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CONCRETE PIPE

Thesis for the Degree‘of B. S.

C. J. Bartholomew C ‘
1928

 

 

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UN“? .
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A Discussion
of

7n
4.

Concrete ile
A Chesis Submitted to
the Faculty of
Richipcn state College
of
Agriculture and Arllied Science
by
C. J._§§£}Lolomew
Candidate for degree of
Bachelor of Science

June 1928.

T"? I-‘R'S‘r

I. Ifistory of Concrete life.
II. Congarison o

l. Sewer Tije.

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III. Design.
IV. Ianufacture.
1. Cast life.
a. Tamed. Ti} e.
o. Centrifugal File.
a. fume frocess.
b. Lock Joint lrocess.
~c. Keir-Buchanan Irocess.
4. Reinforcement.

5. Concrete fixes.

l. loads imyosed on a Iiye in a trend;.

YI. Conclusion.

93857

cancrete with ether confetitive Iiye materials.

LIsECLY OF COECLLCE 2113.
Sewer lire.

Concrete ripe and concrete have been used for build-
ing sewerage systems since the beginning of sanitary en-
gineering. Sewerage systems as we know them today are a
little more than 85 years old. Ehe first modern sewerage
system was installed in Hamburg, Germany in 1E43.

In the United fitates as far as can be determined, the
first sanitary sewer installed was a 6" concrete life lead-

.1 #1

ing from the home of General 1. L. Syinner of Lohawk, E.Y.
According to Kr. L. H. Ranney, Consulting Engineer of Io-
hawk, his sewer was built in 1842 and examined by tr.
Banney in 1922 and found to be in Ierfect condition after
80 years service.

Sanitary sewers were also build of Ilain concrete
jire in Hudson, H. Y. in 1867, Newark, N. J. in 1867; Nashua,
n. n. in loos; nay City, Rich, 868; Kokomo, Ind. in 1874;
North Adams, Kass. in 1874; Racine, xis. in létfi; and Gal-
veston, Tex. in 1889. Examinations recently made of these
old concrete Iire sewers showed them to be in excellent
condition.

'7 - r- '1’" '11— r; ' ~,»- g -' “ 7.". T". ‘f'. .r‘ ”‘7 ' m - J' ' l‘
lOUhJ’ Lgele is male snan uab),ObO,Cp va int SLCd in

11

J...’ J

con*rete sewers in cities of the Enitefl S-aues, HOL to ren-
tian more than Q100,COO,CCC.OO additional infested in con-

osal ilants.

.4 -..‘ -.-
<31e;e sehsge uid J

H

Concrete sewers were built in london and Zone hundreds .
of years ago, but no detailed and satisfactory information
regarding them, exists.

Che large sewers in laris have been built of rough stone
heavily glastered and smoothed with cement so that the sew-
age flows over the cement surface in the same way as if the
entire mass were of concrete. these surfaces uyon being
examined recently, were still in fair condition. There was
no disintegration.

The manufacture of concrete sewer 1116 has been exten-
sively Iractised in different farts of Euroye for many years.
Following the Euroyean iractice, we have been able during
recent years through the use of Iortland cement, to mah
equally good sewer yiye.

Iuch of the old flain concrete yiye used was nanufac-
tured under no srecifications yrior to 1507. It was rade
in a slilshod manner. It was Iorous and the joints were
poor. This lack of syecifications is largely resyonsible
for some of the failures, of old concrete sewers. Concrete
yiye was easily made by small llants in a careless manner,
and for this reason many engineers have become Irejudiced
against it until recently, when first class concrete was
Ilaced on the marhet by reliable concerns. And now most
city srecifications recognize concrete as a confetitive
sewer building material.

Hater life.

en extensively used for

V

(D

Concrete lire systems have b

irrigating land in the western states for the fast thirty
years. During the jest ten or fifteen years the greater Iart
of the Iige used for irrigation systems has been made of con-
crete. The 1rinci31e reasons for its extended use are its
relative cheafness, durability, strength, and general adayt-
ability to irrigation re uiremeuts.

in increasing amount of concrete 3i3e is being used in

.6.

city water suyyly s stews. It is iarticularly adarted to
this service, being chea}, durable, and having a high carry—

ing cajacity.

f‘" ’. ‘1"-“"u‘.' C ' (‘n V M’ " ‘ ’ :‘x’ """i {'”T“-“‘vr ""v r 7 71‘?
b‘L-XTL o- —-¢-s-LD~JIVi‘ ‘uui \ J.- C‘s- .4“: 0J- .. . \."-~ «1AA1.J;~'IW A .- ‘4- -IK‘... - ..., - 4;]

0"‘7‘0 .-:.
.

.11.; 1.41.1 11.1.1.2.

Concrete jire was first used for sewers only, at its
duraloi li1ty €.nd strength Eas extended its 180 to water rains,
culverts, and drsin gije.

14-...-.“ - 1'1...
Action of Sewage on Concrete

Elroujn failures of some of tle early concrete sewers,
many enfiieers believe tlat sewage has a disintegradine
effect on concrete. Liese railures were due in most every
case to juor worhmznslij on the fagt of the 'iye manufac tu1e§r
Irior to EC6 there were no sgeci ications for the me nufe ct-
ure of concrete life. as a result, rany of the early yiyes

made, were Iorous, irregular in Share, and of a non-uniform

3

1iX. Since 1906, srecif ications have been develoyed, and

..

methods of nanufac ;ure irlroved until the 310duct of today
comjares 1avoi~ably with a1: comretitire serer building mat-
serial.
lractically all domestic sewage is alkaline, larticularly

in repions of lard water. This statement is verified by
hetcalf and Eddy's American sewerafe Tractice. Occasion-

ally some syecial menu acturinr waste may be fiznd ch

from tie nature of the manuf101tre is acid. Such wastes,

.4
L

when discharaed into a Comes ic sewer is yromytly nen r- l-

(

ized by the alkalin Mt of the severe. It is a well known

fact that o haline se"1mre has Tracticslly no disintegrating

wk . .L

fi —'

effect on concrete. Lccording to n. a. 131
H. J., Sewer Engineer there for a number of

from factories ant tanneries have no nore effect on concrete

than dJes domestic sewage. About fifteen gears sea, hr.
Len“in Iaie the rollowinr er;erirent:- ?e jlaced concrete

briquettes in ytre water wlere concentrated scwece irom
domestic use was heavy, in a factory district where there
wes a large amount 01 treCe vacte, and in a 18 c ozv dis~

.1

trict 4Lele nos: of ohe sc74t Ge 05 re £10m tanneries and

these briquettes were left there for six mo1 H1137 and then
tested. Che three sets that were flaced in sewage brohe

at a hifher rate t}an -ne set leit in water.

In only very few instances has concrete been unsuit-

I

able for a sewer, en' in these instances every other mode
of const17ction has been tried and found eczcl y unsuitable.
1he fires 10s ingeles outfall s wer was ouilt at a
cost of g57c,OCO, of circular brick constriction and wood
stare 3iye, end :leced in service in Larch, lbOd. an art-
icle in the Engineering Hews of Iovember b, latc, describes
the cisintefreti on of ;Le bri*h resonery of this sewer
agave the flow line of the se age bv o: idir ed hydrogen sul-
yhide. Cxidized hjcerfen etlrhide lenetm ed the mortar

1e mortar two and one-half tines its vol-

L—J

joints, erranded t
tme, sralling tle biick mesonei ry eventuc lly calm in? droy-
ring of the arch. A very low velocity was Irovided in the

‘

of.44 feet yer

e
H;
H
o
6

design of this outfall with a minirnu

Second. Telow the flow line of the sewage there was no

action on the mesonery, since tle reaction of tie sewage

q

A second ontfnli SGVJGI was started in 1204 end com-
yleted in lCCV. The 1507 sewer 1:8 built of circular brick
constriction and cost more tlan 31,CCO, CCO. QC. Cigh vel-
ocities were Irovided for in tLe QESan of this sewer, with

I'D

a minimum of 4.2 feet yer second CD a taxirtm of 7.8 1eet

fer second. the velocity in this sewer was increased, as it
was tlouglt that the slow velocity in the first 8 wer was t
cause of the hydroren snlrlide. Chis, however, Cid not end

the trouble, and tLe second out all soon slowed signs or dis-
integration due, in a ler3e naes1re to tle i: Let that the system
of Glendale, C: liforn is led been connected with the 10s Angels
system and caused a total flow from the rzjer reecles of tLe
Glendale srstem to the mouth of tie Ios lngeles outfall of

U

between 56 and 60 miles. iLe detention of sewage was from 12
to 16 hours. It was ingossi Ml to ventilate the system be-
cause lrolsrty owners along the line would not stent for it.
Consequently, this sewer slon begun to shiw siens of fail-
ure. In sevel a1 ml ces, bo‘ h 1i13s of brick Led fellen in

and in mely -eses, one Led fallen in.

'. - .. -.-L..?'.‘ .. _.., . " 1.: ' r" . j ' (‘4 r-fi
11 net. or “-11 sewer iris citilt 1n lie.» em. likao _;-e new

(a

‘

sewer Lee 8 total leng.L 15.4 miles and is built entirely of

q

reinforced concrete rige 01d monolithic concrete cons CIUC ion.

a.

The interior surface of tie sewer above the flow line of tle

--v-‘ 1 . V’. 7 v-., 7-. - q . r" «F, v. q _-. ' 1- r‘ 4 ,-
oeHCL Lnb lired.u1olicle grates. -ne eigineeis 1n Cralfe

,

Of tie mainterence of LL18 sewer claim ILit none or these

1o

Ilates are actually falling in today. Uletler or not the clay
Ilate linings for tLe tLird outfall will solve the groblem
remains to be seen.

In 1:15, the cities of El Contra and lurerial, Calif-
ornia, built an outfall sewer b.t2 miles in length of circul-
ar brick construction. Lbout half of tkis sewer is 2?" and the
remainder 15" in diameter. the brick masonery is in an advan-
ced stage of didintegration. Less tlan 1CCC feet of con-
crete fire was used as an effluent conduit from tle sewage
disyosal Ilant, vhich also Eisinteerated above tle flow line.
This 0388 slows tlat vitrified clay froducts are as readily
attacked by Lydrogen.sul}hide gas as is concrete.

Sewage conditions as those at Tos in3eles and 31 Centre,
are seldom found. As yet there is no yroren remedy for such
trouble.

Although alkaline sewage has little or no effect on con-
crete an alkaline soil may_ruin a sewer in a very short time.
The Chird Street usin.sewer of Great Falls, lontana, was con-
structed in 1&90, the material used being yortland cement rife
of lome manufacture, made in moulds and jut in jlace after
the cement had hardened. Sewer is oval in share, dimensions
26"x52". this sewer, after a comraratively short time of
service, showed defects of so serious a claracter as to neu-
essitate rebuilding gortions of the sane. The remaining jur-
tions of this sewer have disintegrated in ma y ylaces and occ-
aSionally Iortions of the Tire are gone.

An investigation of this sewer was made by the chemistry

derertment of lontana Apricultural College. It was learned

11

that the soil adjacent to the sewers, where the greatest disinte-
gration was taking Ilace, contained as high as 1 gercent of
alkali, but that where only slight disintegration was taking
Ilace, the gercentafe of alkali was much less.

Che "alkali" referred to above is not an alkali in the
true sense of the word, but is eomrosed of alkali and alkaline
earth salts, comnonly called "white alkali" in hontana. Its
two yrinciyal salts are sodium sulyhave and magnessium sul-
yhate.

There is, however, a method of yreventing the action of
"white alkali" on concrete. If ;oncrete is made imyervious,
or very nearly so, the alkali will not have an Ojjortunity to
penetrate it. C;is can be yartly accomjlished by using the
Iroyer yrogortions of cement, sand, and gravel. After this
is done, it is Jessible to still further decrease the yorosity
by adding some material that will fill the remaining voids of
the concrete. Aluminum sulrhate is a very good water proofing
material. It fills the voids of the concrete, but does not
Laterially affect the tensile strength of the concrete. It
may either be added to the cement in the form of fine yowder
or dissolved in the water to be used in mixing the concrete.
If lowder is used, one-half to one Jound is added to every
100 jounds of eeumnt, and when it is dissolved in the water,
two and one-half to five rounds should be added to every 100
rounds of water.

soil conditions such as were encountered at Great Falls,
hontana, are not very often found. Fowever, before a yroyosed

Sewer is built, it would be an excellent flan to analyze the

12

soil. If the sewer at Great falls had been built as concrete

1e is now built, the sewer, no doubt, wetjd o

u.)

aste a freat

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Lhe Sixth dtreet Main sewer of Great Falls, was constructed
in leZ, the material being the best grade of common brich.
Sewer is circular in form, four feet inside diameter, two rings
of brick laid on edge in imrorted iortland cement mortar, out-

‘
!

side rlaster coat one- alf inch thich, not 3Hastered on inside.
The masonry in the invert of this sewer is disintegrating thr—
oughout its entire length, the defects being confined almost
entirely to the invert and lower sections of the manholes. The
fact that this sewer failed is yroof t;at concrete fire sewers
are not the only kind of sewers that fail in similar soil con-
ditions.

Erosion in Boncrete lire Sewers.

Recognition of the resistance of concrete to abrasion is
well illustrated by the fact that ten to twentv years ago, few
raving engineers would consider the use of con rete for heavy
traffic conditions, whereas, today concrete is largely used
for heavy traffic service. If velocities do not exceed 6' :er
second, the erosion is small if any. This, 3f course, varies
with the nature oi?the hard Iarticles in the sewage. If there
are jarticles of quartz }resent then erosion will be much more
ra1id than if the solid jarticles were of limestone or clay.

Vitrified clay Iile or vitrified clay jlates have a high
resistance to erosion at first, but as soon as the vitrified

surface is worn off the body of the clay will be gromytly

15

eroded. this fact was demonstrated at Vancouver, firitish Col-
umbia, by the Sewer Engineer, hr. forter, in 1927, when exyosed
a number of samjles of vitrified clay I118 to a sand blast for
a certain length of time and found that for a yeriod, the vit-
rified surface offered resistance to abrasion, but as soon as
this was worn off, the body of the shell was quichly worn away.
On the other hand he found that the resistance of the concrete
Iiye to abrasion uniform throughout the entire shell and he
came to the conclusion that concrete was more highly resistant
to abrasion than was vitrified clay yiye.

sewer brick differs so greatly in quality that it is
not gossible to lay down any general rule for yermissable max-
imum velocities where it is used. According to letcalf and
Eddy's Sewerage and jewage LiS}osal, sewer brich does not re-
sist abrasion as well as vitrified clay 3ige. Fence there
would be little advantage in lining a concrete sewer with
sewer brich.
Carrying Cayacity.

hetcalf and Eddy, in their "Sewerage and sewage Lisyosal"

recommend the following values "n" in Iutter's Formula for

different kinds of sewersz- n
For vitrified gile sewers O.C15

For 00hcrete sewers of large section and best
work laid on sloles giving velocities of 5' yer
second or Kore. O.C12

For concrete sewers rn e“ vood ordinary con-
ditions of work 0.015

For brich sewer: lined with vitrified or reason-
ably hard burned brick and laid with great care,
with close joints C.Cl4

For brick sewers under ordinary conditions C.Cl5

iric; sewers ail 01 flat grades and rough work

.
>4

-' ’i V'u ‘ ’ \ ".4. q " 1' .‘- - .‘ I" (fl ,. V., A - 1
L0 bLGLC valves 101 n Cuneieae ca;eis Jove

“\ ‘l --n n1 ~-. . - . ‘ w-- 4 - (- .~ 7; J "n «1 7 . ‘ f“ - -- r. ~Iv
a €;€&-€1 calrjin? CJZQClt' bhgn and Oohel nlflt Q; 0846?.

Concrete 88? er jire in sizes below 27", are 1‘1 zally manu-
fa-tured with bell and syigot joints, the saLe kind of joint
as is 10 nd on V1 ’trii ied clay 'e. lr sizes above 27", the
tongue and grove joint is usually rsed.

'..-4-e Indejend: nt Concrete fire Corzn'anv, rsc a riodificat-
ion of the tongue and grove joint. The tonrre end of the

‘- 10+
U1-5~J

jiye is so made the recess for the sealing of the joint

on the lower half is on the inside, and the recess on

urrer half is on the outside or tor. 'VEIMlLS tie tire

.a as -77 - J

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inches wider than the

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LO ce rlaced in narrow cuts only
rije itself, an; still gives access to the joint for se wli ng.

a narrow trench is 1s1ticu131 1y advantageovs, as the load of
the back i‘ill on the 3116 is reduced to a minimum.
Fortland cement mortar is usually used 'or sealing sewer

rife joint, whether ohe jije is concrete or vitrifier c ay.
This mortar forms a mucn better bon with concrete than it
does with vitrified clay, hence, a better joint is set ained
when concrete 3ijes are used. There are few cases of tree
‘1

roots growing through concrete jive joints, iut such Is often

.n

the case rdth vitrified clay 3i1e.
Cost:-

GEB a

N

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111 31

love 27", concrete rife sewers are invariably

Cheayer thin any other kind. In sizes below 27" vitrified

lay yige are often 0

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J_ a _ .. _ ‘4._ ‘- _' T~‘. ‘-, o ’1 . r‘ "7‘ -. . ‘ _ o 5' 4 .1: .
blOl’l. .".U 4,” .Li'ie.‘h., -__ Cal; «411, 0-101.6‘ 'o-C; '3 1' e 4.11 $11uhf-BS

undersells vitrified blag 3i;e. In ‘etioit cuneiete ji‘e
in sizes bale“ "7" sells for the size ;rice c3 C‘s; ji;c.

clay rije undersells concrete 3i e.

1 ‘ ‘ - ' - h .‘ I ~ A ~~ ' "t - ‘ 4 t u 'v- "'6‘ .' 5-, “V f— -- -‘ — ‘1
COl’lCle‘LL.’ Jl_ e . c...) Ueen Load to 0;..le trawl lender ll ess-
J a a I.

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Gals 111 malt} Ctlltllblw’ {zlltt .1431 E. J-OL,;E,€’r

oreijn countries. It was

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first tsed in this country for irriration TI“

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Le C:.l€.L c. w. titan-‘55,. Oi (JOLLLZGUC i-L.‘ 0 Cash a t-CI‘ jl_. G

I 4 o 4 fi‘ _ J ‘ I Q‘ .~ .‘.._.‘.,_ O ‘1 -~« I". _. .. 0 J ‘_ - 1 1 _ _fi . W _o _f}
13 l to l~JW U08 1., “IL?“ Call”. 11;; Coo-k ; Cl t; , Silo. 4.011}: illeo
‘ - "\ "“ N- H - ‘ . J 'v

L(:""U 1 E ’v‘Ll (“Cal Lu:

Ian; If i-e Cll Califirnia corcrete ‘Jje lines were
laiC in a careless nanner. i gonerors suyfly of nor*ur was
Ls d at the joints and little or no effort nade to remove
the "nortnr squeeze" at the joints. Zhese jiy-s even iliupl
clear, aifer great retarCaiicn to the flow of water. It is
due to tests for -arrying c jacity on these old systems hat

"f‘ ~- r... qqfi 1 .- - . , - o‘ J -'q.~. ‘ v—. "\ ‘4
nangr ers_111eei:o -1_1rd_ oi. rcu1C1<3te _;i; e Ian 1.a1111.

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she (rise.

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1. c. acobey, senior Irrigation Zn,ineer, has written

a bulletin on the Tlow of Hater in Concrete lige" (United

t. of fgricultural, ?tlletin No. -.2). In this

1 results of tests of

16
of various concrete jil‘e liiies.
Fe develojed the following formula, which he claims is
much surerior to the httter formula:-

HO. 5dC‘. 6~5

V:.C 3
CS is a coefficient which varies with the roughness of

the interior surface of the 3ire.

Eor the old California 1116 lines, mentioned above, he
found that CS was L.267.

For nodern "dry-mix" concrete and monolithic 3i3e and
where very little care is tahen laying the Ilje, 08:0.510.

For modern "wet-mix" in short units; for dry nix jije
in long units, for average monolithic jije made on steel
forms, 03:0.345.

For glazed interior Ii]e lines; for large cement lined
iron yijes, for monolithic jiye lines where joint sca~s and
all interior surface irregularities are removed 08:9.370.

This value of CS is jarticularly adayted to jointed lines of
units made from wet, well sraded concrete, dejosited against
oiled steel forms and allowed to set firmly before forms are
StTi}I€C; the glazed surface resrlting from this treatment
being untoushed with brush or other "wash" Irocess and the
units so uniform in shale that no shoulders are rercertible
to the touch when the line is finished.

Iije made as they are today and carefully laid closely
affroach the fourth condition of concrete jije, that is 03:0.570.
Actual tests made by Kr. Scobey on a number of yije lines show

even better results than this.

r‘-'1 was.-. r, -. .. fl .--°. :+ ”4'- . .~---
lxlsa, Cnlaho a, is now ‘eceitinf its ma.\er as};

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ouxh the longest reinforced concrete 7

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r‘ AJ . .. A I‘ -' " T ‘-— . , -. -. -—... I“ 7-7 7

'4-..‘ tZJ COIL s lll'gll L' . - I e - 001). {I 01111} .4]- ' e C ‘3' '— 21:1 d ’ ‘I'C‘re
zeriwents on variors reaches of the line from
a . —~ ' ‘ .. ~ — . - . ‘5 fa ,\ -‘~ ‘ ‘ - .1 I," .’ 7 .071? .5 .“1 - ‘- . -n ' -
1-8in ml at 1naw l». L1 L0 ore 01..t-’.e t t 1.01.93.“ r e.-,erT.101 , core 55

" . " uvv ~~O I ‘ ‘ . ' :‘u ‘1' -. ¢‘~ '1 ' " r~“ - "'-: ‘ -: w: ‘1
Llleo away. 1.0se test were all CJuuuCteU ulth a tied to de-

-. IA 4

_- "v-‘HI O 1'\ o ‘ ‘- I ‘1‘ yr. ‘4 .U‘ ': '\ “A . _~
ion coelliCients in VQflouB -orrulas lo; long

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' 3 __ V ‘c _ v _‘ ~ __‘ _ — ‘ _ _ " __ n _ t ,. < _" 0 ~.- '
reaches 1 .L43 ,ve. erlllL of t cse It..u :5. crivn in tue

, 1 4 1 ._ 1 ...-- . - _ _,
-aole in ole lollo.in; Jere.

”n- firrv” " . ‘ ,7 __. .‘ .4 ...-'.” h .57 -,. ",3... ._,.- . ..
In bllle l.li , 11. ,coochzleoer'nuleu toe} card .Ltb cogzxrity

of a tire rile secoion and a four Kile section of concrete con-

El

' ,4 '2 H - W , _,, 1 .,. , J ' , ,, "hwf, " H: + .- -, . r .. '3
it a...sen1613 (NDLDJUhQ. {Lie sec.i_n auto ctil.,_ir 1.;l, FrKL

}_)

tLe thar 1313 In 1124, by the :oche Joint -ige Cor SET. -hey
are both 54" in ciaxeter, and are identic: so far as the orig-
inal interior sz“i;ce is concerned. Lesult; of these tests are
shown on pare 19.

."

."31fl rite con idence

’2
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to“ are best concrete fife.

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I)—
: " -‘ - _ I ‘ ‘I '_ A ‘_ a _- ~_ -’= :_ ,- 4. O _ . . o _ ‘ I, .” ' o ‘ '3 " 1 o J_
-_J-e CS; ‘U 1...1{f' Cox. aCl tu' OJ. Cad ~.' 1 .1 on 71 0.5 _._ .5 - -1. 1.- I! on 1 L;
. ’ fl ‘- r ‘. _ J .: _.-.' .3 - -_. ' - . ~ J— —,‘ — ‘ J ‘-\ —. — -.' — . \ . ~ " O V: J— 1-.
is 16a, c1. ll rt carrl s .ao-r con.olnln{ Lincral or Vegeoaole

’ \ ‘L -. J‘ ._ rq ~-‘ ‘1' - . ‘ >3 4 . ‘ -‘ -. -“| ~-.-"."‘~ ~‘. 1 'I‘ " ~ "
hittbel L-=-‘=_LJCI‘ClC‘ LOCI-l lOl'Tfl 011 ion? liluel a..._'.L_-CG -erL neClEEZL

iclow is a taole Civinc Values d tern

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ml

HH 0 550 m U
0

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.Mohw wane M.mo pmmwcmmaooo chmwa heHOOch

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.-u $4 I- 4 . . .3. ) - .. - 4 4. o -4- .
HmorPfif. 5.16pm on . lw®.w» nrQfirrOr do .10. . oOQno..\o.PH Praccfluao . SLXWHA. ”Hodmd.
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C i . If. .4 L Vitriftf. wk OpH

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('1 . lel .0»!

In )I.‘1 . ..‘...\ fl . .JIIJI 1.4-.1 1.! ll..l|l cl. .1.‘l|11u ‘(l .0; {I .I .4 :| I
,Lthiphcpc HHH . ). .5ue..on.ry. .» .5.» a rm H x a w H4.w 3. ..4. .4 .- 4%. .4n. t- wwra4.w.

SCObGV for Cw in Hazen-Millians formula for various k'nds of
@006380054n p COCQ

Iile. Fazen-dilliams's formula - V.Cwa o.oCl
W
Few cast iron tile 150
10 yr. old cast iron figs 110
26 yr. old cast iron life. 100
New riveted steel zile 110

10 yr. old riveted steel gige lCO
wood stave gige. 150

First class concrete rife averape value as determined
in tests on Tulsa and Lenver lines 146

strength.

A few years ago rlain concrete file was jiaced in the same
class as vitrified clay yiye as regards tensile strength and
limited to less than 15 feet Lead. Tlis grecaustion was tlen
necessary owing to the inferior quality of the jije made, and
failures were common even under less than 10 foot Leads. In

‘

recent years a marked imjrovcment las been Irodrced. Share is

(‘1')

‘5

today in successful oyeration, a la :e Lileage of unreinforced

6"" .4

Iije from 6" to 24" in diameter under leads of as to 40 feet.
Reinforced Iiye lines oyerate at leads as high as 500 feet.
Eelow is a list of high Iressvre reinforced concrete jire

lines in use at tle fresent time with their working fressures.
Date laid Use of main Size Uorking gressure

Swanse 1905-06 Water 20" 246'
Norwich 1908 Sewage 56" 131'
Swanse 1910 Hater 24" 500'
Clyde Bank 1910 Hater is" soo'

Birmingham 1921 Jater 60" 255'

Iije manufactrred by the Fume yrocess, stand u; exceeding-
ly well under Iressure. i fife designed for 100 lb. fressure,
shows at zoo lb 1er square inch, faine lines of danjness, at
250 lb. this becomes a dew; at 300 lb. the dew deve10}s into a
heavy sweat and at EEC lb. jets of the finest visty syray
occtr.

Concrete fire can be designed to withstand any water
Iressure which would ordinarily occur in a water sujyly sys—
tem.

Life.

Concrete water rains, esrecially high Iressure lines have
not been in existence long enough to determine their life. it
Iresent its life is estimated at 70 to 160 years. If well made
Iire are used, and if Irogerly laid, this estimate seems fair-
ly conservative. This ylaces concrete I118 second only to
cast iron when long life is considered.

Cost.

Jhen long life, carrying cayacity, and service are consid-

ered, concrete life is the cheajest on the market. The Lock
Joint lije Comyany, recently jut in a large amount of their

?

Iije for the water sultly of Lashinpton, B.C. Eelow is a

summary of relative values of the various bids received.

I.oc£; Joint Czar: I s cnt Steel
eirfaiced fiy ’ ”

Cincrete -i3e I

_,.~:,s 3 Pi turf
‘on :i3e Enamel Costing.

7i3e with
ijnzons

3 _ A . , ,.\ _ 3 -3 3 f. , ‘ 3 ,. ‘ _:-._
first Cost 32LZ,SCC.LO a578,C7:. §q87,C8L.50 3358, 800. CO

Dr.rsbility

Ca3italiz stion of
yeail; sinhrhr i1;d
to re3',l;..ce :le e at
end. of its ectix‘s‘ed
life

steel ji3e a- yes
Concr. " 70 " 18,*'n
Cast Iron Tige ltC yrs.

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Carrying Ce3<-
Cs itslizet
extra dnnltl (1m:

. zine
cost stair {renter

C 71
V ‘5
11>
O‘)
O

Q

friction. $3,417.19 151,2é6.87 95,417.19 1 1,;

For”“rotive Costs
u,.en different 3i}
lines are brought 6
to the same b:.s's e.
to life and carrging
oer city.
lercenteee gels.
Hetween cor; :1 3 . 3
costs. 1004 155” 23p

Q;e cost oi

m
H
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3.4.

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which it will be tsed. Uhere timber is filentiiul, wood stave

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course, degends uyon the location so

3" ire

is very lov in cost. Ent wood stsve wige is slort in life and when

this is taken into consideration, corcrete is usually the ch

Of J'vlée T4170.

Joints

esIer

Uhen concrete fire wes first 186d for carrying water under

'5' “ ~"‘ ' ”"~‘t "‘ 1. . Y, " ‘\ ,f? 'r‘r‘ ‘3" 'L q' ." ' . ‘0. J :3 "u “fir 4' -. -‘

i IGSQCLIS, 1t 1.};“3 U1.€‘ 1;;1‘ 01‘ on .'_1_ 13;. J, c'lltflu Cl t3;lL.Lt..C tOJL'
‘OL‘ 1 '1' 4' ”a - ’N: 1‘ v‘ r1 T_H,".~~r -: - . -\ “ - 9 "- . '1’ d
C :40. 1‘0 v L‘e LeC'L¢_ leLL. - J‘.:CV€I‘, dUllLuu l c.\€ lakell no 81.1.80 (3

that they now give v ry little trouble.

---e

'- '-‘Jfi' " “5' :(‘1 ~‘
fuel blon 10 L'i..L' , 11-818

unit

{01‘

littl

U

D 1
DJ

-ere are several diifcreLt ninds of joints menrfectnred st

r sent tine, all of Llicn er giving excellent Lest ts. A“

“. "IWJCiZ

these is the joint used by TULe miniisct‘

H
(D
H
U)
C
F
(D

t! —- - 4 ~ —. A ..—A -. ‘-‘ -‘- A. f! - vv -1' t .1 ,‘q‘— .~ .. - .r - -\ ' I" ‘3‘- I- hfifi ‘ .
ant oLL; LLnLlectLied b3 -Le ls3ralto-Co101ete Csi3o aLlOH.

re n “lded with 3rd '_"ery ton5ne en? groove end. In

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.1 ‘jflfl ' O'r" "v.9 - '. fi- r“"“ "."i. I." fi."r‘-: I" "': (\‘r, '3 '1‘ "3". :I’R‘TAJW-‘T lb‘v
._ex-;_ o1- mo “-8 3.1.; e all 2.1 .a-1 (All .L..n_1_1_kte L.-.‘-L.J'Ae -81 u-1....,‘_1,3'.--'.-J c11-

‘l .

‘Lgn .Le oetside Lieveter of tie ii e. (le collar is carlhed

‘-r.

J

13 2L8 tongue or ienele end of the iiie, iL

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Ev 'ij'Q'. ‘I' -l--L JV hkll l 45' LJ .yj_L 1’1- J I Q d e C L‘ ‘..J U 8") U;L(‘- Ul-e (:flCL 'a' .L s’J" e ' l _' e .
._ A “— J . (a q vy , — a. ‘ .1 Iv? - ~ I, '13' '“l n ‘ -1 :v.t_;‘
Ottflxlulcn .33 LsLelJ_ d Le ,41 the 3ttrd. .MLe torane or L is
" -.— W. - . \ W . -. ‘A ' 'Z- -' 1 v N 1 J 1 ‘ 1 qfi IV . 5 C .4
f one 313s 1s slid irto .Le grote o1 .Le otn 1 using very

‘° -.-‘,- a ' —-‘ - a - N ‘...' ‘ . ° ~ - a 5‘ . -1 -|.> ‘. .5 ' . . Y'. J '9.‘ J ,.
e 1;.31 Us.-. ‘ nee 3:~,c.1--u_n5 is [1&0th L3;0U.11U the 313s .lolr tle

tongue, next to tie collar, Ln: e 0 vi y between the fije and

the collar 1s 5r<o outed thidn5h e Ldle 3rovided in the coll:1 ;

S;;e

“‘1' -' T -. 1. —. ,‘ : ‘ w. 1 '\ ‘- Y.‘ . ‘
Woe] or -le 3 -nt is sLoqn in

'13. 1. After the b: c1:11‘ll has

been over: the 1 if; e for several lays, -to allow :60" any sett11-n5,

. ‘ ' : ‘I ‘ ’ . “‘I"' '~ " " 'r‘-‘ ' 1‘.‘ " - . 'W' 'i '. ‘ '—~ '1 "+ (1 1‘ ' ‘ ' 7 ‘
Olll-L .LL) ‘JlitbGLL 1L; .LL»)A.,‘ 81-8 lilb; he. , (the ILOl bC'.I" use». iJI

I
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"V a. ~~J--: .- ,. r ‘ -‘ ' w, s», _.‘ l'. ., ‘a p. -- .: ..... A
grortrrq khl -le cold1.r1s 3ou (mi tLlOlmi; ; lo 5 lie )zsle illiiel

down one side of the fire until it flows out from the o joside

‘EIC subsected to a {lCeit varietion in ieW‘ r:itre, a 3n"-
1' - r 1 4‘04“fi ~+ s *- ~ .:~*J »M3P~ 1 cusp-
line 13; inooonce, contrwction niiht likktce edne,c.

the lock Joint fije ConjLny manufactures two kinds of tress-

“, . . , n‘r ,. .2 .L ,3 : -.,.. .. - - u r ,3 7 ,1 - , -12 ; 1
h e geints, lead enL Iron Joint , LnL "lend -rt steel Joint", tLe

letter usualltrlxixnfiisel for tie 18f¥1323ifie “lTGS.

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Iron Joint" iurnisled on gigee to 46" in

\ . ‘1 I" ‘n 'V' -‘| “I ': P» i. '. "‘ . 1, (I r O .- '

Liemeteu. “y'ieleience to .15. n, 1. J1 1 be eecn tlet ~ell and
0- ' r,. 4' 1 ~ t“ J." 4 ~. 2" - . . -,* (-A- r! ”f. I" ’3 “ tfij .' .1_ ‘3 - r: — . \A 1 .. ‘ ~= - « J i -A

L21 1:0 L' Cwak} U .L :0 l .. 1L1: I») O.L 3‘» ‘1‘ ebiC- - 5.2.1-".13 8 '—~ , 6‘ TL‘JL..[£L€Q J.i‘_ \1-e Oi -
20'i143 end; oi e: c1 =iie, 1evi1€ been built no an integral Aeyt o:

1 - a- ‘ <- ' Wj— n‘n-I. I .... J { .. _ - 7.- . ' q 4 4.
“2.1.63 585.11.-)1‘06161 1;. _ 1-8 m Licceu u, L_-erC -HifS, C) inf: 1n Con-e80 L,-
o? . -. J - w 1‘ -‘ J. J" - u. w ' - '1 A 'V‘ x ‘ ‘c . ‘- ‘ n " -- -‘ ‘— 7' ‘N‘ 4‘
1:11”; LLG 1.810. ( none», p.163 ELCCIl’uo 31",- I‘E'.C;-L1A-€:(:. _ .e .1 :r U. an; _ b3
e -7: " ‘ ,v; 4‘. _ .147 -.. .. V-_ .1. L “1 -4 .1... PM: . _.-,‘ .1 J1. -, v: -, 1
file guillee LitL cottaq iibie 1n oieei LJ .1te -LQM -Le ieqnlied
‘2 v r ' - " "1 J ( f‘ -.r~ '\‘4-‘\ ‘ ‘ .' "s IW.‘ '. x“ J "" '5- ‘l r“ 1 ‘ --
618-4.) JLCi a; . .1‘.e f «e Lt.» «4-111.! .LU; CU to a.» k-.L-l.f 1. L10 4.3-9 '.4..'L-neU. I: --.L e
A - Q‘ ‘ '1‘ fi “ I' “b: 1'] ,'v "‘ J ‘ 'w~ ' PA" '- r‘ a n r "I “v‘ 1 I r" -r r 4‘ w J, A
it. U en J 1,0 g. .' 111, O .1 --1. e I 1 OJ “1 co. .. e Lint e ..A 81.1 ._ L 1 t_, A- E? -‘8CL 1. O-
+ W .f' \ -1 .1, -. - ‘.~ - . . ~'* ~ PA ~fi 1 «V (‘ '7 . "‘ P 4 ‘ "1 . 1‘ ~-\ , a Y 3
{emery 1AJLT.;.L:'§Ell e3; (:1.er -11- -.11o. v -1111; Ale .L ‘18 0019. 1 7.18
, n‘— , ° .1 :-. .41 ‘ n .0 41 - _. r" ‘ A“ ' -A -
, 'L‘ U U *Lfl L .Lln. LJ. 1‘ :_.__~ U ; I ‘ . .__d_. t'w- A- 3 10‘ 1d-
an e 1° jlcce ‘ 'e Lell end 01 1e _1je re 0 l 1' _
‘ 'fl’. ‘ .1 ‘ “ ~~ q \ ‘ . 'p - \-A ’r‘ '- \ V '- f‘ '
ed .1111 a SLOUlG 1 end L Love in t1 ioim o o leveree ‘edge.
rifl' - #1 .3 J ‘I 0 , ' , .4 ... _ -., n r, ., : “'- r- ._‘. .. 1" .4 1 ' p -. -4 . -. .M
11.6} e 1 L O.L pike ' l," l S 6.: (ML, eAflLa U_'~.C1- -1 -4213 1'9.‘ (-31 1 C3 8. .' €1-

-‘

ect joiitting'cjf i;

F4;

cylinder. Zine 1531115 and 1e 3-“-

bylneenns of a riggin5, consisting of a bend over tle to; half of
tLe Itroceedin5 3i3e and a wire :ppe Sling connected to this band
and 9‘5Lene n5 2: onnd tle bottom Lelf oi ine yreccedir jige. ”on—
neC*€30 to teis are :ofe, on 0t eacl wide, ertcnfiinfi to e.yoint
511, hz11*‘tevo d we end of tie :i;e laiC. L-e“c rJCo are tireeded
on t3 Stir end. 5n 133; tlgor’“ o so"015 back across tie bell end
or 12.5; gige. Hea'y bvese Eli? are 'ut on tie end“ of tie 1018

an? ‘Llle teger end of tie ogigot is lijitlj ,xtended in o the bell

r- ‘
«.ne .~-1_., J 1- -, n
3: thlLLS‘o .Le .L Sn.

1 1101’].

J w _- ' ,7 .- . if ' A .1. .I- : _ . -

d 9.11.1.3 lS \-Oi I)“, cl; 1410111515? 1:
-" 4‘ v v-n <q {1‘ (“1 ‘ a“ "I " " -. “ r! n
Cl-eb ‘ {C Avl-e00 .-; Lahe 'l‘ei) f.»

331501 $010 3 itself .Lrww 1
310811F ' ullkine it 13.6119331 '“

ready

:AJr

clay Tige are often clecjer, de endii violly, VEOH loca-
Ji .'J' ‘ f"‘°‘ ‘ 3 - “a" r"“"" "o "‘ '."r ‘2 ' (‘11 r‘: - ‘1
u1011. -iu 1.1.1n.. , -_1Ch 1; .fl, ULuLClESoCI Elfi e 1J1 -u-1 111143b
1nde: sel ls V1 'tiified clay wi;e. In Tetro1t c1n01c 3i'e
. ’N. r r‘ A ‘r ‘ ' r A" 1 "'- (‘1r;~ "-.~-T ht“ (N*'?' w .w
in s1.eo belo. E ' cells 101 ..e sine i11ce am 0110 31;c.
In lensing, wiici is close .o hznt1ec1 “es 0” clay :i;e,
clev Iiye undersells concrete yi e.

”1:; “113.

Concreti :i;e new ween used LO cer'y wutei rnder I“ess-
ure JOI over tLirty years “n tlis cjnntiv and for a longer
’ 1". 7: ' 4' J. -3 yj ' y ‘1: , :f '1’" 'Y ,7 1 T't VI'C‘ :1
lGllJu ‘JL VJ..r-e 111 bome O G $0-61 n COL 3.1-L'lieu. _.‘_ t:'—AI\)
first tsed in t1 is country 101 iirige‘ion Inigoses in t.e
west, but is not used in man; cities 1)“ vrter envily ynr-
roses titl excellcn; 1esn is.

’ne 0 ief Cd? nt-fes of conciete jige over oter jiye
is its low cost, “ion ;rr’inr a .0113, and 1on3 life.
Carrying C93ac113:

Kan; if fine old Caéliiiinia concrete J3e 11388 were
1310 in a careless manner. A gene"ons 333113 of n rtir 733

used at the joinm end little or no eiiiri
the "porter nueeze at the joints. Elese
clear, oiier Event retsrdction o the flow
due t. tests £0: carrying cry:C'tv on thes
many engineexs tlink of conCIete fi:e as .
ins c111c1‘y. Tvt such it not the crse.

. :cooey, Engil

a bulletin on the Tl'w of 'ete: in Concret
States Legt. of Aggicultrral, ?tlletin Eo.

1eer,

J

hide to I‘C‘IT’: ve

jijg' s even 1.3011917.
Of ‘I‘I'SQtel‘. I-‘L is

e old S"stems

a low carry-

T.

:13

852).

e

16

of various concrete 3118 lines.
He develoyed the following formula, which he claims is
much suyerior to the Lrtter formula:-
V:CSHO'5dO'625

CS is a coefficient which varies with the roughness of

the interior surface of the yire.

For the old California giye lines, mentioned above, is
found that CS was 1.267.

For nodern "dry-mix" concrete and monolithic jige and
where very little care is taken laying the yiye, CS:O.510.

For modern "wet—mix" in short units; for dry mix rife
in long units, for average minolithic yige made on steel
forms, CS:_C'. 545.

For glazed interior yiye lines; for large cement lined
iron yi3es, for monolithic yiye lines where joint scars and
all interior surface irregularities are removed 0329.370.

This value of Cs is yarticularly adayted to jointed lines of
units made from wet, well staded concrete, degosited against
oiled steel forms and allowed to set firmly before forms are
strirreé; the glazed surface resulting from this treatment
being untoushed with brish or other "wash" Irocess and the
units so uniform in shale that no shoulders are Iercertible
to the touch when the line is finished.

Eiye made as they are today and carefully laid closely
ayrroach the fourth condition of concrete fire, that is 03:0.370.
Actual tests made by Hr. Scobey on a number of fire lines show

even better results than this.

COIJYIO

0014

l (

._‘
U

alsa, Chla.;ora, is nor re cci ing its watt
the lmxgest reinfo :ced excrete j’l e line
i on this continent. {he och Joint ”if
ilders of Luis jij e line. Ilr. ,Cooey c
s on ‘”liDPS reacles of the line from :

cravinaw Lam

to

the

outlet at bola

es zany . L ose te;n33 were all can'11ucted nitl-sz‘viet to de-'
ininf fric ion coei iicients in variaus "O'Trlac for lens
of :::s life. Zeszlts if t e53 15:1: :7' o.~vn in tae
l :Mi'fl;e iollorfiin' gire.
The high lefig of Cs obtained in ileie ;e;is S;7V tTct
recommenfed for t-e best or concrete :1 e, is a very
s:r*ative ttfnze for Cs,
In.;huie liii, Ezr. ,cobog’il:te iixnl the sin? '1" c:: W01*“
3 five mile sectioi and a iour mile UGCulJ“ of Cizcre be con—
et Lenter, Colorado. tne “ectiad ”3“ brilt in 1 El, 9nd
31:61 late in 112%, by *be loche 53int :3e Con'-ny. hey
531,-33;" in.Ciru:etery arula‘re iceu_t icul.:3 f2; :5, tleacarig-
.1 interior strfuce is cancerred. Lesult; of ilese tests are

yaye 19.

C
‘Zlvl

70 for tie bTSt concrete ’iye.
C:.;i1';,'1;1§*' caxt “it; of cs 11011 )1 es
rt if it Ciriies ”atei contsininf min
ubercles soon form on its innov sirf;
izif‘ CL} 5. it?» in) 5. ltirgwa e::t€uit. C‘ e
teel igé.

is a table Citir~ I.lues (er lined

rive-confidence

' _
. I' ‘
-L b.)

or vegetable

MBCIGQSG

. 3
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”11,8 7.; c-lfi-e Us.
.: .- .t a .1- ., “L, - 1 '
41.; 'u“S‘u3 U2! .J I.

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wqwucnmm.uo AsmwcmaMoon A-csc; erOOHmp

A amass ass Auzm . A 3A .ohnt machoqoo dmoaowqwma a ma

13 .1. - 7...: «A .,.

u .v/ D « ‘rtlxlk w. LI.’ ; b yr!
I .1 II ... W.\. . . l -v\ l‘.o1 [3.1 2.1 . CI to... l‘I .‘J‘OI‘J fil‘la .11. . c .I‘. Icl ll .c’lal .‘ I‘sll idly ‘ II all it ‘I‘
. F . A). Q i: I. ._ __ _ .. __ .4. ,4“). 1 w :4.
LI u i' ' (f. v\ I ' -.. (t .1919 u? I I.I.-.$u1L . :ull. : lt-b. xr’ . I-» \ 1/ VII .5! r 950 l \r r.- l‘ .-

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fiuam.u wwfl mvfi

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mafio.o ova

b¢fl

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k (N... gr -1 .... Lor - +. -
mwaoamsflm
0.), . \a O 3. )NJ .3 1.1.3.11...) I. fir
C No c VH Cu .L RF ......:.0

nfiopgfim

O .a a . ,. Ox “.4.
U a.“ ma cu m puz.mu.
BFHH.‘ .... 0.30.
ll ‘1 . c Q! 1
.s as. a su.u "manages

Q . .I“..l .

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II .t...\ 'I?L.V.}_r 1H .0 OF

w. 1...... -44 (J... III-ii; ‘11 -.l .1“) I. t. 1'31 AI... -J.l...
IO- lk.ltfil IIHF H .r $1.30 rhuf.» n.v..b. ‘PHr' .DH .lvu..r'

I. Q \d . 1 fitsv .1 J. v...
Hsr.o one LA mm.“ M ran 3. 0? m
96.56...
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Qum.o wee ya mu.u :Ar.0fl.ao.
m... OSHA...)
gAuHJHAn
mflo.s omH.JH .u.u sHHnmA
0.
Lamoow 30%. u .oom\.w Pflmfifluflafi .m
use. mwwoom p
.swssxn .mhfl owoaosao wmosowmficu a ma

Has

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(a

scobey for Cw in Eazen-Uilliams fornula for various h'nds of
1x006580054n COC/i
" .2

Tile. hazen-Uilliams's formula - Van» .CCl
Cw
Yew cast iron 3116 130
10 yr. old cast iron )ige 110
EC yr. old cast iron )iye. 100
flew riveted steel lile 110

10 yr. old riveted steel jiye 100
Wood stave 3i1e. 120

First class concrete fire average value as determined
in tests on Tulsa and lenver lines 146

Strength.

A few years ago Ilain concrete Iile was Ilaced in the same
class as vitrified clay Iife as regards tensile strength and
limited to less than 15 feet Lead. Tlis frecaustion was then
necessary owing to the inferior quality of the giye made, and
failures were common even under less than 10 foot Leads. In
recent years marked imyrovement has been yrudrced. [here is

today in successful oyeration, a large mileage of unreinforced

jile from 6" to 24" in diameter under leads of 25 to 4o feet.
leinforced Iige lines oyerate at heads as high as 500 feet.

Below is a list of high Iressure reinforced concrete jire

lines in use at the

1resent time With their working jressures.
Date laid Use of main Size Working }ressure

'Swanse 1905-06 Water 20" 246‘
Norwich 1908 Sewage 36" 151'
Swanse 1910 Hater 24" 500'
Clyde Bank 1910 Hater 18" 550'

Birmingham 1921 Jater 60" 255'

Tile manufacttred by the Fume yrocess, stand uy exceeding-
ly well under Iressure. A life designed for 100 lb. yressure,

shows at zoo lb 1er square inch, faine lines of dangness, at

‘0 1b. the dew deve103s into a

(D

250 1b. this becores a dew; at 3
heavy sweat and at EEC lb. jets of the finest visty sIray
occrr.

Concrete fife can be designed to withstand any water
Iressure which would ordinarily occur in a water SUITl‘ sy‘-
tem.
life.

Concrete water rains, esyecially high Iressure lines have
not been in existence long enough to determine their life. it
Iresent its life is estimated at 70 to 100 years. If well made
Iiye are used, and if Irogerly laid, this estimate seems fair-
ly conservative. This Ilaces concrete rile second only to
cast iron when long life is considered.

Cost.

Ilen long life, carrying cayacity, and service are consid-

ered, concrete :ije is the clearest on the ma~ket. The lock

J

Joint li3e Comrany, recently lot in a large amount of their

Iiye for the water su]}1y of lashington, B.C. Ielow is a

‘1

summarv of relative values of the various bids received.

loch Joint Cast Iron Cenent Steel lire with

*2 :--_r.~_ .. r 1' , ° .. :3 n...
nei.nriiced .;13e loiieu .a

JillflUTllJIOIIS

Concrete .ige Iron life Enamel Coating.

first Cost ;°cs,sco.oo ,svo,ovr. $387,08t.50
Durability

Cayitalization 01

yearly sinking Lune

to rej‘lace j. i] e at

end of ~"ts estimated

life

steel i}e 55 years

Concr. " 7O " 18,£35. 2 7,527.48 7,634.41
Cast Iron fige lCC yis.

Carrying Cayacity

Cayitalization of

extra annual 3um3ing

cost against greater

friction. 25,417.19 151.2é6-57

(d

'r,417.1o

brought down

to e same b:sis s
to l f and carr;ing
i

.y. r395,608.fl 528,644.87 4Lc,170.13

lercentare Lelation
Eetween corrarative

‘ _. 7 _ r “.0
costs. 100; lSCN lEZN

gsss,soo.oo

l;e cost of any jire, of course, degends ugon the location at

which it will be tsed. Uhere timber is Tlentiful, wood stave jiye

--

is very low in cost. But wood stave wige is short in life and when

a

this is taken into consideration, concrete is usually the clearer

Of 21.1119 11.10.

Joints:

Jhen concrete fife was first :sed for carrying water under

’i

n, x ,- ' ... . 4‘. ° ..-. .‘ .J‘ H.-. .1 - 7- ... . .1 g . -. ,.. .J. -., .. : - ' .
iiessdre, it was one iyireSSion '1 many, oLtt a EQL-SALCs013 Joint

.7“.

could not be desi;ned. -owever,

that they now give v ry little trouble.

'OiflbS lave been so gerfected,

tie

were ere several Gil oi

.,.. g.

gresent tine,

joints Nsnrfscturee 3t
eicellent re ers 11--ts. -1-

:wnp these is tne joint is 1 L“ Trnc Lwntfeetrre s tie "lock
Joint", and tht r;ntie ttred by -re lonzclto-Concrete Corinretion.

file Ifixze ioirit :s a i;1n“zensive :21* reigr netisiactrnq; joint.
ine ‘iges are totl‘elxdfldiordinery tongue JU1"UOTG enc. Tn

sue}-

r‘w -
-1

end.<of one 3i3e is slid into ile grove of
tfigie Tfigr, x :Jre IgCZLiHF is fleced

1:

tornjiie,

-1

- ‘4 J " ~ . (1 4 1 "i . r‘ fl " 1 t" ’M "r‘
- olon .o leo, .leie is l o coilw or
w ' '\ 'u a‘ (‘I ‘7 - . ' ' -_ "'. c‘ W. "Va: ‘,
fiellf; Ll- z.‘ >3 -l_e 1.3 e Lnk ‘.. l (oi; (“n 4.- 5.1.1. (L

4‘1 n - 1‘ n " 7-- -- 1n
v.-e :I—Ile 3;) vi e. 5-. J G...
x: -.. .a -i m, ° n. J .

e LiJJueoei Litif.tl .r-

V l:
l

-" ,._ J. (fl I T - J -.\ I. .L” , ' .i f ‘1 '1 1—..-“ .15., fig.’ ‘—
vJ---n fine OLA—UL—Ltke L! U eoe; O.L L4 C: 1_- e. -LG Coiled. .LO Owl! ned
' "J“ "QV'" .-~r‘""t ‘ “3 m- w 15.:1.‘ fl «-~‘3‘ *7 -~‘- 1"
fl 1 VJ- 1.1V Evv L} ceri.\.;ll. ’ v Q u—-e MK)... 1L8 0 LI] J—w e cnu. K);— s lse .1 4-} e ’ ALA.
" 7' NT "' Q l‘ ' . -6" —.. 4 1‘ v . ~fi ‘~ -- ‘, ': J j'\ 1‘ '1": ‘F - J 1’ \‘ ~ -:‘ O . -,~
e or, ortt hall its widtn Jiouecoo UGJOH( tLe end ii .Le ; ”e.
J . -. ‘ (W 1 V ‘4 H —. ~ 'l 1" ~r f i J" 1?: ‘ I 1-, .fi
53 0: legion -3 totally cone in .“e ierd. lie tonghe o; hflle

next to tie colle: 3n; :Le c;Vi-

the czolle" is gronted tlrough e Lole IIOY
shetcl oi ijijoint istnown M1:i$. l.
098D.<ov tne =ije for severel says,'to
the jCJint is“ ;oigrted rgj fTJR‘ tLe i:n3.d .
EI‘Q‘Itinf on tie collar is toured enrol-.51.-

J
7-!-
of

tie other using very

A- .- -...' 4.7,.
L3 i‘OIhIU L'l.-e . .L uh

between fine

ided in tLe collar.

After

-low £01 settlinr,

any

for

‘.
*se‘
LLQ K.

r.
Ln.

long nozslet :nnnel

Own. one side of the fire until it flows out from tie o iosime
0": y‘“ - *1 '1 :‘n " 11‘ ' ' ’ ‘ --1 . - '1‘ ‘.
“4&3. iLe only can ie3t17re Ol'uJiSJOlnt, is ire, if ;Le :1 e
li~

‘39 were subjected b0 a {rest varietion in ten=er;trre, a "tr-
fE.‘ . Q .’ ,. _, .. . .J

‘38 line ior lHSoSfiCG, cortrection mignt jionrce leeLare.

r' “ 1 ' ~ -~ ‘ a - ..,‘ "\ -' ‘v. ‘ ‘1 " '* '1-‘1 (“‘\ ‘
-Le .00n cOlnt ije Corr-n; m3n features two LlflQS ol ; ess-
JOiids, "lead eni Iron Joint", and "lead an? Steel Loint",ti

crinr rsed for tie lerpe s

"ice

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‘le"Te;d find Iron Joint" is iurniszed on 1i? s 13 to 4E" in

..~

(jeneter. "y reierence to lie. 2, it will be seen tint bell and

- . . ‘L i‘ 'L '1 ‘. a" - . . v- , .bf‘ MP. .‘~-~ —-. -' r; .2.“ 3 - 5". e . .~ ‘ , 1 ~‘ —: 1‘ J 1 -...
SZlEOU csso i;0n i1;;s Or a ”He idl entje ole motieed in tie 0;-
‘ ‘ ‘3 ‘1 ‘ , ,1 - .- - fi" fi " {a wry s" . '4 a - ~-.,* ~
poslte end- oi etcl 313e, Jezlig been lLi_t in in i-ocr1(l :(vi o_

.4 ' -., ' - , i - ,' .s.‘ ..,..~ .. -1 -‘ _,.° ,._ - ° F, ~ _, _
Lne reiniorcenert. "Le eniioceo or tlece i;nrs, 0331;; in contact

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. .C‘: “ ‘ . ' ..' ‘ - .1 4 - . .(H -| .' _, , .J ‘ ,. - —' 1 .,. T .. ~.3 -, '3
{ICE .L..l€( \ ltl- p0 oodll .lele .ln ’lCLe \ J l‘rC “HELL 4-6 Lei‘llleh
4 H. . " ' —. - r‘ ‘l ‘ " (‘- f“ - u -v-. “ ‘ ‘1 J ‘\ 1‘1 -. fi "l " ' I- ‘I 1 ‘ ‘ -
Elf-S ulCliL'. ,; e f:_.:‘;.'- Lu; 3“; C .LU.L- C(L L0 L1. L.‘1.Lr.’ Ll” a 3.8.. wt A8“. £3__._;' 8

~. ‘ I .. . 4 . .. ~ . -r- J‘ -3 . - ,-.: . ..‘.* W m, .. w.
Llltt UGL‘L 1.0 ’e. .L‘lllg,‘ O.L one lit): 6.: {4.333178 Lin; 6 61-x"; e;

gashxet is glaced in file tell end of the rite. Cle bell is jrovid-
ed itith e slonld r and s froove in the form of 2 reverse wedge.

“‘1’ ~»1 “-u J 1 (w_ P" .. .4. .-‘ . -.
u- 63 it O.L oLe 991-: J: 1:; 6.:

feet; cylinder. "6 1 ring and jointing of tne ji;es is effected

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by nuesns oi e rifflkf.

tle l‘roceeding wire and a wire rope sling connected to this bcnd

.1 .L

and KKtending eround tle bottom lelf oi fine Ireceedine ji c. “on-

‘3‘

0')

'4 P ,, ' ' . -‘-, -.. 7,. 7 ,i ,3; -FJ . "- ,. . .. .-
nec:.ekL to t.ofis:iie iOLK” (Lie at eatfl. site, ELLvGHUlJE‘JA) JOlnt

'\-‘-' ..‘- 4‘ _ H ._...,.3. J1 H . .' _ ._ .° " "‘ m - t"'--
bilf! L1; cegond one end of tie ;l e laid. “gene fztb are

.4.
U

Lreedei

.;e bell end

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Oi 44-8 Elle. Eeevr bress nrt: are gut on tie ends of ti rods

tle siigot is lijltly extended into the bell

r. 'V
Cr“ fi~.7 °. F. .4" 1 3 ,“...~. .1, -4“- I“. - - ,..., ..2' .. , ,P , g
* ’-;~_ 23.11.].va nae lee. L f '.~.;:J_:-e u '1.» . _ 4-8 J- 1: Go- ; IG .J.Oi’l 1 Cent} .zOI‘
”De.
1“?! u“ . - . ~ . -- 4 w :- ° :' .- ‘ .- 4 ~ AIL-a -: .A . w- 4. 't
-%L .i iceo.ixn;etiei, anal eLlS lESKJL e 0,! ;Q.nteniiq,tng on one
n::J r.‘ ~_ ~ .. _I:‘ - ‘ g ‘ N .0 V _' _ 1
U 0.; r:1e:-.:ns oi large reenet tfrenczes. .-:;‘ tie j 1: es are grilled
tOge: l -‘ ‘- 4 n- ~~ --" 4‘ a ' C. 4 J'A-w . m -: ,_, 1r 4 1 ”~1- 4 . .t... 1 1 .
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”(cl/bed Calla-sped 600’ of chfl'//eJ/edv:f4)fl'cf With-41k.
‘3}:ch Wire/I {med info M6 (tel/red ? (alie‘MdfC'Je/Id
mtha/ Caz/A’s Ma 40d of pr 7‘ 077%”)? Ac//.

46 ll 67‘ (ad .5641; fie 071/:
J \/ CI '(c wafer-eh 164/
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24

the bell. 5t the same time it }RSL€S the gashet fiorward against

the shoulder of the bell and into the grove forniny a reverse
wedge. The jifes are forced together until tie tsyer Tirtion of
the sligot has jassed beyond the lead, and the lead lies canlhed
for its entire dejth between the bell and the cylindrical yor-
tion oi the sgirot. She gashet re sins in a definite and fired
Iosition in relation to the bell, while the qjigot can slide

beck and dorth on the lead without Iernitting any leakage. fivery

joint acts as an enjansion joint. The only disad'antafe in
*lia ioini io werla“a its 6? erse ”be T*“e° are ranvfact-
u- o u 4.1..U’ s.) J , “-10, Q 4..“ lo 0 .1i .LlJl 0 GJ. .1<.« - ... L;

J“
J

tired in ls' length to reduce the number 0

‘— Ir ‘ ' ' 'r :1 H ‘ ' . t ' a "V. Tr . h ‘ ' .‘r‘ :‘ 1 r.“ ‘ 3‘ '
The "ates-i LlltL steel Joint ' is s1; ailei to tne "I sac. C no Lon

Joint". She chief difference being that steel rings are used in

‘.

llaee of cast iron. nhen the yiy a wedge

J
(:3
L.
(D

F“!
m
0
(D
C.
( 4-
O

'7

C‘
f.
(D
t...)

-‘\
' 9

CD

is formed. An endless wedseshared, fibre-filled lead gasket is

rleced in this cavity'and is canlhed from the interior of the

l-

(‘0

L—J

17-i]e. Che back fill can be faced on .he rile end the “ire

‘ J

loued to settle and assume its natural Ios1tion before t

.1
..

re joints
Eire finally caulned, the interior caulking grove around tne cir-
crurference of the zile is filled with mortar. This joint is
rnade in sizes of 36" to 1C8". L shetch of this joint is shown
in.Figure 5.

Che ssrhalto-Concrete Corjoration's joint is somewhat simil-
EJ'lO that used by the Fume minufactures. The fire, which has
JSeriectly ylain ends, are butted together and a steel form ylaced

Eironnd the joint. The a-ace between this ionn and the fire is

Zfiilled with asrhalt forced in by high yressnre. When the esrhalt

 

 

 

 

 

 

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J‘Pl‘e {AV/ed W174 mar/4r
7‘4 ’04sz 1’0 fer/or of PP:
I’lfie-

1c4o’ 400’ ere/ Maj/72‘-

 

F5}. 3

 

m
()1

cools, reinforcing steel is 1laced :round tie asylalt and a con-

concrete collar is 3oured around th joints.

r.w—-r-r‘

*q' l “
y‘n“ .Ll .L.---J‘.J.

(1.

Concrete drain tiles mere Ierhags, lirst manufactured in
this country in 1871 in the vicinity of South Bend, Indiana.
Recently, samgles of these old drain fires have been (as n;
and examined. In post cases, the :ijes were still in good

condition. Another =Tant was established at Ta tle Creek,

U2

Ijichig'an, in 18652. I..-z~‘ny of the jige manufactured in tlri
Ilent, from 18o: to 13b6, are still giving food service.
Ehese examjles show that concrete drain tile is long lived.
Freezing and Shanon? Action:

Lany of the early concrete drain tile failed oec: se they
were too Iorous.. Che absorftion of drain tile should not
exceed up. To acquire the stall atsorytion, the concrete
must be of a fairly rich mix, say 1:5, and must be well
racked in the fonn. When tie above recni;enents are net,
concrete drain tile give excellent service. Ciey stand
freezing and thawing action as well as any conyetitive tile.
there have been cases of clay drain tile (isintegratiny when
they have been alternately frozen and thawed.

Action of soil:

oils attach Concrete humic acids, iron

(,0

lest and alkali

sullhide, hydrogen sulihide, 5nd aliali water in feat, are

A

all active 8,a11st it. Alhaline eart: sales also tend to dis-

integre te it. Chis action may be alnost wholly :revented by
using water TIOOfinf in the concrete as was mentioned aoove Ior

sewer 1i3e.

ortvr-v irrn
want---... -.L..._40

Culvert jije may be yiaced close to the svrface of a road

or it may be llaced beneath a deer fill. In eith r ase it

must be evtra strong. Tor that reason culvert jiies are usually

V‘-

7

CL 81“

*J0

made stronger than sewer )ire. Concrete is coring into a u
use for culvert 3ije every year. It is the most :er anent, and
strongest Katerial yet found for this Turyose. It can be de-
signed and manufactured for any load that will occur in this
tgj e tlf tvoIQL.

fl .. - . a .4
y o ‘ 34 Q"
‘a-Jl.’ u; C. we

‘1

(a

steel ;i1e is very strone yije, but 1: is

' .. ‘ T -.s-~4I .-- - .'-¢-" “1 t '--‘ -—.~'- " .
short llVeQ. it rests axag. .lbilllCh clay as too brittle to

- ‘1 r1 1" - I 4 t . «u f‘ ‘ '- ' :1 --\ ‘ ‘ j: :, ‘ ' . 4 J "1 ‘ ‘ .' 4 “ ’
bE—‘t 14-8.Cek’- i101; L4-e Striace of c. luau, fella is. I13 a S‘.'1013F.31101tF;

4 1 _ ’ ‘ ‘ ,. 4- ‘ . ‘ . I“ 1
a) be .iaceo oeimninia (lee; rill.

u

n— J

~ '7“ ‘Ir‘qv
H“) IJl-l.

The thickness of tall and area of steel for reinforcedcon-
crete jige is arrived at by the use of errirical formrlas, which
were determined exyerimontally.

Che formtla for the design of culvert ;i}e by the Joint

fl

Concrete Culvert Tige Committee is -

QJ
x
E
IL).
p.
(.4.
F3)
3

0 2
in which J- iniform load in 1Llh73 1er scuare foot to; and bot-

d; inteinal diameter of 1136 in inches.

t; distance of center of tension reinforcement to com-
yression surface of concrete in inches.

l; sectional area of tension ieinioictment in Square

0 1

1n0nes ICI lineal foot of fire.

stress in tension in rounds yer square inch in the

i5?

reinforcement.
J; ratio of lever arm of reinforcement to t.

the values of "j" and the larcenta e of reiniorceieit being
determined by tle us 131 formulas.

3y use of this formula an, similar formulas, various com-
mittees of the American Concrete Institute have nade tables piv-
ing area of steel and thickness of shell for va~ious sizes and
kinds of ;ige. -he basis for these tables are the reriirereit
of the stenda;d pgecifications of tiese jijeo.

.0

St Lndaid slecifica ti ns ior concrete, cover the subject
well. L-e; describe tie kind of aterial that shall be rsed,
the concrete mix, ranrfacture of field made and share raCe Tire,

joints, Iosition of reinforcement, workocnshir enu iinish

J

sical tests and clerical tests.

ihese 1h; sical tests include, cru_slinf test, hydrostatic

1ressure test, and absorrtion test.
the crushing test is gerforned in three different ways,

two edge bearing, three edre bearinr and sand bearins. In the

two ed e oeer11 13 test, the rige is crushed eetneen two bearing
edges, one on tor of the yige and one on the bottom. In the

three edre bearing tes., the iire res ts on tao ed; es close to-
gether. ind in the s;nd bearina test, both the bottom bearing

and to; bearing are 3' sand.

‘. , rr

sewer 3i§e are subjected to a ' Wd‘ostaoic 1ress1re or 5*

u
yer square inch for 5 minutes; 10% 1er sq ua1e inch for 10 min-
u es; and 15% yer square inch for 15 minutes. The syecimens
shall show no leakage under these Iressnres.

Below is a table of standard syecification jhysical test

requirenents of concrete sewer yire.

Average Crushinr Strength,
lb. 1er lin. foot.
T Ximum
Knife Edge and Sand absorr tion,
Three Edge Bearings. Bearings. 18? cent.

1000 B
1000 i228
1 1 14170

1000

. 1570
9 1100 1710
12 1200 1060‘
15 1370 “:00

1e - 1540 i“.

2 3070

 

(16011;5

24 £150 71F
C 2‘560 dK-l
é C2600
r? R C L)

(J 29b

r-C '20

c.” r ‘1U(

”0 :7 O 4Aoo

i 089 ,;

L130 (10
C! K.

{2.1 E”...

42 3520 ”‘~

mmmmmmmmmmmmmmm

F3
to

.1
.;--J.« L -e...‘

V ,-,..-‘ . 7" - Y"
I " ,. f‘ L .
-4-

Che rould consists of an outside form, an inside form, a
bottom ring for forming the sjipot and a to; ring for forminf
the bell. ihe concrete is mixed wet and 3*ured in the forts,
wnich have 1reviously been oiled. “hey are then 3ut in a
steam hanber or covered with a canvass and the ercesS‘ ater

teared for 12 to 24 hours and then the

U)

steaned off. Zney are
forms are strijred. luring the curing yroceSs, es:ee a
the weather is 1'.r.-;:.“1:., the )i; es are 1.6} t in a 7:10'st condition

for 5 to 10 days. In the lsrser izes of 3i1e, the cm ereie

CO

is szaded by long 8

—’.
{‘1
pm
F!
:1

FT)
(.1.
C)
O
H
0?
o

Chis Irevents any voids in

.4

the :ige and insures a reed bond betneen the steel and the

n

concrete. the 1iges are'usually made on the location or the
job Or in a yard near the iob.

Shis netdmni has at least cumajmoor feattre. (Lie concrete

is mixed so wet tnat it will not have as great a strength a

it would have if the mix were ideal.

f.‘ A ,1- 7‘ ' -' -. -.
‘K—LI-- ea J J. -' t: .

!
.4. .L

T
1

a machine. Che outside

1...!
c, 4
fl
{1
p,
(D
C1“
e":

Lained yige aresunwfl-
form rests on a revolvinr table. in lflSlu: form t;at does
not revolve is lowered in the outer form. Cincrete of a dry
mixture (with a very smell slum; if any} is fed into the ierm
at a slow rate. 7he concrete is firrlr ta red, as 1; revolves
with the Otter form, by a mechanical tamj-r, which usually con-
sists of a small hammer or weight that moves Kr and down at

the rate of 1C0 to 450 times yer minute and striking a blow of

50 to 75 lbs. 1er stroke. Uhen the concrete argroaches the

t0} of the form, an additional form is ylaced over the inside
form to form the bell. Uhen the form is comjletely filled and
the toy end troweled off, the inside form is raised, by nach-
inery, the revolving table is stogjed, and the outside iorm
and Iije fiched uy with a two wheeled cart and wheeled to the
steam chamber. Che outside iorm is removed immediately and
brought back to the machine to form.another yiye. Either
Ilain or reinforced yiye can be made in this machine. When.
reinforced fire is being nade, a double tamyer is used, one
to work on each side of the reiniorcing. Tires larger than
54" diameter are not usually made by this nethod.

[he yroduct is a dense and strong rife with a slightly
rough inside surface. Ihe rough surface is a bad foint as
it reduces the carrying cayacity of the yiye.

The thrahen hachinery Comyany, makes a machine which
tamyes the concrete in a different way from that described
above. the concrete is tmnred by a revolving wall Iacker,
which Iachs the concrete against the outer form as it re-
volves HIGH an axis Which coincides with the axis of the
IiIe. Che Iacker consists of iour wings and a Cldflo rue
disc trowels the inner surface of the yije to a smooth fin-
ish. r"he form is Ilaced on the revolving table and the re-

volving jacker is lowered into it. The concrete is fed
slowly inc, -n- iorm and tne yacher is slowly lifted from
the form as it revolves. When it is clear of the form, the

I118 and firm are carted away and another form glaced on the

table 0

Centrifugal File.

Chere are 86V me cl different vetlods of nanifl “c uring cent-
rifugal 113 e. 12210119: these are the Hume Trjc :33, the Irethod
used by the lock Joint Tire Comlany, and the hoir~3uchanan
]1ocess. The Fume method is ferhars the most used and the

a

e. It was in-

.Q

best nethod for rr £1 Hf ctt1ing cent1ifupal i

v .4

J

W‘

vented and tatented by the Hume :rothers, of helbourne, ins-

tralia. Ile reinforcement is made u}, varying in weight and

strength according to the iressure or external load the 1116

q

is desi net to carry and glaced in the steel wold. Only an

f")

outside nold is used. Tlsnfes or end rings, CLSt to form

01

the bell and syigot ends of the life are attached to the enos
of tie wold. Klese rin s are of a Ceyth ental to the de-

1 w u _t

sired thickn ss of the wall of the 1118. “he moid is then

laid horizontally on a *“clsne cgnsis tilig of i1iction 1011-
ers wlich set the mold retolving. Uhile tie mold is turning
as a low syeed the amount of concrete necessary for the yiie
is inserted. The centrifugal force of the syinniny action
causes this concrete to distribute itself evenly ove 1 the
inner surface of the mold corrletcly erbeddinf the reinforce-
ment. tie ejeed is then increased. ;fter syinning for a

few ninutes the mold is brought LO rest, ani the excess water
which by the action of centiiiup al iozce has been exyelled
from the concrete, is allowed to run off. This water con-

tains some of the liq e1 jarts of the concrete mix. Some

of the coarser agrregate Iroject out from the surface of the

"I

lire too 1a and these are scra1ed off at this time with

()3
N)

trovrels. the i1es are then sgjun again to r about triro minutes.

d

11-;

During this final 1rocess the inside of tle life is burnished
by Iassinr a steel bar over the surface. Zone dry cenent is

Iut in the giye and moistened. Enourh cement is used to fro—

duce a ayer 1/8" to 1/4" in thickness. Chis Tiye is again

a—

‘

burnished with the steel bar. Zhe mold and fire are now tak-
en to the steam chanber and allowed to remain over night. [he

.A

forms are strijjed off the n rt morning and the Tire Ilaced in

J

the yard to cure. If

the w ether is at all warm, the l yes
are syrinkled for several days. “he molds are 6' long. An
8' gile can be rade, or by reans of a dividing ring ylaced

in the center of the mold, two 4‘ fire may be made. A fire
of 06" diameter, re uires about ten minutes of sjinning. A
72" Tire requires about 20 minutes of syinning.

1ige rad= by the Hume :rocess, are extrevely strong and
imfervious. jleir ordinary sewer 113e, when tested often come
ul to culvert jige resiirements. Che concrete in these rijes
weighs about 160% yer cubic foot and ordinary concrete weighs
from 140 to 15C# yer cubic foot.

Below are the results of tests made on Hume 3176‘

.. Q

Liam. Ase I Sect. Shell
lire be;* S a1ea steel thickness
55" 49 .524 5"
45" 45 .452 4-i"
54" 29 .554 4-5/5"
5“" 45 .524 s"
45" 15 .4’2 4:"
55" 24 .555 5-5/5"
50" 50 .215 2:"
27" .1 .159 2- 5/5"
27" .. .159 2- 5/5"
72" .. .526 5- 5/5"
54" 14 .554 4- 5/5"
42" so .575 2- 5/5"
Diam. Jall r‘ement hixture
1 1 cl-zne Sand
27" 2- 5/5" 1.5 2.5
27" 2- 5/5" 1.9 1.0
27" 2-5/5" 1.o 2.5
27" 2- /U 1.5 2.5
27" 2-5/5" 1.0 1.50
27" 2- 5’5" 1.0 2.5
Che loch Joint life Cor

main for 10 hours.

5.1 jije is soz'newhat sinilar to

difference being in
form consists of two
with circumferential lu
1'”

wire roye .hich imyarts

-1ed to t1e ca bles by

1
.1.

5—:

i-J

=orted by the cables.

the lire is in mooion.

bucketsful of neat cement grout

of the fife. Lfter 20

form are removed and gut in the s

iorms are stri 'ed 5nd
Che hoir-Euchanan

'0
E0!

the whirling re

1111

After

"L, L e

1 ire

.4.

First

Crack

.
(10»

11> (r v.1 1.“ ca 01 V3 01 "‘ N "'5‘ "5‘
01 a, an 2-1 m C"- 0 C“ 0 m

()3 (J (I! F" (‘3 (‘0 15 9'5 (‘3 H\ 1P (3]
0309301TOODDCWDJ‘QNU

9
9
’
9
9
9
fr>clz
.23-
1.0
170 ne
None

1.0
1.4

4

5:18

the may the m1]

18:78 over 1‘.

15 minutes of

n.
Lav:

minutes of

In.

irocess is

S;ec. Fltirate Sgeciiicn.
Eeqmo. To; Eeqmt.
2,100 7,740 4,200
2,550 10,450 5,120
2,750 6,571 5,500
2,100 46,676 4,200
2,F5 8,256 5,110
5,000 11,665 6,000
1,500 4,056 5,600
1,650 4,566 5,500
1,65: 3,741 3,550
3,100 10,578 6,200
2,750 9,546 5,5(0
2,350 7,611 4,710
Age Hora. Tested Co Seeyare

Days Tress.
14 50 lbs. 110 lbs. None
14 5 " llO " "
16 55 n 110 n I!
15 55 " 110 " "
15 55 n 155 " "
17 22 " t5 " "

1 any' s metho

1.1708 TI‘OCGL‘) 5.

r1 (‘1

MD

tith.grooves

1

'V O

180k

80

0851“] 01—13

(1

are S3 1111.

semi cylinders of bent 11a

of making Centrifug-

The chief

The outer

te iron bound
or sheavets foi the
tion. *owcr 1s 2}-
eat. Che form is en;-

Concrete is glaced in

M1-1nr,

Yhen renoved from the steam chamber, t

Tlaced in

arsed on 5

Tloel‘

‘
I

1.163

the form after

uhirliny 2 or 3

.l

he 11-8i de

.1. '1.

.c5 jiye 31d

,1,‘ M .11. ,. ,,
‘-..1.61 e 51.0,,” 1 e-

he

yard to cure.

s confirmation of centri-

(a

,__.
L24

iu 51 and mecLenicel action. Cle SIilenf is done at relative-

,.
L“
’1' ' \ ‘ 1 J. ‘ V' J. z ’ 1 ‘ a. P, J ‘l .- c... J.‘ “. 4" fi
5w sjeed, 5oo low so ”Ejalc e one 55:1e355e5, ltt
-t .2 - . - s - 1-' A. In? J ' 7,721 ' m n,_\,-.;,,_, -'. 1.1 ,°.- '~
'00 {1"8 8. E JJU. 18.01.1113; 811800. .‘LLLCLL 010.113.]. (.LCI._I.-.1L .' .10 ‘26) 52.11160

J

~r v T‘"V‘ - -‘ .. T. V - ~f 1“ s‘ ' - 'i :1"- 1“ . ‘ '-- 3v 1" h~~ 1
b3 CQHJCCiLHF ore s_e11 c 15113 01 a continition Lniie end

A (V q A ' - -' ‘ ‘. - " 1 ’I‘ . " f‘ I"
e essem1 15.113 5 lztne and 51160 a

*1.

trowel. The recline used
...ive Cri‘ce to file mold. file concrete is introduced into
the mold b” mezns of a brchet, semi-circular in section, and
of tne someianfih.as tlegflfato be cs:

nounted on a slid-

e or knife

#- .J
I

(‘A
t
C.
I...
(D
H1

-: q I 5‘ ~ . ' '1 ‘ \" 0" ‘ -: 1 ‘1’ “a ‘. . r - 1- '
in; Ceirieje. -ne tucnet ~.5 410V1d8d -1
. . - rfi -‘ . -1 s r. «1 y-v‘- -: ' r -: O 1'.- o . ov '1 _ . , \ -— fi‘

5.101.r 1ts enoiie la1:-L, union {1325 the trouelling 5no ctt-

.' I"‘ r"? ,J‘ ., .‘V5 5‘" J '1 "\ "I. r H — 5, 'L-u. .' V' . 1‘6 7 -
tint ellect. -13 tucnet -5 iiixni eccea.11cell3 .1121v'31Vi

a .. - ., #1 ,-. 3-1, 4, 7 3..., :.- - . . ,-..- .1 ,

mec 1.3.111 SIR '00 5.1.5.1.- 122-511 CL‘LI‘I‘; 111 8.110. C -' 15.1 $111: , 1 "L 1. S :11 .13

1:.“ -.~ 4" -‘ . _ yr -] ,7 r33 ". 'L . 1 - ~ ._ 77' ~1~.~r ._-(‘. c-“sfi “'Y* 4'11’ - ‘1“ ""‘C‘ "~ '1'-
C "1' —-.L 0-1— vl~C 1.1‘ “\A‘c L’v‘1(k Ud-C l L4J.e:-'_:1.( '- I .. C\‘ '~’.-‘.’Ln- |. *1 V'\‘~.&I‘.1-Ar-L .l.a-‘
'Il - _ .1 .8 '-, v: .. - ' I ‘ n . .1 . ' a -\-..‘-.. _I A F. 1 - J O -" r-
ui-C Q .5 '51:. J - C k .. .. Cc . ,4 0;}. . J -6_ . 1 _ .5} 11_!,,-_ , (,L'Le L10 L1-l S GCC 811.9

J-

tric setting, tle blade is broucht into Contact vith tle con-
crete dumled end trowellin; is effected. lo measured Quantity

of concrete is ytt into tle bucket, since en; excess material

lro<s back into tie bucket going

is cut off by the blade and
into the next life to be forned.

Lle slell of i'i3e made b this frocess is dense and of
uniform structure tnrougnoutJ Cle bore of tie Ii e is, by
the trowllling action, tiiumxmi to guess and tle interior 5211
is given 5 neriec113 straiyht 2nd yolished surface. CLe eb-

116 does not exceed 2 or 51 as comyared

sorrtion of these J _ ,
to 10 or 12; found in cast concrete lire.
neinlorcevent.

Reinforcement usual].v cono'sts of one or two cylinters

'13.- 4- .17! » tr" 1° ,. 4- -. -. .1 -- .-
-111e 01 54 to 4:. 515.115 .e1 e mire 01.11; .2

sir€ie like of 151 iniorce1ent. fi:e above 42" in dizflre er re-

quire two lines of reinforcenent.

Reinforcing can be bougit already wade r; in rolls. It
is then only necessary to unroll it, measure off tle desired
amount, cut it, and slotweld tne two ends iogetier. It i:
lowever, often built uy, st tie giant. It is would on a men-
drel arl the circumferentiel reinforcement syotwelded to the
longitudinal. ’

r‘
. .

CLe lock Joint ije COFany use fl$t bars iir circuw-

ferentiel reinforcing in their }ressnre T"Ire. for

I...)

i: e 4.3.51.1;
is to stand Leavy yressures tie: use a thin solid soeel cyl-
inder e bedded in tLe snell of tie giye, toyetler with flat
bar reinforcing.

Concrete Lines.

For cast Tine, tLe min, of course, varies ni;L tie quel—

-3 .1

LJ
U)
P‘.
(f)
-4
[g
l

ity of gige desired. for sewer yije, a mix uf 1:2:5
ally zsed. 4ne mix is arrroxiwetely 1:; for Decline tenyed
rife. Lne Detroit fume Yije Com35ny uses a mix vi about 1:2:

.1 '1

F? 0 1: H . ‘ . ”fl - fl ‘0 5, a t‘ r- /( .‘o ‘1
a With ire coarse aggregate nil essing a O/c" sieve. {Le

loch Joint Tire Conrany use a mix of 1:2 of lortland cement

w

and ordinary building sand fo tieir centrifugal Iiye. AS
a general rule, then a much richer concrete is rsed for

than for ordinary construction work.

I..-‘.Yl' 13 C .
Concrete jige should be laid deer enough in the trench
so as to reluce the range or tenjer;ture. There should be at
least 12" of earth over tie toy of L11 hinds of gigs, and

high fressure should have a toy covering of a

L—z
H.

‘-—-'
CD

'i'ex‘n: eratnre changes in the shell of the gig e are {great-l;

duced when the jije is buried deerly, and less trouble is ex-

fhe trench should be just wide enough to allow room for
finishing the joints. Che bottom of the trench should be
laid as nearly as yossible to grade. Ii larfe ji3e are being
laid and the trench is deer, the better shitld be rounded so
that 1/4 of the circumference of the jije will rest firmly on
the Garth.

unall jlje are usually laid by standing the joint to be
laid on end and iillinr LLC groove end with mortar.
is then firmly yressed against the tongue end of the jije that
is already laid in the ground.» The mortar is smoothed off
with a trowel on the outside, and the inside burnished smooth
with a long landled brush.
Ear e diameter jije is tsually laid by
of mortar in the bottom of the groove of the
laid, and on to:i of the tongue end of the jijre L0 be lei 1.
The tongue and groove of the two
Iressed together and the joints filled in by hand. The in-

(‘fi "

than an incr s is finished

'1 .0

Site Ol

fl .41

a 3i3e of a diameter less

by a long-handled brush, but larger fire is finished or jointed

off by a man who works inside of {he lire. If it is lossible
for a man to work irside the ,i1e it is lest DO finish the in-

side of the joints 24 hours or lonrer af

laid. this giv s the yige tire to settle, otherwise join s

Iey crack if finished off at once.
Each filline should follow innediately after layine. -e

bachfilling material should be selected and degosited with
ejecial reference to the future safety of the 3i1e. Clean
earth, sand or rock dust should be solidly tamyed about the

rije ur to a level at least two feet above the tor of the

material shotld be carefully derosited in uni-

U2

form layers. Each layer should be carefully and solidly tenf-

ed or rammed Vlth Iroyer tools so as not to injure or disturb

the Ti] e.
luddling or water flooding for consolidating the back-

filling is recommended only for sun y and {ravely materials.
If this method is 1sed, the first floodinr should he ayjlied
after the bachfilling has been conjected by tanjins Hf to two
feet above the to} of the rites, and the second flooCinr dur-
ing or after the subsequent filling of the trench. in excess
f water should be avoided, in order to grevent disttrbance

of the earth under and around the 111p and also to frevent an
undue excess of jressure tron then.

the filling of the trench should be carried on simultan-
eously on both sides of the jive in such a manner that injur-
ious side gressures do not occur.

Loads imgosed on a ]i]e in a trench:

*—

.1

W

vrior to ltli, very little investigation of the load on a

1

r?
o8

jiye when buried in a trench had been done. ulle tin No. El 0
of the Iowa Engineering Exreriment Station entitle "The theory
of lo oads on lives in Litc es", rublished in 1313. Bulletin

C+

Ho. 47 entitled "The suyyor in? Strength of Sewer Tiye in

Ditches and hethods of testing Sewer Tiye to Deterniny Their
Ordinary Sugjortinfj Btrength," lub 11 sh ed in lEl'Z, and I‘ulletin
No. 57, entitled, "Sujyortinp Strength of Lrain Tile and Sewer
1119 bnder Different Ziye laying Conditions", yublished in 1920,
as their titles indicate all deal with this subject.
Ehe above mentioned bulletins were yreyared and Tuhlished
after exhaustive ex}e1riments carri ed on by Lean Iamr ton and his

J

associates at the Iowa Engineering Eryeiirent Station and yro-

1

vides efficient data for a rational design of sewer yiye in

ff!

trenc1es by deterrining the actual loads inyosed on iewer 3iye
in trenches of various deIth and widths in vs rioxs kinds of
soil.

hany engineers believe that if a Iije tests 8 andard srec-
ifications of the American Society for Sestiny haterials, it
may be successfully used in a trench 8' deer or in a trench
25' deer regardless of the wide difference in load irlosed on
this fire by the backfill materials. They also disregard the
character of the backfill and pay little or no attention to
the width of the trench.

Thousands of feet 01 bot 1Ilain concrete clay sewer fire
are giving excellent service today under very adverse condit-
ions, beiny loaded Ierhays to twice their ordinary surrorting
strensth: Again there are many other lengths of sewer giye

a31arently 3erforminy satisfactorily \hich are badly cracked,

as revealed uyon insyection. Jeveral cases have arisen where
concrete fife have been seriously crached are entirely to being
Ilaced in too deer a trench and laid in the trench in an im-
Iroler nann r.

J. D. hinmel now with the Detroit Vane Fire Congeny, and
formerly Secretary of the lmerican C ncrete fiye Association,
with data *resented in the Iowa bulletins, has uade thousands
of comj-vtations and C'O?‘i‘.'_l‘lled tahles ant greyhs showin,c the
efiect of different trench conditions ugon jije.

Grajh Io. 1.

Ellis {frag h shows the effect of width of trench on the
loads ingosed on a £4" sewer gigs in trenches of various degths
in a sattrated yellow clay soil. Along the bottom of the prayh
are indicated the loads in jaunds yer linear feet and on the

.1"

left side of the gralh, the deyth 01 trench in feet. The left

['17

hand curve gives the loads in trench which is 12" wider than
the largest outside diameter of the jlje; that is, a trench
Iroviding: a 6" ‘ITLl‘l-Zinff since on ecch side of one 1i] e, which
is the recognized minimum for that lurrise. Che right hand

curve gives the sare information where the trench is 2' wider

I
than the outside of the rife. A narrow trench, then, with just
enough room to finish off the joihts is highly desirable.
Iracticolly the same relation as indicaoed on this grarh
holds good for other sizes of jiye in lifferent kinds of soil,
although the actual gercentayes vary somewhat, yettins smeller

as the diameter of the Tire sets larger.

 

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Gralh Ho. 2.

This prarh shows the depths of trench at which a load oc-
curs on sewer Tire frOu 8" to 42" internal diameter equal to
the minimum crushing strength of that fire, as syecified by
the American Society for Testing haterial. The breadth of
trench in this case is figured 12" wider than the outside dia—
meter of the Iile and the grayh gives the various deyths of
trench in 6 different kinds of soil. The dejths of trench are
on the left side of the grain and the size of rife are on the
bottom. For instance, a 24" ripe in order to meet the str-
ength requirements of the A.S.T.h.Syecifications must surrorti
a load of 5070 lbs. If that lire were Tlaced in a trench ex-
cavated in damp yellow clay soil, this load would be imyosed
uron it when the deyth of cover was but 12.1' or the deyth of
the trench 14%'. ‘Ehe same load would be inrosed on a fire in
saturated yellow clay in a trench but 10' deer.

Ilate I.

ZXICIimentS were also made, at Iowa State College, to
determine the effect of laying donditions of the lire itself
in the bottom of the trench and attemjts were made to Irovide
facilities for increasing the ordinary suryorting strength of
the ripe by cradling it in concrete of a lean mixture.

1

Figure 2 on this Ilate illustrates w

5‘4

rat they choose to
call "ordinary earth bedding", in which the bottom of the
trencl; is so shared as to receive the lower SC degrees of the

1119 and.yrovide a smooth bearing surface 1LTOU€LOUt its

length.

figure 1 shows a yiye ylaced in a trench whose bottom is

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Ierfectly flat. Its suylorting strength is decreased 20; less
than the Iiye in Figure 2.

If the Tire is Ilaced in a trench shared as in Tia. 2 and
loose cinders or sand bedding is yrovided, as slown in Pig. 0.
and the bachfill material thoroughly tamred u; to a yoint
slightly above the syringing line, the su33'rtin; strength of
that life will be increased 26$.

he O.Ler figtres show different kinds of concrete cradles

szitable for rse in yeilding soils or ”i 113-

‘III S

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9
I

In this inv stigation by Jean geraton, no allowance mas

O ‘

wade for 81 e yressrre. Jlether th side tresere is enough
to increase the surgortinp strength of the 35:9 is not yet

iuioral.

l‘—’.

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In future years it will, jerha"

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of large

COLCLUJIJI.
Lie manufacttre of concrete jije

the last ten years. Its

'erhays the Lest all

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ltt toge*h

‘D .""" --I ‘V ‘ 1 '1
1-345 1110180.».38CL if}.

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115? {0: «Jail .1- L": -LS (file

suyerior qualities and its adaytability to various

gije manufactured.

‘e used than all other

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