3 years it years College 1 year 2 years 3 years it years , Any other schooling POSITION (If supervisor. indicate level of supervision: 1st. 2nd. 3rd. etc.) Thank you for your cooperation. Andrew J. DuBrin. Research Director NON: If you want a personal report of your questionnaire results. please complete the following: HOME Anmss (Go on to next page) Appmdix 0 tion Invurtozy ' meal Inform. 31031“? 132 INSTRUCTIONS: I. II. arommm maximums may Following are a.number of questions asking biographical information. For some questions it might be difficult to recall exact information. Please do not leave these questions blank. but give approximate answers e High School Clubs. teams or organisations in which.you were a member 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. College Clubs. teams or organizations in which you were a member 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. Offices or positions held in each. if any 1. 2. 3. h. 5. Offices or positions held in each. if any 1. 2. 3o ’4. 5. (Go on to next page) III. Clubs. teams or organisations outside of school or business (examples: Elks. Country Club. Bowling Team). flame of Club. team or organization. Position or title held 1. 1. ___ 2. 2. _.a 3. k__ 3. u. 4- 5. 5. 6. 6. 7. 7. 8._AA 8. 9. 9. m__ IV. Vocational or business positions held during the last ten years (list present position first: next most recent. etc.). Number of Promotions Name of Organization Title or Position Received.in.Each l. _~A l. l. 2. 2. 2. 3- 3. 3. 1.. a. 1+. 5. 5. 5. 6. 6. 6. 7- 7. ' 7. 8. 8. 8. 9. L__. 9. 9. 10. 10. 10. (Go on to next page) Appmdix. fl Self-Situational Inventory 13" SILT GONWT INVENTORY 1mm INSEUCTIONS: Following are a list of statements about men in positions similar to yours. After reading each statemnt. you are asked to check how well YOU rm the statement applies to you. Remember. the best answer to any question is your personal Judgment of how well m FEEL the statement applies to you. EXAMPLE: 0. I am very good at dealing with other people. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always AL (The person who answered this statement felt it applied to him m.) l. The members of In group think I can get them what they want. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally _____ Often __ Always __ 2. I influence people around me more than I am influenced by them. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ 3. I control others in the pursuit of a comon cause. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ 1+. I create conditions such that sy position eventually becomes necessary. Never __ Seldom _____ Occasionally _____ Often __ Always __ 5. If the members of my group took a poll. I would be voted the leader. Never __ Seldom ____ Occasionally ____ Often __ Always __ 6. When I move in a particular direction. others follow me. Never ____'_ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ 7. I an accepted and noticed by people under me. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often Always 8. I help people reach a goal they think is desirable. Never __ Seldom _____ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ , 9. My authority comes from the people under me. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often ...... Always __ (Go on to next page) 10. 11. . 12. -13.. 11+. 15. 16. 17. 18. 20. 21. 22. -2- My goal is to "become one of them.” Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ Many of my actions disregard the ideas of members of the group. Nevor'____ Seldom __ Occasionally“ Often __ Always __ My acts increase my understanding of and my knowledge about what is going on in the group. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ I stress linking it possible for members of an organisation to work together. Never____ Seldom___ Oooasionally____ Often___ Always __ I exert more influence in goal setting or goal achievanent than most other persons in aw organization. Never ..... Seldom _____ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ I get things done on the basis of my own initiative. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally _ Often __ Always __ I help the members of the group to learn from their emerience. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often g____ Always __ _ I keep responsibility for making decisions wholly within the group. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ I help the group to determine its procedures. Never ____-_ Seldom __ Occasionally _ Often __ Always __ I prod men under me toward achievement and effort. ~ Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always _____ I set levels for achievement and effort. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ Some of any acts express disapproval of the men under me. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often Always __ An important part of In Job '1. to keep group members informed. lever __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ (Go on to next page) 23. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32- 33- 34- 35. ~3— I help bring about the sharing of information in my group. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ I help individual members adJust to the group. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ I try to act on behalf of the members of my group. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often Always n“ O‘— Mixing with the men under me is an important part of aw position. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ I help bring about mutual cooperation among people. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ A large part of m work involves exercising authority and making decisions. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ I plan my day‘s activities in detail. Never ______. Seldom _____ Occasionally _____. Often _____ Always ____. I see that a member is rewarded for a Job well done. Never __ Seldom Occasionally ___ Often Always __ I have members share in taking decisions. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally _____ Often __ Always __ I put group welfare above the welfare of any member. Never _____ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ I draw a definite line between my self and the rest of the group. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always _ I get approval on minor matters before going ahead. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally _____ Often Always I maintain definite standards of performance. Never ______ Seldom __ Occasionally _____’ Often __ Always __ I set an example by working hard myself. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ (Go on to next page) 37. 38. 39. 41. 49. .11.. I yield to others in a discussion. Never __ Seldom ____ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ What other members of my group attempt to achieve means a lot to me. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always I try to keep things as they are. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally____ Often __ Always I follow the guidance of the group. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally _____ Often ____ Always I am successful in getting other people to follow me. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally _____ Often __ Always I organise new ideas and practices. Never ______ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ I believe firmly. defend doggedly. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often _____ Always __ I always get the Job done. Never ____ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ I keep my eyes open for opportunities to advance. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally ____ Often __ Always __ I act superior to members of my grow). Never ______ Seldom ___ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ I stress being a socially acceptable person in my mixing with other members of the. organisation. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ I stress getting the Job done. Never ____ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ I'm aware of the opinion of group members on matters important to them. Never _____ Seldom _____ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ (Go on to next page) 50. 51. 52- 53. 54. 55. 56. 57- . 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. -5... I am successful in maintaining "esprit de corps" among the members of my group. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ I help the group organise itself. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally ______ Often _____ Always ____ My actions influence the organization rather than individual persons. Never __ Seldom ____ Occasionally _____ Often ____ Always __ My aggressive actions help me control peeple under me. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally ____ Often __ Always ____. It is through special abilities that I can control other people. Never __ Seldom ____ Occasionally __ Often ____ Always ____ I possess certain abilities which distinguish me from the rest of the group. Never ____ Seldom ______ Occasionally _____ Often __ Always __ I am able and willing to assist group members in doing what they want to do. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ I am very sure of most of my actions. Never __ Seldom ____ Occasionally __ Often _____ Always ______ I'm pretty well able to size up nw own assets and abilities. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ My approach to my Job is characterised by my ambition and drive. Never _____ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always ___. I work hard all the time. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally ______ Often ___ Always __ I'm enthusiastic about most of my activities. Never _____‘ Seldom __ Occasionally ____ Often __ Always I find working with my group interesting and challenging. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally ______ Often __ Always __ I seem to talk more than most people. Never ____ Seldom ____ Occasionally ______ Often __ Always __ (Go on to next page) '- 64. I bring about acts which help solve mutual problems. Never _______ Seldom _____ Occasionally _____ Often w Always _____ 65. I generally get along with almost everyone in my group. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally Often __ Always 66. My actions tend to increase cooperation among group members. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often _____ Always __ 67. I follow routine to the letter. Never __ Seldom __ Occasionally ____ Often Always 68. I consider the organisation part of me. Never ____. Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ 69. The group is dependent upon me. Never ........ Seldom ......... Occasionally ________ Often ______ Always ........... 70. I am easy to understand. Never _ Seldom __ Occasionally __ Often __ Always __ JM 3/31/59 (a. on to next page) 1100M“ 0““ wag“; 3 ' ’t 0am" LEE-$61932 a