A ‘ 22‘: <2: 222:: 2:»:': 222222222: 22:: “2:2 1.22222 22:42:22: 2:212:22“: Thai: for {:32 5:22:22 2: 52:. fi. MICHEAH SE“; ‘33 332'“; 3.2222 -2 22?. 522222; 1:?22 This is to certify that the thesis entitled ”A Study of Drought Frequencies for the lover Peninsula of Michigan" presented by Theodore Walter Cahow has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Sc;ence degree mmural Engineering Major professor E Date—WFJSSL. 0-169 A SmUDY C7”1 DIDC' I“ :P-LJ"LT~T—A1 31:3 FOR T1? 1 ICE/":23 ., 1'. 2. PI: II 3131:. CF FISH ~1AIT by Theodore W. Cahow An Abstract Suhmitted to the School of Graduate Studies of lichiggan State Colleqe of A2riculture and Applied Science in partise l fulfillment of tne reqvirements for the degree of Easter of Science Department of Agricultural Engineering The study of drought frequencies, while not a new subject, has not been undertaken on any large scale. A knowledce of how often droughts of a damaging duration might occur, however, would be of great value to the growers hf many of our cash crops. It is the purpose of this project, then, to determine the frequency and intensity of droughts over the lower peninsula of Michigan. To do this, the precipitation data for the months of May through September at each of 37 stations was tabulated and carefully analyzed for both the frequency and duration of drought periods. Close study of these drought periods show that no definite pattern exists over the lower peninsula of the state. The data does clearly show, however, that the months of July and August are more likely to have the long severe droughts while the months of May and September will have more frequent droughts. c2~212 ,2,..) . -” .5 ' " ' ‘~. ' (“’2 1‘ . - A”; a l-'. 1 A STUDY C? DRCUGHT ?R§QU3ICIXS FCR Th3 LCWER PT? 171 I73 ULA OF )7 I C HIG AI? by Theodore W. Cahow A Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of master of Science Department of Agricultural Engineering ACK IKE-TiIIEDGlE ITS The author wishes to express his appreciation to the following: Professor E. H. Kidder of the Agricultural Lngineer- ing Department for his suggestions and guidance in this project. Mr. A. H. Eichmeier, director of the East Lansing office of the United States Weather Bureau for making available the necessary weather data. Professor W. D. Baten of the Yathematics Department for his suggestions in the analysis of the collected data. Acknowledgements Table of Contents Introduction Review of Literature Procedure of Work Discussion of Results Analysis of Data Conclusio F13. Fig 0 Fig. Fig. :2 2%. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. F13. F13. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. Fig. wmqmmemmw TABLE OF CONTENTS Weather stations used1 in th 3 project) n May 1 to 2 week droughts 1 to 2 week droughts in June; 1 to 2 week droughts in July 1 to 2 week droughts in August) 1 to 2 week droughts in September) 2 to 3 week droughts in May) 2 to 3 week droughts in June; 2 to 3 week droughts in July 2 to 3 week droughts in August 2 to 3 week droughts in Septem er) 3 to 4 week droughts in May) 3 to 4 week droughts in June; 3 to 4 week droughts in July 3 to 4 week droughts in August) 3 to 4 week droughts in September) 4 to 5 week droughts in May) 4 to 5 week droughts in JUne 4 to 5 week droughts in July 4 to 5 week droughts in August) 4 to 5 week droughts in September) 5 week droughts or longer in may) 5 week droughts or longer in June; 5 week droughts or longer in July 5 week droughts or longer in August) 5 week droughts or longer in September) Adrian droughts) Allegan droughts) Alma droughts) Alpena droughts) Ann Arbor droughts) Battle Creek drou hts) Bay City droughts? Benzonia droughts Big Rapids droughts) Cadillac droughts) Goldwater droughts) Detroit droughts) East Tawas droughts) Flint droughts) Frankfort droughts) Grand Haven droughts) Grand Rapids droughts) ii P. H W GimUNO-QtP-Nl—‘P'H HHHH HHHH mmmm mm l—OO Fig. 44 (Grayling droughts) Fig. 45 Harbor Beach droughts) Fig. 46 Hiiisdaie droughts) Fig. 47 Jackson droughts) Fig. 48 Kalamazoo droughts) Fig. 49 (lensing, Fast, droughts) Fig. 50 Ludington droughts) Fig. 51 Fackinaw City droughts) Fig. 52 Hanistee droughts) Fig. 53 Fuskegon droughts) Fig. 54 Cnaway droughts) Fig. 55 Petoskey droughts) Fig. 56 Port Huron droughts) Fig. 57 Saginaw droughts) -Fig. 58 St. Joseph droughts) Fig. 59 South Haven droughts) Fig. 6G Traverse City droughts) Fig. 61 West Branch droughts) Fig. 62 Ypsilanti droughts) Fig. 63 South Bend, Indiana droughts) Bibliography iii 37 38 58 39 39 4O 4O 41 41 42 42 45 43 44 45 45 46 46 47 48 I TRODUCTION One of the major.problems that has confronted the farmer almost since the beginning of civilization has been that of obtaining adequate moisture for plant growth. Some of these farmers have depended entirely on the natural supply in the form of pre- cipitation and have found it adequate. Others, in drier climates, have endeavored to furnish the needed moisture by artificial means and have met with vary- ing degrees of success. It has been shovn by many people, hovever, that irrigation, as this artificial application is callrd, can be profitable to the farmer if it is handled intelligently. Nany books have been written on the subject and men interested in the science have deveIOped many different methods in which to carry on the practice. Each of these methods is designed to meet a different set of conditions. Fany of these same men also pointed out that in cer- tain parts of the country, continuous irrigation was needed;:hile in others, it would only be needed to supplement the natural supply. In these areas, then, where nature furnished part of the required moisture, another problem arose. it concerned itself with Weather and its unpredictable nature. Vhen mould the to apply the rater himself? This is the problem that is "Inf REVIEW OF LITTZRATUI’JC As supplemental irrigation is of primary interest throughout this region, it is inportant that the mean- ing be clearly understood. Staebner(l) defines it as "the artificial watering of crOps in regions where rainfall is ordinarily depended on for moisture." Israelsen(2) looks upon it as the artificial applica- tion of water by man with which he attempts to sapple- ment the natural supply. Both of these men look upon the subject from the same point of View. That is, a plant requires a certain amount of waterciuring the growing period. If nature supplies only part of this moisture, then man must furnish the rest. This brings up the Question as to when or how often it is necessary to supplement the natural supply. The answer to this depends upon many factors. Among these are the type of crop and its stage of maturity. Another would be the temperature and humidity of the atmosphere. There would also be the factor of the physical properties of the soil. It is common knowledge that plants receive most of their water supply from the soil. Soils men have termed this supply, available moisture, in that it can be used by the plants. Miller and Turk(3) state that the more important factors influencing the quantity of available moisture in the soil are texture, structure, organic matter content, aeration, and position of the water table. In regards to tex- ture, these same authors point out that fine soils, 2 such as clay, will hold between 4 and 5 times as much available moisture as will the lighter soils, such as sand. The effect of organic matter content on the amount of available moisture is much the same as for texture. In general, the more organic matter present in a soil, the more water the soil will hold. It is logical to assume, then, that a heavy soil or soil of high organic matter content, will be able to hold more water from a given rain than will a light soil or a soil of low organic matter content. This being the case, it can be expected that a sandy soil would require more artificially applied water than would a heavy soil, the crop being the same in both cases. The aforementioned factors are only a few of the manv that should be considered in the study of drought effects or the control of droughts. Nevertheless. they serve to point out that a drought of a given severity might be damaging in one instance and not in another. Hewever, if it could be determined with a reasonable degree of certainty when and how often droughts of varying intensity were to occur in any given locality, then we could better Judge the need and value of supplemental irrigation. The best way to do this would be to analyze past weather records. A few analyses of this type have been undertaken by other men, but on a rather limited scale. Carreker and Liddell(4) used 6 locations in Georgia and studied ta I O . . u . . O 4 . . U. . I . § . . I \ _ . . o . . u \ D. t. 4 I ..v. n. l y . . . .\ . . .c . 0 v .I . A I J a u r . , V . fi ‘ I c . I O . c . . F . L. . \ y c I . u L a .1 v A (x .... t . I?! u . - s f. the rainfall records for thepast 25 years. Similar work was undertaken by Staebner(5) over the upper and lower peninsula of Michigan. In the work of Carreker and Liddell, 0.25 inches of rain in 94 hours was set as the minimum requirement for plant growth in a two week period. Staebner chose to use .1 inch per day, While this value has its good points, it has not been widely accepted. PROCEDURE OF WORK As was pointed out earlier, the amount of water necessary to maintain plant growth varies not only with the plant, but also with the soil and with other climatic conditions. To use Staebner's value of .1 inch per day would be satisfactory under some condi- tions and not under others. It could very well be, for example, that .1 inch of rain falling each day on a heavy soil might evaporate before it ever reached the root zone. Unfortunately, the use of any set value could well prove erroneous under certain conditions. Feverthe- less, it offers the only practical solution in a problem of this kind. The use of a number of values, each established for a different set of variables, vould be much more accurate, but would develop into an almost endless task. It remains then, for the research worker to choose a value that he feels best suits the conditions and needs of the problem he has undertaken. In this paper, then, a drought is defined as "a period consti- tuting 7 days or more in which less than 0.25 inches 0f 4 precipitation.has occurred in 24 hours." It has been observed that amounts of less magnitafe re sly r-ach the root zone, while greater amounts usually have a beneficial effect on plant growth. It should be kept in mind, however, that under certain instances, amounts of 0.20 or even 0.15 of an inch can as beneficial to the plant. Such a case might result when one of these rains occurred a day or two after a heavy rain. Analysis of the data collected, hcwever, reveals that these cases rarely occur. Now that the definition of a drought has been established, any future predictions should be beard on an analysis of past long term records. The data from 57 stations in the lower peninsula of Michigan was tabu- lated for this project. These stations “are chose both for their location and their length of r:cord. It was desired to have a complete as well as accurate cover— age of the state. With one exception, they all have from 36 to 51 years of rainfall data with S7 of the stations having over 46 years of records. The location of each station is shown in Figure l. The daily rainfall records for each of these stations were taken from the published "Climatological Data" of the Weather Bureau of the Unite States Department of Commerce, and tabulated in sequence order of the day, month, and year of its occurrence. Only the months of hay through September were included as this analysis is intended to cover only the growing season. The data were then studied for the occurrence of droughts of varying length and frequency. These droughts were then tabulated in groups accord— ing to the month in which they occurred and their duration. For example, all droughts lasting from 7 to 14 days in the month of May were placed in one group, while those lasting for the same period in the month of June were placed in another. The reason for tabulating according to month is , that the degree of drought resistance in many plants varies with their stage of maturity. May and June droughts may be of concern to small fruit growers, while July and August droughts could be serious to producers of later maturing crepe, such as tomatoes. The groups were set up in 7 day increments from 7 days up to 55 days. Droughts lasting 35 days or longer were all placed in one group. It is felt that a complete analysis of droughts lasting over 5 weeks is not of pri- mary importance in this instance. Few crops in Michigan can withstand droughts of 35 days without damage unless some supplemental irrigation is applied. In analyzing the data in this way, there were many times when one period would extend from one month into the next. When this occurred, the period was charged to the month which had the most days in the particular period. For example, if a 21 day drought occurred,-with 11 days in May and 10 in June, then day would be credited with the entire drought. If each month had the same number of days in a drought period, then it would be charged to the month in thich it originated. There vould, however, he one exception in this case. Assume that a droujht started on the 26th of lay and continued on throush June and for SC days into July. This would mean that the period lasted 6 days in Far, 30 days in June and 30 days in July, for a total of 66 days. The drought in this case, mould be charged to the month of June. June is the critical month in that the drought will have had a major effect before July began. 1) DISCTSSIOF C? 3:3ULTL \ In order to beat show the results of this study, a series of maps and charts were made to illustrate the pertinent findings. Figures 2 through 26 are drawn on the basis of number 0? droughts occurring in the average 10 year period. Figure 2, page 16, for example, shove the ‘3 Frequency vith which 1 to c week droughts occur in the month of Yer. A line labeled with the number 9 passes throuph all points having on the average of 9 droughts lasting from 1 to 2 weeks in a 10 year period. The line 8 indicates that 8 droughts occur in 10 years. One would naturally eXpect the more severe droughts to occur less frequently than droughts of less duration. This is brought out clearly in the maps. The lines on Figure 21, page 25, for instance, are labeled with num- bers of less than one. This means that these droughts will occur less than once every 10 years. A line marked "f" 0.5 indicates l drought in 20 years while 0.2 indicates one in every 50 years. Figures 27 through 65 show the cumulative frequency of the droughts. The charts are drawn for each station and each of the 5 months under study. Figure 27, page 29, for example, covers the 5 months for the station at Adrian, Michigan. This chart contains five separate groups of bar graphs. each group covers one of the 5 months under study. Looking at the graphs for May, it can be seen that there were 74 droughts lasting 7 days or longer. In other words, there were a total of 74 May droughts during the 50 year record of the station. The graphs further show that there were 28 droughts lasting 14 days or longer. To determine the exact number of l to 2 week droughts, we have only to subtract 28 from 74, which shows that 46 of these droughts occurred. These charts, if studied closely, will give more detailed information at the various stations than will the maps. For example, let us assume that a farmer wishes to grow strawberries near Traverse City. The soil in this particular area is a light sandy loam and is not capable of retaining moisture for any period of time. The strawberries which will be grown here can be eXpected to mature around the latter part of May and the early part of June. During this fruiting period, they require an abund- ance of water if they are to produce a berry of a market- able nature. The moisture requirement of the fruit then, along with the nature of the soil, indicates that short droughts lasting 7 or 8 days can be damaging. By looking 8 '5 1 Q . ' I -v _ , ‘ ‘ I s h h. ' I . . .. , . v . \ . a. I l u ‘_a . 5 - a .‘l . a. I - . ' s . "r . . a . r ._ . _ ‘ 5 l 0 D _ . . A . lp' . n,' . . V . .3. . _ . .' O 1 J . . . J l 1 a - v \ 3 r 3 ' I u. ,3 C . ‘ .V . l J J a . . I t - . ‘ . \. a ‘ "\ A . I . \ ¢ ’ . 1 u v 7 ) 'v C A . V . . . ‘ ’ | .. . .V A‘. . 9 ‘Q l) .. a O .:> l‘l . . . M . \I c .. I at Figure 60, page 45, for the month of hay, it can be seen that 71 droughts lasting 7 days or longer have occurred in the past 47 years. This is an average of 1.5 droughts in the month of May each year. In June, 70 droughts occurred in 48 years. Here again the average is 1.5 each year. This would indicate that supplemental irrigation would be advisable to this farmer, especially if the success or failure of the crOp would have a pronounced effect on his economic stability. ANALYS S OF DATA When we are confronted with a problem or phenomenon over which we have no control, we study to see if it follows any set routine or pattern. Weather, unfortunately, rarely follows a pattern in any given locality. In analyzing the data, however, some interesting points have been found that should be brought out. These are as follows: 1. Droughts of l to 2 weeks during May, Figure 2, page 16, appear to be fairly uniform throughout the state. The average in this month is 10 droughts in 10 years. A slight increase to 12 in 10 years can be seen around Ludington and Muskegon, while the southeastern and southwestern area shows a decrease to 9 in 10 years. The June average, Figure 5, page 16, drops to 8 droughts in 10 years with the southeastern area at 10 in 10 years being above the average. The 9 rest of the state remains fairly uniform. In July, Figure 4, page 17, the average rises again to almost 9 in 10 years with the above average areas of 10 in 10 years centering around Port Huron and East Tawas. The western shoreline and the area around East Lansing, Flint and De— troit are slightly below average with 8 in 10 years. In August, Figure 5, page 17, the average a- gain drOps to 8 in 10 years with the southern counties and the Port Huron area having 9 in 10 years and the East Tawas area having 6 in 10 years. In September, Figure 6, page 18, the average is 9 in 10 years with the extreme southwestern area having 11 droughts in 10 years and the East Lansing, llma, Bay City area being low or below average with 8 in 10 years. 2. Droughts of 2 to 3 weeks occur much less fre- quently than those of l to 2 weeks. The average for the month of May, Figure 7, page 18, is slightly less than.4 in 10 years. The lower peninsula is fairly uniform with a high of 5 in 10 years centered around Harbor Beach. In June, Figure 8, page 19, the average drops to a little better than 5 droughts in 10 years. Here the high areas are widely scattered. The southeast and southwest, the area around Luding- ton, and the area around Mackinaw City, average 10 '. over 4 while the area around Grayling averages less than 2 droughts in 10 years. In July, Figure 9, page 19, the average rises slightly to between 5 and 4 droughts in 10 years. The only area varying appreciably from the aver- age is between Traverse City and Grayling. Here the average drops to 2 in 10 years. In August, Figure 10, page 20, the average again drops to the June level of 3 droughts in 10 years and is fairly uniform throughout the state. In September, Figure 11, page 20, the average continues to be 5 droughts in 10 years with the areas around Ludington, Manistee, Mackinaw City, and Alma rising to 4 in 10 years. The remainder of the state is quite uniform. a: Droughts of s to 4 weeks in May, Figure 12, page 21, averaged slightly over 1 in 10 years throughout the state. Areas around Petoskey and between Bay City and East Tawas were higher than the average with 2 in 10 years, while the extreme southwest was low with l drought in 20 years. In June, Figure 15, page 21, the average in- creased to slightly under 2 droughts in 10 years with the area around West Branch having 3 in 10 years and the area around Hillsdale, Jackson, and Adrian having 1 in 10 years. 11 The July average, Figure 14, page 22, was very similar to June with slightly under 2 droughts in 10 years. The only extreme vari- ance was centered around Petoskey where no droughts of this duration have been recorded. The month of August, Figure 15, page 22, re- vealed an average of slightly greater than 2 in 10 years. Above average areas of 5 droughts in 10 years are centered around Cadillac and Saginaw while the East Lansing area is low with 1 drought in 10 years. In September, Figure 16, page 25, the average dropped to less than 1 drought in 10 years. The high area this month is around Ann Arbor with 2 droughts in 10 years and the low around Cadillac with no droughts occurring. 4. In the 4 to 5 week droughts, the average for May, Figure 17, page 23, is l drought every 35 years. The above average area extends across the northern part of the state between Petoskey and Alpena. The average here is 1 in 15 years. Directly north of this area, around Mackinaw City and a strip running southeast from Manistee to Flint, no droughts of 28 to 65 days duration occurred. In June, Figure 18, page 24, the average for the state increased to l in 14 years. The areas between Cadillac and Mackinaw and around Saginaw l2 Flint and Bay City should expect about 1 each 10 years, while Detroit had none in 51 years. In July, Figure 19, page 24, the state aver— age was 1 in 15 years with highs of 1 in 10 years around Grand Haven, Manistee, Alpena, and Hillsdale.. Areas around Saginaw and Ann Arbor have never experienced these droughts. In August, Figure 20, page 25, the droughts have occurred on the average of 1 each 12% years over the state. The central area of Michi- gan between Alma and Grayling has had these periods about once in 8 years, while in the Hills- dale area, it has been closer to once in 25 years. The September average, Figure 21, page 25, drops down again to 1 in 55 years. Isolated high areas of l in 20 years are found around East Lans- ing, Port Huron a d West Branch. An extreme high of 1 in 12% years is found southeast of Traverse City. The areas around Alma, Allegan and Battle Creek, however, have experienced none of these droughts. 5. The state average for droughts lasting 5 weeks or longer during May is l in 50 years. The aver- age was uniform throughout the central area from Manistee and Ludington across the state to Bay City and Saginaw. The south central area up to East Lansing was entirely free of these droughts 13 as was the area between Onaway and Alpena. The region between Petoskey and East Tawas, on the other hand, has experienced these severe periods about once every 20 to 25 years as shown in Figure 22, page 28. The average for June, Figure 25, page 26, rises slightly to once in 25 years. The drought free areas during this month are located around Cold- water and Onaway, while frequencies of once in 12 years are found around Port Huron and Grand Haven. In July, Figure 24, page 27, the average rises again to l in 17 years. Higher frequencies of once in 10 years have occurred along a strip running south from Petoskey down to Grand Haven. The area around Onaway has had none of these droughts. In August, Figure 25, page 27, the droughts occur most frequently averaging once every 12% years. Higher frequencies of 1 in 10 years are found along the west side between Ludington and St. Joseph. Lower frequencies of 1 in 20 years are located in a narrow strip running diagonally across the state from Traverse City down to Detroit. In September, Figure 26, page 28, the frequency drOps again to l drought in 55 years. During this month, the eastern half of the state averages slightly higher or about once every 20 to 25 years. The west side of the state is lower and averages 14 about 1 drought every 50 years. No droughts have occurred around Manistee and West Branch. CONCLUSION In looking over the data it would appear that no definite pattern exists over the entire state. That is, it cannot be said that droughts are more prevalent in the southern half than in the northern half. Nor can it be said that the severe droughts will affect the eastern half more than the western. The maps do clearly show us, however, that short droughts occur more frequently in May and September than in the other three months. They also show that August is the most dangerous month for droughts lasting three weeks or longer. 15 "V DC F I/V WW C ' A X "Y“ 1 ‘7', ”‘6' hr- "'37qu ". ‘_- ‘ _ 0 I-pQL/3 “V(:.“ : I ‘7"l".". ’ ‘7’.“Il . . r , i . I .Qx‘v7... ,0 ”WM” NO L A. o ‘7 ' -'. VII 2 .- . r.1,‘v - (.f o I F r'r’flr‘q‘ (. 'r’;:’-'/ 1 #7:, M {,9 ‘r’.‘v‘z"v’( ‘ H' .i-J 17574.90/7’ Eff/C H I ff“: 4773304 V .507 r (f / I' 7' 0 /7_ t“: a _Sli’GI’Vr-‘A/ _ ' /‘.i /N / F0 “1' ic’lfl’O’V ° (3’7’fik0 Psi/"105 ' f .(f' {‘r~_5/'xi(¢ . VHEGfl/v 5 var/fly FM". f' (. 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W\\kh¢ _[ ask 6»: M 8MN§mkanh k .QRS % 5S 5 .wsSx. x§ em \l\\~\m\ V.\K.“sx m6 SK 2 .h-Xa‘hv. \<\ Huk‘BgtRV \Q KxSVNNRV . \Iku‘tfiw.‘ ‘R t‘\ tn tL‘Nk‘N-«\N‘ £¥x «N sub‘bo ¢‘N t\N. «3 ts Rho «VHW‘Q t§\ LN hm. o‘NJ t\N‘ x! kN o r m y n $0.. r . a “Q”! _L K. “\Kl“ KKK V‘ has} ”‘1 L HXK \‘ fi\k$‘ W New QWNSNKKWH ‘35ka 33. _ $.35 xk¥ "é...” \‘Qk‘t‘ .Nkuwk W? \\ Knox. 50.. .nime \<\ kaxw§©mx§ \Q kaLVKNV mhh ‘5‘ (N. 8‘: «N N8QN‘ {N .8! 8k *8. BNuR;$ N «KN mMchwx «xx kn («5. N: ‘5‘ 8». r _ skx Vh. h\\ “M. IUQENKKINK. kH§W§§ .QxQN ~Q>fiflm xxk fig“. MW fit rrr “X ‘N x43) h\\ Vb: N235 J 38A QM. xxx? (4) (5) BIBLIOGRAPL Staebner, F. 3., "Supplemental Irrigation," United §tates Department of agriculture, FarmersT~Bulletinl o. 1946, October 1940, pp. 1-2- Israelsen, C. W., Irrigation Erincigles and Practices, “ev; {or1<, pp. 1-5, 284-232 Filler, C. 3., and Turk, L. N., Fundamentals of Soil Science, John Wiley & Sons, Iew York, pp. 397. Carreker, J. R., and Liddell, W. J., "Results of Irrigation Research in Georgia, Part 1," Agricultural fingineering, Vol. 29, 1948, pp. 24 )‘244. Staebner, F. 3., "Determining an Index of SUpple- mental Irrigation and Its Application," Afiri- culturel Engineering, Vol. 21, To. 6, 1940, pp. 215-217. AD") I? I 031A PCTJLECZ 2’ CT 3 Duffie, ”. Z. Jr., "Supplemental Irrigation in South Carolina," Clem: an Agricultural Colleae fixtension Service Circular 727, iebruary I944, pp. 3’40 United States Deoertment of Commerce, Clima.tolo- g_pel Data, 1900 lkrou:o 1950. 48 . O O C C O I C . <-.-- A mm: USE mm a: ' ,1, law, 6 3% JUN 2 3 '58 "'lllllllljllllfllllflllllllyljllll“