vo-wIn......-.,.

A DESCRIPTION AND ANALYSIS OF THE METHODS
AND OBJECTIVES INVOLVED IN THE PRODUCTION
OF FOUR RADIO DISCUSSIDN SERIES

Thai: for the Dogm of M. A.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

John B. Barron
I959

3mm

LIBRARY

Michigan State
University

 

 

 

A ammo: m ”1818 0! m METHODS AND OBJECTIVES
INVOLVED II III ”0061101! OF YOU!
“DID nxscussxon SERIES

by
Jon I. won

A mSIS
“knitted to the College of Conunlcetion Arte
luau“: State Univerelty 1. partial fulfillment
of the require-eat. for the degree of

MI W “1'8

Department of Televieion, Radio, and Film

1959

 

mm

the trite: viehee to thenk the following old redio hende
rho furniehed to such ueeful neterielx Dr. Colby Levie of thie
Univereity who put into hie hende the unnecript titled ”Bunny
0! Ielevent Iecte ehout the Univereity of Chicago m m."
Ire. Ietelle K. layer of the Dnivereity of Chicego'e tedio end
Televieioe Office who turnin the penphlet celled ”0n the
Intertei-ent of Ideee." epperently the only copy extent. end
Ire. lethrye Johneou. producer of the W W
m m. rho eent hi- copiee of neteriel fro- the filee
e! thet pregreu. Alec ey edvieer. Dr. Gordon hey. end leetly.
Dr. been hryeon. uhe died on love-her 2t. 1959 while thie
theeie vet being put together. for hie letter which reinforced
the niter'e conviction thet the tern "predicaent" beet
deecrihee the poeition of e per-cunt but on e diecueeion
”urn. lone of thie utteriel he. ever been gethered together
in one piece before-oi! thet ie eny dietinction.

11

 

 

A mammal AID AIM-ISIS 0! all unions All) OBJECTIVES
mom» I. m INDUCTION OF FOUR
RADIO DISCUSSION SERIES

by
Jail I. man

All ABSTRACT
Bub-itted to the College of Communicetion Arte
Iichiun ltete Univereity in pertiel fulfill-eat
of the requiremente for the degree of

mu: W ms

Depertnent o! televieion, ledio. end Film
1959

I‘.
\. ‘

 

um
Nam
III to

MI

1? 1:513:

u) A

III

 

ABSTRACT

‘lhie theeie involves (1) en eneeinetion of three redio network
dieeueeion progrene: their origin, production nethode, broedceet I
technique end objectivee. (2) e .ce-ee hietory end enelpeie of e
Mien progren hroedceet by e university redio etetion. (3) en
eneniention of who lietene to redio dieteeion. end (4) euggeetione
no to the univereity’e opportunity. to contribute to public enlighten-
went through redio diocueeion end the reeponeibility of the redio
India to Iewe on e continua. between enterteinnent end educetion.

lete on the three network progreoe were drawn tron three eowrcee:
(l) lihrery reeeurcee. (2) hooke end pemphlete borrowed from nowhere
ot the univereity teculty. perticulerlp from the writer'e edvieer.

(3) eerreepondence with the neivereitiee end networke whore progrene
were involved in the etudy. the cue hietory end enelyeie of the
progr- hroedeeet by e univereity redio etetion ie heeed on the writer'e
enperience ee producer end hoot. Ithie wee euppleoented by intornetion
ehteined tron e eqling of the teculty who took pert in the progren.
the writer ueed e queetioeeeire for thin purpoee.

In conclueion, the eethor edvencee the following propoeitione:

~ (I) A ”tell: chow" thet reieee heeic quoetione-mhy, how, for
whet‘I-dwithin e foreet of free, inforeed end lively diecueeion ie bound

to ettreet lietenere whether the topic ie Herr, prieon reform or Kernel

"“.te

iv

(2) In the absence of e reliable measuring instrument, the
effectiveness of eny single discussion must rest in the lest enelysis
on the lhetener's judgment. It is possible, however, to edduce some
generel criterie: (e) the tepic is either timely or timeless end
escepee the triviel, (b) the idees discussed jostle end nudge one
soother e bit. (c) there is e freshness that comes from reeching for
deep down things, (d) the talk flows in en atmosphere of creative
tension, thet is the participents ere concerned with what they ere
toying. An ennlysie also suggests thet the best progrem is prehnbly
reel. fluid end sponteneoue. yet intelligent enough to contein the
“I significent points thet one be discussed within the time limit.

(3) whet the listeners get from radio discussion probebly stems
tree.the feet thet the discussion gives rise to e heightened sense
of personal ewereness, possibly quite brief, but one which cen be
derived from few other sources quite so satisfactorily.

(h) ledio discussion presents the university professor in his
best light: so teecher. scholer end critic.

(3) No other type of redio progremming efforde the public so
fine en opportunity to contribute to its own enlightenment.

(6) telk. perticulerly discussion, with ell its limitetions,
ought to be the guts of educetinnel progremning not merely the rind.

(7) ledio enterteineent end educetion through redio see not
eutuelly exclusive. The reel question is toward which end of the

eutinut- do we wish to move?

till! 0? CONTENTS

Chepter Page
I. INTRODUCTIOR . . . . . . . . . . . . l .
it.mmm........ 10

the Qniversityég; Chicagprkaund table

The Northwgetern Qnivereity Revieging.
Stand . .

Invitetion to Learning

in. viewpoint: A our sister! . . . so
I Production I

In-Studio Pre-broedceet 'reperetion end
Conducting the Program on the Air

xv.coucwszm............. 88.
AthllDICRS-- 110
‘e Round r‘bl.
I. leviewing Stend
C. Invitetion to Leerning

, D. Viewpoint ' ~
I. The leture end Purposes of Discussion

IIILIOGIA!EY 185

‘vi

lo

'i’o cud-n eo-erciel redie for telling to brosdeeet edu-
eetieeel progrsne is like bersting stones (or neglecting to
m etchids. Dediceted to ”giving the public whet it lento”.
its entrepreneurs heve hed only linited resources to epply to
”thetwhichweheve ions to become"1 which is theeseeeceot
eheetiom And. it is generelly ecknowledged. educetionel redio
stetieee. including those belonging to colleges end universities.
heve not been eble to overcome e lect oi eoeey. telnet end interest.
despite sue velieet efforts. eoeeistent breve-sot end e tow
netsble Mum}

tet there is one type of progre- in which cc—erciel redie
bee served the mean: well. thet u the “an show“: discussion
steere- wso 1mm in m am the W W
W m which plece three or four knowledgeble people ereund
e teble. eseign thee e topic end cal-end thee to tell: for twenty-tire

 

1Cherles Iiepmen. quoted in Lyeen lryson (ed.). as
W 2!. I“. (In York: lets-t end In». 1M) r- 186

33 g In r 9; m (Chicegoi University of
m“... .e e. 1950 g 'e 16 '

“too or soo-brillieetly. perceptivoly. it possible. but et ell
“sour-it. theeldredletometthethirtiu-Wm
mummmmumammm
«ensellgueeew..teetuootely. lutthommwhor
mumuunm.umgmmun
1m.eeososseotornoeototwiod.

Iytelhshewsetellt l'orhepsbeeeueoweerolivingieen
egeiefiioh.detevoroleewshevoleet.wehevenotleetourdesiro
toseereheetendtoeedereteod lieoderoueheeleetthehoy
tohis solution. it ieherd to believe thet he is eepeblo oi
“attenuates“. indeed. despiteeehollewopicureeeise.
etleeetee-eitheovidem. including discussionprogrseoon
momma.peioutheotheouy.

thwuluflhw.mhlu
siessrityeedoeesoreodwiththiseeorebtorooderoteodisg.esedo
osegreetsorviee.Altoeehelptooobooeeoroeeerelitooeholp
wetepeeeooweeedtereodetinoveleeeneedineteedetehewingeo
inotweseo.iteenholpteebeweodotwsoeebeeseo. todtolk.
doeitsotsitulltedeelwitheeei-sduuproblmoee
seeteislybolptobottrossthodeoisieo-nbisgprooooeieedoeo-

erotic society. “beesereoy.” seid John Dewey. ”begins in oeevoroe-
tien." I

1Quoted in W corlies Lemsnt (od.) (low
tort: Ioriseo tress. inc.. 1959 . p. it.

 

 

._._..._-... .h—o

 

It is the virtue of discussion progress. when they ere et
their best. thet they con succeed in eas neesnrs in doing ell of
these things. And they one do Ith- without being ponderously end
self-consciously eegecious. No need not escopt the notion thet
knowledge wust be sugsr-costed with interest to be ecceptsbls.
let brosdcssting probebly does well when it evoids the dile-oo of
. blvills's Csptsin dhsb who wee ”do-sod nest nelignsntly" boceuse
he bed the ”high perception.” but locked the ”low enjoying power.”

A future student of our tines. omitting then from enothsr
dsy end possibly soother plsnot. nsy find sons clues in the tepes
of the redie discussion progr-s inch ere the subject of this
thesis. [or on those progr-s non of issuing end effeirs on end
then tngle with idoes end issues. ‘ihet nest of these one ere
university professors need strike no one so strengo soy-ore. tor
professors those deys ere no longer sstisfisd to‘ssnd out o pure
be. of light for the people who ere struggling up the hillside
on their hsnds end no...“

Irefossere. eccording to the evidence. ere the lending
some in the dr-e oi redis discussion so it hes developed here
end in Glands. It is rero to discover s discussion thet does not

hove st lsest one working professor .cng its three or four

4...__.____

than A. Miller. I'ilhei; is n University". Mn? ’
wmnmw (Bu-r 1959 . I» 4-
e is e trenscript of o redio discussion hoerd on W. e
pron- considered in Cheptsr III.

pertieipsnte. Host of the progr-e considered in this thesis were
oerried on snolweisoly by professors. And those progress suggest
thet this is no occidsnt. Whore con ideas-not only knowledge.
not uly rigorous enelysis. not only precise ststeuts. but
idea-eons free so well so tea the university professor? Who

is better equipped to express e 'soneitivonoss to idees" which
loses ‘eiriosity. sdventurs end chenge" end to srticulets "e
civilised m" which is “trustee-ed by its power of recognising
its inei'fections‘l“1 Now our professors ney spent in eccents
which ere neither distinguished nor perticulerly nollifluws. hey
esp deny thet they ere competent to tell: ebsut enything outside
their ... fielder even thet they ere intellectuals. but the feet
ruins. st leest free e oociologicel point of view. thet nsny
professors. judged by their wontel powers. their hebits of wind.
ere obviously intollectuels. they ore. if we socept Va H‘yck
hosts! eelobreted definition. highbrow” thet is. won with on
ideel of disinterested intelligence who sets strong dswends on

our powers of ettontion. roosoe. sensibility end seriousness in
centrest to lowbrows whose sense of things hove been for-ed by the
give .d tshe of life end whose idees stew from inherited folk
wisdom. folk ert or prejudice or free nythe conveyed to thm by

 

lntlfrod lorth Hhitehoed. quoted in A. m 53 £2.
5 mm. by the President of liichigsn Steto University or
ngr 1959)

I0

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the use wedie. the club. the church. the union or the nilitery.
Brooks. it must he ssid. wee not unconcerned shout this split.
Is pointed out the tenhcy of the lowbrow to gonuflect before
the ehihholethe of convention end cheuvinise. but elso his tendency
to be remrceful. progeetio end inventive: end he wee quick to
edd so-e ecid consents shout the highbrow who hes intelligence end
reticent. but is unsble to bring either to beer on his experience.

M is good tell: on redio? the evidence indicetes thet no
reelly good instrument exists to neesurc the effectiveness of e
specific discussion. the mluetion is one of judgment besed on
the question: to whet extent did this discussion neot the eccepted
etudefle of excellence? the fine). dependence on judgment in the
evslustion of discussion does not preclude the use of tents or
ehjeetive evidence. lor should it he discouraging that the finel
evelustion is s judgment tether then s couplstely objective
neesureeent. There is no substitute for judgment in house sffsire.

this thesis offers the penerel view thet good telh is
mood of insight. judgment. haor. pessione-snd words. it
else suueste thet discussion prozrses. even the cost diligent end
respecteble. srs elnoet inevitebly errstic. lot every discussion
Jellsi breiee ere cold. the microphone mbs end thoughts struggle
in vein to escepe the chill. end cert production sinicks ere no
inserenee ezeinst enpty telh. Only Iueeien shrimps whistle.

fist production esthods provide so effective frns for redio

th

M

If

It

I!

Mi

discussion? the question is deelt with in terms of forest.
hresdcest tine. duretioe end perticipents sctuelly used on network
preteens*whoseIIeritsweey be Judged fro-.their survivel slang
ether fsctors.

Hhet technieuss asks for snooth conduct of the progrsn on
the sir? these. too. ere described progren by progren end others
see suggested. Yet.it may be necessery to sdd thet eny essumptien
thet the bones of discussion csn be lsid here is Open to question.
Discussion is en ert: end en art is not communiceble except north
by north-est. the skills. knecks. insights of en srt ere rsrely
verbsliscd effectively. It is science thet is communiceble. not
on; When en ertist st radio discussion likrfin lets Lynne
Iryson tries to put his ert into words. when he tries to nuke,
generel ststenents shout it. he is likely to foil and even to nie-
leed hienelf es uell es others. in scsdcmicisn studying s hundred
ertiste'uorking in s hundred different situations nay succeed in
asking connunicsbls end velid observetions. But such observetione
ere no longer ert; they ere science.1 St. Augustine seid. ”If
nobody eehs ne. 1 know. But if I wished to axplein it to one who
should ssh no. I do not know." .

0n the other bend. there is the common danger that one cenp‘

 

1Iranian: 8- Int-a. MW M were:
(was. been the Riverside Press. 1950 p. 20

beams so censored with Whitman's ”single. solitary soul" and the
“interaction of variables” that nothing can be said in a general
way about discussion 'or anything else“. Yet some patterns and
techniques are persistent and relatively stable. And these can
he suggested. at least.
This thesis is concerned with three aspects of selected
radio discussion programs:
1. rarest and production methods.
2. Techniques of conducting the program
on the air.
3. Objectives.
tollowing this introductory chapter. Chapter II gathers up
for the first time within the writer's knowledge the nain threads

which make up the warp and woof of the three major radio discussion

programs of our time: The ngmgmr b c. the

ggrthuegtegg W gcviewigg fiend end Levitatigg 53 me
These three programs. more than any others. have made e

unique and lasting contribution to public education through radio.

Two of then. the W 95, m Round gable and the

W W mm: . th- 18" Inn on the
mutual Broadcasting System. are especially noteworthy because they

are exasples of collaboration between the radio networks and the

universities. The third. W to W. produced and
broadcast by the Colmbia Broadcasting Systems, is still on the air.

too. The programs are considered chronologically in the order of
their first appearance on the air which is not necessarily the order
of their significance for public education.

Chapter III presents a case history and analysis of a program
called‘ziggpgigg. Produced and conducted by the writer since
December 10. 1956, this program is broadcast'veekly by the radio
stations of Michigan State University. BEAR and HKAI-FM. Host of
the generalizations in this chapter have an empirical base. but they
are also influenced by the results of a questionnaire sent to faculty
participants on the program.

Chapter IV summarises the contents of the two previous chapters
and advances certain criteria for good discussion. It considers
the question of who listens to radio discussion and who does
not listen and why they do not listen. In a thesis which deals largely
with the intellectual's use of words. it seemed apprOpriate to examine
the point of View expressed in Anne Morrow Londberg's nggggi

The intellectual is constantly betrayed by his
sun vanity. Godlike. he assumes that he can express
everything in words; whereas the things one loves.
lives and dies for are not. in the last analysis.
completely expressible in words. To write or to
speak is alnost inevitably to lie a little. It is
an attempt to clothe an intangible in a tangible
ton: to conpress an inessureable into a mold.

And in the act of compression. how Truth is mangled
and torn! the vriter is the eternal procrastes vho
must fit his unhappy quests. his ideas. to his set

had of words. And in the process. it is inevitable

that the ideas have their legs chopped off. or I
pulled out of joint. in order toȣit the rigid trans.

 

1mm. narrow Lindberg. m m 9; m w (New York:
Iareonrt. Brace. 1952) p. 76

Finally, Chapter IV points out the university's opportunity
to contribute to public educstion through radio discussion. For
hers. it is suggested, is a rich sud inviting role which the
univorsity and its professors sre uniquely fitted to plsy.

It is one thing to talk shout discussion programs sud another
to listen to than. The next best thing to listening is to radd O
transcript of the discussion; edited to be sure, but still fairly
faithful. Appendices A. B, C and D contain typical broadcasts
of the programs discussed in this thesis so that the reader can get
a better idea of what they were like. Appendix 3 offers some

definitions of discussion by authorities.

mu

1 o I 'b e

lhen the first resulefly scheduled 'telk" prone. in the
history of tests breedeestine went on the sir on tunes, earning.
lehreery 4, 1031. our film in Chicego. the progress eonsisted e1
spate-sous discussion by three professors huddled ereund e eers
tehle is e esteehitt studio hung uith some lessening erepee. .

nu. west-- as th- mmummm- The
studio use loeeted in liltchsll Tower on the university ices-pus. the
topie thet Issuing use the esntreversisl Ilcherehen Report end the
pertieipente sets hetesson I. V. saith. Dercy loynton. end Wishes
Carissa. ell of the University of Chieego feeulty. , \

\

‘K

Us three buildes thet sey lesser then es knee-o
lesser end wiser. Truth to tell, es then as there
blundersd into "big Business." one of the biggest
as yet one of the nest intieete businesses in the
whole world-ml)“ the hetching of idses. the
eriticis- e! notions. the sherpenins of wits. end
the slots sheping of consensus for se-oeretic eetiun.1

then-shunstehlsesosusgestesbyetebls inthe feculty
elub dieing rose of the university sreues shieh for sen, yeere
protessers were sonnets-ed to linger ester lunch. In 1931 the tebls

‘r. v. snub. WW. "pun: a: sec redio
siseeeeisn. Hey 2A. 1953.

10

 

ll

bee-e e triengle 111th sponge rubber elbow rests and signel lights.1

the ides fer the 19359 M grew out of e nesting betveen
Allen lliller. seeretery of the University of Chicego lsdio Co-eittee.
eed lies Judith c. Heller. “Q's first etstion ssneger. leter director
of Mlle Service end tducetion Progress for the Centrsl Division of
the Ietiusl lrosdcesting Coupeny, end e pioneer in edult educetion on

redio.a the university's sis use to contribute to the policy-akin;

preteeeee of s free society.’
he pron- use brosdcest entirely without script. elthsugh
the perticipsnts let in edvence to prepsrs e topicel outline end to
eschews vieee. to per-it the experieent. mo seived s then custuery
redio industry reguletion szsinst ed lib broedcests. l'his ves the use
stetiee dich on love-her 28. 1922, broedcest the first university
redie lecture by Irofeesor forest Iey Ioulton celled "lvenins Skies.“
M m coversgs st first extended no further then Chicsgo
end vicinity. Psrticipents were dress eleoet exclusively fro. the
University of mass feculty with ocoesionel visitors froe other

fseulties end fro. public end business life. lhe producers sought

 

‘m. November 5. 191.0.

2Judith c. Heller. perseeel letter. July 9. 1959.

3mg sf lelevent tests for Appreieel of the [mud 15m. nss.
the University of Chieseo ledio end television Office. 1956, p. 3.

‘w‘roll “kin-0n. WWW (Bo-ton:
M“ h”““‘." Gwen), 1942). 'e 25s

12

pertieipents do could project their personelities scroee e nicrophons
in sue assure; shoes sponteneity wee convincing; end woes beck-
;rownd end enperience sselified then to speeh snthoritstively on
the topic.l the sedience grew.

in October. 1933. the letimel Irssdcestins Coepeny's ted letvork
esde the u m eveilehle to its esnbsr stetions es s public
service proeren. the evidence isdicstee thet it wee the firetproe
er- of my typecontrihuted by e university to s network. end the
am to he sired without ecript.’ [or see next three yeers, thirty-
sin stetiess eerried the proeru.3 then in 1936. to bring the m
m to e still lerper eudieece. no loved the procren iron Sundey
net-in. to the efternoon. .

the shift in breedeest tine wee the ides of sum- senree. vice-
neeident ed the university. lets: United Stetee denetor. Assistest
deeretery of Itete. end erestsr, of the Voice of enerice. Benton wee
eenvieeed of the greet powers of redio brosdceetins in the field of edult
eduestiss. through his efferts.repertsdly. the University obteised
en uneel ant of “5,000 fru the Alfred I. dloen tomdstion to
enteed the scope of the m m. the greet use without strings.
the .iversity rushed in sole control of the prolren. ls ell. the

‘h the lntertsinnsnt of [does (Chicane University of Chicsgo.
no ‘e. l!”’. ’o 3s v ‘

zDsul ll. Sheets. torn-s en the Air. s report of plsns end pro-
cedures developed in the hroeiceetins of public sffsirs discussion
prone-s over locel redio stetioee. lists 65 torus end pensl dis-
cussions. ell of then produced by locel ststions (Washington. 3. Cu
the Federsl ledio tducstion Conittee with cooperstion of the B 3.
Cities of ldesetioe ledsrsl security Agency. 1939).

’W 2.1.211" s- 3-

 

13

university spent e nininun of 060.000 s yeer in eech of the lest ten
yeers of the my, 191.}

the Ilene Io-detion’s support ensbled the university to bring
e letter “or of euthoritiee of netionel reputetion to its redio
sodienes. to psy perticipents e snell fee (075 end expenses for
at of teen guests end $50 end fitness for locel guests). to
eripinets the progress in the city nest convenient for the perti-
eipeets end to sessnble e full-tine stsif. (in 1954.ou thee
helf the progress c-e fron stetisns outside Chicsgo.)2 mun ce-
pron. ruined spoeteesus. the production eteff node possible
noes thorough. systenetie plsenin. of the topic end selection of
perticipente.

sy it“. seventy-seven etetiens eerried the m 3;}; weekly.
Dorie. ”rid Be: it the ernsd Forces Isdio lessort selected the
pros:- fer oversees rehrosdceet nore frequently then ell other
discussion progress conbined.3 hsnend for the 22229. 3212 psnphlet.
e printed treescript of the discussion. hoe-s lergs enough to pet
the pnblicetion on e self-supporting hesis.

Until ”Us. these 1931 153;; penphlete were node possible by
greets. Originelly sfferodto nest resnssts for proprsn tests. use
"hiss tree into emcffeotive weekly nhich sold for ten cents s

 

‘19“... p. 16.
2M. w: '0 2-

3% tsble lie-org”. University of Chicego ledio Office,

“I, ‘p IMs

lb

copy end three dollsrs for s year's subscription. lt printed not
only the full text of the discussion (edited for publicetion purposes
with colloquielisne end contrections deleted).1 but conteined sup-
plsnentery srticles by experts. illustretions. cherte. nsps. texts
of doeuents. reeding suggestions. letters tron listeners. end
discussion quintet.
hy the tine the 33931 32;; went off the sir. subscribers end
purcheeers of single copies hed brought the snnuel selss to nore then
s cuerter of e nillion copies.2 A single penphlet, “Quslity of lducstionel

Opportunity.” sold thirty-three thousend copies.3

two other progrus
"the Jews“ end "nomads“ sold es nsny es fifty thousend copies eech
within s in weeks of the hrosdeeet.‘ the University of cum” sum
Office reported in 1948 thet elnost helf e nillion letters hed been
written between 1938 end 1948 by listeners expressing their spprecistisn
for nore then seven hundred m 11131; programs

ly June,l955. when the m m finelly left the sir. it use

brosdcest over ninety-seven ted lstwert stetions iron restless. lisine

 

Issues c. Ueller. W (Boston: longhton
Innis cheny. 1950). p. in.

2luxury l. tubenk end Shernen I. lewton. rosdcs in

W (low torts llerper end Irothers. 1952). p. 208. Sun-
nery. 1525.. p. 30. reports neerly hslf e nillion copies weekly.

’W. was" r. 4.
“m. We. ’e 31s
stwhsnh end lewton. 22:415.:- p. 208.

15

(RI!) to lanolulu W). twenty-one of the notion'e lergest
ehcetisnel etetione re-broedcest it. In New York City. two lsed-
ing stetions eerried the progr- et different hours.

the sudienoe in 1950 wee sstineted et five to eight nillion
listeners. tchwerin eudiencs reseerch studies of 52291 132.1... broed-
costs indiested en ”eversge liking score” of seventy-one out of e

noni— "lihing score” of we hundred. e reting “well sbovo noet

c‘ereiel hroedcusts.“1 e Sgsgrdey m 21 W poll in
M. 1951.. showed the gound gable neong the top ten nost populsr

redio progrene mung its renders.

no. 1952 to 1954 thirty-five universities were represented
on m m broedcests by one hundred different perticipents.
lower then one third were nenbers of the University of Chicego feculty.
In the sens period. twenty-sin foreign ststesncn end scholars end forty-
eins governsnt officiels eppees'ed.z

the mg ab e use the first dnericen redio progrsn sfter hiroshine
to discuss the inplicetions of the stone bomb. lt wee the first progre-
to present the story end nsening of the discovery of cortisone. the
”dust" theory of the origin of the universe. t. 8. Eliot reeding his
own poetry. end Anne Freud on child psychology. it use the first

progr- to bring to the Anericen people the voices end views of Bones

 

‘University of Chicego. Office of ledio end television. persensl
letter. lovenber 26. 1958. See slso. 0n the Entergimeg; gf Idea.
nun». p. 6. no tehwerin studies tested eudience rsection to

specific progrens.

IMy, 02: Ctte. Po 2e

 

l6

ofuumuwuuewlwuofhaulltmsuuthfuu
notionsl discussion progren to carbine redio listening with home
study courses in politics. scononics. end other subjects.2

the progrle else had its lighter moments. Eduerd Rosenhoim. Jr...
the $229.4. Zeble'p lest director. now desociets Professor of amenities
end Cheirnsn of the University‘s Boerd of deio end television. recolls
so “some response” free e progrsn celled ”The Spell of Bssebell"
with l'ord trick. "Red" Smith. Alec Sutherland. end been Robert I.
ttreetsr.3

the 393:3 Bil—31.9. pointed out the vey in which the resources of
en intellectuel cannunity can be used directly and continuously in
the isnediets service of the denocretic process. it put before s
ride eudisnce information end Opinion shout pressing issues and about
subjects of looting concern}.

When the topic had to do with foreign or domestic policy. the
producers eimed for "bslence'd policy broedcests“ which could contri-
bute to ”the discovery of rstionel public policy” by:

l. Clarifying gonle of policy

2. Proposing end evslueting alternatives

IPFirst‘in Rodin." Newggoek. June 13, 1952, p. 51.

zbury. w. p. 10.

3ldwes’d losenhein. Jr... personel letter. Jenusry l9. 1959. the
one letter notes thet when the Round table went off the sir its sub-
scriptions nunhered four thousend. Requests for individuel penphlete
veried fron fifty to es neny es twelve thousand s week end "we ere
still getting then sfter three end e helf yours.“

‘d trenscript of s typicel brosdcest is conteined in Appendix A.

l7

3. tevievin; pest end probeble future trends

t. hinting to “the censel interectios of
relevent teeters."1

a the Suds, following the invesion of South terse in June.
1950. e-ericens in ell terry-eight stetos end Cenede vho tmed to
the M m heerd five observers she could speek tru long. close-
up eeperieece vith the problens reletiea to the ebrupt. new turn in
our ieternetionel reletiens. Milised overnight tor the broedcest
es Reeves" verel . . w _ _

therd sckereen. pogrepher e! the University of
Chiceso end consultent te Genersl lecerthur oe the
depenese-toreee scone-n

lush tor-ten. Chief of the Division of lortheeetern
Asien Lifeirs end in cherge of the Jepenese desk in
the Depertnent of ttste. lster director e! the Asien
Institute. Coldie University;

John t. leirbenh. director of Chine regionel. studies!
et tsrverd University:

“neon men-c. bore in terse. director of res for
terse end searcher e! Celeste University;

hillips telbott. politicel scientist st the Uni-

versity e! Chime end of the Institute of Garrent

florid iiieirs. e specislist in Souths“ Leis.

thet week's m m pesphlet else conteieed tending lists

on tereen lite end culture. history. the Jepenese eccupetion. the
independence We. hericen-terees reletions. ad recent tsreee
politieel develepesnte. in e leter procre- the m 19.21! use the
first to reveel the origin of the decieiee te divide terse st the

me mun.‘

‘fi—m we so 3-
W My 27. 1m.

13

Another significeet pregr. see so the esseeeinetion e! Iehstes
“1.3.8129. l”. Iithin tottyreighIIesrs. theme-d
WWuchitutueu-dtbuniudletim.
Bond's liieoleeg eeeecietes. eppeered en the mmwith two
brine- sehelers. the sepie wee 'Oesdhi’s Lite end teeth: its licen-
ing for Wind.“

lesslly «my a; ma non-- presented during the m
1030 used the significeece of:

l. the Sch-en Plen for pooling steel reaction
in Europe. ,

2. the (sets sheet the hydrogen boeb.

3. the proposel for e Hershell the of Men to
conhet the propegende of internetienel counties.

4. n- eesnoeie end politioel effects of much
currency develuetion.

5. hericen efforts to reise living stenderds in
Asie end «courege because, there.

'6. manning inledchinei

on»: nest-i deelt with I'sick" eeel production: the ettitnde
ed esiens towerd the people of the United Stereo; eee'eetteepts to
entrel the weether; end the Civil lights issue. the mg m
else deelt with loegotere sociel problems in e series otdiscussicns
es ”Rubi-s oi Irospsrity" which opened with e discussion by Secretery
of ce-sree Inst. teed beer coqeny Vice-Inside“ theedore t.
tete-s. ad leestes reel beagles en the releases st govern-ct .d
heeieess. A progr- which breught e seer record request for trenc-
eripts use "low to live e hudred teers leppilyl" this 3“ m
presented e lees-es. iieenleie. teeily physiciee'e superience is helping
titty theseesd elderly people st e «unity heelth clinic. this
enserieeee wee eoepered with the findings of the University of Chioege‘s

l9

Cc-ittee m M Develop-cut on the needs of the eged in hericen
society. Along other progrees which drew unusuelly lerge listener
response in 1950. s yeer selected st tendon. were "Henkind in e
towelwtionery Age.”"1‘he wrist-es Csrols ere true." "iiorels end
ligher lducetion.“ “Confucius end tressnt hey Chine." end "hst
heed. of interaction hoses to You.”

A hreehdown of mg 1521; subject erees for discussions heerd
is lfll showed:

tube: of
W m
hericen Foreign Policy 5
tees telstions 3
turope b
[er test lo
lsntel lselth b
lhilosephy (Denocreey. Ruse lights.
Civil tights) 5
tut-it Inergy 2
tducetion 3
treedoe of Co-unieetion 3
Daestic tcononic Problens I
World Economic Develop-set 3
bdicel Advences end lleelth 3
leieeee 3
hehor 3
35'

the popwlerity of the progren wee not limited to the United
testes. the cenedisn Breedcesting corporetion eerried the mg
mg every thursdey evening for severel yeers. Selected mg
m were re-broedcest in tngleed. the m m mhlets were
trsnsletsd into Ger-en end reed hy ectors on the redio network of
the Iestern Ger-shy occupied eenee. Stetions in the letherlends end
Jen else re-broedcest the noun.

20

Originelly. preperetion for the Leg-g 19.9122 wes rethsr cesusl.
d hell-hour before the live brosdcest the three perticipents gsthsrsd
sroendthe studio tsble. leforeeeehwssecopy ofsene er twopege
tepieel outline prepered beforehend. One of the perticipents ected
es nsderetor. Is essigned eech pertieipsnt the tssk or introducing
one or note sub-topics into the discussion. a the eir his role
wee liwited. ls opened ad closed the progra. kept a eye on pece.
bridged the pseees end tinsd the breedcest. lleelly. he essigoed
eerteis mu to help the aeeth no. of as discussion. when he
felt thet one s! the perticipsets should pick up the conversetion.
he siwply pointed to his. the pertieipents telked for twenty-seven
sinuses end thirty seconds.

leaeiserthemmwes leachedoetheeir. itbeeae
epperent thet two pertieipents hed difficulty in weinteining e aoothly
(lowing eenwereetion. On the other had. (our perticipents were
tee any for the listener to identify quickly. when four were scheduled
it as else toad thet one of tha inveriebly dropped into the beck-
ground ad contributed little to the discussion. three wee therefore
set es en eptiewn. is these eerly dsys. the producers ssuelly seneged
to find one enthority es the topic end two others who served to bring
the lemons within the aderstsnding ef the everege listener. lever-
thelees. en oeeesien the M 19.21: included es any es seven perticipents
end. in feet. devieted fron the discussion fornst into conbinetions

of discussion. debete. end interview depending on the topic end perticipents.l

w

‘ s m. pp. ”-25. describes sixteen different veri-
stions of the forest.

21

Like other prograe on the sir over e long period. the M
m underwent production chengcs. tens of these chengss were the
hendiwork of Shsrnen R. Dryer. who took over es ledio Director for
the university of Chicego in Februery. 1939. Dryer‘s than use
“intelligent spontsneity is possible only through 'cereful prepsretion.”1
A typicel w 199.12 broedcest use now put into the sill ebout
ten deys in edvace of the tundey progra. Dryer end his eesietents
net to select the topic. the mgle from which the topic could best be
eppreeehed. end the erect title. the perticipents were else determined
ad invited either by telephone or ail. As soon es the perticipsnte
were co-itted. the reseerch stuff of the Dryer office sent eech one
s naorada conteining beckgrennd wetsriel culled fron seep sources.
with this naorendun went e two-pegs topieel discussion outline end
the ease of the other perticipents.z
About six deys before the hroedonst. the pertioipents net for
lunch end to neke chenges in the topicsl outline. If one of the perti-
cipats wee uneble to be present. e copy of the encoded outline wee
sent to his. 0n the hturdey night before the broedcest the entire
penel net for dinner end 1:1“: discussion. Iinelly. the perticipents
wet egein in the Rim studios to record e triel discussion which use
phyed best to the-.3 lie-here of Dryer's steff listened. node criticises

of the progra. end suggested chenges to inprove the ectuel breedceet.‘

lAtkinson. file—£1.10: p. 27.
Wm" .. u.
3Atkinson. ms... p. 29.

‘lwbsnk end hewton. 22.2.5.3" p. 208.

22

Iy 1954. the pro-broadcast pattern had changed somewhat. but
it still reflected the sons careful. elaborate preparation:

the participants receive a memorandum vsll .
in advance of the broadcast. this wenorendun des-
cribes the production pattern evolved by the Round .
lhble in the course of two decades end points out
the kind of material most useful for a fruitful.
well-paced discussion.

the participants usually get together for a
dinner nesting in the nest convenient city on the
Saturday evening before the Sunday broadcast. During
a four or five hour conversation. they decide on
whet are the important issues to be included in the
broadcast. the executive director of the Radio Office
then prepares an outline of these principal points
for the speakers to use on the broadcast.

when they arrive at the radio station on Iunday
*norning. the participants undertake revision of this
outline. they then run through an informal. practice
discussion session. this preparatory work facilitates
fair. smooth, and germane presentation of the problem.
It gives each an anple opportunity to contribute the
benefit of his factual knowledge and thinking. It
secures clarity and full information; intelligible
spontaneity is possible only through careful prepa-
ration. the participants and the Radio Office Staff
than make criticisms of the rehearseloend suggestions
for changes to inprove the actual broadcast.

If these preparations appear to later practitioners of the dis-
cussion art to be needlessly elaborate and painstaking. they had one
virtue: they*worked. they helped wake the gaggg,1!§;g_one of the
west effective and influential progress on Anerican radio and the
prototype of discussion ”pencil" or "forums" ever since. Dryer wrote:

it is estineted that in fifteen months the Uni-
versity of Chicago receives more than half a million

dollars worth of free ties on national networks. we
are under the opinion that our success in getting this

lGunnery. 22, cit.. p. l9.

23
:53 tile is in so setll extent a reward for pro-
at toad noon-s.

the mm success was based upon something more than
the acquisition of three professors who could talk well. talk is
cheap. but a good talk progr. for a national network cones high.

if there is any M m “for-ole” at all. it includes two Iain
ingredients: a large ember of experienced University of Chicago
”participant-educate.“ to use the m m tore. and an
sepsrieeud production staff.

the participant-endorses“ represented ssny disciplines.
thsyssre developedbymmmsasahsrdcm of
«um... um:- who were not only knowledgeable in their own fields.
bsthnswtheropeaarsundaeicrophooeandhadsonssxposure tethe
pitfalls of radio discussion Rhea the progr- lsft the air. there
wsrseleostonshundrsdefthseeoldhands.seongthseesnyrsoogniaed
authorities. like Harold Urey. atoeic scientist; lobert tedfisld.
social scientist; lshsrt ll. hitchins. educator; Louis flirth. sociologist;
my flight. international relations; louis Gottschalh. historian;
leery Iresin. psychiatrist; larrison Iron. static scientist; t. ll.
Ishelta. eeseoeist; lay Ilmgh. scone-1st; lichard uses. philosopher;
and Gerald tuiper. estrous-er.

the m m also enjoyed the services of an experienced pre-
dentin crew. Sher-en nrysr. George I. Robot. and losers Iossnhsie.
Jr... the followed each other in that order, knew eeny embers of the
University of alioego faculty: they know esebers of other faculties;
and they had a broad range of acquaintance in public life. in short.
they had at their finger-tips an inventory of inter-ed. articulate

 

"Qooted in Atkinson. w. p. :1.

u

people in could give than bright and balanced discussion. ' end they
hnswirsnenpsrisncshutoputeshowontheeir.
the m m was discontinued in June 1955. but it left an

heir-no floaty-one niouts progr. labelled 'lew World" which continued

as a sag-m at new weekend mg; until June 1957.‘

Also Iotherland. Director of Iduoetional Iroadcaating. the Uni-
vsrsity o! Ghioego, thus describes its denies:

the disappearance of the University of micego
hound table tr. the use network was one of the neny
seacsssioas to budgeting which the utwork was forced
to oaks as its weekend operations continued at a
nsunting loss. y ‘

‘mmimcoaceptwashasedonthospiniouof

planners that there was no longer a place for 30 Iiouts
progress. the Long; 112193.15. successor, "dew World.”
was therefore a 21 ninuts show. and for two years
no one of the very few ugnents of m which lasted
noes than five ninutes.

stand this. tin the national franework of all
networks began to undergo radical change. this was
partly based on the fact that local stations could
earn easily gratify local sections. such as bar .
associations, m’a religious groups. etc... andet the
sans tins nest rec require-ants in the “public affairs“
donaio. this situation has rsnaiosd pretty well un-
changed until new. . »

' there was no d-oustrati’on of any dissatisfactions
with the content of our pregrus. the situation sin.
ply was that factors of noney, staffing. etc... were '
such so to bring; about their and. end you keep. these

' are the price factors which activate network» '

the u my, den-strated that intelligent shes-anahip is
no her to high educational purpose. If anything, the progr- showed

————— —'— ~-——~—fiF T'"

‘uun. 1. layer. Indie-t! Assistant. our» of Radio and television.
the University of Chicago, personal letter. January 1. 1959.

 

2Alec tuthsrland. Director of Educational Broadcasting. Office of
ladio and television. the University of Chicago. personal letter. Docs-her
1., 19530 F

25

the dunes of divorcing these elsnsuts of good discussion. It

recognised ft. the beginning the existence of not one public. but

.y. all of th. as different levels of taste and discern-ant and

all, of than fluid! to attract a broad sudience required mu significance
.d Mp. the broadcast not not only cloths the facts with
significance. but with interest. its producers believed. lossnhein
shetohsd the audios“ generally:

1 would be reluctant to describe our audience
so 'egghoad.” particularly in the last years. when a
thormghly ninsd beg accounted for the audience on
“day earning radio. lie did asst-s obviously an
audience that was educabls if not educated. that was
prepared. for whatever reason. to pursue discussion
rather closely. and that was sufficiently broad-
nindsd to react favorably to a diversity of opinions
rather than seeking sonfirnstion of its own dognas.
inch an audience included the aged and infirn (in
increasing anchor in later years). school children
grinly pursuing asaigments. and really the whole
spectra which would be included in such a general
5.1111181“. o e saws e ode ”1.
else had its medias! listeners drain by interest
in a particular topic.

thorns Dryer asserted that the Radio Office had neither faculty
s‘ttes not official faculty sdvissrs and that he answered aly
to the mum's office.’ George t. Robot. who succeeded Dryer
so Incentive Director of the India Office in 19“. said mm.
humor. that he consulted with the University's faculty board of
lsdie and with individual nsnhors ed the faculty. the leeelty heard.
in fast. he added. deternined general policy. It also suggested topics

and participants and eveluetod past mm progrsne.‘

‘7‘"

‘MI Meg 'e 2’s

zlhard Iossnhsin. Jr.. persona letter. January 19. 1959.
W is Atkinson. M" p. 30.

s
Ws ML. s- 18. I“ also I'll-arr.

26

Martheless. it is evident that once the progrsn was ready for
broadcasting it nes the sole nspmibility of the ladio Director.
ls staff. draun entirely iron consrttal radio.‘ devoted itself
“only to broadcasting that it conceived to be good redio.
sti-lating. infer-stirs. and well-paced. Dryer was emphatic:

We do not try to he-sducstionel. It is our
theory that radio consists of techniques of enticing
and holding listeners; Since the nstcrials with which as
deal. or the participants vhon no invite for ourzdiccnsm
sioa shoes. are educators it nay be argued ipso facto
that our programs are “educational.” I sent 'sinply
ts eqhaaiae that the interests of the Iadio Office
are on techniques of broadcasting and that us are not
concerned (on the I d M) with what the scholars
say but only how effectively they say it fr- a
radio point of view-«pace. color. clash of opinions
. . . . It is not our policy to request broadcast ‘
tins on netnorhs solely because we are an educational
institution.

we nnet sch-it finished progr-s thich met earn
their right to air W they are good radios-and
for no other reason.

Warmin- an“ that thirty rur- ato the
University of Chicago undertook to use radio to fortify the herican
ideal of free discussion in the public interest. the undertaking vas
ditioos and the leans hall. hot the principles involved were clear.
lhey ears five in ember: '

l. Iadis is a platfern for universal education-«r
universal exploitation.

2. Mutational institutions have a duty to help
build this radio platforn for emotion.

3. the platforn is able to provide a wide hearing

, for the heat thinking that education nd public

and in leadership. both in America and abroad.
has to offer.

 

‘m. ”is. 'e ”a
attuned. 2.41;... g. 30.31.

27

e. the platforn.provides a nodal. not only for
radio. but for every other for- of serious.
purposeful discussion that underlies all the
other activities of citinenship.

5. the platforn is open not to dencgoguee or to
reckless partisans or to self—seekers, but to
non and uonen to uhen facts are sacred. opinions
inforned and judicious. It has no are to grind.
no line to how to. and no censorship. open or
inplicit. to bow to. ‘

".4...“ unit .......‘9V1¢V.2£ mitts bestowed on the progrel the
aorta: ”tough Oak for strong teeth. furious. learned. and Iold.'1
The University of Chicago thus assuned a responsibility in radio
defined by its Chancellor. Robert I. hatchinsl
To fer-ulste. to clarify. to vitalise the

ideals which should aninate nenkind is the heavy

burden that rests upon the universities. and which

rests upon the University of Chicagolggggd,13ble.

lha task of the gound table is candid and intrepid

thinking about funds-ental issues. the soot conpetent

authorities clarify iuportant issues of public policy
and stiuulate the listener to further study and thought.2

W
H th- W 21 £21.22: in: m «0 th- flr-t «runny
scheduled talk shoe to be carried by a cennercial network. the 12:53:

mien W W m ell-s- “ th- urtt of hunt the
eldest still on a network. A less unbitieus undertaking than the

m m or W 53 Learning. it has nevertheless built up
a ride audience on the mutual broadcasting Systen. The progran began

its tuenty-fifth year of broadcasting on Sunday evening, October ll. 1959.3

 

da u o e . October 28. 1950.

#9. the Entertainnens of ideal.lgg&_g;§.. p. 2.

at transcript of a typical broadcast is contained in Appendix B.

28

lerthwustern University started broadcasting early. in 1928.
Drefeseer later Brownell went on the air with lectures in ”Cents-porsry
thought.” throughout the early thirties. the publicity department
produced a veriov of pregrans. nest of then "straight talks" by neubers
of the lorthwastern faculty.1

In 1933 the university aired a series of talks dealing with
the world of tenorrow.2 this was described as “a glinpee into the
future of govern-eat. literature and society." Station will carried
this series each thursdsy evening fr- 7:13 to 7:30.3

in the fall of 1936. northwestern began to develop nore clearly
its interest in adult education by radio:

India has an inpatient function to perfor-
so far as nass education is concerned. We believe
its function is the awakening of intellectual and
cultural interests rather than their broad and
thorough develop-ant. Education in radio should
serve as a leavon to quicken slur-boring instincts. '
and to inspire in the individual the desire to know
nere about a given subject. It is not suited.”
believe. to a bread and intensive develop-ant of any
deep intellectual interest.“ ‘

it was this philosophy that pronpted a series of discussion pro-
stel- um tho .... cummnmm.

the one for the new series was suggested by “word Strenberg.
then Director of Publicity for the University. A nsnerandun iron
on read: "Lines have b. ordered into your cenpus studio at our

expense. This arrange-ant will carry through to the close of the fall

 

thum- mo. ’. 10’.

u fiend files. undeted record (approxinetely August 3.
1M). "0 20

o niv of neat . Vol. 11. lb. 7 (October 23.
1933). ,

Md files. op. cit.. p. 2.

29

shooter-the week ending, Oecenber. 1931!..."1 The studio mentioned
was a swell one in the bosonsnt of the 8chool of Speech. - Itrenberg
wrote:

In providing for these broadcasts, VCR has
shown a fine spirit of cooperation. We have been
given for our progrens very desirable hours. which
have been guaranteed for the period of the schedule.
In addition, war has agreed to pay wire and other
charges involved in broadcasting these prograne free
our studio located on the Ivanston canpus. Us under-
stand that these charges will be in excess of $300
'per nonth. this Evanston studio elininatee the
necessity of our faculty's going to Chicago to bread-
cast. thus saving a great deal of their tins and waking
possible a larger umber of educational progrens on
m .1rs

the first prograls under the new forest was broadcast on sunday
earning. October 14. 1930‘. fron 10:00 to 10:15. It presented two
faculty “are using a prepared script to discuss a “vital current
issue“; the exact topic wont unrecorded. The trio professors were
Augustus lattes. of en. folitical Ocienco Depart-ant and mm J.
has of the School of speech to acted as "cmostiouer."3 Leo's questions
and oven letten's answers were prepared in advance and the two care-
fully avoided any deviation.‘ .

'lhe first broadcasts from the Ivansten studio not with production
and technical'troublesi

the School of lpeech radio studies on the Ivenston
' ca-pus were first used . . . before many of the technical

 

1121.!" p. l.

2ldward Itrenberg. 'hnorandun on Indie" (typewritten) n. d.
(apprsuinately October. 193‘). 9. l.

3"ladio talks,” publicity release (typewritten), p. d. (approxi-
netely lsvubsr l. 193‘).

‘Or. lrving J. lee. quoted in a letter free hrs. lethryn Johnson.
Producer of the W 85nd, Depart-cut of l'ublic Relations. lorth-
weotern university. July 28. 1959.

30

develop-ants of radio were perfected. Hall's engineer
had trouble controlling voluws of the speakers'
voices in the university's studio and on one occasion
when batteries were used. soneone turned off the
battery charger and the progren nearly failed to
get on the air. Before the days of large studio
clocks. the program usually left tlu sir one ninute
early and HG! announcers downtown were required to
“fill" with announcements before the next program.1
. these initial years of broadcasting were under the direct super-
vision ef the Depart-cut of Publicity. On January 21. 1935, after the
first Weed”. however. Preeident Scott appointed a
University Iaculty minutes on ladio which. in cooperation with the I
publicity depart-ant. assunsd responsibility for four progrene then
bein broadcast by m. his included the W m. be
university ce-itteo consisted of George J. Cody. Clyde 1.. 0rese.
l. J. Ierskeeits. Garrett I. Levorton. Hillian I. liccowern. and Alpheus
mn.’
this cc-ittoe sought out expressions of opinion through a "I. U.
ladio Jury” sheet which was sent to each faculty nsnber. Letters o!
suggestion and critici- were salon-ed.3
Iron this faculty cenitteo Praisesor Hillia- chovorn was chosen
to head a separate connittee in charge of the W 5.25.; lie
co-ittee nonbers were Arthur todd. Kenneth Cologrovo. George Cody.
and lenses lehne.‘ Under this new connittee the m Moon-

tinned on Sunday earning. but in low-bar. 1935. it bless-ed out in

ltress releaee, October 19. 1947.

2finerandun to the Faculty of northwestern University (ninoographod).
n. d. (eppreninstely February. 1935).

’m. .. 2.
‘lsns iron the files of the m gen .

31

the dress of a discussion progran sans questioner. although still
only fiftusl.niautss and with only two participants.1
Another developuent took place about this tine which had a bearing
on the broadcasting activities of Northwestern University. In 1934.
a eeuuittee had boon appointed to consider the probleus of educational
broadcasting in the Chicago area and to recon-and inproueuents. This
eelldttee. consisting of two ropresentstivcs ouch iron the University
of Chicago. DePuul. and Northwestern, tackled prinnrily the proble-
of coupetition for time among the three institutions. One result
of the conpetitien.wss that one university progran appeared on a station
at the sale hour that another university appeared on s coupsting station.
this led to tho division of a snail audienca into evcnmnllerssgnents.2
do a result of this committee's uork each of three universities
signed contracts in dune. 1935. which brought into existence a cor-
poration known as the University Iroadceeting Council. It began to
operate on July 1 of the scan your.3 Northwestern's first ropreeente-
tires on this Council were Doon.Ralpthennis of the School of Ipeech.

end ldwurd Stronborg. the Director of Dublicity for the University.‘

hm-

Azlesuue of the Broadcasting Activitiss of Chicago. cereal. and
Ierthuestern Universities. 1933-1937 (Chicago: University Broadcasting
Council. February. 1938). p. 2. ( Dittoed)

3;2;§,. p. 6. See also Atkinson. gp,ci§,. p. 27 and Holler.
24.3.1.5.” n- 301-304.

‘um‘: fro- mnmx mu: om Scott a boon an» Dennis.
June 4. 1933.

32

this organisation acted as a clearing house and programing depart-
sent for the broadcasting activities of the three universities. lortb-
western‘s m M as well as the other university prograns
thus boos-s related to the activities of the Council. although each
university continued to produce and guide its own prograne. In addition
to the basic idea of cooperation between education and the tediouindustry.
the Council announced as its policy:
that its progran be interesting and stinu-
lacing. rather than pedantic and technical-«to open
up new fields of general interest to the vast lay
audience. and to appeal to the persons of intellectual
alertness and capacity in that audience.
dons topics used in 1936 were “Safety in transportation."
"Christianity in 1936." and "the future of the sun-s lupus.“
It was on January 19th of the one year that the first speaker outside
of lorthestern'e faculty appeared on e m M progran.
he was Dr. Ilillian !. Illiott. misuse of larvard University‘s Depart-
neut of Govern-eat. Is appeared on a progran with hofessor letton
and discussed ”the load for conscientious: urns.“
Carly in l936 was joined the lhntual and Yankee letworks for the
m m series.‘ light Incual stations now listed the programs

"LI-Inland“. m..e “n'JC‘C'Nq, We
m‘utfl‘. m0 m-.h"‘“‘p cm.

 

W mg files. 32. an. p. 4.
2M.. 'e 5o
3Iorthuestern University Press Release, October 19. ”In.

‘Iinutee 'of the lorthwsstern University faculty ladle Cuittee.
February ll. 1936.

5%» mt." Wei. bomb-r. use. .. .53.

33
Hum-Fall liver. lass. IRO-ofrovidonce, I. I.
“Cm-Boston. lass. "Gil-“Chicago, Illinois

By 1937 the progren's broad general topics had narronssd snevhat.
lone titles. for steeple. rare ”The rva run-nail. " ”suing for teens”
(a consideration of the billion dollar lavy increase bill) and; "Britain
of today“ (on the occasion of Anthony ldon‘s resignation iron the
Iritish Cabinet”l .

the year 1939 sorted the second nejor transition in lerthsestern'e
. radio broadcasting. a for nonths before [the University broadcasting
Council was dissolved. the publicity dcpartnent sat up a depart-cot
of radio vith a director and assistants to carry on Iorthuestern's
pregrans in'depemkmtly.z Parker Hheatley. who had been affiliated
with the University Broadcasting Council. use cued director of this
office. he also took over as director and noderetor of the m
m. as nederetor. Hheetloy's role rose-bled that of the “questioner”
on the first m m progress. but he freed hinself iron the
script.’represented the lietener.”snd guided the discussion. Outlines
oere prepared. sons rather extensive. but even before this tine the
producers had realised that as ante-pereneous style use nuch nors effective
than a prepared script. Hhoetley gave definition to the role of the
nederetor; and his ere-pie renaieed the pattern of his succeeeor.
Inperinento late in 1939 using three and even four speakers in addition
to the nodnrator also developed into a standard practice which has been

folhoued with variations since then.’

 

lm ’25. til..s mt: '0 50

2m" P0 6'
"Iistory briefs,“ 1:- the files of the W m.

3A

In lay l!” the nubor of lhntual stations carrying the W
I“ increased to twenty-win.1 the first group of stations to carry
the progran vere eastern stations. In love-bar 1939. on additional
increase in stations brought the total to thirty-nine. "Token" pay~
nent of participants had been inaugurated on October 1. At the sons
tine. nero distinguished guests fron govern-ant, business, and the
press were V invited to appear. ‘fhe progr- use also reoriented to
involve the listener nore directly in the discussion by soliciting
ce-eets. questions. and topics.2

l'he year 1940 brought another nejor change in the W m.
In Bah-nary. the length of broadcast use increased fron fifteen to
twenty-five ninutes.a the subject of the discussion on that data use
"la the United Btates t-poating in?!" the participants vars three
Borthoostern professors: Joseph r. lorrio. political scientist; ‘fracy
I. ltrevey. specialist in herican history; and Breast Loner, authority
on Buropean and nodern'vorld history.‘ (the producers also enperinented
with a studio audience, but gave up this idea after one perfonenco
tea too of the visitors got into a fist fight”, .

With the increase in tine given to the progran. the aunber of
ma... scheduling the W m junped to sixty-two. Audience
nail steadily increased and requests for copies of the broadcasts becano

 

‘mim its—ad mu. Ila—£3" no 5-

’umnnmn m... 2.42.. r- m
3Ilietory "briefs“ fr. the files of the m m.

‘htuel Broadcasting Bysten love.“ a. d. (approuinetely February
5. 1M) (nineegrephed).

5.1. B. lubb. Ilenories of e Broadcaster (Boston: houghton. liifflin
Coqeny, 1M9). p. 121.

 

 

35

nueroias enough to warrant the nineographing of fore post cards to
announce that transcripts were not available.1

In Iobruery 1942. the. university and the network agreed to boost
the length of the progran, this than to a full half hour.zt rhs subject
of the first half hour discussion was "Hhat Bingaporo Issue to the
United Btetes." lnliay 191.2,, forker Hhoatley. was called into the
nilitary service and Dr. Jones I. Ichurney. nos been of the school
of Bpoech. took over as nodorator of the W m. Iucept for
short periods. he has served continuously since then.

Iron 1962 to 1945 forest and topics r-eined the canes, a noderator
and free three to four participantsspeaking enteqoreneouely 6n tinely
econonic. political. and social problens. both national and. international
in scope. Aftonlfih however. the protests found that listener interest
had shifted nore to personal problenspand to questions doalingwith liter-
ature, science. and the arts. topics such as ”Can lie Cure Alcoholism,”
"Matry and the hericen Beyuof Life.f' “How. to hit folitics," “Are
You ‘l'oo Old to learn?" and ”tensions in‘lliodern Living.‘_' reflected this change.2

Ira its earliest days. the. m m received request for
transcripts of the discussions. but none was published until lebruary. 1943,
flee the university distributed on. superinental publication. the suc-
coes' of this transcript was evidently enough to warrant continued pub-
licetien. “no first progran thus node available to the public was the
discussion may 2. m3. mm... “Anerica um m a...“

In less. the lgxiglinggltggl, like the University of Chicago 19331.
uh.- began to travel. Three prograns originated fron loo Angolee

 

l>Iorthwsstern University press release, lebruery 3, 1942.
zlorthwestarn University press release, October 19.‘1947.

 

36

and Ben lraneisco the first year. followed by progrens free Denver.
Colorado; Colubus. Gain; and Colo-bis. Iieewri. in 194.6.1 This
has proved to be an effective variation and is still carried on.

In the m 55mg, history. places around the discussion
table have been shared with leaders in many fields fron outside the
univeroity. In 1946. Dean lichurney wrote:

Bince Icy”. 19153. $21 of our speakers have been
acadnic non and b8! engaged in non-acadenic pursuits.
Of this 521 in educational institutions. 651 have
been nenbers of the faculty of Northwestern University
and 351 free other colleges and universities. b
third of all of our speakers have been affiliated
with Northwestern University.

Our record further shows that of the non fru
non-academic positions appearing on the progran. '
36! hold national positions. 32! hold regional positions.
and 42! hold locel positions.

By l9d2. the nmber of natual outlets carrying the W
1“ reached sixty-two. By 1949. the number jumped to 175 llutnal
stations and single printed transcripts sold about 1,100 copies weekly.

including subscriptions.3 letinatee of the progren's audience ran

a

as high as one million persons. Kore than seventy-five stations

reported carrying the progran in June. 1959.3

 

1Jones I. churnoy. “a hora-h on Bipoee. Forest. tubjicto,
Ipeahere. and other letters." October 7. 1946. p. 4. (typewritten).

21ml... so 3.

aBulvenl: and Lawton. 22.1—21.1" p. 209. put the figure at 1.500
to 3.000 weekly. but this appears to be too high.

m.

5”. Kathryn Johnson. Producer. The gcviewigg Stand. Depart-ant
g; Mlle Belations. lorthwsetern University. personal letter. July
’ 1,5,0

37

the m m is taped early in the broadcast week for
airing on u lundey evening at 0135. Central Daylight ties. The
tape is then sent to low York for broadcast to all mm: stations
the following ludoy. the network's Pacific Coast chain broadcasts
the progr- a week later. Since Hay. 1953 the progran has need
onetyofive rather than thirty ninutoe.

the m m pro-broadcast procedure has changed through
the years in the direction of less fornal rehearsal. '

Ordinarily. a fornel rehearsal takes the life out of
the progr- en the air. a spontaneous and spirited dis-
cusoion is desired and too nuch rehearsal is felt to be
dotrinoutal . . .l '

Usually. the participate neat a few days before the broadcast
to discuss the topic in general and to prepare a topical outline.
toy noet again an hour before air tine to go over the outline and
to ”reach soresia agree-ante and understandings. . ...2 But there
is no fotnal rehearsal. been lichernoy believes. in the first place.
that "the interesting and vigorous discussion which gave rise to these
undereendiqs cannot possibly be repeated.” Any att~t to do this
results in ”a stale progran or one which begins with 'starting points'
beyud the grasp of the audience."3 .
. .«r'hs mm m is based;
- the idea that public discussion is a necessary condition of a free

 

society. It never seeks a c-on dandnetor. except the willingnesc

‘lrs. lathryn Johnson. ”renal letter. w” July 20. 1959.
W in thank and Momma p. 209.

’21:-

33

of the participants thouoelvee to nest and talk. the antenna is that
the listener nehes contact with a hind of broad and radical thinking
that is causally out of his reach. the mm is education
in twentieth century dress.

W

low netsort radio showoaro longclived. d trickle of soap operas
otillnououdpeetthroughthedoytiuehoure.endnowondthonsono
candy odeor nines a precious guffaw. but television and progran-
eieg shifts have donned the recto-ouopt. strangely. for two hardy disc
....i.. sour-u m mmm mum.

Mum a discuesion of great books and a third
progr- ef najor significance for radio discussion. sent on the air
for the first tine on Bunday nursing. llsy 26. ”#0. over the Colunhie
Broadcasting coupsny'e low res-i outlet. scan. :13 dubbed it ”the
pearl of all educational progran."

the progran brings tqothor writers. critics. and professors.
the talk about the eisssis waste or literature} Lynne Bryeon. its
lougtiuo host and Director of Milo Affairs for the codunbie Broad.
casting Byst- entil his death in Mar. 1959. tells us the purpose
is “to prove to nillions of radio listeners that the old adage 'greet
boots see these nobody roads‘ is untrue."

‘3... sews-cs: 20. ion. ‘

hosted in hthinson. m" p. 45.

3a transcript of a typical broadcast is contained in Appendix C.

 

39

Bryeoe celled Imitation tn learning‘mtho uost unashonodly high-
brow props- on the air.“ a publisher labelled it '0.0.'--Civilieation
asecisni.‘ s rival network had another cans for its ”Colisebia's hour
of “lance.“ And two salaried contributors to the public prints
referred to it. sonswhat ungraciously. as "Imitation of Learning"
and "the only progran that uses a lorgnetto instead of e uicropbono.“
ldutified in 1959 as a ”public affairs presentatiai of 038 News.”
the progran idea appeared originally in the fertile imagination of
“tingle“. Barr. than president of St. John's College. the resin:
Boohs" school. and a number of the ne'tsork's Adult Bducotion hoard
headed by lyn- Bryson. until 1963 holding forth as professor of Education
at Goldie hiveroityf'
forest. it was an experience new to radio broadcasting. eryson had
a hand in the progrou'e final forest. but he did not take over as
hosteothe progran uses the torn "host” and 'cheirnad'intorchengeobly-o
sssii im.‘ ' ‘

‘I-s-u Icy-on. W on 1.... uses-
"a 'mg 19“). 'e 20o

aI. lincoln Bchustor. quoted in Katherine Sproul. "Dialing
Clflllutlon,' IR: Sagurda! E!!!“ O: HECESEEEQ. Wt 1’. 195°. '0 20o

m” .. 20.
‘2...

"mt- Book hoar- “mum." WW.
lley 21. ms.

‘nu-

m Progran Depart-ant worked out the actual

d0

~- in the first seventeen nonthe of its existence. M £1

Manhood itself to literary classics know to havebecn read
by the rte-sets of the constitution of the United States." a‘ broad canvas
“eh no to prove not broad anaigh‘. the first progrsn'hadto do
with the faces docinncnt itself. It was broadcast in 's studio in -.
which'tho' air conditioning failed and sent the temperature up to 115
degroem 'flirec colinbia professors perspircd around the ‘nicrophonoi
hath. no heron. Allen rsts. and Buntingdon Cairns. Van 1...... one-
tins ‘literary editor of m m acted as host. moss three continued
as progr- rcgulars. although occasionally spelled by lelon lull liller.
lrwin Bdnn. dtringfellow Barr. and Andrew thispps.‘ ~

After sixty-seven progras. the network decided on a change which.
by hindsight. was indicated free the start. the three regulars hed
may} rheeueusssdsdrsesoidsss fronnswvoiooe toeustain its
vitality. tn boron. - engaging radio personality. was retained
until hryoon succeeded bin as regular host. but it. thon seam.
lfeiu‘lsoe and ceirns node only guest appearances. .

WE“ hos hewod consistently to the three-
partieisut forest. since l9“. were than eight hundred participants
representing sdssssiss. lisoseeuro. mt. sad the arts. have appeared;

upétduowulfll. thotinsefthobroedoastweo
eleoohangsd fr- lliSOAJ. tonnes (lantern Standard fine). But a

‘nu.
’11., ass-ass is. 19‘0. s. so.
"Indie hoot Drogr. thrives." mu

d1

sore dud-ant“ change had todo with the books discussed. hood
Mose-listen. loetry. lhiloeophy. notion-wore abandoned in
lover a! a thirteen neat series. each category under a note specific
title each as ”Understanding the Arts“ and “tradition and Change.“
in stunt was also node to give the discouion a little nore ceetqoo
rary glitter. he. historian Allan lovios linked Ieredotns' gm
vith lorld liar n. a classic of monastic. Burke's W 3
lb. W 1.3 M was discussed along with to. Mae's classic
«resolution. Mundane. lnaprogrnnhmm
Inoleiisheoanddeogoeeleasnne‘nodthsnedkaightetcorvaetes
as an archtne oi “mac-1m. m ill-interned «tun-u." ... found
a cream: of the one idea in..mm;gm.
Inoantriedtonehethopregr-seaedlikesroalcuereetioa.
Shallots-salooastiatheroleoisneeseadroper. lorenarkis
over snined at his directly; he r-ains 'eii stage.” yes. oi some.
alnsyo present. the participants are carom not to "talk doan,’
heneveresetario thalanguagssitheheoa. reheightenthoosvaadros-
pm illnsian. a. m clean althoot ton-u may or oenslnoioo.
loontheoldaestenoi Mummtnuoh' totheaother.i
that to. man. all the use-dun with a reading by one at the
ssrtioigaets o! a for lions it. the hook itselt. is non soldan used.
Irysnhi-olthdueuynuur.ehouseueot tiniegandeneoor-
alert onriseity nhich flared out iron the odes-opium.”

 

M "fl M“ (do). '11..
Id. m. d”). 'o “to

3%. m" P. “0

 

‘2

M 5,9, W leans nuch less heavily on pre~brosdcast
preparation than its older relative. the m My

noboehtsbsdiscusssd isthosennsll issuance

of the broadcast. Farticipants agree on a general outline
‘udsslectspaseagouhichisreadstthesndtogioethe

listener an angle of the author's style and to assure

an effective conclusion. they do not prearrange the detailed

dovelopnont of the outline. But. although these broadcasts

are described as “ureheersod.” it would be hard to find

throe people better prepared to talk about great bests.

hyson's sharp insight goes to the heart of the problem

Insane sonnday will find sons profound effect on the
art oi conversation in the broadcasting necessity to pre-
vent dead sit. the respusihle participant. uhatsvsr you
call his. has to serve that purpose always. I! he can talk
sense so arch the better. And it he can talk sense about
thesuhjoot,heiegeod. lihoeantalhsonssshsutuhat
the others have said about the subject, he is a genius.

0! these there are too too.3

Iryesnnightslseheaneitedihoroau'orenarha "lttekestuo
tsspeakthetrntho-saesospsahsndthssthsrtohear."

toflnrh'anlorsn. lryssn'sprodoososer. thediscussisnsrtuss
difficult and strangely sinlea

the art e! participating in dialogue . . . (is) not
tsbeporsuadherobeeeuoeithasitstrsdososrota. let
one observation can be .do. say art has its difficulties.
and the ditticulty in this case nay soon strangely sinpls.
losortheless. it is real. It is the difficulty of listen-
ingtotheethnrnnnfiilopreparingtoaasusr Itis
the ditficulty oi being courteous. nind to nind.

1““ “I m. we. ’o’ 2“.

W in tobert heals Stevenson. ”truth of Intercourse.”
W (Ian tart: J. I. Bent and lens. 1925). P. 32.

~. ”an. m. ’o niii.

£3

Iryson did not cast the progr- himself, although be reserved
a ssldon used veto privilege. the staff attempts to achieve a balance
of personalities and voices and, if possible, to select participants
those views are likely to provide sons contrast. But. W to
m does not seek disputes. “If they come,“ bryson wrote, "I

let than were up. But if us have interesting opinions without clash,

that does as cell.”1

Wt; homing differs fro- tho Round 1.11;; in another
inpertent respect: it assigns sore inportance to the discussion boot.

Consider the gonad gable'g reasons fordropping a permanent host:

One reason why the leader of the series one
not retained has been that so feel that the M-
mle [pic] "personality” derives from the Uni-
sorsity of Chicago as an institution. luvnriably.
if any one person becomes a more or less pernancnt
leader, he say gain personal prestige at the expense
of the real values of the institutional sponsorship.
turther. if one person were indeed selected as a note
or less frequent leader he would ears or less have a
voice in the selection of topics and participants.
nd no respectable person vould submit to being a
stooge. nice. one use would in effect becono the
"boss” of the Roundgable gig at the expense of
the present setup. share the ainds of my people
are tapped for ouggestions concerning topics and
participants. The wide variety and significance
of topics selected for the Round ‘l'abls sons to no
to preclude any one person's being on very often--
for the simple reason that no person is really
conpstant to discuss over a nasiouide hook-up
a variety of topics of issues. ‘

Produced by 038, mm 53 m. housver. represents
only that not-refit. its reasons for preferring a single, pernanent
host vars. first the rare capabilities of Lyman bryson and. second,
the conviction that a discussion leader uho appears regularly gives

 

‘Ly-u Iryson. personal mm, January 21., 1959.

2Atkinson. w. p. 30.

6d

continuity to the progran and helps to identify it for the listener.
to any case. the host has a difficult asaiguent:

If one thing rather than another distinguishes

the good conversation leader-«besides his quick.

nose of speech and thought which are pigs ggg_ggg¢-

it is. I think. the ability really to hear and reman-

ber for the time vhat others say. too much preparation

of the wrong kind can be a handicap because the leader
- is then full of things that the actual talk do not

nake appropriate and soot leaders will force others

to give the leads for their prepared visdco and

“to -
I don't even stick to our outline if real
interest develops in an unexpected direction. And
! refuse to discuss the subject with any guests
except for the hour--navsr more-evith‘vhich I sort
vith the-[in the studio before cutting the record.
the hour is enough for dicoovertng'uhat they vent
to cover and asks an innodiate outline of it which
they'll agree to. also to alleviate nervousness.
discover their conpulsions, soothe their hostilities
and tell then about the nechanics of the than such
as frequent mention of canes and of the tether (of
the book under discussion). tuning, etc.

v...n.... described the progran in l962 as a living thing:

three persons cons together . . . and start

the book moving among than. [or an hour they do
this. neither formally nor solemly but uith a
genuine desire in each of them somehow to know
the others; and then they are on the air. the
only tun things they are certain about beforehand
are the question to begin*vith and the passage
to be read at the close. The half hour betveen,

w except as its agreoaents and disagreements are
colored by memories of the preliminary meeting,
is unrchearsod and free. .There have been occasions
uhen a disagrconent is lost by having been too
clearly anticipated; the sis-ant of surprise. even
of anger, was missing. But on the whole the con-
trary is true; the argunent benefits iron previous
roosledgs of the linits to which it can profitably

'Oez

 

xLyman lryson, personal letter. January 24, 1959.
IVsn heron. Mp” p. xiii.

45.

"Great books.” said A. Whitney Griswold. ”require great conver-

sation to coqlete their ensuing."l Perhaps, W to W
has not aluays provided great conversation. It 1942, Carroll

Atkinson. author of my books on radio in education, uhose Radio

my, Contribution to Education, has been cited liberally here,
ems fault ..'. with m: was said, but how it use said:

While lggitationosg Learning. because of its
idealistic purpose and its broadcasting coast-to-

cseet. nerits the distinction of being ranked among
the most outstanding educational radio programs.

there has been considerable criticise against its
presentation. The scholars, whose reputation as
”scholars" is without question. how and heeret tines
indicating that their education in oral presentation
has been sadly neglected. there are a large nunber
of radio listeners who are so imbued with a great
love of the classics that any faults of presentation;
can be forgiven . . ., but a for sinple lessons . . .
in how to speak the English language in an interesting
runner minus the unnatural pauses would go a long

any to increase the value of the progran to thee:

who could be taught to revere the classics . . .

like the ngg§_1§§lg, Levitation £2_ngggigg_is an ad lib progran.
but uses a topical outline uhichis frequently observed is the breech.
hoary-five minutes in length. like the m page. it is recorded
in advance. but broadcast without editing. the tape is cut for
about 23:10 to allow ties for an opening and close)

Who listens to Inzitagion‘tg,ng___gg} As usual, when it cones
ts sustaining programs; there is no date. Bryson had some ideas. thought

 

10““ in Erie Bernouu, W (lee York: hinehart
. and Conpuy. lam. 1956). p. 85.

”am-m. w“ p. 46.

3Barbara hash. secretary to the producer for m 52. mm.
personal letter, July 8, 1959.

‘6

Our audience scans to have several layers. .
At the bottom in secial and educational background.
but very valuable to me are the people who write
as penciled postcards saying they don't always
understand but always think it a great privilege
to listen to persons of a kind they would other-
wise never know. »*

Then there are students, many of then for
various motives including ideas for term papers.
Then club women and more or less self conscious
intelligentsia. Then writers and scholars of
many kinds.

1 often get letters from non and women who
say they have listened for years and feel ashamed
not to have thanked us sooner. Then of course there
is a fringe of nuts--ebusive. dcrisive, superior or
demanding a discussion of some special book.1

In general, Bryson found that listeners fall inte three groups:

1. The kind who sent to say they listen because
of the prestige value.

2. the people who nor-ally would knou these books
and enjoy discussing then.

3. And "the average people“ who get out of the
series a kind of thinking outside their erdiaary
experience-~a stretching out for ideas not beyond
their reach. ,

“It is the third group that interests as the nest.” lryson.wrots.3
I“! in 1941 estimated a million listeners for each broadcast.‘ It
else cited a collection of tuentyvseven discussionsvshich sold ten

theusandeepies.s today. the Columbia.sroadcasting Company estimates

M h- A __.__.L n.— ___

thnaa Bryson. personal letter. January 24, 1959. ‘
z'ladio Book Program l‘hrives.‘ 92. cit.. May 27', 1953.
’Lwnma‘hryson. personal letter. January 2t, 1959.
£115. November 24. 1941.. '

Sfiuntinfion Beirut. Allen fate, and Mark Van Doren, Lngitation
gggfiggggigg,(8ew“!orks landoellsuse. lfiél).

67

a nillion or no.1 to this. Bryson added “and about three nillion
who would say ‘GI, yes. I listen to that programs.”2 Changed network-
station relationships nay have rotted to cut the figure down in recent

years. he noted. ”Not being “menial." he concluded. " i can't even

geese."3 Another source estieates that in lover-her. 19M. smoteen

per cent at these she had their radios turned on were listening to

it.‘

“no had this to say about gauging audience sire and listener

e e a it t. ”a.“ “ rm ”0‘?” fmly in
order of else of audience. that standard does not.
of course. ensure their quality or eacellence except
insofar as all radio tries for large audiences. We
neuld not expect a discussion of public affairs even
to get nore than about half the audience of a popular
singer. Io programs are even planned to get a sasll
mdiance. what I mean is that all prograns are
planned to get as large an audience as possible-'-
the largest number of listeners who want that kind
of. a progru. Five nillion people listening to
a sthony orchestra would he a great success for
elaesical oasis-«tries as gregt a success as that
eany listening to a cuediaa.

 

is the enly estIIark “staining progr. that has successfully brought
out the dress that exists in the disinterested play of ideas. it

 

‘larhara lash. perseesl letter, July I. 1’59.
2Lyman lryson, personal letter. January 21., 1958.

’mc
"lshanh and Luca. My. p. 205.

’01:“. mu... n. ”*8-

48

dees it by getting articulate thinkers to talk spontaneously about

a great work of literature. "While we are planning to defend our

civilisation, we should not fail to keep it alive."x

'i‘he topics of invitation to Learning are ”books which the world
has not been willing to let die."1 they are classics; classics in
the special sense that the ideas and visions they contain are present
is our thought even vhen us have not read then. but if we have hot
read then. these ideas and visions cons to us imperfectly; through
textbooks that repeat than; through historians who quote th- for
acne special pruposs; through amateurs who misquote than.

the great books are more alive than any of their contemporaries.
the feet of their survival through hundreds of years is sons indication
that what they contain is vorthvhile. I 1

lot only is it impossible to say the last
thing about a great book; it is difficult even to
say the first thing veil. a great book is never
obscure, but it is regularly elusive; it refuses
to yield a narrow meaning. To one reader it nay
nean something quite narrow indeed-ode narrow as
that reader’s nind. Should he, however, under-
take to trade his experience with another, he
rill find to his alas-ant that he has read a
different book. The truth is with both readers.
and with as easy readers as nay be. a great
vriter has many minds; which is why he should
be discussed by at least three nan. It is not
that the sun of their judgment will produce the
equivalent of his book, but rather that his book
will than be tree to do shat it nost likes to

Econ Levine. Assistant Director, Depart-ant of sensation. the
coldie Iroadcasting Coupany. Quoted by Hilton laplae.
[m (Ian York: Cola-bis University Press. 1’50). p. 5.

zhuntington Cairns. Allen rate. and Hart Van Doren. ELIE!
o (lav York: the lone Library. ”42). p. is.
this book contains the transcripts of thirty-tee progress.

49

do. namely glance of! one nental sphere to strike
another and still another. returning in tine to
strike the first one with a new force. A great
book cannot be kept quiet or in place. it was
made to nova, somewhat as in dialogue truth moves
smallng the speakers, never resting never giving
up.

lone educators believe that the great books are not only
readable. but that college students will read thn. the Cl! network
is trying to prove the same thing about eillions of people anong
radio listeners. Invitation to m is aptly described by its
title. It is a friendly invitation from those who know what they
have to offer to those who will accept.

Iryson ieagined that ". . . l‘lato and Abelard. surely those two.
and possibly Augustine and ‘i’olstoy and Confucius also would have enjoyed
being on the program"2

Ie's probably right.

Ithe three progrees discussed in this chapter provided the bach-
ground for two discussion progran series of identical forest produced
and conducted by the writer on non~cousercial stations since October,

1953. One of these progran, W. is the subject of the following
chapter.

"“ ’0'”. fie Chis. Po “to

z"Is'psou talks About "Learning,” as he! 12!]: gines. Deco-her
ll. 1M7.

cum in

rumour: A “I! um"

thewriterhssproduoodMgahelihonrdisa-ssioa
m sines Dossier. 1956. As best. he also ooadusts the talk
eethsait. ”sedan-mattrediestetieneetliehigeeitete
University. broadcast the discussion every tuedsy durin eight neeths
ottbeseadeeis year.

the third oldest a“ the second esot powerful station is liiehigen.
“leashehsardiat-ety-iiveaeaatiosoilowsrliichigaaendiea
Mettheeerthereouetieeetfiieeedlndiaes. [tapeteetial
listening eodieea is hichien alone is slightly more than tive and
aheltaillimoreboutsoveatyperoeototthssteto’spopulatioe
st its: rig-m. a... the first thirty-tn university stations in
as nation, it is a ne‘er oi the national Association oi tduootioeal
headrests".1

is the spring of 195’. as salt a “Murder-red to is
toot-stasiathisohaptor.toeightyes¢ersoitholliehiunstato
mvmicymuumwnmmmurm
Ire-Ostehsr. 1951. tom. 19”. a speeet s yearenda halt. It
nod-oipodtoteotreopoaoostooortainelsasntsotthstor-u

khan tip-res are contained in a "blot published by
W Itato University which describes the operation at urea.

50

51

“others.thousoottirstne-es.thorolooithshsst.andtbe
“soloist-louse. Iiatypartieipentsrsspsnded. tithe
m tasty. the station discovered alterurdo that eight hed
mmmwuyutuuemmiogtwsdidnot
mummiuumfiileteeeithsrdidnot
eaten is or .rely answered in a single generalisation. Altogether.
these Messrs onessd a highly critical and sophistiestod group.
Mmuwiymmcmzmmw
m‘e‘etodhvytheuitertrum. 1933“”.1950.
warmthsradiostatienethpperrellsirhrcolase. on: John‘s.
W. the capital oity of this resent Median province.
st. Jen's boasts a population at about 110,000. with three other
“human-Wanna. “swim.“Airhrse
“leer estioer. no usinsd es Intention Isrvioee Officer at
memes-emwemums-Mauw.
Mattstopa. Itusslsetedentapsteotheretiiliates
umnmfimmmummc.mm
toWondteetowwnitsiathsre-steeanedianerohipolago.
“mnemneushsstendtwopsrtieipents. 0n
Macao-amumcmum.m
pour-moddedelsorthpartieipsnt.
Wmmummatwicsotbmdonlturel
interest. as well as social and political issues. bike the station
itselhthsprogr-alsssorvodapnbiierelatieaseioeioa. through
Wmatbreoyaerperiod.tbeprograntriedtogivo

52

lewtcoodlsndors sens idea or the people ed institutions or: the United
States. hythosuctohu. tortbsoelipbtonosntodAncriocno. it
onerodtepiosdiiehdcaitwithlswieondlcndcndansde. thus. no
topics ciraecd a broad ”estru- troe United states foreign policy
tolilliulovlhocr. andtrcojaas “constructor“. the progran
die-my at its participants iron the poniocial mt. visiting
medias oitioiels. and. particularly. iron the faculty oi. usocrisl.
onion-icy or lowloundloed in It. John's. ,

a university radio station like me isalso mes in public,
relations. the totality of its broadcasting tare furnishescclne
to the university’s on solid-go. And. for better or worse. this
in... tends to influence the public i-gc. ,rne sc-s thing is tree.
or m. in euro united sense. of em un the mm
m an «names-i. out. ammo u 1- «mad or
cc-sroial. stations. nevertheless reflects directly on the university
that sponsors it. N

tommrequuredeeaoewcrtes fowhasie problem
net-me. muuuuummm ensuing
on the (crest. and cathode of selecting. both topics and participants.
the writer considers each question here iron the standpoint of gettiu
the page. on the air. flush is. strictly speaking. production.
Mmutoothoair.¢cseyoitandhsw.creproblsnsfiieh
relate are specifically to Ming the progran on the air.
Aflttedly. the two are not wotoally occlusive.l

 

to V..._ .. a,. . . ~ " ‘ 1 '7 ‘. .- .' x .
g a chapter on interpreting the university to its publics.

1‘

53

may;

‘deuensoriptsd discussion progrssxon.e university etstion is
sesslly not difficult to produce; the ”telent' is st bend. end the
technical prohl—s eon sooroely he reurded so complex. The diffi-
culties srise out of getting the telh to jell on the sir.

lo the fins! seelyeie. reperdlese of twists
end “pianists" is tor-st. the snoeess of soy . . .
discussion mm depends on the shility of the
spookers. . .sndtheskiliofthendersm

Minolta-es the oleeh of oppeeisp vieve. let it is even
nose devoted to the soholerly exposition of s subject eitheet round
for pole-iee. it ooeeerns itself. with both issues end ideee. vith
the onset questions of tedey's hesdliees. hot else sith utters of
lsseperiehehleoosesrs. Il‘lieneee11m1,og.tl,pivosthelists-ores»
ideeodietheesyespeettoheer it is ietended. st leest.ts
”stepson-hid isnersisiereeltheeiornel.ssdspsetseesns
um “.mm terse. sod sonoise. n u s a. dash is not

metiit’ee trite sed.shioh is set ssseeisted‘sith‘ssy'ethet shoe
currently on the sir. it sets the toes. oi the. noonseios.

‘fhe solutes'psevides tsentyneiiht end threeoqpsrtess sinntes oi
ammu- we. iwm'mmnmm
Walden-shouts) intrehoesudelosestheshse this too

eesveetieesl edit. hot one thet gives the show We identity.

1cheetee sed Ostrises. e . (he torlu Appleton-
Contnrym. ism. 1950). p. 2 9.

M

the ties elenent reisos this question: Does thirty ninntu.
includiq the opening end close, represent the time limit for discussion
program? Dr. is this limitetion, scoepted hy both professionel end
auteur redio ssvsnts. rcslly e cliche! lryson. speaking of dollsrso.
adv-cents redio, ssoerts thet we live in s fifteen minute world.‘ in
discussion WM do we live in e thirty ninnte world?

rusty-cunt ninntcs of some]. can is inedeqnetc for s «acume-
thstettelptstodonorethsnnerelyseretehthsmfm. scam
this shortooeinp. it is possible thet my people will not listen

beyond thet tine. l'hones Griffith. in m W m points
to idiot night he celled our oepsnle sentelityi -

henslonperwishtoresdlenoheohswith‘
leisurely descriptive pnsuges: our litereture.
is pellcnell in style; television programing
rerelyhrestogohcyondenhour, oreteost
ninety-minutes. if it would hold so sudicnce; we
hove hecone e lend of digests, of wick sunrise.
and of "briefings." Our picture journslien
specislitcs in tellirg us “ell we need to W
shout Aston civilisstion in fire popes-«end so
resourceful is dmcricen ingenuity thet the joh
is often quite competent. representing the splurge
of tine end eoney thet need to so into these gilt-
lettored volumes node for e hing. In laying out
the poses. the editor judges by his own viscere
how mch he thinks More one endure of the Aztecs.
end her this topic not fore easiest the coepstin.
sttrsctions of shepely liiss fills-ooh Cheese end
on srticle on the revive). of christienity. lie
knees thet if he nuts to keep five or seven million
restless resders he cennot sstursts then with Aetec
culture. to soother feet forey hes been ads into
”.derstsedin the world we live in.” lieny here
lehored to keep s "dz-my emperor sake" end their
sejeetiee. the Anericsn public. eon feel themelvos
sell served. their foreshortened ottention spe-
then turns to sonsthim elee.’

.AA 1_ _. 4.. A A.

hm mhhhout ’leerning'" W Deco-her ll. 1!”.

2ins-nu outrun. WW (new York: Istpor and
m. use). p. 201.

L

55

The proble- suuests thet eduestionel redio. which enjoys e
freed—deniedteee-ercielrsdio. erperisentoith lenzsrtine.
ms for discussion programs.1 For odueetionnl redio it it
roelissi tether then neive idealism to suggest that the exertion is
not how any listeners will twist the diel otter twenty-eight ninutes.
hot her all is the progran meeting ite objectives. end whet can he
done to i-prove it! N I w

m is done without script end without mam. erupt
for on infer-e1 iii-studio forty-five ninute worst-up before sir tine.
It is handout live on Sundays, st 2200 p.n.. with too pertieipsnts
ad the host.

Three is the usuel. the host. meter. hedie
listeners find it difficult to identify more then
four speskers end to follow the breed outline of
their conversetiou. Moreover. the least vocel
arbor is likely to he erosded out of e four or
fire uey dielogue. The threeaspeeker convereetion
obviously provides more sources of information end \

idess... . .

—.—' WV 7 v w 1 —r— .- Vi

‘Questionneire: In response to the question, ”Did you think )0
minutes (including the snnouncer's opening end clone) just right for
the discussion? Would you hove preferred soother l5 minutes? 30 minutes?
if sixty responses. thirty-three thought 30 ninutee just right: nine
preferred AS niwtee; six preferred 60 minutes; seven said it depended
on the topic; two expressed no preference. three did not respond to -
the motion. it as obvious in mlusting the counnents thet may of
the thirty-three rho fevored 3O udmtes thought thet the time no juot
right fro- the listener'e stendpoint. A typicsl consent use "30 minted
is good for the listener. . . with enything longer you'd lose your
”disses.“ Among the fifteen who fevorod is or 60 nitrates. the not
com room we thet 30 minutes use insufficient to discuss the topic
Ulth the host results. Typicsl co-ents were these: "At leest soother
15 minutes. After ell. this is educstionel redio.” '1 find it frus-
tretinstofeeethelo-inutereetrietioe. . . thereisreellynetins
to develop sore then s for points.”

W m‘ M”. 22. C15:. 9. 20‘s

56

For reesons which has little to do with enlightening their
nun-u. mmeWMWMm _
handout on lundsy. elthough eons sffilietes tops the m
anmhroedesotduringthewekeronlsturdey. {Them
fluuelsesireden Deedsy. Idlerdllurreueondems this exile .
of "Iaingful presto-in." to "on intellectual ghetmy After-
nouns.“

Iithontesslrinin; the nerits or doprits of My M
in anneal, there ere speciel reseens for hreedceetio; m live
on My. These spply to its participate. tether then to its listmers.
hnyofthsfeeultyendeteff find it eesiertoneke theluedeydete.
Further-ore. e progre- teped on s week-dsyeveoing for mm.
a Iundey uy he undesirehle because— perticipsnts ere likely to
opproech the progre- with ninde (end voices) thet ere less then fresh.
don,ofoourse.srewellehletohsndlethotslk. hutothere, isthe
sliter's experience. sppeer some jeded. (confine Ase spines tint
people ere me intelligent on mm)! as university ststione.
uith their anger hudpets, teping the hmdeest st eight soy else
ins-iv. over—tie. em .. litheut psy. . uncritical». onivsreity
stetieee hero their prohls-si lousy. of source. hut personnel. as.
Monte-sensorsssd”eneineers”she-sthehiredtosupplsuntthe
repulse stuff so-stines psrfore their hties is e etete of shoot-
M onlye little less conspicuous then the mitotic fet
hey is rich-s' "l'iohwioh tepers" theme oosstsntly fellise eeleep

meshisfeet.

‘- 1 _ __..._ .- ._-___.

lag. in...» is. use.
‘00-‘— uo. W a... 1.... 01- at

m. 1955). p. 27.

57

W eese e single microphone. e arc-1 or "ice-creel: sees."
the thus perticipente sit stand the «stoma mll studio tsble.
Although m perticipante prefer e more inform! setting built
m s coffee tsble (mindful perhaps of Stephen leacock'e tamerk
Wifhsvsrsssksdtostsrteeollsasvithmrmmly, hswold
tho it e lungs). the 1:31:10 has none advantages: elbows resting on
the tsble help to insure e unifom mod level; the body posture itself.
to s. degree, induces motel alertness; participants work on the
I. limphooe: end their proximity fosters s useful kind of intimcy.
All the was cited in this study cee e tsble, round or trimuler.

M e discussion progran which is interested in both idces end
1”. topics are inexhaustible. Not only it tho old in art. liters.
tees. philosophy, end politics perpetually m. but the world. so
ass-l. ls station on its heed and out of its inverted pockcts can
will" more idese to act it right than say progran mid mlorc
in . infinity 0! telk.

W strikes for contreat in programing. If the topic is
”M end tht Shaun!" one week. it is likely to be "Southeest Aeien
Insole spot: indooseie" the next. and ”The m of the no of linden
Art“ sits: thet.

tropics en selected about two wake in edvmce of the live brood-
csst. swept then s uncut new development my dictate imdieto
Ming. Title. of the topics ere usually phrased to invite
listener ettention. "The Berlin Crisis" is not an exprcseive or cetchy
es "lerlim Island in e Red Sea"; “Nev inmchea to fencing” is not

at pod as "Mac's Hrong with Our Prisons?"

 

 

t
l I
! .
. , ‘s '
‘ l
. _ 4
-
l i
., . 4 I .
l
. ' A ‘0
, A
~-
' e
_ i
u , .
‘ s
. b
a. ‘ ‘
.
‘ s' s
y
, l
l
e
I
I
.
v
, v
s
I "W ‘
n . .
y
e

58

Topics in the winter end spring of 1959 included: "The Lost
Dimension in.leligion,“ "Should.thc united States Change It: Chine
Policy‘r,” “Bo-e of My Best Friends ere Professors," ”Beat Zen, Squere
Zen, and Zen.“ ”Hamiio-SOth State," ”The Ides of a University,” "the
Population lxplocion,” ”Ten Quintillion Stern." “The Existentislists.“
“Wiesel“ in Hodern Society," ”Gen the Republicans Hold the Lincl,”
and ”The Beat Generation." linens the topics broadcast during the fell .
Cl 195’ lift: ”Sex, Censorship, and D. 3. Lawrence," "Mr. R“: the
to“: earth,” ”What Now With Civil Rights.” "towel Johnaonu'rhe
World's Croeteet Comrersctionalict,” ”net's Behintl the Steel Strike7,”
sill "Students Tell: About the University.”

the producer's yardstick is that the topic must either reflect
the “7's cure significant new! and issues or concern itself with
lines e! universal significance which here resisted the ternioh of
ties. ”to". specialized topics are evoidcd, although there ere
sees-ioeei excursions into interesting trivia like ”Hov'Professisnel
.'.J‘mlt03f Sports?"

Listeners to W frequently express curiosity as to how
topics ere chosen for e progrem which holds the air week ettcr week.
the selection of topics is actually one of the least vexing chores
sinly become there in e large inventory of. talent on any university
m Ililch it cspeble of handling elnoet eny topic. It is not share
the most expert talent; or. if expert. not the most forceful or glib.
”potion: on the broader tepics which. while they cut: cthwart every

field, ere not to be identified with any specific one, are professors

. 1

..~

.e e l! .
, . ,. ...
c t .
I ‘- .
. . ‘
, .
t .a I
t I . .' e
. . ,
I, 27 _
. . I;
. . n;
e s
n
n a r
. ' L
, .l
. _
o
1 .-
| D
. I
i I

59

manhunt-cheek. meaereereioWsee
mum-aqua. «nuptummuuw.m
M w. pertieipeets cen he found.

ummmmu’imeothiqmtheee
Maumuh—smulus. Issttepieeese
”whitish!“ heedlieessebytlegnlity periodieele. A
umummmmnmmmxy
mmtmmmemmuo'mumm.am
muummoteMuoflmm’m
tcusmmemmwuutmemne(mm
Managua-.mmummi—umm
sedeersetisestelkesreneoteiiothe’seesenlelm.eli
heemestmioslesluithlm.

mum-whammpmmmm
Wu'm”thetitleesmnyeeeieethem
WIyMMWWflfiIdmfly. “sales-13y
“meiwmhmManw
mawumwuuu-eummm
ties-es. hwm.eseseses.sinelnyeetteste
muuem Monti-ems
selleaemheusesusuitsesesehsm.mhseseesthis¢
lessthellhsqldelehv.leitheeeuelosseiehieeeeieseo
shes.

the test thet the pertieipmts represent different disciplines
hipsuiemseussntnstio’eieteivimemfiiehw
hmummumwuumu-emm.

60

momentum. thetthepertieipentsmseleotedin
stintsuiveveiee”tethstixht.tethsleft.nduthedddle
“theme.“

thousophistissteemepttoessuesthetedeheteerflight‘
dies thshest eisseseise. lot the MmeityofMom'sespsrieooe
mammmmm1Mmm1Wu
mbmwumuwpmmmnm
mmmummwumu
liflialtnetleesorieees.“z

lessee'e she-cuties sheet "leopie's nature." e delete m
“Whamm.mmumdmmmu
m

theesesteiflsnteisthetitmilseusee
iiseoesise. there ere breeeeeetess who believe net
eruiedeheteshsoldhelively.eseei£itheste
he vicious. they generally use the word "My“
to justify tee-sins e dies-sues tote e bottle 0! ‘
ssrseeeiities. Sometimes theyere skis to point to
seedlisteeiuuflenoeeeeirepotetioosestheit
m. lmsennhertheoiiieeoonfsme,“
mamwacassucmmmu.u~
qty sores did not settle question oieely. end
thet.£estheseheoieoliahteoeset.eeshooldlive

epthetkiedotsmmp. Ieoeoioedthetse
‘uoe Iillisctsleeslisteests, ital-sets. in
ereertodoeoreioeleerioeepthethinkiuof
fiesefiesteyedoithes. theisteseetineoeselt
eithet heieinusthsteordisooeeiooprosrees
dieestleesesyeufleeoe.eeieresoeeseletiei
set.eeitheseosmseuemoheerense£ol....
esrseestshereheenteldthetseuette
mummuptuamm'om.

M L_ A A A i l- .

luau. mm. M” p. 139. mm. bees;er. m
'itiststtertoeeoi sates-epithet“. Mention“-

”manommmsmmmmu
m. mummlieteeer utterly confused." fiesta-u

Worms-«hwyv.

61

ssisehsreersessidthstrehereeeohjeoties
teeseserelscreemt. leisot.oerelooes
esseesset....lillionseipesplsstilllistes
tesssdisoeesioeprosm.‘ _
AnsthesshsedWoitslhsitsslistenimto”etleest ‘
tssntyhseeooestsoiiossdlfiereetiiseussiesprogrels." decries
thee-heieussefisseetiereloes”: .. _ '
lt-yssilhethetthsvesy sherpnessoi
“ensembldstheetteetiesotsseeliesee
*dshttuflOIIflIOm....Im1‘.
hmres.pleeidthis1 thtsescoelisssroep_
(sting noble-1s in so stessphese oi enact-stealing
hosesseotthseeeiissdss-tieeiisets.2
mmulsnmummmmuu
uses it film. one uses it messes) .‘ A
memlyWumm
lslitiesi loissse. ts—lsstloe sum. Ihiioesfiy. florists” eel
W. ls-sitiee. leslish. krone steel“. leseetiee. lest-see
ummmlmgumm hisssestieisuts
meld-sedthsniseseitymflssthssthssiseslty._heese
Msmmma‘mmwmmmw
«mm-nu.mnm. . "
hem-itutymshsuesseersiesseeheeesussi
ssehulssldtnmissshoee‘ee.i”6.tsh-uy.lm.
Wharpsstisiseulessethesssos.isurssmyesiees
“isthe-syn". thesesssnehsssrefiehsrssessestsstes.

4. A AA;

  
 

More. 1952). pp. 3940. Subtitled A presses for pserentis. tssehles
mummmwm." thisissrslusblo iittlehsehios
those interested is disesssioo m n. '

W I. Intros. "A lsssleestes telhs to His censuses." m
m. hordes 13. 1958.

 

62

Mtquwemmumm.mmmuumm-
mem'mmuwumuamumuwm
um. mmumummmmm
HWWW. theyhsssstslentiuwm.
nee-teemingseistssteiesiiesq-dsbemctiee. I
‘ memmmmeinmmum
m.thsdimtesmyueksesheesss. Asseutssym
wuss-Mommammehmmum
mmumeiuetinoimm.eheestisthsssetui
sen. mm'wmm—wmnuum,
mm'thsietie."reeaa"loevmrmonthetsble2 apes
wyueg'm'tupnu: must! ”lessens-tsble! as
m" “eenee cue-nuns mid". germs rm». m:')1
mmumummwwcmmnm
mummmaw. Inthisieitislmt.
mmwmammudmwmuumt.m
hematsnshsst.seddly. thesespeseismtsiehesths
mmuW-nmmmuuuuu
hill-atheistsilssitheflsesssiss. “millennium-ts
assess-resetthiessslyseseeetthesnsieesseess.
mmustueslehIistI-ieiisstmieetessieeee
“cabana-Mountains. lsqysssssiiss
ummme.uqe.w.meeu~uemmu
w

‘4 L... A A A .- A —-—A

II II Illll ||| _ *‘j _ ___._4 :-

1......“ m y. 29.

6.3

“this ion: to seven days after both participants have cannitted
Mm to Join the discussion. they receive 3 pest or m of
Weasel-mete. theee"£1e.sspeste"tetheueeussisssot
ssiy stimiets that thihking. but they stem: to isolate the use:
sithstoyis. tinseible,theyslso pinpoint thesesrssssithe
Mudflatsflhssesbothoithemticimtssremuspest
sithmsthsnsmlsuthodty. Assoc-desywspoeehersute _
mmumflmmmumwmuum
mmmmmquwumzmmeu
mwcuumammmim. _

mmmmmtmmugummum
sustitstsesWseiyhtheliMflusseeqthetisises
sessesteli. teemssteet.ths1eseessesse£flhssussthsy
ssersysseeiiiseseetionsssdesusststoshiehthssestisisntses
sietsilysseptessseesesehseeutiss. thmafflCIflt
umunwm 1131th“th
uMmlWimwusmneidwm‘mu
uemukmmmmmmmumwe
WWsuMMqummdm
W. lsetheylsssethsishesssthsyhsretehem'
hyshey-ssyinsesticketthssndsimehissmiiusssith
mnmdpesszthseentusssthemurikeethsmhss
mammummnuuumuuuu
“unseat-Welshman“. was
Wmimmmuueummumw
dedtshutthemmieimdhie.

6A

_thsmgmnebesseheidtethehelieithetthehset
eieeeeeise senses- eee stances-ed. the tees "structured” here onsets
teeiteseeieetse-etetinthnthstete”ensnisee." ceessssus
eeeld nohehly setshiieh its m is this contest es seiessine
te'esthsdssieehisrieeessteine-sleeeeeehjeetires. leseths
seepe- eslihsretsly set out ts tell: sheet ssstein ssleetes. sini-
iiatpieuiesiuslyiimueiesleseesl thisisestsuotuese
presses. leesthsmpsoesseeitheusessseieteieuiieseee.
heteitheetseyioeieelesdeteedseselysetheeieehlees? this
page. is .steestesee. the hsst dies-seis- msss is psehehly
reel. fluid. see spoutseseee. yet intelliseet eeoush ts eeeteis the
nest einiiimt ssiete thet see he teieed within the tile iisit.

limsuiisssis-thssheseeseieeeesiuilypeessssd
teeieeloetliee.thseseelteeiehthersehenqiethssssssesse
tethsesestiuise. thesestsssyistses: thenjesitysissspoe-
esetsthe'htthstthemuseeithssteemchessteslittls
eteeetesee. the esites's hypothesis thet nose eheetoss would find
mmmiittie stmmeesssethersewtbythsreeelteJ

nevertheless. these ismeh to he seie tors streight sutlies
beiseeduurs its-seedpeiettotheeiseession. nest etedsete oi
the nobles insist on se outline. telisr's W is typieels

.i _._‘

Imantis-seine. In response to the question, “me you think the
dismiss it shieh you test sert tee structured? toe little steeetuted?"
testy-sins oi eiety mpseeee indieetee the progran see not too structured;
eight thought it me; one took the ion of "so-sweat": end tee uses-deuce
lid not ensues the question. With reiereece to too little structured. '
isstyossvse iueioetsd the m use not; eie thought it see; one test
the ion oi "e little”; sad six did not ensues the question.

65

writteusseda-lihhed, sssuutehlenlst first-
he sutlinee. this helps the pesticipents to orgeeise
their esteriels to convey en scarce discussion to
the listener. Also it helps to insure inclusion ei
ell points tick the pesticipeets ere desirous oi» ‘
presenting. without en outline. too such ties esy
he devoted to one point. ee thet e tinel end possibly .
are iuportent point my he leit out completely. thee

iitiethsestyoi'thechslresneitheroundtehlets-
see thet the outline is iollouei, es thet only the
“rel-inns decidedupeeehseeotthshroedcsst
shell he given to presentetion end discussion of eech
peint. Is‘usthesetheelertteeestheteeeeei
the speekers devote too arch ties to one point. es
thehslshelsncsofthspresrseuill thershyheees-
trsyee. Ieturslly. it e script hes hecn preperse
chess oi the hrosdcest. this eeeeitisn uill not
exist it csrs hes heen tehsn uith tiuing. hut it

posses oessiui watching fise the-discussion is -‘
sponteusees.
Another 5.».an supports teller' s vies:

Dee oi the criticise eset sites levelled st
reusetehleprspreusisthstthsynsrsrgetsny-
uhsrs. their conclusions ere not clser. 0! course.

** the perpess my not include seething eny conclusions-
luth progress. heuever, ere oiten saddled hscsuse
thseueisnsscenuetmeuteeeutlise truths
uses of see-is. heterosenssue cseusreetios. A

director one help is this respect hy insistiu' thet
setli. see trseeitiee points see sleet. 2

Aesiiuluepisthepee-hueeseetpscperetimthsprsesses
esteesehpertieipeetseselccttuesrthseeiqssteetpeietsn-ee
Whalelihets-hsdetiflthemtseleheflts
hatethseetseteistypeusittnpssseetueseitheesseethsete
his. thisiueeishssthsmhestuithsssshesfleesssithe
pessieipset'spsieteirisuieeersssseeiiteiveshieseerceiete
fii‘ he s. peeiitehly lose the pestieipeut during the discussion.

 

51”.. m. ’0 t“.
2‘15!!! m. ‘. ‘ ' A ‘
Me I“). P. ‘

(Boston: leuphton Iiiilie

 

66

resticipents erc oceesiondly urged to keep notes in trust et
a. ewt-g the than this tends to m... rm: confidence.
Istthcyerccsetionedeaeiestrcsdiup thsererhetinunlese theycu
.hs the delivery sound W see unrehserscd. in prettiee. the
ties oi eiecessise usuelly prohihite sore then s fleeting elm st
eeeee. my. hy a. host. I: is um. thet the but discussion
iispseessuithsotcseltsscthcr. ltmethc streesedthet guests
on accession shoes thetlest tuentyvsipht ‘einetcs or less one only
tel!!! ssticulntc e point of rice rouletcly cs rcech s esiinite
conclusion.‘ it is else prohehlc thet thsheet process“ e ice
Mideastieelysnlucllenithsesuits. the-crechstresccr
ties-spun the topic. the proctor the necessity for eieplicity. in c
lesser sense. this is pert of s continuing house problem cs ariiiith
inflates: N i ‘
Presueehlyuc ershuese the twistinuiseou‘
oi fist hes gone before. end tines sore isoonstently
heirs stomachs]. us speck oi progress. hut whet
is tect is heinp hendce to us is cosplcrity end tech

mtion. tile eddies its use deposit of discovery
sud cseplcxity. met couches sstehlish s new sisplicity.2

ms. Humanism mtsn- .1... m- u n-
hset. thy the lehcl "host"! the ensues is thet, housesr pretentious
II etuiiy. the lnplish lsnsusse otters setting hotter. the elteresr
tires. ”their-es” ese Wm; do not scouretcly define the us-

mm““MWW2!flE§—§"WW
tor-st. even though Irysou's progre- uses "eheirnsn” eeucll es "host. “3

 

fir ~y , v ‘17 v , vrr w—

1W (Colo-bus: Ohio Itetc University Press. l9”).
"c i“. s ‘ A

karate. m- p.108.
smp. 3!.

67

ItMlehcclcerthattheimcthdoesnotiethce
the settitipents. lie does not ply theevith questions shite seed-5
c deco eels hieecii. A Wise “6111101168 on inure-antics.»
quietlyhetcees mthincise: eeieteeeiee. Thieisnotto'deuee
themcttclietmieeimehiohisstiueeuthtrnrietyeitmrsetise
.‘ e difficult ett inshich the secret. pcrheps, is to meet iceet
heiltheeeceershctcecheed.

lee does the hect-eoileeete in thceictiamy sense. a: the me.
lemeiihethoocec.hntheiseetchligedtetekceeiulcnceel
ct he tceoeoilc difference. The me eoeeretoe eppliec to “belt
nth-emeteumttmmmwuum
inlusciseeetcotm (lutnendiels)

li.eeeeeeetite1uttat.uccmptthetemheetttueeeiico
minimise. likehyeuhrymehecepceteeeccthmmehdtckcs
a cue! cheec in the lismsion in-contrect‘ to e mdietinseclc. it
unintucskt ehet determines‘dxith‘eheilbauhcgchcctoec

thwiseiqiycuttuclsheicmecheiocteeditioeedhy
cue—teens. mummefimmteuimemm
tranthmitipeetcsnmhmthrsolymitiideet
“bemuhecI-identflicisithemiity. hetretheeeith
theeuvueityuehiupJ mMMWewem.leen
Ieleeeey.*cqeseeeeceeleriy. Isleeeeesntinuitytetheprogr-a
mmmityieeiuyetceseeeetcegendthceeeemeticeeee
dieeeeei-ieedeeeehesthemeesieetchehdieiuethcncdutice

Ham»?- ‘3-

m mammemmmm
m'euueuxitq-lhueemhteemehueeuteeeeeeeete
“any. Wthmmitymstetimeccs
sheet." sets! ceevceienu theeeeieeipie. elthceah testity m...
eiyeeueeeeeeeeeeeueeetermeeemuueeuuuezeeeedlyxt'"
is titticeltte iiede teeeltyeetsseilliee ts inesthieeeld eitheet
mentianeheitct not. Mthesteticeecnescstcflechthis .
”Mealticeeteullyaeieeetehccphieforeelceecspeesihlel
theme-eatingtheetetuee-eeeeieeuonheiyteuvehie
ehlefiehsehectslcmt. thieicttec.etlceet.eim.
enetheeheeheeeeetheteieethoeteteeeentoetethneenteiyep
ts hie. heteelly. e diseeeeiee wee en escapee (e: tlcnedee) with
either. seetheeheeeeumeiyeeetteeeteeeeneinetmeee
teueefieeececsesuceeicdietheeeteeecdwflediceuseiceg
redeeecseeeeeeeeetellythetthehcstheceycieteivice.
uhedecceethevceee.heeeeestedisecvcseeetcethecehseithe
dieeesuce. tetheeeueuueeceeseheeiemthesehmhe-y
shale-unemmneuneetemmteme.»
see-ed te the 'ueeeeeeive' view. elthcqh as tee Wielly
1Inc-lace.esteeeelletteetnlhgigh..mlyt.1939.
Henna-ism Icety-tse st siety peeticimte iedieetcd they
mined the sees beet an cech mare-n seven thought saee variety mid
hchelpdelztcerdidesteeseendtctheqeectimceveethouhtcchenee
in host true ties to ti. would he dcsirehle. Manna those who ewe-wed,
cutinityuseitedesthcehiefeeeeee. Intueoithecietyeceeceece.
the {let etetceent he slide thet the respondent would prefer c enacts“!

“re-lest ie thehcckueuedtethet thee‘eheetdee pesticiyetcd
actively ie’ the discussion.

69

see not heeene ts synthesis.‘ ‘Bc need not he too concerned sith the
estitsssdeueitcoihispecitiaeeelceaes'hecenesticuletcit
intelligently. IIIIOGItiVCIIb eel eith sees desece o! sieneeity. .

It‘hclps creditehility its the hect. it he is on tsseleely; ts
“list a tune of hiesclt in the listcnct’s mind. he should (heevce
help'hiet) eppees ts the listener es-peseepstvc, breed. heleeecd. end
est eithset sit; e nestle nethetee ie.the cecherds oi truth. besety.
eel leetieity. ’CIed4eith‘veiee ts»eeteh.) I

mess he is willing ts risk the suspltise thet he is. cits! ell.
steely e heesee petite-intellectual ees Wit-ell. the host net else
seltivete the shes-is. set ct heiee seen; etthe eight eeeeet. (Is
‘eill he. hes net eleeye’et the sight.seeeet.)

' let-est else tied the actress ts stress e poiet:c hit tscieeeh flee
the seke‘sl‘vitelityt Tcxds the ft‘flmlllstwlll rosettes e hiss. etpe
m of sebihitiseih. ”steadily ct the “tunnel misty. has.
hesssee. is e.live‘eediuem it deee est ecspeed.tn the pensive. pelitc.
“view-e. lt tespsnde ”ho-issue end ieteition colorfully eel
iecisivclysepeesscs. ,

'Ihc‘hess ceugigllg§.§_iemeu»sdeestine.heeedcestee. Is is sues seen
eeeeed*eith.islleeeeine.the>listeeee*thee.setetteieiee.hie. let he is
nmmxmuthmwwie. ammue
hescsetselyclespeseeitelctietcseetion.hotehiaherdeecd
Wufimuhenm. eutethieeeethet
WW. etlc‘estsndie-cishou-nchip.

_,_ W V ,._‘r

‘hteneetiptctthisdissussice. dicheppsercdiethe
- - {2f 1 Fall. l958. is conteiecd

 

69

mutt-entomtheete.‘ Heeeednethctoomstnedsiththc
eeeitc se dense-its ethic position“ lee. es-hcceeettiemlete it
intelligently. pssvceettvely. sedweith sees decree oi cieeeeity. .

it helps mutant” in: the hut. it he is on tesulctly. ts
cstehlish se tune of Iii-sell in the listener's and. he should (hsevse
fhelp‘hiefi) eppcee tc the listener es peseepslec. breed. hslseecd. end
est eithset sit; s gentle astherst ie.thssttherde of truth. besety.
sed teetitity. ”(les‘vith*veise tc»eeteh.) ‘

Mess he is lint-e to tick the snepltlce thet he is. sitar ell.
eeecly e buses peeicebietsllctteel eel Wit-ell. the best esst else
eeltivete the thee-lee set cl heine eenee st the eight.eeeeet. (he
till he. hst net eleeys ct the eight sees-t.)

'Ie-stelsstiedtheocetegetestecsscpoietehittoc-eshlee
the sehe+s¢‘vitelltyh Tc dsvthe prepreeuc3.ell restless e else. tile.
sheet-wet eehihiticeiee. psefetehlymsi the eeeeclinieel'vctistyh heels.
hseevee. is e live eediee; it dsee est sespees to the peseivc. pelitc.
eel vieteeee. it «spends ts house's end iemition «lot-fully see
incisivcly w. ,

the‘hset sejgigllgggt,iejen.edesstiue,hssedcestet. Is is sues sees
ecseed‘eith.ietleeeeiee the listener thee.setetteieiee hie» let he is
assesetiseelhe‘cestsstctfith speeiel chills. Benet possesescc
islets-treely'euleeee seeitel st tease-stint. hut s hidh oedes«st
sephistieesieeh se'sist scanning like eeuliggziggg, 4idd.te this seethee
esseetlel leeeedicett ee.leest e.eediceewsi ehneeenship.

thteasers-wt“thisdisemseise. :iehencercdiethc
. .. _ _' -_,' . 1 Fall. 1958. is conteiecd

 

70

In nae: he e ”quick study.” There ie no meaty ehout thin-
lenhjeeteotchhie the is likelyteheineredfoe leuhycnrrent
We end equine. It the tepie ie tieely, he m be «we

M thedltore of the 3m 1013 flag, w W
W W W i153. 2.12. ‘m mm-
m ellvc to it. If the topic is leee’ emm. uy e diecueeian at
mile: Thane Wolfe. then almost my library. but pertieelerly e -
mimeity library. will anally ma in freeh. neehle eeteeiel.
hmmlymimmwtaruu mmmm
WWWm°w8>mmutMr
With or eithout en outline. eon lore of preparation in indie-

peueehle to e dieeueeion M. Ivan profeeeore with twenty-live yeere
of teaching end “hourly mmch behind them mat. prepare it they ere
“W“CMMtahmbeforethenicmphme. Batman
heel.tetheroleinehichheleoeethyhiemchoiae. theuieno’
nape. lie, doee no: knee precisely dare Ache dimeeion nu led. a.
”theme“ mqmueeetrihuce ortoeeuultthe"deed
epote'elcheentieezeeiee. Wieelnmeeemtehieee
emulmumwumechehurtofthemlieeaend
hmldhmeelWWmeeheiem
wmum..w1y.wmmzmz.ume
”with lone enhance. It diet he eeye ie superfleiel. he .3 tell
to paddle the W springboerd for hie sues“. Vepid. rende-
unfilledeetettheeir ie likelytobreedequallybeneltelhhee
new. thieieeeceeeeeoiieulliueeeeleedeeellmee
mudmldheeluptherminthetimplne. lee
ietheheeteeethereieche'erteleeeetherimien. theme-nu.

71

eaereieedhyeeieeeeeieeleeeerieieuneedtehelphhetelknee
“ly-eeeeeinshlly. it my peee he mum: pertieipeee e:
manualdwunyhehifllyduluhleMith
“itemthedimeeien. nee-meefuleueeu.flle
h-G‘eteleeeyheteeeeedheeeiphenhetheebocoeeeeeeeiththe
gupneeeeluxeeretheteheeiuleeeer.
ipeeteeeityieeeeetmilreeie-eee. “memlleeeeetthe
wwwummncheiueneiweithem
use.“ mun—nemmmquuuu
eehleveeeltheeepeeeeeteeueiuthegeeuee. theheetnecueept
eueeeepeeeihilityterhelnee.
heathemuetpeehleeeeillheuuettheeeeceelelhie
gee-ea. lihmumemumieeheimlethitmcule
eeetlheeulelevielees
MW?W3.WJM.
themetinteflievinsieeeleeemeinelmefl
eleeeveeeetleesite-eeteluyeheherrieeeu
Que! he {it e predetermined tank.

In: eithie the inheteet li-itetiene e! l" e
little are W eeule brim euhetentiel im-
uet. rerhepe the (in: teqeieiu ie 3mm eme-
eletieeeefl'epettefthevelee e! peepledhehue
”thing he eey end. with imllizent probing eel
Wt. eeeheineeeeeteeeyit. theyeee.
ether ell. fl‘e eely Whine apply of tee-
eieeue. peep-in. nuclei.

A .44“ A *—

lmumme- 109-

“an“ leuwieve. January 29. use. «me

, (Deuces Daphne mum

 
 

 

ti ‘ "P H: mm‘ 1 '

uhmmnmmmuummmmn
eiliveeeaeeeetiee. thetapettieipateenetheheettelhie

Winneliviepteeenleeeealeehnttenedeineeieeplee
dintieeey.iliteeeheeehleved.
thieieeetteeepthetaepeeeeealetelyeeleaeadeitheet
m. hthaeiatheteaetheptheteeeieemheeeeetueew
Ieepeeneeeipeeeealeeneernvithaetieheinseeie. Repleelaly
ammuwmtulyumuieeiheumm. hell
telheateieeveeplittleelitalheeeaeeetelyeeteaeielzittel-
tilleaiaettateeeielheeumeekaielauelineeehieeeepeietee
“.mitieathheaaltelm hedtheeeteei-heei
paleieeeeeieeiethetaepertieipenteehvieeelyeereehateht
thepaeeepinutheeeeueeetieeeeveeeepeeeuteeinteeeueaehape
elpletiteieeeepieeeehetreetiae, _ ,
WeflteethpeleeelWI WC!
hell-harm: ' , .
hmhmeeeeetehelievefiethe
ape...thinkeitiaertattehevehieeey...
heeeetreepeeeieeteee-nieete...epakeeith

eeeeiereeaevelnee. . .aheeaeffortteeeeeh
hielieteeete. . .eheeeaeeer-ell teneien. . .

Wile-ha c .Ipeehlvltheulh.

malt-Whea'teeateeeteaethu
heaheehiepeieteeeet...meeteaieeeeio
eiaenlineeneleeivaeee...heeneeherpeaee
“dint“..awaletadieintaeet....
hea'ttepmyhat...

MmalpeiaMaleeteethedieaeeia-eeethe
“m-umummum. Menu:

4* - _.._ L4. A M g

1w. W p. mom. Perle“ ere Lee'e.

l.

2.

3.

4.

5.

73

1'0 keep talking like the little dog in the
lathe: cooeo thym: "he little dogs at hy
the fire over e tender 0! cool duet; eeid one
little dog to the other little dog. ’1! ya
don't telk. why, I met.“

to keep feith with the three-people-in-ywt-
livins-room-illusion. this nuns no reference

he the "lietenet" or to the ”Mexico" or to
"our limited time.” loch references destroy
veri-einilitndo. Othereiee. the pertieipeete
on free to hey that they pleeee, even to reo'
citing the tetrngtenneton heekarde. it it ie
relevant to the dimeeion. Thie ie en inn-tent
(tendon for edecationel redio.

"roeveidtelkinseoun. Intettheeeutieete

eechev overly technioel Jason ehich hlocke‘ the
lietenér'e underetendinp. *

to mid “pee end no" eneeere. eonoleenee.eee
eatery.

l'oreelieethettheflloleeenveeeemotbe
moredinthetieeelleeee.

no mm“ in mean: lute-notion. eat into

Ieteill
l.

2.

he not heteey the illuien of live «notation.

I while no carefully planed pasta an be truly

ooeeeeeetionel became of ite We. it ea
leevetheadiaeeeiththeiepeeeeioneioeoveeee-

tiaiiitieeeteepeueeeeeeeiiieheiolleeine
”M‘. It. m1Me '

e. Iehrenoe to the lieteeina ”dime

'h. total iettodnetien. eoeh ee ”Gentlaa
o! the Rotate-Kale." '

e. tomato on tine lieitetion.

I. W hereto et pletfotu eatery.

no not ettewt to eieeeee tee nay lives-he eehjeete
e! tee any abdivieiene e! one euhjeot. It ie e
tell-known eeneetieroel tent thet no adiaee tee
eeeieilete e let-3e ne‘er oi itene oi inter-notion

It one tin. Commutation on e limited field end
the expeneion of that field by the use of illuetre-
tieeeeeei'eetat. l'eeettheeepeineipel thonphte
all eeveleped ere aiiieient for e einple prune.

N

3. no not digress far, or for any length of tine.
free the centre! them. Frequent digreseione
eonfuoo the mdience end give the impression
thet the met-entice hee ambled or even thet
it hee been entirely pointleee. while etoriee.
johee. end epeeifie examine ere highly deeitehle
they ehould elwye he in point. -

e. Benet belittle or endereetieete the intelligence
of your audience. Thin in e point of primery
inportmce in ell foe-m of public meeting, inelol-
in; epeeking fot redio endieneeet The feet thet the
leyeedience does not mderetend e technicel jet-yen
ie no reflection upon ite intelligence. The wise
epeeker will couch hie neeeege in nude thet vill
he enderetood by no intelligent eudienee thet hee
not epecielined in the field under diooueeion.
technical words and even nanotechnicel wrde thet
ere not found in the veoehuleriee of noet people
ehoeld he evoided when eoeoihle. If for none teeeon
eteehnieel temoeeeenee—eoordnnetheneee.
thentheeenteuoftheeeeteneeehmldoeetythe
neenin'eftheeoeetethoeenotfemilieroith it.

5. Ioeotqnote etetietiee eneet to thethii'eoe fourth
eignifieeet flame. Antoni-time in round more
ere fet no effective. Over e million ie e are
enderetenlehle etetenent thn one million ninety.
eight thoneend two hundred end eleven. i one
definite picture ie iqeeeeee open the am of one
lietenere if e little leee then helf is need, tether
then €7.2l per cent. It ie difficult for my peeple
to may etetietioel fette. there they ere ehle heth
teeeethefiueree—dteheeetheneepleined.

e. Io not pereit the convolution to ”been-e e eeriee
of nenolognee. Even though in eeny meantime
e eingle epeeker .y tell: for quite some tine with
out interruption. if thie were done in the Round
tetle progran. were ef the redio Didi-no ehe
tuned in eftet it one under any night he totelly
W of the feet thet e eonveteetion one in
WI... It ie important. therefore, thet inter-
ception oeene et feitly frequent intervele.even
though they do not Meet the crtinuity of en
explenetiee thet ie under eey.

W17. neifieetheheetoeumortheeeveeteefthe
umdutmwieeonheeteteeetelkina Whine-e

INC“ “ 3.6.- .-,.:- M i ll; .14.; 4.....- ._
_ ii _‘ _-:... ‘Tif'fi't" .. ' at" mm It: Levetin;
' ‘ . I m. 1 g "e 11..

75

heee't e thin. to eey. Int leyeke- peinte eet thet ”it ie coupletely
imeoihle foeee ineeeietytetelheelyeheeee 'heve eenethin. te
eey’" - one .1.» «a. “even on redio.")1
m etrivee foe e neturel flee of mentionueven to
the elettee of eedinety tellu interruption. nirthfnl “onto. eeidee.
heeitetienefiiehete inevitehle ineeyeeeeeee lineman. lven
toeneetelhieeeteneeienethed; itgiveetheeffeotef ineevieed
mention. thie objeetive elee mete the nee of eenee needs.
hetoitheheedditienefoeedeef feeeh. eeieieel ooineueehieheeereee
the onion-lee of eeeh eeneenelitya
Mmdeenoeedteeydelieennydeete.

‘l'heholhefontepekenlenzeeaeieudeupofene-

eyllehle eerdea too My need eerde meant

for 25 per cent of our eonveteetion. end 100 high-

feeeeeeey eerde for no nth ee 75 per cent of ell

~11 telk. Yet individnelity ie expreeeed by

neeuon undo. end one ie no definitel! identified
hy hie len'neee ee hy hie fingerprint»

the heet on m done not neet the other pettieipente-oin
eene oeeee it ie for the firet tineo-eetil they ehev op et the etodie
eene Mycfive ninetee hefote eir tine. min; the firet you. the
eertieipente. with fee eneeptione. were enhneen to the hoot. in the
thirdyeee. feeertheehelfeereenkneee. fhefeetthettheheet deee
net-eteeeheeeet hefeeeheedpeehehlyeneere tetheredd. hot it ie
one of the feete of life in oendeetine e telh ehov with voluntery telent.
including the hoot er nodeteter, en the redio etetiu of e enivereity
eith e lend feeelty. the hoot. alone he in e ne‘er of the etetion’e
”ll! eteff. er eenehev hleeeed vith idleeeee. eeldon hen the tin

 

‘I-y-km. nulls.- r- 13.

hem ht. mm of W by Hanan
Jeheeee. the W look leviev. June. 1959.

76

to tell: to each participant personally. He has to reeort to the wooden
leg: the telephone. 1.3mm: Bryeon, even without thie hendieap, refused
to epend more tin with hie diecueeion gueete than the heat he hed with
the. in the studio}

The ere-breedeeet earn-up it intended to establish en eteoephere
of good tumor, to give the participate the "feel" of the etudio. of
thehoetudofeeehother.eeeelleeto¢eeveeethehi¢h epote of the
tepie end to eeeteh out ereee of egreeeent end éieegreenent which an
be profitably. explored on the eit. The urn-up. to tepeet eneeheeedly.
ie deliberately that. bet people. ee theepieee. heeitete te tenet
eetheeitdlet theyheveuidtoeeehethetdeeinstheun-ep. the
new: to vie-ii; pee-e eed heeitetiee. there ie nothing in a. writer'e
‘eepetieeeeteheekeetheeeeertieethet‘rhepettieipnte . . .derie;
theme . . .nyeeeteeleeetmhetieehettheyheveeeidie
mien meetieee" (the m) .3

Aeyeeheeteel heyeedthe Wtindnteem Ihie etitet
lie-heed. eeheleeee. teheemeeeeeety. Wendeeirehle. but
any. mum m- the eu- etndpeiet. lee-vet keen their eeeee
e! eieeiee. eel-eta) eertieieeete ee eeiveeeity etetieee heel, een-
ee te the idee of W.

Inethee reheeeeek-blute may. “panama redie
“lattice. due. veeyiu epieioee free 'etedehte e: the problem

.

M

be-
wumwp. 203.

77

The University of Chicago Round table followm
e preetiee of thorough planing end preperetion for
the broadceet. Participants mey actually make one
or two "dry rune" of e progre- hef‘ere it gone on the
air. This method.assures thet most irrelevanciee'vill
he elieieeted hetero it you on the eir. . ... Int
tech deteiled preperation eooeeionelly results in dull
hroedeeet dieeneeione. the epeehere lose their open-
teneity end enticipete their Opponents' statements.
the oeetrovorey hoe been preetieelly ”talked out" of
the progran.hefore the broadceet.-. . . The producere
of eeeh round tehlee met eek the-elves mother. in
eeorificing epontencity for orderly discussion. they
here ormieed the mm to deeth. 3'

A veteree hroedeeeter uitee:

Oneeeereeed-tehle eeriee itheeheenepreetiee
to do e prelieinary round tehle end to record it for
etedy end eheervetion. Thie procedure holde demote
hnt eleo edventegee. It gives e ehenee to correct
Iron; heleneee end other {entity technioel deteile.
tech epeeker can eleo hear for hietelf eealcneseee in
hie on ergonnt end oen eorh to repeir then before
m bmwte

Ihether thie or other methode o: prevention ere
eeed. it ieeell foreroendtehletegeontheeir
tekin; edvente” oi the ehee veleee of; epeeteeeity.
hut evoiding the pittelle of couplete improperedneee“
min; in eirelee, noting toe nth tine on tide
ieeeee. end dehetin; m the teete ere.’

he other eotheritiee otter thie eheeeeetiee:

fihetherorneteeeript ieeoed.eroeordedree
heereel ie helpful. he the reeerd ie pleyed, the
epeekere eey with to note there“ in their preoenteo
tiee. the outline eey he intend. end tine edjneto
eente ude. ii the penel ie eeneeeed of eoqeretire
etreeeen. the recording eenee to trek the ice end
to ereete the epirit oi ietee-lity ee eeeentiel in

thietyeedfl‘luIJ

 

 

3m end Iteeheti. «
(“torts lieehert end My. 1-9..

 

78

But the writer finds more wisdom in Van Dorcn's remark elreedy

noted in full:

The only two things they [the participente] ere
eertein ehout beforehand ere the queetion to begin
with and the mango to be'reed et the clooe. The
helf hour between . . . ie unreheereed and free.
There have been occasions when n disagreement is lost
by heving heen too eleerly entieipeted.the element
of eurprise, even of anger. wee mining. . . .

Methods on diecneeion programs are usually designed to induce
epontneity without eeerificina oontent. the m m named
an to structure the diecueeion no such ee possible by using several
preobroedoeet reheereele end e (:09in outline. lnvigggi 23 __g W
“ m on the contrary. are not etructurcd in soy deteiled
eenee. they depend lore on the host' o judgement than on eny pre-
ermed eeheee.1'he hoot triee to leed the discussion to the heert
of the topic; he met else try to control the flood of words or.
edeittedly. riek drowning. Int he met elee eherieh the eeepletely
Muted etteeeeeeu the probete e! deeper eueeietieee. theee
ere like trout in e eeleee eteeee. eet oelne. but etill deleetehle.
it the gneeto ere held to e preaerreeged pettern. vitelityuthe blood
ndheeeeietelk eheeo-nybeleet. hodeeereofdieeeeeieeohoee
ei the m vietege ere eell edeieed te eelehnte Inoreee'e
eiedeel "ee erreeeeee vitelity to better then e deed eeoereey.“a the

one flexibility eey epply to group dieeeeeioe m a:

A— » A...

‘m r- ‘1-

'nm mu mm. W (Boston: nou- One-04
in cm. 1079). p. lll.

79

If people in e group want to interrupt serious
discussion with some diversion or personal expression
--let them. Then bring then beck to the agende.
Committees work best when the talk swings between
the personal end the purposeful.1

Tb sdvsnoe the esvesdrOpping illusion, first names of participants
ere used during the discussion, except when high position end courtesy
esy dietete ”lr..” or "Dr.,“ or "been.” This practice undoubtedly
presents sane disadvantages!

- s . . . the listener csnnot see the psrticipsnts
end therefore does;not knoUtho is speaking. lt tskes
eore then s for minutes to identify for the listener
esch of the three different voices, end even then it
is sometimes impossible because of the sinilsrity of
voices. It is fer better to use names frequently--
lest names, not first names. The listeners sre not
intimately scqueinted with the participants end do
not know then.es "Jock" or ”Tom" but only es "Jones"
end "Brown." It is, therefore, preferable to use
lest names leeving out the prefix "Mr.” or "Dr."
unless one of the participants uses such s title es
"General” or "President." but in the csse of s
unnsn, “Hrs.” or "Miss” should precede the use of
the lsst name. . . .

The few writers who deel with discussion progress reconsend lest
noses; end in fact. this practice is followed by ell of the progrsns

described. except ziggpoint,3

1“.» 22:.Ehlss Po ’0
2Heller. op, git.. p. 164.

aquestionnsire: It is spperent that, while first nones'nsy edd
verisieilituds, nest of the perticipsnts es listeners to the progren
preferred lest names. Of sixty responses to the questions "As s
listenor, would you tether the perticipents used first or lest eenee?”
Thirty-one preferred lest names; eleven preferred first nsees: eleven
expressed no preference; seven did not respond to the question. Only
fourteen out of the sixty reported eny difficulty in identifying the
speehers. booster.

I! vat-mum to to ho proootvod. tho moot-onto. ntnctplo
Woolly tonlo to proolnio o tor-o! eonolooton to tho m. lotthot
Moot tho mmvhtch noot tnflnouod tto for-t. W
”W proon-otoon-otoonytor-l conclusion. momma“
m oloo outdo olootn. otth o "oolotton' to tho prohlo-o totood.
W oloooo utthont nonalnoton. It outdo tho may honol.
hantlotto clooo uhtch eonototo of “low to my conclude from your
“to. potion-n. thot tho ptouot of hooo to boom." thuo tho
m uto- tn vortotnttttndo. tho toll: tom ttodo o portoo on
W tho .nooto on not thonko'duotooooly; tho toll: otoply
”Mo do!” oo tho onnounoot'o loot-out oonoo tn ohovo tho votcoo
to tdonttty tho porttotponto onco non ond to onnmnco tho topto for
tho uncut-3 o'ooh. Ionottnoo tho procto- oodo vtth on ”on qnootton
Jolthotototy tott hontu to mo tho ltotooot’o ottontton otto: tho
so!“ dtocnooton hoo mood.

$110! ”toto out tho hunt-do o! outta. oonolnotono'a

. Alanathononoutotolvtovhoohoon
prooontod ooch Sundoy. thoro oro prohobly my
ltotonoro ooch hotdtng dtfforont potato of vtov. and
it tho chotnon. or tho porttctponto. ottonptod to
tto up tho dtotuuton tn o noot ltttlo pockogo,
dottnttoty drovtna up o omluoton on! o ootutton.
may ltotonoro null ho “outtoltod out no“ omoo
tho chottnn o: hotng projooteod ono any or tho othot.
Utththootouootmloftomooohltotonorooothtoh
Qt hto on. oonoluoton wtthont .110”;

Ml for tho ooko of vottot-ttttudouto o w M on
WuWEW-z “mamm-

lllottor. M” p. 165.

I .
:moottonnotrot to rooponoo to tho «cotton ”Would you protot o

m of tho utn potato ot tho out of tho otocuooton nthot thou tho

such“ fob-out." twonty-t‘tvo mud "lo"; thirteen mmtod "Yoofi

81

o ouory. tt to oo unobtruotvo u to ho hardly worthy of tho hour.
A 193‘ dtocuooton, "Tho lptrtt of. Youth on tho city Itaoto." hy
Jouo Adda-o. oloood utth thto ototoulnt by Iryoou:

.1ouppooouhotyouhoroollyoatdtothot
outlyhooouooohouoooroot pootoouolloo
. ouch o (root ootnt oho ouccoodod tn some mouro
to tnoptrto. our oholo otvtltoottouJ

Anothor otoooootoo on John tt-rt utll'o oloooto “0n hthorty"
oquo utth mu ‘

iloll. condo—n. I “goon t! mu uoro heron
out! I with ho coulé boom dflnd that wonderful

rootltonco and power of hto mld nko his show no‘
how hto t o could ho odoptod ovon to our difficult
ottuotta.

Vol Daron rourhox

. . .ootolosuotooloouroonotonouoy; tho
chto! work of tto differouco both; that it dooo not
know how to out}. Dtolosuoo limp-9W3. ttno to up.
hocouoo tho tolkero oro tlrod, hocouoe dinner to
mounoodoohut thoy do not ono. In; on»! would ho only
uhoo thcro uoo nothtng onto to toy.

But most dtoouooton program oppoor to ho wedded to tho our-ary to

oouo ton. on; thou tho old 3% 2221.3 and the ottll thrtvtn; m
m. Shooto' dtctuu to typical: ‘

Itoouhoi no protoronoo; too ootd tt "up.“ on tho topto"; {our dtd
tat moon! to tho quootton. Lo toochoro. protcsmo ntght ho oaspoctod
to loou tart o ou—ry. Thto to not lndtcotod by tho “guru. lntrtoo
moo undo: "Stoto tho boots for your proference" thawed that tho respon-
hntoopproototoothoroooontorthoohoonoo otoomryoud. tnoooo,
lover“ olnslod it out oo o particular mutt of the program.

3

1nd»: H. Home: (ed.). W “L In
lo. 8 (low tort: Iorhort hoohol. 1951»). pp. l35.

m pp- 160-173.

hummmyxt.

82

lit-iris. the potato of ogroonont from tino
to tint. Tho ropotttion of ototoocnto to oootrohlo
in notntoining continuity of thought in tho nindo
of thooo ltotoning. It to porticulorly importont
thot o carefully planned sumry ototenent to undo
ot tho m of tho diocuooion. droning togethor an

insulin: thoughts to thtt o dotinito inpreotion to
loft with tho liotonor.
Still onothot- oourco urges tho ounory no on oooontiol ingrodiout:
eonolooo tho hroodooot with o hrtct 5.17 of
tho min potato o! tho lioouooton. to not, honour,—
totoohoo oooolnoiono. 3
lion m1“ ogrooo, olthough oho oppooto mint onto tloxihlo:
At tho clooo of ouch hroodcoot tho choirmu
tokoo ohout forty oocondo to on: up tho points which
hovo hoon prooontod in tho oouroo of tho dimooton.
but ho novor afforo o oolutton. On tho oholo, thin
to tho boot my to end ony round tohlo dtoouooion.3
for tho oono roooon-wvoi-totrailing!om!to_gp_tgjgL hcgtno in m
no.1!» hoot otorto tho diocuaotou t-odtotoly. oithcr by on onthuo
ototmut which provtdoo tho listonor vtth oooonttol hoohgtuund or
with o ohort. pithy count or ouootiou. tho convontionol opontng
"lion 3. hovo with no todoy tho Groot Ponjonoru- of tho lhitooophy
World. outhor of thot populor book 'i'ho Evolution oud Anolyoto of
Ammo hobphyoico'" to loft to tho onnwnoor who hoo o hottor titlo
to it. Uhothot tho oponing to o ototonout or o quotation, tho profit

to ou-iutoroot. Ltotonero oro ollorgtc to dull. oven-hurdonod opontngo.

*7— w . W

131188.“,02‘ 21$“ Po 23o

2"Suageotiono for Radio Preamtotiono." Univcrgitf gf 0km
W tom (hot-n. anlohono. 1939). p. .

3mm. W 'o 165.

83

Profouoto. of courno. occupy tho cantor of the stage. Illny
01 th- oro opongoo; the. hoot need only ”coo" thw in ond oquoooo
gently.

on not oll the lettered denizens of Academia ate orttculoto, ot
oooo tofu! o niorophono, oi' ohlo to tolk utth that m of poootoo
thot lttto o oonvorootion out of tho ordinory. ’ r I

In tho mm: of mo of looming. tho hoot will «on on oooootonol
Inflow to Ito. tho tortoihlo oudionoo to nothing looo thou o prohtory
onto my to ouecp down ruthlessly on o footie generoIizotton or o
m Wf-twth- wit mass M. m M am!
writing ohidoo. hut tho spoken word {lion off nod cannot ho nooollod.

tttll othoro utter tron tho loomed un' o unto mono“ of tho
Woo tmlvod to oil longuogo; tho tnohiltty to bridgo tho gop
hot“ intuition out image; tho knoulodgo thot things or. outdo.
oithotoooonotoo. tronotooonoiltoto, thoytooonootlytolltoto
thotrnpotouomooo otgoodmnuoro. 'rho prograulooootono. ("too-
m. Woo ootd. oro novor ocholoro ond ooholoxo oro novot vino-non.)

Still othoro, tor otrongo roooono, rooord tho dioouootoo oo on.
Hohhot thotrhootoftorto. thoyhooonoooodonlydry, non-contttol
or “hobo. naiood in o mlo dodiootod to tho toporoonol on! tho
Nicol. oonooftholooorofotnodoroopttorogoroooythtogthot‘
dohthooonotruodooonottstool ototooooooohotooy.

mum-tau. mmmmmmtuutw
find noun -9 to dopth-chorgo tho olov. x: the toll: boom pout”.
poltto. or pondooouo to too dauntoo ou‘toil tho onto unborn of tho“

fl

porttoolot do... ltho World tortoo onuonnooro intontng tho oooto of
tho (too). out). o ltttlo ohoolotion tron tho hoot, o hit of onion
Injnottttohlo dog-tun, on thtioo. o nooh mltootton
pot toonoottotootory torn. olloidutohoonooll toonotooolly. will
Jooloropootoooooo Ottonooonoootorgoooyoo—Intootodthoooohootoo
tout will inoito hto to tool nooo otoloutly.
o Iotmotty o1 ouch-n “motto-l W (Ill) not“.
who omit-ooh. throt tho (too ”count" on odlncottoool pronto-o
to not o1.” tho hoot:
. ... Voluntorytolont ton'toorrtooohout oooh
thingo oo ouoltty, timing. or ovon oppoortng punctuolly
amazonzsxzmrm m”:
mung. I'n not ooytno thot voluntory tolont ooo-
mm; .23 mom-zit“ '“' "‘ ““
hoot poottotpooto onWhooo “all: oo-ootoonolyooll.
Iotuotthonuouhooodomhtooottthoyhodtoknthotruhlo
amalgam. litmllytohrtoo «was thoyhnonoo
ontooophono.1 thto. honour. unior tho otrounotouooo. tooooooy
m: toptooorohoood. thoporttotpootohooynou. thotohoorool
ltnttod. ondtholohoronrourbdtoooyutortoloonoo. '
thoooottolooononoiooootopootholtvohtoodoootolm
oi-ltooooooly. o ployhooh t-nototoly ottor tho moron otvoo tho
potttotponto. oopootollythohoot. oohonoototiotoutothootoouooioo

ortttoolly. on tnooothlo Mo ditto tho mm to to proorooo. loo

 

iJohn ll. tun. "lotto Moon-too for tho Collooo or Inioorotty
Notion.“ t (cola-hto. liooourtl stophono
“11“.. t 6). 'o 1 o

”lam-h"-

85

oonoporttoipontothtoioodnhtouoooconponoo.huttttothoonty
in. loonottot o! long otonding polioyotlttohigonototohtmotty.
hultyuoroooonotpotdtoroppooronoooonoithorthomtoorotty'o
alto or tolooioton ototton. (to tonchoro thoy oro oouoolyhohttuotod
noun-y.) Mctmuummmmmmum.
tithoyoonotronoutottoon. lorlooolgnootothofiooooouoont
mono-J mnmummmymtmmou
$2.59.z Monmouohlyhou-honrdimm
hooodoootooMtho-Uotvoroityolliatooo‘otootoototton. ooootoo
Unforooohoppooraoo.’

"mmltotoutmtothottonmuufihfloh
oouohoohoooononoo. thiot'ypotonootltholy tooooponoquichlyto
utnvttottontooopooromtn. motooothoro.hooovoo.thorooolt
omaw. mmmm1e"m. loonyoooo.
thopoot-nootonuoorthattlo.nooooftoothonnot.

‘Ltmtothotopoolthooboofloothomtothoothou
Moronoppoootohopottingthoooothotorothohono. lttoo
toot. moor. thot portiotponto on M ot lmt. roo‘oly‘ hovo tho
mumumwmmwnmumumu
momuucm.‘ lhtotoynotioolorlytrooohon'tolont
toumootovoilohlo.

“p.13.
hto-o. hto, ummw p. :1.

3” “loo. Wool. lodio notion m. Iotoorotty o1
lltohtm. Ann Arbor. nichigon, poroonol lottor. boom: 29. 1958.

‘m p.lt._

It

Tho topo oorvoo onothor purpooo. It perntto mm to tobroodooot
thoptosronduringthomruonthoondtooucrthoprogtontoo
ototo not of 105 otottono. In ontohoo. 1959, tho rumor of otottono
ooim um rogutorly noted hon toolvo to oixtocn. ‘l‘hroo of thcoo
otottono. oil mpnoro to Dotrott. '

Iho ltotono to Itmint? Thoro to otnply no doto. 't'ho ototton
hoo nono (onrvoyo ooot money); tho ntitor hoo none.

Gottotnly o broodcaotcr, ouy broodtootcr. ought to opook to on
tango of o ltotonor in hto mind. to dotuolt of my pooitivo into. only
thto intuition non guido hto.

rho uritor offoro tho conviction thot tho umber of. liotonoto vortoo
tron ono (hto wife) to 96,788. Re mooto. Mr, thot thoondtonoo
oonoioto of ouhoodo. ogghoodo definod no pooplo who find ootiolootion
tn tdooo. hoo-to-thtnt idono, non hoo-to-do idooo; ond who hovo o too
“on of their on to odd to o hoolthy otooh of tntolloctnol ourtooity.
thin includoo lonothtn‘ Inith tron loloonooo (ond the Bronx) oho hoo
non: hoord of Hortol Prouot. but who ltotono m ho hoo novcr hoord
o2 hto. Without houoftt of o third Moon. in tho Unttod Stotoo. no
oholl horn to coll htn out Ieooud Pronto. liotoner.

It to ot looot o contingent truth in todto that ltotouoro roooly
orito. unlooo it to to roonoot oono odd htt o1 tutor-notion or o motool
ptooo. ottorthrooyooroothroodooottno.mmpto0uoorhoo
toothed on o! tittycotght lottoro. otght pootooordo. or oo. ond o
boon ohort oorthhlod notoo from tho foculty (oll ot thou loudotoryz
all! that fun mm. The pourporlor thot drew tho noot notl-ooovoutoon
muowwmmmapmumnum
ditch hogan:

87

soioooo is my Sheparo

l ohoil. not hot

Io ookoth no to no down on loom
ruhhor httrooooo

lo loodoth no heaido oir lono

highhyo
lo rojuvoneth my thyroid Blonds
Io loodoth h in tho potho o1
mflfihznfififims
Liotoooro hotooo oowof tho porooy'. thot'o oil.
Molthoioohookiooul. thiooooooooooooorootolophooo
oonooyoortrooooonort-ntoipoopioa hiohoohooitoodoro.hoooo-
drouonooooooiolinhdorootthotoooity. Thoma-Mountain.
oortiooiorlyooooothotooultyooootofl.iooooo-thootooooto.ho
boothoriidtotry.ooiyo£oooithdmniioiytoiotoooith
iotollootoolioo. . ‘ ‘
mum: "multihomo'a onion,
mus-u." Wrflmth'tflomtm.m
moan “a" My. ”mummmm. run-sin
io tho Dot philoiool todio magi-too by man one. floor.
oity. hoooitiootooovuoopouioityhidmoooohotooiooooo
ammumummnhm.mwh
h-t)ioooooiiyqootoootlouthiothonouooyoditioooolthom
mammimmWflI-W
hidoorviooothioo-nityolno.m. mthomoojm
”.motthoooiodjootivoootitoohiioity.porooooio¢tho

“unnummhoomhoooondion.

AL

‘uv. room! union m. Virginia, quotod in W
W Iohhi our}... mm. W opru 15. 1957.

aloo-noon. w p. 29.
“can“ mu." W vol. 3. lo. a.

continual

tor ooro thou o quortor of o oootury. tho Univoroity of Chicogo
Iouoo lohlo. which'uoo undo ovoilohlo by tho lotioool Irooooootiog
Con-pony to ito oomhor otottono oo o public oorvico fro- 1933 on, for-
oiohoo o plot!” from which tho cruciol ioouoo of our tiooo hro dio-
ouoood by knoolomhlo ond orticulato non. Tho progran finally loft
tho air in.Juno 1955, o victim; largely, of threo circumstancoo:
firot. tho lotionol Brooocootins Company'o mounting loose: in neck-
ooo oporotiono; secondly, o conviction that there woo no longor o plooo
for thirty oinuto programs; and. lootly, the fact that local otottono
could ooro oooily grotify loco! groupo-obor oooociotiono, poroot toochor
oooociotiono, rolioicuo groopo, ond othoro--ond ot the ouoo tinowooot
lodorol Cmicotiono Comiooion roquiroucnto in tho ”public otfoiro"
ooooio.1
lho mg 1229.: hmvor, ho ooccoodod by o progran oioilor in
foo-oi coll“ 3.2! m, roduood to tvonty-ono ninutoo om! inoortod
oo o oopoot of tho notoork’o oookooo m progroo. it too coo
oi tho for m oognonto thot lootoo ooro thon fivo oiootoo. 112!
m m diocontinuod in Juno. 1947.

1Ill-o. lothryn Johnoon. porocnol letter. July 20, 1959.

88

1" W W m m. moth-r noon-
oooiootod to tho thooio thot rodio oiotuooioo contributoo to tho
odoorotio proton. io otill on tho oir ottor thoty-tivo yooro of
oootinoooo hrooocootins on tho roam ootoork. Liko tho m 192;;
in bout. it dittoro lorsoly in ito too of o porooooot oodorotor ond
io oooipio. oooovhot looo ioportooco to yro—hroooooot proporotioo.
oa- holorooy. ito oooorotor. trioo to proooot “thoughtful oiocoooioo
on motion of ootioool iotoroot coo oixoificoooo.“ lo rooont yooro.
on ooolyoio of tho m Mil-“Pi" ohm thot tho prono- hoo
hum ooro ottontioo to ouootiooo which offoct tho liotonor oirootly
and to litototuro. ooioooo. ood tho orto.

w 3:3 mm, o CBS 'roduotion now noting ito trootioth
yoor. it o oioouooioo of tho groot hooko thot hovo oouriohod Hootoro
thought. odo o! thd for noro thoo too thoooond yooro. lto foroot
oooino o toy rolo to tho prurd hoot oo oooontioi to both tho liotooor
on! tho lioouooioo. It oloo oopoooo ion on pro-broodcoot .proporotioo
thoo oithor tho MM or thom m. Lyon: Bryooo,
tho proxrh'o but. until hto dooth. holiovoo that:

tho foot thot to non: yooylo hooitoto to try
tho notorpioooo oi yootordoy ond today. “offal,
othot thoy will find in tho. do“ idooo ooo boredom.
it o vory ooriouo oofoct it our donocrotio cultm-oa2
lork Voo Doroo ou-o op tho progroo'o philooophy: "u in dioloauo
truth oovoo hon; tho opookoro" and tho “on of sroot buoko "bounco

"3

oil ooo oootoi oyhoro ond otriko ooothor. Whotovor tho ouhor of

A.— _h

1““. folk.” Mo. 'o “3o
aQootoo io Athioooo. w...» 65.
’Voo boron, 94.2.4.5." p. xii.

ito liotoocro it it tote to ooy thot they oxccod the number of copioo
pohliohoo o! ooch book diocuoooo by Bruno ono hio motto.

All three prone-o. tho mg m'm the m mg.
oooolo oi ooriou. porpoooful diocuooioo lonely on tiooly 1m...
do W 53 W. o proud “out“ to univcrool ioooo found
io groot hooko. grow out of tho Aoorioon ideol of froo diocoooion in
tho public iototoot.

horo ooro other holioio iovoloooi thot redio con to on effective
odoootioool tool«: that inotitutiooo dedicated to oducotion hovo on
obligotioo to use tho tool; and thot thio type of proxromio; provides
o hoorio. for tho hoot thinking thot oducotioo m loy loodorohiy
hoo to otter tho horicoo public.

ho pron-o oiooooooo io honor I! hove oooo oopociolly noto-
ooothy oootribotiooo to odult odocotioo in tho poot; tho m
m at W 52 mm teatime to ooko then. their topico
ooo porticipooto ore choooo oith coro: their diocuooiooo oro enjoyed
by o lorao oodionco, oony of hoo mid not be able to use into cootoct
oith tho typo of brood-sound, chollooging thinking they offer. 'i'hoy
oroooot tho ouivoroity orcioooor in hit hoot light: oo toochor. ocholor.
do critic. ' y

W, .' oookiy, thirty-oiooto toll: ohoo hroolooot during
tho rozuloo ocooooio yeor by tho rooio ototioo of Hichisoo Stoto Uni-
voroity, prolonto oouhoro of tho Doiooroity iocnlty. ‘lho progroo.
omiooo in Choptor ill, uooo too tide of topico: thooo thet reflect
toooy'o ooto urgent hoodliooo ooo thooo thet oro concorood with “on
of brooloi' ocopo out! opplication. Production nethodo oro “opted to

91

condition ohich obtoin on tho capoo of o lorgo univeroity. Some
iooight into thoeo oothodo ohoold he of voluo to onivoreity otetime
oolortohing dimooioo “sport of thoir rognlor programing.

tho yrogroo. like W 5; Eornigg, oooigno o key role
to th hoot oho oppooro on ooch progreo end tekoo on equei ohoro
in tho oioooooion. It to aorohoorooo. ooceot for on intorchengo of
ootoo hoforohooo dong the porticipeoto. it otriooo for actual flow
oi ooovorootioo oith the liotooor in the role of oevoedroppor. ite
objective to ooro on illui‘ootion of the topic rethor thee e cloth
oi viooo.

Ihot oro tho critotio too good oiocoooioo?

to tho ohoonco of o roliohlo mooring iootrnoont. tho offeotiveoeoo
of my oiogio oieooeoion out root in the loot ooolyoie on the liotenor'o
jolt-ooh It io poooihlo. hooovor. uoing tho tour orogrooo invoked;
in thio otooy. to ouggoet toot geoorol ohorectoriotice:

i. on topic io either tiooly or tinolooe eoo
ooooooo the triviel.

2. the idooo diocooooo jootlo end oudgo one mother
C bl‘o

3. there to o troohnoeo thot canoe tron roochiog
for deep Coon thiogo.

o. the tolt flooo io oo otoooyhore of crootivo
toooieo. lo pioio logiieh. tho epoekero oro
oooeotooo with hot they ore toying.
he the ooelyeio of W oloo eoggoeto ”the hoot progre— io
prohohly tool, fluid «0 epcnuneooo. yet intelligent enough to contoin

the ooot eigoiiicoot pointo thet coo he roiood oithin the tioo limit."l

 

1%! P-557‘0

92

Who lietene to redio diocoeeion‘l Who doeo not liotoo eod why?

‘l'here ie ample race for reeeereh here. ouch invoetigetion it
beyond the ooopo oi thio thooio. it io rolooent. hooever. to oxooino
out ooyooto of the problem in genorol.

It io epperoot‘ thet it we ere the tolkiog ooiool. the tolking
ooiool it not leoo inclined to lioteo. And. in Iiolter Lippen’o
men. it in. ”tho oooeooity of umuu thet oohoe the right to um.
leper-toot."
ohy. hoo. for ohot? -- within o gm: of free, infer-ed ood lively

hooortheleee. o toll: ohoo thet reieeo heoio eoootieoe --

diocuooieo. io boood to ottroot eeoo lietenoro hethor the topie io
hero. prieee hto:- or hereel trout.
thio conviction guided oed infer-ed the m to”; end otill
oeeriehoe ite eocceeeore. ooong their lieteoere ere thoeo Veo Eyck
Irooho hoo celled-whet petrmioingly. not invidieooly--”loobrooe."
thet to people the live out their livee oithoet ouch noderetooding
of their origine,., their treditieno. end the goelo of their country
or oenkinoo-tho not 1mg peooletieo. looetly hy they lieteo ie
diitioolt to doteroioe. lryoeo oiiere- eooe o'eeeeeo.z it ie min
to tornioh oooo olooe oe to thy they do 225. lioteoi
the ooeotieoi. ooo-intellootoel ooo . . w.

rooonte the feet thet hie oon inportence. eo

ooll oo hie ooe underetoodiog of the world. ere

threotened by tho intellectoel end the iotollectooi'o

‘ obility to chenge idoee. there ie o tendency for
the older olooo otroggloo rooted in cloor hietoricol

 

hum tin-u. "ro- lodioyoooohlo Onooition," mg mu.
mg. 1039. pp. 187-430.

am. 9'4 7 '

93

entezoniene, to be repleced by e nee etetne verfere;
one between the gronpe which by reeeon oi rurel or
mlltovn iocetion, ethnicity or other perochielien,
feel threetoncd by ideee end the better educeted
npper-cid’dle-clase people . . . who creete or follow
the modern novenente in eoience. ert, literetnre end
opinion generelly. .

In other vorde. enti-inteilectuelien ie thie
country he increeeed in proportion to (though not"
only becenee of) the growth of intellectulien.

-Gity eliokere ero no longer only benkere. lemre
end dunner-they ere drone" et ideee. {hot in
‘profeeeore, teechere, vritere end ertiete. ‘

, rerhepe. too, ee thonid recognise e certein unconecione eiedo-
ie refneins to telk on thet my be celled the deeper levele or to
lieten to whet pumrte to be eerione‘telk. IEllie ie the eiedon thet
liee in refusing to teke lemme note eerionely then it deeeme.
thet recogniece thet lengnege ie in no ray equivelent to i-ediete experi-
ence or e eource of knowledge in iteelf ebout the neture of thin”.
'ilhen you an e child the m of e bird, 1: loan the but.“ Defi-
nition ie not the thing. Litereture iteeli dininiehee ehetever it
tenchee. ee lenen new.

'Koreybeki ergoed thet uorde elone ere inefficient to convey
neenie. beoenee, non; other reeeone, definition ere circnier; we nee
rode to define other vorde; nltieetely we reeoh the bottom of the
berrel. leeidee. eorde not of neceeeity exclude the beeio eeen-ptione
thet underlie. them.3

W,

lame Um. Individuelien leconeidered (Rev York: Donbledey
end m. 195‘). 9. ill.

zJoyce Cory, Art end leelitz (lee York: herper end lrothere, "58).

’e 1‘9e

’emu loreybeki. M: An Introduction to Ron-
Lrietetelien Syetene end Benet-e1 Smotice (Lenceeter. Pea the Inter-
netionel non-Arietotelien Librery Pohliehing Conpeny. 191.1). pp. 9245f.

 

 

96

In the one eenee. nodorn ertiete working in the ebetrect
depreeeioeiet nenner ere not doodlieg er eelling the Iodine down the
river. bet einply noting deeply. felt etetononte ebont one end the
vorld in tom of e certein kind of pictoriel notepher. they heve
found thet the erdinery leegnege of ert, honed to e tine edge through
the coetnriee. ie no longer edoeuete to oepreee the nodorn predieeeent.

Dot vhetevor ve ney think ebont vorde theeeelvoe. euro in etill
II. we; M, on Albert c-ee oboorvee.‘ He live by
horde. the elipporieet. the noet lethel. end the out noeeoteee oi
ell nen'e inventione. hengnege ehito no into e coneeptuel verld
of light end eir. but only et e price. For thie world of light end
eir ie eloo e vorld vhere the vinde of doctrine heel deotrnctivoly;
there deleeive nockanne keep popping up over the horieon; where ell
kinde of poieon conee pouring out of the prepegende {notoriee end
the tripe nille. Living e-phibienely. helf in feet end hell in not“,
hell in i-ediete experience end hell in ebetrect notione. ve contrive
none of the tine to neko the eeret of both eorlde. lie nee lenguege
ee bedly thet ve becono clone of our clichee.end ere turned either into
contorning Inbbitte or into tenetice end doctrineiree. end no nee
i-ediete experience ee bedly thet vo becone blind to the uelitiee
of our one netere end ineoneitive to the nniveroo oronnd no. the
ebetrect hnevledge which vorde bring no ie peid for by concrete ignoreece.

I. c. Iertlett hoe recorded the reeulte of. e noeber oi expert—to

deeigned to teet the influence of image on nenoriee of verione kinde

_‘_‘ l __
“

1mm: Coo-e. W (Dorie: “Ill-ltd. 1942) p. 72.

95

of experience. in one of the teete. photographe of ‘eoldiero end
eeilore of different rate were ohowe to e group of oubjecte.‘ they
were then noted to deecribe the fecee end enewer quoetiono ebont then
or intervele fron helf an hour to e week or nore letor.
A pert'iculer fect often or once erouoee e
noro or leeo conventionel ettitnde epproprieto to
the given type. thereupon, the ettitude ectively
effected the deteil of repreeontetion. Even in
i-ediote noncry the feetnree of the feel often
tended to be node nero conventionel. while in
- owbeequent recoil they tended to epproech yet
nore cloeely to convontionel pettei’nul
lertlott node other enperimte with literery notoriel. tnbjocte
were eehed to reed e peeoege firet fron one of lworooe' e oeoeye end
then fro- en hericen indiee folk-telo. When they reproduced thio
neteriel i-odietely efter reeding. end egein et longer intorvelo.
ell thet wee freeh end originel in the any end the etory tended
to dioeppeer. llevoo to the clichoe in which they hebiteolly enpreeoed
thuoelvee. the owbjecto chenged whet they hed reed into the likeneeo
of their own fenilier notioee eo ewbodied in the lengwego of their
cleee end onltnro. Iw-ieg ep the reenlte of theee Wu with
literery neteriel. Iertlett concluded thet. when reproduced free nonery,
the eterieo eero opt to be ohorn of their individnelieieg feetnree.
tho deocriptive peoeegee loot out of their peculieritiee of etyle
end netter end the ergmente tended to be reduced to e belk enpree-
eion of convontionel opinion.
0r. oeid Iertletti
. . . if they [the otoriee] orpreee on originel

point of view. they tend to peee over into pppooed
conventionel viewe. where the epitheto ere origieel.

 

imam r. Iertlett. W (Ce-bridge, Infinite“ re-
univereity Prone. 1932), p. 191.

96

they tend to become current. comonplece tome.
no etyle geto flettenod out end loooe eny preten-
eiono it any heve hed to forcefulneeo end benuty.1
Iertlett'e obeervetione merely confirm what every eeriouo brood-
eeeter peinfully diecovere for hinoelf--thet full comnicetion with
e lerge eudience io inpooeible, that out peeple read into whet they
heer the etenderdired notione with which they eat out, thet the opeeker'e
leberioue efforte to find en edeqnete verbal equivalent for experienceo
ere einply not noticed by the majority of bio liotenero. who ento-
neticelly treneforn whet liellarne cello the peg; plug 29; of the
lengunge into the eoiled end ehopworn 9251 g; l; m. ‘
Lengnege, evidently. heo ite Greohon‘e low. bed wordo tend to
drive out good worde. end worde in generel, the good no well no the
bed, tend to drive out inediete experience end our memoriee of imediete
experience. low complete, in every one of ue. ie the enneeie for ell
the novel end ie-oneely exciting experienceo of infency--tho ego of
the non-telker:
legel oleboreted the theeie thet worde hove ecenirod en elien
eeietonce, e world of their own; non hoe becone eotrenged free the

2 The exieteetieliete free lierhegeerd to

3

croetnree of hie own eind.
dortre end e peychologiet like lrich Ira-n teho their one true legel.
bong centenporery philooophere, perticulerly in lnglend, the herd-
boiled logicel peeitivieto would reduce ell probleno to linguiotic

problono. A core idee in ten, the Jepeneee veriety of Buddhien which

 

l;bid.. p. 195.

2George H. L Hegel, Phenomenonology of Mind (New York: The
leonillen Coopeny. 1931). pp. 79f.

3lrieh fro... mg 323 Society (New York: Rinohcrt end Conpeny,
1951). pp. 110i.

97

hoe been ettrecting ettention in the Boot recently, in thet truth

io beyond the reech of wordo; leaguego io e terrier to reelity through
which non one ponetrete only by neditotion, diocipline, end fieelly.
intuition} when Lonio Arnetrong woo «no to an... jene end he

replied. "lien, when you got to eok whet it it. you'll never get to

9":

know he wee only echoing Goetho'o noro renentic lengoege. ”When

on the none“ of illuninetion the Soul opeeho." on“ the Gernen poet.
“it ie no longer the tool that ie opeeking.“ It in negative thet
Irving hoo begine hie neeful little book with thie eentencei "thin
in e tine of nuch telk. It would be herd to oetineto how helpful it
ie or how entrant-Jive."3

to confeeo our predicenent ie not to doclero. however. thet wordo
ere norely e clever not of deedly non-trepo. lunloy'e wordo one be
token with eeoel eerioueneeoi

. . . we tell: ebout "nere nottero of wordo“ in
e tone which inpleeo thet we regerd wordo ee thinge
beneeth the notice of e oerioue-ninded pereon.

lhie in e wont unfortnneto ettitndo. for the
feet in thet wordo ploy on oneuene port in our
liven end ere therefore deoerving of the cloeoet
etudy. the old idee thet wordo poooooo negicel
powore io feloo; but ite feloity in the dietortion
of e very inportent truth. Horde do hove e negicel
effect-"but not. in the wey thet the negicieno
onppoood end not on the objecto they were trying
to influence. ; Horde ere negicel in the wey they

 

‘9. I. khaki. WW (low York: lerpor end
Irothero. 19“). pp. 30f. the dnee of Zen in thie country, lueuhi
recently returned to Jepen.

2Qwoted in leyehewe. w” p. 56.
31“- msiio. o- 11--

98

effect the ninde of thoee who nee then. "A were

netter of wordo." we eey contonptuonely. forgot-

ting thet wordo hove the power to nold nen’o think-

ing. to ceneliee their feeling. to direct their

willing end noting. Conduct end cherector ere

lorgely deternined by the neture of the wordo we

currently pee to dieewoo oureelvee end the world

.tm u.o

to there ere theoe who for. one roeeon or enother do not lioten
or ere unlikely to lioten. ln generel, it in poeoible to conclude
thet the diecuooion progron'o endience includee the worn eenoitive
end ewere; end thoeo who ere ooeewhoro on the tend to bocening
wore eonoitive end «were: heuefrouo. erdinery Joe'e, even on
occeoionel furtive froohnen. ‘l'here ie probebly nero then e little
truth in dlonendor ling'o out on tolevieion in-ooe of John Crooby'e
coin-no. “the one thing I wieh Gangrene would inventigete ie the low
nontol voltego of televieion inotood of ite crooked-one . . . . tree
the well we get it in obviewe thet people ere faiohod for . . . .
oonmereetien.“2
Certeinly the enewer to the eueetion of who lietene to ”highbrow"

dieewoeion progr-e or ony other kind. to the extent thet the problen
io ouecoptiblo of en enewor. 1o worth pmooing. it will not be eeoy
to cone by. Ordering the verieblee of the conunicetion proceeo ney
be the telloot order reooerch hee yet eeeigned to iteolf. for the
preeent, we hove neved off the plene of intuition without finding
ouch eoleco in nodole of the co-unicetinn proceeo or in theorieo of

oe-unicetien which frequently eppeer to one-bio ee neny doubto no

they diopol.

 

"Aldene Iweloy. end lieen (Loo Angelou Herd
Ritchie Dreee. 1960). p. 51. ‘

2W 1- .5. WW. January 15. 1960.

99

ferhepo it in not entirely illogicel or inprecticelto edopt

oe ot loeet o working hypotheoio the notion thet people ere influenced

to one degree by whet they hour. it noy be pointed out thet there

in ectuelly no ototieticel evidence thet the our nerkoting of booke

er the increoee in the nunber of concert-goero hoo! inprovod the guilty

of our liven end our culture, either. One need not go no for no the

old populiot notion of bringing light to the nooeoo; or, no for no

the 3m; 1521!. publiciete, or hynen Iryoon, end yet retoin o feith

thet when diecueeion io bleeood by both eubotence end vitolity ite

offecto ere ell to the good:

the 3.229! 12!}: indieetod the woy in *ich the
reeourcoo of the notion'o greet univeroitieo one
he utilieed diocroetly end continuouoly in the
i-odiete eorvico of the denecretic proceeo, plethg
before e wide eudience infornotion end opinion
regerdiog preooing ieouoo end velooo. Buivereity .
foculty perticipente con contribute expert opinion
booed on feet; they bring to the progron nindo ‘
troined in cutting through venue genorolieotiono
to the core of the problon; end they hove e wey
of inoieting thet ell the oerdo be loid on the
teble. end net nerely the cerdo which on odvocote
of e point of view wiohoo to diepley. By bringing
univoroity perticipente . ‘. . to the locel cen-
nunity, the level of [public] diocuooion ctn be
olovetod end the cow-unity . . . enriched.

Iryoon i

. . . Our diocueoien prograe [on] ere not
expected to eottle. finelly, end forever, the
quootiono dioouoeod. They ere deoigned for e
different purpooe. o purpooe which we hope will
eventuolly lend to tho wioe oolution of theoe
probleno for the diocueeiono thencelvoo ere
intended end deoigned to help liotenere to
think for theneulvoe. They ere plenned to help

‘thooe who lioten underotend whet the inportent

 

Ila-mm ghetto. o. 10.

100

probleee ere. why they ere ieportent. to leorn
whet ergo-onto an be offered to book then up.

In ehort. diecuoeion progrene ere eieed to

eeeiet in the noet inportent proceeo in the

whole booineee of deeocretic governeent. to

help coke en inforeed end vigorone public Opinion
. . . . they ere eerieueubnt not ooleen-oettenpte
to help the proceeo of delibenetion.

lt io in order to eek: Do people lioten becouoo they ere ewere
or to beceee ewerel Do they lioten tor the vicerione eetiefection
of teking port in the diocneoion. eepecielly if it bee in it no clue“
of debetel no they lioten beceueo. like going to college. it in
preetigeful to lioten? lets end unerield note thet:

. . . In prectice [they md] firet to eelect
iron the neee eedio only theoe enterieh ehich they
tune in edvence they will like or be in egreeeent
with; eeceed. the eeteriele oelected tend to rein-
force the velnee elreody preoent in the individnel
thet were eelled not in the notion of eelection;
third. the proceeo of interperoonel reletionohipe
not no ”enchorege peinte" for .individuel epinieee.
ettitudee, hebito end velueo. thet ie. interecting
iedividnelo oeee collectively end centinneeoly to
generete end to neintein cc-on ideee end behevior
petternovwhich they ’1'. relentent to entrender or
eedify unileterelly.

let eheuld leborero in the vineyorde oi redio diecuooion, et the
ooee tine. lobe: node: the nioble illeeioe thet the lietener deriveo
e lorge fund of epeeiiio eed looting knowledge or intereetion
iron other people’o telk no netter how inoightfnl. cleeely reeooned,
end dyenieelly preoented. lone inforeetion they probebly do get: how

 

1“you. My. pp. 69-70.

aElihu lete end Peal heeerteld. W (Glendon.
lllieeie: the tree lreee. 1955). p. 16.

101

eeeningfnl end how looting it in ney be open to enootion. there in
eloo oeee elight evidence for e ohitt in ettitndeo.l let the evidence
done not enppert the cleie thet diocneoion bringe ebout eny redicel
ehenge.2 Iy- end lerge. whet the liotonor geto tron redio diecuoeion
probebly ot-e iron the tent thet the diecnooion tiret iocneoe hie
ettentien en the onbjoot end then giveo riee to o heightened eenee
oi pereonel enereneoe. poooibly quite brief. but one nhich he one
derive free (no other oonrceo quite on oetioieetorily. One of. the
goole ot the hound table one to neko the liotenor "note octively evere
o! hie horitege end hie eweoponeihilitieo.”3 doth the W mg
end mm 52 W enpreee their objectiveo in oinilor tonne.
Me in not quite the oene thing on oeying thet the dioonooion
neheo the liotenor think. hryeen believed thet diecnoeion progreno
'when they ere doing their boot help to eehe people think.” Int
ehet in thinking! The tenchor. oopecielly the univereity preteeoor
the to.“ theold buconcerud eith eriticel thinking. hee to grepple
with the one qneetien: '
the neetel eporetieee iqliod by thinking ere

not well undetetood; the eeene of provoking end

eeltiveting thinking on tho pert oi individuele

ie not entirely clear; end the neoning neceeoity

for covering lorge neooeo of enteriel in the
cloeoroon leevee too little tine for eny but the

 

loun- s. lonell. "the Ioletive lifectiveneee of the em.
loend m1. end the ledio tom" (unpubliehed lienter'e theeio. Uni-
votoity of lioconeie, “38).

zloooph 1'3 llepper, m lites“ 3g ling! Edie {New York: hnreee
of Applied sociel leeeerch. 1949), p. 2. end Poul L Leeeriold. ”The
litocte of indie on Public Opinion." nt . e
(Chicegoz Univereity oi Chicego Preoo. 1M2). p. 68.

’k-m. 22.1.2150: ,. a.
‘lflm. Mic. p. 89-

1,02

noot oble otudento to reflect on the neening,
intorroletionohipe end epplicebility of knowledge
which in geined. The eblo otudent, too, often
diepleye reluctence to think for hineolf, in

pert beceuee the enercioe of thought end judgnent
ie tine-conouning, difficult. end. in pert. no
doubt, bcceueo he need little evidence thet ouch
efforte will yield returne in the currency of the
ecedenic reeln. ~ 7 ' - ' ' ‘

Int whether the reeult o! redio liotening ‘ie eeereneeo or think-
ing or oenething eloo. it ie the need of pereonel growth end pooeibl}
. of none degree of leerning; pooeibly; no note then e need, but oeoentiel
to the i'inel hetveot. locretee. who night hevo defined edncetion on
e cenvereetion ebout wiodon, ineieted it eny be renenbered‘,‘ thet he
tenght nothing. Like e nid-wife of the epirit, he eeid he only helped
othero bring their ideee to birth.‘ trefoooor Sidney loch pointed out
yeero ego thet the noot inportent educetionel one of redio in the
'. . . develop-net oi the liotenor‘e intelligence to the pointwhere
he one find enterteinnont inltho ploy oi ideee. the 'confrentetioe oi
erguent with ergunent end the nueot for truth."2 Ono'ney querrel
oith Iooh'o ouoe oi the torn intelligence. but certeinly e dioowoeioe
ohon worth the none will concern iteeli with the ploy of ideee end the
owned for truth. frine hinieter lohrn oi Indie once wrote to e friend:

"Out of diocuoeien ooeetinee there ceneo e little bit oi truth."3

 

l'“1 to hunt (“)og . 7‘. _‘ . "‘1 - 1:..- “n ‘ :. .-'.. '. "
Stete Univeroity (low tort: ' herper end Brothers. l9”). {3. no.

 

2Quoted in e reprint of e eyepoei- on Win in lducetion“ brood-
ceot et the dedicetion enorcieoo of dtetion um. low York City. love-bet
ll. 1938. p. 19.

3m'o indie. a. on}. oh; gm. Jenuery 7.1955.

103

‘In ehort, nothing much in ecconplinhod unleon we ere willing
to live with embiguitice, et leeet tenporerily. the educetionel
broedceeter will have to nourieh hie ideele; pcrhepn hie illueione.
'lhe wine one will eloo cultivetc e cloeneing peoninien ebout hie
ebility to renekc the world of non. Hhet people do with hie eeneego
in etill enybody'e gueeo. decent etudied like thoee of lovlend, Jenin,
end lelley, leeven no in none doubt on to the roonlteof the con-
eunicetion proceeo} Even ii none negnente of the co-unicetion
proceeo cen be inoleted, the totelity in opt to rennin obecuro.

thin in no oecret to educetionel broehentero or their critico.
they offer no eeey renedy. to wit thet broedcent nedie ere e oubnti-
tote foreithcr cleeorocn or booke, or e prinroee peth to window end
encyclopedic knowledge. ‘l‘ypicelly. Jech Gould writon of “redio end
tolevieion'o opcciel ebility to quicken public inherent in inortent
ieouoo.“ ldwerd lharrow writce hopefully of en ”inetrnnent . . .
which illuninetee . . . even inepiren."3

Perhepo we nhell heve to be content to My thet redio Em.
eed thet to thin entent redio in en educetionel nodiun whether it wente
to be or not end regerdleoe of whether ite effecte ere to be woeeured
in tcreo of thinking, ewereneee. or internet.

Indie in a; icon. o‘erciel or nuoteening,

good or bed. in educetionel in the noun thet it
wielde influence end power over ideee end ectiene,

llovlend, Cerl 1.. Irving 1... Jenin end untold I. Kelley, Igle Studio;
MW. tele Univoreity Irene. low levee. 1939.

Imoted in e reprint of e eynponiun on "hedio in lducetion” broedcent
et the dedicotioe oneroioeo oi ltetion m, low York City, Iovenber ll,
1.3.. ’o 1’o

3"lehru'n Indie,“ 1!! low gay: £1,531, Jenuery 7, 1956.

”1.53.4

i ne’)
.

0"

104

eeotione end opinione. of ite lintenern. in thin I
woy. end to thin degree, redio end edncetion ere one.

Thin Inch wont be eddod: diocennion on odecetionel breedceeting
nedie eny-oend ehoeld--eie high. an ember of lintenero in not
inportent; only the qwelity oi the product nettere. the feet thet
the typicel Anericen cennot dietingnieh between lhrcel Proeet end
e bench-wernnr for the Chicego cu» in no reeooe to bee e dieeennion
of the French noveliet. it in. in feet, e ceepolling reeeoe for
petting the progren on the eir.

Unquentionebly, educetion in e denocrecy hen
the reoponoibility of lifting the level of under-
ntending end epprocietion of the people, of giving
the individwel e knowledge of hineelf end hie eociety
end of the noercon of tenniono end perplexitioe
in eech. . . . ldweetionel breedcenting hen been
noel cloerly dintinguiohed by ite high concern for
integrity in the neloction end heedliu of neterieln.
end by ite conoiotent dedicetion to oociel purpoee.
thin purpooetul ectivity ney teko neverel for-n. enong
thew . . . broedoning perticipetion in the culture
of our eociety end lending the woy by enperineet.
towerd new forne of breedcenting. loople cennot
cone to like whet they hove never experienced.
Iroedcentero nuot prbvido thet veriety of experience
dich pernitn end encoeregeo the develop-net of
tenten end interente. thin inplion en obligetion
to onperiennt with both fern end content.2

thin in not to oey. either. thet the goel in the "nndeeoeretic"
one of e enell. elite ewdionco.

the univereel eodienoe includeo e diveroity of
eeellor publico dietinguiohod by noode end interoete
which one leeo then enivoreel. . . . Ono greet purpooo
of the educetionel broedceetor in to render eervice

1Arnend L. Innter. ”the Indie curricula-oh Quoetion of Content.
not Content.“ “oblong i3 Collgge Rodin, op, «315.. pp. 15-16.

2Iran the heceedingn of the lducetionel lroedceoting Beniner
held et the Univereity of lllinoin. June end July, 1949, Wilbur Ichra.
Director.

105

to theee pnblice which ere not othernieo being

norved. in croeting e progren for eny pnblic in

borne of the neodn end interent thet deiinee thet peblic,
the brendcentor will try to ronch thet entire pnblic.
no. brondennting in nerving the internet of etch peb-
linn. the nine of the obteined eedienoe in not to be
nonnernd egninnt the nine of the neiveroel eedionco,
bet rether egeinnt the nine of the peblic nelectod.
Chen the peblic in nnnll. the nbtoinod eodience rill.
e! conrne. be cell. If the need or interont eerred
in inpertent. the unlinene oi the eedience eny be
jentiiiod. let there in no nerit in mellnnnn iteolf.
I! the potentiel eedience in lergo end the obteined
endionco in nnell. the oitnetion nhonld be enelynod
eorefelly to note cortein thet the nine of the ondieeco
in not e renelt of peer nedienco prenetiee tn lock

oi inngieetion end chill in pregr. deeign.

It in nnténnee thet nont odncetinnel ntetionn. pertienlerly eni-
nereity ntetionn. ere been by diiiiceltien. their record on e gronp
in npotty. In donbt. .none ere ottoetinc; nithent necriiieing content.
their progran ere bright end olive. Othern. one hnone even eithnet
o nyntenntio collection of evidence. ere not eeite no effective.
dpnreting en the (ringen oi cn-nrciel redio. they hone not bed the
cont-ego to foil end been been too reedy te nettle (or held e oneoennr'
tee eeny been been content to peddle e linited none of nild intollecteol
tern eontorednronnd the tore. the bone. leethoren. end Inch. (The
deer in the tnnntiee thet "nnehnnienl redio“ eonld diopleeo the ilonh- .
end-block toenhcr hne been lone then prophetic.) done college end
enieernity otottono ere nervinoutes-tho—pehlic oriented. .lhi-e nenntinen
ennnonuviee.notiennybroedeeniel noeee.bet inthenerronernonne
o! centribeting bite e1 noninl internetioe to iot'enrn. hoeoneivce. end
other npeoiel grenpe. Inch progran. of coerce. ere reletively cheep
end eeny to produce. tor thone end other reenonn linhed nith lock of

neppert tron edninintretorn. ntudontn. end iennltien. thene endoreenrinhod.

 

‘Irym. 11.413.” 9- ”-

106

neglected pillern of broedcenting here neldon broedcent progrenn
ot epoch-noting celiber.
ldncetieeel redio ntetionn end edncetionel
progrenn hove never hed money end renonrcee
enough te neintein high continuing endience
interent through quelity progrene. Cone hin-
torion of typicel ntetionn opereted by e col-
logo or univernityvneke grin tending. becenno
the initiel onthnnienn often geve eny to legging
fecnlty end ntndent intorent. enetnur ntenderdn ‘
of production which feiled to entertnin endiencon
‘et eny level. end lock of fondn. there hen been
ncettered. but nnbntentiel inprorenont in the

cducetionel redio ntetionn niece the nor. bet
qnnlity progre-ing rennine the nnnolved preblen.

l
Bnivornity ntetionn ere entitled to point not with pride thet
their directorn end nteff frequently ”cone out of cennerciel redio."
Yet thin eny be enother reenon fly none of then foil to nononro up
to their cepeeity. Ileny tinen non roerod in cannerciel redio never
leeo their eddiction to “whet the public wentn.“ 'Ieving doclered
ner on dnllnone in eny fern, they ere prone to rogerd educetion en
legitflnete only if heppily'nnrried to entorteinnent; no thet. even
trennplentéd to en ecedonie clineto, they tcnd to leen heewily on
"beleeced progrenning" ehich in prectice nonelly nennn e noeifle of
hone econenicn end populer nonie interningled with e (on nerionn pro-
green dintribotod by the letionel Aeeonietien of ldncetionel Iroedcentere.
lt eenee necnneery to’odd thet breedcentern ere under no conpelnion
to devote their entire bill of tern to ”eggheed" progrenn. the point
in thet they been e ronponnibility not only tovneet teetee on they ere,

bet conntently to inprovo then:

W. 22.1.23». 1» 16-

107

‘ . . . en you rnine your lcvcl of tento in
nunic, drone, litereture, or eny other ert. you

find thet you dennnd note. thet your oxpectetionn
nowe up. Your tenteo got to be nore end note like
the preference of lintenorn who here hed nore experib
cnce end treining.' Thin heppene. of course, only

if you are exponod to good thingn. to fine nunic,

to drown, to tell: thet in logicel end thoughtful}

Iron conmercinl redio done not hove to nppenl to the wident level
of populer tente ell the tine or elnont ell the tine. thin in to con-

fnne the objectivcn of ndvcrtining nith the ronponcibilitien of brood-

centing:

. . . the bent thing for the breedcnntor to
do in to keep the volune of cdncetionel broedcent
nlightly ebove whet the nooeen rent. In thin eny
he [the connerciel broedcenter] ney contribute to
e eyntenetic rice in the generel culturel level with-
out dcfceting the educetionel goel by driving eudienceo
eeny. thin policy will dineppoint none educntorn end
it will elienete none lietnnere. but it in precinely
the kind of conpronine noletion ehich nnnt be found.2

or eeerne. the univereity broedcenter nhould'neet proieenionel
ntenderdn of production. it he one. there in no inconnintency here

with hie prinery purpoee which in educetion-otho nont nonentoee ect

eny eociety con nnderteke.

Hhoreen e connorcinl brondconter ney high-
light n public nervice or educetionel progren nith'
greet production nkill end for e lnrge reedy-nede
eudience, the more noncconnerciel brondcentern con
denign hin ontirg progren etructuro in the light
of oducntionel nocdn end renourcen. . . . it in in
terne of the prinery pnrpone of non-connerciel

 

lax-non. M5... pp. 41. 1.5-1.3.

22ml Lonernfcld end Petricie mun. WW
Clew‘rork: Prentice-loll, Inc., 1958). p. n2.

108

progrenning thet tho- ennentiel difference between
co—erciel Ind nonocouorciel broedcenting ney bent
be defined.

ldwcetionel brondcentern here on inportent role to pley in dnericen
eociety. And they nny enk thonoelroe the cone qeention thet Id narrow
‘ pence tor comrciel telcwiniee brendcnntern. but with even me point:

Do we ncroly ntey in our contortnblo nentn. ~ I I
concluding thet the obligetion of thono inntrunente
hen been dincherged whon‘we work et the gob of
of informing the public for e nininun of tine! Or
do we believe thet the prenervetion of the Republic
in e nevcn-dey-e-woek job, unending nore eworenenn.
better nkilln, end were pernerereeoo then we hove
yet contempleted? _

‘l'hin inntruncnt cen tench, it one illwninete;
yen. end it cen even inepire. But it one do no only
to the extent thet hnnnnn ere deternined to unit to
thone cndn. Otherwine it in ncroly wiron end lighte
in e box.z -

Inny n! no. it eppeern, ere ccwerdn ecfe innide e convention end
need to be nncouregcd to cone out. Dincnnnion in en noceeeory to e
tree eociety on the free prone end redio ehieh provide it. lo other
type o! pregrnn effordn the public no line on opportunity to centric»
bete to ite own enlightenment. And here, too, in the role in which
the neivernity end ite profennorn ere nuporbly cent. they one help
on clorify; they cen help on to not; they cen nond e brenth of froth
eir through the ego-old fnntnonnee oi outhoriterienien, prejudice
end provincielinn; they cen defletc the nhibbolethn end fetinhen which

ntnnd in the wny of e decent eppronch to our problenn.

 

1Proceedingn of lducetion Irondcenting lenient. oz, 5“.

2llnrrnw. 32, cit“ p. 26.

109

lhlh, the writer concludcn, particulerly dincuenion, with ell
ite linitetione. ought to be the gutn of educetionel progrenning,
not ncroly the rind, end no nettcr whether thin type of fare in
olierod by connorciel or educationel broedcentorn. Conncrciel broed-
centern erc in the educetion buninene, too, willy-nilly; end, et thnon,
do n eighty fine job of it on my nupcrletive progran cen tentify.
In eny cone. thin done not neon thet networkn, individual ntetionn
or oven edncntionel ntetionn connected with our unincrnitien ere
under eny neceneity of becoming weiling welln for ”offete” college
prolennore to bcnonn the vulger ntetc of’dnericen culturo.‘

connerciel redio, peddling lergely entertainment, end educetionel
redio, oriented toward knowledge end the ertn, even "cgghned" dincne-
nine, eny eppcnr to bc*worldn epert. ,they are not; nor nhould they
be. the only quentien thene deyn in toward which ond of the continuun
do we wieh to more? Dincunnion progrenn weke up the nind and light
ite curionity. they erc nervice progrcnn, too; nervice in itn more

redicel ncnno.

emu h

mammal mammal:

mmnmmm "-36 n“- “mt-o
brendcent on m re. use. with the following man-nu

lorrinne Irena. et-ie neinntiet. eeenniete peotneonr or ohn‘ntry.
latitnto ct Inclenr ltndien. the Inimnity n! Chico"; willi-
nnuynunuiein. mm. ennocieteeditoretthemm,
oditnrinl mxm.mmml. mun-yuan.-
m m“"1"! mama ("30- hem-“(1068).
mmm (m7): nnlnein lhnrp. protononr or m. the
leimnity ed chicegol end Gilbert “to. pronihnt ed Inertord
can. end (my "detect nonnative neoutery. nan-rune trieede
service Mttee. leblinhed no pthot In. 619 ton pnblie onlo.

fro-Chicege

It”: “Wdtheleiudltnmheeheenenlled
epnntn-hnnennnntnnndoeinioeo-odeninionehinhnydoterdeo
dothernfllimdmlolireudim

I[hegeentinnfiichuetbenneworodoenboputintoetnwwntdea
henldwn.ornheeldwennt.I-heeeell-eetor£orttnpeedeeetho
en-eelled'mydrognnbod”!

theiinitetinneedeecrenyhnveprowentedetullendopendin-
cweeinnetthinbndhythnnennientietnhnhnwrthnnnetehnwt u.

110

lll

Inverthelun.thereerocorteiniecte¢ieherennwellhnownteoeinntietn
ell ever the world thet they out be properly ennnidered eleenitiod.
“untoucneinntintleeneeythenothiunhnnm

lint. itieprnhnbly penelbletnhnildenchehfl. It ”iron
nnbnnwleheetnenretdetetoe‘e-ntotheennditionewnderfiiohe
neleereqlneiuconbentertodinthelightelennntn.nechen
hydrognnerlithin. Otto-en.eewithenywejnrtonhnnlogieeldwnelopo
“.moamrhonerethetitwillworhntilitintriod. loner-
mmmmmmnnmmuumenmm
ebe‘wenldwerh-gbetehnnenrioeely.\rhinintennlndgenn-nee
“Quintintnellnworthnwnrld-

Mitinvoryniqletoebteinerenghidnnettheenpleeiwo
odiectedneoheroontien. lteeeneeloerthntthnenpleeiveeuontx
wonldbnnenhgrontnethuthntodondinnryntndehnhe. t-ctly
hnwunhgroeterthednntnetien-eldbeinditiiulttoeotinnte.
hntitwnnldepponruiteneenibloternnhebodtodweeteteu
nnonotthnoohnndrodnqnnronilon. ltdreppedeentrellyinlnwtnrh.
MMnnMpneniblytwnnillionernnropnopleoonld
hehilledbyeoinnlooephneien.

third.thnreinnbeeletolynereonnntebolinnothetthelenoienn
Muldewehehd. hen-“beveenndnnnleheennionthet
thelnneieneerennteepebleinonieeneo-nnnhennnionfiiohpnrnietn
inmundthntecttbnttheyneneeedodinonplodingtheirtirnt
Nebniinetinoietotvelm’tetheniniuentineten
“heuewenciontintnmyyenrnqo. elonrly the nciontintn
edthndneiethinepennonnheniehnenledgewhicbinneconnnrygend
fiedireetiendiieh-ntheteheninorderteprodneennchebnnb.

111

ieeoobvionnthetitininnnnceivnblethettheaoeietnoiutintndo
nnteoeclonrlytheetepntnbetnhon. indeed.wohnowthet.ee1ou
egneethnlm'n. theheeoiennnnrionnly canidenndthoponnibilition
edprohcingntenicennrgy.ntiliningtholightel.ntn. 'l‘honthore
"0”me difficultton. Inwunyeftb'dhetntlee
bevebeenpnnood.
lnthopreoonceeftheonldlnr.inth‘eehnonnoofnfithing
epprennhiue ntnble pence. there in little reenon to believe thet
thehunniunwillnethnildnnchnhn‘. indeed.ifthelenei.n
beneelronfinndethedecininntoptoooedwiththiednvolopnent.“
thcyereprnbnblynhondofne.£oronrenpoognnnninenednvolop-
.ntnheneertninlyboen-chnlowerthneit-nhringthenr. One
noedpointeelytnthefeetthntewerylergeporccntegeefthennnt
fenoun phynionl ncientintn in Mon wee onploycd on the bed project
hringtheunrendtbnt‘el-ntn—oftheeonnninnnwinfnllotine
melatonin-demand“ thcreereprobnhly
toweniontintnhnwwnldlihntncleinthetocrprcnontreteot
prcgronniennrethenene-tonthnldetitunhringtheur. Me
hnbennnnoigneduoppnocieblninnreeoeetpnneinrennntnnnthn.
lerhepe the not inportent tingle fentnre oi' the hydrogen bnnb
inthetthen'euywellhenonpperlinittothedontrnctiondliehin
penniblo. Ilehnentheterdineryetnnicbonbncemotennnodneortein
lutdbntmlhhdthhydrogonhefin.e1nentenythieguy
hnpnnnihle. tenuoeefthinwnncientieteennonlyeokl Ilherewill
itell etnpl Ihnnwlll eniatietnbopordttedtontopthin terrible
Net-end of divining 1min}; effective none to kill end to deem?
low fer will we go before we nppreciete thet not not be e thing of

thepeetl

113

mother or not a 'nhould put e'grent effort into the beilding
e! o bed» noun thounnnd-iold nore powerful then the prcnont ntenin
bofl in e terrible doeinion. elcerly it cennet be named one of
content of the quentionl in e reel pence with tannin poenihle! Int
neenfiilewewnrry’ebonttdsethcrwe nhonldnehonnchnhnd.‘
nut icon the enentioe ductile: e nilitnry defeeec in nee-ingfnl eny
note. Ilet heppenn to We ewp‘eriecity'if even the wenher nntieee
cen mintel'y deetroy the etronger‘l

lteeene‘cleertonenyofnethnttheueiniontouheornet
toeellenuchebonbin probablyndncieiendlichnhnuldhnnodeby
the enerioen public in £911 knowledge end udnrntending oi the mu
and terrible potentielitien.

hen llnw York city

hr. thorp: in thingrineitnntien. kowehnnronindedunof
thecirclnntnnceeiediawnncettodienwnetheglentienefponee
with tannin-Winn er wnroeli—l

Inite.yoehewobonecbeirnnefeeo-itteewhichpnopnrede
report recently peblinhod by the tale hivernity Irene. m My,
mum. .

II. titel The W ennnittoe “tiered the whole pedal.
ofroletiewebetwnnntbhitedlteteneedthndovietlleion-d
renohnd the genteel nonunion thet inprwved reletionn ere ponnible.
cu group included buninennnnnnnd Dabble” with experience in relief
endrehbilitetinnwort. frontinlnddnwnthrmshtelnd. I-gery.
enetrin. Ger-my. into relentinn. end over on both nidce in Chino.

11‘

Our onnnlwnionn were hand on thin not of coneideretieenl tirnt.
wndeltthetthoroinewidenptoedadniennredenirefnrpeneo."
Manniefalhtneaeetteiepeeonoelythrneghnnr.
leenedly. weoeenoetofenrntndienwiththeoonvictionthntheth
ammumummmmmumi—umu
inthinarldfonnlnatiaendthehailetheronreanydrnntin
diffeneenon between the taennetrienadtheir eyntonn, there one
“Imwullflflu. Idleelthetihilpflllhlef”
thenceeoonaedetothnaolnontoeochethernnfticientlyneento
“It. mm'felt “highly mu thtthnmgtnneia
betwnathenetwnenwntriainbenedneatnnltonrednttnchby
thenthereen. umuwum‘mreumum
ccwnbyerawoetoo-otitia. Mani-huntitindenirehle
banana-Intonatenodenotheaelerelinnceoneilitnry
mkflntbhrdmuaannenepotitinnwnntenthorery
donecrntininntitetinne'dliehnenreieenreetodinpreooreieg.

Onthebeninetthneemddcretinnuwnnlnentodantwefolt
”Immatureentmflehnighthet‘abptheflted
maturtMan-loeedeaelemedgneoreleettle-
ant. lpenificnllyweindientedennerotc etepnfiicheneldbotehee
unmrummmntmmncm.nnua
neepent to «m... duelnpia the encu retina. mu-
nelnrlyiner‘etneneuel.‘

w... .4.

wv—v— w .7 rv—v—r—v v

   
 

‘darieen Made let-vine tattoo. 1 ,.

115

lather» thenborlin.ldletinyneropinionnfthineppconnht

Inchflorlinl Iradmooneherupomendlonrtninlynyne-
thinewith ite npiritendwenldhoincliendte indorne it fully.“
unauthonlightentnigethetthnrewereayeieilerflonlnen
thnnthernideefthelrnednrtninooiftheroweceaywnherepirit
tethehlithnreerinfielrnnltn. ‘

lednrtneetcly. we'hene lonrned'. er chidhene horned-by thin
mmmmmnumw-«um'mmr
mum'eforahfcrbedmmad‘l'aotefraennofhinw
heck-n filth. of cam. in entircly ecthnritetivc for the loviot
popnletionl I'ttineenennnrytneoeeeycneo. conningwnlewful
athnd.oveniee.ooonenlnnetoftrnth.“ hereintnnie'eionale»
hrbndwilL-fertheinnvitebilityofeltinetecaflict. layedd
”mtmmuwmnadmiminmwritiego
athnmietdictetnr.1oeephltelin.~

lqnoteegninfronlaim "ltinineoeeeivcblethnttheleeiet
”infieldaetiaeteenint forelqpnriodnidebynide
wiaiaorielintnteten. Iltiately-oenortheothorantoeeeenr.
Wine-deredtorribloelenhenbetwnonthelnnietlopnhlie
adthehnetgeninntntenennineriteble.” _ '

thininatortnnetolynetjnntthnoretialferaletiee.lthen
heaenrennedinenvintpolieienbotorothenr,dnringthe-lnr.
adnineethoan. ldnentthinhewenedolflitlorbeneworne
randlahnwhatrattmbnnhapnw‘noe.dinregnrdefebligctiae
ainhituinennneeiatteheep.adindifforoneetninterentionnl

pwhlic opinion.

116

Inhere.juntntthinmt.euendn1eneeimetlondlerethe
deviation intryiatobellythetm..byboyoott.ietonccopting
item.Gn-nint6hinn. thereinthei.l.thepogenofrncont
hintorynrenialyntronwithtoviethrehnnproninon.

Mlm-uwmumnlnmlnumm
“tumbenodcmaennuwtiaofateaticlwintgoedtnith
adgeedwill oraothertheyere whet eightbecellod ”non-enforcia"
~thetin.fiethertheyc~1dhnptinteeffhetwlthnetegnerdnegeinnt
thpeaibleeonnonnoncenifthnlwnietgowormntnhaldfeilteheep
itnard.

halite: thetenontioegnvoonreo-ittecegratdalot
ennoere. Intelhednbnetitwdthnnnyeffieielninnnnygornrnnnntn
adiuthelniudleuagadwncenaltedthnoetntnndingonertn
ficheddnnltwiththndwietinioeetwnrioonintnrnetinnnloonferoneen.

Ourfoelinganthntthoeitnntinnieeetnnhopolonnenyeewneld
My. lwneldlihetocabenkletertethenpociunptopennlnldlinh
wnnepnttnrth.hnt.ingonnnni.ltbinhthntnncennnythetenr
memwmmmumummmu.
themuanee-toheinflediroctienetdcvclnpntefrenarcen
adefroocentrnctinn. rhetoriauineheeeennedthedeg-ntoaich
‘pewhnvereforred. Oenoftha.dnne-ale.inthetcepiteliotcowetrinn
illbedrivonintnaradunttheywillcnnnnnern. itinwithin
onrponertodennentretetheerrnrofthetdognn.

Anothondngnn.itnnneetone.innneenthntdngaitnolfoenbe
edjlehedtehintnry. rnmnnnummmnm
one. magnuthienmeantfraltnliennthepnohlaedoocielia

117

in a country: "Uhet would have heppcned to the forty. to our

meiotic, tnhrxia. if Leninhndbeenoverewedbythe letteref

hrniaadhndncthedthnoenregnef theoretioel convictiontedie-

nerd one of the old conclunionn of Hernia end to replete it by e

new concleeion effireieg thet the victory or eocielia in one country.
tnhen ningly. wen peeeible, n conclnninn aieh correepwndnd to the .

3 new hintoricnl conditionn.” .

Deco thet not rniee the mtia of lather. by prencnting the
Soviet Union with new hintoricel condition, none of thin reniotenee
to poeoeml nettlcnnnt cal indeed be reduced?

Hr. Merlin: if thet in e pine for whet some people night all
fooncilintionmndlet othcrn light cell 'eppcenemf'ul nubnit thet
thet policy an tried end proved e pitiful bnnkrupt feiluro aria
them. ldonot thinhthetnnyonecoeldhnvcgoneturthnrin
bonding beckwnrd to neticfy Ionic: “do end to relieve Inwiet fare
thee Recidoet Inconvelt end Berry lophinn did during the wer. W1!
gevohnnniehnlfnfrolnnd (nhichhehednonnrelrighttegive). lnrge
olinnn of anti-eny end hentrie. control of the hnchnrien Inilay.
tort Arthur. tho luril Inleedn. three voten in the United. letienn.

In rotere for ell thin. he nercly hoped to get from the loviet tine

cooporetien in e world of pence end order.- -le died bitterly dioillnoienod.

thin policy of eppenncecnt. therefore. ha been tried end felled.
llcrereocntly.wehevegoneevorteantl.cnnniareferare

reelintie policy ad n are hopeful policy-othe policy of ernenieinga

n free world. of giving our nilitnry guerateo to the comtrioe of

WW'etaopocetingwiththe trenoowntrion ineonnneie

118

roennetruction. while that policy tenant yet be pronounced e oneplete
necceeo end while there ere ntill teeny difficult problem to edjunt,

l dothinh thet ithencrentndeeonnnef necurityinluropcwhiehone
did not feel et ell. let or toy, two or three or four yeero ego. it
won the inrcnnion which I brought book free e trip to Europe lent
W thet our new policy of etcpvping in end ondcmiting the freednn
of the went luropoen countrien in giving definite end favoreble reeelto.

n. Sheryl You ere e npcciel etudnnt in‘thie field, Chenberlie,
end yet one cen have non-o rctcmtionn ebout your interpretetinn of
we hintory. 'l'ho hitter, in ambiguoun, en ell hiotory in. he ea
oey thet we turned inelcdietcly to the ettech, with regerd to “coin.
unooeuthcweraewonendbegantoput promonthetunoienn.

I on norc interentcd now in eating ebout the inplicetionn of
your propoeel. Your propooel in thet we ntcy with the cold at end
continue with the effort to build up nilitery nupcriority. m in
the outcome of thet going to be?

lit. Merlin: The outcome. 1 hope. will be the ultimte die-
intngretion of the loviet mire end the oargenco of e united, free
lumps. I do not fever. I would like to note 3this point clner. en
eggrcnnive or preventive at.

Ir. Sherpa Wynot? myinthetnotthologicofwhetyewwere'
toying?

Hr. elm-borne: m it would be e tartul renpnenibility to
aleene n ar end e renponnibility which, 1 think. no civiliad
lunatic lender would not to take no long on there in oven the one
chance in tenoreno‘chenon inehadrodthetaroouldbenveided.

11-9

“Mied‘nthIpueibilityotcmuithiltbemt
muiueutee.puhepeeveemetheeiethedoviet~ireiteeit.
hthttheliulwnty.lthiek;leelmflnemoith
“mandam-

3.1mm mummpuqammmly-
mum-ehmuunmmwu
“eenee-thew

Incl-tunes ldeeetmetee. 1”.”ng
“minimum-amend”. “melee-nee
dMHM‘MMmmMMMum
”them”. deWMtthefiele
wmuwmummmemmmw
W‘WMIMheeaeret-neette
meta-humane...

Indie”: ltueuteutheteeetehoedoithemteie
“amneeeldullWie-etmlemetn
helm. hit-.meeeeteteelittleeemlictieieyeeemt
hmfietmhmuy-flmflbym'm-nm
hmm~.m. Mltnduetow.peepleuetbe¢eedm
WhmettheentieethtMMedit.

“My.~ulieu~teutenkeemleeinlitiee-
mummumnunmmmmum
minimum-love”. hhweteeeeuoeeeive. teeteliheother
tut-inn. mflumflnti-deommeeepieieee.
tube-anathemttueupioteimfiueieee
humour. htieteeeleteneereenmlietioebeetaer
hrlh'lmluuethmmutthetmmiuiotelm-un

120

emerece. Amreceeheveledtoenlymendinthepeetuur!
leeoooueeooeflthinkthetoeoeemidur.
lteeeeeteeetheteeeheetoteoethepeeitieefietheeeee
eeetetineetieeteoeemteoeeueeetheetheedlllmete
Wiuetmheedeeeillheneue. tattoo—Item.»
eueelietieeettettytermllpeeeeeeeetietionetthietiee.
WmtmiumlefillemmmumMu
miteeeute-untieedeew-eilwetmiee.

Immune: iteeeeeteutheteueeeteteeetu-tetee
mllwieieudeeetthemti-eodthetetmthee-
inedepelieyiiehpleeeetelieeeeeeeeeeoiutilieieeaityie
qumurwetmmuum
wu‘m-IeWIunumiMinthlque.

lull-n: hmmmmmmuufieew
tioeeeeeldbeeeteeedietei

howliu-Mioeutinly.ielyeflnieuademe~
eehueelettitedeeodutbdiem {immune-let
wmmmmmumm.uuunaw
drew ite'eeeeeetiee teen- ieeoettie (eleuweith a. «caption tree”
ummm.¢ichu~thiq£otdzioheehevetmm
Myadwllymmm). it it Iill withdrew ite
mumumetm.mtmamcaw
unheated. Ietlweldbeveeyekeptioelelthemlteele
”muddhmatbetemmtifiinefl
Wmnnlthmm. Iteelthet.eitttheee.ee
wmmmummmm.mumcurm.
ammuum-‘m

121

.m.lherp: Ineoeeoeyethieeeeeeeeoetpropitiouetiee..
maumumu eottlmt. A littleovereyeeteee.
Pneideetmueneothiememo.epokeodhie
“tuttodiepeltbepeiememeidietmtmohhu-
W eesotietieoe. Without We. either eide dtb meeting
1:.homuncuuemummuuumzu..-

It. mm: i-oouldnellyimuelliketeheethey
eeieieeeibetheiyeoeentlemeemthemtdtuetioeoeetiee
We II end one inch time goitexleuely. 1 think. in the‘m
tent-t. netietheeeeetionedwooetouiewp

l believe thet thet woolen ie cqletely. insoluble. bee-eel
thmmtwmmehythelwtetieieeiepmucelly. to.
dud. eeontry ehioteennotteefleetivelyoeetroueduineeeoteds
rim. WfltdttlmM-ddllmmjmmm
ethnic-nullified ttetee. much-mung“
mmuummmomummvuhuo.
paleteuieinetelletielloooeoheeeietoeleubeorMeeme.
eeethudeedlyuemoeeldhemled.rend. “.mmm
dueMetndeeniteeeqletedietetenhipendtheebmueey
hiedeflree’obliom

Ie.elee.oiththet.eedgiventheoeepletehedteithetthe.
leviet€mteti¢leeboeomedeodteninvioletioeoi
muudepeiiio Mo.leeeldteellylihetokeoe.fiethet
youthinkthetthteieenykindoieelioeuminsecheeeedete-ie
Wanna-oi. u muuuMaM‘ht ”some.
mantle: ooeld there be for outing our very utionel eeietm

121

on doviet good feith which. has hitherto been triad mu, time and
elwoye found venting?

lit. Ml {on heve lived in Main for eeny yeero. Mlle.
endheveeeorevivideensottnnmyoteeeerheoeoieoeeoitheee
epeoeeondoithechetecteroitheponletien. Ontheothoehend.
white, yoohenooneoltedeithnenoteoneexperimeendee-e'
W in thie tau. re- heu‘eeehee not only with emu.
eeeelindwrtore.orm1ee£theteort.u-lWit. you“
here tented eithpeople from the Ate-do Energy Conioeion, end eo on.

ammo» that ietorreot. Hetelhedeithemmberofthe-
Wemmebnnmdinmmwithmumietieu.
We tool thet there ie at possibility of eorkiogout e panel-M
effecting the lieitetion not elene of etoeio eenpone but of. ell mee-
tioneleoepoeea Ihet ie. thetino eee-e-tebegeotcbeeeeeeothint
oililltiogonlyoneeeepon. Ieeeeiefergenereldimtilee
euteheveenythiogehertofthieelerdogrecehetmonteonntim
for the not mm none of destruction. We fool thet there is en
unanimity to week out e progrn of inspection whioh eeeld'he egroeeble
to me motel oetione concerned end eoold put e 81:01) te the preeent
Mtic me.

21:. Melina- Do you not think thet the really ooeentiel oom-
ditiou OE e diam egr’oamt which would stick and which would
really bring e ewe o1 eeoority would be the dissolution of the Soviet
W91 Io log ee thet dietetorehip leeto, end eo long ee it he
this unlimited pone ever the minds end bodies of the Bastien people.
ie it molly oonoeieehle thet e foe inepoctore of the United Itetoe.

123

uniltheynreenittedtelnuie.oooldieeeenyeerteintyei
Mug out eieot hidden We? to long on the dietetorehip
mute.noldtiereeetelnyeietiegeeetmmetthetdiotetorc
eiipaeldfindthenneoloirotaneotingmocheneiinentin.
inner anointinely thenit eet. eiiei eight be deemed!

Infinite: thenienohedenee.1nteethereieheneie
nviiedednegranneeintenetinelemuteeiieiee
m. Ietitdnenteennteitiernleeieoeeiiilitythtnr
manmmnmmuuemummum
Wanna-Wunm‘u—emunnamy
derieedtieeeoneeieileeeennneeddeetrntion. iteanten
theteennldeolenieeieneniineeetineinietnntinelrele-
tineretheetieeulyiegntioelyopntheneoiieeee. A

Idli‘otlio: lnoldeetmtietneinldrelyntirely
natieneeidene. ltiinknntbidnuenimmwne
ieeentiiegnioieieeldieineoriiednnrinnen tietieeeery
“munmermnummum
wanmmmmmtummue
elm. mzurnmu‘mmmigmuu.
flieMneerteielyeinldneietieiioeleriim.leoioiieroe
ieliielytee‘enntiinneeteieoelleeeeeoioniteletineine
flumflfllintifl-

It. “to: “union. teat—inn. thet eon-edetin
mmwmmnmummuhmunu
themed-name. iieelaeieeideeritonrditiy
“in. n the tendon peeeiile lint. oeeooete pinto et ehioh

12‘

convention notion any in token end ngrnonent ny be mohed. he
should ovoid‘nneeree nioh build ntoel tone end dietroetend yet
etreqthen the very engine ehioh lint hone freedom

-Iethee then not our teith upon "l-hode.“ thet“. '1". m
eoientiiie innity‘ in en one-onto reo'e. n ehonld etre'ee onetreotive
rate. nehne long-roan groan-e! teoheioel eeeietenoe, ioninee
‘Ihnoenreeeoernloeeerhehle etepe tenrdvooldpeeoe.

l eoppoee thin-eenee initi'thet ell-en. irreoeeetive efoeeed
on nit-rel ieritnmoee eon into rennin of tree ei-een'nne‘.
tolerneoe end tint tie inoonereilereeohee oi ne'e an! on trinei
eenyetnertiontiingeeiiohnedieideneodequ.

lie. Merlin: “there in only one ny to get elonu with the
Inlet diotnterehipndteereeom tuednndtoevoidnn riot
in to: Anerioe to in etronger ellitnrily. politically. eononionlly.
endnoelly. enrioeneoinoeieeeeerndhetter deionne iereor'
my the telieeee open Meant Iovint good faith. To dinet-
eneelvoeertegiveoeinee‘tentetretegio poeitioon inure”. in
retorn tor m me: neurone“ nioh hove boon reputedly proved
eon-thine in the poet. mold he in: ebout ee intoilisontee to
extende lonnntheneomtdnrdein irndolnnt bankrupt.

‘lhee'eienepeeon 13W} There ieno enourity in wilful
ilindnen to the herd renlitiee oi the tetnliterien pert oi the eerld.
lineieneeeletyinrotreet. It ienlyeponth‘oheeinof nonrier
amen tint on one hope u roelinn, nltintely. Ienntor «More
tine mien idenahenoeehlo pence in n free world of free no. lie
not no me. In onnnt eefely nettle for lone.

 

125

hr. Sherpa in concluding. I eboold like to quote from Hinntn
Churchill, who neid e little over n yeer ego: "With ell cooniderntinn
of we (note. I believe it right to eny tedny that the bent thence
of ovoiding en: 1}. in nooord with the other western dneorecinny to
bringnttnrn tonhendeiththodovietgovornnentnndiytornl
din—tie pronoun. oith ell their erivncy end gravity. to'nrrire
et n looting nettle-not. .

“there in certninly mu ion the interentn o! ell 12 Inch e.»
nettle-eat could he ruched. hon thin inched. i not eny. honour.
would not gnnrnten thet on: mold not con..‘bot ! believe it will
give the bent chnce of oning out o! it olive.”

near: I

mummmwnmst

A bro-dent of tho W mm M30 M £229.. :-
redio dincuonion over HG! Chiongo end the liatuel Brondceeting Iyntn

with the following perticipentn: ldunrd Barrett. Anointent Secretory

of Iteto for Public Affeirn; Dooley I. leddernen, Depertnent of ledio

end l'nlovinion, lorthuentern Univernity, end n eenber oi the indie
Adoinory Co-itten, U. 8. Adoioory Co-ittee on lefornntion; Deoid

Iichol. foreign oorrenpondent, m new 3511; end Jolene I. liclurnny.
Donn. the School of Speech, lorthwentern Unioornity. Publinhnd no "hint

Vol. 17. lo. 8 for public nele.

Ir. liclurney: Our npeekern tedey include ldoerd H. Barrett.
Anointent Incretery oi Stete for Public effeirn. herrett. whet done
your poet involve in the Iteto Bopnrtnentl

llr. Derrott: lt involvne gnnernl nuperuinioe of our entire United
iteteo Gooernnnt'n infornntion progree. ‘lhin includen the Voice of
hericn end n greet eeny other thinge. lt includen edwining the Secretory
o! Itete on public reletionn problene here end ebroed. end it includen
oortein work in connection uith the United Intionn lducetionel. Scientific
end Culturel Orgeninntion, end finelly, n greet eeny operetione concerned

with enintnining content between the Depertnent of Stotn end the Anni-icon

people .

126

127

lit. Money: Be ere elee gled to welcone to thin lorthneetern
Dniwereity Iowiewiu Stead. Devid Nichol. Foreign Correepondent. the
m [oily £531. Nichol. whet hee been your content with our in-

iernetien progren.

'lerlin e roeel Ioint‘

llr. lichel: l epont e good deel oi the tine eince the wet in
centrel lnrope. noet oi it in Ger-eny. end perticelerly in lerlin.
Berlin in e locel point in thin eneotion o! the etery of heriee ee
egeinet thet oi the Soviet Union. '

Ir. lichrney: You hove been eble to one none of the roenlte of
thin progren herrett repreeente. et iiret heed?

Ir. licholi tee. end to tell: with the neople nho cone out of
the iron Certeie countriee end tell no nhet henene there.

Ir. Ierrett: too, i wenld eey herlin ie enernonely inportenti
becenee it in en ielend behind the iron Cnrtein. reelly.

Ir. lichol: It'e the only piece thet we an get in behind the
Iron certein encceeefnlly. I think.

Ir. llclnrney: Are yon going beck to Gernnny?

Ir. lichols Yee. I'll be going heck in love-her.

Ir. Iclnrneyt Aloe on thin lewiowing Itend broedceet no hewe
Preteeeor beeley I. Ioddereen. Gheiuee oi the lepertnent oi Indie end
televieion. lorthneetern llnivereity, end nenber of e epeciel co-ittee
edwieing the Voice of herice.

we hewe elreedy hed eewerel reierencee to the Voice oi herice.

Ihnt, ie thet progru. leddereen‘l

11'

World-wide lotwfl'h

Ir. Vodderoen: berrett in probeny better eble to enower thet
then i a. but no I hewo ooen it. it in e world—wide network brood-
ceeting in neerly fifty lenguegon over eerenty-five trenenittern through-
out the world.‘ It in finencod by United Utetoe Goveruent fendo.
iron the Itnto hepertnent. end it opoehe for the United ltetee Govern-
nent end the hericen people. '

&. lehrneys lo thoee breedceote oneeete tron thin country!

In. Veddernenl lony oi then do. loot of thn. i ehoeld eey et
thin point, elthongh there ere novoo eioot to regioneliee the output
to entry none of the progre-ieg to locel erono owoteeee.

Ir. lclornoya in thin country we hewo beerd e greet deel recently
ebout Indie tree lurope end hedio Free neie. low ere thooe progrene
releted to the Voice of horiee?

It. Vodderoeni Indie Iron Europe in en ontorprino oi privete
eitinonn in the United Itetoo. It concentrntoe on eeptiwo conntrioo
behind the iron Curteie «- Polend. cneehoelowekie. lungery. tannin.
end no forth -- end it in lergoly iineneed. no i neid. through individuel
oontribntiene.

it diiiere chiefly in thin roepoet, thet it cen be e citinon'n
ntetiee ior the people of Ceocboolovekie. tor enenple. ceeche nho
hewo can out iron behind the Iron Gertein cen opoeh win thooo fecili-
tien to Ceoohn who ere otill behind the Iron certein. Of eouroe,
Indie Vroo «nope hen the iroedon te nllow people to epoch book to
their own people nuch nore then the Voice of Anerice. which in ronlly

en inotrnnont oi nonricen policy.

129

III. herrett: Von, beeicelly. the Voice oi Anni-ice opeekn no
“we Anerioenn epeehing to you rolen.” Moon, benicelly, ledio Free
lurope epeekn no “we Polee npoeking to you Iolee,” or "you .iellow
lolee.‘

I'd like to euphenine, though. thet Redio tron Europe in die-
tinctively n free enterprine, end deeerwee the eupport oi the people
in thin country. You nee. the huoeienn ere nponding todey between
one end two billion dollere o yonr on propegende. the oenbined
onpondituroo oi the Voice of enorioe. Indie tree lerope end ell other
Anni-icon iniornetion operetione totel only ebout one hundred nillion
dollere; therefore. you on non the need for putting oil the reoourceo

we on into thin bottle.

l-portence oi Horde

bit. churney: thet emoticon nuggonte the need. but lorrett.
how inortent enter“ in winning e not! He ere telking ebout the
euoetion."nre we winning the our oi wordo!”

In. herrett: i would eny thet wordo or ideee. it you will. ere
i-eneoly inportent in winning the eoocellod cold wer. booeueo it
we don't convince people on both nideo oi the Iron Curtein oi the
juetice end the proniee of our ceuno. end oi the "phoninoee" oi the
other nen'e..we ere likely to find onroolwee in e reel ehooting nor.

u llr. lcburneyi le thin we: of wordo or ideee ennentielly e bettle
between lueeien end horioen propegende. lioholi in thet the my
you ioel ebout it?

V In. lichol: I wouldn’t think no. It in prinerily e etrugglo

between two nyet-e. the one oynten oi couplete toteliterien control

130

in boot en-pliiiod, elnoet exclunively enenpliiied et the prenent
tine. by the lowict Union. no other eide of it in the iron world,

oi which the United lteteo in e nejor proponent et the preeent tine.
end we certeinly hope it will continue to be en enenple oi whet freedon
condo.

It. Veddereonl Inrrott, doeen‘t thin really drnetieo one oi the
problene which the iniornetion eerwioe hen? Ue epoch. you eey. ior
the hrioen people. the Voice oi Anorice end other iniornetion eerricen
epeek tor the horieen people. lnn't it pretty eeny to nine thin
point thet lichol hen juet node. end to give the ilpronnion thet we
ere epeehing eolely in tom of herice‘n neli-intoront. rether then
in terne of the purponen of iron pooplen. end our identity with the

cenen ceune?

tree world eenee

Ir. berrettt Von. Feddoreen; l'n gled you brought thet one up.
hot in the very roeeon why we ehiited enphonie very nerkodly in thin
pregr- in the loot year and'n‘ heli.

In one not juet trying to win iriende ior dnnrice. He ere not
junt trying to win ehirern. We ere trying to win iriende for the
whole .eeuno oi ireeden end juetice -- the whole iron world coune.
noeordingly, we ere working ineroeoingly with other orgeeieetionn
in e greet internetienel eenpeign oi truth.

Iir. Nichol: l telhed with e luneien officer who one over to
Ilentern (Ber-emu long ego. end 2 eehed bin none quoctione ebout

Voice oi Anorice end its niiectimeen. Bin criticinn et thet tine

131

wen thet e nee who in rinking hie life to lioten to en outnide redio
in not nuch intorented in booting en 'interont etory” oi horicee
book publiehing, or e etory oi hericen hounohold eppliencon. he
eeid the one thing thet in inportent in e herd-hitting neenego thet
will give people none hope .. noun. politicel connont. en indicetion
oi whet in going on in the free world. in very ohort. coeciee torn.

Ir. teddereeei berrett. ien't thet enoentielly whet the Voice
of but“ in doing?

It. herrott: thet in enoentielly whet the Voice oi enerice in
doing. he hove ntepped up the proportion of our output -- thet in.
herd. etreight noun. to begin with -- end the proportion thet in
nn-eetery. he otill cerry one notoriel to luneie iteolf. not to
out of the root of the world,,nbeut the reletivo well-being oi horicenn.
telling how neey hourn they here to work to get e peir oi ehoee. ior
inntenoe -- which in nonething like four hourn. whereee e luenien
hen to work nonething like 45 hourn -- boceneo we here found thet
type oi etory perticulerly oifectiwe behind the Iron Ourtein. lieny
lueeienn who cone out hove told no it in effective.

llr. licburnoyi Do you tell then ebout the number of both tube
we here. end the amber oi onto-obilon we hove. end no iorth!

Ir. lorretts To Iueoie. yen; to underdeveloped eroen end wont
other cuntrioe of the world. no.

Ir. Inlereey: low would you on up. ternely. tho pri-ry purponen

oi thin infornetion progren?

132

Four Purpoeoo
lir. lerrett: I would one it up in four nein cetegorioe. the

iirnt purpeeo in to onpone the phony, vicioue reelly reectionery neture
oi Met inporielinn. the eecond in to inetill in free peoplon
everywhere e deeire to coopereto with no. end thin we con do by chewing
up the lion thet the Co-unintn ere telling ebout on. end by denonntreting
thet we ere e decent people whore 'nerel etreuth end phynicel ntrength
one be counted on. the third purpoee in to build behind the iron
Curteie every pooeible peychologicel obeteble to [rune eggrennion;
end the iourth in to build up on thin eide oi the Ourtein. .ueg ell
iron pneplen. e new epirit oi unity end epunk end deterninntion.‘ e
npirit to ronint eggrenoion et whetever cont.

lir. Ichurneyt in phreeing thoee four objectivoe. in oech ceno
you node roierence to Iueeie. l “to it. then. thet we ere directing
our effort prinerily egeinnt Ronnie end egeient luonie'o etory end
lwnoie'n propegende?

Ir. lerretti He think the very critieel otiuetion thet inner
the world in the prenorvetion oi the free world iron Iuenien dggroneion.
Accordingly. we on putting noninv- enpheeie on thet todey.

Ir. licholi I would like to euggeet et thin point whet nee-n
to on u very inportent dietinction we eheuld elweye nuke. i think
we ioel then the pooploe oi blend end enechonlewekie end the verioun
other oeuntrioe within the iron curtein one our elliee elroedy. they
know whet ireodew in beceuen they hove lent it. end 1 think they pro-
bebly know were cleorly whet freed. in then none oi the eroen which
otill hove it.

I do think we nunt elweye neko cleer thet it in the government

or the nynten under which theno people ere living which we oppono.

13"

end not the boot intereote of the people the-nelvoo. he ere trying
to help the people of Polend en nuch no we ere trying to help the
people oi Gorneny. lnglend. or eny other country.

hr. berrett: I'n gled you brought thet up. Nichol. boceune e
cordinel point in thin entire progren nuet be e diotinction between
the peoplee end their Con-uni“ governnentn. You notice thet in eun-
ning up thoee four pointe 1 need the word "Krenlin" inntoed oi “luenie'
or "Reunion" -- ior junt thet reenon.

llr. lichurney: In thin etory of euro getting ecroee. lichen
touhevobeeninturope.endereineponitiontoeeywhnthenhnppened
there. ‘

'lleed for leprovunont'

Ir. lichol: Let no euggeet thin. v. hewon't been in thin buninooe
very long. end on ere otill enperinent’ing with weyn of getting the etory
ecroen. 1 would oey thet the etory in’t ecroee yet; there in e very
greet deel thet hen to he done. end inprovownntn will here to be node
oonntently.

1 would like to point out thet Feddnrnen epoko oi rogionnlinetion
oi the output. liy own experience he been thet the wont effective
oporetion we hove in thin wer oi ideee in the redio e'tetion which in
oporeted in Iorlin through the oiiice oi the high Connieeioner end
the Stone Dopertnont there. the inportent thing in connection with
thin redio ntetion. which in celled m8 (Indie in Anericen Sector).
in thet the work. the thinking. ere elnoet entirely done by concur.

end thet the hericen eupervieion in limited to four or five non.

13‘

Hr. reddereenc HAS in not e Voice of Americe ntetion. An you
pointed out. it in e etetion thet in operntcd lnrgcly by Get-none.

iir.‘ “chutney: We own it?

Mr. lerrett: Oh. yen; it in integreted with the Voice of Anerice

prozrdn.

Populerity oi cm

lir. lodderoen: ‘lho Voice oi herice terrier none progrene on
it.

A nurvey i new recently iron your progren eweluetion bureeu pointed
out two thingn of nnjor intoront. firnt. thet ms in one of the nont
populer ntetionn. not juet in our none in berlie but in the whole leotern
none oi Gerneny.'end thet by long oddn it outetripn ell conpotition;
end eecondly. thet one of the Voice oi enerice progran which it rcleye
ior you in. I think. the eecond nont-lietened-to progren in thet eree.’

lit. Berrett: Von. there in no ouontion thet lint hen proved one
oi the noet effective inntrunentn we burn. end it in beceune oi thet
experience thet we ere trennierring none oi our own Voice oi Americe
operntionn to pointn overnono neerer the iron Curtnin. For onenple. we
ere ntorting thin nonth. l believe. broedceeting iron liunich to Iron
Curtein eroen.

lir. attorney: You oeid e ninute ego. liichol - or nuggoeted e
ninute ego .. thet we hove friendn behind the iron curtein. boon thet
noon thet thin etory we ere telling vie thin Ger-en etetion you hnvo

been dincuoeing -- end our Voice oi Murine progrene -- in getting

into the iron Curtein countrieni

135

Mr. lichol: I would put it thin wey: The people ere our friendn
beceune we ntnnd for freedom, which they don't enjoy et the pronent
tine. he otend for getting the Runnienn off their beckn. where they
ere et the prenent time. To there people our etory in .e very nimple
one, juet to "Keep your hopon up." thet "Some dey ite going to be
better."

It. Inrrettt ten. the etory thet "He're otill with you; we heven't
forgotten you. Keep up your npirit oi tonintence. .lon't go in for

entire ronintenco now. but keep up your npirit oi renintence.”

'Know whet (lo-union linene'

llr. redderecn: Of couroe. i think it in inportent. too. to odd
thin connect, thet it in much cooler to tench thoeo people with our
etory becnueo there people. by pernonel experience. know whet couuninn
”one. We have quite e different problem in cortein other eroen where
Con-uni- in on ebntrect ideee-pretty nuch en denocrecy in en ebetrect
idee--where you heve two ebntrectionn fighting for predominence.

Hr. borretti Von. I think Nichol could tell you thet tho neerer
people ere to the Iron curtain. by end large. the more hatred they heve
for the [reelin'e nyoton. the more fact they been for it.

Mr. litholi Certeinly. thet in true. I think in Berlin we heve
the feeling thet the berlinere hre our nont effective elliee in Ger-eny,
end thet our eecond noet effective elliee ere the leetorn Got-neon who
live in the soviet none. end thet the people who ere otill quentioneble
in their ettitudn towerd on ere the Hontern GEM. in the eroen thet

. “fine

136

Mr. McBurney: Don't the Runoiann have a more exciting etory
to tell then we have? they couch their story, at least. in termn
oi freedom. in tom of braking the checklcn. in tome of revolution.
been that story set over in n way that our doesn't Feddersen?

Hr. Vcddereen: Of course. you reiee u very cruciel point here.
the difference between e negative epproech to infatuation end e punitive
epproech to interaction in ct eteke it ocean to no. If our effort
in solely confined to denying the Runnien pranieen. I don‘t think we
nhell get very for. which in one of the reeoonn why I won inpreenod
recently when l heerd one of our people on the Voice, 1 think. tell
ebout e progren which hed recently been developed. celled "l'he foren-
nent Revolution.” to my wny of thinking. thin nynboliron e wey oi
preeenting the donocretic idee in e ponitive end dynenic wey thet will
eppeel to the target eudience, en eudience thet doen not core to look
forward to e future that in completely bereft of the hope of changing
ite eituetion. end which night he eeny game for e Runnien pronine of

"pie in the sky.“

"the Perunent Revolution'

l-ir. lichurneyi In what eenee in the democratic hope identified
with "the Pemeneut Revolution"?

Hr. Peddernen: Simply in the eenee thet, en Barret has pointed
out here. the Krmlin story in eenentielly e reactionary one in the
eenee thet once the ntetun quo in enteblinhed. there it in; it in
the etetun one. end it many he expected to ntey that way. whereen the

denocretic etory. en exemplified by hericen hietory end the hintoriee

137

e! ell deweeretie peoplee bee been one of greduel evelution. the eo-
eelled "Perwenent Revolution” in reelly the echieving of eociel ideee
end eeeiel notion through peeeetnl weeeexrether thee by einply going
in end throwing out the ”hevee“ end putting in the “heve-note.”

llr. lichen I think we eheuld be eeeeful in eur dieeneeion ebout
revolution to point out thet we ere net et the mt preeching rere-
lutien in eny eenee to the peeple of later: term. to the people
who live within thie Iueeien eree of control. I teke it thet whet
yen ween ie thet we ere trying to point out to the people e! Heetern
Iwrepe thet they cen «un- en- mar rem can-uni.- pruieee but
deeee't deliver.

Ir. leddereen: tee " thet we heve et leeet en equivelent for
eeeiel chenge, end thet our equivelent Ge reelly whet we knew no eociel
evolution. en evolutiee which her been going on in thie country. with
the eoneent of the governed. tor le! theee weep yeere.

U. Ierrettr tee. 1 weuld up it it e greet deel were then equive-
lent te eeeiel chenge. Yen reelly ere iwplying thet the progreee we
heve been nuing in thie country .. end thet ether free eeentriee heve
been writing fer the int 130 yeero or were, reelly weeh were -- ie
the weet reveletiewerp trend thet thin werld hee ever eeen. lt'e e
dye-id thing. end thet ie the etory we ere trying to tell ieereeeiegly.

prertenee e! ”or,
llr. Inlet-wept 1 Mid think it would be e wetter e1 eoneidereble
inpertenee thet thie etory be told vitellp end dyed-teeny, beeenee
yew ere directing pour progrn, er I underetend it. te e good eeny

138

people who heven't e greet deel to look forwnrd to en thingn ere
now.

Mr. Ierrettt thet in right.

In. Mclurneyt And to the degree thet we get ournelven identified
with the etntne one in none of thone countrien, we night be telling
e etory of denpeir.

In. Foddernen: hell. yen. ! would egree with thet. And. of coerce,
etc the enwn tine, thin in e eupeign of truth thet we on wegieg.
lie one-wt wntch the henniee pro-teen of "pie in the nky" end Inching
wnchinee end refrignretern, end otill rennin hennnt end credible.
lewev‘er. we one eny thet freedew in the wey thet the individnel one
do theee thiegn. thet in n free reentry he in pereitted the opportunity
to work out hie dentiny under circuwntnenen which or leeet perwit
hie te chenge hie ntetun.

Ir. lerretti And how it effern hiw the greetent hope over the
long run for juntioe end hie own welfere. .

III. Peddernenr luctly.

llr. lichen I think et thin point we ehould be weite nure thet
we ere net identifying the beet interente of everybody elee with our
on nelfinh intereetn en I-nricnnn. We wont point out to then thet
the nyntew under which ennrice hen echieved greetnenn in the nyntew
which efiern trench-en en opportunity he echieve greetnenn en trench-en.

It. redder-dent hichol, l’w gled you brought thet up. One of the
went eneenreging thiegn I heve found niece l heve been working with
the Voice of herice in the tether highly developed progren of evelnetien
eerriee which they heve. tone of the reneerchen which they ere doing

139

on co-unicetionn hebitn in verioue countrien, end on the needn end
interentn of people in the verioun ereen -- which ere, en you point out,
quite rightly. different tron our own -- ere providing our intorwetion
nervice with en invelunble tool, one en you eny, Berrett, for ectuelly talk-
ing to people in tern of where they ere going end where they went to go.

Ir. Inrr‘ett: not in correct. Den of the wont iwportent thinge we ere
doing todey in weking groupe in the countrien concerned on thin eide of the
Iron Curtein nit down end lioten to the Voice of dwnrice. giving on their
criticinwe end co-entn. filling out quentionneiree. In the cene of ‘countrien
behind the iron Curtein. we ere tnhing pernonn who heve recently eeceped end
forcing th- into peneln. getting then to nit down deily to lioten to the
Voice. end then giving their criticiewn end their nuggentionn.

linthodn end llnteriele

llr. liclurnny: Thet begin to give on down of the fecetn of thin
progrew of inforwntion we ere dincuoeing. herrett. Cen you give on e
breeder picture of it? whet wethodn end weterieln do we une? We heve
wentioned the redio. of courne.

lir. herrettl Well, been liclurney. I could npenk for 65 winuten
ow thet. but I iwegine you prefer ny lbs-eecond vernion.

we heve redio. which ween 75 trenewittern end reechnn hbout helf
the redio net ownern behind the Iron Curtein end ebout two million
people e dey in hence; e recent nurvey nhowed it bringn in 33,000
lettern e wonth, end no on.

He heve tilwe which reech en eudience of eppronimetely 400,000,000
e yeer. We heve prenn publicetionn, penphletn, pontern thet ere put
up by ournelven end by coopereting orgeninetionn ebroed. There ere

the loo-odd inforwetion centern which ere, in e eenee, nerving en

1&0

ereeneln ofideen for thoee who ere fighting for the ceune of free-
doe.

He heve the nxchenge-obpereonn progran, which to ey wny of think-
ing in one of the cont important of ell progran. We find thet ebout
97 per cent of the lendere who ere brought to thin country end given
e thence to one thin country for the-nel‘ren-u-the good nlong with the
hedo-nc-nhow go heck eold on our decency, our honenty, our deteminetion

to eeke progreee end our phynicel end eornl ntrength.

Contributing tectorn

Ir. lichol: I would lihe to point out eilply thet we out! he
very eueful not to connider thin inforeetion progren en e thing in
iteolf. there he been e very greet increnee in confidence in lurope
in the lent twelve eonthn or no. loan of it. no doubt, in due to
the Voice of Merton, or to'the inforeeticn progran. A good deel of
it in elno due to the nrrivel of Generel linenhower. A lot of it in
due to the errivel of hericen divinione with full equip-not; it given
people greet hurt to on thin evidence thet the free world in not
only telking but building end getting ready.

lh'. herrettl 1'. very gled hichol brought up thet point. heceune
wordo clone ere not worth e great deel in the no-cnlled wer of ideee.
Actioue elcnn. unlene they ere well publicized, ere not worth e greet '
deel. linenhcwer’n errivel wee e trenendoun chat in. the ere for Europe.
“thet hone-e Inch eore e ehet in the era when it wen well publicized.
when the true etching of it wee told. when the etory of ”Ike" linenhower

1‘1

en en individual-we humniterien ee well on e nilitery lender-wee
told by Ellen end redio, ct cetere. 'And the Coneunietn' efforte to
enter hie were rebuttcd when the einple quotetionn ef the thinge thet
Itelin hed neid ebout linonhower five yeern ego were need;

Hr. lichurneyi Now we reiee the question. “Are we winning the
wer of wordn?" l nhould like to direct to you egein. lichel, thin
quentieni In your judgment, in thin war of wordo we heve been den-
cribing here going over?

Mr. Nichol: ! would eey we ere enking elow end very peieful preg-
reen, but we ere uniting progrenny the epirit of the fleet in building
nteedily. not neerly ee repidly en we hed hoped. end with eeny delnyn
end my heertbreeke elong the roed. but I think we ere uniting progreee.

lir. Ichurneyx Do you think people ere reelly listening to theee
broedceete er reeding theee paphlete or getting thin etory?

lirl Derrettz It in nuch broeder then thet. It in through theee
broedcente end through thene penphlete end the ectivitiee of eeny
fercee in the countriee concerned thet the etory in getting ecroee.
but I weuld like to egree with lichol thet it in not getting ecreee
en feet en 1 would like to non it.

but Auricene ere ebeurd when they eny we ere loeing the'war of
wordn. Let‘n ruember thet the Cc-unietn. who put on the grentent
propegende effort the world hen ever noon in their own eetellite ntetee.
heve felled dinuelly at it. the vent enjority of the people of the
netellitce ere with un. «duct with the Kremlin todey. The Comunint
perty hen lont ntrength in every country in Heetcrn [crepe during the

lent four yeern. elthough there wee one little netbeck in Itely. the

142

epfl'it of rcnietnnce, of epunk end determinetion thet Hr. Nichol

mentioned, in increeningly evident in Europe.

'Need Pecilitiee'

lir. Feddereen: 1 would like to point out , too-"while we ere
telking ebout the eucceee in getting eur etory norm in the verioue
eroen of the worldwthet our infometion eervice in. en yeu pointed
out, reletively e new thing, end thet our fecilitiee for cerrying
on thin kind of cenpeign ere tether eleell cenpered to the fecilitiee of
the nppoeition. Ronnie hen ee eeny annuittere etteeptieg to 1. nor
breedceetn into Soviet Russia .en the Voice of Auction hen hell.
in need the edditiee of e ring of fecilitiee crowed the world in order
to be chin to get the breedceet eeneege to the terget eudiencee.
'fhere ere .etill none endiencen we do not reech with the kind oi nigneln
we would like to get in there.

11:. attorney: Are you nuggeeting thet the ce-unietn heve nore
feeilitiee in thin eree, ere giving were to it then we give it? ,

lit. herrett: 0h. very. very definitely. thet in the reenoe
we ere going beck to Congreee in the very neer future, 1 hope. to
net for fundn for the eort ef fecilitien thet Kr. redderenn hen mentioned.

llr. licherneys how do the Maine try to coebet our progren of

infer—tine?

Soviet lenietence
Dir. herrett: Hell, to begin with. they shut out virtuelly ell

publicetionn end einiler neteriele from the entire Iron Curtain eree.

“3

They woke it very dengeroue to linten to the free world redion, end,
finelly, they put on the most meenive effort to jen no out thet the
world hen ever eeen.

Hr. licnurneya how do you "jun out" n progrnn?

Mr. Barrett: You put enother trnnnnitter on e progreu thet hen the
name weve lengthulet'e eny e Voice of herice trenenitter -- thet juet
Inken equeeking noinon or cinching noinen, in order to prevent the
Voice of Auction progran free being heerd.‘

He ere now facing epproxinetely 1,200 Soviet jeuern. flat in
inportent. end thet in one reeneo why we ere enking for. thou incroened
fecilitien.

he find free e curvey eede by e lot of top ncientietn in thin
country thet it coete the Inenienn epproninetely five to one in tenet
of dollere end in ternn of nenpower te Je- out no hericen ntetion.
if we put up the right kind of ntetionn. our expendituree ere going
to heve to be notched, five to one, by the luneiene. if they went to
keep on out, end i think you will egree they'll make every effort
to keep on out. won't they?

lir. lichel: Yen, they certeinly would.

Hr. lchurneyi Do we do eny juing of Iuenien ntetione?

Hr. Barrett: lo. we don't. lie do not believe . . .

Announcer: I n- norry to interrupt, but our tine in up.

”m1! c

Jone mar uni—gm

A broedceot of 1211.29.21 53 W, e redio diecuooion. over
the one redio network on June 20. 1956. with the following partici-

peete: ldwerd I. liurrow. one newo ce-eontetor; Jeneo I. teeten. chief
of the II! 3.2!! m Heehington lureeu; end Lynne Iryeen. Director
of Public dffeiro for 038 end hoot. Publinhed in m W 33

Bettie: letter. M. 4. no. 2-

Iryeon: A hundred yeero in e long tine for e brief book to be
or the top of the lint for ite eeproooion of ideee. lt'e tether etriking
thet we heve geined e greet deel of liberty in e hundred yeero. we
don't noon to heve enybody who an it eny better then hill did.

lurrow: it eenee to no thet thin in one of the noot current
bootn thet we could dincueo in opito of the feet thet it won written
ebout e hundred yeero ego. it tether reninde no of one of the better
editoriele in the newepeper thet Iir. Kenton decornton. m If! m;
m. It in eeeentielly e defenne of the right of dieoent. i think
hill wen tether e frightened one when he wrote it beceune he won wor-
ried ebout the tyrenny of the enjority. henicelly. it «one to no
e docuent thet night well heve been written yeeterdey.

leetoni Boll. lit. that-row. i then}: you for thet conplinent.

llill writee no well thet l'n nure ny eeeocieton would be very pleeoed

1M

145

it they thought they wrote on well do he did. I think it night he
ooeful if we try to illnetrete whet it ie you neee by the «eenee
of thin book end the tyrenny oi the nejority. It would perhepe be
en inertinence for no to try to define it in ny wordo oe let on try
to put it in bio. le eeye in hie oeeey. 93 m: ”It ell unkind
nine one were ed one opinion, end only one pereon were of the non-
trery opinion, nenkind would he no note Juetiiied in eilenoin; thet
one pereon, then he, if he hed the power. would be juetitiod in dilencin;
unkind." thet. i think in whet we're mung ebout.

Iryoon: lt'e .juet e (let deniel oi the idee thet neJority rule
end opinion hoe eny right.

llnrrow: he in not only domain; the right of dieeent. he to
urging ite inportence. ite eeeeoeity. left he now?

lenton: he. he'o eeyin; not only to there e nm of dieeent,
ee 1 underetend it. but he'e eeyin; there in e QR! of dieoent. l on
interoetod in un- phrnee. "the tyruny of the gamma the: In.
Burrow ueee becenee it eoene to no thet who: we ere ooeironted with
new. pnrtionlerly in Heehineton. in e torn oi e tyreney oi the ninority
tether then the tyrenny of the nejority. Uould you enree ebout thet.
Ilr. lryeonl

Iryeen: I would. but I'd like to hold it e ninute beeenee it
tee-e to no ebout the met inpertent thin; to he eeid here, Ir. leeton.
I'd like to hold it until we teke e little better look et whet Iill
ettuelly eeid. A hundred yeete one Iill bed the illueiono-greet prophete
ere. l enmee. e oenbinetien oi illeeien end preooienee-othet the

berheriene were conquered; we didn't and to worry eny lore ebont our

M6

coiniooe being inwoded iron the onteide. Now. thet wee en illueion
heeon“ the berberiene ere . . .

fierrewi lower conquered!

lryeoe: . . . elweye there. Int he did one nonethin; thet people
of hie tine didn't one on he did. thin bueineen ebout the nejority.
he won oonpletely wrong ehoot the Vbnrheriene, but he won prophetio
ebout the nejority. lle wee'eee er the are: greet trnth-oeokore. ween't
he. who ever on“ the truth in not whet the nejority are it in?

‘lhrrowl lo. ‘le wee concerned. I think, uh» lryeoe. to contend
thet the oitieen hed to be deienddd~~pretoeted--e.einot two pooeible
tyrennioe: One. the tyrenny or the ooproeeioe o! the ttete. or the
sowernenta end. two. the tyrenny or the oppreneieno-the preoouree ior
oonfornityuwhich night enenete iron hie fellow-citiuen. hot in.
he one eenoerned ebout eho elinoto of opinion on well on the netnre
o! the govern-net.

lentoe: lit. lbrru, could I so book end juet quote hi- ee thin
pertiouler point booeuoe it oeene to no to he very relewent to whet
we're dieeneeingl in thin eeeey. he pointn oot thet in the old eocietiee
it won the line or the nuintrete who won the reel mree oi tyreney.
hut he noon on to neke thinrpoint. lo eeye: ”Protection. therefore,
egeinnt the tyrenny of the negiotrete in not enough: there needo
notation eloo egeinet the tyrenny of the proweilina opinion end
tooling egeinet the tendency of ooeiety to inpoeo. by other neene
then eiwil poneltiee, ite ewe ideee end preoticoe eo rulee oi condnot
on theee who dieoeet iron then." I think thet in pertioulerly roloweet

to our tine et the preeent.

147

Inn-row: he was telking not. llr. lenton, only ebout logel yeenctione,
bet ebeuteeciel emoticon- len't thet right?

Route-3 Precieely.

Dryden: .Iut ien't it true. eloo. gentlemen, thet he didn't toroeee
the entent to which the eenctione of e nejority, the eociel etnonphere
in o eociety. or in e govern-net tether note euhject to the control
of public opinion then eny he hon. could be coeleecedl We here e
eitnotien new in which n goveruent nore or leeo reeponeiwe to the
people any et timer-thin ney- be the point you went to neke. but it
ien'ttrue new. It. Rector-produce ogeinnt the individnel o kind of
cenbinetion of oil the enginee of gewernnent end ell the enginee of
contouity thet cone out of the emephore.

Intro-s l think lull would he eppelled. it he were here now.
not no “ch et the govern-out emoticon no et the mini nenctione
thet ere inpoeod.. 1 think he would defend your right or nine. lir.
Iryeon.‘eet to me our hot in the olovetor. he would be eppelled
et the loot thet tron one end at thin country to the other we tell
the one kind oi etoriee. the cone jokee; we won: the cone kind of
necktieo, the one kind of ehdoov-the etenderdieetion. the confornity.
thet gone iru one end of. the country to the other. 1'. think he would
porhepe he were eloquent in oppoeition to thet now then he won e hundred
your ego. '

loom! net'e right, lit. Hui-row. lie defende not only the right
or dieoont. or. ee 1 cold before, the duty of dinnont; ho eloo dotende‘
the right of eccentricity end oeye if we will he tolerent of the odd

guy, the fellow who in keeping hie hot on in the elevetor or who dreeeee

MI

in en outregeoue way, then we will be onto tolerent of eny different
opinion thet we hear.

lryeon: See how for he puehee thet. Ir. Ienton. reho none of hie
i-oun eunplen. he even neye you here the right to be wrong even
though it my demege you. end in the extreme cone ney denege your
children. beceuee you take the {none none of the nine. In eeye
ii oonebody gone into n drugetore. into n chenint'n‘ chop; end neyo.

”I went to buy none deedly poieon.- l'n willing to give you by none
end odor-eon"; even if you euepeot he'n going to one it on hineolt
you heve ebeolutely no right to interfere. low. we wouldn't quite
eteept thet. would we?

Murrow: ~ I don't think we would. But hill hinoeli in e curioue
techiou won. en en individuel. proof of eccentricity. Certainly no
young non wen ever more thoroughly indoctrineted by hie tether in on
ettenpt to make hi- on orthoden utiliterien, end it didn't work.

hrynon: Juet didn't nuit hie tenperenent no he roweltod.‘ 'i’ehe
thin enothor etep, lit. liurrew. In an yon cen't keep n no iron con-
nitting ouicide with poinon. if he wentn to, end otill elloo for treedon.
But if you nee o nee-43m etickiug to hie emplon beceune they're no
etriking-vwelking ecroee e bridge end you know thero'e e hole in the
bridge end he'e going to tell in end get drowned; you know he on
reed; there'e e nign. "Iridge-Deegoroun"; nobody hen the right to
interfere. there egein we would dieegree, wouldn"t we?

Harrow: I think we would, but I think eloo, lit. Brynn, there
in e dietinttion between liill’e defenu of the ninority. of the right

to dinnent. end the current writingn on thet nubject. fleet of the

149

current writingn. including thone of Judge Leerncd fiend, .Eor ample,
ere diepooed to contend thet the winerity in new inertent heeeuee
it any be 'tenorrow'e nejority.’ lill ween't roelly concerned ebout
thin. he won concerned to defend the right of the minority, of the
individuol, even though he he perpetuelly in the minority.

leeton: I would like to go heck. lir. narrow end lit. Iryeon.
to thin idee he detende of the duty of dieeent, end to quote hin becewee
he enyn thin: "the peculinr evil. of diluting the unpreeeion of no
opinion in. thet it in robbing the hunen rote; poeterity on well on the
exinting pneretion: there who dinnent iron the opinion. otill nore then
thoee who hold it. I! the opinion in right. they ere deprived of the
opportunity of enchenging error for truth: if wrong, they leeo. whet
in *elnoet ee greet c benefit, the ‘cleerer perception end livelier in-
preeoion of truth, produced by ite collinion with error.”

Bryeoni len't thet, llr. Ieetee. whet we met doubt new?

Intent 1 thinkait in. ' Oi neuron. you nunt renenbor thet i live
in the con-unity oi Henhiogtoe.

Iryoonl In thet e con-unity?

lentont It in e connunity of treeeiente. i would eny, but it
in e 'co—nnity.

merow: Only tengiblo product in weoto paper. len't thet right?

lentont hell, thetfie pnnhing no e little fer. But I do think
thet we here loot eonething in Ilenhington which one night cell the
ert e! lietening, in the true none of lietening with the whole mind
uend perticulerly with lintening to the dieeenter. thet one nun whom

Mill tried to defend egeinnt the whole of public opinion.

150

narrow: I would like to go beck to «nothing Ir. hooton eeid
o little eerlior. He wore telking ebout nill'o concern with the
tyronny oi the nejority. Ir. hoeton iodicetod it end then you eteppod
hin. Hr. Iryeon.

lryoon: ! pootponed hin, Ir. narrow.

lhrrowt I would like to pot to hr. noton thin queetion: ll
hill noro in Beehington now. do you think he would be concerned ohoot
the tyronny oi the nejority or, porhepe. nore concerned ohont the
tyrenny oi the ninority?

Iryeon: Ion, let'e got or thet.,!lr. looten.

lootoru 0i conroo. thin in only looton'o opinion; it eny be entirely
wrong. lot l'n inpreoood with thin. jnot oo o reporter trying to
gether (note. a... of the loot intoreoting thiege in innit-em todey u
thet there in o fight going on ebout the roletiee power oi the Inerotivo
end the hogiolotnro. the roolly inter-noting thing there in thet i
don't think there’e Inch didlerenee, irenkly, between the opinion of
the chief deoontire. Preoidont Iioeehowor. end the policy thet he wioheo
to pot through in gonerel. end the nejerity option of both heooee
of Congreoe. it yon keep it in the roeln oi ideee. If, however. yon
troneloto thet oheie thine into the nation etrugglo. then the idee
tollo down. Ihot l'n trying to do in trying to he reeponeive to your
point, to to ouggoet thet there io o nieority within the Prooidont'o
one perry mch to in oppooiti-z end no ouch deference in being peid
to thet flooring-which. 1 out eny, i think Ir. llill woold not here liked
"thet thet ninority tondo to obetrnct the netorel nejerity. coqooed
oi the Prooidont'o opinion pine the nejority of both honeee of Congreeo.
in both portion.

151

Murrow: Certeinly it'o o long tine einco e Prooident propoeed
e progron thet wont nore down the niddle, thet won noro eupport on
both oideo of the oiolo. Whet you're oeying ie thet the difficulty
in getting it through erieoo primerily fron the ninority oppooition
lergely in the hooident'e own potty. 1e thet right?

leoton: Oh, yoo. l don't‘went to otop e thought hero by bringing
in denotor llcCerthyls one, but obviouoly he in very gerneno. in terno
of oontuoporery ideee. to whet we're telking ebout. In Hoehington ot
the preoont tine we ore poying e greet deel of ottontion to the opinion
of lonetor licCorthy: yet, I do not think thet he neote hill'o opecific
toot ebout the kind of pooplo'we ohould pey ottontion to.

hryoon: T! woo going to ook you thet. Ir. leeton, boceoee. eupor-
ficielly, one‘weuld eny innedietely thet in freedon one hee the right
to be wrong; even if you hoppen to think Ir. llcCerthy io wrong-«duels,
of coureo, ie not nhet we're diocnoeiog-dlill would otill oupport
hie right to he wrong. wouldn‘t he!

Ieoton: dbeolntely! And the only reelly intereoting thing ebout
the IoCerthy thing, in tom of whet we're telking ebout. to not thet
he it trying loudly to the country but thet. in the proceeo of no doing,
he hoe tended to tyrennico e greet nunbor of people who nor-ell: in
the poet ooold heve epokon up. l think thet'e chenging new. I think
the other eide ie opoeking up. And to long on thet lo true, I think
licCerthy ehonld go on telking oe loudly on he cen.

narrow: hooking of ohouting to the country. opeekiog loudly,
Iht do you think hill would heve felt ebout current procticee end

proceduree in redio end tclevioion, Hr. Benton?

152

heetonl I think he night here hed none eerioue doubte ebout
theright. oruobility. of en edeereioer to choooe the non. or the
body of ideee. thet he uiehed to preoont to tho country. In. thet .
eenee. I. think he night here boon to little elerned ebout it. he
wee e thoughtful non; he night here been e. little elerned ebout too
nuch of e, tendencywto teke ideee‘in through the eir, or through the
oer. end not enough through the eye.‘ hot i metn't orgue for “the.
newopeper over e redio ntetion. I reoliee.

Iryeont the eye being o little nore retionel. you think. 4

heetonl A little elouer.

mirror: I don't regerd thie oo o criticien of redio; l regerd
it on o «nuclei for televioion, where the eye in operotionel.

leoton: .1 one juot trying to eeke the point. you eee. thet llill
nokoe hieeelf. Io telko ebout verioue oepocte of truth. And one
of the thinge thet ho eeye. end trieo to renind ue. ie thet truth
it not nonethiug one eide of en ergo-out cen nonopoliee; you need
the nonconforning opinion in order to eupply the reneinder of truth.
of uhich the received doctrine enhodiee only o port. In other wordo.
he would hove wented ell eidoe of the ergunent to cone in end to reeliee
thet truth io not the property of eny one one.

Iryeon: to e nutter of tut. thet'e o neekor onto-oer. Ir.
keoton, then the other one thet you quoted. Be an there then even
if the oppoeition io wrong. reolly wrong end ultinetoly wrong, it
otill io voluehle becouoe it ehorpono our opprocietion of uhet io
right. lot there ore oeuerel pointn here which eeee to no to be
gorneee to current effeiro in which hill hoe to be queetioned e little

bit. Due in the extent to which he would heve rooioted end re jectod

153

whet in celled. nonetineo hy ite friende but neerly elweye hy itn
en-iee. the welfere etete--the tendency in the loot twenty yeero
or wore to heve the Govern-nut intervene nore end were in the liven
of individuolo for their good. low. he would heve rejected thet.

Icetona he certeinly would, llr. Iryooe. ,‘ And thet in one very
intereotieg point ebout the book. lending it ogein for the firnt
tine niece univeroity deyn, l'w reninded thet in thet open of twenty
yeero. end certeinly in the undred yeero eince he wrote thin book,
there in now e new. contqorory definition of whet in e liberol,
which in quite different. Ieking ellowencen for loheln end no on.
I think thet he would heve rejected the idee now very populer enong
liberoln in the country thet the Federel Govern-out nhould be e otrongor
unit. In in cleerly, ell the woy through the oonoy. oeying. no llr.
Jefferooe oeid: he coreful of the eccretion of power ot the center
of the gonna-Int. hot in not o populor idee, I think, enong neny
people who identify themeelven with Hill todey.

Dryeoe: lven people who believe e greet deel in freedon hove
noved ewey fron thet. low'n it hoppened?

lhnrrewr I think if llill were here now he would euffer. to e
degree. the neon eenee of fruetrotion thet encoopeeneo the three of
on. In terwn of infometion. llr. honton. I think he would be deeply
dietreeeed et the nueber of oingle-newnpeper townn end cition in thin
country. i think he would he diotrenned et the foot thet no ouch of
redio end tolewinion nonoteo fron Row York or Unehington; in in e
eenee duped-lbw upon the country. I think he would heve in n eenee
thet the enchine oge hed overrun hin. thet the nechonico of our
preoont eociety produce e greet wealth of informetion. e lot

of it uneorted. uneoninileted. And I think he would conclude thet,

154

elthough we have u great deal of information flung et us, we ere not
necessarily the best-informed of people because there is too much
conformity, even in the news busineee, Hr. Reston.

Keaton: Yes, I should remember the figures. but they ere ster-
tling if you look at them over, sey, the span of this century. You
take my own home town of Dayton, Ohio. When I was a boy there; there
were three different papers, individually‘owned, with totally different
expressions; now those papers ere all in the hands of e-nen who shares
e liberal View, which I happen to support. But I cen't bring lyself
to believe that it was s good thing when the gouggel,‘which who e
greet supporter in those deys of the late Senator Taft, went to the
well end was bought by former Governor Cox of Ohio.

Bryson: Are you gentlemen seying that there is too much infor-
eetion end not enough dissent, thet information doesn't itself breed
these creative differences thet Hill cherished so much?

Murrow: I think the standardized output of inforeetion tends
to decreese or diminish the possibility of dissent.

leston: I would like to'nske this point: the reel thing he is
erguing shoot is something which is very largely lost et the present
tine. Thst is whet I defined eerlier es the hebit of listening, the ert
of listening, of honestly listening, to the other side, insteed of trying
to prove thet the nan who differed with you in 1928 belonged to something
thet is now on the Attorney ceneral's list. I think this is whet he
wee really erguing for.

Murrow: Who was it who said thet we are not content to be right
unless we cen prove the other nan to be completely wrong?

leston: trecisely. es s.sntter of feet, lull hieself hes so

ephorisn here in the essey.__Qn_Li§g_i_-_ty, which defines this generation

155

to a 2. He refers to a eociety which is "destitute of faith, but terrl-
tied at akepttciem." Thla. I think, in true. There 10 not the faith
of lineteenth-Century America, nor 1a there at the same time this will-
lnsneea to llatan and to tolerate the dleaenter, that one man who etanda
against eociety.

Bryson: Hell, gentleman, I suppose if Hill were here--and I
wieh he could ba--ue'd find that the wonderful resilience and power
of hie would make him thou no how his ideee could be adapted even to

our difficult eltuatlon.

memouummnmmmr

A broadcaet of mag. a radie “main, ever Kiehiue
Itate hivereity'a redio station Ill-Al and III on M ll, 1958.
with the telloeiu pertieipantu Irate“ Killer. Depart.“ e!
Inalieh. and editor of the enivereity'e W m g: mg

m W Uelter John-en, Depart-eat e! austetretive and
Identical tewieee. end preaideat of the American Peraeeael ad

Gnu-nee Aeeeeiatiee; and lake Jen Iarrea. W «Air
Iota-u (but). mum “Mammalian
mm rm. nu. ‘ ' '

l

larvae: mimimlehutmanuurnnuthqheve
mimhehee.tritiaianmtreae~aeneetedemeee«
immadrelatejutplaienme. Mlefiemerhaeaa
Mahatmietheirnm.menhuilytmtiauthe
Wuerm.btgumm~rmmmamum
ettheVelea. nthueuutireauerthialaote? mmeeheele
unique?

aha-II There'ealetteheeeieeheetthie,3eha. leeell
mouthed-leIelI-heeriedeteaeiveeeae-dalee.laeneaa.ie

156

15?

mummamveareuuekaeeeare. Imiuatallylattaued
mummmmmurmacmm. Idaeatieaaed
preteeeielaledeeatereareaetheeetaeeive. there'eaeqeeetieaaheet
lt.

httheeaeetiu.mieeueeeietyteeltheeeteeeive
hats-eeehmhaeeehellnudtuthetiretti-eieemm
duruemuuawwfldnmdmmw
cumum.mmunmy.mmuuax
www.mmmme-muleertahlythem
allhaveteheeethew'e.

little: "the” thin mu intereet ie Mien. yartieelarly
ammueuthiqu'vemueaiteaummite
tulieethaeeqluityeltheeleeetieealm thereieetleaat
emiataeeetmnietethewteimtnalumtiea
ammmu‘nhuumdummnmm. A“
t'eteqtuuugtalter.thataumemtbeertuitmim
nmmmuurtwmommmumiw
dicta-cable. leuetyoahuetivea-ethei-preuiaethetyware
lighting a tear-mu aetian. to yet get that intent“. Iran!

llillara In. I a. mum there'eroenfet etitieieu. I
think the aiteatien It‘s. in it unde‘retanlahle. it we realise that there
Mahmaememthettheuhulppuhtimandpartetthe
nehluhanheee-erelytoeepeeith thie. Audattheeeneti-e there
haeheeeaeeeermeieeteeeeiatheeeqleaityeteueeeietyau
mummruutuuhmmuonwma. u
eehnaletteerehjeetivemetit they're-etutleareethey~eere
lath-naheiqlereeeietyeISOorflfiareago.Idoe'tkeevheeit
euldheethentea.

 

158

herein netauthelerpeeaeetedaeetiefl nthiethet'a're
was”

J‘s-ea: Immuamanluinahenttheml
mace-mun. WalyedleatieehuWala'eith
mmmmmmcmwnmm. up...
humdmmmfluu. Olin-hue. yen‘ll (iii
tht thiepleatheeeheeeeldtaetteallyeialelOOSaethereahaeta
“ithqeaeeee-Ihialueae‘ly-lieeheeu. end-minu-
“chum. ltd‘hdflfllhuhhflhtfl
meammumnmmumm
eleetietyteeay.

let/elltee-aypeeplethiaheledaeatieaum'theeay
:.uuzmum.~muuummmm
filter-uh. heletthee-the-eyheeerphlieunlllihe
yeerpeteteheatlputaihhavheeertaiaeiqaieadhlmiuaweer
”lithelpeuihlyheumm l’nmthey'veheeatoe
mmcmcmmumirmmmu. In
“that“ etalwartt that ettend every?“ uttim and trytode
their job. hut we elee have too eeny people the era ayethetie and
haven’t help“ emu-rt to influential at they that“ diet they
“but.

Berton: nut have you really answered :7 queetien? can we eay
Manama? Decatheeeciety utenalier ite echeole!

Johan-u t'eliuueeepeaauthieanttteeue.eux'e
latehranterdhaatoaethingteeay about it. nutetall. eeeeatiea
iathemtetalettheexterieneee-thetaeyindividulhat. “venetian

159

“oatho corner. with them.‘ieodeeatioeheeouo herein. ie
tahiupleu. thottoehloiothetteeueyotoureritiee roger!
“weenie“.uue-iof'ileeeaent itthetn1.endehataeeo
on in the ”elect- at ten “threat. ontitieu Actually eeeeatiee ie
loot-inoheetohehevou"hehevo" ieohroedpeyaelesieel eenee:
ee outeiely don't leere all thia iethe .We. :-

Iillua onheahetee roeilyee‘ee. thee.“ hotter pool".-
ee thet eenee: echeele neth’thave toeeeh. meme hee‘te eloy
p091. itieh loede note the Mite thet the eeheele hooker-eenee
the-eelvoeeeeeeoeearily with whet I net eeateee 1 «serial irillo
aeieebetitutieeetoeeuieeeeajeeteetter. thereon-teeth“
he been portly the dotitialeioe of temtal eel other eeoial ineti-
tutieeewiteaeeeteeeeheleecrihedueoeialinotitutieeee

Jeheeoese ieeaeeet oueetiee ie a dummy hoe ee-e tulle.-
olthee‘mheeoueotthethinseeeeall frilleeroreellymehoteo
lundemntol then we are giving then erodit tor being.

terms l’ogladyouueedthowrdmng. It eeeue tone
Ioeooeary thet youngsters use their etude effectively: the firet
etepe are reading. mum, and oritlmetieg the second steps are
”lento. Inglieh. hietory. and foreign languages. And what eo-e
otlucetore on: to he toying todey ie that these fundeaentela are not
molly meaty, except for certain etudeeto; the need it for ”life
odjuetnent.‘ This mane eocial undue on that they know how to act.
the redio new they me lioten to. and that ehcdnetiea. "eo-od"
cooking! (Lot's preeowo our meeculinity and keep boyo out of the

kitchen.) thie ie celled 3;; W. this is a mg; of

160

democracy. A clemency mode treined oinde. not eoniornity to een-
ventioeo of eoeiol hohovior.

Killer: Walter. lite adjust-eat ie you booineee.

Joli-eon: mmmulEinetheuy:-ehewotalkuaeieee
II they've been groceriono. I henn‘t with no todey q hwo‘rito -
mtotione fro- Ioeratoo no no“ our! other elastic writere. hot 1
“point“! thettheyworoeoncornedohutthemthinga.‘ One
ottheditiieeltiee iethetweeontneeeeneoitheprohieeeetm
undutwiqwithee-etherprobleee eeeeernina «mun-e
edult telnet.

Lifeadjoet-eetieeotoirillietheuyzthiekpei-eteit
to he. Lite “net-at io the on total of “Joel-Int. including the
We. ieolndie‘ meta-ting how to loan no live “actively.
toeofteowohwvenottheideothetlitoodjnotmtiooouee-br'
gab, embodies ”eroti- enl thet it‘e an attempt to fit everybody
into a societal eold. The mioloaiete hove etitioieed oer eociety
for thie with eo-e Joetifieation. it the tone time, the educator.
thet it, the enlightened one «- the eduoetor who is e guidance-minded.
nucleate-oriented profusion}. perm -- ie not interested in titan
the my. in which people on different. finding waye of developing
their nniqneuu.

Barron: lane of u disagree. He don't no thie outcome-lent
e! indiviouolity end permanency. lie eeo an unending pressure to -
centern. Io oeo nee-e euphaeie on intorporoooel relatiooehipe, «jut-
Ient to the group. rather tinn on eelieewerenoeo or eeltorelioeeo. hed
the type oi peroen promo by thie eyeteo it e homogenized produce
without iolividwelity.

161

It occnre to no thet we have oonfueed the role of the modern
medicinonen, thopoyehietriot,withthoto£thetoeoher. m.
melatonin trioe to get the etotieticolly obnoml to “hot theo-
eelvee to tb huh-tier patterns of the etatieticelly nerul. whom
the oil of the teecher. it teens to no. it not to teeth the etetietioally
ml to hehovo in tone not end predetermined my, hot to teeth th.
that they ere in foot intone end ought to do o‘onething about it. "hie
ie m petition. and 3 protect thie etreee oe 'edjnetnent." Adjust
to m? the faet hoot end the grey flannel enit. ‘l‘ho philooophy
that eeye ”If you‘re on enert, day oie't yew rich!"

miller: since we're heetina the echoole. may we beet eociety e
hit! Schoole. like other 'inetitutione a political, religion.
economic. end to forth - ero pretty Inch what eociety Inkee then. .
end pretty Inch whet eeeiety doeerwee. If what we roelly went todey
ie two doeen chicken in every deep ireeee. three core in every garage.
end e trip to the neon with oil expeneoe paid for gunning the hit
tum on e quiz ehow «- I don't think you can him the eehoole for
this.

If I may go heck to the factor of growth. enema growth, which
has taken place in the lost 50 years or to. due to the oomitment
for education toe mtly larger tun-her of etudento .. we heve net
on entirely new probleo of education thet has never appeared, so for
as I know. anywhere else. “in com with it there has grown up 0. new
breed of edeeetore who opacielieo in the technique of pedagogy end
who. to e great extent, have node it pooeible to turn out o eteodetd.
uniform. if oomwhet mediocre. product on noose. This kind of thing
being dietoetefnl to your true egghood end academic. whet ho hat done.

161

«muummheh-theelenentmenieneenheyeeheeu.
MthMpiqheMnlittlemuuntebnehinnuin
Iheuheehenlihevebeennllthetinn.
tee—Oer.teeinetenee.eo-enpnri-eeeibelhenI-e
Mannheimlehnlhnen theeeintietewhe
mummmmcuumummunu
mmmmmmmmmurmm.w~
mummmmmummmm
mum‘mdnlnetehinheeheeltenenne.teeey
nethiegelele-ntety. awnmumnuum.
‘tunthnhenupulheneheeleellnneetimituetbeenly
plenetheymp. lthinhtheeenightnnllbnnlittlebeneee-
Winthueeepeett ' .
nmmAmum-mm-theuuénu
“thbnuellthiuntonllmtherehnebnennmtien
tetbelownetee—ennenenlnntoneeteen "mane-ineterf it
thereinenehnthing. amtweneednewieeohnnge. itehonlnbe
n change thet Ionic! reflect the divereo nnn initiate differeneee in
tequirenente atone eeeietyinnninereeeitglp couple: age. 1 think
on than“ be nhle tn. nndIill. develop techniques foe doing thin. in
betwemdoingit. Intoneottheweyonndjuettencqlex
mimuutumuetmmtnlebotnpgufitgnette
tetroettrenthenorehlterntetbenbnttebringtbenintoplqin
mum-«mm. Min.nlnurnn.thnmyninn.nntinn
dinttbetondenentelemtheeelnye

163

Janeen: itninkee'veeeneevieeneeteehen.sehn.thntthe
We.eeyenenntbetheen'eunnibelievenei'nin
teeenelneingtbebeetjebpeeeibleeitbthenu.mheingunght
nonlinear-hotter“)thepeeeen.eeu.ereeen10yeeeeeee.
t'nenninpnteeeienelennenteeeereteeneneeteenetinee. theynen‘t
hitthntnblninn.htnllvntnntnnlintnmtinnhnhnilhntplpiln
Inenbettnttednyetthnel—ennerylevel.tbetfieyerejnetnepte-
mnmtiee.tbettheyhevnuehneeeknewielceeleeienee
“Whirefimhflm.

leteelytbnt.bneenrteemrenreneenbetmptepeten.nnnl
nen'tneenjnetinthepenegonienleeneehntinteeneelpeeneelid
enbjeet utter. 1.1m (thieuetbetiretneeleorveyetueenneeo
Ii-nlptnpntntinnelmn)thnmtnnthnthnonnm
withieeetnnneneyeeeeteeiie'eprepeentien. redefinlneeteveey
leeeberieenpeeteeteheveetlenetnbeebeier'enegree.leenen
unawa'emumumtumumuo—ue
“MMMIWMUflum.

Inn-c tteeenetenethntthieeleneeleepeeeteeetreeeen
ume'uoumyaq‘eianmmm.mueum
ehentien. nien'tenlythetnnlenentele. unmanned»
me‘emmqmmuuummumum:
“tine ie kin lenient“. “It “Met-tn inn been neglnetnn.
thet eeienee. thet tee-ice lacunae. thet bieteey bee been negleeten.

tenenythetneennenneeeneeenneinaeeaeenejettennyeene
(“mum mummpenfleheoeetienthie. unreported.
”whthntmth-hnllthnhiflnehnnlninthninitnnflntne

16¢

etieeneeeneeeeinpbyeiee. miemetteeneitbeephyeiee
new. human-itteeineenezapeeeentetenr
edeeie. lonflyenee-eeentpueenteleuhigtneheeletndente
untameeneeeieneee. mebeedeeppeetepsipeeeent. theee
manualiflinnntlhentintime. “mutimthnpntog
”human-“tn”. inplneeettheenenbjeetennbene
“Mahmwmmlulu.wetniletm
Mummmeiunebetlennumetene
cumin. leen’teeetbeeeneeebetitnteeteneeieneeerliteentnre.

lilin'fl lnlhnyhnentnhn-hntitntnnl

let'e-I In-

linen net'eqpeint. lteneeebeeiebnveewenhneee. it
Elfin-“.mtehnnllmtnnllemflnlltiminnll
ennreee. mxmmmmu—mumm.
leeeuenluwumlmieenninfldimuene.
muumucmmmmmmw
unuzmm_mmmn.m. tbebeeheq
hey-eeeintewthsuleeeeintinitelpenpeeiertetbeutebeete
“lined. tbnbnnlnhnnupntinthelimmenunetn
MMynnunetunilnbletene. then-eutenienetfiether
mmmwdmmmwmmw
Int-tennebnniteenitpineeneeteeepeeithtbenneneetpnpile.

Wyumumuummummn
nlunedtebeiuentmniueeentietienennlelieitneee
'filitfptflnt‘ne. ltnnfltnuthntinmillliththn
mmmmm~dietummmuman
neertninnnenntetnnti-intnllnetnnlien. leteverybnnpiepeiegte

165

be en intellectul. then]: God! It wonld be jnet ne Inch et n nieteke
temtbntnllnnweretryingtenennetettninnmeetietel-
beanie-ubecmthieienetpenetieel. Muhet'enene.itien't
mined—eemyteneennetbetthereieenmiityetteient.
genie.“ objective» There in n tieh «unity. end ! nnnld'etreee
the tnnt thet pert n! the diveroity thet‘hee been lining in the aid
mitectbeintelieetnni.

Job-nee: lantern. x'dliketetehenpriwetbeee. rthinhtbe
eebeeieeeetheuetgreeeetxengneuetinteiieetneiieneehm. le‘ve
hatigbtiegneluetmm‘bettleeuinettbetereeeeleeeiety
tenhpeepleeenletn. theta.thennrertieere, patienlnely.“
the nenepepere ere «renting ell their ettette me akin. everybody
unttnnehiekeneineverypetendtneeneeinewetymei

John. 1 think you've eeneittee that t «u ninnntitnl "mm."
Inetet pnlle etntietiee not of nontent end Inhne then nenni credible.
immmme.l.wummmunim
etntietieeeneenytbetinpnopertiente'tbemipnenletieneleee
enlellnutinMM-enneinlleeenbjeeteheeimeeeed
eipnitimtlyeineeim. lensetntbetneetneetthelenernm
Mannmebx'nenreyen'duneneeebjeetinvonndteil
mthyfineneipitioutiminhigbeehmllmimktin.
entirenehnnrell-nteineelm. theenlylenmethntbee'leet
Winter-en.

Mintl'dliketeee—utenieyenrenyinsthnthnltthehigb
mu ed: otter mu. this-yum} Intit'ethehnllthnt
enpeeeentetbeeervieiq‘toeveryennllpnetetenepopnletien. It

...l..., ... .

166

you telk 1. tone at opportunity. you will find thet the vent nejority
of etnneote heve opportunity to enroll in than «emu. n. pt.-
feeeionnl eheet'o‘re nee doing everything on ten to pet enell eehoele'
eoneolideten iote let‘e ennui: unite te offer then. lutwhe we the ‘ -
people thet ere' fighting thin? They ere the people die p'ey‘the tune.
the uppert the ecbeole. do not their little identitine. m eo-
we're eyqethetie' te yen: point.

mi 1 then“ heve Irwin better‘then' te qn‘ete etetietiee. -
no point x ‘nn‘nten u uke u thet. m- been. 1'. nn'epieiene et'
nee mm. 1 think it pnmrte eno‘ deetroye.

mm: 1 u in pentoond W‘nith yen been. Iiile
nnivetee'l enneetion eer'teinly erutee peoblene. we een‘t ton on:
beoke on it 'enpereilienely. We heve ee-itted eoreelvee to it deeply.
end i m rightly. 'i'he nltenetive ie to enltivnte w in
ell hot n ebeeen ten. ‘rbie ie no inteleenble peeition. Invertheleee.
lgrentyen. entbeethethend. thetneheven‘telnyebeeneleee'in
N nindn fint noivnrnnl nhention ie. finthnt it ilplinn mum».
nnimeel “nobility in ell reopeete et ell leeeie. one ee forth.

Alotefnter. ne-ethiog,heegetintothepee-»eoop. not!
willerneniththeeooeetore‘hoheveoenetenepenerel eeieneeeentee.
toe inetnnoe. thet in e non of nieh‘eh. nhing it nnpnrtioielly
ettenetive‘ee thet’e etodeotthinhebeheeenideeetdleteeieme
ielihebotheeneteneennterenthehnnleehdieciplineeetphyeiee.
biology. end ehnnietry.

end no to one token theee nuhjnotn. 1". not imeeeethy etetietioe.
I hn't entnhew-ehhetterorhonmehwerennnere doing theoretionlly.

167

I don't know eny eny of cowering our eociety with the eociety of 50
yeero ego etetietieelly. And on the question 0! lengoegee, I don't
care how my etudente know other leozoegee; I know ninply ‘thet not
cowgh people now do. Certainly we heve got to trnin more people
in lenguegee. in ecienoee. in lathe-ties. end in other dieoiplinee
to the extent .of their ebility.

Entree: Theeetionheegotebowtintheleetmyentethnt
eninnon content ere only for future ecientiete. thnt only future
writeuneedteknewhowtowtite. nethw-mmmiem
not to trevel.

Jehneennleneltheeethmieehnreheenhere-W51egree
with yon.

Inn-om look on the etoaente toning to one univereiti'ee to en't
teed end write. In ere deeply imbed in wetlo elfeitt. end'yet the
etody o: hietery. mm. end foreign m: m mime. In.
don't eoeoouge etonente to take Menorah Out whole comm
lun eenee to be leehen et tritiully. t '

Johneont . l'd like to man (or I eonpeehouwe eyeten of nooeeo
tienx however. ee heeled eeye. we've not to on eenething ebout neee
educetion. We've get to keep eteoderee no high on we one nhile we‘re . .
fee“ with en even greeter increaee in one eehool popoletioe during the
yeero eheed. l ooo't know the elternetive to e conpreheoeive eyeten
noleee we go to the kind e1 thing thet thinl- Iiokewer end eene of
“In other eritiee heve eoggeeted.

hereon: in eoght to unite op oer ninoe thet there'e e lineme-
between the eeqoieition of tredo ekille no education.

l6!

Puller: The question in, can we do both vitlmt the one impugn“:
the other? We need trained minds. We need trained hands. And the
out: who has the trained hands should not feel that there it mthlo.
einful about having e trained mind. ' Nor should the ma with e treioed
mind feel thet the head should not be trained. no emceet danger
from anti-intellectnelien, of com-ea. ie ite ”exemption thet ideee
lon'theveeoneeqomee. 'l'lnydo.endideeemethekeptiotteieiu
a they not he examined.

Berton! the feeling amng certein legieleturoe eppereetly 1e thet
teeeerch lode only to e lot of impeecticel thee. «penny the!
the: ere herd to wees-In. therefore, if you heve to elongh e1! eowe-
thing, olc‘mgh off the research.

Killer: You cen dough of! the Men of peeple like the toner
head of Generel Home. tho is alleged to heve said thet, t'eeeerch ie
when you don‘t know whet you're doing. They're in important poeitioel
to eociety end reflect wideepread populer beliefs.

Johneon: We heve politicel leedere the ere note inteeeeted in
expediency then in ideee. end eo they don't euppofl edoeetieo eince
Vengoerd hee been hunched.

Hitler: I ehoeld heve epoken of the gentltmn ee heed of the
Department of Deleon. who ehould heve been e little busier ebout
reseerch.

hereon: I don't think we need to «yellow .11 the hueeiene etw
ee'y‘ins ebout the educetion Ivan Ivenoviteh ie getting. lot pethepe

the tueeieee ere getting are out of their etudente in oertein dieeneim.

169

Jehneom i don't think eo.
hence: t eey ”peel-eye." the leviete heve nobilieed eeeeetiee
int n they’ve mobilised inflate, u for the new of certei-
iilited technical eei eilitery goele.
.Jeheeee: it thet'eehetnuet.3eeedoit.
mm. le hevee't fine it. ihie ie eeeetly the “item be-
teeee the tee eeeietiee.

ll

lee-toe: mummliheveeeheiimthteeetieehee
heeeueieheedpoueieleetheeeueeefmehatimeimtmht
in epite o! it. Ie heve eheeiehei the illeeiee, he eeye. thet eueee
“Mwmepinluheffielity. mmeumymhe.
in en era e! eelI-eeitieiee we eee twin to mile eeee eeeeetiee
with quality eeeeetiee. endee ere eeeie eenee meek“ ehet edem-
tieeieeeifietitieiet. 'ithiehwe'veheeeeeeteeeeehewtheth
theeethiue. '

mm: x heiieeewenoe em point leet m. Ie'weheee
Muththe'td’leleihowtohelwiththew. talent-in.
telethiewithedeueeeieeeeeee.weheueerbeeeeegleeteepert
eitheeeehleeuthetie.ettentieeteheththezi£teeehile.eehe
ieeeeeelleeaeeeeitehejuetehrighthid).eeeeleetheeehjeete
mumxeummmmmmmammmmeu
ell herein. -- ”at“. life “Jun-it. cell Ch. fiet yen will.
lureethetthieieeeeteitheeueeetnehi-e heweeeheeeeeiity
of eeeieetiee eet height hide end eee M ideee. ehiiie. eel
ettiteeee‘l

170

Jehneee: l‘ilihetetekeoptweeepeeteetthie.1ehe. tee
Whtehieeeedhiehelietthetweeeteeoeeeeeiuieepitee!
eereelm. ithiehweheweto‘eeeeeeieethetletehieeheiieweethet
Mxymifiaumma—mmm
manual-u. Wuthet.etleeetteeen
eeteet. would he the thinking endwtitie'e' e1 phileeeiehere like leetreod
Mimummmmmuummwemu
Mun-upmuwnmummumu
“Mamacmuemu _ . .  

Iweuue'tweetteeeetheweeemmleeeelyheeeeeewe'n
eeeritieiueeheetthietedeyghtleeheitthetit'emw-
eetueyyeeeeeehneheeeehieteedjeeteeeedeeetieeeleyeteete
tieendeleee.eeweileeteeeeryioeweremheeiteee.thetweheve
heeeeeeeeeetelieeeeeeeiety.eeeeeieeee,eeemeeeeeq.

lee-tees leeee't ammonites-.mueemam ehiieeeehy
ieeejeyieeereeeieeeeee? heeieeeeeeyieethettheholneeteiee!
howlefle eee tee none-e; thet eveeyeeeeeede theeee theeiez thet
mm‘teedeeeteedtheeeeeeeteeieeeyeeheweeeethieeelthe
”smenmmemmemmwummm
”mu-enema”. 7'  

Janeen: ithidltheee'eoeeeeetieeehewtthet.ithiehee've
any-meant". mmummumguwc
theheeiteueeeltehelpwe—eeteteedtheeeeeeet. thieheeheeetee-
tint—oriel'theehjettiveeteeeeetieenevuthee‘heeeeeeeele
believeeeeeetheetheeieueeoeeeeeneedtheteeueleeemefie
heveeeuwiththee. letfioethe-eeteeetweieelthetthieieeee
muleeeiuemuhiiitneeixheiiuewe'ileeetieweteteeithet

w.

171

lettutzlmdedaeheimugellriaht. latent“!
thinhwieeo-heeleeeyed. i'hieooendeveryeleaw. lle‘teieeeeoeei
the mun-e -- the man» we. 1- may e mete Ines-heme.
le'we been meet thie. eodee've enema to eeny eeeeieiiet
tailing withwerkietheheeedtiee. ”theetmeit'eheeo
eueetive. min. l’e are“ thet eieoe Intuit we .m Wee
mumummh—mmmmxmum
ietryiuteheieueeheehte. . f __
linen MMdMeeneiu-elluew.
muheeeeepteiliieeem:¢iehienheeeuhieeee.eey
behemmuetetheeetutthetithee-eeenemttehe
eljeeteetheetethieh. ieeefeeiethetieeeeeietythetemee
ueeeeeeity‘eteeueeeeeeeieedeeiefiiehemmzeeeeelwith
“Munitmumuwumuum
mummmmmmmmmmmfiuu
mudiehweentheeeetieeilyeejeetieemhuehee-eeehihheleeh.
x'eimumumm,mmmxumnm
emuatuumm.ummmwmuuu
eljeeteeeteeeehettheeeheeleheeeeeettieeinehlieetieeteneviee.
Meue-iqetmtiqheeeeeetheyeeemidedeefieeeelee. thie
ummumummwmmuu. I
Jeheeea l'ileeeeetthet. there'eeeneetieethet‘det-
mumMeiehometeeetnieilyefleetthewwe
“MummuMduuielyheetedewitheexeiue-
tiweeeee. “mamummmqumwmn.
ithieheethettheeteeenowmeertieei-ieeeeeeheetiee-dee

 

 

 

171

beck to the treditionel one. we en ”in to he“ to continue to
look realistically to greater attemtietion on m leveie'. '

In e recent m Miml'ooeieeeooein for“ we tinethet
mmmmmummy‘umtoammmry-
immmepeeielieiu. ioouliqooteniceiiiurrme. new
man im me... they ere eeyin‘a‘lutoeeee'educetion but“ 1“ do
“than; beeidee than": new data. it. uyhe we. on the been
ehit. heteet'eiitheeey.‘

hes-root lt'e intereetin. thet letweeeee ere aw mm utit
ieeueyeteeehiiewe eeeeeweetit in theire. tweet toreiee e.
‘eeiet. ite weie eenee othevine teehit thetthe etteeteei
eoivmity edeeetiee ete eleoet eepertieielt thet eeiee m
endheherior pettetflmntiubet‘tiellyelmdfmthehigh
eobool level!

ieeuteiiioutegettheonshteeeeeteeeeteieeheeiewey.

We eey the eeheeie eeiieet eeeiety'e velee‘ eyeten. which ee mosaic
ie unduly eeiiooeeteted eon! umielietie. met do we do ee edeeetete
“define-ll“ thieveloe eyeteehe ioieted ootoeeewgenetetieei
he tells. m 01W em etee't ww'uiuu'
eeeeeieeee. itehteieeveeetheyeeee. withtheeeeeeeeieeeeet
eeeie a: mu... ' - ’

mum-i 1'. not eere thet t esree .. 1. me 1'. peeitive 1
don't eeree .. thet etedeete een’t the-u their‘veiee m eerie.
the m of higher mutton. 1"- eeepieiene portly at the eethode
diehmefiiteeeeeeeetheohnaee. hut iet'etekenehnlelihe
thin thee they use to college end when they leave college. they will
helim'thee ehelteeteteei';eeditthieietheenlyueetieeyee

173

Mmm't loaned anything. mum Mutant...“
with action: 0!. III“ mutate: “smug" «- pointedly, occluded.-
1y, socially, mentally: they know am of the up by men .
other use any in mama. If yap Int-u ha W “on: Mt,
Mushtubekcthm-v-mydghumtaumhm.

JmIIMuiomummttnmnufitm
haven't changed morally; to: ample, the HEW”
mluummvuawmmmmmpum
hm!- m‘mktmu-pummfluMflAmc‘u-I
ain't «nee-en: m.m1Wmu.mxmaW
eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeyeueeeceeeeeeeeeewcemeeeeeeeeec
amt-mamumetmhuhnhfipdnlm
“nucleic.  

W.mlu’cmmymumuhmm
uh”. 111:»m.unnmuhnummulml.
«dmnmufltumty.mmwmmmw
eoeeeeee. nee-e the: eeeeyheey eee e little ecu-emu ee ee em
Jib-m. mmmammmbuuymw
mum-u. unnewuuty-m Tue-mum Mu
“Immwmhmtthum.

Inna: ul't tumhmuuaemmue
mmmumeuummumummeew
mm!«Mittldth-yseuuuuuuthmmw
udtmxeuummmxuetummmm
Milt-d. unfit—ulthmlm.mmauyemy.
“mmel—nuhmwmamn‘pecuenmh. In:
Mmmfiumuummywuuuh

17‘

adjutment - u if there were a "know-hoe” to goodness, to truth.
there isn‘t. It's a lung and devices. business.

Barton: That‘s amctly the point. Some of us are distressed
heme. 1n a university lmdaring in regatded as tha practical equi-
valent of Lettu.- It‘d considered as important to learn how to get th
laundry down a it in to acquire I («nation in the chutes. In no

mum twee ee, 1 don't met there to e «- L1' @313. 1e
a parody. M veer: tuning in 3- lot d~~uty'll-dry. we're
akin; tn mioty't "In... and “'0 enemy's film that In. ten to
Whimmttweummy'mhmm
and taught 1m um “natal "law, to 11!- Adjutant.

John-one that a". stylus u thet hunting a pine-fly ul't
thud-um“ muuw.huu~uhlyam flatt-
eeeee tot enema-e; mm .2 111- u 1mm. .

Bea-III: lhyteve “put much ”cannon. m’tdyu
tee-e ee eeeuy emu-eenee with u. eeeeexeuy huh-r eeeeeuee.
"Matty—um mmmmuh. hymn-an «tn-11y it's
only t rad up to 00-. bud-an “lactic... bet at tuna-locales!
“Ml'umnfiu. “Wumwfiwflflwu
temmne, tumMIfllhi “a“. but.“
that“. hovhpumthchtohdnutmnuutmmm
$1111 anyway. ht theym «statua- (tithe puma at:
«acuity.

kmmmtmuwWMum-sm tutu
alto nod. just a not. yuan; ml. ith a wildly “has! that“:
“WMWufiflfiMyabnt thapublmofmlll
minty. “1&1.de mmw-mamttute

 

 

173

(eeneerumenmeeeeeeemew.memmee.nee
mum. mmnpeeexeeueeeeeeeeey.ceepeueeez
eereeeeucy.uee1eee.ecmegee1eteeeeeueenyeeeeeeeeeeyae
utmity.
mum-unimayuweeueeyueemeeeeegm
teamuneuyem. mummynmyee. mano-
alum. ney. new-en. Intel-en mum. Menu-n
litudumm. IanMu'ummhb
hung-tom fl‘uum'unldmmxh“
it?“ mummmmuwttumm.hm.hd~
an“. Wtymmmwummm
-Iflflhum~lettfi.m&-muhu
mm.~mmm¢mufle

lulu: mum.Iy-hludud“lflumo
m.ummytt'ldmnnm~mu
mumttm-ItudMIstfi-ylmum
MW. uuFWquy-dmly
WummuMmmmmt-ym
mum-t. mmumwm.meeeeeeee
“MM“njuthyudWy-tuyumw. m.
teemmyu-WcMmm-mmte
mwmmm.

Jill-he It‘atmldgm.thtttm'ttuhahm
mmeumemmmmuwueu
autumn-much. tummumummujeeu
mummumemmmmw.‘wme
dWWee-umuetmmmumm

 

 

 

 

176

”mummdnofthomtntborthmthomunflh.
mumttomtmmmonQMIuM’m It
you Isn‘t. I In “Wyn.

18.qu I'd lmupthnplummmm. certainly
uMduthdehySM-nudugghmmmuu
ammuuthmthtmumvde.uuu~
MdfimMfl-mmu-‘nu. Manny‘s.
Mh'tbmm‘uumltuwtm‘m'tm
“mmudmuwmmhmncufim
numbing-“mono."

hm'tmntumhmm.nd
w.ndhvtodttblflcny.-dmtthunly.-h
don‘tmptthttutmmw. mutton-mutt.
mmmxmmmmeuuuumwemeem
hut-.unbtlthywtydlm. “mm-tam
”mu-WMIyuduthm—ttmm-
“tomes-Mauricio. tidal-whmulythmtu
mmummumwm manly”
mwmnmuuuwummmw

Ila-Itt'tmtuuty.mumumuuu
«muhtm.u~tt¢ulmht. “autumnal
mW.~mm&mm-um..m
unaware-even“. ummmm
mh-fimnmmhm. 11:101.”;th
tummmummumuuumnuu
“meth'tmhmwdfllhmfltt'lm
«manometMRmh-nttyutunttopmcm.

1,77

Bum: Im't letthtundvcrutiet oftthehook.. I say-tho;
mdmutaflmetthattuchMMltdttoIhngtu-udq
uuztumltwytwtm‘wl tm.upulhm
meaugmmmmmuthethntlmuuy
tmmmtdthedunt. WemWMa-nuthmpm-
“MllumhfluWflmfluflthm.wu
flpflnlt.-Mnmuhm.u.mfltm.:

Me-lmdmmtmtuum. t-W'mu
“truth in tt. but tinmmr‘mofhWthmuth
mmmn'n fled tum-plumb”. Mm}...
g”unwanted-m-ll-pllsnoldatuIII-outdatllahul.ulna-ud-
i_w-d-dlmauly “mutt. “amid. Ian-mould.
01mmwm.25mt.mmlhdhoflMh-
Wmmmmounlystbt. Iattuyuublo
Mawmuurtm'gtmummbemntynnn
mama-huntedt’hnmm'umunm. And
Mtouulmmwniqthmm.flnw.m
mmwflmtath'tmmmmmM
“mum-‘mmmmgumum:
ltdmityMtnd-Inmhlme maldullit
mauummdtoe Mttumummu‘c
mmmtnolthuomu,mtwum.nthe
muWMe.mnee-ee.umw:ete
“balm-I.

nmmmwmmmmmumm
will find a and“! trad tot-rd II:- “but! “nation m it

I'v!

 

17.0

is recognised that an anginaer has to 'intoroot with people. So I'm
quite hoortanod by tho trond and tool that it'o going to continua V
and u a rosnlt oi tho preoont furor thaliayo' on will xi'yo odnootioo
onorfoonsoodadooiubioono. w

mum this trend night even dovoiop some new cliches. ‘Ihsro ~
on o tow of tho oi‘d onoo I'd like War to boot again. “Motion '
for living“ - uhot olso for? “Life Adjunct" we won though thors'o
omatdsal‘tsbssoidforit; ”Bootobosnindiridnaiinocootoood
socioty" io anothor my of putting ito ‘Hoooh childru. not oohjocto"
.. roll. let's faoo 1‘: (and he mica. too). we meaty shunn-
toooh eobjceze to children. "rupu-ceourer' so why oot"1oornino-
motored"? "luriohsd mricnimn" M- thy not “Murat“ "atria“!

Hanyo! theoo clichooooredovoiopdyoaroaaoondoonhooodor-
stood oo‘ oftorto to as: may from ooriws «striations on both quantity
and quiity or actuation. Int no nood soon now than: to most that.
thouahvoknovalotahoutthopoyohoiocydioarninaondnothodoot'
teechim. theesersnnumetueoantrnteoch. Vomttoosethonto
toochnoro cum toooropeoploondoot totoochonthooooiootond
root Mly ovailohio iml. 1'11 propooo a now on“ "m: Tho
masturoctoyouoishtoaunhoymroon.” ‘

Johnoonn 1 don't think so. John. I think Bran is right in tho:
oliohoo aro ooinod by tho duper-flow kind of thinker.

Barron: I'd iiho to look at anothor problem. I£ thoro is a
prohlonorthogittad.thoroioo1oothoto£tokingoaroo£thooooot
siftod. Should no ourtail tho opportunity to go to coliogo't

179

Johnson: This in too big a question to treat in the couple of
ninuteo we have left. I believe we have to take o long look ot the
porpoeo of higher education end prohohly eloo define the different
kinds of higher ottcatton. Hey!» there is justification for connity
oollegno which here a kind of poet-high-school. adnltanducotion flavor
note than eollogo proporotion. 0n the other hand. I believe no need
tomloatehigherodnootionooeoheyoithoforevooonldenovor
thet queetion properly.

Berton: we take in otndento in oholeoale lots and after o year
or loss elieinste then in rholesale lots - o onetefnl proceeo, one
eonld think.

Johnson: 'i’hot ion’t quite true. I‘d like to argue the ttotemt
at length. _ f

Barron: Look at the elimination tighten. l'oo many of our young.
people are going tosehool. loo 1 rooognieo thet in e demoracy o.‘

mum thet did you eny? 'i'oo eeny young people going to oehooll

Barron: lnooetoounyehooronnfitanddonotdothsnoolyes
or sooioty any good by pursuing higher solution.

Killer: loll. I'd tether have o little learning, knowing its
denser-s. thantopropagateignorence. Moreno-tho-ylooh
the oopecity to porno higher caution profitably, but who hove
okillo otieh ooold to developed e . Y .

 

MIDI! I

m sewn AID WI or 0186088!!!

About the specific purpose of discussion. there is no disease-ant.
Discussion is a "loans of better W end as“; in huean
affoirs."1 but on the definition end scope of discussion there is
less one-ieity.

Doe‘s has node of discussion on unihns torn whose only essentisl
ingredient is telh. It includes everythin; fro. e hell-session to e
thinly disguised dohete. Garden veriety interviews frequently rind
up so "discussions."

deoo. students of speech. O'Ieill oakes dioouseioe synonymous

with onteqoraneoos speaking. Overstreet describes the old sec

m love m g; the m, Ihieh featured oroninent indirihols
speaking froe scripts. as s ”weekly discussion." Hiese tells dio-

ouooion ”thinking out lanes" Baird end tourney end loooe offer two

onslytiosl definitions:

‘ A h ___

lJones I. attorney end Kenneth 0. here. D ion 1
51151;. (Ilse York: larper and Brothers. 1950). p. vii. this is one
of the best treat-onto of the subject. elthoush without specific
reference to radio discussion.

2

a... a. menu. W (In
York: Century, 1920). e. 1e.

’larry A. Overstreet end Ionaro fl. Overstreet, W
5.9.322. (lee York! Harper and lrothers. 1938). p. 5.

‘Iildrod J. Uieee. Lot’s 151; It Over (Chicago: University of
Chieego Press. 1936). p- 19.

180

181

1. Discussion . . . is the art of reflective
thinking end communication usually oral.
‘by noehers of a group shoes she is the co-
operatiyo solution of a problee of fact or
policy.

2*. ‘. . . lho cooperative deliberation of problses
by persons thinking and conversing together
in face-to-faeo or oo-sction groups under the
direction of a leader.2
Judson regards discussion as an ”educational tool" designed to
give ”information and instruction."3 this approach ashes intentional
reasoning the basis for discussion. hut loturnsy and Bones, reject
the intentional rsssonsr because he "begins with e predator-iced propo-
sition to which be is coneittsd either by desire or the nature of
the circuastances and seeks to secure an acceptance of this proposi-

~" with smart}, they find m1: rith this interpreta-

tion. . . .
tion because it snacks too ouch of debate.

Inlarnsy and Bones distinguish bstvesn debate and discussion.
Inquiry is the attitude of discussion; proof that of debate. Discussion
stieulates reflective thinking; debate necessitates intentional reason

or reason guided to a conclusion. A discussion leader, in the liclurney

11. Craig Iaird, osontetive r * o 1 9-1
York: I. H. Hilson. 1960), p. 20.

2Jones 1!. Holurnsy and Kenneth 0. lanes. s Princi l and lie do
W (loo York: Ierpor and Irothers. 1939). p. 23.

3Ly-sn Judson and lllen Judson. my; Group Digcugpig (New York:
I. H. Hiison, 1937), p. 34. An excellent description of discussion as

a teaching tool is contained in Inner Aly, "Ibsching by Discussion,” I§g_
Quiversitz gfhflispguri Bulletin, Vol. 35, lo. 17 may. 1956), pp. 27-35.

‘llclurnsy and lanes, 2;, cit.. p. 36.

5Iarrison 8. Illiott. In; Drones; of Group thinking (lee York:
Association Dress. 1932). p. 36.

182

and lanes enslysis, docs not guide a group touurd a predates-lined
conclusion; he helps the neubers of the group reach their oue conclusion.

Webster‘s Collggiatg Qictionan iollous popular usage in failing
to discrininete betvcen discussion and debate. Discussion is “. . .
consideretioe of a question in open debate; argument for- the sehs of
arriving at a truth or elearing up difficulties."

the‘uriter offers no dognatic definition of discussion. lobeta is
not the blood brother of discussion. but it is certainly its first
eeusin. liseussion involves so-unieetion within a group for the
scoperetive study of rprobln. its goal nay be insight and understanding
or decision as to a course of action.

it oust be asserted, houever, that the intent of prograes like the
team. me. cameras. moment.
is in verying degrees to produce insight and understanding rather then
to achieve solutions. Inviggtion 53 m and W are pleinly
indifferent to conclusions or solutions. thou-ore signifieeet probleus

usist solution end the participants to radio discussion run the risk

of dog-etisu if they insist on then. This done not neon that solutions
are not ventured. This would be‘ an ertifieial obsteole to discussion,
indeed. but the point rsueies thet the euphoria in these diseussion
programs is not on solutions. but on ewercness end thinkinguwhioh soy
or nay not lend to solutions for the listener. When the topic is a
probleu. suggestions as to solution and the reasoned develop-sot of e
hypothesis ens esjor ports of the discussion. but the objectiveia
never a single solution. It is the erplorstion of several possible

solutions.

133

lioro essentially, discussion nouns en attitude of respect and
a desire for nutuel understanding. There is no necessity for either
agresnent or solution. ‘

Discussion elso nesns s search for common ground on objectives
and analysis. The debeter seeks to understand en opponent’s am
only so that he can refute it; the superior psrticipaet in discussion
so that he nay re-ensnine and perheps nsdify his own. his orientation
is toward sgrsenent rather than defense of e position. so diagnosis
rather then clesh of ergusnt. Discussion pulls the participants
together; dehste drives then sport.

there is no evidence that the University of Chicego introduced
the expression ”round table” into the languege. But “did nuch to
popularise it here end shroud, both on and off redio. for the University
of Chicego a redio round table wee:

s cooperstivo effort ccnhining the special know-
ledge of redio technicians and scholers for the
presentation of e sinple, informetive and generally
spontaneots discussion of important contemporary
problens. .

the writer offers the thesis that in practice and theory round
able and discussion programs ere .synotymoun. lie would modify the
University of Chicago‘s definition only to odd the final words ”end
subjects of sore looting concern.“ Less importantly, he would hroeden
“scholars” to reed ”men of knowledge and understanding.” Thus the
definition would ‘1

e redio discussion progran is a cooperative effort
combining the telents of special knowledge of radio

A

libs University of Chioego hound table. Lignorendmn to Particiggntg e. d.

18‘

technicians end non of knowledge and understanding
for the presentetion of simple. informative and
generally spontaneous discussion of important
contemporery problems and subjects of nore lasting
concern.

fortunately. there is always the astute Hsyekava to remind us
that "the words in definition often conceal even unto serious confusions
and ambiguities than the vord defined."l Definition is non's search
for that will-o-the-wisp. certsinty- God. science. philosophy are

all trying to nail us to acne tree or other. that are definitions

but stetements about lengueges2

 

lleyekewe. w” pp. 172-173.
1M” p. 171.

mucus simmers!

LfiioI General

Darnouw. Iric. ggndbookwgg Radio Producgigg. Boston: D. C. loath
and Conpeny, 1949.

Chester. Giraud, and Garrison, Garnet l. Min and gaggigion. low
York: Appleton-CenturyoCrofts. 1930.

Crews. Albert. ladio Production bum. Boston: longhton liifflin
Cmy. IWe

Deloreot. has. mhcr of hsdig. Chicago: Wilcox and Iollett. 1950.

Dunn, John ll. "hadio Progronning for the College or University Itetion,"
Proble _i_n Colin! deio. Colunhie. liisseuru Stephens

mu, leery. and man. III-nun 1'. MW-
lew York: lerper and Drethero. 1952.

Pius-n14. "up!” l- W. M- York:
low York: funk end Usgnells 00., 1’50.

lorsnan. Dob. ”What's happening In lediol" ti i i ,
m1 (Februery, 19“), p. )1.

Contains. J. “Drosdcaoting in the D. I.” (Connents on Judith Heller's

book.9.21.2.2m“:1.155.333.on ) We»
[gmtetig end 13; am; M1105“: 11 (January 15. 1951),

II (latch 15. 1951).

llyde, Stuart. 1 d led e on i . Boston: loughton
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Jason, Don I. ”Sarnoff Predicts Drighter Future for Television end
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Kirtlend. George. "Rho Ssid Radio's Dying?” golidaz. 11 (June, 1951),
p. 16 .

hevenson and Btaoheff. teaching 'l'hrough Radio and 'i'elevipion. New York:
linehart and Company, 1952.. Revised.

185

136

liarcus. D. "Friendly Voice in the Rockies. “RI." £211.22...- 611'“
(June 30. 1951). pp. 26.27 .

Murrow, “ward. ”A broadcaster hike to Rio Colleagues.” W.
1"”.th 13. 1958.

Rational Association of Droadcasters. "The Droodcaster's Dreed.“

Hag! Qomunigstiggg. Hilbur Schru, ed. Urbano: University
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. Dimensions of Radio and niggigion. Hashington: Rational
Association of Droadcasters. 1950.

v.11... Judith a. gain. Egg fifth 9555;. Dutch: .Ionghton man... 1950.

Hooks, charles U. "Broadcasting in e Dig City.“ W.
twenty- -firot Yearbook g; the laggisu S! of Education by Radio
and 'i'elevigion. 0. Joe Olson. ed. Colmbusl (bio Dtate
University. 1951. * ° ~

 

 

W

Anonynons. "Schoolnon Discuss television. Radio. and Iovies." W
lducggig, XIV (Rebrusry, 1950). p. 9.

Ace. Goodnan. I” look of giggle males“. new York: Binon and
Dchuoter. 1955.

_ . "ladioon Avenue Dialogue on ford Grant for adeio and
rum-ton work-hop." W. m
(Deptsnber l. 1951). pp. 404:1.

 

. "to Air to lunan to forgive Divine." to Re o
“togatun, on (January 5. 1952). p. 27.

Allen, Rerold D. ‘1Ioss Pressure on Radio and Journalisn.” mg
m. mxt (“tomrg 1“,), ”e “7“53s

 

lender. Uillien Jr. "Radio Presentation of Sociological topics.”
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Doutwell. Gillian D. "Redio: Industry or Art?” W.
mun (love-bar, 19‘”. p. 525.

Carson. Saul. "On the Air: the Reforned Bodily.” k! Remblic. arm
(notch 15. 1950). p. 22.

Chase. Richard. 13s Music zigts. Garden City. New York: Doubleday
and Conpany, 1958.

187

Chester, Giraud. ”Uhat Constitutes irresponsibility on the Air:

s Cut Study." Will. XIII (Sprint. 1949).
P’s 23’82o ‘

Corwin, Doreen. "Radio and'talsvision-u-A Prediction," gfiispion
ggrhgducation by Radio Journal, it (April, 1950). pp. 87-88.

Crosby. John. ”Dear Sir, You Cur: Radio Listening Dublin Uritss in
Anger," Qolliorg. curs (Decenber 10. 1949). p. 25 .

4 to»... Deadly Sins of the Air." m, an am.
6, 1950), pp. 107-168 .

 

sen... lrwin. '17.: with inflections." w, n (January.
1951). p. 10,. .

anot, liorrio l... and Loth. David. E; Peoplg Rnow Dept. Usehington:
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lreued. Arthur J. "the liass liedia Defers the Dar.“ W.
1 d .V1 9"! (’.11. ‘.")g "e ’0’97o

Grey. 1.. "Radio, a liesns lot on Ind.“ W. R]. (larch. 1959).

 

f'o l““4’o

Griffith. tho-as. MW. Den fort: herpes and Drothers.
1959.

lerdy. on» v. ”Do u. Reed . s... Rational r licy for Radio and Television?”
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Ohio state University, 1950.

Iartwsll. D. ”John crosby: Bodily of Radio,"§ggm. nun (July.
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Bsyakawe, 9. l. ”The ‘l‘ash of the Listener." m. m (Anton, 191:9).

. e on on ht an . lav York: Rarcourt,
Draco and Conpany, 1929. '

 

Rrutch. Joseph flood. 'l’roedon for Radio and Television: the Risks
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Lerrabbee, Carlton I. ”Radio. a Public? Servant.” W,
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188
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torquerille, Alexis de. Denocrgg in America. Row York and London:
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‘l'yler, fracy l'. listening, the Runber Ono Problen,“ Augustine for
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Radio,_frograng
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. “learning Scores on Air,” 13.9.1: love-bar 20, 1941.

 

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. Su-ary of Relevant Facts for Appraisal of the Round table.
K89. 'fhe University of Chicago Radio and ‘l'elevision Office, 1954.

 

 

. What is a University?“ Michigan itstejollege of Rdggstion
Mrtcriy (Sonar, 1959), a transcript of a radio discussion.

 

 

189
Cairns. lhlntington, rate. Allen. and Van Doren, Mark. Invitgtion
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W, :1: (April 11. 1949), p. 50.
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190

Dunn, 9. Uatson. "A Qualitative Analysis of Radio Listening in Chonpaipn
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