Thisiltocertlfgthatthe thesis entitled CERTAIN FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO NON- CONVICTION OF RESPONSIBLE DRIVERS IN EDTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN A FATALITY presented by JAMES EDWIN CARNAHAN has been accepted towards fulfillment . ~ of the requirements for RED degree in_.EDIICAIION fi/ééw fl/Zfl divide": rig/Z4) Major professor Date- :ma'cémber: 2 .1960 “ 0-169 .___ 5—, ,_e.._. . __ _ ._._ . J LIBRARY Michigan State University .7 :mxnu CM”; 424» u. CERTAIN FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO NON-CONVICTION 0F RESPONSIBLE DRIVERS IN MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN A FAIRLITY By James Edwin Carnahan AN ABSTRACT OF A THESIS Submitted to the School of Advanced Graduate Studies of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Teacher Education 1960 .52. ,. (LYHVHLY. Ilvlk1\ , > ..!u..>.! \ CERTAIN FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO NON-CONVICTION OF RESPONSIBLE DRIVERS IN MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN A FATALITY By James Edwin Carnahan AN ABSTRACT OF A THESIS Submitted to the School of Advanced Graduate Studies of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Teacher Education 1960 WLT; 'mn 5-1:” 1 “01:17:! '1' I.) ua'nuim'r.“ nujmsoulb rustle 11-150 :1th count. --‘ c A. l-wn .- . . r . ', L(1IAIIJ---.a'. .'.‘. '.-')Ol.- Tibia 'i'n int-H's . J. I r-.; mic“ 4.. in inriaviui 2; ; ru_£fwi‘ 3:.r;;-r..[‘:'tlln’k .lI-sirms'sc- ':.i' v n. -; Er -.-‘ Guiiub UHU uul Eiuvt.“ .-- T ‘l’."(;.;.l-( :; . -.. 'v- I - i‘. '_ 2 '5. Carnahan Abstract CERTAIN FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO NON-CONVICTION OF RESPONSIBLE DRIVERS IN MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN A FATALITY 323 Problem: Violators are not being convicted to the extent one would expect for traffic violations that result in fatal ac- cidents. This may be due to certain factors such as: 1) in- sufficient evidence as a result of poor accident investiga- tion; 2) the use of officers poorly trained in accident in— vestigation; 3) evidence available to officer too limited to warrant criminal action as a result of no witness to the ac- cident; h) sympathetic jurors who are not educated to the magnitude and the seriousness of the problem; 5) failure of the prosecutor to initiate action where there is apparently sufficient proof of negligence; 6) possible indifference of some judges and prosecutors to the traffic problem; 7) cases where convictions are obtained, the sentence if often negli— gible; 8) and possibly others. Procedure: Records of the accidents that resulted in fatalities in the State of Michigan for the years 1957 and 1958 were obtained from the files of the Michigan State Police° These records Were studied and those that did not show the com- plete diSposition of the case and showed evidence of a one insane 0d: 03 beaotvnoo gated dog can eactsloi' -03 late} at quzei tad: enolaslolv 0111513 10% Joeqxo quow -nJ: (I :as done aiofron’} nisi'mo on sub ed ‘csm airfl‘ .Itnebto -sgiaaevni cushions 100fi lo UIU851 s as eonebive snelolilua -nl: seafloor. ui beuis'xd“ ‘(I'IO'M‘ «snaffle “.0 can ark? (3 {no.tz't o: hauimii 003 Tooilfin on nIdsIfin‘s eonebivs (E ghoiasgidaov ~03 911:: cu .'-:'e.m:i.i.'..- on ”in 31.“:- n z-'. -'-:-: uni-7m: Inrlimiz'ro aus'I'Ist-I 3G: 03 hoarouhc son sin :fir afiaiufi oiuodanrnw? (fi anefiiu 'ro :-'n:_[_i:.=': {T ;:-'m.'2_.!cr1v--- :;:-..r .;'-.-..r-:L;o.i:'me 9d: .5..r..r; -u.'-:.:.a.tn:--.:-.vr. vianeunznn ‘i sands 914*w noises uumnwiu‘ 03 iowrncao1n ed: :9 canoual:isni cI;iauor \T ;;ouehi1_uu E0 ‘uo¢~ untioiiizr ,. .. . r 01 afiifinu; a 3 PJ “flsJum- h; p: .lo'hLfi 'rue —‘I'~n again if JOHOUHflL we: gwaIsufin .cn '_n?:ufvnnn nuafiv itiTLEHUHE ui LcJtus;1 VLF? wanehioos ~F“ do “armour __ In. . - ‘ ‘ --‘_. ‘ ... .'., .'.. . - . : ' '. ’ , . _. -.- "ZI'i'l :— ‘.'_' .9. LEE- | \ fix - '14- ‘-j f‘ - ’- f! L a: L‘ c a? ’: .I J "-J .Su'l i now .-‘-'_..n [cm n3 . -.I «-' I J L -* " ' 1‘ u —-1 ..‘- _; .'1' ’0.".‘ I I . . .. i' I : f " J'L - Carnahan Abstract traffic violation were sent to the prosecutor of the resPec- tive county to determine both the diSposition of the case and the reasons for his action. The data from both the ac- cident reports and the questionnaires returned by the prose- cutors were tabulated onto 5" by 8" index cards for final analysis. As a cross check on the case diSposition from the cen- tral files of the State Police and the returns of the vari- ous prosecutors, numerous cases were sent to the Driver Im- provement Services of the Department of State to establish if there was any action taken against the violator for which the other files showed no record. A further check was made on the State Police files by sending the complete list of fatal accidents happening in a resPective county to several prosecutors in order to determine if the two files were in agreement° In addition numerous cases were drawn from the Wayne County files in order to detenmine if all cases were recorded in the central files of the State Police. Thirty-five enforcement agencies were contacted and one hundred and twa officers interviewed concerning their Opinion as to convictions in motor vehicle violations re- sulting in a fatality. This information was compiled into tables along with that from the index cards in preparation for the final report. .ntltxan- —neo 9d: mo11 noisieoqeih ease add no floedb 3301: 3 3A -iuav on: in aniusoi and ban eoilofi 03333 one 10 cell? Isa: ~m£ xeviau ads or unoa 919w aeano ano1omun atoauoeaoaa euo Q - '1 {701- u'mfi' are: "onflo 10:13??? 1" '10 Tax]: 0395:1103 er'u "unify-.252?- .[n’m-rey- -~.:r '3!‘X.'.'¢"J )Vi'aocrscc-z ui mun-r coll-“l n": .‘.-3:! vi: a. L. .01". .’zt's'rb '.r.-':': emu-9 "" ‘-" 'c'."".-'"‘ "ft: '74." "f'-".':.'£'.\'I:)II i - ‘IZ‘ ‘ \‘ I". " .'TL‘. {‘52: _..'-; ~ ‘.'“I. a 493:3" - . i'i'u': .'.-1.134" r a. Inst-1': . '10“ or" 4.1. ‘ I.".- no ;.'.'..' .Iui'. '.. “'l‘ifli‘ -' -' n' ’1 .r. 2 ' . 10'! 'II'IJGIOJ'W' ark? :raai. uaildnwac 03 03:13:”. 'Io :Irzer-rmscgot‘. arm '10 aooi‘r’rea unemVO'xq finiaon‘vns unw 915d: 11 Let-Indra noii'i Tel-Ito arid ".'3 t-ojilnu' {Hi-2:31". 1355:! no -:." no. vr-'t-..I'.-' 32:! nobioon ind nit 0:3 'J'cEr-zo Hi 3':.):'r§.'0!)=o':«':-g -. I ' . z .'..rrn- f. s“: - ".' "OI." ‘:': r901“ .t‘rr ';-' "‘,'_ ‘,' "" f. f n ‘).):\-r \ ‘3’; ‘. 951120153." )r' -- 'rrzt ‘-‘ .'." ‘ '." ¢ ‘ ’ 1'I- "‘ x u) .- I r -.:3 I -, . . ' . n o'- . I—fim Oarnahan Abstract A Summary and Conclusions: Summary. A study was made of 1930, 73 per cent, of the 2532 fatal accidents that occurred in the State of Michigan during 1957 and 1958. There were 1730 drivers who survived. 753 of Whom appeared to be in violation. Charges were filed against 27#, 36 per cent, of the drivers appear- ing to be in violation. There were 206 cases bound over to ‘ circuit court with 1&8, 71 per cent, found guilty and 58, 29 per cent, acquitted. There were 21 cases dismissed in the preliminary hearing. Of the total 227 cases filed for cir- cuit court action, 65 per cent were found guilty and 35 per cent not guilty. The total drivers convicted in the circuit and lower courts for the 27“ charges filed were 190, 69 per cent. The prosecuting attorneys stated 509 reasons for non-prosecutions against the #56 drivers who appeared to be in violation. Some reasons given were: insufficient evi- dence, 35 per cent; other peeple contributed, 21 per cent; victim related to driver, 18 per cent; road and weather con- ditions, 3 per cent; defendant has suffered enough, 3 per cent; and numerous other statements, 20 per cent. Officers of the thirty-five enforcement agencies con- tacted report their problems to be: public apathy and sym- pathy for the defendant; lack of sufficient budget and ‘ ’ W is?! m nut .Iltu m in: um usu- -'. W .aetwsloiv at ed at Ibo-nouns mom ‘Io (a? .bovivt‘u ~1aeqqs sievtib out To .3neo 10q BC ,dYS tunings belt! 010' 03 1eVo bnuod cases 308 510w e1eflr .noiseioiv ni ed oi gal 93 ,3: has valtun bnuoT .aneo 19" I? .8flI n31" Janos siuo1io 9d: at bonaimaib cease-£3 919w oasflr .hedainpos .3nec 19a -1io 101 belt} 29250 V3- face: 94: 10 .vni1nefl visnim1101q 19a {E has waxing hnuoT eacw Jneo fifiq :9 ,uoiaos U1noo mine aiuoxio ens ni hefici:vnoo xinvinh 13303 sfi‘ .vvliur Hnn sneo qu fi‘ .021 slew raljl so 1nfln fix; sis 101 331103 Teon hue .rxrmo 101 annarei 7%Q ncvcsv avawuuvur ,ninuonLui- -~ ad 03 beinnnqn oflw ”lfivil“ :25 any inri: v nuni3:09?ctn-huu —.i:'-r9 7n -.i.o ci'1...-.J:m'i :tn: ..-' r'-v.‘..,, amour-2'; ":Vn: .i"-.-:':n:.[n..'.'- Hi; :arica "J'-)'.' .[L' .3935 ;.'.-";:I. :03 of: 0-2:. '1-1 7:7“ ;:;':m '.;-.2- L_,;_ . TOEEEl -ru,a 'st!3;.rh: n my- 34:01 :1- as. 119-- " E .'J'NIE'LH «as h uv~ i-r. rui2'05 v '12-: ; ,ri' , vane Irrrn'l'u-r- -.- w: .‘.-'su-zrno 3'. --..'- -. ','_ ,' --._..'.r.:! .ttueo 19!: “l: .33”.’..|-.":.'.. I:')‘-‘.: ';..‘-r‘?I-: .I:'.' r =.': 4 .":'. :‘l'l «nos -*:iorua a cram: 2:0"r531a :uviiu‘m-ui : -%r "v..v'no'- —~ " . re ‘v'ar; '1i}”.. 3) . on -n i ' ~ n n: . 1‘1: .. LJiJu“ In n ' - . . Carnahan Abstract personnel; need for departmental eXpansion; difficulty in locating and obtaining witness; difficulty in obtaining other forms of evidence; improper follow-up on accident in- vestigation; cases lie too long on the docket; prosecutor feels that defendant has suffered enough; prosecutor does not have time and does not wish to be bothered with traffic cases; prosecutor not paid enough and has to combine civil and criminal activities in same office; prosecutor wants a good conviction record, reduces charges to obtain a plea of guilty; prosecutor fails to prepare cases in advance; jurors identify with the violators; jurors are too sympathetic, al- low emotion to over-rule reason; lower courts go beyond their function in preliminary hearings; circuit courts will not allow expert testimony; judges impose light sentences; usually probation; need for better legislation. Conclusions. The prosecutor is unable to initiate action in approximately 20 per cent of the cases against a driver who has committed a traffic violation that results in a fatality. He fails to initiate action in an additional 20 per cent of the cases and files on the remaining 60 per cent. Eighty-five per cent of the cases filed are bound over to circuit court and 15 per cent are tried in the lower courts. Eleven per cent of the cases bound over to circuit court are dismissed on motions from the prosecutors for nolle prOSequi. . I. p sac: ; . , .._ in new on: hid" akin Inb- meow-u; sheen. tau-zenith out arm-hunch uni use! 6111313 dfltw bereaved ed oi darn son Boob baa outs oval to. Iivle entdmoo o: and hue dauouo bieq son iotueosoiq :coeno a ednsw moauoee01q :eoiilo once at eeiaiviioe Innlmiao has To aeiq s nlesdo on aegasdo aeouboa ,bxooei notsoivnoo boos, amount ;eonsvbe mi 29239 81£q91q oi aliei 10$uaeaoxq {tiling -£s ,oiaedasqmva 003 can P101ut gacorcloiv eds daiw vlianebi‘ Dnoved on eainoo iewoi {moaned elu1~aexo o: noiscmo on litw eaiuoo alreqio ;a~n:1.sefi vxnntriieiq n1 nervounl 1iefi3 :aeoneunee anal; euoqmi as but ; nomisusv Tchx. uniin son .noiusicinel tossed TH; 39“: {noissfioiw YIIPLEE essiaini 03 oidnuu ei 103309?07u wflf 'ELIEZBLEZEBS n canisrs asses 0d: To anon sun bl quaumixosywn PI we Jon Ji asluasv asfla roiusloiv oil?n13 L aeJIimmoo a:fi wdw waviwh 03 Innoiuihhn nn mi noixos TTni:ffli n3 'Iifi} 3‘ .«Iiinxfl? s .aueo 16g 00 uinficwni nfiJ yo Rafi} Dflfl means w‘v ?; :dou 1:“ on dove Jnuon at“ heiii Beans a”? {a vnan T - ‘fxmfi15~i' .eaiuoo iuwol on: mi bursa UTn .;-: 1;‘ g: “L3 Tfihiv "ndin 01$ UTUOD wineaio or TQVO hnucd -Wafis =”s n 5v . u v “:7LV .iun9201w alien in} Hunsuoqeown n.J . a? enriuny . .a w Carnahan Abs tract 1' There appeared to be sufficient evidence for the initial charge but the prosecutor changed his mind. Does this sug— gest that reasons other than evidence per se are getting cases thrown out of court? Sixty per cent of the cases tried in lOWer court were for reckless driving or driving while under the influence. The question arises as to why these cases were not tried in circuit court? Neither gross negligence nor intent must be proved in a charge of negligent homicide while reckless driving constitutes a wilful and wanton disregard for per- sons or preperty. The reasons most frequently stated by prosecutors for non-prosecution was that victim was related to driver and/or the violator had suffered enough, 20 per cent of total statements° Would the action be the same for crimes com- mitted other than by motor vehicle? The prosecutor is per- haps anticipating public reaction and jury re5ponse? Does the public Want enforcement for motor vehicle violations and if so to what degree? Approximately 30 per cent of the cases tried in cir— cuit court resulted in acquittals, most of which were for negligent homicide. The jurors identify with the violators and are reluctant to convict him for a violation they them- selves might commit. The courts that find the violator guilty often impose light sentences° Over one-half the . ..--_ ._. .u. -:=1..-.,;=' ;' - .. . . .’ man». m we." give inane were! n1 bots: cones ads to anon seq texts. ; .eoneulini ed: qehnu elidw guivixb co gnivtub auntie-1 so} (:1 bdrm won e'xev aeaeo- seeds vdw at as aeat‘u notiaeup our ed 32me anoint 10a causally-3n 23017.5 19:13:99! $311100 $130119 aaeIflos1 elldw obtained Tuegilaen 10 enisdb a at tovo1q —10q 101 bIouowaih nounsw has £3111? n anduatvanca rniv11b .1319c01q to anoe 101 31fi3933201u gJ 393532 [£3H;J”QT] 13am encased ow? 10\nn: 1wvi1b uJ beanieu :"w 51:51? 35d: enw heiruoeaan—non 13303 10 anon 1J0 OS H“uoL) n~19?1r2 and toaxjoiv A”: c -r-':oo :'-"1_"_';r) ’10? :n‘vzr. M53 2":- :.r\.i':r:‘-‘ -‘;"'J -'.-'z.'c'.' . 1‘.."...m'-'.-:;.v‘::.'" ~Efi~ Hi loaunsanar'aifl gn:puv won": 3 at”? t f‘w Pear-r #30? ?eanoceou {TLi ins nuisance n’i .- hf:z~iuiw.- .iv; :ucifinfniv sloiirv firyr" in. ::~:-3ficln~ ‘ - ' i ~1£o Hi 1 4'7 . 1 ncJ .. - , ,- _ " "1'01. 9303’; lo " ,.I J ‘I ‘ f '1 . ., . Liovsfoiv of: 515w 3-;32:gj ~u»-f ‘ _ -mc.J 'e”? n( 7-' a _ 10:! ,l_.'d" " _ x'xi I ' ‘ . , 1 _""‘ r_ . fl W Abstract Carnahan sentences were fines, probation, and/or restricted driving. Ten per cent of the sentences were only restricted driving. Perhaps the courts at this point are duPlicating that which would be done by the Secretary of State? CERTAIN FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO NON-CONVICTION OF RESPONSIBLE DRIVERS IN MOTOR VEHICLE ACCIDENTS RESULTING IN A FATALITY BY James Edwin Carnahan A THESIS Submitted to the School of Advanced Graduate Studies of Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Teacher Education 1960 niwba comet. JIFL‘L [IT 1'-: o lornTn cHJ hm; ’)'IllUI!JOI'Ij-_"f: '10 -1Ji-;,.I,.“r.§,~.l_, .,J.;-,-E_ "J -'-:- o r: a 'e‘js- 'r- j: .uo'x '\ .- 1"‘7\I'\ -' . .. [Umu 6 /é’»5 '73 Z/Zr/é/ VITA James Edwin Carnahan Candidate for the degree of Dector of Philosophy Final Examination, August 18, 1960 Dissertation: Certain Factors That Contribute to Non-Conviction of ReSponsible Drivers in Motor Vehicle Accidents Resulting in a Fatality Outline of Studies Major Subject: Teacher Education Minor Subjects: Foundations of Education, Guidance Biographical Items Born, December 18, 1923 Undergraduate Studies, Pasadena City College, l9b6~h8 Adams State College, l95U-56 Graduate Studies, Adams State College, 1956—57 Michigan State University, 1959-60 ExPerience: Coordinated Safety Education Programs in schools of Southern Colorado, Spring 1958 Conducted workshop in Safety Education for both graduates and undergraduates at Adams State College, summer 1958 Colorado State Patrol, 1954— Research Assistant at Highway Traffic Safety Center at Michigan State University, 1959-60 Member of: Phi Delta Kappa, Kappa Delta Pi, American Society of Training Directors, American Driver and Safety Education Association, Colorado Driver and Safety Education Association, Michigan Driver and Safety Education Association, Traffic Appeal Court at Michigan State University, Jefferson County Safety Council neitetvnoO-nofl ca eiudttinoo indT aioaesT ntsiueo 0321 .81 couauA .neitolillll Iauii' :notdetxelell. etuebiooA elotdev 1030M nt sievitfl eldtenoqeefi To eonnbiufl .nois 5012231 villain? a at guiaxuaefl . aeibusa To entltuo :erfidua InficM cit-due tor-1M noisnouhfl 10: 0.9 0T 30 233011513 33m 310"! N u JVGJ] Inoiflr-s'xgotfi {.'.-'3}; ,LI '13-..mooe0. ,n'Ioa ?_.=-:'--B‘1"2[ .e:'-o.|2.'.o:') 13.20 ”£291 -. :‘3.’ ,;-...r'.1'3::':;'.‘. 9303:3331-5193:er 61-41318}: cos-.15.! ”.313 e133" .'2 15:: 314-711? ,o-m 3'30 33 -. ---..bA ..:-.-_3 [33.33: onsub: 71-- :--....?_z."r, ,~'_:i_3::-':'xo‘:i.'*."} ,J'L' v'!3,'*_. Hui" ni‘ ::.r,:r..,o'£‘ :«).-.u'..o..72;. 3.12- £125;c.:);;n.§:’..'3:m-.G 3:;el"'>j:'.:o<.r7:‘.u :1:in .1!’i’I-’,_J gO'.‘:"-'J.JJ."):- 2 1:30 :.5.-..::-=:3.--. 'Io'l .o;.£3-.'a '.':..;'...-;- 3.1: r-3 " ”-L‘ brim." ...1-‘. 330.323.: r: .:."3.- - 3;; 393 ... "‘-"‘ .' J or J1 r3.':o.i:'.:'-r:.- ,j' -.'-'_i'-'3l'.r 33H :" ' . Mr I. ' J .a" - 1'. ‘ :' 3 '£-~ '37" (molten-J- (039912.31; _ u- 3 :"i .L . . -_‘::'3 3 (”tn-".351;untih-Z : r3.'_:. ::.3: :n‘n ': _':_r. ..< J‘s—nomuz 119’. _-. a: .'-;'z*i'.'-.'.' '(L FLA-.'. 3.3331: ".-:-'3.'.":"'-- 1:; . H '-.-.._3':r3:.'.:‘. .'"JZL'nD “-31.17" a .'F'i'l ; .r..' , .'. 3 -'. - ' 31:13:: - ‘I.:.-'.".l"..’a"3r ' 2...r-3-':-'J.'; ‘5‘ .L‘.- .3 '- -""' '1". 17.5135. r; . '.‘ ' 3 -. ' ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer wishes to thank Dr. William A. Mann, who, as his Major Professor and Guidance Committee Chairman, pro- vided constant counsel and encouragement in all phases of the study. He also wishes to express his appreciation to the other members of his Guidance Committee, Dr. Charles A. Blackman, Dr. Walter F. Johnson, and Gordon H. Sheehe, { Director of the Highway Traffic Safety Center, for giving of their time, criticism, and suggestions. Further acknowledg- ment of appreciation is extended to Director Sheehe for mak- ing available materials and personnel and his assistance with contacts with the pertinent agencies. Grateful acknowledgments are due to the Association of Prosecuting Attorneys for participation in this study and to the numerous prosecutors for their cooPeration. The writer is also grateful to the personnel of the State Police Posts, Sheriffs' Departments, and Municipal Police Departments that contributed to the Study. Special thanks are given to Com- missioner Joseph A. Childs for the 000peration extended by him and his Department. The writer is in personal debt to Walter Pletcher of the Traffic Safety Association of Detroit for his assistance in processing the cases in the Wayne County files, and to Gerald O'Connor and Fred VanOsdall of Driver Services for I; H. _,‘ I q...,_,..,,1m__ 7". +4., f‘mvrfw-“ W _.. t- r_ i or “than“: an! ".1ng at seal-hr out. on .‘buc cit .A Iolzsda .1fl .eeaitmmob oonabtua aid to exodus. 1.530 on? ,edeeda .H nobhoa has .noandot .1 zeslnw .10 .nsmueslfl lo anivtg 101 ,133n90 239168 011131T tnwduifl 9d$ Io 1030911fl -abe£wonflos 1od31n? .anotaaeaaua has .meiotiiio ,emti 1ted3 —ficm 103 edeeda 10309110 0: bobnetzo ai noiuntoo1qqs lo inem sonsuaiaas aifi hnn Inunnaivq in; dlfiilaifim ufdclinvn uni .eei‘orm tr. rims-r- .- c-q ME: Iizri't-r 2130531100 Hair}! '10 “Divisional-2:. nr-u— or! (317.1;- -.,-;:: engorqbolwonfloz I!!”i.'-'J’ J'i‘Iz.) ozr bms *(bua-r. =zj-23 m'. ”crusade.=':-':':.',..- 10'}: angeuinsrzui .-~_u_‘::I;.«oe:3c'I‘-I 19311“: or“ .nni‘ns'zormco him}: 10']: '-':'Io-:;imor-.«-z=.- :-..- 013mm; an"; .azrzzo‘Z 9:31.170} 03's.?” 35% ".'n .123:;r-o.'5<>..-; :"T m: .z'iul-g'an; 941;; 3.1”: 23119231309“. coifo.‘ Jim '10.: -.:u‘:"; imr. ,asnor:r.-.m~.“~ ' in «1.105 0-1 I'evi' __ ”#1:. t-zflnnrkr .11:...':o.~:r.c- “rum-f and?" m 7.w;.';-“f":r-.';.:n ‘(ii Dom-I933? emf-3':‘z'zt-wsocm an"? "10': I25.) -’.I'."- .s’ :' ”inf. “2130."? -_i:r:i , .'-,"*_\!':.'i",.':',-':-)’. ‘_-' ' _"-r_1:- _--,.';1' '10 'Imfoueji“ "InFJIrs‘a' or: :L'L-‘sh .{nr-zu-cr- -- .:-,;,,;v,: .- uor:1.;:rz».j:."=.-:; air: '.:o'l :rirrnreu }_ 30,53;- -._'.;~.. x._-—-'3 ., .l .w iZ-m: ,zaeiffl "JjU’HLHiC: :-.'r..',-.,~..‘.' mm; r“, :15} .c a" : (”"1 t.-';!).i'.'.r"-'-._:-. .'-r-':'.-".A '34. I..:.-. .. '. 1".2 .. ,' as «was; uh u- amp-pm mu m 3mm we?" x khan. ' iv -their cooPeration and assistance in checking violators' rec- ords. Judge William H. Wise is also thanked for his legal counsel and advice. Finally, to his wife, Myrabel Carnahan, the writer expresses utmost appreciation for her inspiration and vital moral support, without which this study would have been im- possible. fu- smdfi While-ml ”u; an“ m .= Isd‘hr hm: holin'xtqlflt m 191 nannies-1w Roda and... -mi need even bluow that: aids dotdw inoditw .310qgua Inac- .eIdtaaoq TABLE OF CONTENTS CHAPTER I. THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . I . . The Problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Statement of the problem . . . . . . . . . Contributions of the Study . . . . . . . . Hypotheses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Definition of Terms as Stated in Motor Vehicle Laws and Court Decisions . . . . . Manslaughter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Negligent Homicide . . . . . . . . . . . . Felonious Driving . . . . . . o e . . . . 0 Leaving the Scene of a Fatal Accident . . . Organization of the Study . . . . . . . . . . II. PREVIOUS RESEARCH . o . . . o . o . o . . . o . III. PROCEDURE . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . . e . . Collected Fatal Accident Records from Files of Michigan State Police . . . . . . . . . Studied Accident Records . . . . . . . . . . Tabulated Information to 5" by 8" Index Cards Sent Questionable Cases to Prosecuting Attorneys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Transferred Information Received from Prosecution onto Index Cards . . . . . . . \OWN C‘ 10 10 11 13 15 15 15 15 15 16 LI» 1" NV! E.- {-1 1': ~,—.. ‘d' . Reliant»; . . mexdoxq edT mBIdOIq ed: lo Snnmeaeaa (have eds to anotsudiqinoo . . - ') E23131 (Hf-[1": . r. f .1 1n rmJ:.I.I':uI mu ”LI 2123.in J .' CHAPTER vi PAGE Checked Drivers' Records through Secretary of State . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Sent Complete List of Accidents to Prosecutors of Some Counties to Compare the TWo Files . . 16 Drew Cases from Files in Wayne County to Compare with Records of Michigan State Police . . . . . . . . ; . . . . . . . . . . 16 Posted Data from Index Cards onto Worksheets for Analysis and Tabulation . . . . . . . . . 15 Interviewed Officers Concerning Non-Convictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Compiled Data in Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 Prepared Final Report . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 IV. ACTION TAKEN AGAINST VIOLATORS INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS DURING 1957 AND 1958 . . . . . 20 AccidentsStUdied...o......oo..o 20 DiSposition of Cases . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Prosecutor . . . o . . . . . . . o . . . . o 21 Circuit Court . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 Lower Court . . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . . 33 Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Comparison with Previous Study . . . . . . . #0 v, REASONS FOR NON-CONVICTIONS . . . . . . . . . . . #2 Reasons for Non—Prosecution . . . . . . . . . . ”2 BI . :l = _ - . .3 _’ . «In M eds I-anmoo ow aetsnuoo once to ea {dunes snvsW at aeiifl moi? aeasc we1fl 9:538 ncnlfloim To 3510305 naiw cicqmoO ..OIOIOOOIIOOOOOOeoiIOq zJeJneTIoW 03:0 Pain; :ebul mo"? nusfi beaaofl .4 . . . . . . . rui£$::iud:uf rzy::‘Ia':tm:Ja'zoi flflifiififiufis 41303213 Lugniveuuul I h ‘ f I I o I I I e I I I I I I .II\. In: II'r' .--::' I ' . .. l ,. I . I I I I I I I I o _‘. '1. I iohl. I’. ' ('1. -. .., r. - . ,., ..,. I I I I I I I I 0 I I JLUII-L .-'.1il-.~ ."_ u ’1 -_ - o e. . ll " l [I j I I ‘ , , y" ..3‘, ‘ .. . I I I ‘ A :L' ‘ .i- ..' .1" 1" ' |l l I I I I I I I I I I I I O 7 r .-. l ‘ . '- I I I I I I D I I I o I 'l ' \ ' L I I I I I I I I I e I I I I o l‘ ’ I I I e I I I I I I I I I I I - o I I I 0 I I I o I I I I I a J 3‘ ,. I I I I I I I I I v I o I o I I ' ’ , . . I I I I a I I ‘ \-' I I I ‘ o I I I I n CHAPTER Reasons for Acquittals Reasons for Sentences Imposed Reasons for Non-Convictions Public Opinion Administrative Problems Accident Investigation Prosecution Juries Lower Courts Circuit Courts Sentences Legislation Comparisan of Statements Made and Officers 0 0 O o 0 O O O 0 O O O O 0 O O 0 O O O O O 0 O 0 O O O 0 O in Enforcement . . 0 O O O O O 0 0 O by Prosecutors Statements Made by Officers Concerning Education 6 O O O O O O 0 Public Education and Information . . . . . Officer Training VIo SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS Summary . Conclusions VII. BIBLIOGRAPHY O 0 O O 0 O 0 NEEDS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH PAGE 1+3 1:3 an nu an 1:5 us 47 1;? us as us 1&9 78 78 79 85 85 89 96 99 I U 0 I O O I I O I C I O O O 31r~3 . O U I C O O O I O U I C I O O I Q 0 O I O 0 O O O C O I O O O I O O O I I . amIqu cuss-manta“ noitsniieevnl inoblcoA o . . . . . uoiuu392011 auith . . . . . ."I'.l;c.:‘ leiiltn- . . . . 'uan 31b'1i. o I I o c . . '-1)l'!'.‘.’ . .r. o . . . . . “WISHI'I on . - . m. . . ' ‘ . r -’:H[10 3'19”.“ 1.3-1— . . . . . . . . jeedafluow nottah 98.9 . soadafizow anoimnlotv lo noiwtanqatfi . . . . . Joudaflmnh bazaaul agoneshek . . . . ssaflafluow aeasu noauooo1i—rn“ JenneflTOfi wuuianIoiv 14 uoioni_iP‘nI3 TABLE I. II. III° IV. IV-A. XI. XII. XIIIo LIST OF TABLES Comparison of Accidents Studied and Not—Studied . . . . . . . . . o . . . . . Fatal Accidents Studied in 1957 and 1958 . Drivers Involved in Fatal Accidents Studied DiSposition of Cases Involving Surviving Drivers 0 . . . o . . . . . . . . . . . 0 Action Taken Against Violating Drivers by Counties ................ DisPOSition of Circuit Court . . . . . . . DiSposition of Lower Court on Misdemeanors Classification of Violations . . . . . . . Summary of Sentences . . . . . . . . . . . Comparison of Case Action of 1952 and CurrentStudy...o...‘....... Statements Made by Prosecuting Attorneys as to Reasons for Non—Prosecution . . . . . Statements Made by Prosecuting Attorneys as to Reasons for Acquittals . . . . . . . . Statements Made by Prosecuting Attorneys as to Reasons for the Particular Sentence Imposed-oo-ooooooooeooooo Statements Made by Investigating Officers as to Reasons for Non-Convictions . . . , . PAGE 22 2h 24 26 28 30 31 32 3h #1 50 5h 56 57 I. a \. V: 31 COOIIJIIOOOOOOOIbdi-‘adai . BEQI bns YEQI n1 hetbuia atnebtaeA Into! betbuda acnebtooA £5351 nt bevIovnI_axovt1fl gnlvivxufi gnivlovnl aoano To noisieoqatfl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . axovt1fl 2d atevi1u untssloifl Janina; nent uoisoA uniunuofi 31u03 ?iH01IC 10 uojfliaoqeiu uqcnnasobaiu no JTHGC auwod ?o noiviaonsiu anujuufoiV in roivnci‘iruuic ,H‘UIYSJI:1-l 3(2 ‘f[r”ffllj? nus :{Ci in noiwo” cant 1o auciwrnycc ‘,.. -. rIr-v.'|- o I I I I I I I I I I I I I "-IHJl- u-:.J.-.“-- :r LYOHIOJJ" uidqouauu vi who; "x”. xx . . . . . :uflftn99301.~:nv -fif ann'~'. «n 2'.nuu3wfi ‘uivnoownu ml . n' -JR0F“I-a I I I I I I g u E ..77 3 -.2 'Y 'iz: .3 II! 1 .’.r; 3.1.:rysx'xnr.'.:. "Juno-3) '-'~. .~ .' ' ;- ' . .I-:- 30: a" u 1',' :3'1 '1 'f , I O 9 I I o I o I i I I I I I I I ‘ '29.} ' _ J - ._' .II .111 .VI .A-VI . P . n“ y / Concerning-rublio Intention nit-:1. .., .C‘u:.‘-‘LI-E‘L' .mul ‘ 4—06. . . . ._ . .. . . -. . . a Inronntion...0000.0.0.0000... XV. Statemcnts Made by Investigating Officer-f I. Concerning Officer Training . . . . . . . I .'. <3 00 .'. ‘93 . . . . . . . . . . ntlints'fl‘ 190nm gain-toenail FIGURE 1. LIST OF FIGURES Counties Used in Study . . . . PAGE 23 ‘mr '3? we .'.: bin unit-II ”cl CHAPTER I THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM I. INTRODUCTION There is an average of more than three peeple killed each day in a motor vehicle accident in the State of Michigan. In some instances a vehicle accident has no driv- ers that survive while in others, one or more drivers may live. Often these surviving drivers are in violation of the motor vehicle laws and the violation is a cause in the acci— dent. The term "accident" when used in motor vehicle in- volvement is confusing. This term connotes that the in- volvement could not have been prevented. For the purpose of this study the assumption will be made that motor vehicle accidents are caused and do not simply happen by chance. Assuming this, a violating driver who causes an accident re- sulting in death could be charged under the law for homicide by motor vehicle. The term "negligent" is usually applied when referring to violations of motor vehicle regulations and the term “homicide" is used when we refer to taking the life of another. The two terms combined, "negligent homi- cide," would therefore mean taking the life of another through the negligent use of a motor vehicle. The writer beIIIx quoeq ee1d¢ and: 010m Io easmevs as at Izod! To 93332 add at inobioes olotdev modem 3 n: tab dose -vt1b on and inebiocn eIoidev n aeonnsani smoa nI .nsstdolfl vsm 219Vi1b 910m 10 one .nqeflwo Li oxiflw ovivuua 35d: a1e odd To noiasloiv at 016 amoviqb nuisivxua oaefld nesifi .evtI ~ioos eds mi sauce 9 at wordsloiv ads h;g anal JIsidsv ioiom .Jneb —n.‘ eloiflev --:o:inm us". .JH‘JLI no "..- ":._.= f'iDCHJH ."JZE‘J’ M'LT -rz_t nrf: 3131.3 Lam-Joanna =~'x:.:s --.-' ’9' --.--:i..-.u'i‘non :;_:': a‘nsn-u'vrlov 3:0 eaorf'In-v ;'-.='=:i “:o'i. ..‘bu!’ vozr m .: .r' '11 fun. ui‘.-'L'.Y"‘JVIOV nioi‘duv ".i-crxrm: um". air-1r: " 52.21".» : . :u" ’ '» ‘ -' .njz: r-L'Tu .-‘orn::.2<) '-;.:' -. am"! “5.92 tics: .u an; ' .-:-: -".n.. A - 234190;: «'1'! twin-Efrem: a". '.*n.-' .1 n ' '. I." u, "« . - : .a' ' .' Imiinm; (I . ‘ ' '- r: ‘ I.-_ . ' . - - . \ ‘ " :.- . 21'“).:'_-‘J'..[5.a 3'1 .’. *- 1r . "_:.' _. . Mk} :..'.:':, « no ~ r ' . ' ~. . _il 0 I --f ’I ‘J’..‘. '.' z "30'1 ~‘ J" P" t f‘ ‘ '\ ' | '21. n‘ :1 . T- ' ‘ '1' . )J " . - ‘ . . ' ' J - '- uomouuomu: .1 - '-;'. 1.. - believes that the public understands and accepts the tw0 terms when they stand alone but when combined they seem to present an entirely different and often confused concept. II. THE PROBLEM Statement 25 the Problem Violators are not being convicted to the extent one would exPect for traffic violations that result in fatal ac- cidents. This may be due to certain factors such as: l) insufficient evidence as a result of poor accident inves- tigation; 2) the use of officers poorly trained in accident investigation; 3) evidence available to the officer too lim- ited to warrant criminal action as a result of no witness to the accident; #0 sympathetic jurors who are not educated in the magnitude and the seriousness of the problem; 5) failure of the prosecutor to initiate action where there is appar- ently sufficient proof of negligence; 6) possible indiffer— ence of some judges and prosecutors to the traffic problem; 7) cases where convictions are obtained, the sentence is of- ten negligible; 8) and possibly others. This study is to investigate the nature of the action taken when traffic violations result in death by motor vehi- cle and inquire into possible causes for the weakness of the system. These situations hurt the morale of the police arm per se and hinder an effective enforcement program. k ono sneeze eds oi bedotvnoo anion son ems ~03 {use} at diuaeq dads anoLSsIoiv 913151; :am done 210305} “153190 03 sub ed 1am aidT —vcvni tnebxcou 100p snebicoe ni Leninms ~mi£ ooi meoilln 0J3 03 aaeniiw on To JIM" . mi beasoube 30“ 21¢ einzinl (E ;ro[do1r «turn; ai -1311jbwi aid} 30' . ’ .'.' ~' .., . 1.391" 'O'I" 'JJ. J. u- 1.: ~10 Hf toneirn: a»; noises ed) L0 rusauu —ifivv 2930“ fi- J:.b "Yn- ’- . . . '- 1" .1 -0 ud‘J. .'.V: "' ' “21.51 0 my Jazrs sir.2 Eluaom meIdo1q 1vo*11u To ; ... ofinlisvn ruznfi '1' '1‘; .‘.ud!)'; 11! .".'.E 0'.-'..'-‘ -" "i' .J' ‘ - —— I .I _ _ T' v- . . . .'-.u _ \ 433"?- , . .L\_J !) 251:: J. ‘3' "_'. ed: 32 snemptnil a1ossIotV 103 ioeqxe quow .einebto' Enticiiluanl (I eds ( znoiispid (C gnoivshisaovnt -:£c?vn inuuunw ed boar =w‘ U "”Pfoon 3:3 bin: 1fl11nr1rx-snu 9:13 inzncivoiw efld 10 . ,1) _- ' ~,' {ti-35.0 ' ' ‘ I" ‘ CHI) “- _ N to (T . ‘_T.- l 7.31 Contributions 2; the Study The results of the study can make contributions to all areas of the enforcement program as well as to the edu- cational implications for police training and for education of both beginning and experienced drivers. The results may be used to develop an educational program that will produce better jurors. They may further be used as general knowl- edge by the prosecutor and courts for program evaluation. The study could be used for public education to point out the needs for improved enforcement programs and public sup- port. III. HYPOTHESES 1) Prosecutions and convictions of responsible driv- ers in motor vehicle accidents resulting in a fatality are inadequate° 2) The reasons why prosecutions and convictions are inadequate are: a) the prosecutor is often unable to initiate criminal action against a driver who has committed a traffic violation that results in a fatality; b) the prosecutor often fails to prosecute vio- lators even though the officer may have a well prepared case and there is apparently van adlnoca edT .aieleb boonetieqzo bus aninntaed died I. Ioubomq [Itw 33nd m51301q Isnolssoube as queveb 03 bolu_udfi ~£wonx Isieneg as been ed modems? van vodT r '2 c e ' ‘~ - ,L; 4‘17; gal—fl ,1" a.”- , A "Minimal-91:1 .911” 'So‘t Imam“ lulu , .amocut wedded .UOiJSUISVS momgomq 101 atiuoo bun 1o3u09301q eds vd cabs Juo inioq 03 noidsoubo oilduq not been ~cua ~vi1b .'1 'I .'5 9-,. .L-‘# -)J.v-:J': ur.o.i::roJ'-.'r:r.u '.= -; ed qu00 vbude 0dr oildnq has am51g01n :nnmeoqolno hOVOTqmi moi sheen 9d? .,..._.,,. ..,. .,: .,. -..l...'|_'5i -: ,. y. sldianorroi ‘ m ._ r. 9.5.30 ivnctz. {siInUSZ n n} jui3IHCW; yum 3iui or ml; ”0.!- 'r 93'. '\ ‘)F:(I':;" H 311: ' ( .'V'.ii'-l 1 r. ' " _". 'w' .I: j . z. .aioq .Ill mu -;oiinooeoii .L “can cfojnov tcunm hi s19 .1Wn. urn!” _. L, . (I g , .3 .,, I )' _" . 'If‘ . l .37- . I , . fl . .'" Ir. sufficient evidence for prosecution; c) the courts often acquit violators who are charged with manslaughter, negligent homi- cide, or felonious driving; d) the courts that find a violator guilty of negligence resulting in a death by motor ve- hicle often impose light sentences. 3) Further education is needed for both enforcement and public to get more effective application of the laws re- lating to fatal accidents. u) The courts that find a violator guilty of negli— gence resulting in a death by motor vehicle often impose a light sentence. 5) Further education is needed for both enforcement and public to get more effective application of the laws re— lating to fatal accidents. IV. DEFINITION OF TERMS AS STATED IN MOTOR VEHICLE LAWS AND COURT OPINIONS Manslaughter MSA 28.553 Manslaughter; penalties Sec. 321. Any person who shall commit the crime of manslaughter shall be guilty of a felony punishable by imprisonment in the state prison, not more than 15 years or by fine of not more than ' ., '}u=; ' .a.- f.; V2. My: Imam-II nun . 5, "uni-5.41.;- 1o flung m-gmv a but: an “in!!! I!” (I -cv cocoa 1d d3105 a n1 anttluaou eonegtlaon .aeonotnee snail eaoqml motto sloid snomoouoine fluofi 101 hcbeeu Hi uojiaoube tedamufl (P V. -51 anal ode To noiwsoilnqc JwixooITo 010m 39: or oilduq has .muuobfioos £5331 oz guitar "113.9“ '10 "SI-[ing 1031:1103. 1' .. 3..:._'.i ‘...;'T 2:71:100 an”! (45 r; unorgr'; noun: :Hn' . .- .'.-.131" '13-'01. _¢' 2'... m‘. :j-u.-':T!.[:r.'o'1 eons-.53 .cme-_-)J..'o.-: 3-§_-.i'£ mauv-ouo'ino "3!! tan. :9. ‘- “5.! '.L w.-:;;:.:..e- m a "3'1;- (if. - . . -- . - '- .'. ' . ' ' -' '- -)'I :.1_-_'. J . m ..u... V c :4 a .. \ , A; v 'o .'.; .' . \ 1 . , ‘ . a -’ "'31"! 4 '-. n ‘ \_‘ ' _ .- L. .. . 1 ‘ '.I_ r t .. " ' \ 1'3. ' . ' 7' \ -_-, _ ._ ,2 ,. - _. '_ - :"F'JU" .._ ~.:-. _ ._. . -- .-. ._.-.-...... - --...-.._....... ... . ' ": .-'. --'. n- 1 .- .- "v r" J . , . . ' Ha- : z 1 1‘ ': - ' " . TI -'. J: {'l I I 5 seven thousand five hundred dollars, or both, at the discre- tion of the court (0. L. h8, paragraph 750.321).1 Involuntary manslaughter. The killing of another without malice and unintentionally, but in doing some unlaw- l l ful act not amounting to a felony nor naturally tending to " I cause death or great bodily harm, or in negligently doing I some act lawful in itself, or by the negligent emission to ‘) perform a legal duty. People v. Ryczek, 22h Mich. 106. “ An unlawful act which is merely malum prohibitum which unintentionally causes the death of another is not in itself a sufficient basis for a charge of involuntary man- slaughter, but the commission of such an act will constitute manslaughter if performed under such circumstances as to supply the intent to do wrong and inflict some bodily in- 2 jury. Pe0p1e v. Pavlic, 227 Mich. 562. Degrees 2: manslaughter. There is but one offense of manslaughter fixed by statute which does not recognize any grades or degrees thereof. People v. Rogulski, 181 Mich. u81.3 Gross negligence. The law recognizes that under some lMichigan Statutes Annotated, 195b, par. 28.533, Sec. 321. 2Ibid. 3Ibid. s' _<_-.-:‘t'_'7~’ .', ' {2’ . . _ _ m gins-..alitet pi OH .uxmfiuwétuim .011.- 1““ "' 0:9 gum-3 1:131:13.“ «on vol-e! a e: gunman-Ia ton to. an auto!) {lineallaen nl: '10 .msd tltbod :rne'xg 1e as...» ”use 03 noiaaimo anegilaen ed: vd 10 .lloed‘t at lu‘iwnI d'oe one: .301 .floflf #119. 01930151 .v alt-roe?! snub Inset a mo'hoq mudtdido1a muffin tIe1om at field" doe IuTwsInu “A ni Jon 8i iedaone to dasob eflJ aoaueo tIInnoiineSHIHU flotdw ~nnm tuninulovni to ermnflo n 10k stand snoiotilua n lleasl evuaiaanco Iliw won no Home to noiaainmoo ed: and .qosdnusla 03 an coormmzr-‘Jo'zi‘o Pious: "Lei-rm imrvz'xo't'ztor. 'J.-" 'u-x'uifguniatmm ..nj. ‘I__£.i:fml.3 mm» 3:)_i..l"1n.i; 5mm 125m": nb 03 :I‘rzocrnj ark; '{Irrrma .-. ti I .52. Pat; .r’ofli Tat: . n .-;.Ev.r;'! . 2' ~ S'z-rw-fi . 11111; '10 ecm’i'io awn Um: :zi' 5mm." .103‘I"U."..[.'H!'if'l "-.n .'OO'.' 9' ‘fun 'J.‘Zj.l'lf'_'f30=3'£ am: 3:30;; v-o.‘.:;" 31:753.. {yr-Jr". ow“ ::-,'.'-.:';.v; - - - J." .-. - .. . - . --. . . . . - . . - .tqu. .14). “Jail. .u.. ..- 1.7-.f'u'). .u...~'...':( . wot-3'22. -;-. '.'.‘-.L>!‘.'.=.‘ 9:90: 19hr”) 312-43 :toxirz”'oo<)-i wn! b'fl" .‘xozw-yi 1." "-'e m...- 6 \ circumstances the omission of a duty owed by one individual to another, where such omission results in the death of one to whom the duty is owing, will make the other chargeable with manslaughter, but the duty neglected must be a legal duty, not a mere moral obligation, and the omission to per- form such duty must be the immediate and direct cause of 61 death. People v. Beardsley, 150 Mich. 206. I The term "gross negligence" means something more than ! mere negligence, such as wantonness and disregard of the I consequences which may ensue, and indifference to the right ; of others that is equivalent to criminal intent. People v. Barnes, 182 Mich. 179. If a death ensues from negligence which shows a cul- pable indifference to the safety of others, the negligence is said to be gross or wanton or wilful and is equivalent to criminal intent. People v. Campbell, 237 Mich. hzh. To establish a charge of manslaughter based on wan- tonness and recklessness amounting to wilfulness, it must be found that the defendant had knowledge of a situation re- quiring ordinary care and diligence to avoid injury to an- other, ability to avoid the harm by ordinary care and dili- gence, and the omission to use such care when to the ordi- nary mind it must be apparent that the result is likely to prove disastrous to another. People v. Orr, 2&3 Mich. 300.” uIbid. 41333}; Zach-tun 913 in. Pn-n' "I, mammalian uno- no. I ton .ttal To canes saexlb has stalks-ml ed: ed can: ttub dose .101 .BOS'.doiK all .1elabzsea .v oiqooq .dinob unfit 910m gnifiaomoz ansem "ecnegtlgen aaoug“ flfl93 9dr 3’311 add 03 eano1ellihui eds To busaeuelb bun aaonnosnsw an done .oonegilnon cue- .v )Irnaf “II-IO L eouopil_ RUG-'13 unolnviuu' .THGTHi -'"’.'\.i.:‘ '-‘ .l' inniajin g: nn':') .113 ."m .o _(‘ ' -".-' an: I "5}." a. r;‘£~ .IZU innlrviupa .-‘.-'-..' . 33.- ,‘J‘ . '.' '1'.) I- 1 '1? . -. :.‘.' LU .. ) :z'. 1;. '25 '. .i 3 .r r u' 33 .-r.:JuTIXr . LJA' — "l‘ 'c:._ .J) a . r r: . 1 :r :2' -:' I - ‘;’_.:J-" ..' .’.. (27.. ‘-: .191" . '21." . f. .1 ’ '. .‘) ”n '_. ' '.‘i . '3 -.-'. ' 0-?) u \ - r 2.; .u '13.!" (.'.). ' l ‘ ' I r ' V "2;. l ' '1 '. , ."D '- ~.'.' , ' . . I . 9'33 0;; 'LC,‘ .r' ..I'..'-'.'_ .f2 0):. __. r1 .21: \ in '..- . ._ .-'-"-Z".~ . .F . i)“ l '. r'J‘ . ' .," 2': . :3 F”; n - I 9 aft-En): at ands . £15; . ..Io j:-.-' V l LI unn .euune {am doin'.r eeonounoanoo ;;:3fl1c. 10 .' '. «L' l J .aenuefl 6 Ti euJauazlihufi ctfis- n :' .'.n’. '.'. I i :lnj. ."IO - 5 HI . . 13 -Hfiv. ' O E « i J 7 23232 resulting Era! Operation 22 automobile £333- lessly 23 while intoxicated. In order to sustain a convic- tion for manslaughter for the death of a pedestrian struck by an automobile running in excess of Speed fixed by stat- ute, it must appear that the driver‘s conduct was unlawful, and with reckless disregard for the safety of others, and that the unlawful Speed was proximate cause of the accident. People v. Barnes, 182 Mich. 179. It is gross and culpable negligence for a drunken man to guide and Operate an automobile upon a public highway, and one doing so and occasioning injuries to another, caus- ing death, is guilty of manslaughter. People v. Townsend, 214 Mich. 267; Pe0ple v. Layman, 299 Mich. lhl. In prosecution of involuntary manslaughter, by opera- tion of automobile while under influence of intoxicating liquors, before defendant may be found guilty of wilfulness or of wantonness and recklessness three necessary elements must be found, knowledge of situation requiring exercising of ordinary care and diligence in use of means at hand, omission to use such care and diligence in use of means at hand, omission to use such care and diligence to avert the threatened danger when to ordinary mind it must be apparent that result is likely to prove disastrous. People v. Layman, 299 Mich. 1u1.5 5Ibid. —— "__‘-.'~ EI’W_’;l-_‘I ‘ ‘:.__‘ 3 - -_ ' ‘ .‘.: _, . . «liilrlifitlifit buiiflftewaseelb nixgpguunu czg‘i.....; . him” an soubne'o a'cevtib efli am 150% a... 3;. J". 1:...- has .c-xedro to 2301:. one 10'! h-mgo'xath accrue-1 gm" m .3nebtoes or” '10 cause eds-non: em: beeqa .[u'hrsInu ed: tm' i . .Q?f .dvfif 28: ,aendnfl .v elqoe! ' nsm nofinuib a 103 eonouilrou uldnqlno bun 32012 at 31 .'{ntrfiy-ir.’ oil-Jar; .: ucrz; J1: mica-Jr ..r. admin-m bur. 5.333.113 of: «225.13 ,uw-"xu a". .1 Jud-'12.: ”(Lilmi-firzooa 1;: -. .w. unto: one has , . tuudrrjn". .2- :"..;--.:-‘. .-:' -:..-‘::'-~u;.!.‘:-.::.--. .1... -v_1.‘1.':L--- ...' . 'aneh (r11: '- ' ' - ~ ..... . .,. --“- - :.' ’ ' _ ..rpw . c: _1.. .:. ..r .-.[- ..,q ;_--. .J OJ -'.-.[-‘- .- a- .- - ' I I o . V '- -':"'J U '_' Q I.)J.’-. :- l 'i J -.I".'u.. AD I ’3 - J “U: r: E ..o r I; . _. 1. . .' u) :11- ' o. . I ' -o 2'01"; I' .., r. .. ’ _ I .< )5 in... -. '3 ' _ I . U- l I": :zl'b " )4 1‘ ‘ .'I'-.-'.' r i 51:11:: L". . -.I‘. u 5:. z ' .. a 1. 'J .~ *2 . ' ‘ ' . i. . 1' .5.‘ '." I l; . .I ' n- ' I - " I II . I i 'I‘ I" . t t .p. .‘.. .- 1 ' ..‘s- .1 ‘ i . . rz. -) _' :v ,J' r . I J l' l ...... ‘4 w. 1 ‘ ' ‘ ‘ Q ‘ ..a : ; ; . r n , Q . l " .. O '. l I C 8 Contributory negligence 23 deceased. Notwithstanding that the contributory negligence of a person who was struck and killed by an automobile running in excess of Speed fixed by statute is no defense to a charge of manslaughter, yet his conduct should be considered as bearing upon the claimed culpable negligence of the r05pondent. People v. Barnes, 182 Mich. 179. That an automobile at the time it struck and killed a pedestrian was running slightly in excess of the Speed fixed by statute is not sufficient to render the driver guilty of manslaughter, where the deceased, in her excitement and con- fusion, jumped in front of the car at a time when it was im- possible to st0p it. People v. Barnes, 182 Mich. 179. Contributory negligence of deceased is not a defense in a prosecution for homicide in the negligent use of a ve- hicle on the highways. Peeple v. Campbell, 237 Mich. th. The driver of an automobile has a right to assume that a pedestrian will use ordinary care for his own safety, and any assumption that the driver has a right to indulge in may be considered with the other facts in determining homi- dal negligence. Peeple v. Campbell, 237 Mich. h2h. While contributory negligence of deceased is not a defense in a prosecution under the statute for the killing of a person by the negligent operation of a vehicle on a highway, it is to be considered in determining whether bent-lo out near: gunned n lot-b.1100 ed bind: tone... I“ ,aenasfl .v quoeq .3nabnoqpea on: Io concatlaon old-gins oQYI .doifl 331 s bellifl bus flou1$a it emit edfl in elldomoius ns sear bexil beeqa an: 10 aaeoxe n1 {Isdglle finiflflfli saw nsltteeBOq in vsiiug 19V11b odd 13bn91 03 sneioiilua ion at cantata vd -noo bun unemesioxe mod ni ,boaheoob adv oxodw .1cddguslansm -mi sew 3i nedw amt: a as use odd To Inuit n1 bequfi .nolau? .QVI .noifi $81 .BQHTDm .v ”Ioocq .Ui nous oi oldiaaoq sauetob n con 21 beascceb 1c ”oneuilfien viouudizanoc : —ov s ?o evu Inuril on on; at ubicimod 1o: Hoianosacuq r mi .1 n n -. I 1' "' " .--..- . :n. . '{LS ..[ju'hszzuzzj .'i' alrnofi. .:_:v_x;-:rl.'; ir- sr-‘ct ::0 91.29.25 {mum-an 0:! 31': if. r: ..afi ::-.[.-’;"5or:o:r!.'.r: u.) '10 '1'.‘=V'.."i... ~.~.~‘.‘I. "Jo'lnn “2'0 ail? 'H-‘i nuns "'I.-",r!.!':_'."I.“} on: 5.53:: “statesman: .I: 3' .!.‘J t L L . :-.".. olinirni as :II'Ji'i I} .‘.:.:-’ '19. v‘J’nI: en’s $1211: r:-.>.’.‘:"e:'£;3:!:‘. " ."15 mar. —it.:or’ ‘rL'. '--"."ur'i.L', .:...'. (5:05? :‘m'uo 'JHO‘ 13:21 .7.~;'_Eo‘..':'::-.r.:: ‘2; "m: .“-._.-- ,(‘:_3.-';.. '.€'.' ._[.F;)-.:'"gz.!131.1' . oft-0'7 . .eo:r€)‘_.-’_’_f- W: ‘Z '1) .-; 301. 3.3; 39:530..)1) "lo eon/331': ~.-x. ‘~:_'.- ,. .-.':.i.r"' :r:i.'.5.[.i}f 9'; "x. ’21:.13'332". Inga ‘ :‘10.!’.‘:'\'- ' .-._r " '1}; ",.:'~‘ 1: u.":).§.:!-:\'.' '; 1". 3013:;‘10-‘o :15)" ‘r 0:. ~‘ " ‘f? (5;. ~ Tn defendant was culpably negligent. People v. Campbell, 237 Mich. h2h.6 Negligent Homicide MSA 28.556 Negligent homicide; penalty. £22. 22%. any person who by the Operation of any vehicle at an immod— erate rate of Speed or in a careless, reckless or negligent manner, but not wilfully or wantonly, shall cause the death of another, shall be guilty of a misdemeanor, punishable by imprisonment in the state prison not more than 2 years or by a fine of not more than $2000 or by both such fine and im- prisonment.7 MSA 28.557 §2§2; manslaughter where death due to operation 23 vehicle. §£g. 222. The crime of negligent homicide shall be deemed to be included within every crime of manslaughter charged to have been committed in the Opera- tion of any vehicle, and in any case where a defendant is charged with manslaughter committed in the Operation of any vehicle, if the jury shall find the defendant not guilty of the crime Of manslaughter such jury may in its discretion render a verdict of guilty of negligent homicide.8 6J. M. Henderson, Wulliam Q. deFuniak and others, Calla han's Michigan Digest (Chicago: Callaghan and Company, 19555, Vole 2. p- 550. 7Michigan Statutes Annotated, 195b, par. 28:556, Sec. 32bo 8mm“ par. 28:557. Sec° 325. «haunt no in oIotdev (no 10 nottsuoqo on: v! elk noeceq .‘n. sneatlaen 10 aaelfloeu .aeeletso e at 10 heeqe lo 0351 .331. daseb on: cause Ilene .vlnodnsw 10 vllufiliw con and .1ennsl 1d oldndairmcy .1oncemebeim s “to vilhm 9d Ilnda (undone 'io vd '10 81591 S nsdd‘ atom 30:1 «025?ch an at: edit :13: inemnoat'xqmi -m.t bus ersz'i done died vd '10 000128 Hertz”: e'znm ion '10 our: 5 Y.3uomnoai1q 21 222 flsneb ounuu moadrunlzncm gpmsl mm- on 6mm -:;-;_-;:. 9.5; eggs-"1:93.: .'.- 2.3.22.0 omixo 110V? (EH31; bohuloai nfl OJ bemoan ~N II: dz: ebioimofi «macro or”: m’: inossirnt'mo used 5374:“! 03 In .11: In 193:1: Luslunnm 'i'o at ‘Junflrn'inb 5'. art-““7 1.21:3 "f”; m" 5.21:: ,.~."O’-'-.d' run '1'0 not: um; '10 rm.-'::r.s'£er;_n .:-.'.-J ".'. wz:i......'n'; ".2151:- To '(jJEJ’J: rim; r:.-:n!"-rln‘_--~..' -- ‘J £.-r-:.:':'.; .7..£.':;-".: ms. .-.. .-..!.:'-.|"" . :1013":'_f'-"'i;.‘. .21.: {.295 ‘rf'z: '; v'on: --= v.5"?- u:=. ":r'rze- WWII!“ -';'?:r .t‘ -0. «'J 3 -..‘.'?‘;::'3.cv'v'.r.l_=:. -vu‘ ~'r:‘- .12"; #430 5.7m: - min.- 1’. Jh .I' L-"..'.'-.'..-:' .z‘w- '- L '. .-- . . .‘- , .Jv ' UC‘ "-..‘ :';:',.";‘r j :.L- :0 .:‘.' ':',i " ' " . ‘ :_'| In} . . - .1. . c z '. " '1 . an. ‘ , 3_ -. I I \ ' c ' . (-..' e . if: I t 1.0 , C 10 MSA 28.;58 Immoderate 32222 223 dependent en legel 5232 el epeeg. §ee. 22g. In any prosecution under the two preceding sections, whether the defendant was driving at an immoderate rate of Speed shall not depend upon the rate of Speed fixed by law for Operating such vehicle.9 Felonious Driving MSA 28.661 Felonious driving; penalty. §ee. l. Every person who drives any vehicle upon a highway care- lessly and heedlessly in wilful and wanton disregard of the rights or safety of others, or without due caution and cir- cumsPection and at a Speed or in a manner so as to endanger or be likely to endanger any person, but not causing death, shall be guilty of the Offense of felonious driving and upon conviction thereof shall be sentenced to pay a fine not ex- ceeding 1,000 dollars or to imprisonment in the state prison not exceeding 2 years or by both fine and imprisonment in the discretion of the court.10 Leaving the Scene 2: 2 Personal Injury 23 Fatal Accident MSA 9.2317 Motor vehicle accident 22 property Open 32 public; person injury 23 death, stopping. Sec. 617.(a2 The driver of any vehicle who knows or who has reason to 9Ibid., par. 28.558, Sec. 326. lolbid., par. 28.661, Sec. 1. oflt To bxsusuaib nevus} -..1..J 'i- . fin]: L‘I if: r l as .Eulsnag agnivimb anoinolofi' J an gum-u” i wt r um iepj, 5001' . "4 pnivlzg Iuotuolol IBH.3$ ABE W”. -euno vswflgid n noqu oloiduv ins nevtwh our noaueq {197E I 'Q 1: Hi nun nuivusc on“ Junlwiu no ,wswflwc in 19025» 10 win aslhuad bun tinsel a35.11 03 Ha HT wounah u w? in bu . n 3. L1 u~LUusHHmrr ,ii'tu ,.!.:: 'l- :3 Win. '13:: .l'n "_ ' .- . - . -I: C! - 'E.’ 'B-t'i 'h‘? . l p-:'.'i-o-— -, :'r"' r. w -- " r....!- .I I if... .(..-..I. J .n. _.\(-.4. 1. t l’) I . ‘ .-.. -. 3- .l " . . - l u, - ‘ n.- -- ‘J ; at -‘l .-- r. '.‘ -. -fi- .. “a . .[..' .f _ . a --.)‘ ' . .. :1 if: ' — —... . '-- - ‘ ' .. . . ' . 'i .' 'i' .J-J'...u. 'J' . 1U :’- ,nm u-.- - (I ‘ '.i- .' .'H -; 5: iii '41 s . ' .-'. _- ; .H ' ; :t- \ I‘ .'. . ’ -:: , l r, . "5) ' J Ii~on LITV :u L. 3-L. x . '--' 73 x1 —.-—— a. o .- -- -....—- --- -'—~-_ -- n <-— ..a-----— nun. .- .. — . -o - - -~— -... .. ....- . .'.-'1'": :1. . 329:: ., . .-' ... , . .-...- -_ _.'.--.. ...-.... _ . _. ...... --.... -.---. ...... -1. . .‘. . v- . .. _' . ' ' . , - II ._ _ n .' - .4 I ..‘..'.’.'.-‘..'. -... .1. .- ' .... -.- . .. .. . t .. .. ...- . .-... --. . .. ‘ _ . Q-V " 'J . J' .' £5: .‘ 'I- ‘ ‘- " ." i a‘ o z n o { n- 11 believe that he has been involved in an accident upon either public or private property, when such property is open to travel by the public, resulting in injury or death of any person shall immediately st0p such vehicle at the scene of such accident and shall remain thereat until he has ful- filled the requirements of Section 619. Every such stOp shall be made without obstructing traffic more than is nec- essary. gee. 617.(b[ Any person failing to stop or to comply with said requirements under such circumstances shall Upon conviction be punished by imprisonment in the county or mu- nicipal jail for not less than 30 days nor more than 1 year, or in the state prison for not less than 1 nor more than 5 years, or by fine of not less than $100.00 nor more than $5,000.00 or by both such fine and imprisonment.11 V. ORGANIZATION OF THE STUDY Chapter II contains a review of a previous survey pertinent to this study, with further justification for the study. The procedures used in the conduct of the study are discussed in Chapter III. The action taken against viola- tors involved in fatal accidents resulting in a fatality are llMichigan Statutes Annotated, Supp. 1959, par. 9.2317, Sec. 617. ... A; o sternum * an.” ’x ’ to. -“_ - 4-, ' ; ~£lfl-ea&:e gets done vuevfl .213 nolaooa To caneueutupox cub b.1131 -oen at and: 910m 0111313 anidouiiado éuodbtw chem ed IIIII .vcaoco vlqmoo O? 10 qoia Od nailist noaueq vnA id).TIa 'ESE nnqu Ilnda aeoansamuoaio done iofinu annometiupou bios ddtw -um 10 vinuoo ed: at #nomnoaimrmi id bodainuq ed notdoivnoo .150! I and: 310m Ton avnh 0C flufl3 "a n.9l Son to? link Isqtotn i and: 910m 10“ I and: eat! sun we? noaiin 93532 on: at to find: each ion C0.00£$ nnfid anal Jan to anti Yd .[ . . . . . . - I .3nenno:;urn; bus on}? can: fliod v0 1" 00.000.c3 so .Riccv Y1! .I'i'. 3.2:".1' at? L.‘L‘uT£5§..L _-..- .V Tovuu? PUUIVQTH B To 49IV97 : anirinno i: 1%" tW? 3;":1 10': unit e:)j.’.-:.“:rt=..r.:-.'; 'x.-.)z.';r't.u'.r .rfcri": . ." win a “'r c ; ~;.-:_-'"r'to:v sun {Dude on; To :omunoo 9&3 vi Fun: wnzukanu_ ; , .y: ~n£oi7 Utninin ueflun noiuoo ovi ,2 a uuywcfi u. 1' r nun "Jilndn? e mi :vtwfuaex rugm\iwn - c u’«v - .snw < 53333-9 91!“! £232. -_-.'...’:'_'.. :.-..-_’."-‘-"“'. 12 presented in Chapter IV. The reasons as stated by prosecut- ing attorneys for non-prosecution of violating drivers, for acquittals, and for sentences imposed, and the reasons as stated by investigating officers for nonoonvictions, are presented in Chapter V. The summary and conclusions are presented in Chapter VI. CHAPTER II PREVIOUS RESEARCH A survey concerning the enforcement action in 1952 fatal motor vehicle accident cases in Michigan was conducted in 1953 by a student in the school of Police Administration under the direction of Professor Gordon H. Sheehe. A study of the records for 1952 showed that there were l,h70 fatal accidents in which 1,727 people were killed. A surviving driver had committed a traffic violation which was a con— tributing cause in #67 of the 1,h70 accidents. No attempt was made to study the other 1,003 cases in which the inves- tigators did not report a driver in violation. Prosecution was undertaken in 187 of the #67 cases and there were 121 convictions. The prosecutors in the State of Michigan were polled during the above survey as to the diSposition of doubtful cases and what they felt to be their difficulties in obtain- ing convictions. The r95ponse set forth the diSposition of cases but gave few reasons for the why of non-prosecution. The final report written by the student was inconsistent and departed so far from the subject that the writer had to col- lect such data as was needed from the original papers. Al- though the write-up of the study was unsatisfactory, the original data have been preserved by Professor Sheehe° I , a E .. s—‘W‘f satai -.-:.I: w.- '9 --.---3 7 . 49".”? ‘~ '1 9-: first - lafl' L “y,- qfiiqggu man. out sum m =1 .., 7 bet-uh“. an amen: at acne 35.51:.” clahiov 1.1m. Edda notes-ztltntnbA cone? ‘to Ioodoa on: n]: :Inebute a ’{d EEQIJ‘J‘I vbusa A .edeede .H nob-:03 'maee'io'fi' lo'noi‘d‘oe'ztb 9:13 '1ch 15331 0V$.I 919w eiods and: bewofia flee: Ton UbTOOOT 9d: 10 3niviv1ua A .bsilifi eisw nrvooq TSY.1 Horny ni ainehicon ~noo 5 asw floidw uoiiaioiv oiliumv n besuinmto bun 1evixb sqmea'a'c ”.2 .'.:rnebj'oon {HI-'J-PE : .2! in '7'-'-‘."- .'.i sauna 1-rsieudt'xd‘ -'_:3vni ori'j 12322:?” at acres-.9 if” 3 :1. ...r0 1.- 3:; “-_.'m-‘rr: "-II aim!!! amt noisuoocov'i .::c-.I;;::::oiv -.-' 1.1:qu -". (rec--31 3m. .-z.'L‘-- =.-1r»3‘s:'-i:t r(. r- - . .‘. J.--.'. ":‘IO‘J :xx -. 3 cm; 3:'~=:1:: .' '.-- .uia' .'..» "1'! vi '.v".'-'o'..- :7 2131-: . :9. :31 [$300 [hall-3r iv‘fci'. "}.-'.- )'-'-.'.i" :15: -_I‘ ."IIJL n r .’... I, .’. u _ .__ ._ _ U . . _ . ‘ -1. .'.I-..L.r_‘...: 13c- .50....1'; anw- :.. f): .- w: ',. "..".""-_ ' 2 : . '= L"-"" -1..i:.r:..-" c .-.-:..":; {133335111 - .-' .\ "J . -.-.: ”..-; -.-.-. - ‘ > '10 firJiUi=‘.r.":i..-", 0.”: -EJ'!.-a".| o: .--- - -~: :.. ..- ', ~-.\ :1: .xwis'snaaxu—nnu- “_-.:o ""w ' ' .. ' , ' ~ ' ‘~ imr. art-Ju.--.j:::znm-Y 2r; 1::7; l -_|_r‘.-o arr .Z\--.'.' '1'..I:.i".-Z‘." -..‘. - _, --J..". ..-.".'3-‘;';-- '.-'~.. :. _ r I . U3 Q {7. O .. 1h The writer can find no evidence of other studies in the area of non-prosecution or nonconvictions for violating drivers involved in fatal accidents. Robert F. Donigan, Counsel for the Traffic Institute at Northwestern Univer- sity, and James P. Economos, Director of Traffic Court Pro- grams for The American Bar Association, Were contacted to . determine if they had any knowledge of research in this I area. They confirm the Opinion of Director Gordon H. Sheehe . of the Highway Traffic Safety Center, Judge William H. Wise, Legal Counsel for the Highway Traffic Safety Center, Librar- ian John L. Whitelaw of the Traffic Safety Library at Michigan State University, Librarian William S. Stoddard of the Social Science Library at Michigan State University, and the writer that there has been no publshed research done in this area. xiii-ch .3. am am aé-m was! Moo 01:11:11 in Iota-cl! .n-oneol' .1 «at In. at“ ca beaessnoc e-nw .ncizhueouA 138 “school our 10‘! our. aids at deiseaec To caberwona vns bad vedfl 1t cnluueteb edeefla .H nobtoa.1030e1£a To nolniqo eds mtiinoo vch .301. .saiw .H mniIIiN eabut .153n95 vJeTaB ciTTsTT vswdgth add To —InidiJ .1oaneC vaeisa 011151? vowdgih on: 101 IsanuoO IcaeJ as visxdil vagina cillnTT 0d: To wsIodidW .J ndct n31 To b1nbb03h .3 mailii?’ naiur TfliJ .Vziaievinl; 93338 nagidelM hns .vviaievinu iaeaa nnuifioifi an vqsddiJ eoneio? £51008 one at snob Nausea 5,1 bod:!.1 ‘ “v3 I. _. fit" 2;” ’ ’t‘.k-i “3 3 2 . 9 .3 aflnoc".c3nehlatit1fl*Btifinserson sign: .3 531Iqlidiiii‘ :1 ; .Efii -1u1 I o1ugtfi .anotis1tctgei eloidev 1oaom has ,noiisluqoq .noivscol oiflasigoog vd besnees1qe1 aotanuoc cvs1$1oq 19d: aHEAC 30 roxrxaoaaiu .Ll 053.1 ad: To 808.1 mi bovikua odw axevtwb 919w oqsdT whose 95: at bovIovni as viub Iain: an? .bnibuia awnebtoos uflsoud Ti oIdnT .nniviv1u? oaoflu To 03?,1 daiw P3?.S 919w H3101 aaea Ill aids? has 155* vd boihnaa zxnnbiooc on: much -1ne OQY¢I on: 10 .awusbiaos oaofiu n5 hnvIovni v1nvi1b on: noiunonv n} finicfi {1? lo sonuhivo ?nfl swans ,ascvimb “ntviv aioauosao1n 3H? .bejhu'? nJuoonT Irwh can "'3 n1 ‘nibuooos -TiO 0: 1070 Luna” nuun modw ?o if; 1- n35 ”kw 3:3 no belt? Hui noisnnkmnrs Tinnimiiexw nfl: mi '9-'ffiais I? scan sine b'wol'rxoc 1'3- mt ,:.:-io.':'-';."r-' .- . --i.'.':. viz-m:- ..‘.'?.1vr='-':0 3.1:; :.-‘v,-I:tm..f:-’.‘. 91ft" .u'irm'z.‘~r.:.'i)"..’ 1': '1 01' '-'J 'mo '=.n'..r::= 2' -.~-".' r1._.‘_ - n;- ._ =‘.‘.-.~': ___|' 319'! :51}. -;_‘.';_ :1::.7 "Ln LEE-f .r 1's: ' --. '1 '2 r! -.>". on . ., " .. ”rn‘rr-n w-{r'1 z r1 low : us- q ”nin t - , - - . ' g ' J ‘- 1m TABLE I COMPARISON OF ACCIDENTS STUDIED AND NOT STUDIED 22 Accidents Included in Study 1940 Not Included in Study 592 Total Fatal Accidents for 1957 and 1958 2532 Counties Included in Study 61 Not Included in Study 22 Total Counties in Michigan 83 Population ' (1950 Census) Represented in Study 5,306,3h6 Not Represented in Study 1,065,164 Total Population in Michigan 6,371,510 Motor Vehicle Registrations 1957 Represented in Study 2,95u,h18 Not Represented in Study 619,070 Total Registration for 1957 3,573,288 1958 Represented in Study 2,87h,608 Not Represented in Study 613,339 Total Registration for 1958 3,487,9h7 100 77 23 100 83 17 100 83 17 100 82 18 100 ,‘n I‘ "r 1” ..--- OOI you“ .1 no» - 19332 «i bebfllolilggl SEtS 8:91 has YEQI 101 atnehiooA Isis! IsidT Ié aeisnuoo noivcluuofi (ananot C.”QC‘Q LI,Q=0,I -_——.-_—u . fillngE.U n anoiinwxairs; . . . 1‘ u flan-Vt .1 x- ‘ ,1. . '0": ( ...:"V‘ZI: vbsvh n1 bebqunI vbusu ni bebuIenI to! nngificiu ni neianuot IsaoT c OL' Thus; ni bounuaa1qefl vthL mi hsanoncunsn 30% n3 noisnlfluofl IcsoT ' D - i i ~;?./ [t-‘Whiamwkr ‘ - , .- J4 Cm. ;m7;IW ”ml /. if _ !}t_'_____ ! I [Aunt—""h- [M Amujmsmruvn [m [mm 1 _‘_" ! -L..-_L_-/ Figure l COUNTIES USED IN STUDY TABLE II FATAL ACCIDENTS IN 1957 AND 1958 (Sixty-One Counties) 24 Accidents with Surviving Drivers 1957 1958 Total Accidents with Surviving Drivers Accidents with No Surviving Drivers Total Accidents with No Surving Drivers Total Accidents 730 662 291 257 Sub Total 1392 5’48 Total 19ho TABLE III DRIVERS INVOLVED IN FATAL ACCIDENTS (Sixty-One Counties) Drivers killed 1957 1958 Total Drivers Killed Drivers that survived Total Deivers that Survived Total Drivers Involved 557 #88 916 Sub Total 1055 1730 Total 2785 IcidT ___; —.—. —n- -. ‘— —._'-— DE? 833 SQEI diiw aansbtooA Isddr a1ev£10 anivivuua :nivivun? OI 531w of Main asncbiooA InJOT acnebicoA was: Ste: . "'I . . ' . .' . .‘I I by: STUVITQ UHITIH» '. ‘ ~.II- .-... - .- I .- '- ,'! (Ii—1,1]: {.9 .aDfi'ISOJ. .'..5‘.) HT hilt \ l 'I . -. ' v -'n . 'J. .- 4 ‘ I l : ‘ . -,_ I ., . . . , . . ' '\I.U_L\‘\.I". _.'.l‘.... 'J . .. \ ll..|.a i' ‘ '.-- - . ' ‘ l‘..’)i '.L l".--;'. I. ' . I u I -..—“.....- ___“..- -..- ...... -_ ..-.............. . ...--..“--.— .__._...._........_....... .. - -..- .. . .. .. .... .....- a..- - .. ”-..—......“ '. :i . .. _. r' ' - ' 1.3.401 .- .'.ra . . ' T )3}; .l‘, I . 1 1- " ' . _ v.__ ‘J. 1 . r .: . . “' z \ , . . I I' _(_.}l ’_ , ~iv . .- - '1 ‘- I ,| ~ . . n I I- . |_| :..’- ll 1' ' ' 1' I i' I .. 'f' .1 .. .--.---..... .. .... - --. .. . .I--ll-. ..--.-..- -u _u- l-- - ‘-- 25 2 convictions reported by prosecutors. Table IV sets forth the d13position of the cases involving the surviving drivers. Table IveA breaks down into percentages the action taken against violating drivers by counties. Fourteen coun- ties had no convictions of violating drivers while four counties convicted all those in violation. Forty counties, 73 per cent of those having surviving drivers, had less than one-half convictions. The prosecutor filed on all the sur- viving violating drivers in seven counties and on none in six counties. In 2k per cent of the counties the prosecutor filed on one-half the violators and in 5k per cent of the counties less than one-half. Of those cases filed in cir- cuit court, twenty counties had no convictions and eleven counties had 100 per cent convictions. The remaining twenty-four counties' convictions ranged from 10-80 Per cent with nine counties at the 50-59 range. The cases filed in lower court had four counties with 100 per cent convictions and thirty-one counties with no convictions. Eighty-four per cent of the counties had less than 50 per cent convic- tions in the lower court. 0f the 206 cases bound over to circuit court, 1&8 were convicted and 58 Were acquitted. TWenty-three of the 58 acquittals were granted on motion by the prosecution for nolle prosequi. There were 30 cases filed for manslaughter, 'r-W " d -"‘- . 1uot'eltdw aaeviib anisaloiv To anoitolvnoo on had not! ,asianuoo 13101 .noiasloiv n1 econ: IIs hosclvnoo aoitnuoo Hedi eael bod ,aaoviqfi anivivxue anIVBd 92053 To sues xoq CY -1ua eds 115 no belii touucsaoaq enT .unoisoivnoo lied-one n1 enou no_nns aeirnnon nave: ni LTDVIED guiisioiv anivtv ioauosaoun adv antennas way To uuco use fiS nI .aeiinuoo 113 ads 10'3noo 190 fit ni bnc nuoucloiv an: Ilsa—one no boIiT —Iio n1 L911; coaso :2ufiv B; .EInL~?flt nkfi: anal aeianuoa novoio bus anoisoivnno on Lon aofianuno {Juana ,sqnoo aims ,hi“ gram ofiT .thlrcivnnn anus 5': GCV out noiunnco - 1‘ .I. ansc 10H JJ—fl[ not? we HGT “noiuaivnoo ' .10unoo dual—vunuwj n1 belii aeano erfl‘ .sgnsi EE-hi on: an uniunnoo warn daiw anoiloivnoa Unso 11: 'SC H353 T313150? urn; inn Jfiuno memo! 'iIJO'.IlI-'(U!;‘I"J..'... . ".'HniIJ 0.5 ‘J [UL-J :1: ".‘ijg' ’- '\ 1 ',I . _-’-.:_,3 jun... '3".- -" '-1 ‘71"h _. .\ ~OJZV'noo JU’JO 'i‘Jt. Lil. {Hr-CT ‘: ..fg'. ' '~ ":9."- ‘_1‘ '1") n'kr'Io outfit-wuzuan Iz'n--.~~- '“o” :‘ .1 ‘>.:.7-:n- 9' :: ’Ini? fit)j.?ll:;j--;;."-'Y.‘ n - L afgup ~.; ‘.:.‘;g- 5 f .7 '2} (€173? .'1'.'-_’:"".:;!_ u- _-’. ‘- . ., . , ”rr 26 TABLE IV DISPOSITION OF CASES INVOLVING SURVIVING DRIVERS FATAL ACCIDENTS 1957 AND 1958 (Sixty-One Counties) Sub Totals Tbtals Surviving Drivers No violation in evidence 977 Evidence of violation indicated by officers' reports Violator referred to prosecutor with recommendation 632 Violator referred to prosecutor with no recommendation 121 Total Violating Drivers 753 Total Surviving Drivers 1730 Drivers in Violation Action taken by Prosecutor Cases filed 27h Cases pending 8 Cases sent to Juvenile Court 15 Total Cases with Action Taken 297 No Action taken by Prosecutor #56 Total Drivers in Violation 753 Cases Filed by Prosecutor Bound over to Circuit Court 206 Dismissed in Preliminary Examination 21 Convicted in Lower Court for Misdemeanor #2 Dismissed in Lower Court for Misdemeanor 5 Total Cases Filed by Prosecutor 27h eonebive n1 nottslolv cl betsotbni noivaloiv in eoncbivi aixoqex 'aieotlio Yfi 1u3n09201o oi Lovuuiou 1033101? :cidsbnommooeu niiw iosucoenin or beiusloi ToanxoiV {SI noi35rncmmooni an filw :35 can vi'u.‘ .. r.5::: 31: c if! In: 0'1 mo 71")”; firm". w *."1.:-:.’. In?! r-..-'.' main.1ui. mi Liuviuu .- - . 4' u .I - -- TlO‘D-Ju'; -. ‘.'!a-I II). ‘9! II ... l l -\. .- . “-,.- ..J L IK w .-3’:r.C F". I. l.!( ' .'., r: ’ t': , r . . I t _, ~ . .'I to... -«:acL I r -'10 Ldnl iv:- _ ‘.' ' “ r0 '..ju '1 I- " " 1. 1"..." ' I'd 'J I - a"; . :- . 1' J F I L- , I'._l . I. #3" :::.:.L'..".:' 1"- -_ . :' . -i c T ' ' : a z ‘ .‘.; "I 2? TABLE IV (Concluded) Sub Tbtals Totals Cases Bound Over to Circuit Court Found Guilty Judge 131 Jury 17 Total Cases Found Guilty 1H8 Found Not-Guilty Judge 26 Jury 32 Total Cases Found Not-Guilty 58 Total Cases Bound Over 206 walrus bnuofi aeasn Inter PJ {1; valinn-aou bnuofi onbnt taut iuu10" :-Jan£P ancff :onnb Inanr TABLE IV-A ACTION TAKEN AGAINST VIOLATING DRIVERS BY COUNTIES ** 28 Percentage Number of Counties Tbt. Conv. Cases Circuit Lower A11 V101. Driv. Filed Court Court 0 l# 6 20 31 1 - 9 1 1 - 3 10 - 19 8 # l 2 20 - 29 9 6 # 8 30 - 39 5 7 2 2 #0 - #9 3 5 3 - 50 - 59 7 13 9 3 6o - 69 u 2 2 1 70 - 79 - 1 3 1 80 - 89 - 2 - - 90 - 99 - ' - ' 100 h 7 11 it ** There Were six counties with no surviving violating drivers. saunas "to sear-nu sewed tine-:10 aeae‘o .vnoO .d‘o‘l" . 311100 #1900 1301111 .thI ..[otV 11A IE 0: t d1 0 to J I") r. .-'-.2 r-' I O n P! U '3 I E? - n'fi \K“ i K ' - .\ " {- I .. .. .. I‘ .. O'cl- - .- _ .. ‘ .. f‘ r a r .-- - -..... ..,—...... .-.... "-.-.-- _. .-...- .. - ..-....__.._..._..... - ....-- ....-.— .-.-...... . _. .--... -..- -.- ....-. -..-.--.........- .- .r -. ~.... .~ - 4“ .:.iJ.'..__.: f -;I'..L‘i.n.-.'.‘,u-' -.- J _'- . 1. = ' -.-:.- - - .' 2.14:). i 159 cases for negligent homicide, 2 cases for felonious driving, and 15 caSes for leaving the scene of a fatal acci- dent. Table V sets forth the diSposition of the circuit court by charges filed. There were #7 cases filed in the lower courts for misdemeanors, #2 of whom were found guilty, and 5 who were acquitted; this is excluding 10 driver’s license violations of which there were 9 convictions. Reckless driving was found to be the most frequent charge filed and convicted as a lower court misdemeanor. Study of the reports discloses, however, that in many cases the charge of reckless driving includes one or more other violations, i.e., Speeding, wrong side of the road, improper passing, step sign or signal, and others. Table VI breaks down the lower court diSpositions by charge. Table VII sets forth the violations in evidence for each Specific charge and the action taken. Charges that were supported by 817 violations were filed on 289 drivers, 192 of whom were convicted. The more serious charges have more action taken on them and also have a greater percentage of convictions. An exception to this trend is the action taken for leaving the scene of fatal accidents. This varia- tion is due to a large extent to difficulty in locating the violating driver and if located to place him beyond all rea- sonable doubt behind the wheel. Speeding is listed most ...-... .. . o'xsw odw t has «sung bnuo'l e-xew modw ‘to 8+1 .a-xomc-bpi anoivslorv cannot: a'zeleh 01 anibquxe at aid: gheasiupei 23w aniviib eaeiioefi .anoiaoivnoo Q stew easdfl doidw 10 as bsioivnoo bns bolt} agunflc IJOFQOTT duos sic ad a: bane} .aeaoioaib aauoqet on: To ubnv: .jJnnerM~,rim sauce ison n TniVITB a:c.€:ooa To o;usdo ‘T news .nsm n: and: ,Tevewod fluotw .Tnibooce ccfloi :hnoiisihir 1“‘3H oku To 5:0 :ohnioni Phfl .Innzi: £0 1“:c 1ora ."Ide: . -. l ,txuu nfiJ Zu ii IninIFL-ajh 313nm Tfll'! . a ”To. 1v); .1 a) .-10fiao . 1 1'9 'd 20? century: a. . 1-1.- . I -; -h :Jr: J‘ :2. . _ ;1 a zone I '-4J.‘_'. ".- ... Is... :."I _ ' '3;' -:n- T -:sFe '1 " ' ‘ “ . 4' '1 _-' 13 '0'; '..I.; ‘ . " ' n , ' ' p I .ii‘t‘ J I ' u . R'L‘ - {'1' .. . J ‘. '3' ”J T -- - ...t.‘ ' -_ ' 9 30 TABLE V DISPOSITION OF CIRCUIT COURT FATAL ACCIDENTS 1957 AND 1958 (Sixty-One Counties) Sub Totals Totals Manslaughter Guilty Judge 22 Jury # Total Convictions 26 Not-Guilty Judge 1 Jury 3 Total Acquittals # Total Cases Filed 30 Negligent Homicide Guilty Judge 95 Jury 12 Total Convictions 107 Not-Guilty Judge 2# Jury 28 Total Acquittals 52 Total Cases Filed 159 Felonious Driving Guilty Judge 1 Jury 1 Total Convictions 2 Total Cases Filed 2 Leaving the Scene of a Fatal Accident Guilty Judge 13 Total Convictions ' 13 Not-Guilty Judge 1 Jury 1 Total Acquittals 2 Total CaSes Filed 15 "C‘m- ff , I“ , anoiiotvnob LeadT azsitiupoA InddT bolifl 39250 1530? l 3 f'.’ H.’J T01 Into? -;vn00 .. ..."..- -':.-- H rt .‘v’ ‘ l-n D 1.. bl ' ups; Into? a, 231' (‘- . I . I- ... -‘- .'1 I ' ' a -.0¢39_’L0w l J bciifl "wt-v .uvu fii’ I02.) ‘ k ‘ T 1 a. _1 ‘J. I'. a! '.. ‘ _ . 'I ' ?f F u -.--i_._------_._ - .- . ..---- . . _ ---l.-.”--..l-_... _ . -.-..-. - . .. IL v1ut A I g a i 231190-30! cabut vtut obioimon inogllaefi {Silva ewbnfi '(‘1 UL vdxilfl-uox cmbnt Vin? . 3 _‘J: t ,. Jur _. ‘.,. l I Ich'. .. I) l T .'.. 'J . - ... _,.._.. . “-... --.. 31 TABLE VI DISPOSITION OF LOWER COURT ON MISDEMEANORS : : : Total Charge 2 Guilty : Not-Guilty : Driving while intoxicated # 2 6 Reckless driving 20 1 21 Right of way 7 1 8 Failure to have vehicle under control 3 3 Improper start 2 2 Impr0per passing 1 1 Speeding 1 1 Wrong side of road' 1 l 2 Step sign 1 l Allowing an unauthorized person to drive 2 2 Tbtal RE 5 E7 Driver's License Violations Denied license 1 1 No Operator's license 7 1 8 No chauffeur's license 1 1 Tbtal 9 I I0 antvtsb alum tnw 'lo nun Io'zznno 191ml: axoldov avert 03 01111151 31532 19q01ql1 : r:i'-J:‘:r' 1oqo'1qu finib00qa .Zmo': ‘10 9:312 3001:}?! ”aka quiz 9 ivixh o; no.2”v luifmd 31”.. :3 uionIA FLY- : " 'm 25.. 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(1...... ...H ......U “.... . ...- ...: u...” . ..r.. . .... .. ..u... :. ..... . ”...? . .. .. . frequently as the violation that caused the accident but often there is too insecure a base for any action to be taken. Drivers charged, where Speeding is the violation in evidence in fatal accident cases, are often not convicted, The Speeding violation is more often Speeding too fast for conditions than in violation of the absolute speed law. There were 138 convictions in the circuit court and #2 convictions in the lower courts. The sentences imposed for each case are set forth in Table VIII. Of the 26 convictions for manslaughter there Were 11 violators who received prison sentences, 5 received jail sentences, fines, and probation, 1 received jail sentence and probation, 2 received jail sen— tences and restricted driving, 3 received costs and proba- tion, 1 received probation, and 3 received restricted driv- ing. 0f the 107 convictions for negligent homicide, 15 vio- lators received prison sentences, 12 received jail sentences, fine and probation, h received jail sentences, fines and restricted driving, h received jail sentences and probation, H received jail sentences and restricted driving, 27 re- ceived fines and probation, 3 received fines, probation, and restricted driving, 5 received fines, 2 received probation and restitution, 19 received probation, 6 received re- stricted driving, 2 were not sentenced, and U were unknown° There were only two convictions for felonious driving with sentences of fines and probation° Of the 13 convictions for ..2. mee‘eu - - .‘..— . 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"Inc . othn op :cmhom UoNHAonvsccb no msw3oHH< .'O'l‘l HI-l . oH om.z a nH a menu a an :oHadnohm cameo eflHh HHeb hensoo comHhm monco eugeno ..f: AUGUSHoneoV HHH> mHmQH Foenhoaoo. we? when... 08900 03.3 .thfi Hannah .. ......H ..I.-.I).I.i..l.....i . . --..II . .. . .. . — _L .n . ... if I .-. D. -I . ...Hu. \ . 1 . .. r... .. lliclitpltnll ..ll ..I..I..I..I'. ..lll..o..III 0.....- III . l.| Illal (.‘.-OI.- 1.0 leaving the scene of a fatal accident, 1 received a prison sentence, 2 received jail sentences, fines, and probation, 1 received a jail sentence, 3 received fines, 2 received pro- bation, and h received restricted driving. Comparison of the 1952 survey and the current study indicates that there is little difference in the action taken or the convictions obtained for the two periods of study. Table IX sets forth that action was taken in 1952 on 38 per cent of the drivers that appeared to be in violation as compared to 36 per cent in the current study. The previ- ous survey showed that 2k per cent of the violating drivers were convicted as compared to 25 per cent in the present study. Convictions obtained from charges filed were 6k per cent in the 1957-58 period. There appears to be no appreci- able change in the trend of action taken against violators involved in fatal accidents. . . 1"“...5dn" "‘ 'fl—_ .’.— -HHJW ... ’— io aboi1eq owe eds 101 beninsdo anoiioivnoo and 1c Heist no $121 at flexes asw noises 35nd H3101 atea KI eIdsT .vbuée noiisioiv ni ed 03 bauneqqn 35d: sieviib oi: 10 case ieq 8E -ive1q eHT .vbuja 35911u0 on: aievtib :Lianloiv an: uncuouu 9d: Hi Inc tzq LY 2cm fl” 91)w belii ~ioe Prn on J; a? "vacuum BIOHJIOIU . _.. '- .. -. .... .' _ J"I:.LIJ, .‘. .. I; . 3 lo Inca ion ii aofiinro r011 Loninudo enoiioivuofi I 2."! 0:”. 1H.L&c.;'lo ixzoiu u: once inn EC 03 hauaqmoo as isda howofla gcv1ua auo o: Entsqmoo ac bcaoivnoo eiew .vbfll‘a ni Juno .nniioc HEuYQTI 3i: f . ' . 'al' 053' 11;. via!) 0' ' rutr'o .eanohi903 [£33 n1 bnvlovni TABLE IX COMPARISON OF CASE ACTION OF 1952 AND CURRENT STUDY #1 Accidents 1952 Study 1h70 Current Study 19b0 Violating Surviving Drivers 1952 Study #67 Current Study 753 Cases Filed 1952 Study 178 Current Study 27h Convictions 1952 Study 11H Current Study 190 Charges brought against violating drivers 1952 Study 38% Current Study 36% Convictions of violating drivers 1952 Study 214% Current Study 25% Convictions obtained from charges filed in circuit court 1952 Study 6 Current Study 65% Convictions obtained from charges filed in lower court 1952 Study 63% Current Study 89% Total convictions obtained from filed charges 1952 Study 6h% Current Study 69% . - -.....u» — 3 . . a y I . . I I . I. ' - ;i_J . _é— -=-‘—'-—- n‘-- ' ‘- r -..- v I n-)-‘_ . u.- \. :2- ..‘I'r'. ._ .‘.. ‘1 vbusa anetzufl- val 21ev110_gntviv1ua antinlel' vbuia SEQ! vbutfi inelxuo helti eeeeo abuse flee: vbuau unotiuo aroideivuca '{Iaua'tz TTE'ZEI ‘.:.hI::.-." ans-[15:3 sieviic “uiiflIuiv ianicwn :fiauoud aegindo :I- ' goo iiuouic Hi :wIF J'Tvmo 'J: "..-'n. ._' !..'._.' . 5;ij .. . . - n ..'I.'_I . .‘.!U'H’J .'JL ::-1 -‘.'.'.'.:.- :._-‘:I 12. .’.". 20 an" 5:7 "moL‘ . It I I} ‘ . {I . . .... J I: \_._.’. ...... _ . . r. I. ' -:'-.)'i'1.':\' ..,. ... .'.- - . _... - . .. --'-' .'.-)"i f:"'.'.;-"’.-‘a'l.C‘n.' - ' . I .._ . :\ .J" . ' "'f. ' I"? 1. : ".‘...‘1'5- 1.350” ) ; 'j" -. "155 I T . .'L‘ H. ‘I g, . x _ .L: ...- .--.-- .. - . - --.--.“n. ..."..- H . . _ -. - -.- ---. be I _ .‘.... CHAPTER V REASONS FOR NON-CONVICTIONS I. REASONS FOR NON-PROSECUTION Prosecuting attorneys returned 509 statements as to the reasons there were no prosecutions against the #56 drivers who appeared to be in violation as reported by the I investigating officers. Insufficient evidence was the rea- son most often stated, 35 per cent of the total statements, with no eye witness to the accident being the primary cause for lack of evidence. No evidence of criminal negligence was the next most frequently stated cause for insufficient evidence. There were 27 of the 176 statements of insuffi- cient evidence that gave no eXplanation of why it was in- sufficient. Other statements that were made frequently were the inability to locate the driver and when located to place him behind the wheel, no apparent negligence on part of driver, witnesses have conflicting statements, unable to prove which driver was in violation, no drinking or excess Speed involved, and incomplete investigation on the part of the officer. The prosecutors made 105 statements that other factors contributed to the accident. Pedestrians contributing to the accident were #6 per cent of these statements, both __- . ___ -...- __.__— —.—-—————-‘ ___... —.'-—'—‘-l'—- ‘- H. - . . i .. ' 3" ' I .r‘r' _ ,w-f '3'4'1'5" _-'.- fin _ - . - .., nonmemém Ma- 03' as acnemeaez'rz eoa hen-war: evemwseanhuooem 61$ 9113 33111835 anoisuoeeoiq on e‘xew exerts "wear: “I eds vd beaioqe'x an noitnlotv :11: ed oil be‘xeuqqn cm: etevtsb «59': ed: aew conceive ‘uneioi‘iiuanl .u'rzmi'i'ic uniwcgid'eevnt ,asnomeacaa £5303 on: ’20 affirm 1er a: .L-oacn noa’io aaon nee sauce ‘1nmi1c on: gated Juebioou one 03 UCGHUIW 919 on dilw oonenilfion infirmiuo lo eonsbivo n“ .sonobivo to flosl 101 Juaioiitucni 101 oauno bronze viwnoureii 320m uzou on: asw -iiluani in canumodnta ESL of: Ln Tfi 019w aiorfl‘ .eonebive -ni new 32 van to nuixsnnfluxe 0L ova. anflv oanohive aueio «'-'I.u': '513I--.:'Ig'.=>'x'i oimm "View 3131‘: .'3'fli.’".:3::;.'-.'. 32255.."- .3neioi’1'lna 90:11" ' o‘i boa-nun}. .r'.-'.'-.-. .l‘rm '.'~'r.:':'=.;; 2..-.2"! :‘.'--:‘(~-.' w': '.;:.'.-"_...-::an1'. elk: "to '.-":.I:-- no "ft-Fit. LII-.1“: ‘.I.."I‘!;. 0:: ,."..-'.I "-.r m: .-’\I'5.'...i=‘;... mill -.H .ucr:roaLUa -uisoi}inup uffi~ ”rano'r*7 (inviub aruoxo ”o muffinjub an {roiunfiniv n; ;nw ”aria. o'fiw JVOT” do 'J"I:.(' .-':5 (Ir, I.(I_i':':-."'j.:. 975:. 1' .._-. ' -:1‘. (l -'.-.r,='..-,r.rii’ {mm-2:: . -o£3 o oflv 1'01"): '. If?” '; .‘ ,‘ (,1 i“ 7 'I r (. "i- (. -' . u ' . ._:.r- r-:- . - ."'.-" .‘- " .'-:-~ *. ‘. :rs.’:i..- ".‘.TI'OO‘ .3., , f!!.u;- .. I" '\ .0. «F ’43 drivers contributing 38 per cent, bicyclists contributing 7 per cent, and the victim contributing 1 per cent. In 9# statements the reason given was that the victim was related to the violating driver, in 16 statements the road and weather conditions contributed to the accident, and in 13 statements the defendant had suffered enough. II. REASONS FOR ACQUITTALS The prosecutors stated 3# reasons for acquittals. In 13 of these statements the defendant was dismissed in the preliminary examinations on the grounds there was no negli- gence shown, no cause for action, no corpus delicti, or gross negligence, no wilful and wanton negligence, and jus- tice could no longer be served. Five reasons stated for ac- quittals referred to sympathy on the part of the jury. III. REASONS FOR SENTENCE IMPOSED The prosecutors stated 3 reasons why the courts im- posed a particular penalty. One prison sentence was imposed due to certain elements of wilfulness. In another case the family of the deceased requested that there be no prison sentence given to the defendant° In the third case the sen- tence Was probation Since there had been no drinking in- volved, unlawful Speed, or other aggravated violations° _ ___-..-.-. .- .l- use—v.35." . at. Mile; In men oifl" 3:35“: n..- In . hm. bed! has unsusta- as a: .me rum-non C! at “as ,Jnehxoes eds ou beaudtuwnoe euoitibneo 10" .d~unno Lnxoflua bn' annbnofith on: atnsloalii dJETTIUL'Ck H01 EMOHAHH .II "a n1 .aiauvlupon wol anoanet $E tnISSE :uoauoeaoin efir on: ni boaniwa .3 Han unsharo'Io 2 9d: EJEBJJ3BUZ oaodi 10 E1 -x£~sn on a.w eioflv abnuc1 u 3 no enoiunrirnze v15 nimtleuq 10 ,iauilcu envono 3H ,nciao; no; sauna or ,nuofla eonafi —aLfi Ln: ,ooyi ii nn “ours: 5L: iL.I2u or ,oonwyilrui 22013 «35 in] nausea wn02591 cuit ,ucfun* 7L uoyrni on LI uco so is .t1hr c a l: :111 w:; rt v u-'-; c3 -¢11 law HInJuiup .. J. ... .'.. .2 .l. -51 EDTEF“ n ' n on ~ '...: - ' -_; ' one 91 . .3 J : . . 7' r ‘ . a}. . I a a . -. 30‘ ‘1" ' ' ' L I? .l 1 —K. J'f ” f0 ' . . .' o' \ -'L . " -. '. . ' -i ‘ " IevoJ ## IV. REASONS FOR NON-CONVICTIONS One hundred and two officers from 35 enforcement agencies made ##3 statements as to their Opinion concerning the reasons why there are many violators who are not con— victed for violations that result in death by motor vehicle. These statements have been classified under the headings of public Opinion, administrative problems of enforcement agency, accident investigation, prosecution, juries, lower courts, circuit courts, sentences, and legislation. Public Opinion The investigating officers interviewed stated that public opinion is a contributing factor in the lack of con- victions for motor vehicle violations resulting in a fatal— ity. A traffic violation is not considered by the public to be a crime and peOple are reluctant to convict a driver of a serious charge for this violation° They let their emotions overrule their reason and do not properly assume their civic duty. One-half of the statements made in regard to public opinion related to education, This will be discussed under heading number VI. Administrative Problems The officers interviewed stated that in some in- stances they work under the handicap of insufficient budget antaciunaa nclntqo tied? at an Ifiidflilnil Edi Ital .aoe sou e15 adv exoteloiv teem-one ouofli tau enolcis' Hp. .exomav 'Iod‘om vd duet ...: nun-x sun monarch 10‘! min. iI to agnlbued an: 'Iebnn bet'fleeslc need evnrt asnemed'ed‘e «ed! " anemeo'xcane 'to ameIdo'Iq evtc'e-nelntmbs .noiniqo 011:!" 15301 .aoi1nt .noiauooao1q ,noisnaisaevni anobioos .vonean .uoizslaigox bns ,aoonoinoe .3 isno vinaiio ,afituoo : flpinigg oildui ads bea.eJa 39"i""u3nl sizoillo .riamfiiuaovn: 9dr .-—..—. -— a ...- : -noo To final en: mi 103052 vaiuu'fiianoc 5 xi Hoinicc otiduq -15531 5 n1 :ni IIDPUT unnjvuiofv cioifinv than. to} snoiaoiv n: oilduu 0J3 rd Dem: isnuc ‘nu c; ”033350 ' 011x32: A .131 ' m is invimh n Jnivfioc :u 71:.u.jru >15 of co: inn LPITO 5 Cd l I . . l . . . . . . snoxscma TI?.T Jam #0:; , n.nuln.v EI'T ‘-, 1'Tw'o tuoiien I civic 1ieuu )rthc ;Lu“"nzfl In: no JLfi n.;;v- aiufu orUtieVU _ I- . r H ' I' . .'-- a '- '- _ -- . - ' . - ‘. dounu aJ"Jfi"L )L li_d a a- .L-WJ‘TJ-U ~. ~ Ifln‘i .n inu i. Hf . - L>ceu - . .2, H. . _,. ;-_, .1. .--_. - .--...-. .u. - «'1 r _ 7- -. us and personnel. There are cases where the departments have failed to keep up with the changing times and there is need for the establishment of traffic bureaus and training Spe- cialists in accident investigation. They are unable to process adequately accident reports and often have no one re5ponsib1e for the accident records and files. Accident Investigation The officers state that one of the major problems in accident investigation is in the location and obtaining of’a witness. An investigator is often busy at the scene of an accident taking care of first things first and is unable to identify a witness before he leaves the scene of the acci- dent. The witness in turn is reluctant to come forward and volunteer information. In addition to the problem of locat- ing a witness the officer has difficulty obtaining other forms of evidence. It is difficult to get a blood test taken and when one is obtained it seldom will be admitted into evidence at the trial. Much of the evidence is lost due to too many officers handling the case. The investigat- ing officer should be given sufficient time to follow-up and deve10p a good case. The prosecutor can take no action if the officer does not have the case well prepared. Numerous statements were made by the investigating officers concerning the need for officer training. This is 56 per cent of the “Fr-“:1 'N t .agojzn bus ”when waning m we! a ;" notSspiieevnI snoh¢011 ni ameldoiq iotnm ed: To one 35d: etsia a1eo£110 CAT 5 to fininiuido bus is in oneoa ed: in vans nnvio '3.- o: exdcnn ai Lnn JBTJZ- —xoos a:m E0 space "“1511"! o 1 came (-5 «Janet To reidoqn 'ItJI'J’O ruininIJu V33; noiicooi on: 9’55! J [TH-"1'0 "L3 mi: 1;;- ni at noiasrraaovnt inebteoa ..r «oinniaaevnj "A .aaenttw ia1ii $0 wvno finiflni inobtoon arnid: asvnei sf "10:9" anon"iw s viiinebi -_ei mi 'anr v; ruovsiv odT .3neb .ciaxhbe r1 '3flvn1ni tooinuiov 0'3 ()3 rooir.’ r~ :r-a~ n‘; ‘r‘-n ‘ . . ' e . .u :25 _ .") "Z-‘c émo'I : u.“r 1 :d -T-” r-vie. ‘1 r:n rin~ . -u« -" =3. vain: 320$ :21 ans: _n‘ : 1' c: .f "‘r 3" 1' wvnoi‘hra fififii ~35?i¢?cvai 3L? ,9; e er 'wiI'rvfi 'aceI‘2L fb=” h’T 0: sub Jim: r-u-z-ws'l' 1'} hi; --:-t.-'.’.' 5' -.?'0.t1.-'-. :' 7.": 3.1": ‘0 '2 .-.-.::t 10 ‘-‘r:!_ :i "oiuou r" ”a: 'g: 'H' , -" 7- , uninvoh “liG'LUEflva ..-2r1 ;--:t; ' E X:-- . x , ...'~ w' "J ‘zta -uirr1'.onno :rzoni71L uftn ; : , n3. ' , . ‘3 3‘ ' J _ . . 'II. '1' \— , ~ ‘ -\ ’ «- #6 total statements on administrative problems and accident in- vestigation and will be discussed under heading number VI. Prosecution Of the th statements made by officers concerning non-convictions, 2H5 or 55 per cent were related to prosecu- tion. The statement made most frequently was that cases "lie too long on the docket." The cases that are postponed lead to public apathy and the complaining witness is no longer interested in any action taken. The officers further state that in some instances the prosecutor feels that the defendant has suffered enough and initiates no action. In other instances the prosecutor does not have the time and does not wish to bother with traffic cases, but wants to Spend his time on important cases. He is not paid enough money in some areas and has to have a private practice in addition to his service to the county. The prosecutor wants to have a good conviction record and therefore requires the officer to have a perfect case before action will be initi— ated. Prosecutors will often reduce the charge if they can obtain a plea of guilty. This is sometimes practiced so that they will not have to take the time to go to court. According to the officers, the prosecutors in some instances do not prepare their cases in advance and go over them with the officer only a few moments before trial. The evasiveness I‘iJ ," ‘ .‘. - " . '. . , V ‘. ‘ofi'fifiiidisfo‘ie’tgv amass? it as {3?- .‘ ' cease and: sew 113110119011 :‘teom chem insulates: orn‘ .uflfr; A]! benoqd‘aoq 915 35113 cease our ".331100!) on: no anal 00:) 01:1"- on at aaoniiw aninisiqmoo eds bna vddewc oildnq 03 bsoI toflsmui emsoiilo on? .nofins noises vnc ni bosao1oani degnol 9H3 and: Rice? TOUUOOPOEfi 0d} rennnsnni area Li 3543 efisdl u- .Loiaon or :ossisini Luc_fi “urn Lcieifhn and innhnsieb on; ends sfla pvnfl so“ 2003 TO3U032LTQ efw neonflszni media as L385? sue .aeamc ofiiinza fijiw ioflvoo 0: gain Jon aeob dauono Lion non vi 9h .Jienc UHEJTO mi no gain 31g bneqa :zi Joison'rrr OG‘nVi'If‘. .1 (-'.-“:2.- -.~.',' '5:‘ Ln." -'"‘.'.J'I.': once. Hi \{snom _ ,7!" '1u‘n:.‘./ "j.0'Jl.O=-L‘!O'IC' -.--..-- .vsrmoo 4.x 3' our 231).?27’1-7‘. -ri:" ou‘ rmid‘ibbn .;{3 n.wii!a.u* cwqrfiomcu'u 13““ in? d‘h'! .iu It: tray: {\or= n urnz§ 03 —.-_)J x- . :Ir‘v' f.’0.|.U(‘" 3201“. - n 1' 2' ‘ ' ..r ' 1 ' "oi' 7(- :1: c '0") j ' .'.I a "H sou" . m. If _ '. r4 ' - 0'1 .houn on neOIToncn Her 3):” .l .j" . T r . -,- ' ' L's , - mu...) 0. o 03 a . 3 a . t ,- . « "1 - __r . '; Lori's . ~: -. 1:5; um" I .. a . ‘-':".'):-r::r,'- * ‘ . ' :: iv 1'1 . I 1 inf-1‘: :. “-7 u I ”192%: - or .I u . \ ‘ "..':' , ' -:anovituv: .5“ .Ixiis 32. . :J.flya. u v: w ~-t-c7fiin wfii ' 1+? of the prosecutor toward taking action on a case discourages future attempts on the part of the officer and too often leads to indifference toward accident investigation. Juries According to the investigating officers the juries are a contributing factor to the non-convictions. Officers from 12 of the 35 agencies contacted stated that the juries identify with the violator. They are reluctant to convict since they may be in the same situation at a later date. They are also automobile drivers and take a defensive atti— tude. Jurors are often people who have an occasional drink themselves and do not wish to judge others who have become involved due to their drinking. They do not wish to send anyone to prison for an act they themselves might commit. They feel sorry for peeple in general and allow their sympa- thy to overrule their reason. EBEEE Courts The officers state that the lower courts in some in— stances go beyond their prOper function and try the case. They call in witnesses and go beyond the point of establish- ing corpus delicti, The prosecutor has presented his entire case and the defense attorney has an advantage in circuit court. The problem lies in the lack of training and interest of the judges on the bench of the lower courts. m, . ‘. ' - Q . .- ‘ 1 r : "t .‘ I." . . It. *tnw-zxesiiit*gn1&3§ittevfif éfii“ti’§fitfitoeii’ «V ;_ 'esiinc 31501110 .cnoisolvnoa-non odd 03 103931 finitud113noo a iifi 1 aoiiut eflu Jedi bedssa beiosanoo aoionegs EC and To 81 IU!‘ soivuoc 03' d’nnfrouxe'x 91:; aern‘ ."zoaslojzv 911:: dd'hr v‘tttnobs .eanb 1035i 5 Us noiscusia nmsa end at on vnm vsdd cont- -isun ovianeiob c ova: bur Latvivb nflidcmosus oaia 913 ted? :lui'fl: Enrmiz‘rzooo m: mac-12 0:": uni-7:03;; us-‘i’lo rm a-ro'tuf. .ebud‘ DECUJL ownr or: aioflsn u,b5fi r: :aiw son at has sovieanedt has: 03 flaiw ion on wofif .rnifuitb mtoflu 0: out hOVIovnt .:.-‘.-'.v:’r-or, 3:35.31 saviour-:2“; "mi; am: an we? confirm: oz; auc‘cns -.'_--:-!'.-_'r.: 'xiz.‘-"I '..'\-.-.'_‘.'.a_. 12:1:- _.'~.'--..3.-'- .._-. .--.{ «mn- --n‘. '--'_‘I'.'.(‘:-"- Inc? *{etfl‘ rr.‘ .;'__-r q 1' .. . . .-_, UiTuVD oi vfié "rm-u? 1950.1 -.- ..-... -. .. s - m...— -I ._ I r I'.-'.'"I2 1' ' 1 n ' _‘ ' ' " i. 3 l ‘U I" n’ul‘ (I. 'i'l r l ' ' '4" .’.3—’ ..r .1. J ...: I . -.r . gall“ ta u- ”I - ' -_ .. 4-.) ..- . ‘ , ‘ _ 1‘53 V's-(T . . :, ~ . 3 'J- r . ' r .v > . _ . 159'.) u: '.7. ”91.1.0 L '3'; ' ' " J , J '1 I . 150 I ' r r r _ u . - . . .. 4:. _ , x In 1&8 Circuit Courts Investigating officers from 3 agencies stated that the circuit courts will not admit exPert testimony as evi- dence. Officers interviewed contended that in some cases where there is a conviction, the judge imp05es light sen- tences. usually probation. The courts are at times too lax and reduce charges on appeals from justice court. The court docket is so OVerloaded that it takes months to get a case to trial and it ultimately winds up nolle prosequi. Accord- ing to the officers some judges are against the prosecution of traffic violations at all, they think it is a civil func- tion. Sentences Eight of the 35 agencies contacted made statements concerning sentences° They state that cases that are filed, tried, and convicted lose their effect in some instances due to the light sentence imposed. Some judges in the state give reasonable sentences while others do not hand out jus- ticeo According to the officers there is a need for more uniform method of Sentencing. Legislation Ten agencies stated that we have a need for legisla- tion. There is a problem in our antiquated laws, they need to be brought up to date to fit the times. The law with saw ‘ - 9“- 231 on: semis is 915 231005 our .notdsdouq vIIeUIu .Iooui‘_" -; since our .iiuoe eoisant meii alseqqe no eegxsdb seabed bu? case a 393 o: aflanom aoflsa at csdi bebeonovo on at iefloob ~bicooh .iupnaomq alien r“ abniw tioanrisiu it fins £5113 03 noiinoeaouq out Santana 313 aufibnt one: avooilio on: 03 an: —onui Irvxo a 3i 7% fluid: 19!: .I35 3: :ncjssiuiv otllsx: To .nois coonosuaa nuuoro“.aa char Lsucnynuo caiuno u T‘ nfiu ’r "” ' _ .~ . _: ». ..I-I'L as”. 'JJ: fan" .-'awuuaov nuiuioonco . :..~ 0 \: .-'.-£7..‘fi.:..‘ . ' .EJ'JL'IJ 0343? 3-3 : in »' . ' 9 JJ::. If J's ”3 —:ug a.u arm 20' I; 3' Lu , . - -‘ (( 1' vi 510n.'101 a»;- r -v .ni :xPL \ _s - :~'c.. .1ni1 . A’- - " _. r' - ' '(1 ."Ij : '. I'“. ..l _ _. --.”... .‘. .'. .' r .-" . .. . . «I: ......_-.;.I. 1...... '..-'.).:h -J.. J ) .u .' .:.}.’.‘-L if)“; .3201. , , .-- n ' ' : . .' 053 .'.- ' _ - .. . ‘ J . 1+9 which the officers were more concerned is the inability to take a blood sample from an unconscious person and use it as evidence. It is often difficult to obtain the written con— sent for a blood sample from a drunk or an accident victim. The above summary of statements obtained from inves- tigating officers is set forth in detail in Tables X, XI, XII, and XIII. Table X sets forth the reasons for non-pros- ecution as stated by the prosecutors, Table XI the reasons for acquittals as stated by prosecutors, Table XII the rea- sons for a particular penalty as stated by prosecutors, and Table XIII reasons for non—convictions as stated by investi- gating officers. V. COMPARISON OF STATEMENTS MADE BY PROSECUTORS AND OFFICERS CONCERNING REASONS FOR NON—CONVICTIONS Both the prosecutors and the investigating officers contacted stated that insufficient evidence is a contribut- ing factor in non—convictions. They both set forth the im- portance of an eye witness to the accident and the difficul- ties in obtaining them. A witness is needed in many cases in order to establish the corpus delicti. In addition to the problem of witnesses the prosecutor and officers state that the juries are sympathetic and are reluctant to convict on a serious charge filed for a traffic violation. The .'..L‘ . .'.—{ism- ._ - y -m 3’00”” ml- '10 inns-2's nunmsws Influe- -sevn.t m1! bentssdo singlet-ta '3. u“! and. ed: :1" __ .11 .I aeIdeT at Itaieb at d3101 so: at aueotito antflafll‘fi'l » -aoiq-non 101 anoaset ed? date! ates x eIdsT .IIIX bun .Illi anoasoi and IX eidaT .aioanceeotq eds Yd bessia as native. . -.. - . ~_._.. —501 adj III oIdsT .2103sccaouq Yd beanie as alsiiiupos 101 bus .aiosuoeaoan fid hOUfiUa a: valenoq infroisinq e do? anoq —isaovni vd bessun an ano;:civnoo-ron to} nnoaee1 IIIX oldsT .exocillo snide; :flOTUGELL‘IOSFI 5' .'..L-.‘.-l "'F",_.."I'L"1'.'..!.‘-.' 75'.) fOi'JZrIA‘fl-IOO .V -. _ _- _s.‘ s. 2'... ' s J'— _C_ c-nam . :1eoilio -JU 1 .i '4 n. on =1- J u I. ~3u r1-xoo :_ :o. .- _ c _ I - : bosonnuoo -il..f 9:; “if 1. J I - . l J'). | 2’: - 1 1039.5. r J -.. cil'l'i -:.-."- r - J ___"o , . .I -' ..z . u mansion c3250 2L3“ .. >- - -: , u'u ‘: -'n: - :i :31: .3 moi? - .. - . IE.-::. , rohuo Hi ixcit c- J . -r , . . , -x .- 31: is . . Ir . _, 1 ~ - J .'J' . - , 'r r r. 50 TABLE X STATEMENTS BY PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS AS TO REASONS FOR NON-PROSECUTION Reason Times Stated Insufficient Evidence No eye witness to accident M5 No evidence of criminal negligence 34 No explanation of why insufficient evidence 2? Cannot put driver behind the wheel 8 Unable to locate driver No apparent negligence on part of driver Witnesses have conflicting statements Cannot prove who was in violation No drinking or excess Speed involved Incomplete investigation Could not establish exact location of accident Driver and witnesses confused as to what happened No provable negligence No criminal reSponsibility No recklessness to support criminal negligence No negligence beyond all reasonable doubt So many vehicles involved could not determine beyond all doubt who was at fault Witness left state and would not return 1 to testify Could not establish cause of injuries Unguarded railroad crossing Driver's foot slipped off brake' Key witness changed story Witness's statement inconsistent Difficult to prove previous health of victim since from out of state Cause of death questionable Driver apparently became ill and rolled vehicle 1 Driver stated he knew nothing from day before accident until a week later 1 Post mortem showed both injuries and age ' Contributed to death 1 Post mortem showed acute alcoholism primary cause of death--Injuries sustained were insignificant 1 Other driver refused to sign complaint or testify 1 Total 176 HHI—‘NU C'valmmflfi hiHrdhaHba H Hid ...-— --— -—-.— - _—-—_.-.- “—‘.—.- - v—- -_.-—l-:q- - 7")— 1 1'. {U 1’; I") otsehltlati sonaajlgon Lsntmixo lo eonobive e! souebive sneiot't'iuenl vflu ‘Io nolssnsque oil ' Inodw odd bnided doviib sac wonnao 19min!) 915091 03 91:6an fevi1b To 315q no concaifhor #CGISqnn 62 acneWeJnva n?zoiilnoo oVnu weaeeusiw nnianofv mi an. uflw ovo: nouns: bevinvui beer-n. 2.:-".019 '10 ‘,n.-'::.v"a_-':'-:!: 021 :z-tl.’.3".__.i':'. 3': :5. -u'.t..\i'.1!rc:)m'. ._ . r. ,_ ‘ . , -... . -- . .. . ' --. —‘. . ' - {.51.}-.313u aL' ul‘lJ .'n'!‘JJ. JqI- '-' ('f'v '-.S -'--r ‘ .' v .l'. 'Ihor' .7m'hr (.'.- '.'. ='.—.,-' ' ':-..'_\ 2r.- .--:7..'.. .- .:s: '.-: 1.71'1 ... ,;. 4‘ ,‘I'.- .I 4" '..'-~ ' - . , '.-" mno . .' - .. . :r r ..u -; 09'; 14:3.» '; (7' 5 ‘ n 1.- 1"}. . . ‘.'. 1 ' 3 u .I ‘ " ."..s 'J . ,- . kl . i I. If. . . $, . I '. l ‘ '!.L. l ‘ ‘ I l '7 ' _ r . '2 1 _ ”5,... _. . ..J . . . ‘ ..., ‘ \ r i n roentgen es.saent£w are .'~:. 51 TABLE X (Continued) Reason Times Stated Other Factors Contributed to Accident Pedestrian contributed to accident U8 Both drivers contributed in their negligence bl Bicyclist contributed to accident 7 Driver avoiding another vehicle 2 Stalled vehicle on highway 2 Victim, a passenger, contributed to accident 1 Driver and passenger were both drinking 1 Driver dodging animal on highway 1 Passenger playing with gas pedal 1 Dog jumped onto steering wheel from rear seat 1 { Total 105 1 The victim was related to the violating driver Wife 39 Daughter 13 Husband 11 . Son 11 ’ Mother 8 Sister 5 Brother b Father 3 Total 9h No action taken for reasons not stated 59 Road and weather conditions contributed to accident Icy road Stormy weather Need for engineering Driver avoiding object Wheels slipped into rut Tall corn at intersection Sun was in driver's eyes thP‘HthJm Total 16 There is no record of the case diSposition in this office 1h we - ' oomgnaon tier} 2.:} be 3"” v o 13th did“ induces oi - nut-Ilene “1M... 9191110! tedious athlete 1071‘! , (airtight no eioidov boll-$3 ""7 :mebiooa ca beadlsanoc creamer“; I; “0.391? « ' quidni1b- died edew usrneaecq bus tevtifl tau .3ifl no EsmL:::..3u1§bob doltxfl E I Inbon Paw fisiw nnivuin deunoaznfi “01'; £99.11! .1:.'.»'.'I'-.e:r'a ca'no Lemuui‘. 30“ case 1391 H- pawn/Hag in . 0' --—.I—-——’----. ——.fi‘.- . '£')'.".:‘.';'. .xi: 'JJ--.-'.r ') -. r ‘7 "--;i_:'\'-. 335‘“ .'-.'.'.E.u'o.iv 9sz if b; t. . . 4| {'5- \_l -‘ . ( .l . . . -i I. if ' L run-...; :4 m If _n :1-3" I u H _ at»: ”345-": I ' o 'I. 34' f_' ' : ,.;;-: l I I "'f' 1' E ; 1‘ , I I'. . I I J nu ' r .5 -. I I. I TABLE X (Continued) 52 Reason Times Stated The defendant has suffered enough Due to old age Due to loss of family Due to injuries Total The family of the deceased requested no prosecution Unable to bring case to trial Defendant beyond jurisdiction of court, out of state Driver committed suicide during investigation While running from police, defendant jumped into river and drowned Defendant left for the army Defendant never brought to trial due to physical condition--still in hosPital Total The cases have been filed in civil court Defective equipment contributed to accident Exhaust system Blew out tire Failure of air brakes Total Juries will not convict for negligent homicide and felonious driving-~If you do not have enough facts for manslaughter, you might as well forget the case There have been numerous cases filed previously with- out a conviction; reluctant to file The injured party can file a personnel complaint at a later date, if he revives and wishes to do so Relatives of fatal car did not request a complaint W-(rm l—‘N P‘H P‘P'H - o I“ * , _ tors-tat d~ . I I - 1' ‘ I: I. 1; s CI Iaio‘!‘ 3f . "- "' 3‘ noliuooao-xq on hoiaoug-e't hoaneoab ad: 'to {nut 0" — '1-W £5313 oT 9310 finitd oi eIdnu“ 7' .u1uoo lo noiioibaitrt Lnojon anubnoiefl ' ' a S. u'..‘.:. '10 :Ih'n :w ; 5 Lniinniissvui -n'1:h u»fioiJ" -eu:Lv-Uu ISViIU if benmui unnwuoTifl {sol c- .uHZ ,zi.un1 olbdw Il . a o g . 3 \ uenrfiwu :n: 2:341 as”! 1. 5 .'I “-'v' '. : ".‘. n. ". -3' '.'-"r"'t:'.'-': 'H. W -. 7': I. '.- .-..-.. "4" 0'; ‘.'- '.:=' ". -. - ' .-':::';.-'."i-'.: .'. .4: all : .'.". "...L. 'L -:_- I I 1:: .'--» - «u m " ~ i .L- 'c. is -e i . i: -. I l.\-J in, iwf a J"fltn “'LC 1 F 1 -c f. v. o niT .-, : - . . - r J' '« )J. '3 ‘ . .' ~‘ 2 on w ‘.': I: .- I I : fl .-. l ‘_ 1‘ ' I'.-l P ; -T“ ' _ i -|. I'. ;. .Hi , .: ; . - -;L 'I I: . h , u) . ') .. ' L' at . .. u ~ ~ ' 0 ~ : . -' . ‘ :5 o t n 9 I ' 1: E -.- . I I' v u i '. u- ' L I . i 53 TABLE X (Concluded) Reason Times Stated While trying to help passenger that was thrown from car in accident, another car hit driver and he was hOSpitalized for some time--No action was taken 1 There was nothing to gain by presenting a case before a sympathetic jury 1 The charge of negligent homicide will not accomplish the desired goal Secretary of State will take the driver's license; this will be sufficient action 1 Due to a considerable lapse of time there will be no prosecution 1 The sheriff told the new5papers there would be no prosecution 1 Total Statements 509 . 21,-. 2‘9”” 33":er Jinan-i. {(3, ‘.' ‘ I". oH-wbmi' an Tf‘WJ‘T‘V _ a 1'3 _ 1 ' - ' null? i H -; .,; ‘, ' seen a gntinece-lq 1d are: oi 351on an '.‘ _j. z' I, I Tint aligning-ma n 0101-! _‘Ej :Iwiianmoos Jon .[Ih-r obtotmod :megii'eon ‘to ogisde‘ofl 5' l E liner, be'riaeb “ii . : . . . . . ' ;-.- 'nuoif. 3'1: 71:13.; 0th «av-"x: ,l.l.:-..' no.7. to {15:19:10.8 .L' acid—ct: .n-ai‘o.’:'.-.‘!.r:'r- mi [13131 21115! wci IZJZiw out-7.53 1--.'_'.' ."n )2. ..’.-".*) I'.-hos ': 0-: and .'L uanIJeoao'u; on .I m. him-.'.! -_':.."-t ‘.'.1" -- .-. "-r- 117:; L 52-31: LJI'mIYa 9111‘ .2 n " '.‘-viin'rn or: . ' "'H; w - =...-~':'- -' I . .'.'.' 2. '.'. . '. 2. '. i . l.“ :. . . I l I I '1 ,- _II' I .- n In... TABLE XI STATEMENTS BY PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS AS TO REASONS FOR ACQUITTALS 5b Reasons Times Stated Examination court dismissed case contending no negligence on part of defendant had been shown Preliminary examination ruled no cause for action Contributory negligence on part of other driver Contributory negligence on part of pedestrian Examination court dismissed case on grounds of no corpus delicti and no gross negligence Examination court dismissed case on grounds that 'justice could no longer be served Examination court reduced charge on grounds that there was no wilful and wanton negligence No culpable negligence Lack of intent on part of defendant Victim also contributed to accident Accident during snowstorm, visibility zero, neither driver could discern presence of other Conflicting testimony of witnesses The charge of negligent homicide sounds too fonnidable, juror stated that the defendant could be sentenced to prison for life; unintentional killing of a friend No proof as to who was driving vehicle in which defendant and victim were riding Defendant’s defense was brake failure; officers had not checked same so could not answer muwm f' :4 beinia can?! anibneimm eaazo boceimaib i'nloo not“ need bed innbno'teb to 3".qu no eomatlfiol M .‘.: awed. Fe. I : . ' -_ :1 notice -:o'i sauce on ”ohm noisrsninmzo Trent-I11"! I . '. ' c; 197'?er 'Ior'io '10 '.-".I'.ur_-' no umxo-gfci‘ta-rs 'Lt'miudt'xinob l 'l . . ' ‘ '_. rl';.:_'£'IF:'.:l‘-L)I' ":o I'.:I; ..o «mu-av j:.L'-._:',.>.'I *{ioiucit'xinco (m m -.'.'e.'l££--'-|"-.'_E 1;") swam .'.-Ia-ai..-"..E.=- .'.-dune untamnimsxfl ‘.‘ sane-1.5;} .- .€-.')'£"- 0:. hm: mails-b .5!."_'\"!fl0 un'; wfiu I: J: I43? I‘HHLWuiH .wflon rciJnnimfixfi _l_ ..-.,_-: :t: ;.--.? (‘.' ' “'.'J'J Jul-Tani: :r.-. '* 'e'-‘;='.-..-, ':r do -‘.'".':'.‘-f.v’.- .i': :39 .' u.-'.‘::..!in£.<1£ '.'.n‘. :J. :--r ..-;.' u- ..‘.: ”1:.- ms -.--' e-z-M’Ii . .. - - - .t . ‘ _. ., , - . .- _._. 2 -' if...” -- . . Ti! II. .1 .. .-.I_ .-.":"..: l I I. . I e . J.’ i I ' ' -..-'33.: o I v r o _I ' e . = I _: Q I ’ .. 1:4";3 Q ' I | I ,-, _ I II A. . -- r‘ \ 1 " e: . J _ . n“, ... I. I . _ ‘ I I a .:" . . . I . o n .. A _ ‘I ' . . 3o ' '. ' I I‘ ' . . 55 TABLE XI (Concluded) Reasons Times Stated Intoxication is not a factor in classic case; jury feels that accidental (neg) driving death (homicide) is truly not criminal 1 Defendant left the scene to call the sheriff; jury contended act was prudent l Assumption of risk theory; both victim and defendant were drinking and both were Speeding 1 0n morning of trial various items of physical evidence could not be found by officers; prosecutor had to move for dismissal 1 Widow of deceasad requested no prosecution 1 Parents of deceased requested defendant not be prosecuted 1 Sympathy for the defendant Due to old age Due to physical condition F‘H Total Statements 3h xenon classic fit moioe1 3 ion a: neli . flinch auivtmb (gen) Isinebtoea iedi sleet; I [nutmt1o ion vista c1 (.51.! 1 ' {I'll-mm: ad: [555 my onooa 9:13 3101 1:183:10”- ' l' .i: :‘rz'zel'm'zr :rw 13:5 Imbneinoo Tint snebnoleb kns wisoLv Esq: guh~e T £911 10 notiqmuaul .e ;t£_5'l.‘-'9(fi' =3'l“-.’ -: 0-5 .15 qnlflniib e'xev rill?- . Incln'rfir '.'.n tutu-5}: v... '1':.-' JET-1'13 “..o funnel: 110 .) iI 3'1901” .. -. -'..II."0 .- .. '- ;.' -.I=.. ...-[1.109 .Ir‘nobl we I I. I " .".-'.'- '..-- -- n3 "5: 'I‘_)\'-'I':)')"'.0‘1q Ii ' E z " r « 'i r .- air .z. '- '.r .--. 334’:- ':.o '.zoiai'.’ "flurry? ' .- I I I | ' . .. . .', ' ' .- . . . -. ‘ . - . . g I um. .:...I-ne. -: .. .. - e, -. ,9......:I-_-.-- ’ln -J.Io'x.‘.‘I {_3 firmer-.01; . . . ‘1' .' . ..I. I. 'e. In ennui: ' l ' I . \"0 (‘.' ‘.e' ' I .' .,:,r ' - I l . l 'I .{II "' u I L:'.'.‘.;’.—‘-:-:'.: 2;--- ‘.5 ‘ :J. '.‘ .‘. ' ‘. -. . _’:'.:..:.'—5~ 56 TABLE XII STATEMENTS BY PROSECUTING ATTORNEYS AS TO REASONS FOR THE PARTICULAR PENALTY Reasons , Times Stated Prison sentence was imposed due to certain elements of wilfulness 1 Probation was given since no drinking involved, unlawful Speed or any other aggravating offense; defendant was badly injured and everyone involved was satisfied with di5position; nothing could have been accomplished with a prison sentence 1 Wish of husband of deceased that defendant not be separated from his family by prison sentence; also desire of husband because of defendant's good record 1 . . '_'-"- .31- uinimeo oi enb beaoqmi can eonoinea uoltI‘g auenluiliw to aiflolDIIWU hevIovnk .--n.-'::!u£:1n on eonia He 11:; am! uciiedo‘l‘l -_,rIJ:-.;5-rsm;_;,x: 1.4mm *{ns 10' beams .[u'hmlml bns sequin): 111):ch am! imsbuc'lztn geane'l‘lo -L'J.'.': b.>.=:'.‘.'a.t:rs;-. am: .bo'rfc‘lni 0.107310?!) ”79:: gun—,5: bruna ‘.'gl._:'_!lf'l'rr:"‘l {lactatinoqclb cm "33.19 -. ;.-:-.=..'.:';~.-r r; :izrj": .Io.’.--..".£rrr.zocon 35-". a :..:-.-'.'s' .'. -£:{J€)O'_}.? ‘13) .bI:.:-f':'..:-:.' '.‘Lo 1131:?! rhea-'1': 'r_.‘.- ' rum”; I':.._.3'.v-.-r..".rroa: ed ion 'ir: -:--:.'v-.:~-.-- '. -. . € atria-Io u-.-'I‘. none-Irma "I one 3mg; :‘."-':..r;iwr:e'|.ob 57 TABLE XIII STATEMENT BY INVESTIGATING OFFICERS AS TO REASONS FOR NON—CONVICTIONS (Thirty—Five Agencies) Times Stated Reasons by Agencies Public Opinion We are all drivers and do not consider a violator a criminal; Public opinion needs to be changed through education 2 You are not dealing with a criminal in traffic violations; public opinion does not think it is a crime to kill someone through negligence 2 The public should be educated as to what consti- tutes the various violations 1 The problem lies in human emotions; we do not operate under laws or rules but let our feel- ings run away with themselves 1 We must influence members of the public as to their civic duties 1 The public is reluctant to pay for law enforcement 1 Citizens want all the benefits of a good police department but do not wish to contribute to it 1 We need to inform the general public that the police need their support; they have a part in this deal, too; they don' t feel reSponsible and pass the buck to the officer 1 It should be the public's re5ponsibility to see that officers are properly trained 1 The prosecutor can only do what the public wants; the public is the one reSponsible for our problem 1 Public reluctance is the major reason for non-convictions; the public is not ready to prosecute 1 ‘-1 q=u ...-“7.7 notntqo tidal sick; 1033101v a zehtlnoo son ob has cucvtmb II- cii”: “ begusdo ed at sheen notntqo ottdnq tIsnt-llo-ldfi nottsoube 1390110 0111513 n1 Isnimt1o s daiw antleeb don 913 we? 31 fluid? ion aeob notntqo oilduq genotaslotv conenllaen dguomdi enoemoa [Itfl on suite 5 at -i3anco andw o: as bornonbe ed bluoda oiIqu odT anoiislotv auoiqsv odi cosy: Jen oh nu genoiaome nnmud cl 20:1 mexdo1q our -Iool 1L0 J‘I sru asluq IO :wsI tobnn 9351sqo auviecmoflv ddiw {nun nni aant 03 as oilduq Jflx is umcdmem eonoulfni 33am 9W noiaub civic 1i9d3 innmeozolna wui 101 ism a: unnyoulem hi ailduq eflT Hollow 3003 u 10 nail nté 2'3 Iir can? unesiaia . a; 13 c;u:‘v7. w nr v*iJ ugh on 7&4 rne'ianeb and unfiu ojiduv frauu'. win riofini UT been 9W mi 315- b ovsu (sf: :TUHU”HU uiu‘a ”are ~ciluv ,.,_[., ..i“!‘l(')C'?.C'I l:)- 1 J ’.'oi' “.'.-tn: zw-‘r ...r 9.1"“?! '19:) {"2310 J ;_}J" .-_-_: x :1"; :;- 3:153 ion 03 lfiifliuf PGnHQT ”’ujlle :IH e9 :Tdodm 3i .’".-!I .'. .‘.”,If‘l' ‘ _ 2 ".If f": -'. “'13; -" an} '.',‘I l_'_\ “11"3 irausu oi’.- .3 .. ivn .- ")’ : crll OUT .5 1:01 , n ‘ 1 vJJ Y!- 'r. ' , _ l . ; _ j ‘ 1': '1 ‘ 'si‘l , . H I',’ ' ' ' - s f; ('()...{ r. : 58 TABLE XIII (Continued) Times Stated Reasons by Agencies The public frowns on prosecution for traffic violations even in the big cities; this is even worse in smaller communities where everyone knows his neighbor 1 Public Opinion should be aroused to the extent that if the prosecutor does not take apprOpriate action something would be done about it 1 The problem lies in that we should not have so many of these accidents in the first place; the public should be educated in proper driving techniques 1 Total Statements by Agencies Concerning Public Opinion 16 Administrative Problems of Enforcement Agency We need more personnel for enforcement; officer has to put in too many hours in covering these cases 2 Some departments have not been allowed to grow with the times; they need traffic bureaus 2 We need more help in accident bureaus for report- ing and handling cases; need more manpower; don’t have enough budget for efficient Operation 1 Supervisors should assist officers and have an effective working relationship with them 1 Investigating officer should make the decisions on a case; the supervisor should support the officer; this is good for morale as well as efficiency 1 The approach of the officer to the public is very important; half of your case is being polite to the violator; the officer should be trained with this philoSOphy 1 ”.fl 3...... 1! .'. 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' I J o 1‘ ‘ .5 ' l‘ . l —\ ... . u ‘ J ,. 59 TABLE XIII (Continued) Times Stated Reasons by Agencies Officers should be trained and sent to additional school at every opportunity; it takes both back- ground and reSponsibility to develcp a good officer; if the officer is not reSponsible, it will show up on the witness stand 1 The enforcement agency must keep abreast of the problem with in-service training programs; should have a refresher course each year 1 Counties and municipalities cannot afford to send personnel away to school; school for officers should be brought to them 1 We need more training for enforcement officers; there should be more training Sponsored by the state; should be a group of some kind travel around and train the officers 1 Rural policing must come into its own; we must prepare for its adVancement, must educate our police officers, must send our men to short course training and get all other training possible 1 Officers are too often ignorant of numerous local barriers involved in accident investigation; defense attorneys can tear them to bits 1 We should weed out the officers that cannot handle the job 1 There must be a close working relationship between all the reSpective enforcement agencies; this includes the prosecutors and the courts 1 The state should see that each county has a safety director; should have control and see that the man is qualified 1 Tbtal Statements by Agencies Concerning Administrative Problems 17 .i‘d‘"' ..‘4 .. rap—wfixfw—vug-a F1 ....-.” . -ammI... .‘....L. <___'___,; “—‘.; - :‘sN‘E’W ' *1 'r-: «set dose eexuoo monastic: 5 even kiunfli 7 has: 03 b10115 30flfl30 astiixeqtotnum bus Bottnnofl 21991130 101 Ioodoz zIoodoa o: vsws Iennoa1oq mods oi inguomd ed bInodI :aqeolllo 3nemeomolne 101 gntnisid 910m been 0W on: 2d bemoanoaa gainists 910m ed bluoda eieds loved: bnifi omoz lo “UOTfi 5 ed quofia 39353: ::~oa.tllo efla at; 13 bus bflUOIS vaum 9w ~nwo aa.k o7ni emoo Jaum guioiqu Ismafi duo canouhe 3? .cr; ;nnemoonnvbn as: 101 01£q91q stone 0: non two mass vaum ,L.Teoilio eoxloq anininmx 1mflvo 115 303 bus gnianmv caiuoo oIdiaaoq Inner anciimun .n Janina L n IE0 003 '13 aieoillc 1L0i33'i3?”?F: :u blown r? JuvIovu- aieimwsd 03;” “u .duJ 11;; ms: fituhzous; sanclob Lorena 312': e2'11_.‘:)i‘3.'.‘;- 2"".‘:' 715:: {we-'.‘ Linc-(.1: 9‘2! .nt eflfl uIbnnn varnish Uf'nzniszlc; =;ifwov cevfo a of 7""w 9:911 21:13 '{!-.,\I.('-€n“-' .5; ;- '.Jr'vu'icz z 1.‘ "i ~.-- ”.'.": .=.-"-‘I fit} { .-.._... . -'-~ '..-.. --.~ -. . .. . '- .2 ' '- .: . :3 J .:. .-. 1': .v; '.'.er . .2 :-.-1 1313.: 1. r s 1 Q T- a '31.: ‘n r) I": ' . " a‘ 42' d ' I 1'!" .. 2) ‘.'K\Lf“’ . -'.. - 1 '-d~! u’; I ‘.’ \ .«o‘. 60 TABLE XIII (Continued) Times Stated by Agencies Reasons Accident Investigation Officer must be well trained in accident investi- gation; he should handle every case as though it will eventually get to court Officers are busy at the scene and if alone it is difficult to get enough evidence; this shows up on the witness stand; you often lose your wit- nesses by doing first things first 6 Every investigator should be able to photograph his evidence, be a good interrogator, and be able to present his case to the prosecutor 3 Follow-up on accident investigation should be made by the same officer; there should not be too many handling the case 3 Officer must have evidence before prosecutor can prosecute 3 In many cases there is inadequate investigation on part of officer 3 We should have well-trained Specialists for accident investigation 2 You must obtain statements from witnesses immediately ' 2 Evidence is usually strictly circumstantial; witnesses are reluctant to testify in traffic cases 2 Officer should be trained to be cautious in his approach to a witness at the scene of an accident. He should listen to the conver- sation in order to locate his witnesses 2 Officer must start with the theory that a crime has been committed; all accidents are caused 1 Officer must be well-instructed; he must under- stand the law and recognize evidence when he sees it 1 —-=.--?:-.- _ . . - "“A‘f? !' 4 I II- II. I ! l , '.‘. | J I'- ..l' I I: I I I. .‘. I . §fi _\ tul~- {Pran- «meld-#- ire-flee. “node e- '.no um elm-II Meet “3- . run a so. unite-vet“ .. 21'. it]: each: '11: bus ones: 0” to fund .1. qu awed: aim aeonebive Janene 393 03 Inlet“ «1hr '1qu e301 “one new {buses ecensjnr ea ‘.' sec-xii afinir‘e 321i} 'Hfllflb Yd contefl Iicua'xnouorirg oa eIdn eu I-Iucfla 'Tnunvi’teevni' 1117' :.--.I‘ hm; .'Iottstan'mezru'. bong, .r.: on .eoneblve sill -; ammo. smn -.I.I:t 4:: an}: 9.5!- sun-writ; 03 old. 9:! iIL‘IOIiP. .Inia’n Ema-rink Unfini-(Eflf‘. I.I:- :iu-WOII'O‘I GI: 30:: blucri'z «:5: muslin; 2mm: ad: {d chem .1 . 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' 61 TABLE XIII (Continued) Times Stated Reasons by Agencies The officer must be a good witness; he must know what he is doing and talking about in order to be taken seriously by a jury 1 The officer seldom witnesses an accident; he cannot Sign a complaint against a violator if he did not witness the same 1 Officers have to prove the driver was behind the wheel; with no witnesses or no confessions you cannot positively place him there 1 The officer is at a disadvantage in obtaining witnesses; they have already formed an Opinion 1 Sometimes a witness is a handicap; he may be prejudiced and at fault in his observation; this leads to confused testimony I It is difficult to get a blood test taken and when you do you cannot get it in as evidence 1 Doctors are often reluctant to take blood Specimens for evidence 1 Evidence is often weak without a blood sample; the defendant Often refuses to submit to this blood sample 1 Investigator should utilize expert help and advice . 1 It is difficult to file a case for hit and run; you cannot put a driver behind the wheel 1 Most of the urban accidents involve pedestrians who are at fault 1 Officers are also human; if a man kills his wife or child We are reluctant to prosecute and tell the same to the prosecutor 1 Officers should investigate accidents and present the data to the prosecutor and take his deci- sions; if they do not like his decision, they should do a better job of getting evidence 1 baffled-ecu 1:113! 94¢ stage or ovnu . ‘5» on 10 zoaannakw on datw iloedv.oli eoan vieviaknuu Joanna uov enoteeeino. 019d: ltd gnirstad‘dn 51'; J,.‘,.-Ul‘l!i'l'...?.i'v.) -; in art 1aoi'i'io otfl' hfi nun-a7 '“c w!" wvnr In“: :aurnansiw Lointno -1-". v.---.; *4 :_- ran-i -: ' r' . .—j: ’---.--rz:.1.t'.r ': semiaemoa ;a;n.-' JtiV'. . -;.a ". . 3 ' 3.11.11") '5 : .'.‘r- '1'.“-.":.'J!J[",91q "7:.- .--" - -‘ {nu-“1.": :- 1‘ (n i’.§'- i. «LN-'3' ..-l:': :':-'::-'..:: ;.- :'.' .J-u -. cm‘ J!..=JnL'.- .'.'. '.«zi 31 I or}: .-'. m m: . u i “is - ,-r.z'.- '1 :m'-.; .- ' mm: w '11-: a I" ‘-:'l‘-.' ‘1 : . ' ._f '.l'ijl'fi '.5 :J ' ’|'-'Z 210-700“ ’..'-' . J .' . 't. .- ' '1)|.-.‘n'.o'..a :6. ' ' m -n -- :1» .. |'_- ‘ I . A . r '.‘.I. ‘I’ - '.'_|_l'.:| . :: a i-E'}... .. I" n l . I ' I l l .': o..~l.. I TABLE XIII (Continued 62 Reasons Times Stated by Agencies Accident investigation is time consuming and many investigators hate to take time on it Many officers are not investigating accidents; they are simply taking reports Accident investigation often becomes routine and the officer becomes indifferent to-the job; should take more time on cases Officers do not appear in court on misdemeanors and the judge bases his decision on a written report; the officer does not get the informa- tion down prOperly and thus poor reporting hinders his case There are a lot of lazy investigators; an officer should stay on the job until he builds a case Total Statements by Agencies Concerning Accident Investigation Prosecution Many cases are lost because they lie too long on the docket. Postponed cases create public apathy. The complaining witness no longer wants any action taken The prosecutor often feels that the defendant has suffered enough Witnesses are difficult to find; when located they often will not admit to seeing anything; reluctant to testify Prosecutors do not have the time and do not want to bother with traffic cases; want to Spend their time on important cases Frequently the victim is a member of the family of the violating driver and there are no charges brought against the driver The prosecutor wants a perfect conviction record 18 13 12 12 5h «F "-_ - ...“? r - 'H-‘rfg. .- .. “Ir—s" wast; @961th ..,, we . ._ I" l- “_‘I ‘.F‘fi H- ' 047- {I “huh-ICC! anrunm in m ml if. "01-1 Selim "tn-to. on; eniauox ce-oood "9310 "eta-31$oovnt '- ent-o: anoioliibni aemuoed 1001110 out Edi '- I cease no emf: oqom one: bloode'adef;” ... a1oneamobetm no n1uno n1 insaqu Ton ob 8109111. (191317;: :3 no nob-ice!) :3.ch r‘9t.hd enbut 9113 hill -ntnolui ed: 393 Jon '"oL iari'l'to eflJ {itoqei gmjjrio-‘IO’I 100a; remix bar: ‘-I_.f'£::-7_u'tq nuob “01$ 1' . 06-180 aft! 'e1ebn1d 199.i"':Io .-:-I-, zap-1n"- I”) met '1... :»'0.[ 3 915 axed! I ')‘:.':.I r .-.L-.'.'.-’.I:-"' '- .'.ia :u :0{‘, 'J W) 13-15". aluoda "LESLD'IJ' "fr: -':i.m:r.-'.'~‘ .73. hitn’i' ::I-.L'I n? .573- 7:5,. :Ii'.--'-...:I:>.' -l'.' Il'Y'3'JHvI' !!-'| "-Iu. nu" --.'.! vexi‘j .;;:u:.:_vt. 'rnnI J'I-z ---e-;-. 111.9%. '1; _I..u: :‘i.‘.'.'.’0 -. .’.".n .'.“1:I-'.:‘.(-" ,.-. H17 '.') ’::(. '. r-:- -' ::. '..I v' " :! '..' -. '. .' " ‘r-zrrI. I}. _ I; f -‘\_. l n': r . . I’ .i. r v ' 1 ‘ : l [:1 ‘n f: q: . ‘. .v ‘ ' |_‘- ‘ I- ‘ 1 u -. I f) ' ' - ['.' \ - ’Jl I ‘ ' ' J K v t ' I ..v 1' n l' I I ‘ ‘ ' '3 J I l t' " ' . . . ,. ;~ . .‘ , > . ..- . ..- . . ,t [I'. I) -.J . ) . ‘.I = ’.'" vhf: l|.. '.J('l:l\.. 'ni " . In ‘ Eh" I" .".'ll "' ' I n , ' Ill . I _, ‘ ' I." f'~_ I , ‘ I. v i Jul '. I l I .I J l .I J. I. I 63 TABLE XIII (Continued) Times Stated Re 3 »s a on by Agencies Prosecutors are not being paid enough and they work accordingly; if they Were paid more, we would get better service 8 The prosecutor wants an eye witness to the accident 8 The prosecutor feels that he must proVe gross negligence; simple negligence is not enough 7 An officer must have a perfect case to get any action on it 7 Prosecutors often reduce the charge if they get a plea of guilty 7 The run around given enforcement is hard on officer morale; it is difficult to keep officers interested in accident investi- gation 6 Prosecutors want a guilty plea so they won't have to try the case in court 5 Cases are often not prosecuted due to politics. In some cases defendants are prominent men in the community and the case is allowed to die 5 Witnesses are often abused on the witness stand; defense attorney is allowed to tear them apart 5 People refuse to testify. They do not want to become inVOlved and are afraid of losing time off from their work. u The defense attorney tries the officer instead of the defendants. This should not be allowed by the court u Some prosecutors refuse to issue warrants in fatal accident cases u Witnesses are often shuffled around in continu— ations until they want no part of the case 3 J'_| . p" i _' " aao'ta ovo1q scum ed and: 3199'! xoSuoum‘d dquono won at oonoaixaon oIqmta zoonoatljnl 395 0:: sans :ros'z'mq s svsd :‘xeum 190F110 ll 3i no noitos tun "nflu Li euuqfis at: soubs1 nawin 31030393011 13'juj In 301% s 393 «A wuflf 31 Inc “wanins nsvin arrows nu1 oflr "0'4 r3 'E-n‘?-iu 2r vi :nluvor 1901110 niJhfiVt: TthJra- n; 9:32n123ni pxnafiio v noisng JbJ 2033 n- :fq wvij" : Jrfifi “muvwaeaoqq ..i'rtnr- .2‘: runs. on“: .---'1 01' -.-vnd 4;!0 3 =3 hzTnoaPrn: 19H :117- 015 19?nC .' ‘-:. ;.-..-'-.- -.-':‘ "r-:.;l.-.-.‘. 7i, 3"." firm-2 [I'. s; f- hf!” v ur;n r“? bun rainnvuao UNI f:”i. 'f: '. ..‘:.: “nvfi- Jwfi 1:?1n3t- e - -; - : " '. '\:Wntan I‘u'fuh ”h x- .-. - . ~ - .5 L.-':' .'-".' ".1 ‘r-C'H '.'. :r. :2' '. .. ‘ ' l-.":.'Io' ‘ “"3 - . J. I 'II' '- I ”:0 I .:'-- ‘ I .:_ . , I. ~ . ) -' ~ I . _ ‘ . l ,l I I - ( . " n . l’ , 5‘: _' ' _ '1 6h TABLE XIII (Continued) Times Stated R a s 6 son by Agencies At times there is a classic case with every— thing favorable for a conviction; prosecutor tries hard to get a conviction but the jury acquits the defendant° As a result, prose- cutors are skeptical to bring in caSes 3 Prosecutors do not prepare cases in advance; they expect the officer to review cases with them only a few moments before the trial 3 Witnesses are not paid enough. They should be paid according to their wages or salary 3 Some prosecutors do not understand the view— point of enforcement; they cannot visualize what actually happens at an accident; they do not apply simple laws of physics 2 There is an arbitrary attitude on the part of some prosecutors; they make deals on cases 2 Politics is too often an influence in the action of prosecutors and judges 2 Some assistant prosecutors are fresh from law school in many instances and are learning the trade in the prosecutor's office; they are only interested in experience 2 Prosecutors, judges, and jurors are all drivers; they are reluctant to take away a person's driving privilege 2 The fraternity of lawyers gets into the picture; cases are often settled through bargaining 2 It is difficult to get a conviction if both drivers contributed to the accident 2 In many cases the prOSecutor does not get to know his job; they are not in office long and don't get the experience 2 93:1;vi ni: sense image-m con oh”: i . dztw cacao wolvei 03 1091110 our :oeqxo ‘ ,‘r ' _i‘ E 15113 eds exolad asnoMum vol a vine unit—V ed bluodz vsdT .dguono btnq sou s15 aesaou‘l' a {15153 To aensw uioflu n3 nn£h1ooos blag -woiv udu hunuauunnu no“ at lioauoeao1q one! usilsuuiv Jeanne god: ;Jnuucoiu?ue To antoq 19d: {uuuuioon pm as unoqu d 2I13u3oc usdw '1 asia}"w it vwsj ,irain Eiqqs son ob - res-Trek . 3:5” .24 Ln JL.Ji;:: [Ibifiiufifi H3 at 919dT In; ufir:; e-Lu: form y>1nv:xu)407r-znnoa 10 Hi noisiloq ;. :v .7»:va 5:; ' ‘.‘ -|.".l'. in waiver; new: A”... \ . S:- . ' ‘ . v r . s . ,. .. 1.. k. :ni n” i I? 11 v , , 032’ (z . r. ntuu: omoc E .nfhfz.l u'. :u , onv'n.5 fun“ % gnadua E5 ‘-’_‘.'I"J ; --\.£"."'.rz -"I .-= ': . ‘ '.‘ 911:! h S '-" -';'. ." -. ' .'.|.'- i"; I, .' ",[I'u “'1‘, . ' : ‘.::‘-') '01? .:-i _m-m~—‘=-‘-:w—-. ._ («=- e u. h | \ g “I \- u- \ ' 4 " .-; ‘.' :2 .‘ '. I.- ’ -. .1.. . . '- 'rm‘i‘ I . '. ' I 'l'l'. ' Q '; l5}: - 1‘ ' b 2". ‘9: ’ . o. .‘f I _I . I’ _. J .' a I . i1 .3'! l ' I I 5! _, l H c_ r- E E J-J I ' ’ i, o . ' 5‘ r'v :‘ I - I l I ' . J J J ' ‘ I l 65 TABLE XIII (Continued) Times Stated Reasons by Agencies Civil and criminal cases are often handled in the same office. The prosecutor in some counties does not have enough money to Operate and has to have outside practice 2 Lack of competent witnesses is a big factor in prosecution; in some cases there is conflict- ing testimony 2 Some assistant prosecutors do not want to go into justice court; they are indifferent towards traffic cases 1 Prosecutors should do more to protect the witness 1 Defense attorneys are allowed to try the victim instead of the defendant 1 Witnesses are not trained or educated in their civic duties 1 Some prosecutors work hard to prepare a case but are handicapped due to being understaffed 1 The prosecutor is often in the middle; courts won't allow expert testimony in some cases, thus they help the defendant 1 The prosecutor at times receives the blame for the judge's failures 1 The prosecutor is an elected official with a social standing in the community 1 Prosecutors are human beings and each one differ- ent than the other; they are subject to making mistakes 1 The prosecutor has a political office; he will often prosecute a transient quickly, but if a defendant has a social standing in the commu- nity he is not charged 1 The prosecutor is often so tied up with civil cases that he waits until the last minute to request a subpoena l 5239113 mi: . n , _ I; .ll “'.‘?“ Y" a. a 1m;m-j ‘ on 03 snow ion oh a1o$uoaa Sneaeltibfli 915 and: 29:50 ob 1w 9d: 309301“ n3 s1nm n 113 o: bowolln 915 unnuunfic oiv on: .13 mi novnaLLO 10 h0hi$“3 I l‘ c \ ‘ | 51: I. -1J”;l” ‘ I ' '.‘“ 01q ansaaiaun ouol gsuuco eoisaut call-- 0111511 chilies hxuoda a103uoocofl! ni;naouac eanetefl a ads in busiant 913 anaconilfl no Jab civic JO“ . - . .. . . . .- —. — - . '7‘ In” 'nznn . uu:sl 1‘ '1 sin it-I ”KLLIPO.H£OTFJ smog J. iwgilnszl .nu Lio1‘-M; u -:’£u_POiiHUH: 913 133.? no :':.‘ . .):1.' 1!. ”4D”:- '.' w snows-1r— «MIT . .. . - . . . u -“ I . Q - -r-J:*; -.q..- . - z:c: .: ..r r'; 'r \ .u r)! J.;. :1 .ir1.r Jun “vie” - :u' “of; aLdJ ‘ 'u- ens J r ‘ 7: no: -:ir a: n1 cJflnuw 041 1 _ - I .' . '0'1'. 2.: . .'u '§:.'J . ' ‘h '.5 of, 33".. c '; in; a 1 o T‘ F : H' h" o ; .“ WL - - 3 "n uwntli. .un :: .' . a. , n' . n‘ -q” - " u'x’ Ya. . ‘ 1 . :59 .c. _ i : :‘t‘: ' ' {_HL' 1 .1, " "n - _ -~ ‘ l ' t: I- r ' J: J' 'F . ... If ‘ ll . . " : ' '1:- Z, a , in ., .-': I -. '.' 1 .. ' : - . 12 J . : - ' . ‘n 66 TABLE XIII (Continued) Times Stated R s 3 ea on by Agencies Drivers are often filed on in civil action; the prosecutor then contends this is action enough 1 Insurance companies settle in some cases and the prosecutor doesn't push the case further; he often reduces the charges; there are no longer any interested parties 1 Relatives of the deceased get a settlement from the defendant and do not wish any prosecution 1 Prosecutors and courts are both confusing civil with criminal law in traffic cases 1 You need an eyewitness to place the driver behind the wheel before there will be prosecution 1 Passengers that are witnesses are usually on the side of the defendant; you cannot convince them that the driVer has committed a criminal act 1 When both drivers are in violation and one is killed, the prosecutor fails to file; you need a living witness other than the defendant 1 Prosecutors want eyewitnesses in order to establish corpus delicti; they are never too concerned with circumstantial evidence eVen when it is good 1 Witnesses often talk over the accident before the trial and color their testimony. You can only obtain a good witness in a few cases 1 Sometimes there are witnesses that the officers have not been able to obtain; defense pays them to testify and they come forth 1 If a key witness leaves the state, he should be brought back and the case tried; a traffic case should be treated as though it were important 1 Prosecutors at times call on witnesses for state- ments without the knowledge of the officer; he intimidates them and makes them change their testimony l I :l-- .. -. ‘ ,_ 511*» «MW '”J§T‘- ' ". L ”'-. If5 G I" - .." u“ i’" "5.7 ad: has .Ien'e‘ "‘9‘ at em” sum ee 91! radix-u! ease and H’s-II; It'll-est set 1eanol on 918 axed: ;ee31sflo edfl eeouheu finial? (I: ' I. _ eel-31m; betas-neat w .. w" '5 ..- :— -—'—f—- Inc-1': ‘Jrzomeluzee a 393, beaseoeh en: ”lo novice!“ I noiauooeoan was naiw don oL_bnn snubnsleb ed! Iivio nuiaulnco Hand 915 ?31”n0 nun ewoauooeom! 19sec niilam; nr .1: .1 Ennimi1o daiw hut-i-HJ urn-'11?) srfcr oars}; u- ::-sInaj::'--'r.. 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TflBLE XIII (Continued) Times Stated Reasons by Agencies You have to insist to get the prosecutor to take statements immediately while you have a'witness 1 When you arrive at the proSecutor's office with witnesses to take statements, he often has an indifferent attitude 1 The prosecutor should come to the scene of the accident; he knows what type of evidence he wants 1 Prosecutor should go out to the enforcement agency and assist the officers in preparing a good case 1 Some prosecutors think the officer is an engineer and a technician l The prosecutor often will not go into the out- lying areas and look into the problem 1 Prosecutor will not tell the officer his case is inadequate; doesn't want to hurt anyone's feelings 1 In some instances there is a personality clash be- tween the prosecutor and the enforcement agency 1 The prosecutor occasionally coaches the officer in making out his report; he should stay with the facts; he frowns on engineering defects on the report; does not want to show everything 1 Prosecutors and judges should push the cases and get them tried 1 Some prosecutors are not aggressive enough and will not push a case _ 1 Officer must continually pressure the prosecutor to take action, otherwise the latter will not file; will let the case lie on the books and ultimately close the case on nolle prosequi l Prosecutor contends that you must have evidence above the violation itself; must be able to establish intent 1 flair solito a'xesleanquefli a. eflmiil - as can «0310 ed atqiiidaaa Oil. oi ion '-"' 1: 01711313“ lime _ Ii . ' l 1“ ,-| ' and To euaoa an: oozeuoo bison: 1oiueeao¢q ;. . ed senohIVo To eat: can" awonfl ed zinebteen-i I-' 1 scour" anemoovolne ed? a: one n' bruoda doiuoocOIQ uniasnoqq ni 21eoillu 353 sateen bun vanes- ' ears booa 3 III: 1; :. 1091.110 III‘I 1'50J1509'10'lq SIDE- II.':-.’.:I-'...I-'::;:.I I; 'm: '.Iounjznne I -—‘_1._ H -.'---.:-. -1'. :1 ...-Jul u- 34': .L_'..t'-I “rule -..:'v=.r:.Io.I'-3c-1r, srfl‘ .‘. ”I‘.-our. c-I'. -_-JI:.-‘ I-LIE'. '-I.'.r; Ifi'fifl’fl .niv! : -. -. r.- “I .I‘c- —--' :I . .i."J. J- I ...-'.-... Ion-r) II..o'I‘!. ' . . . .. -. ..‘I . . - .- .. - : t‘:'.' .'.H‘ u' I'.: -":-J -.:-‘ : .- (I. "." ;'1.I' " ‘.‘).‘Jf. ._ «.'. - nix}- ." - . -’.‘ ' ") ..v n '. * I - u r: .:I' he 1' H) ' “ ' I I I I I ' ‘ 4: ' I) .5. :'- I . I . I .I | u —' - n' '... ‘ J ’ I' "'.L “ I . I 'I J- I I .5 f < II. I ' v. - | -'). .I‘ ' I . I - ' . I" . l r' 'I' . J _, I r I I ”...-1‘- I ' - ' .\ J. I I: I f l I |. ., I I _II ’ \ ‘1 ‘ I l a I l ‘ t‘ l- V l I" 68 TABLE XIII (Continued) Times Stated Reasons by Agencies It is a complex procedure to bring in a case; they are left pending and continued over until there is little evidence available 1 Officers, prosecutors, and juries are skeptical to file and convict a person that has suffered enough; should leave this to a court; it is the judge's prerogative to pass judgment and show mercy l The prosecutor looks at what is to be gained by getting a conviction; if we send a violator to prison the county will have to support his family 1 We never have a case get by the prosecutor's desk; he is asked several times in each case for a warrant but refuses on the grounds that he is concerned with public Opinion 1 Sometimes, even though the defendant pleads guilty, the prosecutor calls in the officer and requests that he reduce the charge 1 The prosecutor in Some instances does not want the defendant to wind up with a record; reduces the charges sufficiently enough to accomplish this 1 An officer often has a perfect case but the prose— cutor stalls for time and finally decides not to take action in circuit court; in some cases he will allow the officer to file on the defendant in justice court for a minor charge 1 Cases never get to the preliminary hearing in some areas 1 The prosecutor can always find something wrong with a case; if it is a good investigation he can always turn to the human element; the de- fendant may be old, crippled, or other factors 1 We should have more uniform prosecution 1 We should at least attempt to take some fonn of action against the violator involved in a motor vehicle fatality 1 oz 1.0131015 01. 50113:.533 égaeiugotefli ._ Idguona b91011ue and 33d: 30-101 s solvuoo b a 'egbut ed: at at a¢1uoo a o: aids ova-I 51 J 2919. work. has woo-smut aacq oat oviélae'IQ-lgis l-n ; ' 1d banter ed 03 at asflw is aflonx 1cauoeao1q iii . 03 moasloiv e knee an 11 znnj.3a}vnoo n antsaoj I'P i {limni aid 31ocque n3 even Iriw VJnLuo ed? noa£1q :xaob a'qoauaoaoxn ed: vu Jen achn 3 97nd ievon 0V .'. £3 '10} 93...: dos“ I‘Ij: -. .)"'_i.3' 1:: v: I". : .':‘DII'.'.B FI an! 3.1 n" amid ahrzunu ._ 4-)":1 IIn .-:.- nun-I Jud arm'x'ra'd .E .. -.-'.:I.-.qr.- -.u’..‘2- .. .virjjt'I! hoarz'ronoo ' ' J I I ..I . , II' .F I.‘ J 1 Im: . I J 1 I: iUJInoE ‘3 .1“ .I "I' '.' .\ I . . I rt- 4- {'.'-J- " n'. I. run n'I'J ' , . ' ~ ‘3' ”I: n 3'32: ,. I I . . III . H v: r- . -.):' I. '1 r Mf- -_ J I" ,' I. '4 g" . , '.' ; - ..I i ) . ... ‘ J' I ' I ’V I I . J1...) .I a ‘ I'LL " I - I ‘n'i J l ,' l I l " _ J J ‘ "If. .i‘, (I n- ' 'I _'I' I .. , .I- I, ’lu'l ‘l' _ I .1 :';'l r , . , I a I E I : 'I‘ r .. I',’ I ’ _ " ' n I . I HI' ' :- I _- . i'l i. 69 TABLE XIII (Continued) Times Stated Reasons by Agencies If there is enough evidence in any crime the prose— cutor should bring it to trial; there should be rigorous prosecution if a violator kills someone with a vehicle the same as if it were a first degree homicide 1 Negligent homicide is the toughest charge on which to get a conviction 1 The prosecutor does not want to file negligent homicide unless there is drinking involVed 1 It is almost impossible to get a case filed against a driver in an open intersection accident 1 It is more difficult to convict a local driver than one who lives Several miles away 1 Officers are not allowed to sign a complaint against a violator on a misdemeanor not com- mitted in their presence; the witness in turn _refuses to sign a complaint 1 The prosecutor won't file in some cases unless the driver will sign_a complaint 1 There is too complex a procedure to get a case into court; first you have to sell it to the prosecutor, then to the judge of the prelimi- nary examination, and finally to the circuit court ' 1 You often get hung juries on cases and it is charged off as a mis-trial 1 The prosecutor sometimes fails to get a post mortem on the body; defendant challenges this and the case is thrown out 1 The prosecutor often has not prepared his case and is lost for time; if he cannot get a guilty plea he moves for nolle prosequi l , ,1, A ,4 , A L ,1, , .= -1 ,. ' "' 1 " --' .,-‘- _ dotflw no secede anodauae one at obtained ano§1;" .I, ; netteivnoo o to; » ' ' anoailgsn elk? 01 answ con eenb wovuosao1q all beuznvni Ininniib 31 sued? anetnu obtained bell] Iano n 32- Jaomle :1 SI I:o_":IooI-.-:e:r.._-'- :-:u- . ”owl-1:; n vantage ..I snobiooa 1..-DI}. Inz-r- -. 333:: 'm II :1. o."."..i:b -‘-'Iom a]: :II -I".'..'-". .‘I' -.-II-..- -._ -'-rm and? ‘-‘::.':.-;."-:..-'-o ; .' 1". " ..-’-: "Inn -_. arr-Jail?) .-I'I‘:O ".n': 'g'|.El‘.‘-I.'|"'5 -'..:.-, ‘ l, {"7" .\ .‘. .' " "'--:j:n."n -: ._' .---‘ .-.'_'.-: \. I ; .- ' .-I:::r.i:m ‘55 o _ I .' -- '2 :2”- ...9'1 ' '.I .:':- .. r-~.= -. _ ‘. . ‘ - . . -'.‘r no urn. 911T “J ..,'_ = -- ~ . ‘ ..‘5’ ' '.‘ I..-":-‘ -)I..':r ,-_-._. : '3 I' -.'..' ::I-' . " '-'. ~ ' ‘ :“ ’I'L'JJ!‘ I ..' . l _J ' I If ' r I -‘. ,' I I I {-_n- ' . . J.- ' I I _ . a II'I: in , ' I . J '| .’. I ' ‘ ‘I‘ l'.‘ . - . ';‘ . . TABLE XIII (Continued) 70 Times Stated Reasons by Agencies Often a defendant waves examination and while being held learns that he can beat the case; then contests it and the prosecutor moves for nolle prosequi; no reasons or explanation for this A defendant can wave examination and then later demand a re-trial because he was not given a preliminary hearing; may do this from prison There are not enough good practicing lawyers in the criminal field, doesn' t pay enough and they want no part of it A prosecutor does not have to be melodramatic; if he is serious and honest the people will like him The prosecutor should be a Specialist in his line; should haVe an interest in traffic safety We need to train the prosecutors right out of the attorney general's office; many of them have an old Opinion of the laws of arrest Prosecutors are often new lawyers in the field and are trained in tort law The prosecutor with little eXperience has to compete against an attorney with many years of experience New prosecutors take office and clean the slate; throw cases out Many assistant prosecutors are too inexperienced; cannot put their finger on the important points; are dealing with other peOple' 5 money and the service should be better There are assistant prosecutors that simply will not cooperate in cases Total Statements Made by Agencies Concerning Prosecution zus :oaolimdd' has defiant-axe. our m “It... s novta son zen ed eauaood 15113-91 a has ‘3 I noaixu moi} aid: oh tom Inniined 11nntu1101q l». . 'J-i at ataxweL gnkoiseadq bong annoue ion 01. I101! nun dnuono Kuq J'nunob :b1911 Isnimi1o ad! I at to dean on anew ted: 'L'. -'v.t:rr;vr.--.'fi.-o£ m: 9d 0:! own: son rum") 'mizmeao'lq A will IICI olrovu efis Ja'nefl but PLO"IOE 21 ed .E.’ . mid 2.1:: 1; uni]: :lo .--:: z: 1... 5.4514... “Io-inca-IIIO'IG otfl‘ “...:1 3.';':3' 5:5; '-"‘-i':.--JI..='. ..--'. 9751' i Einn a :onil uuolsa s . . . :.. . . . . -. .. . , .- J .‘.; d'l-O JI.."\. '1. I3'. ”.'IK‘. )-'-’.' « .'- .I .IJ. .'1 I I' : 3 )h Oh ' -.-':.-"':; arr: ;' ' . ‘ _'u:l!-"' "amaze 'Jrs _'_ .1 1’ " ('- ‘ ‘ 1 '.I I. '1 ....If .: bio -"< .. -; -. :. " .1 ~- .'..' .' 1‘. .. JIL- T. - "-("L"S )HO'I'E. -1. ' It): ‘ J’ - 'f'VCI 'L:'. .1“? mi :.v: e um - r :5”, _ 3 n, -- » ' "‘I 1 '1. ' I; _-' , )l - r: :..-3 z‘ ' " -.I I ~ I | .' A, .. - 5 r. . l .7 , . .._, II, _.,-) I .. .. I cl ‘ a l : "". u . '1 _ ’ 'r .. ‘J‘ "r l '1'; I I 'I 'v I I- .1 . l ’ I - .._ _. ' . .. I ' ‘ '.'. J j, i ‘ I 71 TABLE XIII (Continued) Reasons Times Stated by Agencies Jury Juries identify with the violator; they are reluctant to convict since they may be in the same situation at a later date 12 Jurors are automobile drivers also; deve10p a defensive attitude 5 Juries are reluctant to convict for negligent homicide 5 Jurors are often people that have an occasional drink themselves and in most cases are also drivers h Juries feel sorry for the defendant and think he has suffered enough h Juries do not want to send a man to prison for a violation they themselves could commit; it is irrational fear 3 Traffic accidents are not looked upon as a criminal offense 3 Jurors are from all walks of life and feel sorry for people; are usually drivers; feel sorry for young girls, old peeple, crippled peeple, and others 2 Juries often let sympathy overrule reason 2 We need professional jurors; ones we use are often ignorant and don't know what the prose- cutor is talking about; system should be improved 2 Jurors are ignorant of the law; need to train our future jurors 2 We have sympathetic juries that think the penalty is too severe 1 oo£;veb ‘45:. sieviab oxide-bane ed; 0"“ u . 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I - "1'" ‘ .. ‘3 I l I ,' ‘ I TABLE XIII (Continued) 72 Times Stated by Agencies Reasons A traffic fatality is considered an accident; no deliberate killing Juries won't bring in a conviction on simple negligence The jury doesn't know what is going on in a criminal case Juries should be screened closer by the prose- cutor; he often takes what he has just to close the case You cannot win a case unless you have a plea of guilty; if it goes before a jury you will lose The word homicide is a dirty word; it's murder; cannot convince a jury a good citizen is a murderer In some cases the defendant is a fraternity brother of a jury member and the case winds up with a mis—trial due to a hung jury; this type of situation leads to miscarriage of justice Action of the deceased should have no bearing on the guilt of the defendant Total Statements by Agencies Concerning Juries Lower Courts Lower courts go beyond their proper function and try the case; call in all the witnesses and go beyond the point of establishing corpus delicti; prosecutor has presented his entire case and the defense has an advantage in circuit court Some judges of preliminary hearings are tough and want a perfect case before allowing it to go to circuit court Charges are often reduced in preliminary examination 53 —920'1q ad: 1:: 13201.0 benoe'mr. ed bloods act-urt- oa sent and .m :nufw can-1:5 tie-“rte ed {'10ch Jane an: uncle III-v .=..:'..- fl“ unne- . 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I I no gnioa at dudw wand s'naeob txutsdllk.: cane [ant-£10 ' TABLE XIII (Continued) 73 Reasons Times Stated by Agencies More court is held in the halls on Driving Under the Influence cases than in the court room Sometimes a high power defense attorney bluffs his way through the preliminary examination and scares the judge Judges on the bench at the court of examination are not trained in many instances and do not know what they are doing Municipal judges and justices need training in traffic safety; need to train those that attend right in law school Total Statements by Agencies Concerning Lower Court Circuit Courts Some judges won't admit exPert testimony as evidence In some cases where there is a conviction, the judge imposes light sentences, usually probation Judges are too lax Judges often give defendant's testimony more weight than the officer's Circuit courts break back charges on appeals from justice court and impose very light sentences An appeal to circuit court leads to a reduced charge The circuit court docket is so overloaded it will take months to get cases tried; ultimately leads to nolle prosequi Some judges are against the prosecution of traffic violations at all; think it is a civil function 10 i « -. re ' 3‘?ij " 1% mdqtl- q anogfln£qgmldlm elf live!“ up; 1: ennui; on! 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'- I _ 3'1! g. 1'1: .II 1: I '. l" t" l u "u 7h TABLE XIII (Continued) Times Stated Reasons by Agencies Sometimes the judge will reduce the charge, even though the defendant pleads guilty to the filed charge 1 Officer has to present such a preponderance of evidence that the case is cut and dried; court will not leave a question for the jury 1 Court will throw out cases if you cannot show that a driver's drinking affected his driving, even with alcohol test of .2h% 1 In manslaughter and negligent homicide cases the judge and jury almost have to be a witness to the accident . _ 1 Circuit courts are more lenient than municipal courts, imp05e much weaker penalties 1 Some circuit judges brief the jury in such a manner that the case is lost in the weeds; jury is confused and brings in an acquitta1;-judge frightens the jurors, they feel the judge will hang the defendant if they find him guilty 1 Jury dwells on penalties in briefing instead of function of jury 1 Judge dwells too long on briefing ' 1 Judges are also personalities; throw out cases for personal reasons that do not pertain to the case 1 A driver can get his license back by appealing to the circuit court; judge returns his license without consulting enforcement agency, prose- cutor or department of state 1 Some judges are anti—police; try the officer instead of the defendant 1 Judges have made the statement that the officers are too eager; this is stated in open court and before the public 1 - -- . ...—...... -..-.— 'to oomso'hmqo'zq. a W arms“ fl “I“ asuoo {harsh has fine at 0.50 ed! #fl 1 tint on? 101 aorta-up 3 e130: Son 11 ataxia woda sol-men um; '11: scene :mo vomit uh “ht- nave .3nivi'xb an! beeps 1'15 3111211111!) shark-:1: 5' fi 3. 10 deed Iodoola délw an: 20:50 ebtoimod insatiaeu bns Iesdguslanlfl II 03 aaensiw 5 ed 03 even aaom£n imut bun cabs; a'nebioos ed: Isqiainur nan: insinui 910m 515 cauhoo $1u011° acivxsnoq ioflnew floum snouml ‘cizuoo 1; {30112111 1515.15, 91.13 'l'ui'Id 2011,. -1L:;'; 31510110 911102 v'zut {atom-r 9:33 .11" :.o). 31'. 31.11.10 '.u'J' 3.22:3: 'zormnm -'.\,.-':-,j.-.u:", :.[Isa‘a'i‘u-fm'; .-‘J :11”; r‘.:3u.i:1-.i 1m“; her-411500 a1 H's-rig; "11011-5- 9173 11.93.1311} III-.1 993.13!" -.::.'.‘ 1211’; 13,112.;- r-..i.:.:( L1:...'r. 10':- ';i 'a':‘11:.-.'-:.o"x+:n .1113 Band Io Ls<,;un.t gnifizium s; acjwisvar no aliauh viut fimfi 10 nelson”? 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'3 I" 75 TABLE XIII (Continued) Tunes Stated Reasons by Agencies Judges are sometimes leery that the case will be appealed to the Supreme Court and they will get a reversal; take a middle-of—the-road policy 1 Some Supreme Court rulings are making it diffi— cult for an officer to build a case 1 Circuit court cases on Driving While Intoxicated are tried in the judge's chambers; judge demands the cases be reduced regardless of what the prosecutor or officer thinks or wants Some judges in the state give reasonable sen- tences, while others don't hand out justice 1 Judge contends in some cases that the officer fails to remember the facts; recommends as a solution that we replace all the officers to take public attention from their own lax opera- tion Total Statements by Agencies Concerning the Circuit Court 30 Sentence Cases that are filed, tried, and convicted lose their effect due to the sentence imposed by the court 2 Some judges in the state give reasonable sentences, while others don't hand out justice The method of imposing sentences is not effective; some judges let the defendant serve out his jail time on weekends, no deterrent to future crime 1 In some instances a conviction is obtained by a jury but the defendant is never brought in and sentenced -.‘a-Ii .., -- - - - «aw mans-I1? an: ' " ‘ ”5" 10}.qu oz—elfl'i'lmm a mi” :- -.t‘n.t§ it Emblem 0'18 Inuit-1.31:” ease a blind o3 1001110 In 10% .'-: '- . l ‘.’ bewsptzoanl sum-I guru-m no aeano sauce I: _ sgbut ga'IedI-Imlo a'egbut ed: :11 be” ME asflw To aaexhusueu hecubeu ed 39250 add thus-ab 939;: 10 zjnlfla weatiin To iouuaoaowq I‘. «an? u1.nn043o1 avir sanin ed? Vi aenbut Glue usinazir. .1110 1111-12 a'nui: :::'I._n'3'n slim! .aoomi inc 3.\ Him 35!: a “v0 urns 5‘ ._-hnduoo aahut i; '1:: 11-1. 2. '.--.)'-' ;'11f'..-.-: u'.’.. '-; 1- ':- 'I on 31181 '.1".-.I:.1..' -.-.- .-' 5'11. -or1-- -':: '.J :..-:2") :mi-‘Iuloa -11- n n? m.-- ’-:1 -uuu fi'lrUTTd e'rnr= sis: n01? I J _‘3'.('. .. ‘- I {'V , - (,0. L U' I a t '. t .‘.l; p ' "J: Hi“ ' I] ' .l :1- I.'I 1'5} I .3. 1 J ' 'IUIIOI' 76 TABLE XIII (Continued) Times Stated Reasons by Agencies Problem drivers in the community talk over the situation among themselves and decide to take the chance; know they are going to get two or three probations, no deterrent effect to this system 1 We need a uniform system of sentencing; it is not fair to sentence one defendant heavy and another on probation just because they are tried in different counties 1 We are not restricting the driving privileges of enough drivers; when the Department of State takes a violator's license in many cases the circuit judge is giving them back 1 Total Statements by Agencies Concerning Sentencing 8 Legislation‘ There is a problem in our antiquated laws; We need help from legislation 2 Our laws are outdated and do not keep up with the times 1 There are too many 100p-holes in our lax legal system 1 We need more teeth in our laws; legislators are also reluctant to restrict driving privileges 1 Our laws are so complex that if anyone gets a good lawyer he finds loop-holes and get them off 1 Attorneys are finding more and more loop-holes to get the defendant off 1 We can convict a driver for negligence but if he kills someone we put the word homicide with it and the same violation becomes an entirely different problem; should change the name on the statute 1 .-.—___..-— : .3: , fit 16‘ m i all” 93 teeth iminhb at 31 Ignionoanoa '10 meters methio- boot has wiser! tnnbne'teb eno ocuetnee 03 113‘! id'- 913 23113 32115996 sent noisado-lq no sediufl‘ _[ aeianuoo :mens'nib n! be!!! zeauiivitq _nivi-lb wk: nnisci'x'tao': ::on at: 0' '10 anem‘mcreu' ad: nah.- ;'r:1.e'r-L1Lv r.';_-:.-one '30 cease inst? n}: anneal! :—.'Ioa'n.[o£:'-r 1: 39-33:! 03533 1' '.fr. ‘.f.‘ "uni: '_-:='.4';I'.:':“ .'.j.‘ svszzi', '.';Im'ztfl 9H3 ass'tonof'} "r a; 11-35;.“ .'.rr'fi. Int-31‘ .Jfi.."..-n::=:;n;-2.-- 2.22.". want} ._ :3 ‘ ,'_ )Jl ' ."C "I ‘.' « r. i "' 1*. man. --.).i 13.": ‘. '.’ ..‘ssur’i - Zoo” 77 TABLE XIII (Concluded) ReaSOns Times Stated. 1 by Agencies ‘ We lose cases on appeal of drunk driving because we take blood from an unconscious person 1 The new law on obtaining blood samples for intoxi- cation ties the hands of the enforcement officer and We are going to lose more cases in the future; now have to have the written consent of the drunk to take his blood 1 Total Statements by Agencies Concerning Problems of Legislation 10 Total Statements Made by Agencies th - . - “.1... . , 1.": a; ducal 10‘! «In! an.“ luflfllc I. In! ‘ , , 1991110 whence-unn- em to abut! all! to” n .' ”1;,- 1 cm at nine 010m 0801 oi sales 013 n n.1,; - . f 1o :neanoo “93311? on: ovnd o3 eVad won 1910iI1*W g I booId 2111 out 0.1 31an «I eeisnegA vd esnemeisaa £5301? OI noiaslaigel To ameldoaq unxnueonoa i aid-$1 astoneali. vd obs}: aanomoisii’. Isd‘o’l‘ 78 prosecutor sets forth that in 9h accidents the victim was related to the driver in violation. The officers point out that, in addition to sympathy on the part of jurors, the investigator, prosecutor, and judge are also human and often do not wish to prosecute a violator who has killed a member of his family or who has suffered extensive loss through injuries and other factors. Both the prosecutor and the of- ficers state that for reasons beyond their control cases are dismissed at preliminary examinations. VI. STATEMENTS MADE BY INVESTIGATING OFFICERS CONCERNING EDUCATION Public Education 22g Information Eight statements were made by the enforcement agen- cies concerning the need for public education and informa— tion. Public Opinion must be changed to accept a traffic violation as a crime. The driving public is not educated as to what constitutes the various violations and does not un- derstand the charges filedo The public has a civic reSpon— sibility as citizens to uphold and enforce the laws and reg— ulations° The police anm must have public support if it is to conduct an effective enforcement program. According to the statements of the officers it is the public's reSponsi- bility to see that the officers are properly trained and to see that the prosecutor properly performs the duties of his ~30 eds 915 cease IOTJHOO iiofl? hooves dancifls "I. 1 .1 I} ' 1 .LI «.'.! .'u as «it. fine-mt 'to_ neflo has “and "can n- w Bin .m ..e usdmem s borxii and adv seasick? a cauoc301q .3 dotu.-t 103509301q ed: HSoL -PI§ III- . 1 c . aaol evtauejia bese'fluc and orb: '10 {Maui IMflC .etoaos? Ieflvo bus aetsutni anoanux Uni JJH: oasis a109£1 liflnfimixflfifl is be1aimu1b ' r. _r‘\- - --- l I . 4. I'l' ‘. l . - ‘.'-.nlaei- ..LI 7‘- -\ ’ -‘.L Js . . ' .. - , '- . .' ‘ 1' .;- . . '.'U_. .. - -". ~3:..':-. 5.1...“- ...-.---.-... -. .... ... -. .. -..—.-_- .-.—.._..- ... '2 .‘- ); - 1 I -' r .. )in I ‘ II“ . .. l . . (a . 5' . k . , .'. ‘ II.’ I, y o I . . a .. - " o a x . '\ 79 office. Table XIV Sets forth the statements made by inves- tigating officers concerning public education. Officer Training Numerous statements were made by investigating offi-1 cers concerning police training. Eight agencies report that the officer must be well—trained in accident investigation. It was stated that in too many cases there is inadequate in- vestigation on the part of the officer. Accident investiga- tion becomes routine and the officer becomes indifferent to the job. They should take more time on the cases. Accord- ing to the statements, many officers are not investigating accidents but are simply taking reportso The officer must be trained in the many facets of invastigation: approaching the witness at the scene of an accident, obtaining immediate statements from witnesses, understanding of the law, recog- nizing evidence when he sees it, utilizing eXpert help and advice, approaching the public, photographing and preserving evidence, preparing his case and presenting it to the prose- cutor, being a good witness and knowing what he is doing and talking about on the witness stand, and following up on ac- cident investigation. According to the officers the investigator should be given additional schooling at every opportunity. It takes experience, training, and interest to develOp a good officer. I . ' -_' 1" as”; ' . ..n'to 31113531320713}; vd obs- 910': sang-aha. amount and: 310q91 soreness Udaid .3nlniaza eotroq afitflIlOIOO- Vl- .noiiagi7aevni snebloos ni bonisia-Iiow ed scum 1001110 0“ - -ni|eanupehsni at 918fl3 aeano vase cos n: 35d: b03532 can #1 —hgiaaovni annbiooh .1091110 an: in sung 0%: no noiisaitcnv n3 unnuufilihni comOOab 190i lo a*s Lun Inisuoi aomooed noli —I1unoi .eeuuo gr: :0 ani: wvom 14cc sjiofla vex? ,dot 9d: 33-:.I;‘.-"‘. ~33»; "\'-".'- 1'03. sun; 5- ".-'."-.:'.'.L.‘.u ‘:.-.“..' e .‘I'::')'. 22":2 -‘ J" (:3 an}: Jaunzfurj:3w 1" .zTur ~7 Ii)": f W31 “2. 73- wxxuhfsan xiii"?! u'i gur-Lzs-z .‘.:.'>.-: ' _ .I I ‘.J'sr- .'I ; -.r:".- .J; . :- I'.:t'xcr rad J I) . ! ‘.a ' 9:: I ‘ J .I I ‘ ‘3' - . l , 2'. ' ¢ ‘ I .' '.. I ' IJ ":1?- x u . _ g ,I .3. : . -- -' .._, .3. . , _ : . a 0' 5 I- I) | 2 r . ' p -O.' "I I . ' C r . L ., J . TABLE XIV STATEMENTS MADE BY INVESTIGATING OFFICERS (Thirty-Five Agencies) 80 Reasons Times Stated by Agencies We are all drivers and do not consider a violator a criminal; public opinion needs to be changed through education The public should be educated as to what consti- tutes the various violations We must influence the members of the public as to their civic duties We need to infonm the general public that the police need their support; they have a part in this deal, too; they don't feel reSponsible and pass the buck to the officer It should be the public's reSponsibility to see that officers are properly trained Public opinion should be aroused to the extent that if the prosecutor does not take appropriate action something would be done about it The problem lies in that we should not have so many of these accidents in the first place; public should be educated in proper driving techniques Total Statements Made by Agencies Concerning Public Education and Information Total statements made by investigating agencies concerning public opinion (see Table XIII) 16% Total statements made by investigating agencies concerning public education and information 8% Percent of total statements concerning public opinion that relates to education 50% -iaanoc Jada-r 0:! as I‘.-oasoubo ed billed: :31!qu 0" "I ' -.'.'.'.’_i 5 .' u!“ tossloiv s ambiance ten 05 has siniil'm _ , beau-do ed 03 Eben“ noifiiqo otflfl'tIM- _‘cfii "r L. we. r' _Dh _ .'1 .' l .I F 1 national» da- . I “F. noiscloiv euniisv ad? 3.8!!“‘ as oiIJUq an: in asi:mom ed: Juneullnt soul 0' aoiiub civic 119d: oi 1H7 IBHJ niién. Jm13r0; eds mwotni 03 been 9' :1Ln u even very gJTflfifiuB 1iufl3 horn aaiqu oi .' i-JILO'IT ".'.. :_-::' ':":: :II‘.‘ ”a. "til-.3116 or I 'c-iuu‘ V .i 114 am a J"{- ll . ' . I l '1; .. ..I' 1"" ' 7:- f ' .. CH)...” 1:. . . ’ :5. 5 r' ‘5 Lint?“ I {.'.} . . ;:.r-.;; - .- 'r ".'.:j. - -". ;- r, ' .s.‘- . D "’ . .. . ._. . . I I i.’ I .‘.. . L; l I 'u I l -‘-..'-;-'."...--...‘ .'. . . Tow. J'JUL van? :n03 ,ineb aid: of: aann has :3 ..J Linn“: 3)". u u;.14 and; .'u_'.. '.‘ n :=.I..[:fu‘i .“; “' ands '. :.If.-'.' '10:” 301?- .'*.\'_ ‘0'); r 3:!2' .'.; .-. "yarn J ,.4 a . no _( ‘ I‘ 1J- 23'. ’I 81 If the officer is not reSponsible it will Show up on the witness stand. The agencies should have a continual train- ing program with refresher courses each year. Some agencies contend, however, that the task of training their personnel is too great and too expensive for the average agency and that it should be the responsibility of the state. Programs should be centrally organized and taken into the field to the various enforcement agencies needing instruction. Table XV sets forth the statements made by the investigating offi- cers concerning officer training. .. —. . .._—.'- - gag-.- . -.---.-.--.—. —— - WWI-M an! #990 W W Ionnoe-xoq storm aunt-u ‘iq In” ed M m. ' bur. venom 9331011: on: 101 evicuoqxo not has not. ‘0‘; 211313011 .9353: ed: ‘10 villidienoqeo'x eds ed blood: 31 1" n3 bloil ed: can: news: has besinhgio {Ils1auoo ed bland! oIdsT .noiscu1aani nnibuen sciences inomectoine sno£1sv 0‘3 -ikfio uniiafiiiaevni out as unnm tans ounce any #3131 cies VI .fiuiuiumu iaoitwo ,1inuecnoc 8199 82 TABLE XV STATEMENTS MADE BY INVESTIGATING OFFICERS (Thirty-Five Agencies) Times Stated Reasons by Agencies Officer must be well-trained in accident investi- gation; should handle every case as though it eventually will go to court 8 In many cases there is inadequate investigation on part of the officer 3 Every investigator should be able to photograph his evidence, be a good interrogator, and be able to present his case to the prosecutor 3 Follow-up on accident investigation should be made by the same officer, should prepare a good case 3 Officer must have evidence before the prose- cutor can prosecute 3 We should have well—trained Specialists for ac- cident investigation 2 You must obtain statements from witnesses imme- diately 2 The officer should be trained to be cautious in his approach to a witness at the scene of an accident; he should listen to the conversation in order to locate his witness 2 Officer must start with the theory that a crime has been committed; all accidents are caused 1 The officer must be well-instructed, must under- stand the law and recognize evidence when he sees it 1 The officer must be a good witness, must know what he is doing and talking about in order to be taken seriously by a jury 1 _ ..ayy—p I" - If .4 , ,' . “sf ‘.’. I .’f‘ '.."" f3 _. '130Iiflt {ha-Moos u beam-i111. cl I... _ M; 11330!” as one was" ennui blind: I , "me o: o; u:- tum- noizagzlweevnt eacupobent at 91011: cause “at! 1901110 odd To axsq no 1(cuuoaofiu o: .Idn ed btuoda iossnliaevni 1101! 1d bun .mozcsouqujni been 5 ed .eonebivo lid counseaoir an: 0: menu aid Uuuaumc ow cine u~ bluofw noisu:i7r-vni anobinon no nu—woiloi .n '.uzr-rrr- binom- Jon-"flu muse or-Ja' {(9 shall 1121.9 13003 ~anouu n53 amnion qu:hivn 475d can“ 1301110 --';'..-'."-.-. 'r:-'.' {E-JO '1"3!JO —-f.-.; ”.0. .'.‘i:'.i. ;.-.'v: ' ;.- -..'.u-.'.‘-'. .: ..".. {-.Luoua 9?: ‘ :.-‘)'I.-‘1.'-:'.' Plan-.5 'r:.-:=)L-JCO -..- c::.—:' - .'.-.'2'.‘ ' L'... n" .:-.-';,'.r:- :3 '." ' :-":1':;. 1.0"! n u I ,' I i r)‘ I H I ' .gf) ' , I l . l v V ‘ ."- I.l' .l . '. '.r '5. '5 ’ J )f ‘ ) - _"-' ‘, I ', '.‘. 4!. l' I ...} l I I '7 l . 1 83 TABLE XV (Continued) Times Stated Reasons by Agencies An investigator should utilize eXpert help and advice ‘ 1 The approach of the officer to the public is im- portant; half of your case is being polite to the violator; officer should be trained with this philosoPhy 1 Officer should be trained and sent to additional school at every opportunity; it takes both back- ground and reSponsibility to deve10p a good of- ficer; if the officer is not reSponsible, it will show up on the witness stand 1 The enforcement agency must keep abreast of the problem with in-service training programs; should have a refresher course each year 1 Counties and municipalities cannot afford to send personnel away to school; school for officers should be brought to them 1 We need more training for enforcement officers; should be more training Sponsored by the state; should be a group of some kind travel around and train the officers 1 Rural policing must come into its own; must pre- pare for its advancement, must educate our police officers, must send our men to short course training and get all other training possible 1 Officers are often too ignorant of numerous local barriers involved in accident investigation; defense attorneys can tear them to bits 1 Many officers are not investigating accidents; they simply are taking reports 1 Accident investigation often becomes routine and the officer becomes indifferent to the job; should take more time on cases 1 Officers do not appear in court on misdemeanors and the judge bases his decision on a written report; officer does not get the information down properly and thus poor reporting hinders his case 1 r '5 . rl ', E? _ ___.._..—_.. !-1 I‘.-.... «u: :1 “Meg ed: a «an» on to 1 ~ 03' can” gated :1: one 11:01 {to not we“ (fit, deb: bolus-:3 ed emul- “one. nuclei! - , {Meloltdq '1‘ r - , “I Icnotd’ibbn oa ence fans hents'ri ed biuoda cook” aloud rived 23:4st cu: rpinuaxoqao v'xeve 35 loads! —19 boo? r. noIevob 0:: voiudienoqae-x bun bnuo'la a: ,ux'ianoqac" won at 1soillo an: it aueoil hu-.se aanniiw on: no qu Jena III“ eff in uennu.e .ocfl ir_sm vonarn Iu"vca1n1no ed! lam n~u1~ ”Juiswi :o- H: -L--u£ nsiv neiuouq 1:;c' 1k:3-- u “I'nzc £‘."L.) n': i aivrzfi :2Lttoria H“)1 03 maxi-L: iunnno '-LV.ZIJw n'* "n fin: -:L5nu09 uuoilfu v.1 guu'wu :fuonnu 0. fix. Isnz-nucr -.'rru- at: 2 ' ;,'rx:' .) .. :.orin - 1*?“ -n '"w , . ,L .d2; L? n urn 5' :.::... -.‘i _‘3 a .' '. a '- |_-.. .m. -.:.:-or!-.-. .-- :- r -; ' . n- -' -' :or: - I: .. ' '.un a {-.w ~ .‘.. ~_=- . ; r “'3- T-THL ; " ,. Jr? 1 ' f; , ' . 5 I . n'_ ; ' ‘I 8h TABLE XV (Concluded) Times Stated Reasons by Agencies Total Statements with Implications for Officer Training #0 Total statements made by enforcement agencies concerning accident investigation (See Table XIII) . 71% Total statements made by enforcement agen- cies concerning officer training h0% Percent of total statements concerning accident investigation related to officer training 55% -: I ' '«‘- lm‘_ ,1 . «1". '.’“I "I €._l- one-oo1oiue 2d obe- sine-Diet. IaldTr- .. fl. i 1&_ . noiseaiiaevnt aflcbloen antnieonoe colonize m -: .' I 91:1? (1112 eIle 002} ~nexs unen501oine vd ebcm etnnmoacda 1336! “Cd uninlnia 1931110 fininzocnoo solo fininveosoo adnemedssa iuaoz lo anoo1eq 1eailin on husnI91 noianuiuaevni “chines nintsuu :- N ofo CHAPTER VI SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS I. SUMMARY A study was made of 191m, 73 per cent, of the 2532 fatal accidents that occurred in the State of Michigan dur- ing 1957 and 1958. These were the total fatal accidents for , 61 counties. There were 1730 drivers who survived of the total 2785 involved in the accidents studied. There were 753 drivers that appeared to be in violation according to the official investigation reports as filed in the Safety and Traffic Bureau of the Michigan State Police. Charges were filed against 27b, 36 per cent, of the drivers appear- ing to be in violation. There were 206 cases bound over to circuit court, with 1h8, 71 per cent, found guilty and 58, 29 per cent, acquitted. TWenty-three of the 53 acquittals were granted on motion by the prosecutor for nolle prosequi. There were 21 cases on which the prosecutor filed that were dismissed in the preliminary examination. Of the total 227 cases filed for circuit court action, 65 per cent were ulti- mately found guilty and 35 per cent not guilty. There were #7 cases filed in the lower courts of which #2, 89 per cent, were found guilty and 5, 11 per cent, acquitted. The total drivers convicted for the 27h charges filed were 190, “I'."; a f 'I f tion 9 ‘. I - ! . I,“ I nu -' a g ;- ' ~'1.'11'. ', 7 OS! | I '; ..I'f. um: £_.;::‘: 9' '.i ...:'::r--.'...'J r ' _i . "l I _13 If! I .|-,i ... . I1 i 4'19 37:"- . it. ' -. TEEJ ‘ n u b ‘Da ‘J.1.".i" _-' . .-: arguu‘lf evuebioon '191fl' ?- ." i 'I £5331 £5303 adv 019w oeeflT .Icéhnun “uifi'xooonz ni . '4.) 3.1,! If... sieviid :ovo DWUL 'yrifi: JO ", ,. . I_. J gl I I l usnebi'ws and n5; noiuclotv Hui; ‘J! {:1 ' '.I J\I n '1 'i-‘u'i ['.' '9" l .. .. "' '1'. . O ,' ;. .‘. :J Ill‘ \- | v .... '1’. I u f HM WT -da To bevivqua any E1€Vi1L IETI 919w nu 03 bovceaqc Ind: noisnniJar:L? :..-7 3 3'1 I '7 '5' ' 16. .- q 'l n_’) _I , 2 . —1ub nsgtdotu to 53833 ed: at b911uoco wads awnebioee intdl-ii’ ,BEQI bub YEQI ill cIudT .eetsuuoo 13 bnvIovui ESTS Invci 2102i1b Ea? ed? [ciofixio L“ U? ni11n1T bun ‘ Jzuiu-r Leiil sin» .- " - " - ' . '- . -~ r ' . ‘. .l.«."‘.- f -- .MI 00 III. I‘ e 'u I J '.."l'1." O NJJJJHVI. 'J!xua fi' \ I I) '.(‘I 1 .‘." I a L I 'I' r '.O ‘ Lia-- ‘ - -- ' s) , "J , . 7 f ' 11" ‘ 86 69 per cent° The charges bound over to circuit court were as fol- lows: manslaughter, 30 cases with 26 convictions; negligent homicide, 159 cases with 107 convictions; felonious driving, 2 cases with 2 convictions; and leaving the scene of a fatal accident, 15 cases with 13 convictions. The #2 convictions in the lower courts were: driving while intoxicated, h; reckless driving, 20; right of way, 7; failure to have vehi- cle under control, 3; improper start, 3; improper passing, 1; Speeding, 1; wrong side of road, 1; stop Sign, l; and allowing an unauthorized person to drive, 2. There were 9 convictions for the 10 driver's license violations charged. The prosecuting attorneys from the 61 counties used in the study stated 509 reasons for no prosecution against the #56 drivers who appeared to be in violation as reported by the investigating officers. The following are the rea- sons given in the order in which they were stated more fre- quently: insufficient evidence, 35 per cent; other people contributed to the accident, 21 per cent; victim was related to the driver, 18 per cent; road and weather conditions con- tributed to the accident, 3 per cent; defendant has suffered enough, 3 per cent; and numerous other statements that were not made frequently, 20 per cent. 0f the 176 statements made by the prosecutors con- cerning insufficient evidence, US were due to no eyewitness, . “'-———‘- - . ...—- .-.—. -I*-' :muu- immune» a in; nun-6 i W .3ntu1h anetnole‘t unofiotvme VM ‘1! cans at g 1535'! e 'to eneca eds selves! bus “110130171100 8 11th semi anoitotmoo SJ! 9111‘ .anoiaoivnoo EI dint loose {I .flubtiwn 31 .beanotzoan; elidw gnlvi'rb :o'xew 33-1000 '16on out In. —iiov awnd 03 e1u1i51 ;T .vsJ To angle :08 .nniviih eeoxfloez p ..ieasn' '15-rm'xrgmi :2 .s'Iv-z'te 10:501in {-1 .Io'm’noc ”19131111 019 Sun ;£ .n3ie nose ;I .1391 is able anniw :I .3nibooq2 :I Q omen ouc:n' .3 .sviuJ>-n3 fln319£_FMfl: I?OIJLV”HJ nn finionIs 2 . .bfiiifldo anoivniuir fidu303L a 2..? b O: '11 101 {no roivuoe 3') ::-J :-“.-)i':tm.-¢-n ID 1an ”01' 5'1?" 'I(-'."‘J-s 1:1 'Ji'L.‘ 1.: emu “11'." 1":uis :3 I';r.‘j'.ruo:>'a(‘-'Ir- (w -.' v.5: : 26': ‘.’g 1,0133; 1 ('.‘-Jun -,'?J 1:: .‘.". “no" 3': u..: m..-.i_':;'cIc-.i: .' :.i. - - '--J ' u ... '- .; m .I -.:.’1 3711's}: :- '.'- M13 — . .._.- -'2.":)' "1‘1". ‘ 1..! Inf ' I: .‘ . ... -" . '14'. .i.i':'-:_ ’.'" 52'. )'."=.§ ":I {d — 31'?- em on hozrsazta :J'J'.‘ .- - - J ' 2) 1'5 "m“ -. 'a .-..- ' 1;}. :. ,.' ‘. - ..::n?. "'|.'. :(‘0' ’.'. 1.: (I z '11?!) '.I..: .. ‘ t ".".f: «'1'! - . '1: '1, a"; :"_".".. :11': -"-.a' .-’=' '.’ J" : Q 5: .1: ' .n )J --"' - In) ' ' ') . l \ - ' ‘ ' , '.'; \" ' I -'. :rl'l : ' I l: | ' ' l _ ' l ' ' ' - r | H ' , - , .~ . I '.‘. “54"“: -'.‘.\' :..:fi'. ‘1'.\ .1 - 't‘ V ” ‘- .H 87 3b to no evidence of criminal negligence, and 27 gave no ex— planations as to why there was insufficient evidence. In 15 cases they could not locate the driver or place him behind the wheel. Additional reasons stated were: witnesses make conflicting statements, 6; cannot prove who was in viola- tion, 6; no drinking or excess Speed, 5; incomplete investi- gation, 5; and numerous other reasons. The prosecutors stated that in #8 cases the other drivers contributed to the accident, in #1 cases the pedes- trian, in 7 a bicyclist, in 1 the victim, in 1 passengers, and in 1 a dog jumped from the back seat onto the driver. In 9h cases the victim was a member of the immediate family of the driver. The prosecutors gave 3h reasons for acquittals° In 13 of these statements the defendant was dismissed in the preliminary examination on the grounds there was no negli- gence shown, no cause for action, no corpus delicti or gross negligence, no wilful and wanton negligence, and justice could no longer be served. Five reasons stated for acquit- tals referred to sympathy on the part of the jury. One hundred and two officers from 35 agencies con- tacted made “#3 statements concerning the reasons why there are many violators who are not convicted for violations that result in death by motor vehicle. These statements were in the following areas: public Opinion, 16; administrative .._—— i i} - s i”. '9: v W " anfifihqunv «nudists-t M ‘. _, ”In .'.-«nan noon has” emu-a alum“ .- I . ‘35.; -slolv nl 83w .odv evlo'tq tonnes ‘3: .Itmmsflu.waollw§i -iaaevnl ecoiamoont :a .beoqa aeoozo to aniflnl1h on :3 .ucflfl .anoasei ueddo auo1enmu ban :1 .nottefi audio 953 scans Sfi a: son: b93532 2101306201q 9dr -nszou ed: zeacn l- ni .ynonion: ed: 03 hozudiwsnoc e1ov11b .?13fifi0?enfl 1 Hi .miioiv an: i Mi .Jni.avoin s { ni .nsi13 (2:11!) on swan JC‘J‘. :12: “.113 “1.2-2. '.-.e-..-.-.'; '.u') 1; .5." fit him f.‘ imr'l easibmrawi 9:15? 11-. ’.'.'1')\.!¢"“r . . .ni...’.."/ utZ‘J means. 21! 1.1 .1431} ed: ’10 L‘ ‘. .’.‘IGJH" . "I A I . I «54'; i Lyn .3 u ”:1... 9 . ). anon-mam .2 J , I «if H o- :r? u 1 , ru 11 . UL Vfl_vn ' ago 12'.- .' 'J v - .f-- . ' f' f I. . ' -."?2:-‘ .-.:- G ‘ I x_- ‘ I. ~Tii.‘ 'x - . . . '- . . ‘ 1 'L‘ I .-. 1 1 "J. a u» 2.- -v-.' :1 ,‘HH 0 3)" ' I. . , I ' ' , .I at ' z : 88 problems in enforcement, 1?; accident investigation, 5H; prosecution, 2&5; juries, 53; lower courts, 10; circuit courts, 30; sentences, 8; legislation, 10. Eight of the statements concerning public opinion and #0 statements con- cerning administrative problems and accident investigation were related to education. According to the statements made about public opinion, 50 per cent of the problem is in pub- lic education and information while administrative problems and accident investigation statements set forth that 56 per cent of the problems lie in officer training° The officers report their problems to be: public apathy and sympathy for the defendant; lack of sufficient budget and personnel; need for departmental expansion; dif- ficulty in locating and obtaining witnesses; difficulty in obtaining other forms of evidence; difficulty of obtaining a blood sample and when obtained of getting the evidence into court; improper follow-up of investigations; cases lie too V long on the docket; prosecutor feels that the defendant has suffered enough; prosecutor does not have time and does not wish to be bothered with traffic cases; prosecutor is not paid enough and has to combine civil and criminal activities in same office; prosecutor wants a good conviction record, reduces charges to obtain a plea of guilty; prosecutor fails to prepare cases in advance; jurors identify with the viola- tor; jurors are too sympathetic, allow emotion to overrule . "“""""'-"'_. - -—- ._-.g.-...- —Fl' - |. l .'.. l-l' '. . . . u”: a; tin. newsman; w . ' -noo suitcase.“ ‘04 bus noin-tqo 01'2“. gunmen. noisegiaaovnt anebtcos has auofido1q ovlasatolatlhnsansl sham aczaemeanatz on: 03 anib-xoool. .nolscoube or 1:033:01 .01“ -c:'u:v u}: 2.1: meldo'm on: 10' 3;.99 tea; 0: .notniao :71!qu sued.- azure-3160'“; o'rianiaaininms one»: noivsmo’ini bur. uoiuwube oil am. if; 3.5113 '.'ri'm'l use aunomacnz'm noiaaz-wiaaevvzi incl-5:005 has . ninivm: tooilio u; at} -nejaumczed3 lo one: fliiqflfi :9u nu amwtuOW' iiids h-n..1 tonffiio efii .“uloii”ua Lo Joni {tun-HOT). ufix 1:; fine my? LHQ vfiasqs - L4 gruiaflnq;' Eula-n3'5r=- TH. - - :j,:nu¢uan u'” acflnnu -.i -_-;_- 53:2 ILL,- ;' ‘.' .'.-u ._- - - :I' .' .3'.-'-.=) ... .; -.::..'.::':‘.O:-.| i:.-. "_thoi'i F 4 i ., n N i. w z . v' .. ' - la T-u -jxitLtsszio . ‘9 " 1 . "1‘1 _\ I."'.'- .u - ) A '11 (0') ‘.' J‘s-"uh- .a I: J I \ ‘1. 3 ; 1' | - f _l ‘I s 11—.- ‘ . ' 'a'! . ‘ z I. ' ' 1 ”‘9’! r f I, ‘ . .'.‘J’ . - .1 I ‘ . _ - ‘ -.Z.\ ' 89 reason; lower courts go beyond their function in preliminary hearings; circuit courts will not allow expert testimony, judges impose light sentences, usually probation; need for better legislation. The investigating officers state that we need more public education and information and more officer training. Public opinion must be changed to accept a traffic violation as a crime. The public is not informed and does not under- stand what constitutes the various violations and the charges filed. It is the reSponsibility of the public to see that the laws are upheld and enforced. The officers must be well-trained in accident investigation. It was stated that in many cases there is inadequate investigation on the part of the officer. Some officers are not investigating acci- dents but simply taking reports. The officer must be trained in the many facets of investigation. According to the officers the investigator should be given additional schooling at every Opportunity. II. CONCLUSIONS The prosecutor is often unable to initiate action against a driver who has committed a traffic violation that results in a fatality° He must establish corpus delicti be- fore any action can be taken. In #5 cases the prosecutors reported there were no eyewitnesses to the accident and in 8 ‘ 101‘- bani graham mu .mm .loflllll’ ‘- ___“ msfiwhr' 9101! been on can: ease-e e-xeot’i’io gniwsataaevni 0dr .'.",njmts'm ieel'no .'.-non; bns 11013512101111 has nonaoube'okufl" "...—a -.-—m . F—va- noizmloiv strum: rs 399009 0:: hoary-.210 ed :emn noiniqo e111“ ‘- 'ii ~1obu: van each man iounnlni son 21 oildun 9d? .emiio n I: I 1} 3:fi1sro eds nnu amuiislojv eunidcv ed? a33u12.?anoo usdw busts i. .!9 Ind: sea no sxl “v 913 in "JiIi.ifinonaJ1 en? mi 3L .beIt1 IEI .. .-= J. JPJ". '.'10.’ .'_'.u ’Hl'i.‘ .'.. f:"'u. '.') :::.-.'; ’.H_£).-"'- q-"H‘. «EH-:1: 9d}? - j 'n r b):ra| .5? 3i .fi5i73”5- :'~ TrJVEom' . heniqu-Ilew -. . I .2 "" ; r - :.oi. , “I :.-, a ' r '.'_ri'.fll' (It 3" ~J'v 2 - :1- no” .u: .u‘nj, ” .'a‘ .~soiiin en: To _ n. '.’. '- ‘.‘ . ' . : ' 37:1 amwi: '. . - .'\.- . . J . m - .. .r tmuin'xu ' ; I: l .J ' n 1'." ‘ 'P' l , . 1 . '6 . "J's" I I {he I F v I'.," . , , J ' o I J' 90 others they could not place the driver behind the wheel. In 7 instances the driver could not be located. The law re- quires that the defendant be proven guilty beyond all rea- sonable doubt. In 7 of the cases studied there is a ques- tion as to what caused the injuries that resulted in death. In h cases they could not establish the exact location of the accident and in h cases the witnesses were confused and inconsistent in their statements. There were 6 cases the prosecutors were unable to bring to trial due to: committed suicide, 1; drowned while running from the police, 1; beyond jurisdiction of court, 3; not released from hosPital as re- sult of accident, 1. The prosecutors report in 5 cases that the officer did not make a complete investigation. 0f the #56 cases on which there was no action taken the prosecutor was apparently unable to prosecute 86 cases, 19 per cent. The writer questions the 3 cases that pertain to court ju- risdiction. Would it not be possible to extradite in these cases? The majority of the other cases suggest the need for more thorough accident investigation. 0f the 19b0 accidents studied there were 205 reports, 11 per cent, that were not completed on the official fonm. There Were sufficient data to send to the prosecutors and enough information for the purpose of this study but the fact remains that the reports were not complete. This sug- gests that the officer does a poor job of accident reporting -.- Ila: -:r.—--r.:-.- -.-cf-— -. .rrvnk'?" ...-... ’.‘-n..- _.- ...--.... I .-.---— ...- - . 1 l .' m :1.“ 5m with my“ ~eeup a It e1eda butluse'eeelo iii 30 V I5 .l‘llb- .dxaeb at bo3Iu301 and: animate: on: heause 3nd! oi In ’10 noiasooi 10319 9113 dalldeaae :tc‘n biuoo {eds III-e OI ‘-' I‘m: bumflnoc 91m: a. neonatal eds seam: ‘1 ni Dru: snebioos “If. ed: ammo E) 919'" on ‘u'n‘ .anr'nmertso'u 113951;! ru’. cnesaianoont h-‘na‘immoc so: an!» .'.-311;; ud’ a. ”2'; oz: elr'sna (new -.r..o:'ruoeao1q n-prj :l .0032“er 4-1; “new: "1.2-"..u-1 2;...I'.L'...- hours-.'-: :.t .ebioiua ---J': as _E. nine. or arm'- '.'-;--,~.._:_)< um ;, ,i'l!,'..;O .u; noiuuibai'tui; -, .7 :.‘1i' so 7‘. ..i '.'-11.. ..=,'I.r-.:..::n ~. - . .I. I .'.x; .-.'.oo.: 10 ulna '~:'.:" 21-; .‘..'|'..".f:-""j new... '_ .‘refiué c‘:'.. -. -.- .m. .31, m.. .- _.., 0'53 -iu'.rr.:,- -:'.~Lr 9": :5,- '-:;« -' '--. . .' ‘r n . . ‘. Lu ‘.J :r 9 {9(3)- ,7 ’n “-- '_ .‘ ;.n .‘: 2““ 'n .E : " ~:u:-‘1 ksfl I l ' J 1. ' l’ ‘ I . " ".L '.‘ . J' l '1 | ‘ D " .. e .. ".2 .' .. \ ‘ 'f .'.: e ‘3- A U ‘ ) . .7.‘ '4 .. — V I z t l _ ‘ ‘ r , f‘ ‘ - . . ’) n a 91 in some cases. Perhaps there is a correlation between acci- dent reporting and accident investigation. Could it be that the officer that does not have enough interest and training to report an accident properly might also not have enough interest and training to investigate an accident pr0per1y? There Were 370 cases, 81 per cent, in addition to the 86 stated above, on which the prosecutor took no action. The officers requested a warrant and recommended action on 249 of these and referred the remainder with no recommenda- tion. The officers indicated that they believed they had a case in most instances. The prosecutors bound over 206 cases and later moved for nolle prosequi on 23 cases and the court granted the motions and dismissed the cases. Eleven per cent of the cases bound over were therefore dismissed on nolle prOSequi. The prosecutor filed on these drivers but later changed his mind as to prosecution. Does this suggest that reasons other than evidence per so are getting caSes thrown out of court? The personnel interviewed of the sheriff's departments and municipal police departments from 10 counties and the of- ficers interviewed that investigate accidents in 13 counties from 10 state police posts, report that all fatal accidents are referred to the prosecutor. In some instances when the prosecutor decides not to take action in circuit court he permits the officers to charge the violator for a misdemeanor .-,-.-_ . wan . . . . .. - - a. anon. on“! Son oath-«"1“;- thqu'q inMou-‘II' $2119qo1q Snobtoon u- oingltpevnl 03 unininat bus‘tl. an: 03 notttbbs n1 .3nea 10q £8 .29250 OWE 919w 910d? .501308 on #003 1033 9301a afla Haida no ‘ovodfi bsaswa 3' un soizas bsbnanwooa1 bnc suniwnu n L333u¥¢51 atsoiiio edT ~3'nomm0091 on fisiv fiubuinns1 9K3 50119391 " 2 gas}: 10'243 ' ”chi ‘59fo bs‘uifi‘od "an“: J.-'.fiu' uni-205.1)“; ”-..-vi. 3.!) 9-! .notfi uni: ’19‘10 brxuua. 1-1'.‘t..-‘. ‘9. :.1(.-':.r_ ‘ .i.- - ,_.;;_:-,- .5 0' ‘OH (11': 9250 {2121: has awe-.2. ;. 'zn LATE-Hat‘s.“ ;__:.o.'. ':'.n.. -.-'.'v.: ~-.:.=:;.L mm Hoano anu‘ .a ., . . a“; - T i 415 31uoo '1 Luna. . 4 9'1: 13- ‘z . ‘ . .:. -:. no .9 .u ‘.'” ’31- :o '19:] z" 110:..." .: '.'.- . ‘ .«o . . ' - ‘ 5.: ~ ‘ . ..5tv "Jug f"£(1!i u .. -- . :3 ) - t ; =.._’:--; .i L an .' if ‘-3:‘-.f. J 1’; a 4 - ’ .‘ I ’ .' .' J " J 't ' ’ ‘.IU . J n n I'. 1 92 in the lower court. 0f the 27h cases filed by the prosecu- tor, there were #7, lb per cent, that went to the lower court. Twenty-one of these cases were for reckless driving and 6 were for driving while intoxicated. The question arises as to why these cases were not filed in circuit court. The writer cannot find where gross negligence or in- tent must be proved for the charge of negligent homicide. The prosecutors made 103 statements that the reasons for no prosecution were contributory negligence of the other person. They are possibly basing these reasons on court de- cisions handed down on this subject. These decisions state that, although contributory negligence of the deceased is no defense in a prosecution under the statutes for the killing of a person by the negligent operation of a vehicle on a highway, it is to be considered in determining whether the defendant was culpably negligent. The prosecutors made 9U statements that the reason for no prosecution was that the victim was related to the driver and 13 statements that the violator had suffered enough. This represents 20 per cent of his total stated reasons for no prosecution. Would the action be the same for crimes committed other than with a motor vehicle? Per- haps the prosecutor is anticipating public reaction and jury reSponse in this situation. Does the public want enforcement and prosecution for motor vehicle violations and if so to p6£~c¢.—s———_ - . . w .._. _ . - ...—- ...-.._..u? . -....——— - _.-— “1‘ 39:11:15 3W1!“ «I! n‘ewéwm W'- ”O .besuetzotnt eltdl unfivttb 1.3 01.1%- -A‘£i' "I 3531131591 1’35ch -J.' neiiaeup ed! stuo1io ni belti son 0193 aenae sued: Van's: I: III o acnesilfien 2201? :.- r'J '1'!) J.'." 'to :.r; a- 3.29:5,» '1 '.'-m ..J:.".-" --' - ‘z‘r . - ’. H ‘1. ‘ . u 7' F :‘1 . ' I v 4 .g-, f'l v _- .‘. J J I I J a! J GUI! I g ' -, . -. , .., ,. d3 aunomcsuae (fl 90:19:25“: 3.": =1 a. ezedw bnil finnhno 1et£1w ed! .31ndi - .'.-J 'L'fi-OEJ'. 3HS'3JZITP-3fl '10 O:_,'If-'--.'.’J 01.13 101 Devon: ed 33ml $fld¢ eLcn ‘"ofluoou0';:q ed? ."'II.'. .. .5' :‘= «'.Im new :1: uni-"HOG .'(:1: on 10'! r '2 ~ ' in...»- J' J JI’ .noa'xeq ..um . - r u so» L.iun :notato -).'.!-_I' -. ".12..." .-'x:: '1 'T" . ‘.';3_|'.-‘- .351” J . .- H ‘ - .. ' a v e'iob - 7 , ‘ .. ') '10 .,,. L‘ r Q , 3.; z' . J . J '5 .- 'I-' . . . 93 what degree? The prosecutor stated in 5 instances that no action was initiated since the case had been filed in civil court. This should not bear on action being filed in criminalv court. Does this suggest that some prosecutors are confus- ing civil and criminal law? Or is this a rationalization under the assumption that the public is ignorant to the dif- ference in the two types of law? The courts often acquit violators who are charged with homicide by motor vehicle° There were 227 cases filed of which 21 cases, 9 per cent, were dismissed in the prelim- inary hearing. 0f the 206 bound over, 58 cases, 29 per cent, were acquitted including: manslaughter, h cases; negligent homicide, 52 cases; and leaving the scene, 2 cases. Neither of the 2 cases of felonious driving were acquitted. The latter charge, under the statute, is to be filed when the accident results in injury but not death. Both manslaughter and leaving the scene of a fatal accident had 13 per cent of the cases filed resulting in acquittals but negligent homi- cide had #0 per cent acquittals. The latter charge is for simple negligence in some cases and the jurors acquitted 28 while the judges dismissed 2h. As stated above 23 cases were nolle prosequi. Perhaps the jurors identify with the violator and are reluctant to convict him for a violation they themselves might commit. This is supported by 9’4 statements of investigating officers from 12 enforcement agencies. The courts that find a violator guilty of negligence resulting in a death by motor vehicle often impose light sentences. 0f the 1&8 convictions for manslaughter, negli- gent homicide, felonious driving, and leaving the scene of a fatal accident, there were #3 cases with fine and probation, 2h cases with only probation, and 13 cases with only re- stricted driving, 3 of which were for manslaughter. Thirty per cent of the sentences were fines and probation, 16 per cent were probation, and 9 per cent restricted driving. The question arises as to why the courts sentence with only re- stricted driving. Is not this a reSponsibility of the Sec- retary of State under driver's license controls? Perhaps the courts are duplicating that which would be done by the Secretary of State. There were numerous cases where re- stricted driving was in addition to other forms of sentences and this could be used to support the action taken by the Secretary of State. The hypotheses set forth for this study have been proven by the findings of this study to be substantially true. The prosecution and convictions of reSponsible drivers in motor vehicle accidents resulting in a fatality are inadequate. This is due to seVeral factors, e.g., poor accident investigation, lack of sufficient evidence due to . —..~_.- . any _. .. -- -... . ~_._-.—-3—'————.._- ...- I .'.. -- .... . .— .-— -_.---1.‘.' ._ . --.—“.._... 4.43;»; -¥"-.‘I commas 30 1am 1wlflih-n-W infirm 31131:! eeoq-t nettle elotctev 103-0. 16 Hindi a ”W' ~ilgen .193dgusienam xo'i enotseivn-oe 8111: «It to no ‘.-'"I . -.- To eneae em aatvnel hm; .:-,rzivl:'zb 315011101291 .ebtohlofl “I. .nnt3sd01q hue oni? 631w eeaeo t$ 919w 919d: .Jnebloos Isis! ~51 {ing this 39ch [1. hm: .noisnrlo'xr7 '{irm (13134 292.39 #3 {siidf .TDjfifiHfifJHum 101 ~1wJ ,nEH .n ; ,gnivtmfi hesot1$a 'L-‘A‘! .ltv .11...‘ NM; 32.: .'Jrzi; -)'.-:e-: ‘1 2-2: . -=,:- (r 'I ’ 3:100 100' orfi .' raili'IT. i)“jf.."i ::-x ': :..": V . ‘ . .rni-t: r;-.r"*.‘ 'J'I’VJ Scan “.1“.- 'ZHU ' 1 .'." ;‘;_"J; . ‘ .'J'} :I ' " ' .' ‘ .'_--_".‘. 5"9:.UE'.OUP . ‘ \ if ”r. " " . . . ' . , in “9:17: a . .9“. ) I '2 J " r5: r ,. . a. "‘ .l ' ‘J‘. .v ‘ .., J ) ‘ . "‘ Uh ' .1 . . :‘j '.' ' n ." ’ r W3": a 4 ‘5 I J ‘ I '1 95 no witnesses, failure of prosecutor to initiate action when there is evidence, sympathetic juries, and others° Further education is needed for both enforcement and public in an attempt to get more effective application of laws relating to fatal accidents. n at 31'qu bu ammonia! N m‘ _ 3111:3310“: 31731 10 nominal”: evimi‘te no. tot-q: ., El .ssnebteea lain! » . . .._. "...- -—- ’.'-”..- - - . .-—m-;-gv_u=.-—Frw-'.;x ___ _ _ '.'.' -n-.:= - r -..- CHAPTER VII NEEDS FOR FURTHER RESEARCH The prosecutors and enforcement officers were con- tacted as to their opinions on why we do not convict viola— tors involved in motor vehicle accidents resulting in a fa- tality. The statements made indicate that much of the prob- lem lies with the public, the jurors, the lower courts, and the circuit courts. Each of these areas might be studied to determine their Opinions on the problem. We need to know how the drivers feel about enforcement of homicide by motor vehicle. Perhaps the problem lies in the terminology used in the law. Would the jurors be more apt to convict, would witnesses be more willing to testify, and would the public be more acceptable to the charge, if we renamed the statute and removed the connotation of murder by motor vehicle? Drivers, jurors, judges, and legislators could be polled to determine their thinking on the problems. Does the public have enough information to have an intelligent and well-inte- grated Opinion on enforcement? As the writer cross-checked files, he discovered that some lower court convictions are not in the files of the Driver Improvement Services of the Department of State. In some instances the prosecutor would have no record of action having been taken on a case and the Driver Improvement .aeo exeu sseettte sue-lezdine has ates-eeueuq .13: *' .1..... s-r s. - -e£oiv aeivnoe won oh ew ‘dw no Inolutqe 1:01! 03 as .'.,Mf _ .. -nI s at anisiuee1 asuettucn eloiflev 1030m at bovlovnl .11! r — “-..-.. _. ' ‘ I ' 9 _ —u'o'zq ed: '10 :‘Ioum :nm'd‘ uracil.“ J: slum: ETIDSL'IOUHJE edl‘ nulls! I' f . - _ -- ! um .as'uroo 'Loarnf. 9:23 Parr-ring; 9:13 ..tn‘fdlq on: 11:! 11: £011 me! (.3 Ara-£12533 on o'.-2-_.-'u: ‘.-'£-~ :.w- "J' r. flex. .-'-'.'.r1!os Jimmie 911:! '::;I:‘ 0:; .----_-'. I: . .-.'-.n'. u- ‘.-' no i'.’-".-'.J ., ’.EJ'LAE‘J stun-1193913 .-.—- ...-...— -—-- ..—— .-." I '-'J' m "_. -) _-"->.i:--.' -‘ ail.‘:.—--’I'J.l “:.., . :; .' .>. '-".'I-..".'J‘..-: of! nor! E 3 g- .i |_-')i".;'.. ._ .,_'. ..‘.:.'_-J: our” .- ..J‘ u..~ .‘a ‘.'..':;.'":..=- .-.'..foin’9v l . 3 I .. : : '1- :J-isz .J:‘-..':: -' J.'-v} ,'.-;~- .. ) r ;'.'..':€. ...'..5' an: ru. ' .- l n .. , _, , 'l' u l ' g .-x' 11': I. 15.4.: I;' if ' _ . u _\ . l I ."- - : . I ' v ‘ , . w=~ ' . u M .. .. .. . '3 _ O A . Z' . .- k . n n a < . _ _-_ . .'I "---1—‘ = 97 Services would be in agreement. Further check with the re- Spective enforcement agency, which handled the case, would disclose that the violator had been convicted and sentenced for a given violation pertaining to that accident. Perhaps a study could be attempted to identify the scope of this problem and to recommend any necessary corrections. There were 586 accidents reported in Wayne County ac- cording to the central files of the Michigan State Police. There is no record of 9 of these accidents in the prosecu— tor's office. 0n the other hand, there were 11 accident cases in the Wayne County files of which there were no rec- ords in the central files of the State Police. There were other cases where the accident was reported in the wrong area and thus filed in the wrong location. There is a need for research in this area of accident reporting, processing, and filingo These data are needed in order to have an accu- rate base for future research. The current study identified problems of reporting and filing in the case of fatal acci— dents, the area in which one expects to find the greatest efforts being made toward efficiency. The officers are not completing their official acci- dent reports in many instances although the report is on a fatal accident. Perhaps a survey could be made of the sc0pe of this problem in all accident investigation and the re— sults be pointed out to the various administrators and _' «I: h . ..,—___..- - arm ,ula '01! 50mm .. . economies hm boaotvuee need bid M ii tad _ sand-xvi .suebioos mum at manna-seq ultsxelv‘hfirm‘.‘ aids '10 across eds" {Ranch}: 03 beameucs ed blind. WE'S‘JJ. .enoiaotrnoo vymeeeoen 1m: bnemmooe'x 03‘ has -166!“ me. warmed zn‘ps'. .'xj: tarmac-x zen-abiooc r152; 9"cw sworn .r,o.'..i.o‘1 c.3514". Ravine; -.-.".;r :0 =-.:-l'.;.- 1251:". -0 art: on fmtb'xoo --.'.'-‘J.\l.‘.fl'_’.ct :MTU .:.’ -:n.'-.‘._";-n ~ '. -'.'.'.= .r 'ln .5'."".-:) a! on 3'1: 9'19!” '.-'.'fl:?..'.:1:'):': '.J; . . " 1.. ~s'.n : _ noi'iio 3'10: - .J'r n. 1 . a ' w , “.-.-5‘. .~. 3.1:: -.u': seam) J.' , 1 . - - . . n r I'.. ”"310 3. Ln ' c . 'r . '20 m- u . , ‘r ', . ' 1' '1 1 Q .- Q \ l ’ 1 'i 1 .'r ‘J 4- ‘ ' :l— I . V‘ ‘ . '1 I ’1 ‘.'JC ' a .'i 1' . " , o ' ' "'L . _g_, ' . _‘. I ~ 0 98 supervisors concerned. A complete, clear, and neat accident report from the officer is basic for many future studies in the area of motor vehicle accidents. Further research is needed to determine the educa- tional needs of improvement of police performance in acci- dent investigation. Research is needed to determine if the public is aware of the need for training officers in acci- dent investigation and if they are willing to furnish the money neceSSary for this training° .'.. _' - “‘0‘ ed3.li eniwoneh 03 baboon at doxeeeofl .noiinaiteovnt Cunt -iacn ni auonilio nninteis 101 been adv To ewawn at oklduq ass Suiniuz ad fluiiiiw its V”flJ Ej has unimagiaeevni snub .rniniwzv :55! 401 (unmauuen venom BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY A. BOOKS Henderson, J. M., William Q. deFuniak, and others° Callaghans' Michigan Digest. Vol. 20 Chicago: Callaghan and Company, 19h1. Michigan Statutes Annotated. Vol. 25. Chicago: Callaghan and Company, 195H. Michigan Statutes Annotated. Supp. to V01. 8. Chicago: Callaghan and Company, 1959. B. UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS Survey of the 1952 Fatal Accidents made under the direction of Professor Sheehe in the School of Police Adminis— tration. .axefljo has .ishll‘leb .8 ”In." ”I .E . :ognotdb 3 .10V snag as soul I -. . . : . .vfi'isi—o'UTHe'fiarfi It? :omsotda .E‘i .Io‘! .beaeaonuA 3931:1338 u .tllo ' -.——-_.- ...—___“... ' .56.: .11":qu .Io‘.’ o: .-nr..m-'.-' ."etir-gtonrA ::-:3___u:'t.-:3a rsegtdofll can-- #37:“). ‘43:an bm: mafia a]: 5 :13: .; -.r..;:.'- new-2. I'm] _‘rz'u'. ‘31:" ')".l'.’ '.'! '(9v'1u? 111.1)". “In": [I'.-p.45? if ‘3. ‘.‘ LI LL". ‘i' .' "“'""'c' 10 I .. _> _un—u—nouu—T-O-v -l .. .L . '1:.-;.;n.a'17 APPENDIXES . .. .....||.|..1w:14!.|!.l!| .. ... . . .. . . . . . .. . . .I..|.r.ll. t APPENDIXES A. Index Card B. Questionnaire Sent to Prosecutors C. Fatal Accident Summary Worksheet D. Case Action Worksheet E. Di5position of Violations of Surviving Drivers Worksheet F. Sentences Imposed Worksheet G. Non-Processed Cases Worksheet H. Classification of Violations Worksheet " '.n. :.".-'EHI'._‘ J:- .\!'l',) ' ' - ..- .'i I--. . I -_I 1:. li' I: .331. . IL: .., I. I '- ' ." n I . ‘.‘ - I ' '4 l 'I ’ . -' '. ' . '3 ' . . .J' o a . I . ' . C . - ... 5 .93.... . “:... 10h r mHmlooN 860-952 £V’1 - M! I'd 860-952 .'..‘L L - . ...-V.-. "2! ("L ...—_— MINT! Tom. ACGHL mmv. HUY. 106 860-952 I .'l' "h ‘ 19¢...- w “ 0 Cine 3: all ' 7: "if?! x‘ .s- s; «1.. ‘2- i .. .... .’.“ 25*: 9?. . la; La .. vs“ a...” a .73, . 11.1.. . i I ‘5 v. m WT 860-952 :. 1‘3" ; ,au. $- -A t..-. V," {m .~.~ 4'4 w , , 7.53.1‘.‘ ‘~ '-‘ I! v :.. '.).IT , ; in? 860-952 :..... . , I mix- -- x, r n rv—-—--——~—— 3&1? I n 1 I l Lari-:0!) .— I =. .I‘llll. Ill-....II {ill-1...! '.'. .. . III. In .. .I. 109 MESONS FOR.NQN-PROSECUTI ___—J— 860-952 ; .2 .._.J \ Va. .915": s a ‘ -a-q-.. .an-n.--m—--~- . COUNTY CLASSIFICATION OF VIOLATIONS VIOLATIONS IN EVIDENCE CASES NO ACT. FILED scene DWI Reckless Driving Imp. due care Wr. side too closel Ri —of Defective '8 license other 110 CONVICTIONS 860-952 ‘ . a I ..I .I I- .. I . . . . .. . | .... ...-t III-I‘D. nuarllil. llil ‘r .v n I .III Ia..l.|. J 1“: I . . . I I . ‘.I. A I. II- I I .. . n I I