‘ gaiuate 1 a if: s, U‘ ‘ ‘Dc 13““‘1. “Q‘ bmen. H non, ,r. ‘4 “p Ugh?“ \ ”We‘ ‘ VS 35?“: ABSTRACT AN INVESTIGATION OF GRADUATE PASTORAL COUNSELING PROGRAMS IN SELECTED SECULAR UNIVERSITIES AND SCHOOLS OF THEOLOGY by William J. Donaldson, Jr. The study was designed to investigate and appraise graduate training in pastoral counseling in selected theologi- cal schools and guidance departments. The selection of the institutions involved was based upon their accreditation and upon their indication that they currently permit religious workers to secure a degree while working in counseling with a pastoral emphasis. Theology schools included are those having full accreditation in the American Association of Theological Schools. Guidance departments included are those listed in the 1959-1960 edition of Preparation Pregrams and Course Offerings in School and College Personnel'Work, United States Department or Health, Education, and.welfare, Office of Educa- timn. The sample included theology schools and guidance de- Partments which indicated that their institution currently pemmits religious workers to secure a degree while working in counseling with a pastoral emphasis. The study was nation- wide for comprehensiveness. Respondents were requested to answer the items in relation to their pastoral counseling Programs. The responses were tabulated in terms of percentages. w . Ya c e I _ 1 I . m .l a t .9 “be r “a a C t H». Q5 8 e I: . rp— D d P up & .uE .11 m «“0. of Place :,.a William J. Donaldson, Jr. Data obtained through the normative survey question- naire included the following topics: The Institution and Department, Origins of Pastoral Counseling Programs, Inter- disciplinary Character of Programs, Courses Contained in the Pastoral Counseling Sequence, Effectiveness of Preparation in Particular Areas, Nature and Scope of Internships, Nature of Placement Services Provided, and a section on additional information including suggestions and comments, percentage of students working in various levels of graduate study in their program, and the availability of printed information con- cerning the training program. Findings and Conclusions l. Non-theological private and state institutions are realizing their part in training pastoral counselors is needed. 2. Many guidance departments are realizing the need of identifying a program sequence in pastoral counseling. 3. Guidance departments presently emphasize for pastoral counseling areas typically required for all guidance students, but some recognize the benefit of interdisciplinary studies for ministers. hm Admissions policies for ministers into guidance departments seem.to be largely the same as those for ad- mitting regular guidance students. 5. Seminaries realize the need for more advanced training in pastoral counseling. of Di 1:. place to. I H I aéequate C V. greatly f 9. Personal 4 PEStOI‘al ‘ ll. William J. Donaldson, Jr. 6. Many theology schools offering only the Bachelor of Divinity degree feel their programs do not give adequate place to pastoral counseling. 7. Many seminaries are revamping curricula for more adequate pastoral counseling training. 8. Instructional patterns in pastoral counseling vary greatly from one theology school to another. 9. More theology schools need teachers trained in the techniques of counseling as well as theology. 10. Academic credentials are more important than personal contacts and entrance tests in admitting students to pastoral counseling programs. 11. Both guidance departments and schools of theology emphasize interdisciplinary areas of psychology more than other allied fields in their pastoral counseling programs. 12. There seems to be a nearly equal balance between theoretical and technical emphasis on kinds of courses con- tained in the pastoral counseling programs. 13. Reports on extents of effectiveness to which gradu- ates are prepared in particular areas seem.to stress func- tional skill over subject knowledge. 1h. Theology schools seem to utilize various kinds of hospitals for their internships while guidance departments seem to rely more on social agencies and counseling centers. 15. The primary type of placement service provided in both types of institutions are permanent placement files for graduates including biographical information, academic information and employment records. c‘ents rc pastoral greater 1 IE . CCSCemir but not I: per se. William J. Donaldson, Jr. 16. Master's candidates outnumber doctoral candidates in graduate pastoral counseling programs almost two to one. 17. Many religious workers enroll as non-degree stu- dents for purposes of refreshing previous training in pastoral counseling or attending workshops and practicums for greater proficiency. 18. Many of the institutions have printed information concerning the institutions' training programs in general, but not many provide such information on pastoral counseling per se. 19. Most guidance department staffs considered that their course offerings related to pastoral counseling are in- adequate without presupposed training in religion by their candidates. Recommendations l. A study should be made on social science depart- ments where ministers seek training in counseling. 2. A study should be made to ascertain ways in which theological seminaries and secular institutions may work to- gether for a more effective training of religious workers in pastoral counseling. 3. Course work and internship aspects of pastoral counseling need to be correlated more definitely. .AN INVESTIGATION OF GRADUATE PASTORAL COUNSELING PROGRAMS IN SELECTED SECULAR UNIVERSITIES AND SCHOOLS OF THEOLOGY BY William JfADonaldson, Jr. A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY College of Education Guidance and Personnel Services 1962 g1 . g A ' :‘v H"; :11 \l) (D {3 I'\ t r1 H f1 "1 N‘m () o P: k I J I”) William J. Donaldson, Jr. candidate for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy Final Examination: February 19, 1962 Thesis: An Investigation of Graduate Pastoral Counseling Programs in Selected Secular Universities and Schools of Theology Outline of Doctoral Studies Major: Pastoral Counseling Minor: Social Werk, School Administration Biographical Items Born: July 15, 1928, Knoxville, Tennessee Academic‘Work: A.B. (1953) King College: B.D. (1956), Th.M. (1957) Columbia Theological Seminary; Sc.M. (1957) University of Tennessee: M.A. (1960) Michigan State University. Experience: First Presbyterian Church, Douglas, Georgia, 1955-56; Second Presbyterian Church Counseling Service, Knoxville, Tennessee, 1957-58; Eastern State Hospital, Knoxville, Tennessee (Colloquium) 1957-58; State Prison of Southern Michigan (Internship), 1959; Counseling Center, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michi- gan (Internship), 1959: West Emory Presbyterian Church, Knoxville, Tennessee, 1961-62. Teaching: Faculty of Religion, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, 1957-1962; Department of Humanities, University College, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michi- gan (Graduate Assistant) 1959-60; Associate Professor of Psychology and Religion, Emory and Henry College, Emory, Virginia, 1960-62. v-v- .__ .1 .h ”‘ m ‘e apprecia and encox Sight an: ‘ ‘t Vesec n v.‘ ort ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The author wishes to express his sincere thanks and appreciation to Dr. John E. Jerdan for his patience, kindness and encouragement during the process of this study. His in- sight and constructive criticisms have been of much benefit. Much appreciation is also due to the remainder of the graduate committee whose suggestions, evaluations, and interest did much to promote the progress of the study. In addition to Dr. John E. Jordan, this committee consisted of Dr. Walter F. Johnson, Dr. Gordon J. Aldridge, and Dr. Fred M. Vescolani. The author is further grateful for all of the time and effort involved in making responses to the questionnaire by staff members of the respective theology schools and guidance departments. Their good will and cooperation helped to make this study a possibility. A firm note of thanks is due to Dr. William E. Crane of the Second Presbyterian Church Counseling Service, Knox- ville, Tennessee, for his foresight and encouragement during the entire program of doctoral study. Finally, he expresses his deep gratitude to the mem- bers of his immediate family and especially to his wife, Linda, for their patience and understanding in irregular schedules and necessary sacrifices in order that the work of this study could be accomplished. Chapter I. II. go i5 Chapter I. II. III. IV. TABLE OF CONTENTS THE PROBLEM Introduction . . . . . . . . Statement of the Problem . Importance of the Problem . Definition of Terms . . . Lhmitations of the Study . Organization of the Study . REVIEW OF LITERATURE General Review . . . . . . Summary . . . . . . METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY Initial Procedures . . . Selection Procedures . . . Development of the Dissertation Procedure for Analyzing Survey ANALYSIS OF THE DATA Introduction . . . . . The Preliminary Study . . Origins of the Programs . Admission to the Program . Interdisciplinary Character of the Programs Courses Contained in the Pastoral Counseling Sequence . . . . . . . . Page O‘U‘l-F'UJNH 30 32 33 31+ 36 38 39 1+3 50 S9 65 Cnapte IV. I‘ Chapter IV. (continued) Effectiveness of Preparation in Particular Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nature and Scope of Internships . . . . Nature of Placement Services Provided . . Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . V. SUMMARY, FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Importance of the Problem . . . . . . Methodology and Procedure of the Study Construction of the Instrument . . . . Methods of Selecting the Sample . . . Procedure of Analysis . . . . . . . . . Findings and Conclusions . . . . . . . . Recommendations . . . . . . . . . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY O O O O O O O O O O O O C O O O O O Page 83 93 102 111 117 117 118 119 119 121 121 125 126 LIST OF APPENDICES Page APPMDIX A O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 133 APPENDH B O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 152 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Extent of Offerings in Pastoral Counseling in Theological Schools . . . . . . . . . . . . NO 2. Extent of Offerings in Pastoral Counseling in Guidance Departments . . . . . . . . . . . hl 3. Origins of Programs in Theological Schools . . an A. Origins of Programs in Departments of Guidance and Counseling . . . . . . . . . . . AS 5. Admission to the Program in Theological Schools 51 6. Admission to the Program in Departments of Guidance and Counseling . . . . . . . . . . . 52 7. Interdisciplinary Character of the PrOgrmm in Theological Schools . . . . . . . . . . . 6O 8. Interdisciplinary Character of the Program in Departments of Guidance and Counseling . . 61 9. Courses Contained in the Pastoral Counseling Sequence in Theological Schools . . . . . . . 66 10. Courses Contained in the Pastoral Counseling Sequence in Departments of Guidance and Counseling . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 ll. Semester Hours Required in Courses in Pastoral Counseling in Theological Schools . . . . . 69 12. Semester Hours Required in Courses in Pastoral Counseling in Departments of Guidance and Counseling . . . . . . . . . . . 7O 13. Effectiveness of Preparation in Particular Areas of the Program in Theological Schools . 8h 1h. Effectiveness of Preparation in Particular Areas of the PrOgram in Departments of Guidance and Counseling .. . . . . . . . . . . 85 Table 15. 16. 17. 18. Nature and Scope of Internships in Theological Schools . . . . . . . . . Nature and Scope of Internships in Departments of Guidance and Counseling Nature of Placement Services Provided in Theological Schools . . . . . . . . Nature of Placement Services Provided in Departments of Counseling and Guidance viii Page 9’4 95 103 10h CHAPTER I THE PROBLEM Introduction. This study utilized two different types of institutions: 1) Guidance departments in institutions offering programs other than only to elementary or secondary school majors. These institutions are those described in the 1959-60 edition of Preparation Programs and Course Offerings in School and College Personnel Work of the United States Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, Office of Edu- cation (5h:1-20). 2) Institutions listed as being accredited members of the American Association of Theological Schools (10:1190-1191) . During the past fifteen years, the need for graduate training in pastoral counseling has increased tremendously. Counseling has always been an indispensable part of several professions such as: law, school teaching, psychology, family relationships, social work, gt cetera. The particular stress of the twentieth century has magnified the need for training the ministry and other professions in counseling. Beyond this, the minister is in the peculiar position of not only studying the behavior of man as a science but also in helping him to interpret life in view of religious values. It is probable that ministers and other religious workers have been involved in counseling longer than any other 31 to reali religion this re: nature a: F: 0f interj 93 88 the trends 1.: t° be tun this inc: Hit-hm ti nature a last cas “183' min: find of 2 other single professional group of workers. It is necessary to realize that counseling is inherent in the role of the religious worker. However, there is a need for clarifying this role in its relationship to other professions and to the nature and scope of the ministry as a whole. For centuries the prophetic role of the church, that of interpreting God's message to his people, has been thought of as the primary role of the religious worker. But, recent trends in the ministry of many denominations in America seem to be turning from a prophetic to a counseling one. From this increased awareness of counseling as a major function within the ministerial line of duties, more insight into the nature and scope of it has not only been desirable but, in most cases, mandatory for the proper function of the present day minister. This awareness has increased the number and kind of training programs for pastoral counseling. A. STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM The purpose of the study was to investigate the nature and scope of graduate training in pastoral counseling in selected theological seminaries and departments of counseling ano.guidance. It was more specifically desired to ascertain 'policies and practices of these institutions with.regard to origins of their programs, admission to their pragrams, and organization of their programs. The criteria which were used for the selection of theology schools and guidance departments, procedures used in develop: methods the data De at t larly at] IfléOlogy Erwing theology seminar: ti“ min They hat “ i- Cite‘i Cal 3 development and validating the survey instrument, and the methods employed in collecting and analyzing and interpreting the data are discussed in Chapter III. B. IMPORTANCE OF THE PROBLEM Many pastoral counseling programs in theology schools are at the Bachelor of Divinity level without being particu- larly structured for graduate training in the Master of Theology and Doctor of Theology programs. ‘With an apparent growing trend toward the development of counseling programs in theology schools, it has been relatively recent that a few seminaries have begun to feel the need for training prospec- tive ministers in graduate and advanced graduate programs. They have augmented those courses with proper internships and clinical pastoral training. There has been an increasing number of ministers seeking training in counseling in private and state supported colleges and universities. This trend has arisen for three 'main reasons: (1) Some ministers and religious workers de- sire to augment their theological training by following it 'with specialized programs in counseling, per se; (2) Many theological schools and seminaries do not possess staff and .facilities sufficient to offer both the theoretical and jpraetical aspects of pastoral counseling training. This re- sulted.in the necessity of theology schools sending their graduate students elsewhere to obtain their clinical experi- ence or internships; and (3) The university center provides 11 a program where workers of many denominations have come to- gether for training without the theological inhibitions present in a specific theology school. It would seem, there- fore, that an analysis of policies and procedures employed by theology schools and guidance departments is profitable and pertinent in order to discern the nature and scope of graduate training in pastoral counseling in both.of these settings. C. DEFINITION OF TERMS Theological seminary. This term is used throughout to connote those schools existing for the training of minis- ters and religious workers for service in the church. School of theology. This term throughout the study is synonomous with the term "theological seminary." Psychology of religion. A term.used to denote courses and activities where psychology and religion are integrated. Pastoral counseling. A term used to denote an area of training by which.ministers and religious workers are trained in professional counseling skills. Pastoral care. A term used to denote shepherding a church congregation or people who are in general need of being ministered to by a religious worker. Religious education. An area of training provided by theological smminaries for work in educational programs of the church. Guidance department. A term.denoting an administrative 'unit in the college or school of education usually concerned with tr procedu questior cellecti in this instmme 3230:1353, tion of 1 825.0013 these 11 “my tn. ”maelg general: 5 with training in testing, counseling, and related guidance procedures. D. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY Because of the nation-wide scope of the study, the questionnaire method was employed for the purpose of collecting data for it. Certain limitations are to be found in this type of instrument: the difficulty of validating the instrument, the difficulty of tabulating unstructured re- sponses, and the difficulty of procuring the desired coopera- tion of the sources of information. The study was limited to selected accredited theology schools and departments of guidance and counseling. Although these institutions are somewhat representative of a great many theological seminaries and departments of guidance and counseling, caution must be exercised in attempting to generalize to other similar institutions any findings from the present study. One limitation is introduced by the biases of the respondents: the extent of their interest in the study, their individual qualifications and the degree to which they were able to apply the instrument to the given situation in their own.institution. These limitations affect the validity of their responses. A limitation existed in terms of the fact that the sampling was restricted to institutions indicating that they or to ta was mad did not partnent isters : 01' page} 6 currently permit religious workers to secure a degree while working in counseling with a pastoral emphasis. No attempt was made to survey the programs in unaccredited institutions or to take account of programs in accredited institutions which did not care to participate in this study. Another limitation was the restriction to guidance de- partments as a basis for examining programs for which.minis- tors seek training in private or secular schools. Many min- isters seek training in schools of social work, departments of psychology, sociology and family relations. Many seminaries consider work in the B.D. program as graduate work inasmuch as all seminary education generally follows a Baccalaureate Degree from an accredited college or university. However, many other theology schools consider only work at the Th.M. and Th.D. levels as graduate theologi- cal education. The policy adopted was to include only those figures from B.D. work of seminaries that consider it to be on the graduate level. The sending of one common instrument to both theology schools and guidance departments limits the appropriateness of some of its items to both kinds of institutions. E. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY This dissertation is divided into five chapters. Chapter I presents an introduction to the study, a statement of the problem, importance of the problam, defi- :nition of terms, limitations of the study, and organization of the : cons e1 1 ation tc rents a: This Ch} given b “ling 91183.3: of the study. Chapter II presents a review of literature in pastoral counseling, primarily emphasizing books but giving some evalu- ation to periodical materials. Chapter III presents the development of the instru- ments and the methodology and techniques of the study. An analysis of the results are presented in Chapter IV. This chapter attempts to present an analysis of the Opinions given by the schools of theology and departments of coun- seling and guidance. Chapter V includes the summary, findings and con- clusions, and recommendations. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Pastoral counseling, of course, is rooted in the tra- ditional and historical cure of souls in the New Testament. This comes from the Greek concept of the word "charge." It was in the charge where ministers assumed the responsibility in guardianships entrusted to them (6:51). During the ministry of Christ the disciples were sent to preach, teach, and heal. General and specific references to healing follow the Life of Christ in the Book of Acts, and Paul the Apostle lists healing among the spiritual gifts (1h:196). It is apparent from the Epistle of James and the New Testament throughout that the early church leaders on- gaged in ministry to the sick and they record Christ's direc- tions to the church for healing (33:260). However, this New Testament directive to heal is in some instances subordinate to the task of world-wide conversion (h0:38). The New Testa- ment perspective on healing seems to be that through the church God continues to administer to the sick by means of medicine and supernatural intervention (lh:l96). The Book of Acts contains a number of general state- ments to the effect that the church continued to heal after the death and resurrection of Christ (1:138). It is apparent that the Apostles were moved by a compassion for the sick which Je Accordir. extraord nal wolf institut church In 18 New '3 it neees Eefling the New COHSIde 9 which Jesus manifested in his earthly ministry. They uni- formly regarded their healing power as a gift of God and con- sidered that they had no special ability of their own (1:150). According to the New Testament, the ability to heal is an extraordinary grace given to some individuals for the spirit- ual welfare of others. It was not particularly given to the institutional leaders of the church because anyone in the church might be able to heal (1h:l95, 196). However, there is New Testament evidence that the leaders of the church felt it necessary to supervise the use of healing (33:260). Healing does not come solely through ”healers” according to the New Testament because the basic health giving force was considered to be the spirit of Jesus Christ dwelling in the heart by faith. It is, therefore, difficult to assess the ways in which vital union with God can quicken the mortal body. For example, the Apostle Paul regarded health as one of the benefits of participation in the Lord's Supper (15: 195). Various fathers of the early church referred to healing accomplished in the name of Christ. For example, Irenacus (120-202 A.D.) pointed to the continuing gift of healing among Christians and, in his defenses of the church, pointed out that Christians used this gift not only for the benefit of those inside the church but for those outside as well. Arnobius (300 A.D.) relates how Jesus Christ permitted ”many" to attempt and to perform miraculous deeds "without any material aids.” These writers and others refer to now gen Tm ins workshc hospite P801015 P“Don: 33 the Order ( order ( mainly physic, the v “a A180, DEr1°A (65.27 ‘« “Pong VQtEd hODs ( 10 recoveries from blindness, deafness, demon-possession, paral- ysis, dropsy, and to raisings from the dead (66:27). Christians throughout the Roman Empire were considered to be exorcists of demons. The church introduced to those considered to be demon-possessed certain treatments which are now generally regarded as sound psycho-therapeutic practice. One instance is that of St. Basic (329-379 A.D.) who provided workshops for his patients at Caesera. The first charity hospital in the city of Rome was founded by the deaconess Fabiola about 300 A.D. (66:27). The Post-Apostolic Church.considered that it was its responsibility to perform.ministry to the sick, not merely as the duty of a gifted few, but of the whole church. The order of deaconesses was developed, and subsequently the order of widows and the order of virgins. These orders were mainly for assisting bishops and elders in caring for the physical needs of their parishoners. Their activities in- cluded such.mdnistration as care of the bereaved, the homeless, the wanderers and outcasts, the destitute and the diseased. Also, certain orders for men arose in the church during this period which were devoted to the care of the suffering (66:27). By the fourth century it was common for all congrega- tions which could support them to have hospitals, many de- voted to the care of the mentally ill. In general, the bis- hops of the church staffed these hospitals with priests, ll monks and.men and women of the orders. The Sacramentary of Serapion, a mid-fourth century prayer book, provides an ex- ample of the way in which the general practice of annointing had developed by this time. we invoke . . . and pray to thee to send healing power of the only begotten from heaven upon this oil, that it may become to thee who are being annointed, or are partaking of thy creatures, for an expulsion of every evil spirit . . . for a medicine of life and salvation, for health and soundness of soul, body, and spirit. . . . This is a prayer offered at the altar, consecrating oil to be used in the annointing of the sick (66:28). The Medieval Church developed the practice of exorcism, annointing with oil and administering the Sacrament of the Lord's Supper to the sick. Where the Apostolic Church prac- ticed public confession almost exclusively, the Medieval Church.made confession a private affair. It was regarded as curative in its effects. The development of sacramental ap- proaches to the sick resulted in increased attention to the pastoral ministry of priests and monks. The Medieval Hand- books of Penance may be called the precursors of clinical approaches to mental and spiritual problems (66:29). Although pastoral counseling was present during the Middle Ages, it was gradually replaced by the Roman Catholic confessional (21:38h). The dawn of the Protestant Reforma- tion brought about a renewed emphasis on pastoral counseling primarily because of the stress of the reformers on the mediatorial work of Christ. It is probably true that the protestant counseling concept began to emerge during the latter feeling I Their s: the epi: get rid tiOn, go deveIOpi Richard the fore: 85m, Q50, 1t e: 12 latter part of the Reformation (uh). Martin Luther and John Calvin shared much of the same feeling concerning the need for counseling and confession. Their scriptural authority for this was a passage found in the epistle of James which.seemed to advocate that one should get rid of his own sins and "confess one to another." (u8:l77) During the period immediately following the mom.- ' tion, gospel ministers in England seemed to lead the way in developing theories and skills in pastoral counseling. Richard Baxter, a puritan of‘Worcester, England, was one of the foremost to recognize the value of the cure of souls. His book entitled The Reformed Pastor, published in the year 1656, placed primary emphasis upon the worth and potential of the individual which.could be cultivated through proper pastoral work. Baxter primarily stressed salvation, but his concern for pastoral care was so great that he hired assist- ants and paid them.out of his own salary in order that his parish.might be fully'ministered to in all of its needs (3:262). (The industrial revolution was a period of great stress and turmoil into which the ministry of John Wesley was thrust. ‘Wesley's counseling implied a profound psychological approach and his sermons pointed out that new character and experience ‘with God helped to alleviate the conflicts of life. Con- cerning this emphasis, Jehn Brown has the following to say about wesley's ideas of troubled people: ”They were no longer bits 0. now, wi tossed” 13 bits of refuse floating along the gutters, they were persons now, with.names that were known and sins that might be con- fessed” (9:329). Because of his amazing insight into the lives of indi- viduals, Phillips Brooks during the latter part of the eighteenth century was known for a deep and far-reaching sympathy for the inner conflicts of people. He was, at that time, probably the foremost American counseling minister, al- though he never had the opportunity to study the learned techniques of modern counseling. In his larger parishes as well as in the outer world, he was constantly confronted with the problem.of sorrow and suffering. Although Brooks was noted for attracting people by a dynamic personality, he con- sidered the main therapy to be suffering with people in an overflow of sympathy. It is probable that Phillips Brooks had some difficulty reconciling the presence of suffering with the beauty of creation. This hiatus probably led him to having no particular dogmatic principle in his counseling be- cause his primary concern was consolation in the will of God (2:190). It would seem that Phillips Brooks' primary concern in counseling was to aid those whose problems became too intense for them to solve. His success was so great that clergyman for many miles around came to him for counseling as well as lay members of his own and other congregations. Horace Bushnell is another important character in tracing this period of the development of pastoral counseling. He was a noted protestant minister in New England who experie (13:5151 spiritu people < Pastoral discussj child, 1 not 8381 Phasis I by Mhie: 19mg Va 11; experienced much depth of human despair and inner struggle (13:518). Bushnell seemed to have the gift of realizing spiritual aspects of every day problems and counseling with people on this basis. A significant work entitled The Pastor-Preacher appeared during the latter part of the nineteenth century by William.a. Quayle, a Methodist-Episcopal bishop. This book is a monumental work emphasizing the true nature of the pastoral ministry. It was written in a very practical way, discussing the role of the pastor in relationship to the child, the sick, youth, and other areas (55). The practice and literature of pastoral counseling did not assume true psychological proportions until greater em- phasis began to be placed on self-perception. This emphasis by which man was to gain greater insight into his own prob- lens was stressed toward the latter part of the century by Sigmund Freud, who laid.much.emphasis on the function of the unconscious mind and extensive research on the causes for man's inhumanity to himself. From this beginning many pastors, educators and psychologists began to realize more fertile fields for a better understanding of the individual both.in relationship to himself and to society as a whole (6:5h). It was in the continuance of such research and study that various schools of counseling and psychotherapy began to emerge; the most dominant of these being the psycho- analytical, the non-directive and the directive. point 0: down sevw '4 his and ch11 shee 15 In his Yale lectures, John Watson, another outstanding clergyman of the period, brought out some important concepts on the cure of souls (68). For example, in his writing en- titled "The work of the Pastor" he compares the work of the physician with that of the minister inasmuch as both are interested in the welfare of people, one from the spiritual point of view and the other from the physical. In laying down several rules for good counseling, his point of view is further sharpened by the following remarks: It is a hard fight for everyone, and it is not his to Judge or to condemn; his it is to understand and to help, to comfort, for these people and his children, his pupils, his patients; they are the sheep of Christ which were given him and for whmm Christ died (68:2h0, Zhl). It would seem accurate to estimate that prior to the beginning of the twentieth century a gradual emergence of a psychological approach in pastoral counseling had become more evident. However, it was not until new and vital interest in twentieth century theology took place that a real fusion be- tween psychology and religion was brought about for the processes of pastoral counseling. Although.most of the theo- logical seminaries during this period retained the tradi- tional subject matter areas in their curriculum, there were a few of them.who were beginning to lay more stress in training ministers for’meeting the counseling needs of the individual as a whole. It is probable that ministers as professional spiritual counselors were very few because most counseling was left to purely ler p33: ligious trained other h. Parisho. chology Minister seling 1 Still In aided 1 ”Easel veto“:c3 tkeeper Point ‘ khan 16 left to clinicians who dealt with emotional problems on a purely secular basis. During the period l930-l9h0, many secu- lar psychologists did.not highly regard counseling done by re- ligious workers because they felt that ministers were un- trained in basic tools of psychological counseling. On the other hand, some ministers were reluctant to refer their parishoners to psychologists because they considered psy- chology to be a substitute for religion. Inasmuch as some ministers were not ready to adapt themselves to newer coun- seling techniques involving psychology, many unsolved problems still remained, and the individual continued to remain un- aided in many respects. Carroll Wise, currently professor of pastoral care and counseling at Garrett Biblical Institute, Northwestern Uni- versity points out how the trend from 1930-1950 showed a deeper understanding of problems in relation to the spiritual point of view. In discussing the greater understanding of human problems during the first part of the twentieth century he said: At no time in human history was a need for help to people in trouble so great. ‘Wherever one turned he was faced with the 'statistics' of human dislocation and misery. . . .—(7h:5, 6) - This type of human misery and spiritual malfunction probably stemmed from the pressures of the times and economic situa- tions, political values, homelife and many other types of problems wherein the security of religion apparently went begging. Leslie \’ a magma rel cou ments 31: mai: fession and metl' head’s 3 tions 01 in mm 1 care to: Where Ei 17 No doubt, a great deal of credit should be given to Leslie Heatherhead, a noted English.minister, for the more diagnostic and scientific trends that have developed in pasto- ral counseling. Heatherhead became known for his develop- ments and what he called his “psychOIOgical clinic.” (69) His main interest was the untegration of the medical pro? fession with that of the clergy while using modern techniques and methods present in the study of psychology. weather- head's writings, as a whole, have meant much.in the founda- tions of current pastoral literature for a scientific approach in pastoral counseling. An important development in the history of pastoral care took place in the EMmanuel Episcopal Church.in Boston where Elwood‘florcester in conjunction with Joseph Pratt formed a class to aid those who were distressed morally and those who seemed obsessed with.complex nervous problems. These classes were held in consultation with outstanding neu- rologists, psychologists, and other specialists of the medi- cal profession. The basic concept of this group of pro- fessional men can be summarized in the following words of Worcester: "we believe in the power of mind over body, and we believe also in medicine, in great habits, and the whole- some, well regulated life” (75:2). Such a group indicates a close relationship between the doctor and minister that helped both minister and physician to accept each other as professionals with greater confidence. This accentuated the profes 1811! search Holman a real 01' the point c book do flectin With re pe‘dticg m1 in the 11nd 61515055 should P88141138 mandate 18 professional realization that many spiritual and moral prob- lems have their basis in psychosomatic illness. in important book concerning the development of re- search from the socio-psychological point of view by Charles Holman in 1932, under the title The Cure of Souls (31) shows a real understanding of human nature in dealing with the work of the minister and his parishoner from a socio-psychological point of view. Even though some theologicalaspects of the book do not seem.objective, it is very worthwhile for re- flecting the thinking of the late 1920's and early 1930's with regard to the function of religion and spiritual thera- peutics. Holman stressed that for a minister to be success- ful in his pastoral work, he should acquire new insights for the understanding of human nature, that he should have at his disposal new methods and techniques, and that the professions should secure new relationships among themselves for better results in treating people. He felt that these things were mandatory for proper pastoral care. As more progressive means were being explored and de- veloped in the field of pastoral counseling, it became evi- dent that much greater possibilities in pastoral care were coming to the front. John McNeil summarizes this in these words: "we are evidently at the opening of a new era in the history of the cure of the souls. The ministry of personality will be at once scientific and religious. . . ." (uh) McNeil emphasized the wholeness of the individual for personality is much.more intricate than the minister himself had been willing to stre- thanth Sig-ts writing I much in I many em: '50 unde: tens ify DiCks we could br general, Clergyts forces t ”mean A Roger‘s u later d4 1L rECulti e 311d pPee N “F M4001 o directiv inherent Ci: *onS COunSelo 5 'l l9 willing to admit. The writing and research of McNeil began to stress a more client-centered approach in counseling rather than the approach of advice giving. Benefits of the fusion of pastoral counseling with in- sights gained frmm the medical profession is seen in the writings of Richard C. Cabot and Russell L. Dicks who did much in the area of hospital therapy. They observed that many emotional conflicts were found in patients who were soon to undergo operations and that these conflicts tend to in- tensify with increasing time or greater loss of health. Dicks was primarily interested in the contribution religion could bring to the sufferer, and his studies evoked, in general, a new field of interest. He emphasized that “the clergy's task in pastoral care is to assist the spiritual forces to work within the individual; forces which are struggling for growth and maturity of the soul" (16:9). A new emphasis in counseling was introduced by Carl Rogers who started working in a child guidance clinic and later did a great deal of research and writing while on the faculties of Ohio State University, the University of Chicago, and presently at the University of Wisconsin. The Rogerian School of Thought is generally known by the term ”non- directive counseling" because it emphasizes the individual's inherent necessity to take responsibility for his own de- ’ cisions and understand his own problems regardless of the counselor being present to reflect the counselee's feelings. Rogers indicated that it was the oounselor's duty ”to assist 20 the individual to grow" (58:15). Rogers characterized the older style of counseling by the term ”counselor-centered” and the new type he called "client-centered." In emphasis, the counselor-centered school stressed the responsibility of the counselor while the client-centered stressed the activity of the client. Rogers published a pamphlet during the Second werld War addressed primarily to chaplains, social workers, and ministers (58). In this pamphlet, Rogers stressed accept- ance and permissiveness by the counselor because of the in- tegrity of the counselee. ‘Hith the growth of several schools of counseling psy- chology, there was a need for realization of the counselor as a human being in that his ability to help people in stress situations does not stem.from magical powers. The pastoral counselor must necessarily be a person of qualified training and background, but he must also have the ability to display warmth, empathy, friendliness, and other fruits of outward personality without becoming overly involved with problems of the counselee (28:199). Carroll wise or Garrett Biblical Institute, North- western University, has made a very helpful contribution to pastoral counseling in attempting to fuse the newer psycho- logical appreach to the practice of Christian faith. ‘Wise stressed that personality is both scientific and religious in its makeup, and that counseling is the express function of the minister. In his book entitled Pastoral Counseling: Its Theory and Practice he points out that the tangible and ton The ilan 21 intangible forces, subjective and objective, in pastoral coun- seling must be harmonized (72). Seward Hiltner, of the University of Chicago and Prince- ton Theological Seminary, contends that the minister's role is an unique one because it reminds his flock of the presence of religion in pastoral counseling (25). Hiltner argues that the many phases of Christian life assist individuals in attaining balance in their outlook and practice. Such func- tions as prayer, Bible study, the use of religious and devo- tional materials, rites and ceremonies of the church and fellowship in the church are significant. He feels that all of these have useful and functional means toward a proper ac- cord between the minister and his parishioners. Hiltner realized that in order for the minister to properly carry out his role and function in pastoral coun- seling it was necessary for hum to have sufficient training. "There are wide disparities between the types and the amounts of training which.ministers have had to prepare them.for counseling.” (2h:98) Hiltner indicated that ministers do not have sufficient training to cope with the realities which the minister and his parishioners face: "The question is . . . whether the pastor knows he! to properly relate himself to the situation as a pastor. . . .” (2h:102) ‘Wayne B. Oates, of Southern Baptist Seminary at Louis- ville, Kentucky, in recent years has stressed a point of view in pastoral counseling which emphasizes "the whole per- son" rather than.merely a segment of personality (h9). Oates trainin sively groupi: Profit; areas . Seward 19143, Care r (27 ). writte 22 feels that the entire moral and spiritual development of the parishioner must be the concern of all ministers rather than just a clinical approach to maladjusted persons. The average minister is in a different social situation although he does occasionally deal with acutely disturbed people and can learn much from them about the use of religious guidance in pre- venting emotional disorders (h9:107). Since about 1950 the growth of pastoral counseling training and practice in the church has advanced so exten- sively that the literature concerning it is legion. Hewever, grouping pastoral counseling literature by categories seems profitable in order to sample some of the most pertinent areas. Concerning Christian views on health and.healing, Seward Hiltner's book, Religion and Health, published in 19h3. helped greatly in assessing the entire realm of pastoral care relationships as they existed about twenty years ago (27). This, however, had been preceded in 19h2 by a volume met...“ by Carroll A. wise entitled Religion in Illness and Health (73). ' ' Rise, a professor in Garrett Biblical Institute at Northwestern University, in this book, gives a good summary of our knowledge of body-mind relationships and a great deal of useful material on the theme of religious symbolisms. In 1951, S. Vernon McCasland published a volume entitled By the Finger of God, a treatise on demon-possession and exorcimm in light of modern views of mental illness (h3). McCasland, an eminent New Testament scholar, here presents an.exce11ent account of this subject from.both a historical and modern point of ‘I book, 231: attempts introduct a dynamic eluding h a noted E m diffs-rem general 1 I~‘e1"c1(mli A appearin initiate Churches most 1m; to the C C. Outle %’ D1 discus 31' 23 point of view. Also in 1951, David E. Roberts published his book,‘zgzghotherapyfand a Christian View of Man, a book which attempts to integrate theology and psychiatry. Although introductory in nature, it is a far-reaching study arguing for a dynamic rather then static understanding of man's goals, in- cluding health (56). In the same year, Leslie D. Heatherhead, a noted English.minister, published his book Psychology, Re- ligion and Healing, which is a large volume containing several different categories of material about this subject. Its general value has been the cataloging of material rather than particular discussions on single themes (71). An edited work entitled The Church.and Mental Health, appearing in 1953 (Paul B. Haves, editor), is a symposium initiated by and brought together under the Federal Council of Churches. Its depth and unity mark it as probably one of the most important editions in the relation of health and healing to the Christian faith (kl). A Methodist theologian, Albert A C. Cutler, in his book Psychotherapy and the Christian Mes- sage, published in 195k. provides a well-informed, provocative discussion concerning the effectiveness of psychological modes of healing practiced under Christian presuppositions (51). An important European publication in 1955. Heliness is‘Whole- 2225, was written by Jesef Goldbrunner, a psychologist and Roman Catholic priest in Germany. It is helpful in bringing together the European point of view on psychology and religion, but the book itself is not sectarian in spirit or content (22). publish tional medical health valuabj 2h The book Psychotherapy and Religion, by Henry Guntrip, published in 1956, is an account given by an English Congrega- tional minister who devotes full time to psychotherapy in a medical setting. This book presents a fresh discussion of health in relation to human inner conflicts, but it is less valuable in its dealings with religion and the ministry per se (23). Another book of importance in 1956 was Counseling and Theology by William.E. Hulme. This is a rather inter- esting attempt by an American Lutheran minister to show the relationship between values such as sin and salvation and what takes place in pastoral counseling in order to improve psychological and spiritual health (32). In 1957. W. O. Carrington published a book entitled Psychology, Religion, and Human Need (12) which bears pri- marily on problems of marriage and family life. The book covers a wide range of subjects with the author's under- standing of Christian faith.snd medical background serving as the primary basis for his outlook. The Ministgy of Real- ing, published in 1959, by John Ellis Large, former chairman of the Special Study Committee of the Protestant Episcopal Church, is a well-balanced and valuable book from an.Anglican point of view and does a good job of bringing in the ministry with healing (38). Another category of pastoral counseling literature deals primarily with ministry to the sick. In 1936, Anton T. Boisen published his book The Exploration of the Inner world. Boisen was one of the first in this country to pioneer I pastoral kinds of disorder Dicks co: insights some of mm, 25 pioneer a study of mental illness from the standpoint of pastoral care. This book centers on the thesis that some kinds of religious experience are like some forms of mental disorder (5). Also, in 1936, Richard C. Cabot and Russell L. Dicks combined their efforts for a classic work entitled,‘ghg Art of Ministering to the Sick (11). This book combines the insights of a famous physician and a pioneering minister, but some of its contents are now out of date though not irrele- vent. In l9h8 John Sutherland Bonnell published his popular book, Psychology for Pastor and People. Bonnell has for many years been minister of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian Church in New Yerk and the material in this book reflects situations in case studies with which he has been connected during that period (7). A year later Seward Hiltner published his now famous book, Pastoral Counseling, which is a classic text in many seminaries. It presents pastoral counseling by inter- relating theory and practice (25). In 1951, Carroll A. Wise published his volume under the title Pastoral Counseling: Its Theory and Practice, a sound introductory book but not as comprehensive as Hiltner's book by the same title (72). Paul E. Johnson, of Boston University, published his book Psychology of Pastoral Care in 1953. It covers a wide scope concerning the contribution of pastoral care to psychological health and spiritual maturity. It has been widely used in some seminaries as a textbook (3h). 26 From the standpoint of the hospital ministry, Richard K. Young's The Hospital Ministr , published in 195h, gives only a suggestive treatment to his main subject (77). Prob- ably the most recent comprehensive symposium on pastoral counseling was put out in 1959, Introduction to Pastoral Counseling, Wayne E. Oates, editor. Although primarily a symposium by teachers of pastoral care in Southern Baptist Theological Seminary at Louisville, Kentucky, this book is well integrated and has a sound practical position (50). Many other worthwhile volumes on ministry to the sick in pastoral counseling have been written, but the above are some of the more important. There is a general dirth of material concerning the relationship of pastoral counseling to other healing pro- fessions. Hewever, a book by Russell L. Dicks entitled 322 Is my Patient? a religious manual for nurses, published in 19h1, gives helpful religious insights into the processes of the nursing profession (18). Carl R. Rogers' book, Client- Centered Therapy, published in 1951, is written from the standpoint of clinical psychologists, but is helpful in the relationship of pastoral counseling to that profession. It is widely used as a parallel reading book in many theologi- cal seminaries, although the book is primarily written about the function of a clinical psychologist as counselor and pay- chotherapist (59). Probably the most comprehensive and well informed treatment on present day controversial subjects such as contrast Joseph F 1931‘, (1:. patient‘ the relf Protest: 27 contraception, artificial insemination, and sterilization is Joseph Fletcher's book, Morals and Medicine, published in 195k (19). This book deals in a very striking way with the patient's right to have the truth concerning his illness and the religious implications of this. It is written from a Protestant point of view. In 1958, Karl Monninger, of the Monninger Foundation, published a book entitled Theory of Psychoanalytic Technique which explains in a popular fashion how psychoanalysis operates to bring healing to its patients (to). For books on the history of pastoral counseling and significant to any discussion of pastoral literature, the 19h? publication Phygicians of the Soul: A Histogygof Pastoral Counseling by Charles F. Kemp is a readable general history concentrating primarily on the recent developments in pastoral care (36). There have been several very competent treatments on the history of pastoral counseling written since 1950. The Church and Healing by Scherzer, published in 1950, is a rather general historical treatment, dividing its attention equally between the past and present history of pastoral care (62). In 1951, Jehn T. McNeill produced an im- portant work, A Historyfiof the Cure of Souls, which is a monumental classic on the entire panorama of the development of Christian pastoral care (hS). Evelyn Frost in 195k pub- lished the book Christian Healing which is primarily a dis- cussion of the ante-Nicean history with its implication for the present-day care of souls (20). Seward Hiltner's Preface 28 to Pastoral Theology (26) published in 1958, contains probably the best pertinent discussion of pastoral theology during the history of the past few centuries. There are many other books and periodicals which have been valuable to the literature of the field of pastoral counseling. Two particular periodicals stand out as being most widely used and containing the most comprehensive in- formation. Pastoral Psychology is published monthly except during July and August by the Pastoral Psychology Press, Great Neck, New Yerk (53). Its editorial advisory board in- cludes such important figures as Carroll A. wise of Garrett Biblical Institute: Paul Tillich, Harvard University Divinity School: Carl Rogers, of the University of Visconsin; Hilliam C. Menninger, Henninger Foundation: Earl A. Loomis, of Union Theological Seminary, New York: Paul E. Johnson, Boston Uni- versity; Russell L. Dicks, of the Central Florida Counseling Center; John Sutherland Bonnell, of the Fifth.Avenue Presby- terian Church in New York, and many other noteworthy experts in the field of pastoral counseling. The pastoral consultant is Seward Hiltner, now on the faculty of Princeton Theologi- cal Seminary. This journal combines pertinent articles in pastoral psychology with listings of current institutes and workshops on pastoral care, institutional lists of offerings in clinical pastoral training, and reviews of doctoral dissertations pertinent in the field. The Journal of Pastoral Care (35) has been the source 01' much aid in the area of clinical training. Its point of 301‘ baa COI' fie] 29 view is somewhat different than that of Pastoral Psycholog but is very valuable to ministers engaged actively in pastoral counseling. This periodical has done a great deal in bring- ing together the disciplines of psychology and religion as they pertain to the interwoven relationships and interpre- ressional concerns and interpretations. Some of the most recent books helpful to religious workers in pastoral care and counseling are as follows: The book entitled Redemptive Counseling by Dayton G. Van Deusen correlates developments in psychotherapy to pastoral counseling procedures with special emphasis on the implementation of psychotherapy and its insights into the Christian doctrine of redemption (67). Spiritual Therapy, by Richard K. Young and Albert 1.. Neiburg is a beneficial book for ministers who have not had experience or instruction in the field of psychoso- matic medicine, and is a helpful introductory text in demon- strating case material on how the minister can perform his P‘Btoral role as member of a professional healing team (76). The latest contribution of Russell L. Dicks to the 1'10111 is his current book Toward Health and Wholeness (17). In this book he pictures the pastoral ministry as promoting inch healing emotions as Faith, Hape, Love, et cetera. One dr‘wback to the book is that it is not a theologically °r1°nted one, and this militates against its effectiveness. In Order to meet a long felt need for relating the professions 1” Pastoral care, Charles F. Kemp has written a handbook as a imp: bod] lair COQC velo ctia pers sens PSyc Xaki' 30 guide to health, social and welfare agencies entitled The Pastor and Community_Resources (37). David Belgumfis Ehy Did It Happen To Me? sets forth the importance of Christian faith to the fullness of mind and body as a whole. The author's experience as hospital chap- lain and professor of pastoral theology are evident in the concepts in this book (h). The Self in Pilgrimage, by Earl A. Loomis (39), de- velops a concept of selfhood in which the disciplines of psy- chiatry and religion are combined to form insights concerning personality in depth and man's struggle in loneliness for a sense of belonging and community. Discovery of self is found in the person of Christ. Two recent volumme by Hans Hofmann on the relation of psychology and theology are important to this discussion. making the MinistgyflRelevant (29) is a collection of articles by contributors in this theme including Reinbold Niebuhr, Seward Hiltner, Ruel Howe, Paul Tillich.and other prominent names. The Ministgyyand Mental Health is primarily based on the Harvard Project on Religion and Mental Health and is valu- able in providing more recent insights on the psychological fitness and needs of ministers (30). SUMMIRY This chapter has presented in panorama the practice and literature of pastoral counseling from historical perspective. Its development was traced from.Biblical times to the prof« mini idea 31 professional concept which has evolved in the Christian ministry today. Particular periods, peoples and books were identified in the development of pastoral counseling. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY OF THE STUDY Initial procedures. During the planning stage a con- siderable amount of discussion took place with interested Personnel regarding the need for pastoral counseling training. Various ministers, employed full time as pastoral counselors, war. approached to assist in considering this subject. Al- thoxxgh some felt that such a study was not necessary for their pastoral work, most of them agreed that it would be h011301‘ul for coordinating pastoral work with available training r°8°mces. Another phase included rather extensive bibliographic 1“"earch regarding studies made relative to pastoral coun- ‘911ng, with particular emphasis upon training given in °°1loge guidance departments and the010gical seminaries. A 'tud, was made of pastoral counseling literature, including b°°km, brochures, pamphlets and catalogues. Many catalogues 1’1th courses to stimulate prospective ministers to follow up their interests in this field. However, no study had prCViously been made which applied specifically to the nature “a scope of graduate training programs in pastoral counseling bpiraging together theological seminaries with departments of cc“Insoling and guidance. 33 Selected schools from each of the two kinds of insti- tutions were asked to indicate the types of policies and practices pertaining to the origins, admissions to, and organ- ization of their pastoral counseling programs. This was done by filling out the questionnaire in responding to suggested items and filling in other appropriate blanks with their own items. Respondents were further asked to indicate the nature and extent of their pastoral counseling programs in ways not lll’ocifically covered in the survey. This study is divided into seven categories. These categories attempt to ascertain pertinent findings concerning Sruduate programs in pastoral counseling: 1) the degree to ‘lh‘lch certain features were used in the initiatory phase, 2) the extent to which each of certain aids or practices are “30d by the institutions to ascertain acceptability of minis- tor. applying for admission, 3) the extent to which the pro- gram. are interdisciplinary in character drawing from the S’QQter resources of their institutions, 1;) the extent to which certain kinds of courses are contained in the pastoral °°unaeling sequence, 5) the extent to which graduates are prOPQred in given areas, 6) the nature and extent of required pas‘|';oral counseling internships, and 7) the extent to which pl"Alternent services are provided by institutions for students 111 their programs. Selection procedures. The guidance departments were Selected for reasons listed in Chapter I. The seminaries 3b were selected because of their full accreditation by the American Association of Theological Schools. Institutions of various sizes were included and wide geographic distribution is represented. Representative institutions from.many denom- inations were included among the theology schools. The first criterion for selection was responses to the first letter sent to designated theological seminaries and guidance depart- ments (see Appendix B, page 15h). The purpose of the letter was to determine: 1) which.institutions offer a course se- quence in pastoral counseling without offering a degree; 2) which.institutions permit religious workers to obtain a de- gree while studying counseling from a viewpoint of ”pastoral needs"; and 3) which institutions offer the doctorate in ”pastoral counseling." In order to insure best results in the subsequent analysis, it was determined to include only those institutions in the sample who indicated that they currently permit religious workers to secure a degree while working in counseling with a pastoral emphasis. Lists of all the institutions to whom the initiatory letter was sent are included in Appendix A. Development of the dissertation instrument. Since the study was designed to obtain common information from both guidance departments and theological seminaries, it was determined to construct one questionnaire applicable to both groups. Various types of questionnaires, check lists and opinionnaires were studied in order to construct an instrument 9“- ('3‘ (j) '(J 35 which.would reveal the desired information (52). Every ef- fort was made to construct the instrument in such a way that the person completing the questions might do so in the mini- mum amount of time. ‘Uhere possible, the check list type of question was used throughout the questionnaire (60). As the questionnaire was being developed it was neces- sary to keep in mind some basic limitations. Each respondent had certain vested interests and biases which would influence his responses to the items contained in the questionnaire. Some guidance departments in charge of programs involving pastoral counseling might view it as only a specialty for ministers seeking training in their broader counseling pro- grams. Some respondents in guidance departments might also emphasize content and theory in their programs a great deal more than counseling per so. It should also be indicated that limiting assumptions were made by professors of pastoral counseling in theological seminaries. Many of the seminaries still stress the older types of theological disciplines such as the Systematic, the Historical and the Biblical. In such schools practical em- phasis in theological training tends to be minimized. A great deal depends upon whether the particular seminary has a full scale program in the psychology of religion. A further limiting bias of theological professors is the denomi- national coloring that is likely to influence their responses. The postal enclosure accompanying the initial letter contained five questions which served as a devise to obtain TWP ’fi 'CJ 36 basic information before final selection of the sample and construction of the instrument. (See Appendix B, page 155) These responses reflected some definite trends regarding the policy of the institutions admissions, degree opportunities, availability of the Ph.D. in pastoral counseling, and pros- pects for future deve10pment of graduate programs in the field. Responses to these items were supplemented by addi- tional suggestions, additions, deletions and changes for pur- poses of clarity. From these, as well as other suggestions and criticisms, the final instrument was designed. Particu- lar consideration was given to the wording and arrangement of items in order to make it convenient for the respondents to present a report of their programs as easily as possible. Procedure for analyzing survey. Upon completion of the instrument (see Appendix B, page 158), the question- naires were lithographed. Each item in the questionnaire was made self-explanatory. A cover letter briefly explained the purpose of the study as well as the method of processing the instrument. The questionnaire, a cover letter, and a self- addressed, stamped envelope were sent to each of the insti- tutions in the sample. A follow-up card was sent to those who failed to respond. The items were tabulated on a sheet prepared for processing the data on IBM cards. The computing center of the University of Tennessee punched the cards and verified the results following the usual procedure. These cards were 37 then sorted into the two groupings, guidance departments and theological seminaries. The final step was sorting the cards into the respective sections represented in the dissertation instrument. The data were then arranged in tabular form. The answers given by respondents of the institutions were tabulated and percentages given for each of the categories of the instrument according to theological schools and guidance departments. The analysis indicated the total number of respondents who answered so that all cases could be computed whether they responded affirmatively, negatively, or did not respond. These percentages were presented in tables for each of the two categories. All instruments were used with the following exceptions: (a) those whose total response was too little to give meaning to the instrument as a whole: (b) those which were returned for lack of post office addresses; and (c) those not returned. It was advantageous to present the number of responses in terms of percentages because the mere presentation of numbers of respondents would not be meaningful due to the difference in total number of cases in the various categories. In the succeeding chapters various sections of the instrument are presented and discussed. The tables present in detail the answers given by the respondents to each item. CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS OF THE DATA Introduction. As previously stated in Chapter I, the intent and purpose of this chapter is to present an analysis of the responses given by fifty-six selected institutions. Consideration is given minutely and as a whole to the theo- logical seminaries and to the guidance departments. After discussion of the preliminary study, the analysis of the data is summarized and discussed in the seven categories which follow: (1) origins of pastoral counseling programs; (2) aids or practices used in various departments to ascer- tain acceptability of ministers applying for admission to the program; (3) the extent to which the program is interdiscipli- nary in character, drawing from the greater resources of the institution as a whole; (h) the extent to which differ- ent kinds of courses are contained in the pastoral counseling sequence: (5) the extent of effectiveness to which graduates of the programs are prepared in the various areas; (6) the nature and extent of required internships in the pastoral counseling program; and (7) provision for placement services for students in the institutions surveyed. The respective tables which follow in this chapter indicate how the sections are answered: responses to the data are given in percentages for each of the guidance departments and theOIOgical schools. 39 The preliminary study. (See Tables 1 and 2.) It was determined, upon consultation with the doctoral committee, to send questionnaires to all those institutions (guidance de- partments and theology schools) who indicated religious workers at the institution were permitted to secure a degree while working in counseling with a pastoral emphasis. Other questions contained in the preliminary study were to help shape the nature and scope of the dissertation instrument and to provide information for the actual items to be contained in the instrument. Fifty-three out of seventy-four reporting theology schools, 71.6 per cent, answered "yes,” to the question, "Are ministers permitted to take graduate training in coun- seling in your institution?” while twenty-one theology schools, 28.h per cent, answered ”no," with thirteen theology schools making no response. Out of 129 reporting guidance depart- :ments, 125 of them, 96.9 per cent, answered ”yes" to this question while four of them, 3.1 per cent, answered "no.” Only one guidance department did not participate in answering this question. Answers to the second question of the preliminary study were used in determining the size of the sample. Ques- tionnaires were mailed to every institution answering this question in the affirmative: "Does your institution currently permit religious workers to secure a degree while working in counseling with a pastoral emphasis?" Forty-three out of seventy-four schools of theology, 58.1 per cent, answered this :H. 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