«39

’%
'r&

'3-
.

”m

A

I
-u'.
E
a.

. :1

 
 

3 . e...
.11; ﬂaw“.
.. 3;
A s. .
”a ,. .
F. . w. a
u 1 .3“
r3 < ..
r: u a r. m
I . u
,5 5..“
I.‘ .
(i t 1»
«mu
.. .n
_. O

  

 

 

masw ‘ “
I
L

.1 o t 7 .

1“ h . v A J t
’ . .

.(l.

, This is to certify that the
‘- thesis entitled

_--' "A Histological Study of the Thyroid
Glands of 033 and 05? Mice.“

,' presented by

" Barbara G. Beam

- has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

1 I g, _M,§,__ degree mm

fﬂfw

Major professor

  

Da'e Karel). 11+ 1 2

 

‘éﬁi - - a? *‘m 31'

 

 

-.- - - Lw'an.“ JI-i

.__.'- J. A__.._)-.: -

, ~ ‘

a.“ -4 --. ..‘_._.

-.. -,.._ ._.

a... -.,_.- -.-.—__.¢_ -—

 

’1“

3’:

M

s as M

s: t‘
i.‘

«ll .

i
if

7| , «A

. ._.. ¢..a;¢—:ﬂi‘khlb' “erﬂl’t A ‘ V

H.‘~" gmrﬁug‘kVW'Mhi .:.._.4~3-3~.I-‘vu.;7,_. . .. .__.-I _ H.“

, a"
1', 1¢-'-\%5

IA, A :4 :‘ ' .

{gr-lg}: a

g Ar’zx‘ 95512} i:

p _ ‘7 I
H; van E’ﬁﬁ‘ﬁ‘sf
4" "‘47:“. ‘ SJ

'v

.’V

AI;

1,, , s _'
.p ,3- ~ »

a v’lif"$1l§;‘

. l V

~ -' 3i) \'

‘5‘

,1- “
wit‘b'b -- 7i
‘4‘ _~.\ 7

. \

r i

r

3.
A!

 

2 ‘. ' ’r '
>3», (1” '1’
‘ 9. f 4- \
:6 ”1’ ,

“x 4';
;:/\‘ .

U.
k .
A;
1i vs

.450"\‘ t.

n.‘

A HISTOLOGICAL STUDY OF THE THYROID GLANDS

OF C3H AND C57 MICE

BY

BARBARA G. LEAMAN

A THESIS

Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Zoology

1952

IBESiS

 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to express her sincere appreciation
to the staff of the Zoology Department of Michigan State Col—
lege and especially to Dr. R. A. Fennell, under whose auspices
this study was conducted.

Grateful thanks is also due to the staff of The Roscoe
B. Jackson Memorial Laboratory and to those that made it
possible for most of the research to be conducted there.

Acknowledgment is also due Dr. W. R. Breneman for

his advice concerning the statistical analyses.

lh’ﬂvfﬂf; a 1 7.

VITA

Barbara G. Beaman was born in Cambridge, Massachu—
setts, on July 23, 1929. She attended The Girls' Latin School
in Boston from 1941—1947. She entered Michigan State College
in the fall of 1947 and received her Bachelor of Science degree
in Zoology at that institution in 1950. She was a graduate stu—
dent at Michigan State College in 1950-1951 and spent the fol-
lowing summer as a Student Investigator at the Roscoe B. Jack-
son Memorial Laboratory; She is now a graduate student at

Indiana University in Bloomington, Indiana.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
11. MATERIALS AND METHODS . . . . . . . 5
III. OBSERVATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
General Histology . . . . . . . . . . 8
The Relation Between Thyroid

Morphology, Age, and Sexuality . . . . 10

Relation Between Strain Difference
and Thyroid Morphology . . . . . . . 16

Comparison of Three Corresponding
Age Groups in C3H and C57 Mice . . . 16
IV. DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4

V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . 26

REFERENCESCITED. . . . . . . . . . . . Z7

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE Page

I. Comparison of Males and Females in
C3H and C57 Lines of Mice . . . . . 12

II. Comparison of the Thyroid Glands of
C3HandC57Mice......... 18

III. Comparison of the Thyroids in Three
Age Groups of C3H and C57 Mice . . . 21

LIS T OF FIGURES

FIGURE

1. Ventral view of thyroid and trachea

2. Diagrammatic cross-section through
A-A' of Figure l . . . .

3. Epithelial height of thyroid follicles
of C3H males and females .

4. Epithelial height of thyroid follicles
of C57 males and females . .

5. Thyroid follicle diameters of C3H
males and females . . . . .

6. Thyroid follicle diameters of C57
males and females . . . . .

7. Epithelial height of the thyroid
follicles of C3H and C57 mice .

8. Diameter of the thyroid follicles of
C3H and C57 mice . -. . . .

9. Epithelial height of thyroid follicles
in three age groups of C3H and
C57mi_ce........

10. Diameter of thyroid follicles in three

age groups of C3H and C57 Mice

Page

14

l4

14

14

19

19

22

22

I. IN TRODUC TION

The observations of Little gt a}, (1939) showed a low
incidence of mammary tumors in C57 female mice. Later,
Andervont (1949) reported a high incidence in breeding C3H
females. Husely and Bittner (1946) maintained that the follow-
ing intricately interrelated factors are important in mammary
tumor development: (1) inherited susceptibility; (2) hormonal
stimulation of the mammary glands; and (3) the milk factor.

Bischoff g _a_.__l_. (1931 and 1932), Mercier and Gosselin
(1935), and Salter _e_t_ ﬂ- (1940) concluded that thyroxine admin-
istration did not effect tumor incidence in mice. Histological
investigations made on mice supported this view. Twort and
Twort (1935) did not demonstrate a relationship between size
of the thyroid and tumor incidence, Later Barry and Kenna-
way (193?), who investigated the thyroid in five strains of mice,
maintained that there is no correlation between thyroid appear-
ance and incidence of tumors. Lacassagne (1939) and Haagen—
sen gt ﬂ- (1940) maintained that the thyrotrophic hormone of
the pituitary gland failed to prevent mammary tumors in mice.

Sugiura (1935), Ferguson _e_t_ 31. (1940), and Smith gt ﬂ. (1942)

2
concluded that thyroxine had no effect on tumor proliferation in
rats. Lerman (1947) maintained that thyroid function did not
influence development and growth of either experimental or
human cancer.

The results of Gross and Schwartz (1951) who studied
thyroid hormone concentration and elimination (using thyroxine
labeled with 1131) in both the C3H and C57 strains of mice,
suggested that an increased level of thyroxine in C3H mice in-
creased the responsiveness of the mammary glands to gonadal
hormones. Support is given to this view by the work of Levine
and Kugel (1933), Vasquez—Lopez (1940), Morris and Dubnik
(1946), and Dubnik gt a_1_. (1950), who demonstrated that admin-
istration of antithyroid drugs decreased the development and
incidence of mammary tumors in mice. Larinow (1940) found
that height of the follicular epithelium was decreased in mice
with benzpyrene—induced cancer. McJunken §_t_ a1. (1936) showed
that removal of the thyroids and parathyroids induced regression
of sarcoma in rats. Shipata (1929) found that thyroidectimized
rabbits showed an increased resistance to epithelial prolifera—

tion subsequent to tarring.

Another view in regard to the relationship between thy—
roxine concentration and tumor incidence was advanced by Gil-
roy (1930). He concluded that thyroxine inhibited tumor growth.
Likewise, Moppet (1937) and Meyer and McTiernan (1933), who
studied the effect of thyroxine on transplanted tumors, suggested
that tumor growth is retarded by thyroxine administration. This
view is supported by the work of Cramer and Horning (1938),
who showed that mammary tumor appearance was inhibited by
the thyrotrophic hormone of the pituitary gland, and that of
Karnicki (1932) who demonstrated an acceleration of tumor
growth in thyroparathyroidectemized rats. McClendon (1939)
and Chidester (1944) suggested that the thyroxine may play an
important role in human cancer development.

It was shown in the preceding paragraphs that three
views were presented in regard to the relationship between the
thyroid hormone and tumor incidence, i.e., (1) thyroxine did
not effect tumor incidence; (2) thyroxine increased tumor pro-
liferation; and (3) thyroxine inhibited tumor development.

It is the objective of this study to compare the thyroid
glands in various ages of C3H mice with those of C57 mice

of essentially the same ages from the viewpoint of obtaining

4

additional information about the relationship between histological

structure of the thyroid and mammary tumor development.

H. MATERIALS AND METHODS

Breeding pairs of C3H Andervont and C57 black line 6
mice were obtained from the Jackson Memorial Laboratory.
Animals were maintained by brother—sister mating. The thy-
roid gland was removed for histological study from 1-8 animals
ranging in age from 1—26 months. If, on autopsy, any patho—
logical condition was found in either males or females other
than spontaneous mammary tumors in C3H females, the mouse
was discarded.

Mice were killed by severing the spinal cord with pres-
sure applied to the occipitocervical region by means of the
thumb and index finger. The skin, underlying fascia, and sub-
maidllary glands, were removed from the ventro—cervical re-
gion and then the thyroids were extirpated by severing the
trachea above and below the glands (Fig. 1). They were fixed
in Bouins' fluid and stained with haematoxlin and eosin.

All follicles measured were in a line through the middle of
the gland extending from the medial to the lateral aspect (Fig. 2).
A Bausch and Lamb ocular micrometer x 20 and a x 48 objective

were used for measurement of the follicular diameter. Height

I—————TRACHEA

VT“.

1

A
7 THYROID
ISTHMUS

 

 

 

FIG. I. VENTRAL VIEW OF THYROID AND TRACHEA.

FOLLICULAR EPITI-ELIUM

FOLUCLES ALONG THIS
LINE WERE MEASURED

COLLOID IN FOLLICLE
TRACHEA

 

 

FIG. 2. DIAGRAMMATIC CROSS-SECTION THROUGH
A-A‘ OF FIGURE I.

7
of the follicular epithelium was measured with a x 96 objective
and a x 20 ocular micrometer. Both follicle diameter and epi—
thelial height were obtained by making ten measurements on
each of the one hundred individuals used in this study. The
arithmetic means obtained for epithelial heights and diameters
of the ten follicles were used in the statistical analyses. Con-
version of all measurements to microns was made with a stand—

ardized hae mocytomete r.

III. OBSERVATIONS
General Histology

The thyroid gland in the mouse consists of right and left
lobes symetrically located on the ventral and lateral surfaces
of the trachea. The lobes, which are surrounded by a thin
fibrous capsule, are connected caudally by an isthmus which
transverses the ventral side of the trachea (Fig. 1). The histo—
logical structure of the isthmus is essentially the same as that
of the gland proper. However, the follicles of the former are
smaller and more uniform in size. The homogeneous colloidal
material which fills the lumen of the follicle stains well with
acid dyes. The cuboidal follicular epithelium exhibits well-de—
fined spherical nuclei with an abundance of chromatin. Follicles
are invested by an irregular interfollicular reticular connective
tissue which is abundantly supplied with blood and lymph. The
height of the follicular epithelium is closely correlated with the
secretory activity of the gland, i.e., a high epithelium shows a
greater secretory activity than a lower epithelium. The diame—

ter of the follicle (epithelium plus colloid) is inversely related

to the height of the epithelium, i.e., an increased amount of
colloidal material is correlated with a decreased epithelial
height. In general, follicles in the peripheral portion of the
gland were largest, medially located ones were smaller, and
those nearest the trachea were smallest.

The parathyroids, which are usually located along the
'posterior and lateral surfaces of the thyroid and separated from
it by connective tissue capsules, consist of densely packed cords
of cells.

It was found in this study that tumor—bearing mice and
those with other types of pathological manifestations showed
thyroids that appeared less vascular than those found in nor-
mal animals. One particularly interesting case, not included
in the statistical analyses, is worthy of review. Tissue enlarge—
ments approximately 2 cm. in diameter and resembling goitres
were noted in the thyroid region. An autopsy revealed essen-
tially normal thyroid tissue and cystic lymph nodes at approx-

imately the same location on each submaxillary gland.

10
The Relation Between Thyroid Morphology,
Age, and Sexuality

One hundred individuals were used to ascertain the re—
lation between thyroid morphology, age, and sexuality; namely,
25 C3H females, 21 C3H males, 25 C57 females, and 29 C57
males. The results obtained are presented in Table I and
Figures 3—6, inclusive.- In some age groups the data were in—
terpolated.

Table I and Figure 3 show that in C3H females epithelial
height decreased from 6.17 microns at one month to 4.66 mi-
crons at three months, increased to 7.47 microns at six months,
decreased to a second minimum of 5.37 microns at nine months,
and then increased to a second maximum of 6.89 microns at
fourteen months. Correspondingly, in the C3H males there
was a decrease in epithelial height from 8.27 microns at one
month to 4.44 microns at three months, an increase to a max—
imum of 8.06 microns at seven months, a decrease to 5.09 mi—
crons at ten months, and at fourteen months it increased to a
second maximum of 7.63 microns. A t value of 0.400 demon-
strated that sexuality did not significantly influence the height

of the follicular epithelium in C3H mice.

11

Table I shows the mean epithelial height and mean di—
ameter of the thyroid follicles in males and females in both
C3H (tumor susceptible) and C57 (tumor resistant) strains of

mice.

12

TABLE I

COMPARISON OF MALES AND FEMALES IN C3H AND

C57 LINES OF MICE

(all measurements in microns)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

C3H Females C3H Males
Aige Mv.a Mv Mv. Mv
Months No. F 01. Fol. No. ' F01. F01.
Ind . Ep . Diam Ind. Ep . Diam
Ht. ' Ht.
1 4 6.17 44.44 1 8.27 64.26
2 3 5.65 43.39 3 5.54 49.69
3 1 4.66 34.75 2 4.44 55.93
4 *C 5.41 44.03 1 5.09 52.60
5 1 6.15 53.31 1 5.09 45.93
6 2 7.47 56.64 1 6.89 66.16
7 3 6.36 71.16 1 8.06 77.11
8 * 5.87 73.10 1 7.21 55.45
9 3 5.37 75.04 2 6.10 62.95
10 5 6.16 66.35 3 5.69 60.29
11 2 6.30 65.02 2 7.47 76.63
12 * 6.50 76.59 "I‘ 7.52 71.56
13 * 6.70 88.16 * 7.58 74.08
14 1 6.89 99.72 1 7.63 69.02
15 0 - — 1 ' 6.15 70.21
16 0 — - o .. _
18-26 0 — -— 1 7.00 64.74
T,'°ta1 25 21
1nd.
Mv. and 6.13 60.29 6.28 61.26
S.E.d =.24 =3.26 = =1.92
t valuee ep. ht., 0.400; diam, 0.257
a

Mv. , arithmetic mean.

b

Fol., thyroid follicle.

13

TABLE 1 (Continue d)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

C57 Females C57 Males
A e
if). Mv. Mv. Mv.. Mv.
Months No. Fol. Fol. No. F01. F01.
. Ind. Ep. Diam. Ind. Ep. Diam
Ht. Ht.
1 3 7.88 36.97 3 9.01 46.19
2 2 6.99 36.29 3 6.43 33.16
3 * 6.67 34.27 4 6.54 37.24
4 * 6.36 32.25 * 6.87 39.98
5 1 6.04 30.23 2 7.20 42.72
6 3 7.03 56.17 2 7.52 48.07
7 2 5.83 54.74 2 9.27 47.60
8 2 - 8.95 51.56 2 10.07 54.93
9 2 8.03 55.21 2 6.68 49.67
10 * 8.04 58.86 * 7.34 51.16
11 * 8.05 62.51 * 7.99 52.65
12 1 8.06 66.16 * 8.65 54.14
13 * 7.24 60.21 * 9.30 55.63
14 2 6.41 54.26 1 9.96 57.12
15 0 - - * 9.12 65.81
16 0 — - 1 8.27 74.49
18—26 7 7.22 52.34 7 7.89 55.18
Total
Ind. 25 29
Mv. and 7.72 49.85 7.84 47.96
S.E. “-'.35 = .61 =.27 =2.08
t value C57: ep. ht., 0.027; diam., 0.566

 

 

c
*, interpolated data.

(1

S.E., standard error of mean.

e t value, Snedecor (1946).

14

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0 3
3 o
3 §
3 z
E E
d I
u t.
3 8
1-' 1—'
x a:
8
< E
U u
3 x
6 p
A ‘ L 1 A l l l J
15 I 3 a 1 o n W 15
an m noun“ so: on loan“
no.3 [PITHEUAL mum or 71170010 Found.“ 0! no. 4. EPITHILML «mom or Tumooo NLUOLSI 0F
08" MALE! AND FEIALED. CD7 MALI. AID FIIALID.
$00
0
I to
5
I!
g to
3
u. 7 -
8
g 00
O
'5 50
U
x
4 \
, l A J A m m I .0 I
”I a a 1 0 II 13 u no
ADI IN IDITHD All IN HONTHD
FIG. 5. THYROID FDLUDLI DIAMETER. OF 03" FIG. 0. THYROID FDLLIDLE DIAMETER! OF 657

MALES no FEIALES. IALEB AND FEMALES.

15

A comparison of Figure 3 with Figure 4 shows that epi-
thelial height in C3H and C57 males and females exhibited the
same pattern of variability at corresponding ages. A t value
of 0.027 demonstrated that epithelial height in C57 males and
females was essentially the same.

Table I and Figure 5 show that in C3H females the di-
ameter of the thyroid follicles decreased from 44.44 microns
at one month to 34.75 microns at three months, increased to
a maximum of 75.04 microns at nine months, and after decreas-
ing again at eleven months, increased to a second maximum of
99.72 microns at fourteen months. Likewise, the C3H males
manifested a decrease from 64.26 microns at one month to
45.93 microns at five months, increased to a maximum of 77.11
microns at seven months, decreased to 55.02 microns at eight
months, and then it increased to a second maximum of 76.63
at eleven months. A t value of 0.257 obtained from this data
showed that sexuality did not influence the diameter of the thy—
roid follicles in C3H mice. The follicle diameters in C57
males and females (Fig. 6) followed the same trends as those
in C3H mice, i.e., they showed essentially similar age variations

and were not influenced by the sex of the individuals.

16

The Relation Between Strain Difference
and Thyroid Morphology

Table II and Figures 7 and 8 show the results obtained
in the comparison of 46 C3H mice with 54 C57 mice. The
height of the epithelium and the diameter of the follicles fol-
lowed essentially the same trends as noted in the preceding
comparisons of males and females, since the present analyses
were made after combining the data obtained from these males
and females. Age played a consistent and important role; how-
ever, the data could not be fitted into a linear or curvilinear
regression. Some significance is attached to the t values de—
rived from the data in Table II, i.e., t equaled 1.23 and 5.68

for epithelial height and diameter respectively.

Q

Comparison of Three Corresponding Age Groups
in C3H and C57 Mice

In Table 111 and Figures ‘9 and 10 the animals are di—
vided into three age groups, i.e., groups I, II, and II represent
mice 1-4, 5—7, and 8-16 months of age, respectively. Each
group consists of 9—21 individuals.

It is evident in Table III and Figures 9 and 10 that the

height of the follicular epithelium in C57 mice of age groups

17

Table II shows the mean epithelial height and mean di—

ameter of the thyroid follicles of C3H and C57 Mice.

18
TABLE II
COMPARISON OF THE THYROID GLANDS OF

C3H AND C57 MICE

(all measurements in microns)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Mean Mean
Age in No. C3H No. C57 Ep. Ht. Diameter
Months Indiv. Indiv.
C3H C57 C3H C57
1 5 6 6.59 8.45 54.35 41.58
2 6 5 5.60 6.66 46.59 34.73
3 3 4 4.80 6.54 45.34 37.24
4 l * 5.00 6.72 52.60 36.86
5 2 3 5.62 6.82 49.62 36.48
6 3 5 7.26 7.23' 61.40 52.12
7 4 4 6.86 7.55 74.14 51.17
8 1 4 7.21 9.52 55.45 53.25
9 5 4 5.66 7.61 68.99 52.44
10 8 * 5.99 7.76 63.32 57.01
11 4 * 6.89 7.91 70.83 61.58
12 * 1 7.01. 8.06 75.34 66.16
13 * * 7.14 7.83 79.85 60.93
14 2 3 7.26 7.60 84.37 55.69
15 l * 6.15 7.94 70.21 65.24
16 0 l - 8.27 — 74.79
18-26 1 14 7.00 7.56 64.74 53.76
Total 46 54
Mean and standard error :1: :3: :3}: :32:
t value 1.23 5.68

 

 

 

KAN EP. HT. IN MICRONS

 

A A j A l A j

i ‘ 3 7 . ll 13 I.
AGE IN MONTHS

FIG. 7. EPITHELIAL HEIGHT OF THE THYROID FOLLICLES
OF C3H AND 057 MICE.

 

MEAN FOL. DIAM. IN MICRONS

 

”P
C3H , I
\
I \ I
I \ ’
o I’ \ I
I \ I
, i
o- I
F~" '.
so I
I
[CS7
I
4- ‘ ‘-.,-‘
\ I
V
In A l . A l j
"‘ T s 7 I II I;

AGE IN MONTHS

FIG. 8. DIAMETER OF THE THYROID FOLLICLES OF C3H
AND CS7 MICE.

19

20

.035 hmO was EMU mo masonm 0mm moan: mo

moaomﬁoH .30.??? mg» mo non—65.3w nova was ”Ems: Hmﬁoﬁﬁmo coma one wunomonm H: 3an

21

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.... no.4 £2 mo.~ 23 «Na 6265 6
8.4 2.34 2...." S..." 2.2. 8.3. mm..." 3.... 3.2. 3.2 42. em..." .md
wohm 3.3 35 Z6 3.2. 2.3 23 2.6 8.3 8.2. 3.2 42m .52

23205 2
3.2 3.2 3.2 3.2 mod 36 mos 3.6 22 God 22 cod 6mm 4.34.
2 3 2 S 2 a 2 a 2 2 2 2 62.62
So 28 So 28 So 28 $0 28 So 28 So 28
SBESQ .2 .Am . 686865 .2 .am 636862 .2 .mm

 

 

A2288 6 73 2

3.288 73 2

 

$2.88 T: H

 

anon—U

 

 

Ammonoﬂb cw mucoEoASmmoE :3

HUHE nmU Q24 EMU .mO mnHDOMU H04 HHMEH ZH mQHOMMmH. NEH. MO ZOmEnHEOU

EH mdah

22

 

O ’
, 057”’
a ,,’
g 0
‘ %
3 7
..'
z
:3
5 s 03H
3

8

I 3 5 7 ‘9 II

MEAN ABE IN MONTH.

FIG. 9. EPITHELIAL HEIGHT 0F THYROID FOLLICLES
IN THREE AGE GROUPS OF 03H AND 057 MICE.
70

80

IN HIGRONS

 

an» FOL. mm.
P

 

30* + l
I 3 5 7 9 II

MEAN AGE IN MONTHS

FIG. IO. DIAMETER OF THYROID FOLLICLES IN THREE
AGE GROUPS OF 03H AND 057 MICE.

 

23

I and II is significantly higher than in the corresponding age
groups of C3H mice (t value 3.24 and 4.03 respectively) and
that a t value of 2.05 suggests but does not conclusively dem—
onstrate a higher epithelium in the.C57 mice of group II. The
diameters measurements in C57 age groups I, II, and III are
significantly higher than the corresponding measurements in

C3H mice (t values, 2.99, 2.66, and 5.21, respectively).

IV. DISCUSSION

It was shown in this study that there was no significant
difference between the height of the epithelium or diameter of
the thyroid follicles in males and females from the C3H line
of mice. Essentially the same relationship was observed in
males and females of the C57 strain. The results show that
differences in epithelial height and follicle diameter are inde—
pendent of sex when animals of the same age are compared.
The t values presented in Tables I, II, and III show that the
height of the thyroid epithelium is significantly higher and that
the follicle diameter 'is significantly lower in C57 than in C3H
mice. This View supports the observations of Gross and Schwartz
(1951). They maintained that C3H mice have a slower thyroxine
turnover than C57 mice as indicated by their studies with thy-
roxine labeled with I131. The results reported in the present
paper may be interpreted on the basis of their observations,
since a delayed thyroxine turnover in C3H mice would cause

this hormone to be retained in the body and thus retard further

secretion of the thyroid glands in the animals.

25
It has been noted in the preceding review of the litera—
ture that both thyroid-stimulating and thyroid—inhibiting drugs
may decrease mammary tumor incidence. As Husely and Bitt—
ner (1946) pointed out, there must be an adequate hormonal
balance for mammary tumor proliferation. This would explain
why antagonistically acting drugs might produce the same ef-
fect, i.e., decrease the rate of tumor development by upsetting

the thyroxine balance in these mice.

V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

1. The histological appearance of one hundred C3H and

C57 mice was studied.

2. No essential difference was observed between males

and females in the C3H or C57 lines of mice.

3. Age differences appeared to be independent of strain

or sex.

4. It was noted that C3H mice had a lower epithelial
height and a larger thyroid follicle diameter than was present

in mice of corresponding ages in the C57 strain.

 

 

 

REFERENCES CITED

Andervont, H. B. 1949. The Incidence of Mammary Tumors
of Strain C3H and in Decendants of Fostered Strain C.
Jour. Nat. Cancer Inst., 10 (1): 193-200.

 

Barry, C., and Kennaway, E. L. 1937. The Structure of the
Thyroid in Mice of Different Strains. Amer. Jour. Can-—
cer, 29: 522.

Bischoff, F., and Maxwell, L. C. 1932. Hormones in Cancer,
V. The Effect of Glandular Extirpation upon the Growth
of Transplantable Tumors. Jour. Pharmacol. and Expt.
Therap., 46: 51-58.

 

Bischoff, F., Maxwell, L. C., and Ulmman, H. 1931. Hor-
mones in Cancer, III. Effect of Glandular Extirpation.
Jour. Biol. Chem., 92: 3-97.

 

Bittner, J. J. 1939. Influences of breast cancer development
in Mice. Pub. Health Rpts., 54: 1590.

 

Chidester, F. E. 1944. Nutrition and Glands in Relation t2
Cancer. Lancaster, Pa.: The Lancaster Press, Inc.

 

Cramer, W., and Homing, E. S. 1938. The Prevention of
Spontaneous Mammary Cancer in Mice by the Thyro—
trophic Hormone of the Pituitary Gland. Lancet, 1: 72.

Dubnik, C. 5., Morris, H. P., and Dalton, A. J. 1950. Inhibi-
tion of Mammary Gland Development and Mammary Tu-
mor Formation in Female C3H Mice Following Ingestion
of Thiouracil. Jour. Nat. -Cancer Inst., 10: 815—841.

 

Ferguson, Templeton, Patras, and McJunken. 1940. The Ef—
fect of Thyroid and Calcium Therapy on the Growth of
Sarcoma Transplants in Thyroparathyroidectimized Rats.
Arch. Path., 29: 785-789.

 

 

 

28

Gilroy, E. 1930. Comparison of the Effects of Arginine and
Thyroxine upon Tumor Growth-Rate in the Mouse. Bio—
chem. Jour., 24: 1181-1187.

 

Gross, J., and Schwartz, S. 1951. The Metabolism of Thyroxine
in C57 Mice and C3H Mice with and without Mammary
Tumors. Cancer Res., 11 (8): 614—618.

 

Haagensen, C. D., Randall, H. T., and Auchincloss, R. 1940.
Failure of Thyrotropic Pituitary Hormone to Prevent
Spontaneous Mammary Cancer in Mice. Soc. Expt. Biol.
£151 131351., Prbc., 45: 820.

Karnicki, W. 1932. Inﬂuence of Endocrines on the Appearance
and Growth of Experimental Cancer. Zeitschr. Krebs-
forsch. 35 (5): 523-541. Biol. Abst. 13340.

Lacassagne, A. 1939. Essai d'une Hormone Thyrotrope en
Vue de Modifier l'Apparation de 1'Adeno-Carcinome
Mammaire chez la Souris. Comt. Rend. Soc. Biol.,
130: 591-593.

Lerman, J. 1947. Chap. 13. The Endocrine Activity of Thy—
roid Tumors and the Influence of the Thyroid Hormone
on Tumors in General.

Larinow, L. Th. -1940. The Endocrine Gland in Experimental
Cancer Induced by Benzypyrene. Amer. Jour. Cancer,
18: 492.

Little, C. C.., Murray, W. S., and Cloudman, A. M. 1939. The
Genetics of Non—epithelial Tumor Formation in Mice.
Amer. Jour. Cancer, 36: 431.

Levine, M.,’and Kugel, V. H. 1933. Disturbance of the Thy-
roid Mechanism and'its Effects on Tumor Growth in
Mice. Amer. Jour. Cancer, 19 (4): 817—828.

McClendon, J. F. 1939. The Statistical Relation between Goitre
and Cancer. Amer. Jour. Cancer, 35 (4): 554-558.

Z9

McJunkin, Templeton, and Kravec. 1936. Resistance of Thyro-
parathyroidectomized Rats to Growth of Spindle-Cell Sar-
coma. Proc. Soc. Expt. Biol. and Med., 34 (5): 801—804.

 

Mercier, L., and Gosselin, L. 1935. La Glande Thyroide de
Souris Cancéreuses aprés des Injections Repétées de
Thyroxine. Comt. Rend. Soc. Biol., 118: 17-19.

 

 

Meyer, 0., and McTiernan, C. 1933. The Effect of Thyroxine
upon the Metabolism of Isolated Normal and Malignant
Tissue. Jour. Clin. Investig., 12 (4): 723-735.

 

 

Moppet, W. 1937. Substances Controlling Growth of Implanted
Tumors. Med. Jour. Australia, 24 (1): 1065—1069, Biol.
Abst. 10018.

 

Morris, H. P., and Dubnik, C. S. 1946. Effect of Prolonged
Ingestion of Thiourea on Mammary Glands and the Ap-
pearance of Mammary Tumors in Adult C3H Mice. logs.
Nat. Cancer Inst., 7 (3): 159—169.

 

Salter, W., Nathanson, I. T., and Wilson, H. 1941. Experi-
mentally Induced Benignancy of Neoplasms. V. The In—
ﬂuence of Hormones on the Hosts' Resistance to Im-
planted Neoplasms. Cancer Res., 1 (1): 60—64.

 

Shipata, S. 1929. Influence of Thyroidectomy on the Production
of Epitheliomatous Proliferation in the Rabbit's Ear Due
to Tarring. Acta Dermatol., 14 (2): 129—144, Biol. Abst.
17319.

 

Smith, D. L., Wells, J. A., and D'Amour, F. E. 1942. The
Relationship of the Endocrine System to Carcinogenesis.
Cancer Res., 2 (1): 40—44.

 

Snedecor, G. W. 1946. Statistical Methods, 4th ed., Ames,
Iowa: Iowa State College Press.

 

Sugiura, K., and Benedict, S. R. 1933. The Influence of Hor-
mones on the Growth of Carcinoma, Sarcoma, and Mela-
noma in Animals. Amer. Jour. Cancer, 18 (3): 583—602.

 

 
 

30

Twort, J. M., and Twort, C. C. 1935. Studies on the Internal

Organs of Mice Painted with Carcinogenic Agents. Amer.

Jour. Cancer, 23: 52- .

 

Vasquez-Lopez, E. 1949. The Effects of Thiourea on the De—
velopment of Spontaneous Tumors in Mice. Brit. Jour.
Cancer, 3: 401-414.

 

.‘A an- rm-.-

ROW USE ONLY

 

.l.__ ,
‘ if? N' ‘3'. ‘I
All" " It,” #-
-z.‘¥u$...-‘(T, ,s '
. .4 :)£M‘~"‘ ’ '

' v.
’ :1 K1 v
V.

2""1‘y"3 (
,‘ :5: V .. - 3‘
V ' ' .5 1T?!" 1 J; , .
n. A »~
' 1'7.» ”2:71. 1-_ 1;.
:w I - 4
' 50%;

 

4:12.41x3‘.‘ 3 .
.\‘< a, may»):
5‘75" 75x4":

6 3371.97“,

4
'4’

 

 

   

M 1 1111111111111111 1111111111111 1111111111 ES
3 1113 03082 8879