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A S x*GGESTED METHOD OF
DIAGNOSING PHYSICAL DEFECTS
OE BOYS IN OKEMOS HiGH SCHOOL

Thesis for the Degree. of M. A
MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE
Kenneth D. Bambi”
1939

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A SUGGESTED METHOD 9}; DIAGNOSING
PHYSICAL DEFECTS 9E fiQXfi
1n
OKEMOS HIGH SCHOOL

A Thesis Prepared by
KENNETH DEWITT BARNHILL
as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Degree of Master of Arts.

MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE
1939

THESIS

 

This thesis was written under the supervision of

Dr. E. L. Austin,

1.21.930

Chapter Page
\ List of Illustrations --------------------- iv
List of Tables ---------------------------- iv

I. Introduction ----------------------- ‘ ------- 1
Technical Terms --------------------------- 6

II. The Testing Materials and Equipment ------- 8
Materials --------------------------------- 8
Equipment ----- + --------------------------- 10

III. The Physical DevelOpment Record ----------- 15
Values Shown by the Record ---------------- 18

IV. Administration of the Test and

The Recording of Results --------------- 20

Profile Measurements ---------------------- 23

Back View Measurements -------------------- 24
Conference with the Boy ------------------- 25

V. Illustrative Cases ------------------------ 26
Case Number One --------------------------- 26

Case Number Two --------------------------- 29

Case Number Three ------------------------- 32

VI. Summary and Conclusions ------------------- 35
Summary ------—-----------é ---------------- 35
Conclusions ------------------------------- 37

TABLE OF CONTENTS

111

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

Illustration Page
I. Barnhill's Physical Development Recorder ---- 7

II. Dr. Scholl's Footprint Blanks --------------- 9
III. Physical Development Recorder in Use -------- 12

Inset--Camera
LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
I. Case Number One ----------------------------- 27

II. Case Number Two ----------------------------- 30
III. Case Number Three --------------------------- 33

iv

A SUGGESTED METHOD OE DIAGNOSING
PHYSICAL DEFECTS 9: eggs
in
OKEMOS HIGH SCHOOL

Chapter I.
INTRODUCTION.

The writer of this thesis believes that people are happier
and much more efficient in meeting and solving the many prob-
lems of life when they are physically fit. It appeared to
him from the vieWpoint of an instructor of health and physi-
cal education that many of the pupils in his classes needed
a considerable amount of corrective work to supplement or re-
place the regularly required program. A very serious problem
then was to find a reliable and inexpensive method of record-
ing and diagnosing physical development and defects of the
boys. After a rather thorough search no reliable and inex-
pensive method was found..

The importance of reliable testing methods was forcibly
brought to the attention of the writer when in 1929 he was
tested at the Battle Creek Sanitarium. The tests devised
by Dr. John Harvey Kellogg, (1) superintendent and medical
director of the sanitarium, consisted of the shadowgraph

method of recording and measuring posture, an elaborate

 

(1)' Kellogg, John Harvey, "An Inventory of Vital Assets,"
Pp- 7-10. Pamphlet of the Battle Creek Sanitarium.
1930.

-2-

strength test (30 major muscle groups), and detailed anthro-
pometric measurements. The Kellogg method of measuring pos-
ture and develOpment was found to be too elaborate and too
expensive for use within the typical public high school
budget.. The method was believed to have great merits for
school use provided alterations and improvements to lessen
the amount of time and cost of administration could be made.
Plans were formulated and the Barnhill Physical Develop-
ment Recorder,(1) (2) described in Chapter II, was con-
structed. Experiments were performed and improvements were
made between January 1934 and.January 1937. In December
1936 the Board of Education of the Okemos Consolidated
Schools gave consent and financial aid to administer a pro-
gram of health and physical education in the Okemos High
School using the Recorder as part of the testing equipment.
The purpose of this thesis is to present a method of
recording and diagnosing physical develOpment and defects
which has been found to be very usable and inexpensive.
It is the aim of this thesis to describe the testing de-
vice, its use, its records; list some of the things it

has revealed; show how it was used as an administrative

tool and list some of its possibilities.

 

(1). Patent applied for
(2). Hereafter referred to as the Recorder

-3-

The study is limited to the boys in grades seven to
twelve of the Okemos High School, Okemos, Michigan. This
school is a teacher training center for Michigan State
College. Senior students in physical education from the
College assist with the teaching in the health and physi-
cal education classes of the writer. There are approxi-
mately one hundred and twenty boys enrolled in the upper
six grades each year. All except four boys were tested
in March 1937 and in March 1938. One boy refused to be
tested each year, and the other three were absent when
the tests were being given.

The Kellogg method of measuring posture and physical
development was used as the basis on which the Barnhill
Physical Development Record (1) was made. The Recorder
was constructed to measure and record details by use of
a direct positive photograph. These details were not
recorded or revealed in the shadowgraph. In the Record
both views were placed on one direct positive paper to
reduce the cost. This was accomplished by constructing
a special camera that would expose one half of the paper
at a time. Footprints taken on Dr. Scholl's Pedograph (2)
are included for it has been found that they contribute

valuable information to the Record.

 

(l). Hereafter referred to as the Record
(2). Scholl Manufacturing Company, Chicago, Illinois

0t

-4-

her items and facts included are: the date; the

subject's age, height, weight, serial number, and grade

in school.

Studies similar to this one have not been found with

the exception of Kellogg's work, but many good methods of

measuring posture have been presented. The following list

menti
l.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

one some of them.

The window pole test

Crampton's Back Wall Test (1)

The Schematograph (2)

A Device by Goldthwait (3)

Miss Drew's Method (#)

The University of Oregon Group Rating System
(5)

Lowman's Group Examination

The Bancroft Test (6)

The Comparograph (7)

 

(1).

(2).

(3).

(4).
(5).

(6).
(7).

Crampton, W. C.,'"Work-a-Day Test of Good Posture"
American Physical Education Review, 30:505-10,
November 1925

Korb, E. M., "A Method to Increase the Validity of
Measuring Posture," p. 6, An unpublished thesis,
Boston University 1938

Goldthwait, Joel, "The Relation of Posture to Human
Efficiency," American Journal of Orthopoedic Surgery,
78372. 1909

Drew, L., "Individual Gymnastics," Lea and Febiger
Company, p. 87, Third Edition

Lowman, C. L., "Preventative and Prophylactic Ortho-
poedic Practice," American Journal of Orthopoedic
Surgery," 3:576-83, November 1921

Bancroft, J. H., "The Posture of School Children,"
MacMillan Company, New York 1920

Korb, E. M., 0p. cit., p. 18

-5-
10. The Conformateur (1)
11. The Antero-Posterior Center of Gravity Test (2)

12. The Wellesley College Method (3)

The data were secured from the individual cumulative
physical deve10pment records which are on file in the
writer's office. Each boy has a folder containing his
cumulative record. All data are kept in the folder in-
cluding notes on interviews with students, parents and
sometimes the family physician.

1. The testing materials and equipment are described
in detail in Chapter II.

2. The Record is described in Chapter III and an illus-
tration of the Recorder in use is presented on page twelve.

3. Chapter IV describes the administration of the test
and the recording of results.

4. Chapter V presents illustrative cases.

5. A list of technical terms is included on page six.

6. Chapter VI includes a summary and conclusion.

It should be noted that no attempt to grade posture and
development on the basis of "A", "B", "C", or "D" has been
made; rather each individual's development is compared with

a norm representing perfect development.

 

(1) Cureton, T. K., "The Validity of Antero-Posterior Spinal-
Measurement", The Research Quarterly of the American
Physical Education Association, October, 1931

(2) Cureton, T. K., "Reliabilitr aniObJectivity of the Spring-
field Postural Measurements , Supplement to the Research
Quarterly of the American Physical Education Association,
May, 1935

(3? MacEwan, Charlotte G. and Howe, Eugene C., "An Objective
Method of Grading Posture", The Research Quarterly of the
American Physical Education Association, October, 1932

-5-

Technical Terms

Chest Ratio--the ratio between the anterior and posterior
chest angles in the Kellogg method of deter-
mining posture--it is expressed by a number
which is obtained by dividing the anterior
angle by the posterior angle.

Direct Positive Paper-~a photographic paper which is a
negative and positive on one paper--the
positive is brought out by the reversal
develOping process--it is an exclusive pro-
duct of the Eastman Kodak Company, Rochester,
New York.

Head Angle---the angle at which the head is carried in
the Kellogg method--it is formed by a line
through the point of the chin and the upper
end of the sternum and a line through the
mid point of the body.

Pedograph----a machine on which foot prints are recorded--
consists of an inked roll pad attached to a
rubber sheet--it is a product of the Scholl
Manufacturing Company of Chicago, Illinois.

Pelvic 0bliquity--the tilt of the pelvis in the Kellogg
method. .

Physical Development Record--the two photographs and re-
corded data on one sheet of direct positive
photographic paper.

Physical DevelOpment Recorder--the machine in which the
subject stands when the Physical Development
Record is made (1).

Michael's Rhomboid--a rhomboid on the backs of humans--it
is formed by the two dimples, Just above the
sacrum, and the crease down the center of the
baCK e

Shadowgraph--an imprOperly named silhouette-~it is used in
the Kellogg method by making a negative photo-
graph on direct positive paper.

 

(1) See p. 7 for illustration

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ILLUSTRATION I.

 

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BARNHILL'S PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT RECORDER

-8-

Chapter II.
THE TESTING MATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT
Materials.
The Direct Positive Paper and Deve10ping Kit (1).

A direct positive paper 5" x 7" is used on which two
25" x 7" views are recorded. It is developed by the di-
rect positive develOping process. The process is known
as the reversal process. It consists of the following:

1. Exposure.

2. Development of negative.

3. Bleaching of negative.

4. Clearing.

5. Re-exposure.

6. Re-development.

7. Fixing (if desired, but not necessary).

8. Drying.

The entire process takes about four and one half min-
utes per picture with the solutions between 65° and
70° F. A fifteen second wash in water is necessary
after each solution is used.

Dr. Scholl's Footprint Blanks (2).

One footprint blank is used for each foot.

 

(l). The Direct Positive Paper and Processing Kit is an

exclusive product of the Eastman Kodak Company,
Rochester, New York.

(2). See Illustration p. 9

-9-

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ILLUSTRATION II.
DR. SCHOLL'S FOOTPRINT BLANKS

-10-

Marking Materials.

Iodine, a black eyebrow pencil, or a red grease
pencil may be used to denote the necessary points
of alignment on the subject's back.

Equipment.
The Recorder.

The Recorder is the machine in which the individual
stands while being photographed. It consists of a
steel framework with a white plywood back wall lined
with parallel lines, four inches apart, running hori-
zontally and vertically. 0n the left side is a meas-
uring scale in feet and inches. At the t0p is a simi-
lar scale measuring in each direction from the center
line. Fifteen inches in front of the back wall and
in the framework is an angleiron upright on each side
of the apparatus. The upright angleirons serve as
supports on which metal arrows are attached. These
arrows are adjustable, up, down, backward and forward.
They are used to mark important points of identifica-
tion on the body in the profile view. Fifteen inches
out from each of the uprights are two photo flood
lights built into the framework in a manner which
protects the camera from the glare of the lights.

The sides and the platform, on which the subject

stands, are painted with aluminum paint to diffuse

and refract the light toward the subject. The lights

-11-

are placed in such a position that they are about
three feet from the body of the subject. An ad-

ditional light is placed approximately four feet

from the body in front of the Recorder and about

six feet above the floor. It was found that the

four built-in lights did not give the prOper dis-
tribution of light. The additional light is sus-
pended from an arm on top of the Recorder.

The lights are controlled at the camera, which
is in focus ten feet from the subject. The distance
is measured so that conditions will be identical
throughout. (1)

A chart form for recording data is located in
each corner of the back wall of the Recorder. The
upper left chart includes the date and age of the
person being tested; the upper right chart records
height and weight; the lower left chart presents
foot conditions; and the lower right chart shows
the grade level and a serial number substituted for
the name of the individual.

The Camera. (2)

The camera was constructed so as to reverse the
image before it sensitizes the direct positive pa-
per. This,apparently unimportant feature saves

considerable time and eliminates much confusion.

 

(1). See drawings of Recorder p. 7
(2). See Illustration p. 12

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ILLUSTRATION III.
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT RECORDFR IN USE
INSET--CAMERA

 

 

 

 

 

 

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-13..

Direct positive paper brings out the objects and figures
as a negative when used in an ordinary camera. A good
lens and shutter must be used for reliable results. The
ones used in securing the records for this study are from
a portrait camera. The image coming through the lens is
reflected in a mirror which is placed behind the lens on
a 45° angle. The mirror projects the image upward and at
the same time reverses it. In focusing, the camera line,
which is in the center of the exposure Opening, coincides
with the center line on the Recorder.

Two 2%" x 7" photographs are obtained on one 5" x 7"
paper by exposing half of the paper at one time. This
is accomplished by means of the Opening in the tOp of
the camera which is 7%" x 7". The outer 2%" on each
side is covered thus exposing only the center 2%". The
paper is placed, emulsion side down, on the glass open-
ing, as far to the left as possible. This position ex-
poses the right half. The paper is then shifted as far
to the right as possible, exposing the left half. The
back view is taken first, making it come on the left
side when one is looking at the picture. The charts on
the back view are used, leaving the profile vacant for
necessary space for measuring defects, posture and de-
ve10pment. Best results are obtained when thexcamera

is Operated in a dark room with the eXposures being made

through a small opening in the wall.

-14-

Dr. Scholl's Pedograph.

The Pedograph makes a reliable, safe, simple, and
inexpensive means of securing good footprints. It
consists Of a small box containing an inked roll pad
over which runs a rubber sheet on which the subject
steps while the sheet is over the footprint blanks.
One foot is printed at a time.

Scales.

Any reliable scale for weighing may be used.
Ruler.

An ordinary straight edge ruler is used when inking
the lines which are extended through the marked points
on the profile photograph.

Protractor.

A protractor, preferably a celluloid one, with the
center cut away is essential when measuring the marked
angles on the profile view.

PrOportional Dividers.

Proportional dividers are used to get one half the
distance between the spinous process on the third lum-
bar vertebra and the most forward part of the pubic
symphisis. The dividers save considerable time.
Fountain Pen.

A good fountain pen has been found to be the most
satisfactory means of writing on the direct positive

paper. A good black ink makes the best contrast.

-15-
Chapter III 0
THE PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT RECORD.

The Record consists of a back view and a profile view
against a lined and measured back wall. In each corner
of both views is a chart on which certain facts are re-
corded. The facts on the charts, the two photographs,
the posture measurements and the developmental measure-
ments make the Record complete on one sheet of 5" x 7"
direct positive paper.

The Record includes the following items:

1. The back view shows markings with iodine spots on
the ends of the spinous processes, on the lower posterior
angles of the scapulae, on the tip of the acromion pro-
cesses, and on the dimples of Michael's Rhomboid. These
marks indicate the amount of malalignment in their re-
spective parts of the body.

2. The profile view shows the metal arrows pointing
to the upper end of the sternum, flush with the skin at
the interclavicular notch, the lower end Of the sternum,
at the end Of the bone not the cartilage, the spinOus
process Opposite the lower end of the sternum, the epi-
nous process of the third lumbar vertebra, and the most
forward part of the pubic symphisis.

3. The date includes the month, day and year recorded
as numbers.

A. Age is indicated in years and months.

-15-

5. Height is recorded to the nearest one-half inch.

6. Weight is shown at the nearest pound.

7. Foot conditions are noted by a word or a brief
statement obtained after studying the footprints and
photographs. A close relationship has been found to
exist between a flat or weak foot and curves in the back
and other forms of malalignment.

8. A number is used for identification. Each class
has a set of numbers starting with one. Each number
assignment is permanent.

9. The grade level in school is indicated by a number.

10. The lined and measured back wall serves as a meas-
uring scale for any part of the body and very definitely
shows any segment of the body out of alignment.

ll. Kellogg's Postural Measurements. <1)

12. Pelvic Obliquity.

Pelvic obliquity is found by measuring the lower ante-
rior angle and subtracting it from 90° which is the angle
formed by the vertical line and a horizontal plane. The
lower anterior angle is formed by two intersecting lines.
One line is drawn through the most forward part of the
pubic symphisis and the spinous process of the third lum-

bar vertebra flush with the skin. The other line is a

 

(l) Adapted from Kellogg, J. H., "Observations on the Re-
lationship of Posture to Health and a New Method of
Studying Posture and Development", Bulletin of Battle
Creek Sanitarium and Hospital Clinic, XXI (Sept. 1927)

-17-

perpendicular erected through the midpoint between these
two points. The norm for pelvic obliquity is 45°--50°
inclusive. It is expressed by using a number which is
identical with the degree of pelvic obliquity.

13. Chest Ratio.

Chest ratio is found by extending one line from the
mid-point between the pubic symphisis and the spinous
process of the third lumbar vertebra through the point
at the lower end of the sternum. The other line is ex-
tended from the same mid-point through the point on the
vertebra opposite the lower end of the sternum. Each
of those lines form an angle with the perpendicular which
was erected through the mid-point. The angles are then
measured and the anterior angle is divided by the poste-
rior angle.. The division carried out three decimals
gives the ratio. Example: 22 e:20 ' 1.100 or a chest
ratio of 110. The norm is 1.oo--1.2o or 100-120.(1)

14. Head Angle.

The head angle is formed by extending a line through
the upper end of the sternum and the point of the chin
to intersect the perpendicular which is drawn through
the mid-point ofthe body. The angle formed is measured
and is the head angle. The norm is 18°--25°. By inter-

pretation it is 18--25.

 

(1) Each of the Kellogg norms is changed from degrees to
numbers. '

-18..

The Kellogg norms for posture are based on perfection

rather than an average of a large number of peeple. They

(1) (2)

are:
l. Pelvic Obliquity #5--50
2. Chest Ratio lOO--12O
3. Head Angle 18--25

Values Shown by the Record
1. An actual photograph is used rather than a sil-

houette or a shadowgraph for the details of many strong

points as well as the details of many defects are clearly

brought out. These are partially obscured in either of
the silhouettograph methods. The general muscular con-
dition can be seen in the direct positive photograph.
2. It is a distinct advantage to have each of the
items on one record. By way of illustration one may
see on the Record that for July 21, 1938, number 11 was
fifteen years and 0 months old; he was six feet four
inches tall; he weighed 170 pounds; his left foot was
normal, but the right foot had a low longitudinal arch;
he carried his head slightly to the right and his right
shoulder was one half inch lower than the left; he is

ready to enter the tenth grade; his posture record was

 

(l) The Kellogg norms were revised in 1937

(2) Abbreviations are used on the Record, for the Kellogg
norms as follows: P. O. Pelvic Obliquity, C. R. Chest

Ratio and H. A. Head Angle

-19-

pelvic obliquity 54, chest ratio 100 and head angle 27.
3. The Record gives one a clear and complete concep-
tion of the subject's physical make-up at the time of
the recording.
4. The subject can see for himself the degree of
change when comparing records for different dates.
5. The Record serves as.a cumulative record of
physical development.
6. It serves as a measure of accomplishment when
structural corrective work is being done.
7. It is definitely objective.
8. Students, parents and teachers do not object to
the photographs. (1)
9. Students are self-motivated to improve their
physical condition after seeing their Record. .

10. The Record is not a panacea and should be used
accordingly.

11. It is a valuable guide when assigning students
to physical activities.

 

(1) One objection was received in 227 cases.

-20-

Chapter IV.
ADMINISTRATION OF THE TEST AND THE RECORDING OF RESULTS.

The Recorder is placed in a desired location where it
remains until all of the boys are tested. The photoflood
lights of the Recorder are controlled by an extension cord
to the camera. The camera is placed in focus ten feet from
the subject on a table 32 inches high so that the center
line on the back wall of the Recorder coincides with the
center line on the exposure glass of the camera. The de-
sired position is secured when the two lines coincide
throughout. The camera is held in position by two strips
of wood or metal which are fastened to the table tOp at a
90° angle to each other. The table is securely fastened
to the floor. This arrangement allows the camera to be
moved to a dark room for reloading. <1)

The Pedograph is inked, filled-with blanks, and placed
in a convenient location on the floor. The scales for
weighing are placed adjacent to the Pedograph. A small
table for convenience in recording is placed nearby.

The identification points are marked on the subject's

back with iodine. A dauber which makes spots about one-

half inch in diameter is used. Footprints are taken;

(1) A better method is to have the camera fastened in
focus in a dark room where exposures are made through
a small opening in the wall.

-21-

height is measured and weight is recorded. These data
with the date, the subject's age, serial number and grade
level are recorded with chalk on the respective slate
charts. Height, weight and footprints are procured with
shoes removed. Shoes are worn during the photographing
because most peeple wear shoes during their active waking
hours.

The subject takes a position on the platform of the
Recorder facing the back wall with his heels on the marked
heel spots. The camera is loaded while the subject is
getting into position. The direct positive paper is sen-
sitized while the individual is assuming his most natural
standing position. The paper is shifted in the camera for
the profile view while the subject takes a sidewise posi-
tion in a natural pose. The metal arrows are adjusted to
the necessary identification points flush with the skin.
The identification points are, as was stated in Chapter
III, the upper end of the sternum, the lower end of the
sternum, the most forward part of the pubic symphisis,
the spinous process of the third lumbar vertebra and the
spinous process of the vertebra opposite the lower end
of the sternum.

The arrows are strong enough to keep the individual
from assuming an exaggerated pose just before the expo-

sure is made. The one being tested is asked to look

-22-

straight ahead at a point on a level with his eyes.

The writer believes a much more valuable record is
obtained when the subject is photographed in an habitual
pose. Many posture measuring methods photograph the in-
dividual in his best standing position. The reason for
the natural pose is that we are trying to help the indi-
vidual correct faulty posture and develOpment and when
an exaggerated pose is assumed we do not get an accurate
record of the individual's physical condition.

The sensitized direct positive paper is processed by
the Eastman reversal process as follows:

1. EXposure one second

2. Development of the negative 45 seconds at
65° Fe " 70° Fe

3. Bleaching of the negative 30 seconds at
65° F. - 70° F.

4. Clearing ggosgcondgogtF

5. Re-exposure (daylight or artificial light)

6. Redevelopment 30oseconds at
. 65 F. - 70° F.

7. Fixing (if desired, but not necessary)

8. Drying

It is necessary to wash the prints well in running
water for at least 15 seconds between the different
solutions.

When the paper is thoroughly dry, measuring and re-

cording is completed on the photographs. The footprints

-23..

are studied and the results are transcribed to the Record.
A dot is placed at the point of each arrow. A line is ex-
tended through the point on the pubic symphisis and the
point on the spinous process of the third lumbar vertebra.
A vertical line is erected through the midpoint between
these two points. Starting at the above mentioned mid—
point a third line is drawn through the lower end of the
sternum. A fourth line is extended through the point on
the back Opposite the lower end of the sternum. The fifth
line is drawn through the point of the chin and is extended
through the upper end of the sternum to intersect the ver-
tical line.
Profile Measurements

The angles which indicate posture and development are
measured with a protractor. The head angle is measured
first for convenience and the number is written in the
angle. The second step is to slide the protractor down
to the angles which have their apexes at the midpoint
between the pubic symphisis and the spinous process of
the third lumbar vertebra. Both angles are measured
without moving the protractor for the angles have a com-
mon side, the vertical line, and common apexes, the mid—
point. The numbers are written in the respective angles.
The anterior angle is divided by the posterior angle. The

product interpreted gives the chest ratio. The protractor

-24-

is left in the same position to measure the angle which
is subtracted from 90° to give the pelvic obliquity.
This angle is formed by the lines drawn through the
pubic symphisis and the spinous process of the third
lumbar vertebra and the vertical line through the mid-
point between these points.

On the Record abbreviations of H. A. for head angle,
C. R. for chest ratio, and P. O. for pelvic obliquity
are written on the respective shafts of the arrows point-
ing to that section of the anatomy.

Back View Measurements

Markings on the back show malignment of segments of the
body. A perfectly develOped individual has all vertebrae
in alignment; shoulders are the same height; the dimples
in Michael's Rhomboid are the same height and each dimple
is the same distance from the center line on the Recorder;
the tips of the ears are the same height and equidistant
from the center line and the buttocks are the same height
with the crease between them coinciding with the center
line. Any deviation from perfect alignment indicates
something is wrong. Although it is difficult to measure
exactly the amount of malignment of any given segment,
this fact does not lessen the value of the method. The
real value is in showing the return to or further devia-

tion from perfect alignment. Any segment out of alignment

-25-

shows up distinctly against the lined and measured back
wall.
Conference with the Boy

A conference is held with the boy, often at his request,
in which the accumulative Records are compared. The his-
tory of defects is obtained at the first conference if the
boy can give it. The progress made or the lack of it, in
correcting defects, is pointed out. Suggestions and plans
are made for needed corrective work. Nothing about their
Records is said to boys who do not need corrective work
unless they ask to see their Records. General corrective
exercises are given to all boys in the regular physical
education classes.

The testing of each boy requires about five minutes
when two student assistants help. Much time is saved
when five or six boys are tested consecutively. Approxi-
mately five minutes is spent on each Record when complet-
ing the recording and measuring. No help is needed for
this task. The amount of time for the conferences varies

according to the needs of the boy.

-25-

Chapter V.
ILLUSTRATIVE CASES

The following selected cases will serve to illustrate
the content and application of all the cumulative records.

The cumulative record of Case Number One (1) shows that
this boy was fifteen years and one month old on March
twenty second, the date the cumulative record was started.
He was in the eighth grade; was five feet one and one half
inches tall; weighed one hundred forty two pounds; both
feet were weak; had a head angle of thirty three, a chest
ratio of one hundred twelve and a pelvic obliquity of
fifty three.

The second entry on the record was made March l#, 1938.
He was in the ninth grade; was five feet four inches tall,
a gain of two and one half inches. He weighed one hundred
eighty pounds, a gain of thirty eight pounds in one year.
Both feet were weaker; the head angle was forty, seven
points worse than a year ago; the chest ratio increased
from one hundred twelve to one hundred fifty, indicating
his weight is carried too far forward; the pelvic obliq-
uity dropped from fifty three to fifty one but was prob-
ably due to a widening of the body rather than a tilting
of the pelvis.

The third entry was made December 16, 1938, nine months

 

(1) See table number one, P. 27

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-28-

after the second. The boy was in the tenth grade and
was five feet five and one half inches tall, a gain of
four inches in twenty one months. The weight went up

to two hundred two pounds, a gain of sixty pounds since
the first testing. The left foot was still weak and the
right has broken down, being painful at times. The head
angle increased from forty to forty seven, indicating the
head was being carried forward; the chest ratio of one
hundred thirty nine was better, but still much too high;
the pelvic obliquity remains at fifty one.

It was suggested when the first record was made that
the boy be taken to a physician to have an examination
for glandular irregularity. The suggestion was not fol-
lowed. Although he has been regularly enrolled in physi-
cal education classes the weight has continued to increase.
He had grown less and less active as the weight increased.
At the last testing he said he had been to a physician
recently for treatment of his glandular condition. Medi-
cal treatment probably would have kept the weight down.

Without the cumulative record one might not have de-
tected the condition constantly growing worse. The gen-
eral appearance of the boy did not change much, but the
comparison of yearly records made the facts stand out

vividly.

-29-
Case Number Two (1)

The boy was fifteen years and seven months old March
l2, 1937. the date the first record was made. He was in
the tenth grade, five feet eight inches tall, weighed
one hundred twenty one pounds, feet were normal, had a
head angle of forty six, a chest ratio of one hundred
and a pelvic obliquity of fifty seven.

An extreme thoracic curve was found during the first
testing. Corrective exercises were suggested which were
engaged in regularly during the next few months. The
following summer months were spent doing manual labor
which included considerable ladder climbing and the
pulling of building materials up by means of repes.

One might expect much improvement in the curve which
is shown in the second recording.

The second record was made March 10, 1938. The boy
was in the eleventh grade, five feet ten inches tall,

a gain of two inches; weighed one hundred thirty six
pounds, a gain of fifteen pounds in one year; the feet
were normal. The head angle had decreased from forty
six to thirty eight, an improvement of eight points;
the chest ratio increased from one hundred to one hun-
dred fifty seven which is not significant in this

case (2); the pelvic obliquity increased from fifty

seven to sixty which is no noticeable change.

 

(1) See table p. 30
(2) When the pelvic obliquity is high the chest ratio is
not reliable.

-30-

 

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-31-

The thoracic curve was very much improved. His gen-
eral physical condition was also much improved.

The third test was given December 16, 1938. He was
in the twelfth grade; was five feet ten inches tall, the
same as at the second testing; weighed one hundred forty
pounds, a gain of nineteen pounds in twenty one months;
feet were normal. The head angle was forty, remaining
the same as the previous year; chest ratio drOpped from
one hundred fifty seven to one hundred fifty but is of
no significance in this case; pelvic obliquity remains
high at fifty seven, the same as at the first testing.(l)

The thoracic curve had nearly disappeared. It was
hardly noticeable. This case serves as a very good ex-
ample to show what may be accomplished in correcting
spinal curvatures. No exercises that were complicated
or difficult to do were needed. Persistent efforts for
one year will eliminate most curves during the teen ages.

The cumulative record in this case showed the condi-
tion when correction started, it showed the case a year
later and twenty one months later presenting the progress
made. Without such a record one would have to rely on
memory which we know to be faulty. The boy was stimu-
lated to keep on with the corrective exercises when he

saw the results.

 

(1) Normal pelvic obliquity is 45° - 50°. A normal pel-
vic obliquity is necessary for a meaningful chest
ratio.

-32-

(1)

Case Number Three

This boy was fifteen years old December 29, 1935.
when the first test was made. The items height, weight
and feet conditions were not included in the first test
for the equipment was in the experimental stage and we
had not decided to include them as part of the test.
He was in the ninth grade; had a head angle of thirty;
a chest ratio of seventy; a pelvic obliquity of fifty.

The second test was made March 12, 1937. He was in
the tenth grade; was five feet nine inches tall; weigh-
ed one hundred twenty nine pounds; both feet were weak.
The head angle of forty four was fourteen points worse
than the previous year; the chest ratio increased from
seventy to eighty nine; the pelvic obliquity was worse
by six points being up to fifty six.

The third test was made March ll, 1938, when he was
in the eleventh grade; was five feet ten inches tall,
a gain of one inch in one year; weighed one hundred
thirty three, a gain of four pounds since the last
test; feet were still weak. The head angle was twenty
six after having been up to forty four a year previous;
the chest ratio had dropped six points during the past
year after having gone up nineteen points between the
first and second tests; the pelvic obliquity was fifty

two, two points above the record two years previous and

 

(1) See table p. 33

 

 

 

 

 

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-34-

four points below a year ago.

After the second test the weight went up to one hun-
dred forty pounds in November, 1937. The weight started
down and on March 11, 1938, was down to one hundred thirty
three. The drop in weight plus the drOp of six points in
the chest ratio and a bad complexion made us realize some-
thing serious might be wrong. He was sent to a physician
and was found to have tuberculosis. At the end of nine
months in a sanitorium he weighed one hundred and twenty
seven pounds. During the nine months in the sanitorium
his weight dropped to one hundred thirty pounds, went up
to one hundred thirty four, dropped again to one hundred
twenty one and went up to one hundred twenty seven pounds
again. His chances for recovery were fair.

The cumulative record in this case showed a condition
that was being overlooked by a physician. It was not ap-
parent from appearance that the boy's chest ratio had
drOpped and that he had lost weight. The normal condi-
tion for a boy of his age would be a gain in weight rath-
er than a loss. The finding of a condition, by means of
the cumulative record, that proved to be tuberculosis was

more than the writer had expected the record to reveal.

-35...

Chapter VI.

Summary and Conclusion

Summary

The purpose of this thesis has been to present a
method of diagnosing physical defects of boys.. A lack
of reliable and inexpensive testing methods prompted
the efforts that developed this testing method. The
Recorder is the product of the writer's efforts. The
method is based on the work of Dr. John Harvey Kellogg
of the Battle Creek, Michigan, Sanitarium. Several
posture testing methods are listed in the introductory
chapter. 'This is followed by a list of technical terms.

The testing materials include direct positive photo-
graphic paper, a direct positive develOping kit, foot-
print blanks, and marking materials. The equipment con-
sists of Recorder, camera, Pedograph, scales, protractor,
preportional dividers and a fountain pen. The total cost
of equipment was between two hundred fifty and three hun-
dred dollars. Materials are comparatively inexpensive.
The current cost of the direct positive paper varies be-
tween three and seven cents per sheet for the 5" x 7" size,
depending on the amount being purchased. The developing
kit costs one dollar and twenty five cents and will develOp
several hundred papers if used carefully. Materials will

average about five cents per person for a complete test.

-36-

The Record consists of two direct positive photOgraphs
on one 5" x 7" sheet of paper. It includes a back view,
a profile view and the following data; date, age, height,
weight, foot conditions, serial number, grade level in
school, lined and measured back wall and the Kellogg
postural measurements.

The Record is made by placing the Recorder in the
desired location with the camera placed in focus ten
feet from the Recorder. The Pedograph for recording
footprints and the scales for weighing are placed con-
veniently near by. After the necessary marking are put
on the back of the subject, date, age, height, weight,
foot conditions, serial number and grade level are re-
corded on the charts of the Recorder.

The subject is then placed in the Recorder facing the
back wall while the back view photograph is being made.
He is then turned sidewise for the profile view. The
exposed paper is then put through the direct positive
developing process. This process consists of exposure,
development of the negative, bleaching of the negative,
clearing, re-exposure, re-develOpment and drying.

The dried photograph is marked and lined then the
necessary measurements are completed. The boy is then
called in for a conference at which time records are

analyzed and recommendations are made for corrections.

-37-

Conclusions

It has been shown that this thesis presents a practical
method of diagnosing the physical defects of boys.

Even a single Record provides many very valuable and
helpful facts for diagnosing physical defects. Each item
included has been found beneficial in diagnosing difficul-
ties and making recommendations. The single Record shows
the posture condition, physical defects, weight in rela-
tion to age and height and the age grade level.

It would seem that the most valuable feature of this
method is the cumulative record. One can see by compari-
son the changes which have taken place in the boy's condi-
tion between testing dates. This feature is the most val-
uable part of the test because it gives objective data
upon which to base conclusions when diagnosing physical
defects.

One may justify the use of this test in a school pro-
gram because it is inexpensive when the benefits received
by the students are considered. Parents are enthusiastic
about the records and the work being done to correct the
physical defects of their boys for they can see the prog-
ress. The boys are much more interested in correcting

their defects when they'can see the results objectively.
This study suggests several problems for further study.

One such problem is how often should corrective cases be

-38-

tested? A study should be made of junior and senior high
school girls to demonstrate the possibilities in this field
of endeavor.' A third problem would be the conducting of a
study to determine the advisability of administering the
test to both boys and girls in the age group six to twelve.
A great number of cases should be tested by this method to

establish a higher degree of validity and reliability.

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