A REV‘ISlON as s'nasocto‘mum AND
CRITICAL STUDIES :1»: RELATED GENERA

M 5“»..de m 9,
MW STATE umvsksm ' -’
A. K. M. Nurul Mam
1-960

 

This is to certiiq that the
thesis entitled

A REVISION CF STIGECCLCTJIUM

AIIID CRITICAL STUDIES IN RLATED (3321;...‘1

presented in]

A. K. M. Nurul Islam

has been accepted towards fulfillment

of the requirements fur

,- . VA,” A r!
k h 0 D. dtb‘lrtne 1" 3L. L li.‘Y

 
   

Majur prolessur

Dam Nov. 15 , 1960

 

0-169

LIBRARY

Michigan State

University

 

 

ABSTRACT
A REVISION OF STIGEOCLONIUIJI AND
CRITICAL STUDIES IN RELATED GENERA
by A. K. M. Nurul Islam

The present work is primarily a taxonomic revision
of the algal genus Stifieoclonium, a member of the
family Chaetophoraceae under ChlorOphyceae. It is
based primarily upon a large number of herbarium speci-

mens and other preserved and cultured materials obtained

from different parts of the world. In all, about five

thousand collections have been studied but a good number

of them are not listed here because they included young;

growth-forms or were poorly preserved.

Historical review of taxonomic, physiologic, ecologic
and cultural studies were made and summarized and informa-
tion has been added to them from my personal observations.

General morphology of the habit, cell-types, hairs,

chloroplast structures and rhizoids have been critically

studied, described and illustrated. Information on

zygospore structure has been obtained from the works of
others. A suggestion presents itself that species

definition may be more precise if chloroplast and zygo-

spore structures are considered. These features have

been considered only in part to the present time. It is
to be expected that more work on life—histories of all
species will give a clearer understanding of the systema-

tics of the genus and its close relatives.

 

}
i
l
i

Nurul Islam

The main purpose of this work is to eliminate confu-

sions in the limitations of the genera Stigeoclonium,

«1,1, ~, ’ T‘. r~ n (7’-
retoogora and hrsp‘rn lull, especially

a {A 0 w _
olOulO“-.:O;‘i‘., J

among intergrading species. A tentative key has been

written to separate the closely related genera

Stigeoclonium, Clonionlmra and Drrfiwrnrzldia, and besides

this, a brief discussion has been made on the inter-
relationships between different species-groups of
S‘rigeoclonium and their possible evolutionary trends.

U

Valid species and varieties of Stif-jeoclonium have been

designated after critically studying; type specimens and

other numerous collections. The polymorphic nature of

Stigeoclonium species, the results of cultural studies

 

and ecological investigations were all kept in mind in

evaluating species. The whole treatment here has been

made toward a contribution for a monograph of the genus

Stigeoclonium.

A key has been written to separate the species of

Stigeoclonium, mostly based on some characters previously

 

not considered by any author. At this time there are
about seventy Species and forty-seven varieties and
formae described in the literature. Here in this work
twenty-eight species and fourteen varieties are con-

sidered valid and of these four species and four vari-

eties are new to science. Two new combinations and

four emended descriptions of Stigeoclonium species have

 

 

Nurul Islam

been made.
A study of the genus Cloniqphora has been made to \
show the systematic positions of some species of
Stigeoclonium which have been transferred to the
former genus, This is the first critical study of the

genus Cloniophora, based on available materials includ-

 

in?> both old herbarium as well as recently collected
Specimens from different parts of the world. In all,
three species with one. new combination and one new
variety have been described and illustrated and their
geographic distributions recorded in detail.

In all, thirty-nine plates containing 231 figures,
11-3 text figures and one table, one map and one chart

supplement the written text.

Copyright by
ABUL:KHAIEB.MDHKMMEHHNURUL ISLAM

1961

«s.-

 

A. K. M. NURUL ISLAM
candidate for the degree of

Doctor of PhiIOSOphy

Final Examination: November 11, 1960.

IHssertation: A Revision of Stigeoclonium and.Critical

Studies in Related Genera.

Outline of Studies:

lhjor Subjects: Phycology, Plant Morphology, Mycology,
Plant Physiology.
iflnor Subjects: Limnology, Aguiculture.

ifibgraphical Items: Born on Oct. 11, 1928 at Hator, East
Pakistan.
Undergraduate Studies: Ripon College, Calcutta, 1945-46;
Rajshahi Govt. College, East Pakistan, 1946-49.

Graduate Studies: ‘University of Dacca, East Pakistan;
lflchigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan.

Ibqerience: Lecturer in Biology, Kushtia College, East
Pakistan, Jan. l952-Oct. 1952; Lecturer in Botany,
University of Dacca, East Pakistan, since Oct. 1952-

now on study leave); Graduate Teaching Assistant,
Impartment of Botany and Plant Pathology, Kichigan
State‘University, Sept. l957-Dec. 1960; Graduate
Assistant, Montana State University Biological Station,
Flathead Lake, Montana, summer, 1958.

Hemxnu Society of the Sigma Xi; Phycological Society
of America; American MicrOSCOpical Society;

International Phycological Society; The Botanical
Society of Bengal.

A REVISION OF STIGEOCLONIUM AND

CRITICAL STUDIES IN RELATED OWNERA

i, . Ill
§ ; 1‘ 0' ‘

d'\9"ft}
At K. Mi Nurul Islam

D

A THESIS

Submitted to
Iichigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Botany and Plant Pathology

1960

w

)v
i ’..
s" It:
I

947.0

 

 

AGES 30 1.5L EDGI'II .21 TS

It is my privilege here to gratefully acknowledge the
valued assistance and criticisms offered by Professor
Gerald W. Prescott, under whose guidance this work has
been carried out. It is equally a great pleasure to
thank him for the use of his library and bibliographic
files. Numerous field trips to different places in Michigan
and I-‘Iontana with him will be long remembered as the most
pleasant experience during the tenure of this work.

It is also my pleasure to thank the members of the
Guidance Committee who have taken the time and trouble
to concern themselves with the present problem. The
classes taught by Dr. G. P. Steinbauer, Dr. E. S. Beneke,
Dr. J. E. Cantlon and Dr. Henry Imshaug shall be long
remembered.

My studies have been aided by a Michigan State
University Graduate Teaching Assistantship for more than
three academic years and for this I am especially in-
debted to Dr. William B. Drew, Head of the Department
of Botany and Plant Pathology, without whose assistance
it would not have been possible to come here and carry
out the work. Grateful appreciations are also extended
to Montana State University for providing me with a
Graduate Assistantship during the summer, 1958 at the

Flathead Lake BiOIOgical Station, Evfontana. I also wish

11

to thank Dr. Ruth Patrick, Chairman of the Jessup
Scholarships Fund and Head of the Department of Lim-
nology, The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
for granting me financial aid which permitted my study
at the Academy and at the herbarium of the University
of Pennsylvania, where I was able to examine a large
number of collections in December, 1959.

I extend my special thanks to those who have
generously supplied preserved and cultured materials,
particularly to Dr. L. A. Iv’hitford, Iforth Carolina
State College, Raleigh, I~I.C., who sent me numerous
fresh and preserved materials with many ecological
notes; to Dr. Jules Brunel, University of Montreal,
Canada; Dr. S. i. Guarrera, Director, La Plata Univer-
sity Museum and Iviuseo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales,
Buencs Aires; Dr. Ivi. Hirano, Kyoto University, and
Dr. Ii. Akiyama, Shimane University, Japan; Dr. 1’. R.
Suxena, Osmania University, India; Dr. I-Iiss E.C.M.
Segar, Auckland University College, New Zealand; Dr.
Janet Stein, Berkeley, California; Dr. Mme. Gauthier-
Lievre, Alger University, Algier; Dr. I-Ime. P. Gayral,
Institut Scient. Cherifien Lab. de Phan. et de Crypt,
Rabat, Morocco; Dr. E. Kol, Botany Department, Hungary
Natural History Museum, Budapest; Dr. H.S. Forest,
Knoxville, Tennessee; Dr. W. B. Daily, Butler Univer-

sity Museum, Indiana; Mr. S. Aziz, Dacca, Pakistan;

iii

Dr. ‘3. If. Prescott, Ifichigy—In State University; .r.
Vinyard, California; I-i'r. John Schindler, Ir. 3. C.
Jackson, Botany Department, 2-.ic ii _'_v'«1 Str-te University;
Dr. T. Christensen, Bot 1 iac l i-.13€thl zdnr her barium,
:otnerMNIc, Copenhagen, Der°rr '° Dr. Ricl‘iard C.
Starr, Indiana University; Dr. 22'. E. Yade, Departient

of Iatural Scienc Ivfichigan State University, all for

sending collections and supplying informations on

ecological notes. Sincere thanks are due Dr. E120.

Bold, The University of Texas, for sending infornstion on

stigeoclonium; to Mr. P. J. Helical, entral IfIic -.i::

.D“

University, IIt. Pleasant for his collections and coon-
erations; to Dr. Reynolds, I-Iinistry of Agriculture,
Conway, Email-and, for kindly lending his Doctoral Th e. is
and other works; to IIr. J. '—I. Grrrffius of this 13 her: tory
for his collections and observations on 3ti;‘0’3-3111773
gusvsecundui rig. in a 101-1%.-.11 bog. I should also like
to extend my thanks and appreciatio 13 t all of my

nds in the Phycological Laboratory wh by their

during,

ct-

COOperation and nice company made my stay pleas-1h
the time of this work. Lastly, it is my most innuortant
wish to ack nowledge the ginerosity of the Directors and
Curators of the several Herbaria and Iiuseugzzs throughout
the world who have 000pero.ted with us in sup oly in -* their
materials without which it would have been impossible to
realize and fulfill the objectives of this work. The
names of these herbaria and museums are mentioned on
page 15.

iv.

1 -

 

.—

 

...—-

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................. 11
CHAPTER I: THE GENUS STIGEOCLONIUI-I: GENERAL:
INTRODUCTION ..................................... 1
SCOPEOF TIIEWORK ................................ 7
MATERIALS AND METHODS ............................ ll
HISTORICAL REVIEW:

Taxonomy ...................................... 20

Physiology, Culture, Life-history study ....... 40

Zoospore-formation 8c liberation ............... 2+3

Germination of swarmers ....................... 46

Types of swarmers ............................. 50

Life-cycle and cytology ... 60

Palmella stage ................................ 61

Vegetative division & branch-formation ........ 68

Ecology 6: Distribution ........................ 74

Association ....... 84
GEIERAL MORPHOLOGY ............................... 88
CHAPTER II: THE GENUS _S__’I_'_I_GEOCLONIUII: SYSTE‘ILATICS:
SPECIES AND VARIETY CONCEPTS ..................... 127
INTERRELATIONS BETWEEN STIGEOCLONIUM SPP. AND

THEIR EVOLUTIONARY TRENDS ..................... 131
KEY TO THE GENERA STIGEOCLONIUM, CLONIOPHORA AND

DRAPARNALDIA .................................. 137
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STIQEQCLONIUII ........H.... 140

Page
DESCRIPTIONS OF STIGEOCLOZCIUIJ SPP. AIID LISTS OF

SPECII SEE-IS ST'DIED: BEE—III? 15"} AT . . . . . . . . .

O
H
U1
R)

ICIAPTER III: THE GE.7 IUS CLOITIOPEIO .23..

 

'MfiAHVYHm-rnv —-r /
4.-.-.t'v -.. 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 0 0 0 "J
'3" mr'wm N :3 "f'VT'T"? ." 7r-
v;.J.L-_..-...LJJJIIJ‘JLJ-JICL. .00.........0.....00....0 )99

K)!
C\
O\

IIMHQE‘lEIC RELATION: DHIPD 0.......00.0..0.0...

K)!
CA
\0

DESJRIDTIO‘I" OF CL (TWICE)... 3.57. ......000..........

 

KEY TO TIE SPECIES OF CLOITIOPII RA . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371

 

DESC 3123:10er 033 CLO: 10133033. SP3 AND LIST 0:3
SPECIJIZZIS .STUDIED: 2331““ 3:3 AT 372

DISTRIBUTICIIS 0............OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. 3:7

L. PTE 3. IV:

LIST OF V“ LLID, IIIVALID AID DOUB TFUL SPECIES

OFLSLTIE'EOCLCI: U1: 00....000000000 0.0.0....0 39)

JIELIOGPLA~PEIY: STIEEOCLOLTIU:: 0 0 0 0 . . 0 0 0 0 0 . 0 . . 0 0 0 408

 

BIBLIOG..APHI: CLOEIIOPHORA . . . . 0 0 . . . . 0 . 0 . . 0 . . . o 44:7

 

\ - ‘ /
-1‘-_.A...DIA.00.0000000ooooooogo0.0.00.00000000000. 4‘3

TT'TT'f f‘"
---I:'..u>. 0.0...0.0.0.0......0..00......o.....0..00 5C3

vi

 

Text Figs.
lwd.. Chloroplast and branching habit ................. 102
...2-27. Mi Oids ......OOOOOOOOOOO......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO. 104

2%06- :hi coins and prostrate-erect 33'ste “(S ........... 103

103

g4-QL Palmella-stages, hypnocys ts and cell division.
[5-43.3nwnch orientation & vonocoore-lioer tion ...-. 110
47-3. Zoospore-formation, liberation, fine ;nin:t ion .... 112
(9" 1's o 1 0 fl '
athOo :arnsitizeo cells, epiz01c iorm, zygoSpores .... 114

Q Q q 1 V, /
Jl-iL Cells procucinj oranches a bronchin: hcoits .... 110

h m .,
99-1000 581118518 ODOVG 0000000000.oooooooooooooooooooooo 113‘

101-105. H " N 00000000000000.oooooooooooooooooo 120
107-110. H H " 0.0000000000000000...000000000... 122
111-1140 " N H coco.00.000.000.00...oooooooooooo 1221"

f...
U1
0
)-.l
l?‘
...;
V
U.

1 :- q 0 o n i -
1+x414- Clon. soicata (originally tifi. Acccncyc

U)

 

f- foeciculere for“? (O?13133113 222;“

 

golf. fonciculdre var. glo:orctum (originally

 

\q- /
hTKOHGTQ :lomerotuu Hazen.) PGSU€CtiV313-°°°°°' 123““

- --.-

D "J. T, n
~Lwfls 1-;4. Illustrating 3tl”€OClOfilNY sop. g varieties,

‘oeginnil 7*, ct . . . . . . 1+5].
TW‘RLQ‘ ”p “n w o o
“ ”“J~c_23o Illustratiz Clonionhorfl SpD. gnu varieties,

 

,
bo'innini a ...... 319

vii

 

LI“m '? m%‘“*

4}. ~ ..4‘&-_‘-—‘....J

V3.Piet1es......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO

 

51

\31

k4

I'Iap 1 0

Chart 1.

LIZT OF Ti? ATE 032??

Showing he distributions of

CloniOphora species and variety....

Showing interrelationships between
Stigeoclonium species and their

evolutionary trends ...............

 

3-92

136

Chapter I

 

 

INTRODUCTION

Any monographic study of a group of organisms or
of taxa is a time-consuming task, because in most
instances one is called upon to examine a large number
of specimens. Also, one is faced with a great challenge,
particularly if the genus is a polymorphic one, to iden-
tify precisely these specimens. The challenge is two-
fold: first, one must become familiar with "TYPE"
specimens and must judge their validity by comparisons
with other specimens and their interpretations. The
main purpose of this is fundamental, namely, to deter-
mine what constitutes a "good species" in the genus.
Second, to learn what are the constant characters of
species by which one may differentiate them. This is not
easy, especially, in an instance where it is necessary
to depend mostly, if not entirely, upon vegetative
morpholoagy which may be extremely variable under the in-

fluence of environmental factors. Stigeoclonium Kiltz.

 

is such a genus with at least 116 described species and
varieties. Such a list offers a challenge to determine
some 'true' features of a species from among its diver-
sified forms of expressions. One needs to become famil-
iar with these plants as they grow, both in nature and
in culture. Thus, one may come to know the range and

direction of variation within a particular species and

-2-

from these variations to learn some 'constant characters‘.
It is assumed in this work that when a plant occurs in
"optimum or favorable conditions" it grows to its full
size and in a mature stage all the essential characters

of the Species will be expressed that may be peculiar to
that species. Again, the mature status is not easy to
evaluate, for, regular observations in the field through-
out the year are required to determine when the plant has
attained its full size. In culture medium also one may
not see the 'Optimum' growth, since it is difficult to
adjust the chemical prOportions of the medium as well as
the physical features of the environment. Natural
(ecological) factors may be imitated but difficult to
duplicate. Recently, however, there has been some effort
to study and grow these plants either in the natural
habitat (Butcher, 1932, Reynolds, 1948, etc.) or, in a
culture solution prepared after analyzing the chemical
constituents of the water in which the plant was growing
(Godward, 1942). The latter method produces better re-
sults than a general formula of algal culture media. In
this work it was not possible to obtain all the known
species in culture from the entire world. But the know-
ledge and experience gained from limited culture and
field experience was used here in studying and evaluat-

ing the herbaria specimens both in dry and in liquid

-3-

preserved conditions. Identification was based mostly
on vegetative morphology, although the separation of
Stigeoclonium from related genera. such as Draparnaldia
and Cloniophora was made on basis of both vegetative
and reproductive structures.

The types of filaments in Stigeoclonium show great
variations and possibly they remain throughout most of
the year in nature as reduced, or incompletely deve10p-
ed forms. Some exhibited reduced thalli also in
culture. Only at a particular time of the year and
under certain conditions does a plant reach its full
size or "peak" development. This fact has been supported
by many workers, and the term 'summer-form', 'spring-
form', 'winter-form' etc. have been used to designate
certain species that mature in various seasons. Thus
Klebs (1896), Godward (1942), Blum (1956) and others in
their year-around investigations found that a particular
species grows luxuriantly at a particular place at one
time of the year, whereas in other seasons it exists in
a reduced growth-form, or disappears from the habitat.
Godward (1.0.) further points out that the zygospores of
m. amoenum Kg. germinate only in spring, both in
nature and in the laboratory, in spite of favorable con-
ditions having been maintained for the cultures. Blum
(1956) on the other hand, found that §2.& 3w (Ag.) Kg.
in Michigan shows luxuriant growth in summer, otherwise,

remaining as reduced in form or disappearing. Klebs

-4-

(1896) found that :Lig. tenu§_is a spring—form in Brun
vumre it grew luxuriantly although at the same time it
led disappeared from the running spring water of the
city of Basel. Personal observations and those of
mfldeagues also support the periodic 'high peak' growth
cfi‘Stig. subsecundum Kg. during the winter season in
zaiuchigan bog. Here the plant grew profusely under
ice, gradually disappearing from the habitat in Spring.
This suggests two aspects: 1) the same species
nmy'be either perennial or annual and 2) some species
nmy'be only annual, in a particular area. Our major
Lupblem or confusion arises when we ignore these two
nmdes and try to identify each single collection which
:xmsibly may show a reduced state of growth. It may
becnuy'a chance that the date of collection by some
seasonal collectors would coincide with the time of
anhpeak' growth of the plant which is rather shunt.
Fbr, if specimens are found in a young or reduced form,
a.confirmed identification cannot be made. During the
investigations of herbaria specimens it was found that
not all specimens with same taxa names are equally
well-developed. Occassionally, well-developed forms
were found which were even better than ”Type” specimens.
Another point worth mentioning here, is that

Stigeoclonium plants are able to live as epiphytes or as

-5-

endnwwtes or parasites(?). These epiphytes have
creamxinumfllconfusions and as a result several new
species and varieties were established by Szymanski
(1878), Hansgirg (1889), Iwanoff (1899), Franke.(1883 ).
lkering (1914) and Skvortzov (1946). Several species
Lune reported alone from Lgmga species. Some of these
finmm were originally placed under the genus gpdgf
cflonium by Szymanski (1.0.), but Hansgirg (1.0.),

lmering (1.0.) and also Klebs (1396) preferred to re-

tahlthem under Stigeoclonium and such a disposition

 

res been followed by many modern workers. In this
Inesent study these species are not considered as 'good
species', although they might all belong to the genus

Ehdgeoclonium. Complete and more extended ecological

 

and physiological investigations are needed to solve
13m species problem of this complex and reduced group of
plants.

In this connection it should also be mentioned

that Stigeoclonium plants in turn, also can be parasit-

 

ized by some aquatic fungi, especially chytrids, and it
is not uncommon to find inflated, modified cells of the
filaments which may appear bulbuous, spherical or

eflliptical reminding one of the oogonium of Oedogonium

 

(some of these cells could be akinetes or hypnocysts).

Wblle‘s Stig. tenue var. bulbiferum Wolle may represent

 

such a condition. This type of cell was found also in

-6-

cmher species by me, e.g.,in Stig. flagelliferum Kg.and

 

Stgp amoenum Kg. Special studies must be made also to

 

learn the symbiotic ('2) relationships between Stige‘o—
clc-nium filaments and the aquatic fungi and insects.
At the close of the discussions on Stigeoclonium

the genus Cloniophora has also been considered, since

 

this is the most closely related genus and moreover,
recently several species of Stigeoclonium have been
txansferred to it by Bourrelly (1952). Thus, the dis-

cnmsions on Clonigphora will show the fates of those

 

(fiscarded Stigeoclonium species as well as permitting

 

oneix>compare these two genera. For the first time a
ckmail description of the history, world-wide distri-

lnmions and characters of the species of Clonipphora

 

are presented here after a critical and comparative
investigation of the herbaria and freshly collected

specimens.

.. 7 ..
SCOPE OF THE T.‘IORK

The genus Stigeoclonium was established by Kuetzing
in 1843 with five species which were originally des-
cribed under Conferva and Draparnaldis. Later, Kuetzing
(1845, 1847, 1849) transferred more species from
Draparnaldia, added several new species and varieties,
and again in 1853, he added, transferred and rearranged
different species and varieties, some of which might be
regarded now as simply ecological (and some genetical ‘2)
variations. More than one hundred years have passed
since Kuetzing's original publications. During this
time many other new species have been described and
others have been transferred to the genus from Drapar-
W (cf. Schmidle, 1900), from Endoclonium (cf.
Hansgirg, 1889, Heering, 1914), and from Pseudochaete
(Tiffany, 1937). On the other hand, some Stigeoclonium
Species have been transferred to another genus Clonio-
23252:. by Bourrelly (1952). This indicates that there
must be some confusions and uncertainties in respect to

the delimitations of these genera. The present work was

undertaken to:

l) Critically investigate this matter as much as

possible with the help of originally described specimens

as well as other collections.

-8.—

2) To determine and delimit the generic level of
the above genera which are closely related, especially
Stigeoclonium, Clonioghora and Draparnaldia.

3) To understand the polymorphic nature and range
of variations of the species and to separate them on
comparative basis. For this purpose large numbers of
herbarium specimens and living plants have been studied.

4) To bring together in one place all the relevant
informations about the genus from the works on taxonomy,
ecology and culture studies which are directly or in-
directly related to our better understanding of the spe-
cies concept and probably a first venture to study a
large number of collections from different parts of the
world with a view to revise and make a contribution to-
wards the monograph of the genus Stigeoclonium.

5) To show the range of chloroplast structure,
rhizoids, hairs, cell walls, life-cycles, zygospore
structures and other vegetative and reproductive
characters with a view of showing whether it is possible
to combine some previously recognized taxa together and
place them in some small groups. This comparative study
on vegetative and reproductive structures may be elabo-
rated further by future investigations to add to our
knowledge of the affinities and differences between the
species. This may also help to understand the general

trend of morphological variations from simple to complex

 

‘

 

 

-9-

or advanced forms and to arrange them in a hypo-
thetically phylogenetic series.

6) To evaluate the true nature of the species of
Stigeoclonium not in a traditional, orthodox and
typological sense but in a liberal, non-conservative
way in which values of ecological and cultural works
have been considered in order to determine with un-
biased and unprejudiced mind "good species' from among
manifold variations. In a monographic work, the student

becomes a "lumper" or "splitter" or both, according to

his definition of species. Some workers may be prejudic-

edbeforehand as to the course of the work to be follow-
ed. Here, no preconceived idea was allowed to interfere

with the decision taken afterwards. The facts were

determined first, then the conclusion was derived. In
some considerations I had to differentiate several
varieties. Again, in some instances it was judged
necessary to combine several species according to the
facts exhibited by the type specimens and other collec-
tions. A limited number of drawings are included here-
in to maintain this principle and to show the range of
variations. Illustrations of those species which

are deemed invalid or doubtful have been included, for

example, Stig. pygmaeum, Stig; polymorphum, Stig. autumnaledc

 

-10-

Stiff. “Ci

__._.;3_

U)

sianum. These specimens Show striking
similarities to one another and all of them.show young
stages of growth and could be assigned to a valid spe—
cfles if their full growth-form and life-histories were
munm1from comparative cultural studies.

Although some cultures have been studied no 1

attempts have been made to follow the entire life-cycle

of any Species, nor was it possible to get all species

in living form from any source. It was impossible to
collect and culture all the species from different

parts of the world in the time available. It is assum-

ed, however, that in the future, studies on life—history,
cytology and morphological features mentioned above may
reveal more about the 'true' nature of 'species' in

this highly polymorphic group of plants.

MfiTiflIALS AND METHODS

 

The present work on Stigeoglonium was based mainly

 

umxllarge numbers of herbaria specimens, both dry and
gneserved,borrowed from different herbaria of different
countries of the world as well as on living materials -—
fresh and in culture, collected and supplied by many
colleagues.

Before identifications were attempted all the
original descriptions of the species were collected and
enliconograph of the whole genus was made, so that both
descriptions and illustrations might provide an over-all
concept of a particular taxa. (As the taxonomist well
knows sometimes the same type of plants may bear two
names, the reason being that the later author who makes
the new Species may not know or may not have seen the
works of earlier authors who might have already publish-
ed on similar plants and given name or names to them.
This may happen, especially when the papers are publish-
ed in different languages. It is unavoidable though
regrettable.) Then with actual specimens attention was
first given to the 1—1010... or locus-type; Specimens where-
ever it was possible to get them. Unfortunately, it
was not possible to obtain several Type Specimens in

spite of our great efforts, especially, from China ,

-12-

Ivfanchuria, and other places. All the Type specimens
of five new species made by Hazen also were not avail-
able from the New York Botanical Garden where he
supposedly deposited them (Hazen, 1902, p.139). Dr.
Clark T. Rogerson, Curator, Cryptogamic Her-barium,
writes, March 7, l960........"Your letter asking about
the TYPE specimens of Hazen arrived some time ago. I
regret to say that a careful and thorough search has
failed to reveal a single one of the specimens of the
several new species which Hazen described in 1902. It
appears that Hazen must have intended to deposit speci-
mens at The New York Botanical Garden, but apparently
failed to do so. I have written to my curatorial pre-
decessors in regard to the matter. Perhaps they may
recall some bit of information about Hazen collections".
Besides this, several Types made by Kuetzing also
were not received, although most of them were obtained
from Rijksherbarium, Leiden, Holland. But, in this
case many 'iso-types' and others used by Kuetzing> were
found. It is assumed that the above Type Specimens
were either lost, damaged or misplaced. Here, again,
personal iconograph with all the published illustrations
aided in understanding them when compared with their
original descriptions. In some instances, how-
ever, authors did not illustrate certain Species and

several new varieties or formae, for example, Stig.

-13-

amoenum beta pulchellum Kg., Stig. longipilum beta
ma;3§.Kg., Stig. subtile Reinch, Stig. lubricum var.
salina Dixit. In this connection, I believe that good
illustrations, eSpecially, camera lucida drawings, may
be taken as a satisfactory representative of the des—
cribed species, if the material is not available for
study, although all illustrations are not equally well
executed. I do not fully agree with those who prefer
to publish photomicrographs rather than camera lucida
drawings. The reason is that not all parts of the
plants, especially when the branches are in different
planes, come to the same focus. Ruskin rightly says
(quoted from Smith, 1919) “Learn drawing.... that you
may set down clearly and usefully, records of such
things as cannot be described in words, either to
assist your own memory of them or, to convey distinct
ideas of them to other people“. In my study all the
drawings of the species were made under camera lucida
and sometimes, more than one figure has been prepared
for each species to show the range of variations. Some
figures have been borrowed for this purpose, especially
when suitable material was not available for study.
The dry herbaria specimens were eXamined with much
care and patience. Materials were mostly soaked in
distilled water with a little glycerine or sometimes,

soap-water was used. Materials mounted on mica or

- l4 _

glass slides were in better conditions than those on
the paper. The latter specimens which were many in
rummer posed a great difficulty in separating them
from the paper. It was found necessary to study
twrbarium specimens several times before identifica—
tion could be made with assurance. This is because in
removing dried specimens from the mounting paper it
was usually impossible to obtain all parts of the plant,
basal—distally, at a time. In a few instances, some
rare collections were troublesome because of scanty
material mounted on the herbarium sheet, for example,

Stig. rangoonicum Zell. appeared in only two collec-

 

 

tions (same material). These contained a few soil
particles and dust. These particles were soaked and
carefully Spread.‘ and after several trials a few fila-
ments were found, although mixed with mud. Sometimes,
it was found that the main-axis, especially where it is
Hume prominent than the branches, was completely

covered by profuse branches and as a result it ex-
hibited the appearance of other species. It is

assumed that this was one of the reasons why the identi-
fications, even of better collections and made by well-
known workers were not always correct. Apparently it
seems that they overlooked or failed to see some parts

of the plants possibly because of faulty mounts. Small

-15..

or younger plants or fragments were not seriously con-
sidered, because they presented no convincing features.

Camera lucida drawings, as mentioned above, were
nude from holotypes, lectotypes or from any other liv-
ing or cultured specimens which in some cases appeared
nmre suitable than type specimens. Art. 7, Note 1 of
International Code of Botanical Nomenclature, 1956 was
followed to choose the Specimens for illustrations.
Several holotypes were found to be comparatively
younger plants than in other collections.

A few cultures were made and studied to verify
certain characters in some species, especially Small,
sparsely-branched ones.

Numerous field trips were made to collect Stigeo-
clonium in natural habitats and to study the habit of

growth.

_ 163 _

List of Herbaria where the dried specimens obtained from:

Abbreviations according to Lanjouw and Stafleu (1956):

AKU —-- Dept. of Botany, Auckland University College,

BA ———

BP --—

GRO -—-

Auckland, New Zealand.

Laboratoire de Botanique, Fac. d. Sc.
Université d'Alger, Algeria.

Botanisches Nuseum, Berlin-Dahlem, Germany.
Museo Argentino de Ciencias Naturales, Dept. de
Botanica, B.A. Argentina.

Museum of Natural History, Dept. of Botany,
Budapest, Hungary.

Butler University, Indianapolis, Indiana, U.S.A.
Universitetets botaniske Museum, Gothersgade,
Copenhagen, Denmark.

Duke University, Durham, North Carolina, U.S.A.
Chicago Natural History Museum, Chicago,
Illinois, U.S.A.

Farlow Library and Herbarium of Cryptogamic
Botany, Cambridge, hass.

Conservatoire et Jardin Botaniques, Geneva,
Switzerland.

Botanische Laboratorium der Rijksuniversiteit

te Groningen, Holland.

.Botanical Museum, University of Helsinki,

Finland.

HUJ —--

RICH _-

NSN --_

NY

- 17 _

Dept. of Botany, Hebrew University,

JeruSalem, Israel.

Hydrobiological Lab., Csmania University,
Hyderabad, India.

Botany Dept., State University of IOwa, Iowa
City, Iowa, U.S.A.

Royal Botanic Garden, Kew, Richmond, Surrey,
England.

Rijksherbarium, Leiden, Holland.

Musee Botanique Cantonal, Lausanne, Switzerland.
The Botanical Museum and Herbarium, The Univ.
of Lund, Sweden.

Instituti Botanici Academiae Sc. Leningrad,
USSR.

kuseo de La Plata, Divisidn Botanica,
Provincia de Buenos Aires, Argentina.

Univ. Herbarium, University of Michigan, Ann
Arbor, U.S.A.

Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Nissouri,
U.S.A.

Cryptogamic Herbarium, Univ. of Montreal,
Nontreal, Canada.

National Herbarium of New South Wales, Sydney:
Australia.

The New York Botanical Garden, New York, U.S.A.

_ 13 _

Museum d'Histoire Naturelle, Laboratoire

de Cryptogamie, Paris, France.

The Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia,
U.S.A.

Institut Scientifique Cherifien, Habat, Naroc,
Morocco.

Botanical Museum and Herbarium, Utrecht,
Netherlands.

Smithsonian Institution, National Nuseum of
United States, Washington, D.C.
Naturhistorisches Nuseum, Wien, Austria.
Botanischer Garten uni Museum ior ‘fiiversitat

ZUrich, Switzerland

Abbreviations used for individual collectors:

Brun -- Herb. of Dr. Jules Brunei

H I.

Mr. J. H. Graffius

Herb. of hr. D. C. Jackson
W. Prescott

1'3." . d . S’Di’iii’lo is”?

J7. p. K. @hithPd

-19-

Exsiccatie:

 

P.B.A. -- Phycotheca Borealis Ameniclni

Eilden -— American Algae Century

I
F.)
O

l

HISTORICAL ssjgsv

Taxonomy:

The genus Stigeoclonium (origin 1 snellin
§tyqeocloniug, 10w discarded) was first established ov
Edmwzing in 1843, and according to Internations Code
of Botanical Homenclature, 1955, Stig. tenue (A3.) 43.
is the lectotype Species. Stificocloriufi has oegn hep

as nomins conservsnda over the earlier name .”?0H9;n

 

Fries ( 825) by the International Botanical Congress
in 1910. Fries (1.0.) used szoncna lubrics (Dillw.)
Fries as the lectotype species, a system also followed
by Hezen (1902). Fries' vaoness is obviously a
heterogeneous genus, placed under Estrsch0épermcso,

including besides the branched form vaonems thrics

,3

other‘unbrsnched forms, now referred to other gener..

"

'fimafollowing species he put under ivxonems, such as

 

Confervq lubricq, Conf. sonata, Conf. cogpccts, Conf.

Q;

Oscillatorioides, Conf. issiliens and Dietom“, Brewer-

nsldis sorr, Drsnsrnnldis Ar. Hazen (l-c-) further

\J

r11

mentioned two other names, Iresstrix rise and vaotrix

 

Fries which Fries and other authors quoted as synonyms
of nyonens, although Hazen could not give any informa-

tion on these two genera. Recently Silva (1959) was

_ 21 _

able to locate these original published papers and dis-
cussed them in detail. One should not confuse with the
ammzname Myxonema made by Corda (1837), however, for a
fungus plant. It seems quite clear that Kuetzing had
established this genus to include the branched forms
(also part of Myxonema) which were different from

typical Draparnaldia or other genera.

 

A taxonomic monograph on the world-wide basis has
not been undertaken since Kuetzing's publications
(1843, '45, '47, '49, '53) in Europe. kcst valuable
xcris, although localized, on a monographic level, were
done by Hazen (1902) in United States, and by Heering
(1914) in Europe and still today these morls are hiCij;
used for species identification.

Kuetzing (1843) first described five species with
Stig. stellare as the lectotype, which has been re-
jected by International Botanical Congress and consider-

ed as a young growth—form of Stig. tenue (Silva, 1952).

 

Rabenhorst (1868) also earlier considered it as a

young form of Stig. tenue (Ag.) Kg. The other four

 

species mentioned by Kuetzing are in order Stig. uniforme

(4%.) Kg., Stig. tenue (Ag.) Kg., Stig. Biasolettianum

 

Kg., Stig. subsecundum Kg. These were all transferred

from Conferva and Draparnaldia made earlier by C. A.

 

Agardh and Kuetzing himself. In 1845 Kuetzing added

-22...

nine new species. Then, in his classical work in 1349
(Species Algarum) he described in all 24 species with
several varieties. Some of them were transferred from
Draparnaldia then recently made by Hassall in England
(1843). In 1853 he transferred several varieties to
species rank, transferred Drapernaldia nudiuscula Kg.
to _S_t1.g_._ nudiusculum Kg., added another new species,
S3515. debile Kg. and illustrated all of them. During
this period C. Naegeli, A. Braun, L. Rebenhorst were
actively working on these and other algae in general.
Naegeli mostly studied algal physiology including
Stigeoclonium. Rabenhorst, in the early deve10pment of
his Algal Exsiccatae used the name Myxonema in 1850's,
then later in 1860's used the name Stigeoclonium. His
major contribution was an algal exsiccata and probably
is the first to treat algal distribution for the whole
of Europe. He added a new species Stir. Grunowii,
described Stig. weissienum Grun. in litt. and rearrang-
ed some of the earlier species of Stigeoclonium. In
some instances these transfers created more confusion
than order. For example, he placed §_t_i‘g. subuligerum Kg.
under 3.1.43- protensum (Dillw.) Kg. as a variety; §t_ig.
lubricum Ktz.(not referring to £535. lubricum (Dillw.)
Kg. syn. Conferva lubrica Dillw., he mentioned Conferva

W Lyngb., 13377) as a variety of Stig. tenue.

 

 

   

 

_ 23 _

Also, in some places instead of retaining correct
author's names he placed his own name as authority,

nmstly in his exsiccatae, for example, Stig. tenue Rab.,

 

Stig. uniforme Rab. His system was followed by De Toni
in his compilation, Sylloge Algarln (1889). Grunow's
large number of collections were included under Raben-
horst's Flora Europa Algar. Sachsens.

During the latter part of the 19th century there
were greater activities, especially in Europe and in
U.S.A. in respect to collecting and reporting new spe-
cies of algae. Similar to Rabenhorst in Europe,
Gardner, Holden, Setchell and Collins prepared their
exsiccatae in U.S.A. during litter quarter of the 19th
century under the name Phycotheca-Borealis-Americana.
Tilden also made her American Algae Exsiccataeinclud—
ing algae from Hawaii Islands at th

I
Q C: \ ‘ ‘Hvi ‘,
s,m tlwt.

(!
(h

lattrock, Nordsiedt, and Lagerheim were also making
exsiccatae from different parts of the world, mostly
from New Zealand, Australia, South America, Africa,etc.,
some under the name Phycotheca Universalis. Hansgirg
in 1880's collected algae extensively from Bohmen
(Czechoslovakia) and besides reporting several species,
in added several new taxa from the area to Stimem3“un’“"

He was the first to divide Stigeoclonium into the

 

-24..

sections: I. dustigeoclonium and II. Endoclonium

 

 

(Szym) Hansg. - in which he included the endophytic
and parasitic forms. This was later followed by
lhering (1914) in Pascner's Sdsswasserflora. Con-
temporary with Hansgirg was Wolle in U.S.A. who re-

ported (1887) several Stigeoclonium species from

 

Pennsylvania including one new variety. darlier Neod
(1872) published the history of freshwater algae of
lknmh America. Tilden (1894-96) in a series of papers

reported several Stigeoclonium species from Ninnesota.

 

Schmidle in a series of publications (1695, 13 6, 1900)

described several new species of Stigeoclonium from

 

widely different regions of the world, from Southern
India, Ceylon, Sumatra to Australia. Heinsch (1877)
reported t :0 new species (par asitic forms) from
Berguelen Island, in S. Indian Ocean near hadagascar.
Later Bourr‘elly (195 4) also reported some species from
this Isl‘. e(lE€~2 2-84, 1902) reported several

species of Stigeoclonium from British freshwaters. At

 

the beginning of the 20th century Hazen (1902) made an
excellent contribution on the genus (he actually used
the name h\

we -a) treating it monographically for the

   

United States, mostly covering the Eastern parts.
Collins (1907, 1909, 1912, 1918) compiled the Known

green algal flora of North America adding some new

)

species of Sti¢~oolonium. Setchell and others collect-

L.)

(

ed many algal specimens from Tahiti, Bahama—Islands etc.
Wills collected extensively from Puerto Rico in 1914—15.
These and other numerous individual collections, such

as Herbarium of Suringar, Lebel, van den Bossch etc.
contributed much toward the herbarium lists and establish-
ed the foundation of taxonomic work. This list is
increasing day by day and correspondingly it is becom-

ing more and more difficult to review all publications.
However, a brief list of major taxonomic works reporting

Stigeoclonium species is given below under the heading

 

of each country.

EUROPJ

Europe is perhaps the most intensively and extensive-
ly studied area in respect to algal floras and has been
so for more than a century. Dillwyn in early 1800's
reported several Species under Conferya from Angland

some of which are now regarded as Stigeoclonium species,

 

for example, Conferva lubrica, Conferva n ra, and Con-

ferva protensa. C. A. Agardh also in early 19th century

 

reported several Species under Drgparnaldia, for

 

example, Drap. tenuis Ag. now as Stiw. tenup. Kuetzing
rfirself made several species first under Conferva and

Ikaparnaldia as mentioned before, mostly from Germany

and adjacent countries. Hassall (1843, 52) reported
several new species and varieties from England under

Ikeparnaldia, as Drap. elongata, Drap. tenuis var.

 

 

elongata, prap. cpndensata. Naegeli reported two new

species, Stig. variabile and St’g. insigne, the latter

 

 

from Zurich; Fiorini-Mazanti (1861) one new species

from Italy, Stig. hydrosulphureum, now discarded by me;

 

Rabenhorst (1868) reported one n;w Sp=cics Stipu

grunowii from Austria, redescrioed Stig. heissiannm

 

Gmxn from Zante; Kirchner (1878) from Breslau;

Ehrthold (1878) with a new species, Stig, farctum from

 

Germany; Cooke from England; Lagerheim from Sweden;
Hansgirg (1884, 86, 87, 88) from Bdhmen with a new spe-
cies, Stig. pygmaeum and new varieties, e.g. Stig.

variabile var. minus, and Stig. falwlandicum var.

 

 

 

longearticulatum, also Stig. tenue var. lyngbyaecolum,

 

 

 

and var. gpiphyticum (from India); Wildeman (1896)

 

from Belgium; Wille (1897) in general; West and West
(1897, 1901, 1906) from Great Britain; Fritsch (1903)

with one new variety, Stig. farctum var. simplex from

 

England; G. S. West (1904) published the British Fresh-
water Algae from England; Teodoresco (1907) with one

yew variety, Stig. subsecundum var. ulotrichoides

 

 

from Roumania; Migula (1907) from Germany, German-
Austria and Sweden; Iwanoff (1899) reported a new spe~

cies from Puerto Rico, Stig. terrestre; Coupin (1907?)

 

- 27 -

published an algal catalog of the whole world;
lbering (1914) from Germany, Austria and Switzerland
reported several species with several new combinations

as, Stig. longearticulatum (Hansg.), Stig, Huberi,

 

 

Stig. polymorphum (Franxe), Stgg. chroolepiforme

 

 

 

(Szym); Kufferath (1919) two new spp., Stig. salinum

and Stig. submarinum from Belgium; Printz (1927) in

 

general from Burope; West and FPitSCh (1927) revised
inatlsh Freshwater Algae; Vischer (1935) with d new

species, Stig. helveticum with two varieties from

 

Switzerland; Butcher (1932) reported two new varieties,

Stig. farctum var. rivulare, and Stig. falwlandicum var.

 

anglicum; Godward (1042), neynolds (1948) reported
several species from some mawr and lakes in Angland

and mostly studied Stig. spp. in culture; Campion
(1956) also from England reported several species of
Stigeoclonium from the shells of molluscs and bivalves;
Llotsky and Rosa (1955) reported several stgg, spp.
from Czechoslovakia; Prof. hunk of Tartu State Univer—
sity, Estonia, writes in a personal letter to Prof.

G. W. Prcszott (Dec. 18, 1958) that there are three

Species so far found from Estonia Territory: Stig.

 

longipilum Kg., Stig. subsecundum fig. and Stig. tenue

 

(Ag.) Kg. of which the former two have been found only

in the middle of Estonia and the last one was found

sporadiCally in the mildle 11d south of Estonia.

U.S.A. and North America_plus Adjacent Islands

Besides the publications by Harvey (1852), wood

(1872), Woole (1887) with a new variety Stig. tenue

 

var. bulbiferum, Tilden (1894-96) etc. Hazen's work
(l.c.) may be regarded as the taxonomic starting point
of this genus in U.S.A., although he covered mostly the
eastern parts of the United States. He reported in all
13 species, five of which were new taxa, viz. S315,
glomeratum, Stig. aestivale, Stig. attenultum, Stig.
ventricosum,_and Stig, stagnatile. Since Hazen many
papers have reported several European Species from
different States in U.S.A. The important of those are
mentioned as follows: Ackley (1930-31) preliminary
reports of ten spp. from Michigan; Andrews (1910)

from Indiana; Borge (1909) in general; Britton (1944)
cataloged seven spp. from Illinois, later on described
with Tiffany (1952); Bradley (1929) from Colorado,

reported the fossil Stigeoclonium lubricum (31?”5.) Ag.

 

(although highly doubtful) from middle of Eocene epoch
of early Tertiary (about 40 million years); Buchanan
(1907) from Iowa; Chapman (1934) from Ohio; Collins
(l.c.) several with three new specirs and one new forma

from U.S.A. viz. Stig. autumnale, Stig. subsimplex,

 

 

I
PO
\L)
I

fill-3' m, and m. amoenum forms. biforme; Croasdale
(1935, 48) from Mass. (New England); Davidson (1932)
from Ohio; Fink (1905) from Iowa; Forest (1954) from
Tennessee Valley and S-E U.S.A.; Hayden (1910) from
Missouri; Hobby (1880) from Iowa; Holden (1899) in
general, also in P.B.A.; HOpman (1893) from Nebraska;
Hylander (1928) from Connecticut; Kellerman (1902)

from Ohio; Lewis et a1 (1933) s. Carolina; Lillick and
Lee (1934) from Ohio; Love and Rogers (1933) from
Indiana; McInteer (1939) from Kentucky; McNaught (1920)
from Kansas; McNeill (1948) from W. Virginia; Moore
and Carter (1923) from N. Dakota; Palmer (1929) from
Indiana; Phinney (1951) from Michigan; Prescott (1951)
from Iowa; (1944) from Wisconsin with a new species,
Egg. pachydermum, (1951) from Western Great Lakes Area,
(1955) a new species from Montana, Stig. Nelsonii;

Smith (1931) from Indiana; Smith (1933, 1950) in general;
Snow (1932) from Utah; Stone (1900) from Mass; Thomp-
son (1938) from Kansas; Tiffany (1926, 1937) from Iowa
and West Lake Erie with a new combination gig. gracile
(West & West) Tiff.; Transeau (1913) from Illinois,
(1917) from Michigan; Vinyard (1956) from Oklahoma;
Webber (1892) from Nebraska; Whitford (1943) from N.
Carolina; Woofidson (1957) from Virginia; Hughes (1943)

from Maritime Provinces, Canada.

_ 30 -

CENTRAL AND SOUTEL £53310);

 

Borge (1918) from Brazil; Britton (1937) from
Puerto Rico; Bourrelly and Manguin (1952) from
Chmdeloupe Island; Prescott (1951) from Panama Canal
Zone; West (1914) from Colombia; Nest and west (1394)
from'West Indies; Guarrera and KUhnemann (1949) gave a
list of references of four species for Argentina

Republic including Falkland Island.

ASIA

 

Comparatively much less is known from this larger
and diversified continent. Following are some papers
reporting Stigeoclonium: Dixit (1937) from S. India with

a new variety, Stig. lubricum var. salina; Iwanoff (1899)

 

from central Russia; Jao (1940, 1947) from China with

two new species, Stig. prolixum and Stiq. polyrhizum;

 

 

Li (1932) from China; Richter (19?) from Java with one

new variety, Stig. subsecundum var. iavanicum;

 

 

Schmidle (1895, 1900) from Sumatra, India, Ceylon, with.
one new species and a new variety, Stig. spicatum from
Sumatra andlgtig. nudiusculum var. tomentosum from S.
India; Singh (1954) on life-history of §£l£° amoenum
and _S_’_c._i_g. farctum; Skvortzow (1926) from Ceylon, (1946)

Manchuria and other areas, with two new species, St g.

- 31 -

rmqadeanum and Stig. gracile; Skuja (1949) from Burma

with a new species,.§tig. curvirostrum; venkataraman
(1957) from India; West (1904) from West India; West
and West (1907) from Burma, Bengal and Madras;
Wildemann (1900) from Java; Zeller (1873) with a new

species from Burma, Stig. rangponicum.

 

AFRICA

Bourrelly and Manguin (1954) from Kerguelen Island;
Fritsch (1918) from Cape Peninsula with a new species,
Stig._prostratum Fritsch.; Fritsch and Rich (1924)
from Natal, (1930) from Griqualand and south-west Africa,
(1937) from Belfast Pan, Transvaal; Gayral (1954) from
Ehroc; Hodgetts (1926) from Stellenbosch, Cape of Good
Hone; Nayal (1935, 1937, 1939) from 2,3th with a new
variety, S313. macroclsdium var. ijptlSCFe; Reinsch
(1877) from Kerguelen Island with new parasitic type of
species, S315. Hookeri, and S315. subtile; Rich (1932)
from S..Africa Pans and Vleis; West (1912) from S.

West Africa; West and West (1895) from Kadadascar.

AUSTRALIA AND NEW ZEALAND AID ADJACEYT ISLAIBB

Still less is known from these countries and their

surrounding islands. Pertinent publications include:

- 32 _

Moebius (1892) with a new species, Stia. australense

 

from Australia; Ncewus (1953) from semi-desert round
Emoken Hill, New South Wales; Nordstedt (1887, 1888)
from New Zealand and Australia, with two new varieties

both from New Zealand, Stig. subsecundum var. tenuis,

 

and Stig. amoenum var. ngyi-zelandicum; Schmidle

 

(1896) with a new species from Queensland, Stis.

Askenasyi; Setchell (1926) from Tahiti.

 

Although the above list of references given for

each ountry may be incomplete it presents the relative

O

extent of field-work done in these ar as. More mater-
ials are to be studied in Asia, Africa, S. America,
Australia and New Zeilind. V-ry little is known also
from the inland waters of China and Russia.

Although species distributions do not follow the
political boundaries between adjacent asuntries, still
for the purpase of locating than a table (see Table I)
is given beluw which shows the total number of species
so far reported from each country of the world, at
least the major continents. This Species list does not

necessarily correspond to the valid species accepted in

this work.

 

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X

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_ 40 _

Physiology,_0ulture and Life History Study of Stigeoclonium

 

Although not all the species of Stigeoclonium have

 

been studied in culture and their life—history and physio-
logy learned, a considerable knowledge has been accumulat—
cd so far. Many studies have been male on zoospore-forma-
tion, liberation and germination; few on the life-cycle,
branch-formation and other physiological responses ex-
hibited by certain species. Informations on these

aspects have been obtained from the important works of
Kuetzing (1844), Braun (1853), Naegeli (1855), Famintzin
(1871), Cinniovshi (1878), Berthold (1378), Gay (1891),
Huber (1892), Klebs (1896), Tilden (1896), Livingston
(1900, 1903, 1905), Chodat (1902), Fritsc (1903),

Pascher (1905, 1906, 1907 ?), Cholnoky (192 ), Butcher
(1932)J via her (193;), Uspenskaia (1336), Godward (3232),
Reynolds (1C48, 1950), Chang (1952) and Several others.
Detail discussion of the results of these works is not in
order here but for the sake of better understanding of

Stigeoclonium, a brief review is presented below together

 

with certain remarks based on my own observations.

CULTURE STUDY:- Various methods and media have been used

 

fcr culturing §318e99}29129;9990195 by different investi—
gators. Such cultures have been made in the laboratory
on artificial media and by 'culture' in the field under

natural conditions (both controlled and uncontrolled).

-41..

In.1aboratury culture either the ordinary pond or lake
water or different chemical solutions have been used,
such as 1) Benecke's solution, 2) KnOp's solution,
sometimes with modifications, 3) Bristol solution, 4)
Chu's solution, 5) Godward's solution etc.; sometimes
soil extracts are mixed up for better results. In

many cases agar is added to solidify the medium in
culture plate or slant. The principle of making God-
ward's solution seems to be quite satisfactory. Godward
(l.c.) made the culture media (as modified Chu's solution)
after analyzing the detailed chemical constituents of the
lake (where the plant was growing) for several months.
{Hus type of solution gives fairly exact chemical con-
stituents required by the plant. Godward found almost
identical growth both in culture as well as in nature.

Culture plates and slants can be placed both in
natural light or under continuous artificial light of
various Watts, either from ordinary bulb, or fluorescent
tube.

'Culture' in natural habitat was practiced by
several workers due to the fact that these filamentous
plants are extremely sensitive and variable in culture
media where they are not subjected to all the physical
and chemical conditions of natural habitat. Hazen

(1902) however, tried to culture these filamentous

-42-

algae by putting fresh Specimens in glass cylinders
(large bottles with bottoms knocked out), covering
both ends with muslin and anchoring them near the sur-
fbce in a running brook. Not all plants, however,
grew satisfactorily in this controlled experiment.
Butcher (1932) used glass slides which he kept
directly in natural habitat water on which attached
plants might grow thus permitting examination from time
to time. This method was also followed by Reynold
(1943) who also cultured the same plants artificially
to compare the growth in nature as well as under labora-
tory conditions.
The main purpose of the culture study, however,
I believe, should be to learn the complete life-history
from zygospore to zygospore and to find out the maximum
vegetative expressions of a thallus and not merely to show
the variations. It is obvious that in different media
these plants will grow differently but one should deter-
mine where the 'normal' growth takes place and what it is

like so that all the characters of the species may be seen.

_ 43 _

ZOOSPORES-FORKATION, LIPERATION AND GERIINATION

 

It is very common to see zoospore—formation and
liberation in any species as soon as the plant is
brought to the laboratory from the field, or, when
transferred from one culture to another fresh one.
Zoospores also may be seen by simply mounting specimens
on a microscope slide. It may be that change of light
to that of an ordinary to microscope lamp may induce
zoospore-formation. Zoospore-formation like this, hoz-
ever, was observed by many workers since the time of

Kuetzing.. 2r3un (1353) in his article "Rejuvenescence

1 I

in Nature' mentioned the quadriflagellate germ-cells'
one in each cell in several Species that he examined at
different times, e.g. in Stir. thermale A. Br., 1847,

Stig. subspinosum K:., 1847, Stig. protensum (Dillw.)

 

 

1:;. 1348, Sti". tonre (11:9) KS” 1849, In 3.12:2-

 

clonium protensum (?) however, he found two to four
smaller, more roundish swarmers. He did not observe
the further fate of thes swarmers, but noticed that
they were naked, with one 'eye' in each and that they
emerged through a lateral pore in the well, within a
vesicle before swimming away. He observed also their

liberation in Stir". protonsum (1) between 6-10 11.311. in

M

 

ihy. In Stiz. subsninosum Kg. he found that the zoo-

 

 

spores were liberated through a very narrow orifice

-44..

as a result of internal constriction which sometimes
divided the contents into an inner and outer part.

The outer part provided with flagella becomes a “ree
swarmer. Similar liberation of biflagellate zoospores
through a narrow opening has been shown by Juller (1937)
ibr the same Species, (Tex Fig.46 ). Naegeli (1855)
and Godward (1942) showed narrow pore and constricted
protOplasm at the time of zoospore-liberation in.2£ll°
insicne N55. and Stifi. amoenum Kg. respectively (Text

Fig.5? ).

 

 

Swarmers (both zoospore and gamete) are formed in
any cell but mostly of the erect part, both in the main
axis and its branches. Prostrate cells may also produce
swarmers, especially when they form ahinetes or Palmella-
like cells. Usually the cells producing swarmers in
nature are not much modified but when induced to do so
in the laboratory they become irregularly inflated and
produce one to several swarmers in each cell. This was
observed in a culture study by Tilden (1395), Chodat
(1902), Madge (1940) and others. Similar swelling of
the vejetative cells which produce zoospores has been
observed by me in Stig. tenue when the plant was kept
lor some days after collecting in the same lake water

Elviflch it was growing (Text 'ig.64-)o This type Of

F11

n .17 .. ' ‘
otellinb and soospores-production took place usually

 

3 or 4 days alter the plant was brouiht to labora-

tory. Similar to Pascher's (l-C-) OOoef‘Vat-‘LOL, I

 

> ‘ r v ‘ A. ‘ l ‘ I I w 1 ‘ f" ‘n ‘ ‘ '. 1
also found lar er miccozooseore-iormation in 1 .
a 1

'brou ht to tflxa laboratory,

1+
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7)
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O
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U‘

 

‘ 0" ’\‘ 7 r‘ w ‘3‘ " ‘ ‘ ‘ v " " ' 1 ~
and Clbfip ) or 4 days Smaller microaoosoores were

to
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:3
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a
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a

Eadie (l.c.) notice: that cert C.in fila.;n
and occassionally whole plants, however, did not

form soosp

r.»4- ... .21.- 1 A
cell proceeded to r=row one to iorm a ciancn. inose
I U

cells producin? motile zoospores were much larfer and

0‘ ‘1“ of r‘v. \
in the i lladull

“’1 A. J—‘_ ‘ ~

lOnTcP than the other cells .n
'm 4»° 9 ..‘4 :n at- «L1- .1.
;UG 11F;“eblOfl 01 s~1“1ers is lOLle b rou n a

lstera nore in the cell-wall,a ulotrichoid charncter.
ls become e"r'pty after sooseore liberation

‘¢ .-x

‘L‘fi - ~ '1 ~- su ~ ‘0“ ' .r“... fa",
these pores or ruptures are clearly Vlolole. an

° 0a a . .- ' 1, . 1, 4.:- :3 .°- :1-
dif ierent conditions, :xmwaver, can oe noticed 11 tae
;wnner by wh ch cells produce swarmers. First the

cell contents form one or iew soosoores without any

partition wall-formation; most commonly fouflr: in j..~.

 

 

4-“. A. if“ ,. r34. , .1. 3,- 0 v. ,_ H 71: ,
0,2,1}? ( L O) i ,0 , JL-t O Sbr“ Chill-[e (.1 ‘r)//J.) (dOlO , JLJJ. 0
m ’ *
(‘1‘: (‘fi‘n 1y F: ivv‘ . p- . ,4- 'j' ~-

| Vvt 1’ A- ;. (:O:{ L) r1 8. ’ .

 

Secondlv tie cell contents undr-rjo clesv~*e to

+1 . . 'A Y‘ _‘ _‘ n _o ‘ r o o ,0 "‘ ~ " _ ‘4 w‘ r‘ . ‘A
lorr awhy zoosporos alter partitionln; by hall-iormitioh,

both of these types in fr

#1 H 3‘. 'T'.1

wJ-d ‘- .a.-.

‘ . u. o ‘ w
crease in Size and be
.0 1 9, .L,- J.
01 taelr cell cont;nc
n. . J. (‘4 . 4-
pl:ne, or both. cert»

flajcllate ones, do n
.4.“ ~~ 3 ~ a. rd A
lOPJ a restln, sta.e
1 . . .
3,nypnospore or cyst

L $Mn+ #u -. ‘
to note that bde mode

......

ot j

of

AanJ C? HVQD‘TDT

isible after the liberation of the so spores,

variabile
i“. 60). I have observed

Q1

e“ ly collected specimens.

zoospores, esaecially bi-

I‘l‘“

erminate immediatelv but
‘1

.. , T3,. 1. fir“ ’
aplan spore (iascaer, lyJJ
FA 0 O J. .. L 0

cs, 1933). It 15 lLbchgci

[h

A, ,‘ - 1.. . ~ J- . ‘A‘ ‘ V L 1 ,
renfiiflfltlon or flu lOSSt tic

t uniform in all the spe-

J
r5350 1 41a .7 tlw‘ fir... oer-36:1 0‘ . "or." H b.5110 +[
VJ-\zk) LJL U VL’l l ‘11 l-is~ 11C U'¢.;L-Kl .39001v0 “COO U3
,0 ,3 a r. , . J... - ,. 1
+re Lind Oi soOLLOre structare (see DblOV), eacn
‘ehavirj in a different way. ITritich (lp ) his
obsarved 1d dis sed three types 01 zoosport-
"erminations two of'ndflxfii irethold (l.c.) hcd.Ccs-
cribed earlier. These are: Tie zoospore reprinat32

to form an upright filanent from tno lowermost cell

‘l . ‘ - I.- - 1' . ‘ ~, 7" a ‘_ PI. .0 _. ‘v ’- 4-
v- r 3 1 1 ~ 1y ¢3ncig31; 1119 Unit :orms

V L 5 3'» .— vv ~ 4' s (w ~ 3‘ ‘, 7' Jr:- ("1 0
t“-I’J.C£l 011813338 O‘Vep th‘ .3113.) tl‘fif 140.13, fAdOifl ulle 06111.) 01

these latter other rtical branc

 

 

 

 

I“ . A v 4. . ~ I n . ‘rh ‘0 flL’. ' n 0"". ' \1v»<
Flue, 80‘ o Jtl o lrj‘nj r311 1:1 0 9 ”Li 0 I]. Q'lqllpnh
1qu

r3‘ . °. ' . .~ . . 1.1, s “,1
lne Tefmlflfltlnf soospore fr as out on 3 sh sides

- - - .- -. n: _ J- ? T. .. -. n ,1 a
to f rm 8 creepii illumeit “dlCfl drenches 3e 37:
t, (1 ‘- 4“« jffiJ fir? 1" M ' 37} >73 ‘4 ‘VJ‘ qh+q ‘ n 1.\
in ~ on La“, 11p uchthH” irwnu 1 p1c33t1c1h3, so.) 1
4-! ~‘ ~ - 4-14 - A 4‘ . 7". ‘,- r- .
tion tiu: fo3ned all the V“TU1CQ1 oruncnea rise;

"I- 4 4- 1' -, ’._. .1. , . + 4—23,, °., A, , ' - . a
critscn (l.c.) 9013b}; Ole tuat is car Win set—

cs Iaetzinj had shown the basal cell of younj pl at;
to appear ike Geda"onium (club- shaped); for example,

fti”. radians, pl. 7,

 

 

7 1’- . ‘ * 'D" t" H ‘r . '1
lee third ty.e oi oevelo;aent iro- goo pores in
3) ~ o 0 ~.. 3r ’~ .. v, 03 J -A
;OJLlLl 111 3131' . "“700” if”. there, 0.1 ( OPnllllSth.-, {‘11
m J a,

)1.’

LL)

cell especially modi-

din".

filament with a beell

‘tfichmen is formefl. :;.;

 

 

 

 

 

 

cl: "“own i: 3ti* l“°l‘”9 ov I
.____
Sci”. Iclsonii by Prescott (l;33), in Sti”. subcoicisvm
Z“a bv Juller (l.c.) lL 3tl;. "“ch3W‘G‘T 5“. (?)
“y Ch3I*, ( 942).
'D‘ iti'. thigh (1 .) 21:. I EWWIG fougi 13L: s3cord

 

type of zoospore-fermins‘ion. 7ooopores usuall? clump

‘ ... ' ~ ,- D -. » 2 -..:., - .
1 thCKI o:1e <3; biiodi C€l;lllg “to 1ll

r\~ ‘ ~ w—r. v~ ‘, -. ‘q - , ~--- A ‘f‘ ‘ .
ere cc3v3d u‘tn an urc--liho copeer3ece), @103 043

“I 0 Q 10 ‘ o
(1,", ' I" —- x _‘ J— -:‘ 1 \ ‘1 ‘ + H \4' L f r J— .-
tqu-in out an V?CCU li-<281c liret. at leJ St" 9
3L '3 T‘hm’“ -" '7 "‘ Ttfi -0 3A «'11-’1 1 w ,‘l T.r .’—. n ,3, p ‘ .‘. - no,
L! 9;; , Po L, q _ _. o 3' '- 1.1 . o -l o L J Q Oufl J‘,’

 

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h . n fi1 3‘ )‘J F). - ‘ (“nf‘r‘b
1’..il.\.L lJA-_V|-u1|] -.-; .prj-l kl , ‘- ‘

 

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LAClthlLC‘lu qt tl. 1‘ -

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- . a’- .- UlQ~-’~./(_ 3'}; 3‘. {4. I. \J S‘ [a L‘( ‘q \4‘J. (145‘ A J {-1 1)PO:___1(“:6
" '.' ‘ 1“ a u up —. ~ - -’ ,— 7“! . ’- A ~ \ ' ~r ‘1' .- ’2
ciilercnt Lied: of 20030 sec hglCfl ”grniyrt, in
73-303... . J». . - m1 T .- 3 °-- J-’

r . . , , i -
tcl;erent chc. lion, UHllC” (l.c.) Cbo¢_q :2 .UL~.
“ .. ‘ .. ‘ _ - .
f”f°5l71”*fl th"t 4—ciliite nfcrozooaoore3 rc' “ermi-

 

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A. \J‘V

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eta JlCPOZOOSDOPCS LRLCJ

l_4gl,

”“3 "ewwicfife like the second tYoe (JILYC Ti c.50 ,

.1 ' \‘Lr§.- Ad

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bynocpores or orrestcl coocpocec either ovtzidc or

a ‘1"\ ”:1 . "r‘ ' "‘. ‘1' 1"“‘ :3 J“ ~‘,’ ‘ ’ ‘ 'V\ ' " 4‘ 3" \"\
.1», line i 115;;;U;.LJ .3 Ir; l'ztes on gerimmg or? (I; t.

J- ~rIL , «for. . - 45“ a
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°.cceudopérenchymc‘cuc or dicc-li o kneel pafl3which

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U icom s camper o. ”OOTFO?GH Old Jud to ct.o

sg‘xo'rm 1w

"1‘ . 'I‘ .- y‘ ‘ h' ‘1 j-vr ”:1 1— . 1-~. / _l '
inie m e oaenueu also cg oleRIowc l \l.c.). It i3

1-— . 7 L1. . 4—1,. .... 1.- \J. . "f- :1; I, . _.‘ ..
UH Loniimctler DIBEMWRbDCpQ pert LJ.QJ.TCCIOfillL

 

 

 

 

'3 ~ '3 4» . 1'! t" - . .2 t.-
I°rctm3 SuOmfl bv »crtho J, or in L0 MOM varie ies
m
;.‘L'! n ‘ J-V '- ‘I .v * ,— ‘*A — —‘ . c n 1‘- I ‘5 ‘-~ -..
;ti". lflPCblfl vrr. “l"“quc :11 3t: . ”“1 1"”‘CWN v
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“ltfle mooepore or severvl.

'T‘l‘r;j ” '1 P1? 1"" A. fif-‘TZVW "_(

 

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.lS 1;ox¢ i airily 119 il—leov_1 ll-f t Lite ws- :13e

H

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C11ll€§€fllb DJ“ 0:1 OI EGOO-‘I'DOI‘SS Of’ CLIELCI‘C iOI‘JI'c‘i- --y

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‘ ‘ . ‘ -—‘ _ ,3 ,0 I?" _

Deccvior between Clothrir fine lrfic"ru"lolfi. lbw
m-—— w

3 a d." . 4. .. .. - . , " . , -. 3 ' o ... . 4-

Lll-0?gnu .00goor 5 fire: lxidse, cuficriilc ollute,

‘ 0‘ K . V —‘ . ~~‘ -‘ . .‘1 r. -\ ' ." I: ".
Pdexu l microzoocooret; latereeci- e-pliuc, eeexuel

ounirif-3fellet

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tocic33 trcce :c”Chcr (l )s,l;01)

s.‘-\./~I U_-J\- .. ,

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.-.. .L 1.. . ,. .
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La..Ol- -1 L.PL) .L 21‘) 01')“ .3113. '30:].1'“ VIC? (l . C . ) ..O (:4 C .G , 1-0 be 3—

that in.§tgg; amoenum K5. the gametes are always
quadriflagellate microzoospores and that without
copulation they die. Usually, however, gametes are
biflagellate swarmers, although Pascher (1906, p.400)
did not observe COpulation between biflagellate
(zoospores) gametes in'gtig. fasciculare Kg. (?) (or
in other species) which produce peculiar or characteristic
(eigentfiliche) resting cells. In other papers (l.c.)

he also expressed a doubt as to the gametic nature of
these biflagellate zoospores. Biflagellate gametes

have been observed, however, in several species, e.g.

in Stig. flagelliferum Kg. by Tilden (1896), in §£l$°

subspinosum Kg. by Juller, in Stir. subsecundum Kg.

 

by Chang and in one form of Stig. tenue (A3.) K3. by
West (1904) (also by Heering 1914). Without copula-
tion these biflagellate gametes may germinate partheno-
genetically. Therefore, as mentioned before, both
micro- and macro-zoospores may become resting or cyst
cells with thick gelatinous wall in which they may
further divide. Chang (l.c.) noted that 6-7 small
microzoospores may develop from these cyst cells in

Stig. subsecundum Kg. (?) which may fuse or develop

 

directly.

Pascner (1915, 1918) however, mentioned about the
formation and deve10pment of amoeboid macrOZOOSpores

a; spec ies (see detail

*5
I.“

(and gametes ?) in StiMeocloi

;.,:
w
H
u
{D
9
OJ
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0
u
u o

:2,

K)!

in Pascher 1915 and 1918, p.

D. 471‘}.- :5).

. .. ., , u .
Usnenskaia (1935 p.321) states that both zoo-
spores and gametes are more readily formed in the
absence of an excess of nitrogen. The zoospores are

formed in presence of e"cess CC? and acidule tion

.‘\

while the gametes in that 01 Shd 313 311“

lack of CO

(Q)

‘1)

...

nisation, and should not experience any deficiency in

A few words may be added about the periodic 200-

\l

spore-formation in cultur Eraun (1853) as mentioned

before, ooserved eucdrieili ate 'rern-cells

 

pro+ensum Kg.(?) in Europe, in Key, between 6-10 3.1.

 

*_l

9A0 ) stu d soos;ore-fo-mation ii a species

$3 I
Ho
0

1:375"? (

 

of 3ti*eoelonium and remarked that specimen in culture
in general does not form zoospores unless induced to

do so, usually by transferrin: to new medi m aid even,

5.)

emeti‘ setecsl filaments or wiolc plsnt cowld not
be induced. Indra observed {lso that :ortlv in summer
zoos‘ores are formed in early morning if kept for lens

0

times in darlz. Zoospore-formation may occur in dark

ut they do not escape from the filament, instead

_ 53 _

they germinate i1 sign. Klebs (189e, p.12) similarly

observed voosoore-lorlstion in the dark and remarked

J.

that this f012ation or n 0 he pln when tLe nutrition

(D

«x 5

s re er ced or on the whole cut efi for some tire.

'Jo

3e (l.c.) further noted that before zoospore-

,-
iv CF}
-ip.

formation in experimental plants, transverse and

occcssionslly longitudinal cell- divisions occrr r".v»
in: the filament more than one-cell thickness. rhese

walls are comparatively thinner then the vegetative

cell wall and are clearly visible after the liberatio n
of accepores. During zoosoore lorestion and lischerje
the fi smcnt shows elongation and n coiling appearance
end cells become more ”arrel-s:
spherical due to the fact that walls do not stretc

J.

evenly all over neir surface but so in to bulge.

Hotility of zoospores starts during one rusnsioe of
the cell and before their liberation. The formation

iberction may take about a minute.

1)
:3
p;
H

Chen" (l.c.) similarly observed that macrozoospores

~./

(3.)
\

re mostly formed in stlnlmcr and microsoospores through—
out the veer but less in June and July. Godwsrd (l.c.)
also found that in Sti . snoenun K3. 31setes are form-
ed only in Sprin and he failed to induce finnete-
production and zyfote 3er2inntion out of sesson, i.e.

+‘ '. ‘~~ . '1“ e "L: a v‘ A?» ‘ : ,,: ‘3 'n- 4 "I -. ‘1‘,“ ’. ‘ '1 "‘. '. 7
{It 1,1293 0 Lane? b-13.-.’ :JDI’JJI in, Us" 11.131.131.111}, L

_)/+_

temperatures, illunination, aeration, variation of
culture solution, increase or decrease 01 p1, auxin,

soil extracts and vitamin C. (Does it suggest any

J

um . - -. - .u p-” . - 1
ufter-ripenin; phenonenon that the syQOte must pass

_/

certain time for maturity before fermination ?).

I: Zygotes are formed by the fusion
of bi- or suadri-flagcllate microzoospores at their

A

Durinj'UMsiusio; of two

3
9
O
D
{-5
H
(.4
"1
V
O

anterior ends (Plan

s retained for sometime, then they

Ho

gametes motility

withdraw their flaeelle, form a thick wall aid become

1

fix a ’ '7 v 'Dfi-V . ‘ A, I: A o *
spherical. (n never, see imaCflCF, 1919, 191e, for

J

aelanogamy). The zygote represents the diploid sease ,

‘

1

since the gametes are forge" directly from tne haploid
plants. The zygotes are not visible on plants collect-
ed from nature as thev are ituunni<autside the thallzs
body, and therefore, our knowledge of zyfospore

I. . 4. - 0 --4. .. . .. - . .1 1 J. ',. , .1 3
structure is entrenely near e. one present Lnonleune

about “"”Ospore-structures is based upon the life-cycle

A. J '

n,

J- I q . o o ‘ f. _ ~ ‘ L
SbUdleS of only a Iew speCies in cultures. ”Metncr the
F‘V‘fa n ~ ~11 r 3 - d-L -. —u , ', .1 r y: w.- " ‘5 rs
(,Nospore structure in DbL‘TQClOTLCm is tan 1 nically
. ‘ '1' -. -. . ~ 1 M ‘n . ‘ fl 1 '0‘ r
iapor.ant as it is in Ceeo30nia1es or oonuliaes is

N... ° ru- 4.
nlllCCnb

;.Jo

insossible to state at the moment but a s

 

_ 55 -

indication has been made by Godward (l.c.) on this

point (also see West & Fritsch, 1927). Godward's

method of studying the life-history of Stigeoclonium

Godward in his study of

 

deserves further attention.

Stig. amoenum Kg. develOped the plant from zygospore

to zygospore in culture medium which was more or less
identical with that of the natural habitat. In two
generations he found the zygoSpores (the only diploid
generation) with stellate or wavy cell wall. He re-
marked that this type of zygote was found only in
§tig. insiane Nag. as shown by Trebaux in 1899. He

therefore, compared and classified several species of

Stigeoclonium on the basis of zygote structure into two

(see Godward's Table I):

spherical zygote;

main groups:

Species with smooth-walled,

(Text Fig. 72).

Species with wavy, stellate-walled, spherical zygote.

(Text Figs. 77-79).
In the first group the following species are included:

Stig. tenue (Ag.), Stig. nudiusculum Kg., Stig. subspinosum

 

 

Kg., Stig. subsecundum Kg. (7), Stig. fasciculsre Kg., and

Stig. flagelliferum K8-

In the second group, so far only Stig. insigne N55.

and Stig. amoenum K3. are known.

Nature zygotes are mostly ora-ge or bright red in color.

— 515 -

It is interesting to note that in most of the

cies in group I the zygotes are formed from biflayel-

 

was doubtful about the sjeeies) the

zy3ote cones from

uuadriflaeellate gametes In the second group with

stellate wall the zygotes are forerd from quad

A
3.1!. A

(D

rii lajel-

+ r. L i J- +1 -, 4
late ganeuxxs in DOkAl the izyeei

L es.

The analyses above east some doubt as to whether
in each group above 1) the species studied by different
workers are correctly ideitified or 2) they bGlOl" to
the some species.

the followin: reasons:

the li is -history was

' . - 4—
s in respect

e species and sosetimes,
they put a q.ee i01 ntrh Cfter the n no of t1e species,
Ior ex1mple, j“sewer (lOOu, p-3>9), BP°UH (1353, p-l?9),

1- “ l ~~ ‘ . w . 1 P ‘. .-. ~°fi a-.. n
etc. soti Lleos and Pascher had saown qugdflllQQOll te

' " f" ‘ " 4-4:“ .‘ d . r-U ‘- ‘ 1 J‘- 7"
microzoospores (or pametes) in utlgo tenue; but west

(1.0.) had shown biflajellate gametes to for; zyjotes
s character

3. tenue Ilez-.

('4'.
}._k

 

 

:1 1‘1”». ‘. -“~ '7'":-
OJ. reel 0 "373.33901‘11Cifl51 ’

A3. by Chan? (1.0., same under

 

 

the name Xuo, 1,33) is hijhly doubtful. The measure-
ments of the cells 3iven as 1:2 di“meter to ler3t‘
ratio in matured plants does not chsnacterise Sti".
rufljseeundr212£3., thiere tin? coo lil lenfidfi: is f~d13(-12)
times ti".e diam. (mostly 5-3 tir»s) in main atiz.
Ioreover, the life—cycle shown in this plant is qu’te

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duller mentions that the filanent develOpin " f303

3 L -. . 4. i J.
‘\ r” a ‘- (w r.
1101.11 ..J LIN. O u UL:j u 1.’

\ ‘ ‘ L A e 'L -. ~ 1‘ ,—q - -. s V - . J'- ’ F t -.
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n t seen coni irmed by any worher). On the ot :zr firrd
Lao (Chan3) stat s that her species did not show any
slterration of feneration in spite of the fact the
she shoes a R-eelled filament (f.23) developin3 from

:yjospore wit hout reduction divisi

:3.
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~ ‘ ‘ “ .L. '39 o o ‘ '4— we ‘* J_ _ ". . o 3!“
On C'tic reduction hlVl”lOl it ml db p‘odtee 4—Cili-te

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-*- ‘—J ----------------.------I ‘~’

 

 

oxom'nos the illustratiOLs fivon by EQOjoli (lo.,)

q

and $23 (1391) on too zoosporo-formation, liberation

‘4

.°~ +° 9.. r34... ,. :- .'r---. A ‘fL’... _ _-' .‘
CrmlflflolOL in JbL o lQSl Tc .6.., no .111 Le

 

4n --.. ... - . -' 1 +1, ,..' . -_.

amazed to 3.9 one silllopltg hlt“ onooo HlVCfl Ly

F” o v — 0 ‘ ’- ‘

:odwor° for*’3t1”. 1Y206anq L‘R flan}, 1i; coulrl we c19-
----—-ll. "

 

‘ ‘ ' ’ ‘ 1‘ J. u A r - . . J_ ‘ . ‘ W 1 ~ 0 3
ohcod Logo o;oso tho ent .103 are .30 same Gnu tllo l8

supported by their ohysiology and jofioral morphology

_‘1
;.JC

thlU- no zyfirnx: struooure.

-_’

- oO -

LIFT—CYSLJ '"o “V"“LCTY

_J AMI U-—.\/

In genera l, as indicetod above (c.57 ) Stimco-

 

clonivm species show two tyoes of life-cycle, al-

%oujh thee e need confirnations:

Mn - I '40 + J- .~ ~.~.
Tnere a°e taose witnouu alter :13 .tion of ;encr-—

4.: 2 . .... 4.-. 4.‘ . :-

ULOHS cne also soccies p sceSSin, on :1. Pfl'blOfl Oi

scucrotions. (Isomorphic type).
In the first group hooloid plants oroducc bi or
;ucdri-flnficllcte jomet es ( asuCll" iSOfcmetes) ”rich

fuse to 101m zyfiotes or restins snore“ Hi ich rerrc nt

:_)

the diploid phcse. During erricotion esch :yfote
divides meiotic ll-y to o; och e four mocro- or micro-

:o spores which on germination procuce 1“olo d plants.

,A ,. 1.1- ° F -..4. ,V.. .1. 'J.
mistimjs use M1 plo 1o plant coiolc.es its 1

H.
w)

.- v 1
e cdcle
asexuelly through m"cro- cud/or mic Pro-zoo more: red
also par ”chVInwat'““llJ.

‘ r‘ R- J“ ‘. 1“ ‘7‘ "1o T+‘ "l w ‘ <,«.‘ ‘. VF"
I1 Second tgoe, only goose in swig. ciconlnosrj l .

‘4

"t

(Jullor, l.c.) (which needs con» rme. tion) however,
the haploid plant proluced :eme tee and also esev"ol
zoosoores) which fuse and give rise to gyrotos, thich
on fierminztion form diploid plant direc tly. This
latter plcnt produces throujh moi sis heploid qucdri-
flnjellite swarmers which on tel mination pi oduce the

heploid plant directly, or, after " “o

H.
:3
2
’23
(D
"5
I":
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T ... u .L‘. 4.1 ' A.
it .-.fly we DOGS U10 built p.113 L:

I
C)\
[—1

in other species of Stigeocloniuv. Ii

1‘ 0 p ..L '3" “1 .r‘ if ,4. ~-_ '34.: ,
c oiiei note Lin51 (1931) states coat in Jul .
fl
. .,‘., . 7",. 4-“ - ~ 3 J- - ’ ' J-A~ L. -
open in L). uflOfG e; SUB CL lSOuOPQJlC alteriitio;
W- ‘—-

.9 N .1...
Ci LDeneracion

’1 ‘ v \
J‘O (12" C.

snv biflcjcllate "imete as

d's (1942) observatiog;

life-cycle of the

did not observe

'1‘ ‘t-“fi- a. «’1‘ "1—1
F T‘ ‘LL‘A-J-‘ "‘

—‘--~‘. _..4

 

g 3
0
Q
1’“
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{‘11} ‘3'" Trr‘! "
V =40 .Oxlu K:L

1 1
'W 1.?“ 7' NW“
1.1.0 0"! V "‘./.L ’

L ‘l

I," 1 ‘ ~o‘ 1- Pv‘l- ~
UCGQ orou at DC li at o;

(l.c.), although Xuetsinc (l.c.) and

\)

P1
4

smintzin (1871) noticed it earlier. This is the

Pelmgllg- or protococcoid-stsge assumed under un—
favorable conditions. At this state the filaments of
both erect and prostrate sortions may bresk down and

the cells round off, develop a thick wall and shy re-

main singly or in groups very much lire orotococcoid

istics of palmells-stefo lies in the disintefirstion

of the cell membrane, 'ivision Ol cells in all direc-

3 lsrfie palmells-msss results. Klobs (l.c., p.403)

hed cultivated Sti

tor a period of (“eroti—

.L‘ M- 4.1 4.1 .0. 1 94.1 ,w -
ulVC) ~rowed use cells were lllles Wlufl reserve

4‘ ‘ .n L ‘ ‘ ‘ . ~ ,r 1 ,‘ 4‘ '9 ”\‘1 1 h‘ - »
Tracer:w s, scarce one 0113, and swelled to lore cirrel-

‘V‘ _ 5 .1. ‘fi - ° n ,._, 1 . ~ 1 4" “ r‘ I: I“
shaped to SQQOCLC l ( looalor) StPuCudPCco He also

J. - I J- - . 4.. ' t .1. ,.. 4.: .‘ v! 1. 1 ° .9
Stated (l.c.) tssc lJ nutrient oOlUuiOfl hltfl ni:n

of a slsr

Jr
LAL 9

concentrations a decompositio: could slso

rd
' «I
I

. .0 a" 1 L‘.‘ - a . ~ r -, -"- m n ’
occur in WJlCfl bLG spherlcsl cells separate lPOg Open

5

oteer. Similar results were also obtsiner by Livingston

 

CO

(l.c.) who uses :ti». tenue (Vischerc ousted it s

 

of high osmotic ores sure, in solution of low osmotic

fl
w
u
m
5
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C

F

V

'th stimulating ;nets llic sslts, pois meme

2) inLibit zoospore-production, 3) co use cylindrical
cells to oocome sphe risel end to seoereto, 4) to free

‘_ ‘I A‘ _I_ ~ ~‘ '0 . 3‘ H‘ o O ' 1 _O _‘
use pleat free certel; lilitdtions as to tee oriente-

m' 3 ~ ? ’ .s- ° :t i ‘} L‘ no -0 4d °v0n
lllubfl ( uka) daPllOP in LCD Soda] Oi e10 lilU-
.(1

fi‘t'fi‘L ‘Vv- V”. a. “. "I W ‘4‘ 7 ' 4", '1‘“. ~ ." ‘-
AlpbOCJ Oi -lllflll dilute Hood lound Vest eels pl_no

actually P0710 .onted a growth store 0'

 

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Ol erree ;rorta fores uhPOduJOUu its 1 le-CJCle depeic-
O

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UQOU.Lukfi(l-fl‘O“J\fl l (xxloitions, EhMLl:iS, one

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4. 1-0. ‘..'._L , L‘ U( ‘;:’ PO V): Cg)!.,|;l¢ UO(.,L Qt), C, ‘JO- EEOC—14‘ (‘4‘ UU- .1456

 

 

I“. 4' ‘r ~Q . '. ‘1 -¢ ‘ . 4‘ n1 ‘ J.‘ ‘Jfi ‘ a". '. 1" 4‘ >.
elite oi cells ,iVi;_ rise U0 onsnoo.uoca-llle ill:—

~va.<- - 1‘ .6 ‘ -.~-'- - _ H .0 W - ,.~ ..LPJ— 1‘

meets (related to cect in factors in the ndoitlt ; tie
‘ {NJ—'l,.._ .2 ‘ J-“ , - - ,‘ " “~- -- ‘ ----I f:
trze Jul;€OClOJlW'-S \ c, reoccsestec c3 tell—develo.od,

 

‘ . . J, .o' H ..4. . 4.1.: 3 - 2'1 ‘A 4. -
orencml d and c‘oct lileieeos end uniceli :: cells-so: e,

_Y,r" 113-; Iv. ,

(A

spherical,

 

....- -O ‘Y‘~ J»- . - ‘ ”a , 4
or 71:11 coups oi ;rotocoe s-liLe cells sscrouhde
w? v ‘ -. u u f n - 4— o '1. . '9: ‘ w *P
by sheilege add cspsblo oi elvl51o11(rolstee to el-
4‘ ' w l N ‘ ‘ f“ mi '. I“? J— , ‘ J' A.
creme u1 ffflflDTlulC corzd woes). lei lxrtcer st? <2

 

 

 

 

 

s. _ - 1.1 . , . -4 - _ . l. - ,_._
may develoo eiceer from the PillfllT-SoQ)G or at; ~o—
0 m -
Q q I I. m‘ 0 O ‘ I . .0 V 9‘. J. 9r _
lONL”‘-St¢ O. lee lelQlT-SCS e, accordlx to ner,
. - a ‘
mes in dL1ced by the lime-eorirf erd CClC”LCOUS secre-
4' . I ‘u h J-l' ~ 7’ F. v - . ‘ A ‘ .‘P
tiees ot b11030 slants teen ,r «13' n the reeds; out
., M H . A. . J. .m. 1‘, J 4.,” L H, H;
Upon boic r,sslerrel to lCCSgLEUVP niulOuu oaoOn tkn
...v
J
J“ [‘4 ‘ C: L .‘ AI _ /‘\ ‘. '. -I 1" f. V'. ‘1 . t ‘. ‘ 4‘ ‘ ‘_'-\
else ‘jmn3:rlse to ill; ooolo 1.m1 st'qe luLlCd lo L“.n-,
-01. 0 , '7‘ .. :1 -- m- '1 J. ,' 1 . ‘ J-h _ , r
ill oOl“ 21-1 , Uf‘Ot-LUCULL B:?.ll_-t,ll-”l.-S cc, ‘3. Flu" else-“P, 2.16
H' " .—- —’
LOtOfl that "Wv"s"oo cores" ere com: ely formed from

-"L“1LJ

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"NO 3“" ‘ (VJ. o .A ‘ _o“~ N. N v'w ‘ r
fll'nl? on Jul ‘OCIOFLJT ste st, 113“3.3 micro: oo-
w ‘
. , _ W . \ , 4n , _ _
coerce" "re co ..... tole f 1 ed flrom bJC Fflwcll‘-st~'e
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~' ‘ " - J. .L'. J. .‘rJ. .0 ,, ' .-. -
(ll‘u, F.10) also Cirrus: Ugru "Lbi‘ Ir\z‘e -loes'
.. — z. -’ —‘* —
~ ~ 0_ ‘ T‘r‘qu, o ’ “:'3 L. _ o _z~. ~~A " .‘H“‘
ofsse into 2 ;»l3olls-lile COLULULOQ, ll tie RBGlg“
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:1 string 1&7 filgflllleuvai :32; is --Cilb ‘“u‘”‘ CO-’“l1LlOfT‘ CH
- . J- q ~ —. .. . VL , ‘ -'- ‘ . ‘ 'F‘ ‘ ‘_ ‘ ‘ _
:iitro m1 storms tiorl (t1c1ieeucltuil ice“ tee c“ per‘ilest
M . - 1- 1 ,. - 7" A - f‘ - .‘J H
s1st be tales suoerled) .
“‘1! A 1-1 A <, $1, _ J. Jl , 7' 0 1,1 “ s, “'1 0 1 . , _ _. A v H
.i12Use51 wle plrzlc stiwguei o; .hLL en, lusso‘\ry '-:s
3 true or "rriaworr r1slf' form (Iiison, ,.ZI} ) of Efifi_*ws-
”C“
...9... .n , 3..“ 1 .‘- ‘A ~ ‘ *9 ~. - L» -
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\_, .: “m .. A“ w—
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see cl ells) are quioe in CCCOP¢CLCC Hits later
.._1

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9001071031 “Ud cultural investigat

33? @0010 ical diccuocions

:3 . . , -‘-.' ,W. 4 :- -
..L 01‘ "L1 LOCO. _ WON mil-101“!“

'v r1"? — ~ 1
{JPOL bll- 30 1°11 ,

 

 

 

 

he Pilirig 333 StijcocloniU: stcjcs of Tilden
Pe3p€c tivcly. (The PCIu C_1l£ -stv“c :3 tVo PCCUlt of 2:-
cue unfcvorfolc 00111 t 01 )

Oltmc mm (1922, p.311) ststvs that those P"lficllo-
00113 may be a so callcl clinet 3. In romo ccscc those
thick "'llcd, Wound cells mcv HOD bra"? “wort ”Ut mciu-
toin tqc filrxcn*OL3 n? LETS of the plant. It sccms

4. . - . -, 1-..
tlit Tnl;cllc-cclls, hypnosporcs, cling

v» ‘ N . “’~ 3 J.- ‘, ' ~v- r1 ‘. ‘f‘ “O ‘1 r ‘ O ‘1' -1,
lore 05133333 31311313 clc cal; 11111€1cnu13 DClL' "y”

‘9 \ ‘v-r ‘ r- 4" ‘. T 'V ‘ (1‘ A v -. q—J4
cell-H311 LM'C" in3 8nd uflQy c tjc" procfico wc* leLbS

g'. .L - - J-‘.,... .. .1 1 .n ,-
ulPCCulf or tugwqu1 Ugo 1orgn

of

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.1110, on, “loom o33 ot-crs rblcblVb DO t1: 1cn U103
. 4. ° 1 A. _, -. 1-1 -- w 1-
“CS L111" flab" C 1-110’.’1 as C EU.

the cell wcll ”Li ufiflfl "wrround til CHSClVCS With new
i‘3i'11”“l ucmohdnod. Latsr, they cc cuzul3tc yellow

3' n‘Nr ‘~ ‘Lflfi. .. I— J‘ 1‘8 “r‘r‘ ‘v't-‘J'fi .
011 1 1 $0111 3 131ich.1flll. b0 .lcouu1 CJnguo -11

;h-. \‘L

mostly ferminatcc d' p3ctly after 3 short or log; dor-

 

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-65..

AplanOSpores may form in the cells from arrested
zoospores which may show some motility (Pringsheim,

l.c.) within the mother cells before being converted
to aplanospores. Klebs (l.c.) demonstrated an eye-
spot in young stages of the same.

Yatsu (1905), while studying Stigeoclonium, com-
pared the cytological differences between the filamen-
tous form and Palmella-cells and found that the latter
occur in dry situations whereas the filamentous stage
occurs in the water. In Palmella cells are characterized
by having no vacuoles, chlorOphyll more green, large
pyrenoids, and thicker walls. Whereas in the filamen-
tous form, there occurred large vacuoles, smaller
pyrenoids and thinner walls. The nucleus size was the same
in both stages. Palmella-cells in weaker solution usually
produced biflagellate zoospores 2-4 or 8 in each cell.

So far only in a few Species has the chromosome
number been studied. Results of observations on them
are conflicting and need confirmation. Thus, for
example, Godward (l.c.) tentatively determined the
chromosome number (2n?) in.§tgg. amoenum Kg. to be
between 11 and 16, whereas Singh (1954) found the
diploid number to be 10 and haploid number five in
§£ig. amoenum Kg. and in.§£gg. farctum Berth. (the

haploid number recorded only as five).

(N
K

Kore cytOIOfiic

COpulation, pyren i
carvosome structuie

Roinfsrlt (1376), C

Juller (l.c.) and

 

flagella-for

J '\
«I

(

l liioemution r21N301ect to nuclear

" ‘nyition rtu:ete-; orL:_tion :uxi
d-structure and its division,

, contractile vacuol~s, :ti‘na or
etc. 1?3” 1x3 FOH'Mi in inn; wort.s on

oxy 1920), Vischer(1913):
ienk Ixfi21 (l.c.), libdbs \l.c.),
SCY ersl othcr""Clrest'nxxitioned abovra

 

 

Honojhini (133? st: d lonf ”f0 +hat germ—cells
of 3ti~cocloniux are similan to animal” because they
LOFCuSS mooilit with terminal cilin and hive a red
spot 51: ilar to the 'oyes' of Iniuno i and ometimes
a trensprrejt "pace on an a' “tune or whicn they fix
t101,c we: to Vejetate. re mantiocs that ;uetz in
Has the first to sflunv that "Ch1f””Vdiflfifdfl Pulvifloul s"
was ru>thiij VOTV> thbs1 thgagger31—cell of Stigeoclonium
otcllaro if.

 

 

 

'-

:91
.’|

-68-
VEGETATIVE CELL DIVISION AND BRANCH FORMATION

In general, vegetative cell division in Stigeo-
clonium is intercalary and diffuse and mostly takes
place in a transverse plane. Occassionally, at the
point of branching diagonal or angular divisions may
also occur (Text Figs. 39-41). More irregular cell
divisions are found toward tips of branches, especi-
ally, in actively growing plants. In this latter
instance the dividing cells at the tips may produce
zoospores but usually they become arrested and germi-
nate directly as aplanOSpores. It is quite common to
see in fresh material that the cells at the branch
tips are smaller, dividing in different planes and
sending out lateral branches in every direction (Text
Fig. 67). The cells of the main axis often divide and
produce four or more daughter cells with slightly
thicker walls and are wider than vegetative cells.
These cells can produce directly filamentous branches
(Text Fig. 39). In another type of irregular cell-
division, which may be found in any species, several
cells in a row divide in more than one series in both
vertical and horizontal planes and median Splitting
may occur thus ultimately separating the cells in two

parts (Text Fig. 40). Kuetzing (1853) has shown this

-59..

type of division in Stigeoclonium stellare and E213°
iggegulare Kg. Vegetative cells may divide in
different planes at the time of zoospore-production.
Cholnoky (l.c.) has shown branch-formation in
fifiég.‘tgggg (Ag.) Kg. It is a well-recognized fact
that branching habit in Stigeoclonium (formation,
orientation, etc.) is one of the most important
features for species identification, although branch-
ing is extremely variable in response to several en-
vironmental factors. The effects of these factors
such as, nutrients, light, and temperature on branching

are briefly described below:

CONCENTRATION OF CHEMICAL NUTRIENTS N THE MEDIUM:

It has been shown in several Species of Stiqeo—
clonium by Klebs (l.c.), Vischer (l.c.), Uspenskaia
(1936), Reynolds (1948, 1950) and others that concen-
tration of nutrients and other chemical constituents
may favor or retard the growth or growth-rate of the
erect filaments to a great extent. Klebs (l.c.,p.40l)
showed that in different concentrations of agar
nutrients, light and moisture he got different results
of branch-formation. He found that almost every cell

of very Sparsely-branched filaments, if kept in a

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- 71 -

that in fitig. tenue Klebsi "the breadth of the cells
is hardly affected by lighting or by nitrogenous
nutrition, while their length varies greatly in
dependence on these factors". Generally speaking,
these cells are more elongated under favorable growth
conditions. This increase in cell-length was also
Observed by me in a culture of Stig. tenue (Ag.) Kg.,
obtained from Indiana University, Bloomington, which
does not look at all like Stig. tenue.

Thus it seems that branching habit or growth is
significantly dominated by chemical nutrients in the
environment. Therefore, for a taxonomic evaluation of
a species, in culture at least, one has to determine
the prOper concentration of the medium in which the
plant may fully express itself. In nature, also, it
seems that these plants express themselves fully only
when a 'prOper' concentration of chemical nutrients

is available.

b). LIGHT: 'Usually Stifieoclgnigm plants grow better in
medium to bright light. They may grow even under ice
where light can penetrate up to a certain Optimum depth.
Similarly, hey can grow several inches oelow the water
surface if the water is quite tralscarent and clear.

Klebs (1.0., p.402) long ago remarked that light has

_ _
a stron" irfluence n the “newth, arranvement, and
orientation of the bDRHCQOS. One—sided "tron“ in—
cident lijht Hi l cause unilateral branch 5 rmatien
Ind wien the light comes from nll sides then branches
will ”now in several diJWXItWYJS. I found this to be
true botiliaiisatune :m3*:sll FLILUiLer l-heI€ ixu3r cen—
ditiens (Te: Fl"'f‘. 43—45 ). Eicre, after Zeenizr‘ t1“:
plan 3 in Iinjerbewls with natural water 0“ on Dear
slant for several days the orientation of breasts
Oici ed :fiYaatlyg I: sthr tewrzwkj the lixj1t soniwyas

Ml ced 1irectlv above the material. T:rly 3r wt; of

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tfxw “ruzmj1 eiri 012p P ‘Vtien ()3 the :ciurs t&;;1 do 1.!
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~”ifl fpafles “i‘ht be to a me extent We‘lus cecl by
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-80—

(see under each species).

Stigeoclonium has a preference for iron as some-
times shown by direct attachment on iron surfaces
(Whitford, 1956). Uspenskaia (1936, p.29) also
states that "under natural conditions §£l3'.£2232
Klebsi was found in waters, vhich cannot be considered
poor in iron. In stream No. 2 FeQOB-content was as
high as 1 mg. (p.p.m.?) at low oxidability of water.

In other places, Stig; tenue grew in the presence of

 

obvious supply of iron from the ground".

Dr. Whitford (personal communication) mentions
that at least some species of Stigeoclgnium_re8pond
to current and are able to absorb oxygen(?) enough to
persist in rapids even in summer (also Whitford,
1960). USpenskaia (1.c. p.29) states that "fiiig.
tgngg does not need an excess of free 002 as this was
the case with Egaparnaldia glomerata".

Few works have been done exclusively on the
ecology of Stigeoclonium and much less is known about
the correlation between the ecological factors and
growth periodicity and distributions of species.

Some general ecological observations have already been
mentioned above. In addition to those papers the works
and reports on the river surveys in several states in

U.S.A. and Canada from the standpoint of limnology

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mostly on the larger bivalve shells and are practi-
cally, absent from the smaller ones. Laboratory
eXperiments showed that these two Species of Stiseo-
clonium, especially the latter, is more sensitive to
"silting up and being covered", and so deveIOping poorly.

It seems therefore, that different species of
Btigeoclonium have varying chemical requirements,
some for more acid conditions than others and vice
versa, although some may be facultative in their ad-
justments. The periodic appearance of different spe-
cies in a particular habitat besides being related to
temperature could be due to chemical differences, and
in respect to epizoic forms to the age and periodic
appearance of the host.

The growth of most Species in running water or in
water frequently agitated by waves, or, as epizoo-
phytes, all suggest greater oxygen requirement by
these plants. Running water or drifting substrates

may provide the needed conditions of aeration.

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younger cells of the main aXlS and in cells of the
smaller branches the chloroplasts mostly retain the
ulotrichoid habit. Therefore, here I s; all refer
only to the chlorOplast of the m‘in filTnents and of

larger cells of primary branches.

'3

Pores (1935) states "in Etifieosloniun itself
there are so many intermediate forms that tr e genus
would appear to contain few separable entities."

It is not the purpose here to classify all the
species of Stigeoclonium on the Lasis of the chloro-
plast structure but at least an approach may be made
so that a more critical stucy on chloroplast structure

L1

s. ~ :3 - n1- , .0. ,_
can so uncertanen in the

00}

of all Stigeocloniun s( cie

‘

future. Thus, it may become pos s ole that the relat-

S

ed slecies can be brought clos - together. In lower
unice lular algae, for example, in the order Chloro-

ently several new genera have been estab-

 

lished, mainly based on tb 1e chlorOplast structure, e.3.

Bnonjiochloris, Seochloris, by Starr (1953). ondics

 

basis of chloroplast norphology. How far this
practice of separating species and genera based on
chlorOplast morphology is tenable is difficult to

state but at least a few types of chloroplast can

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Draparnaldioid type: This Dranarnaldia-like chloro-
plast is found in few species of Stigeoclonium where
the central parietal band appears reticulate with
more pyrenoids and the margins towards the polar
sides are wavy, fimbriate or lobed. For example, in

Stifi. lubricum (Dillw.) Ks., Stis. Lebelii. (Text Figs.

U

 

 

 

6-7).

Subsecr lun type: This type of chlorOplast is found

“if”

like ”ti“. subsecundum Kc.

‘ l

most consistently in species

fl
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The difference from the above types is striking. i
xample, it may be mentioned that cells of both StiM.

'r T, J" 1" o I“. “ ‘ W '
anoenum ng. and oi atl.. sucsecuneum n3. are more or

 

less equally long, about B-lO(-l2) times the diameter,
but in the latter Species the chloroplast is massive, al-

most cylindrical and occupies almost the entire cell-

length. In general, it appears as a longer and cylindrical

form of the ulotrichoid type. Here, as Opposed to draper-
naldioid type the chloroplast margins towards the center
show some variations-- from smooth, straight margin or
little wavy to lobed margins (Text Figs. 11—14); example
'gggg. subsecunlum Kg., §£i£° lonaipilum Kg.

Sometimes the chloroplast mar show as diffused due

to poor fixation in slide preparation or because

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Chapter II

55'7”]??? .".“'D 7971'27'71‘.’ fl.“."o"pm"1
’J- __JJ .4- AA‘ -- .. ..i... ~ elm. J _J.~ .L 2

A short and brief explanation should be given con-
cerning the concepts which have been followed here in
describing the species and varieties of Stijeoclonium

and CloniOQhorn. The definition of species is extremely

 

debatable and no satisfactory definition is there which
can suit all the groups of plants. Several definitions
have been given alone for the flower n: plants which may

be also applied broadly to lower plants, for according to

l

,—
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International Code of Botanical Komenclatures, 19;«, the

/

same epithet genus, species, subspecies, variety, form
etc.,are common to all groups of plants.

There are different conceptions at present in res-
pect to higher plant species problems which are differ—
ent and modified from that of Linnaeus' (1957. reprint)
Who defined species {as a descrete, constant, natural
unit that had been created independently by God, while
varieties are the results of environmental influence.‘
There are several species concepts, such as, biological,
applied, phiIOSOphical, typological, morphological,
nondimensional, multidimensional etc. which have been
advanced from time to time in a more broader sense than

before. Of these the typological or morphological
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- 131 -

Interrelationships between the species of Stigeocloniug

 

 

and their possible evolutionary trends:

If we take it for granted that morphology or gene-
ral habit of the plants is one of several important
features to be considered in evaluating what is
'primitive' and what is an 'advanced' evolutionary form

of Stigeoclonium, then we may discuss in brief the

 

possible evolutionary trends presented by the species.
When we compare and arrange species of Stigeoclonium in
some sequence in respect to their general habits, we find
gradual transitions or degrees of Specializations in
different characteristics. ChlorOplast structure, branch-
ing habit and probably, the most important character
specialization and differentiation of the cells of the
"main filament" or axis (see Forest, 1956, p.144) of the
erect thallus may be considered. It iSEmemmmd. that from
the unbranched Ulothrix—like plant branched filaments
have been derived. At this stage, and initially,
practically all the cells of the main axis and to a
limited extent cells of the branches (except apical cells)
would be uniform in shape and size and similar in habit
and function. For instance, we may cite plants

such as Stig. variabile, Stig. nanum, Stig. longipilum

and several others. In this group of plants

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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and possibly gave rise to Draparnaldia. It is diffi-
cult to state at present which species of Stigeo-
clonium might be precursor or prototype of Clonio-
phora, and thus there seems to be a gap left between
them. Stig. subuligerum might be showing some initial
tendency toward the formation of irregular branching
habit like CloniOphora. In this connection further,
it might be proposed that two Draparnaldia Species,
namely, Drap. ornata K5. and grap. comosa Kg. (1853,
Fl. 16, Figs. 2 and 3 respectively) seem to belong to
Cloniophora, especially, the former species. About
these two species Forest (1956a, p.9 and 16) states how-
ever, that both of them are quite young planusand may
belong to either Stiggoclonium or juvenile Draparnaldia.
It thus gives me an impression that they might belong
to Clonioghora but in the absence of authentic material
they are omitted from this study. In case these two
Species should belong to Stifieoclonigg then we get some
form which can bridge up the gap between the letter
genus and Cloniophora. Clon. plunosa (K3.) night be
related to Stigeoglgnium on the one hand, whereas ElQQ'
macrocladia is close to Draparnaldia on the other with
Glen. spicata representing a separate form of habit.

These three species of Cloniophora, although previously

described under Stigeocloniun and Drauarna dia and althourh

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I. b.)

2. a.)

- 138 -

Plants big, with remarkable size difference
between main axis and branches; branches
setiferous or nonsetiferous and blunt;

branches are not developed from any specialized
cells (or cells producing branches are not
different from those not producing branches);
prostrate part always lacking; basal cells or
erect part producing profuse rhizoids; zoo-
spores and gametes always from lateral branches;

growth intercalary, diffuse or trichothallic.

Plants with irregularly-arranged or scattered
short branches which are solitary, crowded or
loosely aggregate, not in true whorls or
fascicles; vegetative cells of main filament
and branches capitellate, inflated, tumid,
infundibulliform, almost cylindrical, with or
without constriction; branch tips not seti-
ferous, hairs absent; apical cells of branches
conically rounded or blunt; vegetative cells
of main axis mostly between 20-50 p in diameter;
growth intercalary or diffuse.

........ Cloniophora

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

i
.1 -
— —
A»
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. . . - .
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.7 . J ‘ “ ‘ ‘3 fl
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' U. —— L‘ _ k -‘ ._‘, ‘. -‘ ‘J 54 L1 0 F. ‘ \4 . ,I_ (‘1 J‘ ' ' \J kl .
.1 - _—.— --.—...-
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-' . A '~ 7 . - ,L ,1 ‘ " _ _ M LI‘J -. A l -_ ‘v f i
<3 ‘t V . r-w I
rm». . r‘ J--. . ,t . nu. -7”, W] .L. . ».—.
- . . ., 3 r . , ‘I ‘. ' -
«\‘L O c \(1__\._' ’.. ;.LJ'. 1..» Faulk, Lv"l 0 k) ‘ 9
,, ___" _- .... ......- ——.- —
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7‘)! . y‘1.,.’».,‘—,n.‘1~. a ’-. 1'?"-
’ “ ' - - a; -1--Ji. ._ o ,U(Jo o
—.—..—. . .

 

- 140 -

KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STIGEOCLONIUM

 

It is customary to use a working key with which
one can identify taxa, Species and varieties. This
key, as given by any author, depends entirely on how
the author defines the Species and varieties. It is
always a great task for any author to select some
'5ood, constant' characters of any species and arrange
them in some natural sequence. This problem is still

more difficult in such a genus as Stigeoclonium where

 

one has to depend on the vegetative morphology which
is extremely variable. Several authors, however,

have given some working keys for Stiggpclonium species

 

mainly based on the alternate-Opposite branching habit
together with cell size, length and breadth. Separa-
tion of the species, based upon sexual reproduction,
zy$OSpore structures, chlorOplast structure etc. may be
possible, but until now not enough data have been
accumulated along these lines and any attempt to use
these characters will be far from satisfactory and com-
plete. Here, in this work, however, a combination of
several characters has been used to separate the spe-
cies. First, an attempt has been made to classify the
Species into several groups based on a particular
character, especially in respect to the cells of the

main axis of the erect filaments as to whether there

 

' V - a 3 1" ’5l _ .— i J.— c A - 4.. - j .- .' - _ . i
1 'N r \ r r r "7 f“ ,r‘ 1‘ _ ‘N . r‘ m r )\ ~7I.-} , x s tar); jr r-v
L :14, L LEM/L . ’0’: law L. a c l , Lea ”a; l
'1'“ F, 4‘: j r‘ (L y, “ ‘qzwr r7‘7r|1"]”‘ “.14” H 3' m m .‘h 'w‘, *', w r r n‘. “‘flfl“ /
- ‘ U -L, k‘r"-l C. K) ‘ ... \).: l _- - ‘1' ‘ L V A. A ; ’ ..-, . ; . ,_ x ’
, . < . ~ 0
_7‘1,~,‘4- A ,7, 1 f" (7"‘r— «’1‘7—‘+ 71 0-7,] 0-? L 177-} T .mf'Ef‘l 1. fv ,« . r1 ‘1: 1'-‘ “V,“ J— -‘T ’ .1)
is .L u .ml . \J-l _ i ‘J , :. .. '2 ., .»J-'_.J.. in.) .. .. \2 - ”.--..n-
a - 70 V_ w I J.— _ _17 7 I ‘ 7 -
- v'ar‘, 1’» r1 "1 1 V‘ r» ' M i“ 4" r“, 1 {\")' L) r ) 'n‘y‘. r! 'f r IN V) 1.’ , ’\ '5’] «A '3 3
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l W "‘ 7)“ O W
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\ L ~ .. L J w I.-. , . 'd m
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, ‘ '3 7 _c r) a _7 v o \
r‘w '0 H: A f‘ t C‘ K‘ "1‘. OWN ' 1 ,_ ' I“ W ‘L " 1 " 7" .‘ (W .A‘ W fr )1 . " "1 ' ' * r
-. . \J k ..V A) .~-‘ A. ‘.) -:\lw.»‘~. , \z a- -‘ ..- ~. \— ' '. ’ u ... \d/ _ . .. , JV
. ‘ ' ‘ - _ - - J .. - .- i " .J- . ' ' . , .‘l
‘C ‘ ‘ 1"." mn“ Ln F p.1- a , -.J (fi') ,‘ . )L )f‘ ”“177,_\", ' :
... . _ .' , A . .J L' . _ c - ,._ ‘ a - 4 , _ . \J ... kl .... L- . 7/ ., . as ,.
1' , 7
- « - » o o a
J‘ r ._ 1‘..’\"\—:. J .3 'L‘ J‘ " r“ rv ‘* J‘ ‘. " “1‘0" "x" U “ 1 :‘T‘ ” ”I“ "\ " ‘ ‘~ " J- 7 " "‘- A“' '
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U ,x we .. W L‘ w'. -_ ,. . u_ . J .-. g .V LI..-.l »- H -1..." b3
v ~ 0 I o ‘ "' . 0
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7 7 o -~ ~ 0 - -~ 1 o 7 _ 7o __ 7 _ 7 7 1 o r: o I c _
At \ h“ -\ 7 A Av v '| . ,-« r5 . .1 ~\ . ., a. ,— “-. ‘ - .
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7. “ R: f} o 7, n {7 7o _ (7 c r‘ ~ 7‘ o
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W-— t
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. ‘7 r ,- L ,- Y . L ‘ w , .,“ L-
.u .'. _ '~J ‘g l_ ‘_. n.‘ O L l) . \4 . _h ..1 ' . i. ..x' "J 1 Li \J - . - . ; , _ . 0
A J “ . ‘ . > - ‘A . $ . ‘1 J
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. O 1" ’9‘ f? a w J“! A. , .7. ' ,\_.'-‘ .'.-‘ I) . --. .L ‘J t O; I .: hit Uv- _/\ :1
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“7 ~- 7 1 -‘ or-w— 7 7 w 0 ~ 717‘” 77 7 O 1: 7n fi
_ .1' “< ,fi - , 1 ‘~ -\ v ‘ ‘ -\ n ‘ n A V 'qr'x .‘w‘ w r\ ’- v A "‘(‘1-
”LOW ; LILL _ 3-.. in L . ‘. 1., L o . L. 3 i a. L- -
4- ' p L 3 . L - '1 - D L. « < ' L ~ - J- 4-
~ fiA ' , ,-\' r“ (71 _ .N/fi VA! {N 1‘ 7 '1 {v . 0 3 r. a
w. lieu. L. 4 Den 1.2“ (Lil o. , .__L. L‘, L. L ,
" ~ O 7 ‘I 7 A ‘ g 74 ‘
m. .L fi .—--7 ,- f‘\V.r wy - Ix" L '1 w- W x ,w ' . fi.- p'rfi‘ -~ /~. I" 1’. - » ....
or: calls a El -002- is-.. . - .,
_ . _ u
1 L L 1 .. - 1. -. .- '_ - _
r, ~ , ~ ... , ,1 . x r. \w - ...r‘ 1'} f r
--«ooaf' 9L» 0 -l.’ .1-le U -u“ -~-
fl 4—? F'_ .9. - -_' I.”N . r, ’ ~—‘ ,3 ~. .—» . ,, '
,1. 7““ A ~31 ». ," . r -\ "; r‘ . 7 7' 1) 'x r‘ ‘0 w ,r\
‘_‘O ‘ __\ ‘ J D‘;C_L_'_ L, ._LU .'. .._ Ll.-- ,.-..._._. \LL— «‘- 11‘ L».-

 

a ‘
‘z\ 3/ .‘T V. 1 .1 3-. u “-.'o") r‘ 1 f. ... r. a .\ ,'.. I: A \ y” \ ‘ 1 .1 . \~ .1 r—w - ,'\ an ‘— 1 z-r; ‘ r, 11 -7
."i‘ 3;. C J.-- ._z_’_ ._ _x.;../. ’ _ -. .‘_ La I x _. _L .. ~. A .\x.'- u , .4..- 2e _ _.__7.

A ‘ . .1 O - ‘ i - - - R.
“3"C‘11‘1nyi-fi - 1 r ‘ xvxr p'wrv ‘- 1 r 1 an“. n p,\ 7
x" ;.,-wx‘J i_x- \ ,- \_ L __, e _ .._... '7 . ;-A - L.

vrfixr

2.- 1..

I
H
TL‘
H)

I

mr‘ dfi-fifiT-rd—‘fl 1"." fl'fiAYTfi (\"fi.
_I- ‘ .J _: ' J .1.-. ‘ ' \a

. -.J.

_L...‘.’_

Cells o“ tre main sfi: nortlv Hfrrol-wfi"no€, cos-
._‘-

Trsnchinj nrefiorincntlf altern"te or oceuio-

 

,5 Cells of main axis 10-23 p in diameter, 1-3
times as long as broad, bnanching mostly

alternate -—----Sti:. grotensnn

 

,f Cells of main axis 6—9.5’p in diameter, sub-
equal -l-2 (rarely -3) times as long as

broad ------3ti;. nonun

 

f Cells mostly inflated; but cells of main
axis usually slightly cylindrical below,
branching mostly dichotomous-type; cells
ll-lS(-l9)’p in diameter, é-l-B (rarely -5
times) times as long as broad

------3tig. longipilum

b. Franching mostly Opposite or whorlcd:

Cells of main axis 15-25’p in diameter, 2-5

times as long. ------3tig. Lebelil

 

-143-

a. Erect filaments well-develoced with short
creeping base:

fl Plants growing in warm water up to 37
degrees Centigrade and sometimes incrusted;
cells of main filaments 8-12/u (rarely ~15
)1) in diameter, 2-4 times as long

------§§if. _Qfiimal_

;¥ Plants growing in cold, or average tempera-
ture water; cells of main axis 7-12)i
(15 p) in diameter, 2-6 times as long

------Stid. aestivale

b. Erect filaments not profusely branched, develoo-
in: from prostrate thallus composed of oallmel-
ls:

lgid or isodiametric, or globular cel

 

¥ Branching of erect thallus more near the
base, almost dichotomous type; cells of
prostrate thallus 15-20,n in diameter, of
erect filaments 6-11,» in diameter, 1-2
times (rarely -3 times) as long
------3tiq. variabile
f Branching simple, prostrate thallus more
elaborate, cushion-like; cells of main
axis 6-8 p in diameter, 1-2 times as long

------stiq. farctum

Ho

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

- ‘ —
" ‘-\_' F 1‘ A ' -. . 7 ,
I b , r. ‘1 \ } ‘4 {.»\| {-V .1 a f ( \ (W > - (\ ~;‘ ‘A‘ r 1" V‘ 1 v"‘ I, ~_ . V. I . r) YW _ol
, ,.. ,, -i .. . V _ u...) ,. .l 1 in» cm. val . n) u. i 7 . ... -
"1 l I ’3. 1 r'v 7 f‘ i", "‘ , . 1q/\. ‘ - ,- 7, A ‘r '7‘ .- ‘ a — - -‘
0 Cal 3 cont, so =u or ll ‘_-7 "J‘m;
- ‘ 1 f‘i » V ‘ 0 V "N .
t . .’ 7 (1 r\ r . , 1' l r -. i P! J — ‘ ,‘ I . j w J- ,i V',‘ A
v \‘4 .._... g, g, _ u ,, I , ._ L) n n J. . _ V .4. -. a L. a: . ’ .1. \ _-
" A ~ , . I .
L‘VV‘V) jLC .7 ' -- — nu. -_ I J, 7‘ ‘ . n1 ‘ '1 v : .1 N\ ‘ ‘1- “‘ L
M _ _. .. y» . i .
-.i.‘ I J. _i. 1 ..- ‘ ', ~ ‘ .- -‘ u ,
r‘_~C‘ L; T " 4’1 ' ' .W-T 1L— ”""r j "fjf ‘ "1‘-af\ (a "‘ 1‘ J- ” ~\,r ~34
‘ . \_ 3 , \_- ,_ ,. .
‘ y ‘ .L —. ‘ .'
(211‘ U .'\ 1 I .v r‘: ‘N ' r » j :r‘x’ 'A‘ <_ u (N -.' , 7 a I r\ 3 ‘ a .
. V . _ _ V, , __n _ .
3 fl '1 . ., .1. "\ '3 ‘ “
. V T A 1’1 (1 fl ] - :“I ‘ .1 V 7‘ d. ’ A 3 A 'N "' J- P’ -
*° J~“ “ -“ 0; guflwwi--5 L,LLL_ calls to con-
.1- r - .. : , 4. A . "‘ . ‘ '1 - '
’ ' ‘ I] ' ‘ ‘ 'qfii'r‘ ' " ‘1 ‘ ‘ :\ "7 - . o “ . "‘3” ‘ ‘ o -‘ 1 fl
u -..,4. :.._L1 ‘ 'V L 3.- i- i '. __ -1 __ i ..w',, 023.4”
“I ' . 1“ “ 0 ‘ a a »—‘ »- -
-— 1 r‘ ‘1’} 1" ~ * ‘1 ‘v (/ 1 s V *I '1 z. ‘ 1" ~ “- Wq ' , J- ~ - (1
C: - ‘ j. - 7' ‘ - s, l - _ - )‘L “- ._’ "‘ ._‘ ‘ ., ¥ .4. , ._' _ 1-} ‘ 4‘
A . , ' '— —' , r. s - A -. ‘ I ~ a a
' (l :ijj ’ -__—.__” 1"— . ;J' _-‘\)1_“ ‘ I :31
i A, ‘ ‘ I . 1 ‘ f . 3 . ._‘ J . -. 1 V . ‘ 7 ~ p W
‘ . \. ’ 1 . ' ‘- ‘. “ ’ F; ‘ ‘ ' i " ‘ {‘1 " ' ‘ I I . ."
- J, A. , m‘~-. vi“ -. a " . ,i,, no globular cells :
_“/)I i ’4‘? *3 -g -o 1‘ 1 “'- I, ‘1‘.“ r) ‘f.- («3 j .17,‘ ’x_ ~1‘ .3 .\ ,fi'qj - I ‘*~
, l , , I, [ ‘ ' ' V . ‘ ‘
_ .- .1 H ... _ -.. 4x 3 _H . __ . s 4.- ,L-
. ‘ o t .
late“ 01 +1 + ~ ,.aL-~tnq ~011- nr11~ a?
A Ll .. 4.- ’,A., \J \ .' L) ‘ . _ " ...} l.’ i v ‘. I L . - W . - , ‘ .4 .L ... ~- --
. . 3‘. _‘ J I“ " _‘ i.“ ‘ 5 L f“ 4‘
,- -' ‘7‘ r h - 1 . ~- - a ‘ w ~ -‘ ‘ -x. \ "z \
.4 i ‘ ill 7 .u iz._;-l, ) in t ,i ,, i—,
/ ‘\ ) _4 o -' ‘ o I
~ WI .q‘ ,1 P V '\ ‘ ‘ '1 N . 1 ,r\ ‘1- 1 ‘PK
‘\— I U“ - ‘ . :Lf‘) . ___-.__ > m .. ETIQS‘)..-Z. ' -
- 7"1'; 7 (5“) 2 “‘ ‘ T": ' 0“." 1 “ “ "‘“"‘L ‘ ‘ fi- ‘ a h j .‘ .A “A" .-‘I
A r i v , \ . .
-. ~ A - 7 n 7 n . .‘l ...- \_1 ’ A . ‘_ -- 9 l- v - .- ’
n ;“x J' ‘7 '3 x 1'11". ‘ r- J- 1‘ ‘7 "' 7* 1 1 ~. I‘ f _ 7 ‘7 ‘ " n ’ 1 7 r f. d
I \I .‘k‘ h \ , Iv. .. ._ A I“! ‘ v ‘. .._. \ ’ . - _ _ V
I o _ ‘1 ‘ o ‘ .-; 1 I‘\ f 1 ,a \ . . “ < .‘ . ~ .7 'q ‘.
‘ -’ _ I ‘ ‘ — 1 ‘ , _-
‘ - - , _ a - \ 7L. _ / , _ _ .. . , v. . , . i
.L -, m r V. 1“.“ . =_L r .. m — : »'. . n.
‘- ’ L ‘7‘ 7 . - _ ~ I- - N V, . .
’ ——y n o 1 O
, - .
;“I _l “- "a“ ‘ L rw L A") ‘\ ‘1 _7 w r ‘ - f)- ‘ '1 ) ‘ —.
.__. A. _ L' - ..J l V;_ _i ‘ - , - k . I A - .
i , .4 J_ . 4- . _ , , _ j 7' . _ ~ " -.. J- —
\ v- _. \ f ‘ . ‘5 h .~\ 1 .\l . ‘ (;., r‘ r \ ,—‘ \ . Q »‘ ,‘\ I \_
7’ ~—‘ 'v 'v‘ i. O - ‘ , L {"1 ’ U ~ A ..z .‘ - ' ' ~ --- - “ \ ' ' _
- u- “M—
- i - . ~ . 4, '1 .L ! . .
r 1' - All 1 f f ‘ I “ - " ‘ «4° _‘ ‘u d
- s — ‘ \ v x 'i . . ;
; . - = C i, __. N l t. - . /_ ) _ a _ .— _‘ .V , L . _ , .L b ..
_‘ _, —5 J»— . . ‘a - —‘ l' v " “
f ‘1 1‘" ’. --—————J,_,‘L . _‘4'fiji‘ :01.

_ 145 _

c. Cells of main ax s sli htly inflated; branch-

inm alternate-opoosite, whorled or fascicled:

4

Primary branches dichotomous below, above
opposite or 3-4 branches from same area
(whorled); secondary branches form loose
fascicles at the tip of the primary

cells 10-16 (~18) p in diameter, 2-? times

as lOLS- ------3tii. fascicula e

 

 

Primary branches mostly opposite or whorled,
CheetgpbcrH-like habit, laxly branched;
cells of main axis cylindrical, slightly or
not constricted, 8-11 p in diameter, 4-10

(-12) times as long.

4- .. ».,~ . .—.
-—-—--S b1‘r‘. SC; 'I‘lflt're
-.I‘ .‘ .__

 

— .
‘ ' '"I "i 'A- [T —‘ "I- ' ' . _V' ITI 1 A\ .
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Cells wostly berrel—s

_ 111.7 _

cells usually nOLconstricted, o-ll p in

diameter, 1-3 times as long

 

Branches scattered irregrlarly, thorn-like
with broad has and snare sotiferous end;
cells producinj Trenches somewhat modified;

cells of main axis 11—15 (—13) p in diameter,

equal or slijhtly longer or shorter as lon~

 

—-——-_.3ti‘:. Eilb~dliu:rtn
#

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in: usxslly in lonfi colorless hair; cells of
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- 151 -

as long; cells producing whorls of
branches usually much greater in diameter
than other cells, mostly globular up to 60-62/u

in diameter, 2/5-lé times as long.

...... stlg. ggihinensis

Stigeoclonium farctum Berth.

P1. 19, Figs. 3-4; P1. 26, Firs. 6-7.

Berthold, in Nova Acta LeOpold. Carol. XL: 201, t.2.f.
1-5, 1878; De Toni, Syll. A13. I: 204, 1389; HanSZirg,

Prodrom. II: 217, 1393; Heering, in Pascher's Sass-

I)

wa.ser. 6: 84-35, 1914.

L

Synonyms (probably):

Stig. Huberi Hearing (Stis. tenue Huber) in Pascher's

 

Sflsswasser. 6: 85, f. 125a, 1914.‘
~' - av 1 . 7 ,'~.° . r‘? . "5..
otiq. sp. hoeoius, in Redhlgla, 27. 5),, t.9, f.3, J33.

Endoclonium ? Hoebiusicnum De Toni, Syll. A13. I: 203,

Stig. ncjcdeanum Skvort. in Proc. Harbin. Ho. 2, f.Q-l4

Thallus epiphytic or endophytic (or sometimes free-
floating), forming a cushion-like prostrate part from
which erect filaments develop; cells of prostrate
thallus more or less angular, compact, nearly iso-
diametric, forming a pseudoparenchymatous or monostro-
matic base, almost every cell producing an erect filament,
unbranched for considerable distance, then alternately

branched; cells of erect filaments

l
H
U 1
KN

I

cylindrical, may be slightly inflated; branch tips
usually blunt, rarely ending in a multicellular
colorless hair; cells of main filament 6-7’p {-8
‘p or little more) in diameter, 1-2 times as long,
seldom more, especially at the branch tip or in
culture media.

This species is highly variable in habit.
The exact nature of this species is still to be deter-

mined. Whether the compact Coleochaete-like base

 

shown by Berthold develOpS from a single zoospore or
from many has to be verified. In culture (from
Indiana) 1 ihave seen only the monostromatic fila-
mentous, prostrate type of thallus without the forma-
tion of a disc.

The type specimens of Stig. Luberi, Stig. najjdecnnm,

 

or Endoclonium Koebiusianum have not been seen by me,
but from the descriptions and illustrations it appears
that these species are identical and possibly may be
related to Stig. farctum.

Fritsch established variety simplex or §tig.
farctum (Fritsch, Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 13: 353, 1903;
also 1905, p.200) based on the absence of branching in
the upright filaments. That one should assign such a

small plant to any Species, not to mention the making

 

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L. B. Savannah River, Col. Reimer, Aug. 30, 1955 (PH .

Stigeoclonium variabile Naeg. n1 Kg.~ (Emend.)

P1. 5, Fig. 6; Pl. 7, wign 5-6; Pl. 1», Figs. 1-2,

P1. 23, Fig. 1; P1. 25, Figs. 8—9; P1. 27, Figs.

1-8' P1. 23, Figs. 3-4; Text Fig. 100.

Kuetzing, Spec. A13. 352, 1849; ab. Phyc. 3:t.2, f.l,

1853; Rabenhorst, Flor. Eur. A15. 3:330, 1863;

Berthold, in Nova Acta LeOpold. t.15, f.lO, 1373;

Hansgirg, Prodrom. 65, 1386; De Toni, Syll. A13. I:

196, 1839; Fritsch, in Beih. Bot. Centralbl. 13: 36

190”' Heering, in Pascher's Sfisswasser.6: 72-74, 1

(includinv Bertholdianum Gaxanum and Fritscninnum .
Q !

 

Stigeoclonium variabile var. minus Hanog. Loo. cit.,

65, 1836; De Toni, Loo. cit. 196, 1339 (TYPE:

Boe elmen (”). ) (De Toni, 1.0. 193, as Stig. tenue var.

minus Hones. )

Stigeoclonium q15C01a0““” K: SDGC- A1». 355, 1349;

Tab. Phyc. 3: t.2, f.2, 1353' (TYPE: from Hanau (L).)

Stig. Drotensum var. suasoinosum (Kfi.) 33b. Flor. Eur.

A13. 373, 1363; De Toni, Syll. A13. 1: 1v9, 33.,
Stifi. subul :erum subgginovum (33.) in Heering, 10c.

 

Stiw. weiss 1r nun Grunow, (TEFL: a nte( ) in litt- in
Rabenh. Flor. Eur. 513. 3: 330, 1333; De Toni, Syll.

A13. I: 204, 133:-

 

:Sti“. (3|-1138110Y' 00111 '18 (TLPS: ::E'SSO ): 3'1". .3112. L 01...}.
Supplem. 22, r.6, 191 (P.3.A. To. 1101).

tif. v""°oww T-*W:~.(.mdr‘ar' section Endoclonium)

D)

 

7-1 ‘ - q‘ . »"_ 0 An, vv 0‘
(TVPA: Boenmen(f): Proaron. I: 09, f.2u, logo; neerlng,
1n Pascher's Ufissw“~sc .6: 35, 1914.

tif. fnrctun be a nr"“nun thsg. Prodrom. II: 217,

1893. Endoclonium pyfimfieun Hanan. in De Toni, Syll.

Also I: 207, 183_ o

 

P?DB.‘3LY 3130 TH“? -CT L371??? 31°33 33 311'." L??? PUT 3.3 S‘C'CI'ITIIT
Stiq. ? qrunowii Rnb. loo. cit. 3 3, 1363; (ori;1n“1

specimens, A. Gruno.r 20fl/ /1336 (V)-)

 

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oblique; erect file nlent once or twice dichotomous
branched in the basal part, otherwise single.

Collins' above descriptions are quite similar to

the features I have fo u.nd in Sti *. .eicsianus in res-

 

pect t0 the prostrate thallus, round 00118, more branch-
ing of erect filaments near the base (also like Stir.

pyfimaeum), constrictions in 09se of wider cells etc.

Like ;tig. variabile the cells divide loi“ittuinallr or

 

diagonally as shown by Berthold (1373). Tile acute or
sharply pointed apex without a long hair seems to be a
common character of all these species descrieed.

Stir. Grunowii 233.: Type specimens very poor. Des-

 

cribed as -- very small epiphyte, 3.5-5Ip in lianeter,
1-2 times as long.
Similarly, Sti “. chroolegiforne (

L4

33, 1914 (”cwoclooifli chr Ole jiforme Szvmanski, in De

 

Toni, I: 206, 1839) may be regarded as a very young
stage of either Stig. variabile or of some other Speciec
Stig. nolxmorniun (Frenke) Heering, 87, 1914 (Endocloniun

nolgmorphun Franks, in De Toni, 206, 1339); Des-

 

cribed as endo—or epi-p n"tic in Lemzia and other
aquatics; having a prostrate, eudoosrencndnctous disc,
monostromatic and radiating, marginal cells beer the

branches; cells of erect filaments on average 4,n

c i

 

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may be long and Mlen er or short and spine-like,
branch apex usually sharply pointed or acute, rarely
le jntly setiferou.s, but Hit} iout long terminal hziir;
thallus developing ps eudope rencnvmttous or monostro-
matic prostrate part of round or angulcr cells, about
15-20 p in diameter, cells of erect filaments rectan-

giler, cylindrical, or slightly inflated, G-ll’n in

U)

diameter, usually 1-2 times (rarely 3 ti es) as long
(in the cells of the branches especially near the tip,
somewhat longer); cell wall USU.T lly thin but under
unfavorable conditions mry be gmr atly thic c.i; cell
may divide diagonally or longitudinally in old fila-

ments to produce swarmers.

 

 

 

3necim:ns studied:
W'fim 7-9
- _ .KL’P ..J
G r~ fir : '- fl ‘7 -., . \V .V y ’3 7-,“ ,
-‘Flt er 9n1: ZdriCn: v01. mPQ ell, no. 3 131 5a, Herb.
7 ..J. ., . 9 r. v ’ . fi' ' . r
Ifllcu21jq], NE‘3(L ); Inknmewl \Tro;;;1)'be1 Eli! In ‘l.b.

Ala. 3:.c nsen. Col. ? and Rothe, I0. 293, Key, 1353 (B.W.

3.12. K. L. as.) (as sti v. "ubcriiosu ); 3:-r iwv~yiwz
M w.‘ v “—5- .._—.._-

Boehmen: in einem Teicnen Piseh Col. A. Hansfiir: Ho.
9 v a,

5793 as TYPE of Stifl. variabile var.

 

 

(
9.). ?? Leg. Fr. Brand, Col. 30. j495 (33.479), 10.2,
(

1395 and 13.3.07 ( ) Leg. Br. Poetsch, 3/5, 835 I);

Brunn. Moravia, Herb. Lenormsnd. (G.PC.L.); Algae

 

 

 

 

 

 

Koravicse, Herb. Reinhardt. L 3. J. Nave (L.U3.IC.J. FH.);

Keusohl. Lnrker, Gustav, Jermy Herb. 189?, (20 (all

as Stig. sunspinos1m Kg.); Posbnen: auf Us serp-

flanzen in einem Teiche bei der Chlumcsner Zuclcerfebrik
chst Lsun, Col. A. Hensgirg, Juli 133', (TYPE of

Stig. pygmaeum,(w); Isotype from F.); Frence:

Helodunum, in rivulis fontis, Verb. Roussel, 20 Sept.

1350, and 26 April 1392 ? (PC.L.); Havre: algues de

France. Duprsy S 93 (as gtig. Quote nsUn f. kn‘rli Orin),

 

 

 

334 (L); and Duprsy S 99 (as Sti”. :roto:tcr.n f.

___—H

subspinosun), 334 (L); Seen. Herb. Lenornend. Ex Col.

 

No. 40, (3-1;. F. HIJ L.?I.II.FH.C.); Germany: Freiburg:
Leg. A. Brsun, Anril, ?(L); Leg. A. Ernun, 30- 145,
Aeril, 1343 (L); Hanan. Herb. II We m,i1 Leg. A. Brnun,
No. 4, Key 1347, (L.G.); Leg. A. Breun Ho. 15? (3);
A. Ersun, 1350, Ho. 175, 134? (PC.KZ.); Hanan,

over or UTI?

Fors our“ ?. Th. Lo. 37 as lig3 c- ~ -g.

A n . - - v ,, H Y“ 1-, i”
(also as coni. tenerrims 5,.) 301. xciCnen-

 

1347 (L); Leg. ? Pulnheim, Acqu. 339 HO. 353007 (3);
3w ed en: Boden. Rub. Ala. Bach. resp. Iitteleurons.

F'— "* TD *9 L 29:: ).
3) -..Lo ..JJJ 3‘0 33.. o no L ..O ,

(.0

Col. D. Bulnhei'n, 270. 599, 3313’ 1

E3
h,

In Cl doehore putesli inSLl”O nte LGI° 4'

:3.
C."
to

DJ

 

 

 

 

_ 157 _

Weiss, TYPE of “tie. woissianun Grun. (W); also from

—_-A

 

(FH); Romania: J. lfov ? Chitila in rivulo parvo, 2
Feb. 1903, Leg. Dr. E. C. Teodoresco, Col. Bo. 1247,

(as Stlg. subsecundum var. ulotrichoides Teod.);

 

? Doubtful as Stlgeoolonium in the type specimen of

 

"~.J"3 W ”1.14! H H3"? ‘1‘; (1"
«Ll—,I. ? 1* -1. .0 .‘_~ 31..)0’ 'Jll.

Q'Pn'fi wv IQUQ~-‘—-‘IT fl ‘
I u -. . O ' u'
- \ .T .i 2.x

Qgég; Ottawa River, on rocks, Col. Hohn, No. 4(3),
0.3.3. #2, March 7, 1956 (PH); Harvland: In

shallow running water of outlet of ice plant, Princess
Anne, 8 merset Co. R. White and F. Drouet, No. 2295,

Aug. 24, 1938 (PH); KassacLusetts: Eastham:

 

Leg. F. 3. Collins, TYPE of "tIV. subsimplex
P.B.A. to. 1791, 1909, (K.IIF:.;1.PC.C.US.F.V.L.);

TYPE from (FH).

NORTH 1r*e*"“

_ -.. L .._ ‘J 1

 

Canaoa: Quebec: Low (comte de Gatineau) barrame
Pagan sur la riviere Gatineau, Col. J. B~unel and

9
‘x’

R. Payer. 10. 395. July 7, 1933 (ET).

,-

Stifieoclonium nanum (Dillw.) ha.

A13. 3: 330, 1963; Cooke, Brit. F.w. 113. 190, t.74, r.
2, 1882-84; Wolle, F.w. A13. U.s. 112, t.95, r.1o, 138 ,
De Toni, Syll. A13. 1:203, 1339; Fritsch, in BeiL.

Bot. Centralbl. 13: 363-87, 1903; Collins, Gr. A13.

N. Am. 220, 1909; Hearing, in Pascher's Sdsswasser.

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Stheocloniulexnr"n‘lnu I“. (Eueu&.)

_L I J

P1. 6, Fig. 4; P1. 28, F1?- 5; Fl. 32, Fig. 1; Text

Kuetzlng, Phyc. Germ. 193, 1045; 8990. A13. 33h 1°40;
Tab. thc. 3: P1. 7, F. l, 1653; RLUenh. F1. 31?.

A13. 3: 379, 1868; Krypt. Flor. 63, 1373; Han85.
Prodr. 67, 1886; Wolle, F. U. A13. U.3. 113, pl. 100, f.2,
3, & pl. 102, f.l-3, 1837; De Toni, 5311. A ~ I: 19:,

I\.
J

1889; Hazen, Fem. Tor. Bot. Club 11(2) 209, 1902;

Hearing, in Pascher's Sfisswasser.6: 76, 1914; Tiffany

and Britton, Alg. 111. 36, 1952.

Ho
,0:
(D
J)

Chaepgphore d? pfirnhlllo Kuetz. A13. Dec. 30. 10”

(Isotype for Stiv. 10:11.11un) Herb. Xuetzing, (L).

 

I'Vj: net? Qrfiphrnfilfliolies Jab. H'ndo. 11(2): 99.
'1 o ‘ o 1 1 h 3 3, 'rr“ F! K 7P. n) .
Jtlfi. longigllas V1r. PQIdS “3. spec. A13. 93%, 1049,

 

(Schwarzwald Neushadl. h. 13. April 1347, Herb.
Kuetzing. (L).)
gigs. longlpilus var. gimme Hangs. Prodrom. II: 227,
0; De Toni, Syll. A13.

: 199, 1369; (T”pe; also P.B.A. I0. 865)
Stiw. minus (Hansq.) Collins Gr. A13. N. Am. 222, 1909

7r.

Stig . festi ntwil (1311's.) 13. Cheetonhora fastic-ptugl

Ralfs. so-type; L03. H. Ralfs. N0. 23, Dolgelly,

O,

\»/

\II

J.

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~10

...

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\Jv.

:13

 

 

9

 

 

- 176 -

surrounded by mucilage matrix as with Chaetophora;
branching more or less dichotomous, or alternate,
rarely Opposite above; less branching below; more
and repeated branching above giving a bushy or tuft-
ed appearance (i.e. each main filament remains un-
branched up to some distance from the base and then
branches repeatedly and dichotomously or alternately
to give a radiating or spreading appearance; almost
every branch terminating in a long, colorless,
multicellular hair; rhizoids profuse below from basal
cells, above, they arise usually from the base of the
cells at the place of branching; cells of main fila-
ments and chief branches more or less similar in size
and shape, subcylindrical below, short and inflated
above, subglobose to barrel-shaped, heavily or deeply
constricted at the partition wall; cells producing
branches not modified or different from others; cells
of main filament mostly ll-lS‘p(-19,u) in diameter,
%-1-3 (rarely -5) times as long, in young plants 7-10
'p diameter, %-1-1% times as long; chloroplast broad,
parietal.

The isotype of ghastOEhora gggpagpalgigiges Kg.
No. 104 from which‘gtig. longipilum had been des-
cribed by Kuetzing seems to be not a well-developed
plant and may be a young stage. I could.not find the

 

 

- 177 -

whorled or fascicled branching as shown by Kuetzing
or in the sense that the branches are fascicled in
gtig. gasgiculare or fifiig. nudiusculum. The whorled
arrangement shown by Kuetzing may be due to crowded
or overlapping branches which were not, it seems to
me, properly while mounted from dry specimens. It is
assumed here, however, that.§tig. radians and gtig.
fastigatum both represent the further deve10pmental
stages of §t_g. loggipilum. The common character-
istic features of these three species as described by
Kuetzing (1849) are: 1) radiating branches (mostly
alternately or dichotomously branched) terminating
into long colorless hair; 2) at young stage thallus
surrounded by mucous sheath as with Chaetophora (but
not when matured); 3) cells with.main axis and
branches mostly moniliforme type, swollen, and
heavily constricted; and 4) in §£_g. longipilum cells,
11-12,u in diameter, equal in length; (De Toni gave
11-14 u diameter, 1-2 times as long); in §£lfi°
fastigatum cells, 12-13.6pin diameter, 1-3 times as
long; (De Toni gave 10-15,p diameter, 1-3 times as
long; I found cells up to 18.7 p.in diameter, %-2
times as long); in gigs, radians: cells ls‘n in
diameter; (De Toni gave ll-l4,n.in diameter, §-2

times as long; I found cells up to 15-164n.in diameter,

- 178 -

and up to 3 times as long in the type specimens).

It seems to me that in young stages the cells
of the main filament are short, moniliform, as long
as broad, but as the filaments increase in size the
cells, especially the lower ones become more and more
cylindrical. Kuetzing failed, however, to show
any rhizoid in any of these species which are quite
characteristic in respect to their formation and posi-
tion. These rhizoids are present in large numbers in
all the type and isotype specimens mentioned above,
i.e. m. lon i ilum, gag. radians, and £22.5-
fastigatum. Based on this single rhizoidal character
Jao (1947 a), however, made a new species §El§°
polyrhizum Jao, which in my Opinion, does not differ
in any way from Stig. longipilum-group. One can com-
pare Jao's illustration of his above species, Fig. 1.
a,b, with any of the three species shown by Kuetzing
(Tab. Phyc. Pl.7, and P1. ll.f.1). The descriptions
of this new species given by Jao also agree exactly
with that of §£ig. loggipilum given by De Toni (1889)
and for better clarification, I should quote these two
descriptions below:

§2$5° longipilum Kg. in De Toni, Syll. Alg. I:
p. 198:-

"Caespitosum, subpulvinatum, plerumque 2,

-179-

rarius ad.;gmm. altum, laete virideI gelatinoso-molle;
filis ramisgue primariis radiatim dispositis, 11-14,u
latis, spicem versus plerumgue fasciculate—ramulosis,
omnibus in'pilum achroum longissime productis;
cellulis subcylindricis, diametro aequalibus vel
subduplo longioribus; geniculis manifesto constrictis;
chlorophoris plerumque subeffusis, latis.” (underline
mine)
§£$5' pglyrhizum Jao (l.c.) 1947 a, p.258:
"S. parvum, 4-10 mmI altumI laete viride
caespitosum; filamentis ramisgue primariis radiatim
dis ositis, 12-18,u latis, articulis inferioribus

cylindricis, plerumque diametro 2-vel 3-plo longiori-

bus, ad genicula leviter constrictisI superioribus
diametro aegualibus vel brevioribus, ad genicula

manifests constrictis ramis parcis, elongatis, plerumque

 

alternis, apicem versus plerumgue fasciculato-ramulosi ;

ramis rhizoideis numerosis, ramulis plus minusve elon-
gatis, erectis, secundis vel alternis, numquam
oppositis, 7-10’p latis, articulis inferioribus diam.

aequalibus, superioribus, l- vel 3-plo longioribus, modo
non piliferis, modo in spleen piliferumI achroum,
articulatum longs productis". (underline mine).

As a matter of fact Jao's above complete description

for his species very well characterize Kuetsing's

- 180 -

§£ig. longipilum and other related species mentioned
above.

Wolle (1887), HaZen (1902) and others have al-
ready pointed out the close affinities between.§tig.
lon i ilum, gtig. radians and.§th. fastigatum which
are similar to Chaetophora in young stages.

Hansgirg's new varietylgtgg. longipilum var.
minus to which Collins (1909) gave a species rank,
seems to be, as Hazen remarked, a young stage of the
species.

Chodat (1902) inadequately described another new
variety, gtig, longipilum var. lacustre from Lac de
Geneve, primarily based on the abundant rhizoid-
formation from the more elongated, cylindrical basal
cells. The figures as shown by Chodat strongly
suggest the affinity of his variety with.§tig. aesti-
galg, although the latter species was published
little later in the same year. Provisionally, I have
put Chodat’s variety as a synonym under §tig.
aestivale until the type specimen of the above variety
is seen.

The specimens collected from East Pakistan look
much like the branching habit ofԤtgg. longipilum
but the cells are comparatively and uniformly long and
cylindrical. It does not agree well with any known

-1:.1-

3-. r. q 4‘ 1" 1" ‘3 l‘ ' 1 q r‘ ‘
species or vnriety, out thinn tndt it oeuli be

regarded as a variety of Ttif. lenfiinilum 13., and

 

named 8+ifi. lonvipilun var. cylindricum VFP. nov.:

 

cells of main axis 9.6-15 p in diameter, 2-5 times

as lOLA; basal ea rt corticete d with #:ofuse rhizoids;

l
main aris dichotomously n1 qlternttely branched;
cells wli dric 1, slightly inflate”; branches Prece-
fully tapering into long hair. (P1. 32, Figs. 2-4;

Text Fig. 106). This varietv mav at first appear to
\J 'J d

be like Etig. lonfiieilum var. lacustre due to its

 

 

cylindrical, elon“cted cells and profuse rhiz oids.
It differs from the latter variety, however, by its
bigger size and orancgln; habit more like other plants

of Stig. longipilun-~3roup.

 

 

Specimens Stwllied:

 

H

eermanv: (Prussia): Eilenburj: as (104. Ch"etojh

O

71"1
I.

 

 

draparnaldio iM _. and 13. Sti". lengipilum Kutz. 44

 

 

EX.) Herb. Kuetzin: K1. and Herb. Suringar (35),
(L.W.); Berbeek (?), Sept. 1905 (L); Schwarz weld:
Yeushall: Herb. Kuetzin; (as h.13 Stig. logginiluo
beta mains Kr.) ex. April, 1347 (L); Titioce (?)

U

Titisan (?), Herb. Kuetzing, Ho. 14 (as Stig. redinns

 

Kg. TYPE) 3 Ex.(L); Freiburg: on Petrochosnermum

 

- 182 -

(as 147. §2;5, radians Kg.),A. Braun 1847 (L); A.
Braun No. 172 (gtig. radians Kg.) Aug. 1847 and No.
173 Mai, 1848 (PG); Leipzig: Col. M. Marsson, Feb.
1897 (B); Titisee (?): A. Braun No. 169 (ggig.
radians Kg.), sylo Nigr. 1847 (G); ? Alg. ? Bel
Elros (7), April, 1888 (FE); England: N. Wales:
Dolgelly: Mr. Ralfs. Col. A de Brébisson (L); Herb.
Suringar (L) I. Ralfs, No. 23, Herb. Kuetzing (all

as gigs. gastigatum Kg.) (L.PC.): ? Herb. Hookerianum
(as ang. tennis: Qggg. discors) Car. H.A. (K);

Czeckoslovakia: B5hmen: bei Carhenic nachst Kolin,

A Hansgirg (as §£$Er longigilum var. minus Hansg.
TYPE) Herb. Hansgirg. Acqu. 1903, 5597. (W); Finland:
Herb. Plantarum Aquatilium, Helsingfors: Nylandia:
Helsingfors: Leg. E. Hayren, 26/10/1919 (H); ԤEgggg:
Suecia: Hallan Dalia: Dr. V. Wittrock (as gtig.Ԥgggg
Ag.), Col. Grun. No. 11689. 14/7/1866 (w); .Egggggz
A. Braun (A 1/1 No. 10, No. 12, No. 17) No. 490,
1848. Herb. Lenormand (CN); Env. I, Paris, Leg.
Thuret, No. 75 (ggig. irregglare Kg.), May 4, 1850 (L);
as (§£;5.‘Egggg (A3.) Rab. var. irregulare (Kg.) Rab.
(L); ? in fonte frigido- Fontibelleymo (?) (Le Tare),
29.6, 1869, Herb. Dr. Roussel (PC).

NORTH AMERICA

Massachusetts: Midford: on stems of plants in clay

_ 133 _

pit (as St in . longipilus var. giggg Hansg.); Collins,
Holden, Setchell, P.B.A. No. 855, Col. F. S. Collins.
June 4,1900 (L.NY. C. F. MICH.K.PC.U.S.W.): California:
Sacramento Co.: San Joaquin River, On Potamogeton,
right bank island, Aug. 17, 1955, Col.Reimer, No.
14(3), S.R.J. II.(PH): Hichican: on old stem of

Sagittaria, "Three Lakes", Ann Arbor, Washtenaw Co.

 

Sept. 27, 1892, Col. L. H. Johnson, No. 133 (2);

 

 

 

A; kansss Brwnrfik3.: in ditch, col. D. Dcnrree, So.
I r , .
25347 (55 Sti . lwlcic “2, alt. 250 m. larch, 2?, 1345 (F);
flA’TI’W'T 3’"“"‘.T"€ 3“
'JK/J .'_ -.' .... L4...L‘JA'1
Pr2zil: 2d 320 Paulo: as (514. 3ti;. "r2cilo F3.),

 

 

aittrock and Nordstedt, 513. Ex. Leg. A. Lfifgren

(No. 13.) ), 14/7/1332 (F.G.IY.Y.U3.L.B.);

nv272~
”..LJ

1;. 1

 

Algeria: Oved—Bel—Elznr: Herb. General University

D'Alger, Leg. F. Debzay, Avril, 15, 333 (KY);

AIIX

 

JQV3:(?): Verslag, Brug, Luchte, fiuthent, Addit2m. ad.

Flor. Bat. L33. Dr. Th. Sores, April 12, 1360 (L);

Stig. lo 1-17c; var. cylindricum var. nov.

 

 

ASIA

 

Pakisttn: D20 7: attached to aquatic plants, Col. S.

 

Aziz, Ho. 1231957 (13.).

J

- 124 -

"

Ztifieoclonium protonsnn (Dillv.) n3.

1“

P1. 5, Fig. 5; Pl. 7, F130 1;
23, Figs. 2,4; P1. 28, Fig. l;

Kuetzing, Phyc. Germ. 198, 1845;
Tab. Phyc. 5: P1. 8, f.2, 1853;

A13. 3:378, 1868; Cooke, Fr. W.

P1. 21, Figs. 1-3; P1.
Text Fig. 93.

Spec. Alg. 355, 1849;
Raben. Flor. Eur.

A13. 84, 21. 74,

f.1, 1882; Wolle, F.W. Alg. U.S. 112, t.101, f.1-4,

1887; De Toni, Syll. 115. 1: 199. 1339;

Pascher's Sfisswasser, 74, 1914.

Drapa naldia condensate .assall,
11, f.l, 13h}.

Stig. condenseta (Hass.) K2., ?,

Heering, in

Conferva orotensa Dillw., Brit. Conferva. P1. 67, 1809.

Brit. F. w. A15. t.

H, fl M 7"? Q,”
spec. 111;. 93;), 1-14;.

Plants growing on stones, sticks, grasses and

other sq stic plants, pale green,

slender; filanents

and branches long drawn out; branches mostly alternate,

remote, somewhat scattered, occasionally, 2-3 branches

may arise from a place, very rarely Opposite; terminal

cell of the branches extended into

tapering bristle or sharp point;

somewhat colorless

cells of matured fila-

ments mostly barrel-shaped, of young branches somewhat

cylindrical with slight constrictions; cells of

main filaments 10-16 (-25)‘p in

_185-

diameter, 1-3 time as long, in branches 6-7 times as

long.

Lectotzpe: Conferva pretense Dillw. EX'Herb
Dillwyn, Hopton, England: April 23, 1807 (K), also
July 1804 (K) and 1809 (K).

This species is quite polymorphic and its growth
forms may cover several other species of Stigeoclonium.
The most nearly related species in'gtig. stagnatile,
which might represent a certain stage in the life-
cycle of §tig._protensum. Rabenhorst (1868) put
gtig. subspinosum and.§tgg. subuligerum as the varieties
under §£$E° protensum, none of which characterize the
latter species well. Whether §£$5° stagnatile is the
young stage of gtig. protensum is yet to be confirmed,
but Dillwyn's illustration (pl.67.r.0.) and also my
observations,strong1y suggest that these two species
might be the same.

This species is characterized by its broad,
cylindrical and barrel-shaped cells, and long-drawn,
bristle-like or sharp, colorless terminal cell (Text

Figs. 21, 9}).

Specimens studied:

EUROPE

 

England: Hopton ? Ex Herb. Dillwyn (as Conferva

- 186 -

pretense Dillw.) April, 1807 (K); Herb.Heokerienum
1867 (gppg. pretense Dillw.) July, 1804, 1809) Col.
Dillwyn (K); Heptcn, Herb. Hookerienum, April,

23, 1807 (K); (as Dreparneldie tennis: Conf.

 

pretense Dillw.) No. 285 (K); (as 922;. pretense
Dillw.) in fossis No. 4 (0); Kingston: Royal Comm.
Disposal of Sewage, ? March, 1908 (K). France:
Celvados, Herb.A.Brébisson (F); Ploueni Plouenan (?),
J. de Rusunan, June, 1928. No. 178 (BUT); Fonteine,
Gall, Herb. Kuetzing, No. 16 (288) St. Goseph, 1862
(L); Germany: V.D.B. Herb. Kuetzing, No. 370 and
572 (as Stig. subuligerum Kg.) else, Herb. Suringer (L);
Leiden. Herb. Suringer, No. 86 (as §pig. subspinbgpp
Kg.) (L); as No. 5. Conferva pretense Dillw.) Herb.
Suringar, (W.L.),? Herb. Hess. Karl, 8.276, 1859 (L);
Spree. Mueggelsee, (B); Sweden: Flore suecice:
Scenia, Ysted, Seby Saterbo, Col. 0. Fr. Andersson
(LD):

NORTH AMERICA
Arkansas: fountain at entrance of Fountain Lake Park,
Garland 00., Gel. N.E. Grey, No. 114 (as §p;g.
stagnatile (Haz.) 001.), Aug. 15, 1939 (F); Georgie:
Screven Co. S.R.P. #7, Savannah River, on trailing

twig, rt. bank, Col. Reimer, No. 9(8), May 15, 1956 (PH);

-187...

S.R.P.#5, Col. J. Wallace, No. 2(6), Aug. 21, 1954
(PH); Massachugetts: Melrose: floating in stagnant
water, Col. F. S. Collins, P.B.A. No. 1329, April 23,
1903 (K.F.MICH.NY.W.PC.); ypgipp: Orizaba, Herb.
Kuetzing, No. 21, 24, 55 (as ggpg. ansonii and.§pig.
with epithet tenellum Kg. n. sp.), June 27, 1853 (L);
New Jersey: New Brunswick: floating in spring, col.
J. Small, Feb. 2, 1941, Herb. 3.3. Bold (F); Qpip:
Putnam 00.: Ottawa River, attached to branch, Ohio
River Survey #2, Col. Hohn, No.4(4), July 4, 1956,
also scrapping from rock in quiet water, col. Hohn,
no. 5(4), July 4, 1956, No. 2(2—B) & 7(2-B), tufts on
rock, July 3, 1955, Hohn, (PH); Allen Co. Ottawa
River: on rock, Col. Hohn, No. 1(2), July 8, 1955;
South Carolina: Kershaw Co. Wateree River, Du Pont
Plant, Camden, Sta. l-B, Col. R. Patrick (as Spig.
stagnatile), April 1950 (BUT).

AFRICA
Soudan: M0pti, mare. col. Mme . Gauthier-Lievre

(AL).

Stigeoclonium aestivsle (Hagen) Collins

P1. 13, Fins. 7—3; P1. 30, Pi

\J

'. 4; Text Fig. 91.

COllinS, GI‘. 911:2. N. Am. 220, 190?
in Tran. Roy.Soc. S. Africa 17: 1930; Jae, in Bot.

Bull. Acad. Sinica I: 73, 1947;

"yxoqcma sestivsle Hazen, in Hem. Tor. Bot. Club.
11(2); 205, P1. 33, f.l-3, 1902; etlg, ocloniun
autumnale Collins, P.B.A. Ho. 1789, TYPE (PH). GP~ Al:-

N. A,. Supplem., 25,1912 (reprint, 1923).

Plants in dense tufts on stones, aquatic plants,
2-5(-15) mm. long, 11 ;ht-freen; erect filaments
radiating from a pslnelloid base or creeping filaments
composed of is odisnetric cells, or from interwoven
mass of narrow, downward growing filaments and rhizoids,
he latter may be profuse from basal cells; erect
filaments dichotomously or alterlately branched, simple,
strai ht, branchlets few below, more above, erect,
slender with attenuated tips, often ending in fine
setae; cells thin-walled, slightly inflated and con-
stricted, 7-12‘p (rarely —l5 u) in dia‘r eter, 2-3 times

as long, above as long as broad and little more inflated.

m: P.Bof‘io 1074130 -.3 880 . 00].. F030 001111.13,

w

211.180 13, 1903.
About this s«)ec ies Essen (1902) states thlt it

‘ f‘i

appears to be similar to stir. longipilun in gene-sl

 

habit, with radiating filaments nd pro use rhizoidsl
growth, but it is sneller than the latter snecies

and the branches do not ternine te in a long Lair.

The cells here are long and nsrrow compared to 22;;.

cies con es closer to

(D

longipilum. %netimes, this so—
Stig. subsecundum, especislly, to "oun er forms. But
constant presence of smell, sli J1 inflcted cells,

more setiferous branch tips, tufted and redistins
filaments may be characteristics of this snecies end

can be eesilv senerateu from Stir. unseen .32.
v

 

The type and isotype suecinens of Stif. sutnnncle

 

 

Collins under the P.B.A. Yo. 1739s §;101ed the presence

of two kinds of fileme 'llts, the Q04’R?tinJ one seems

I
U

to be closer to Stig. aestivele, Collh s mentioned

"stronrly swollen cells", thick-walled and short, 12—

Sy.in die ..... eter, 1-2 times as long, and again referr-
ed to slender branches. It mi ht that he took

these few thick-walled filnzl.ents and many slender
filaments to be the s L39 plant, which in my Opinion

does not seen to be correct. The swollen, thicZ:-ws11ed

- 190 -

cells may be a growth form of §£l5° lubricum or any
other species; thin-walled, cylindrical, slightly
inflated cells, 2-5(-6) times longer than broad with
setiferous branch tips appear more like §£$5°'
aestivale and until more is known I am at present
obliged to place §tig. autumnale as a synonym for
,§El5° aestivale.

Although fitig. aestivale shows its world-wide
distribution in cool, fresh water habitats,neverthe-
less, it is strikingly similar to gtig. thermale A.
Br. in every respect except that the latter species
grows in hot spring or mill water. Whether this
adaptation in hot water is a specific character or
not, is yet to be Judged. We do not know what should
be the limit of the temperature for the growth of
§t_g, thermale. In our present study we have re-
corded §tig, tgngg, collected from water where the
temperature was 25 degrees to 30 degrees Centigrade
or more. In trepical and subtropical countries the
water temperature at the edge of shallow pool or
pond becomes quite high, especially, the temperature
of the substrates, such as pebbles, stones etc. on
which these plants grow, is higher than surrounding
water. In however, it is proved that gtig. thermale

- 191 -

always grows in hot water within a certain temperature
range and not in cold water or below the critical
minimum temperature (if any), then it can be separated

from Stig, aestivale, otherwise, they are very close

 

to each other and may be the same species.

v!-

Sti~eocloniun longisilun n". var. lacustre Chodat
+4. - A \./ m

 

T

(in Feitz. frypt. ?l. Schwe. 1(3): 320, 235, f. 30,
1902) although not fully escribed, appears verr such

like Ctig. aegtlvale, at least from the fiiircs, and in

 

 

my opinion this variety should be considered as a sync-

nym for the latter spcci 3, until more is known about the

(’0

above variety.

Specimens studied:

Yt'fi'3-‘T‘U fi"'7‘1 Hi
L.\J-\.L-- Lila—._J\ 4-x

C

fisssechusetts: P.B.i. Ho. 1074 b. on pebbles wet by
spray of small water fall, Spot Pond Brooc, Riddlesex
Falls. F. 3. Collins, Aug. 13, 1903 (3.x.nIcs.rz.)
Kedford: P.B.A. 1739, Setchell, Collins and Holden, Alf.
Ex. (3. Stifieocloniun autumnale Collins, 3P3 AID ISO-
TYPES), Lower Hystic Pond, Col. F. 3. Collins, Get. 1,

1910, (F.K. HY.U3.C.FH. 0.3.); California: San

Francisco: Golden Gate Park, Mar. 1, 1914, Col. ". L.

._

Gardner, No. 1326 (NY); Missouri: In spray of

an artesian "iron and sulphur spring",

-I —_——h‘ ‘ u

- 192 -

Halratonka, Camden, Co. Herb. and Col. Fr. Drouet, 4
No. 148, Aug. 9, 1928 (no. 1035879); QQiQ: In '
moving water bottom of trough of silt sampler and K
in water below N.A.E.W. Coshocton Co. Col. L. J. 4
King, No. 842, Nov. 15, 1942 (F); New York: In
the fountain, front of Museum, N.Y.Bot. Gard. Col. 1
Dr. N. Wille, Nov. 17, 1914 (US.NY.); Herb. F. 3.
Collins, Jamaica (?), Humply (?), No. 560 (NY); |
Florida: Philips Lake picnic area. St. Marks
Refuge, Wakulla Co. Col. C. S. Nielsen No. 19,
March 1948 (as gtig. lubricum), (F); Canada:
Quebec: Lac Superieur (comte de Terrebonne), sur
plantes aquatiques. Col. Jules Brunel, No. 936
(as gtig. stagnatile) (MT);

§Q§E§éAMERICA
Ecuador: Rio Pelaton. mases of green Jelly on wet
rocks, Col. Dr. G. w. Prescott, No. T. 101, Feb. 5,
1958 (Pres.);

EUROPE

Hungary: from a well. Mt. Sator; Nyiri, Col. E.
K01, No. 134, April 21, 1954; from a well with a
lever, Borzas farm, Hortobagy, 001. E. K01. No. 145,
July 31, 1951; Balf, from an aerated carbonic acid
spring, 001. E. K01, No. 513, Aug. 21, 1954;

- 193 -

Hortobagy, Szasztelek, from a trough of the well with
lever, 001. E. K01. N0. 152, July 31, 1951; Kis.
Sarret, Mag. orok, from the trough, a well with lever.
001. E. K01, N0. 151, Oct. 6, 1955; Vacratét from the
bucket of a well with lever #1, 001. E. K01. Nos. 703,
705, Aug. 10, 1950, also on lever #XI, Col. Nos. 762,
764, Aug. 8, 1950 and Lever No. I. 001. E. K01. N0.
695, May 19. 1950 (All from Dr. E. K01, BP);
gggg

Pakistan: 2323a: attached to aquatic plants, Col.
S. Aziz. No. 153, Dec. 16, 1956; S. Aziz, Nos. 131,
137. 1957 I Is.): Egggggg: 001. S. Aziz, on aquatic
plants, 1959 ( 18.);

AFRICA
Guineé, 448-449, Youkoun Koun and Haute-Volta, pres
de Tiogo, Col. M. Gauthier-Lievre (AL).

- 194 -

Stigeoclonium thermale A. Br. in Kg.

P1. 31, Figs. 1-3.

Kuetzing, Spec. Alg. 353, 1849; Tab. Phyc. 3:t,2.
f.4, 1853; Rabenh. Flor. Eur. Alg. 3:376, 1868;
Cooke, Brit. F. w. Alg. 189, pl. 73, f.2, 1883;
wells, F. W. Alg. Ill, pl. 96, f.1, 1887; De Toni,
Syll. Alg. I: 201, 1889; Collins, Gr. Alg. N. Am.

220, 1909; Heering, in Pascher's Sfisswasser. 74,

1914.

Nyxonema thermale (A. Br.) Hazen, in Hem. Tor. Bot.
Club. 11(2): 203, 1902.

Stigeoclonium Bgrmianum Anzi, Erb. Critt. Ital. N0. 34
(1034), Oct. 1862, Anal.

Draparnaldia thermale A. Br. ? No. 902, Guadeloupe,
Haze (K).

Stigeoclonium rangponicug Zell., in Hedwigia, 191,

1873 (No. 3249. Pequ. Rangoon, Burma (L.EH.); De Toni,

SYll. Alg. I: 204, 188 .

Tufts bright-green, 2-5 cms. long,profuse erect
filaments developing from creeping prostrate base with
rhizoids; filaments dichotomously or alternately
branched, branchlets remote, alternate or somewhat

departed from each other, erect, spreading, extremely

- 195 -

rarely opposite; branch tips attenuated upward to an
acute point, or flagelliform, somewhat setiferous,
hair absent; cells of main filaments cylindrical,
often slightly inflated, 8-12,u (rarely -l5,u) in
Adiameter, 2-4 times as long, in branchlets 2-5 times
as long. Collected from hot water, 25-37 degrees
Centigrade and sometimes incrustated.

gzgg: §tig. thermale A. Br. No. 5. Badenweiler,

June, 1847 (L). Lectotype: Leg. A. Braun N0. 146,
Jan. 1847 (L).

This species, as the name indicates, grows in
thermal water where temperatures, so far recorded,
may be up to 37 degrees Centrigrade. As mentioned
before, whether this species is strictly restricted
to warm water is doubtful. Cooke (1882-84) put
Draparnaldig elongate Hassall, a cold water species,
as a synonym for §£_g. thermale Br. and mentioned
also that "Hassall found this (Qggp. elongate) spe-
cies on one occassion growing in a horse trough and
sometimes mixed with other algae in ditches"! This
species has a strong resemblance to gtig. aestivale
and somewhat superficially to §t_g. attenuatum as
illustrated by Hazen. As discussed under Stig.
aestivale if theԤt_g. thermale can grow equally well

-196-

in cold or ordinary water temperature other than that
of hot springs, the systematic positions of §t;g.
aestivale and some other species may have to be re-
arranged.

Hazen (1902) has assigned Draparnaldia uniformis
as a synonym for §£$53 thermale, which is wholly un-
warranted and apparently without having made any basic
study of these two species.

Stigeoclonium rangoonicum Zell. under Col. No.
3249 from Leiden and Farlow Herbaria was examined by
me. The collection is very poor and only few pieces
of dry soil particles are present. These were first
dissolved in water on the slide and few filaments
were recovered. The branching and other features seem

to agree well with Stig. thermale as illustrated by
Kuetzing and Wells.

Specimens studied:

EUROPE
Germany: Badenweiler: Col. A. Braun, N0. 5, (Herb.
Kuetzing), June, 1847 (T§§§,specimen) (L); Col. A.
Braun, No. 146 in aqua thermale, Jan. 1847, Herb.
Suringar (L); 001. A. Braun, No. 169, July, 1847 (G);
Herb. Lenormand, No. 490/3, A. Braun, 1847 (CN);
Badenweiler, A. Br. No. 174, 1847 (NY. PC.).

- 197 -

St. Helena: Whitehead, 5/78, (K); lygly: Rouisseaux
thermany, Norwean Bains de Bormio (Haute Valteline
Italie), Aug. 1871, Leg. E. Levier (L); Erb. Critt.
Ital. ser. II. Bagni nuovi in Bormio, in thermale
water, 001. E. Levier, No. 660, Aug. 1871 (syn..§ng.
Bormianum Anzi) (L.G.F.NY.Z.).
In rivulis aquae thermalis calidissimae et tepescentis
infra Balnea Bormiensia vetera et nova, M. Anzi, No.
1664 (Rab. Alg. Eur.), Aug. & Sept., 1863 (L.G.K.C.F.
W.NY.Z.); Bormio: Su pietre calcari nell' acqua
termale di rapido corso sotto i bagni vecchi e nuovi
di Bormio. Col. M. Anzi, No. 34(1034) as gyig.
Bormianum Anzi, Erb. Crittog. Ital. Oct. 1862 (G.W.B.);
Rhatische Alpen, in water 25-30 degrees -- 37.4 degrees
Centigrade temp. 001. Dr. C. Brugger v. Curwalden, No.
244, Aug. 27-Sept. 20, 1862 (G.LAU.Z.); Cyprus: Guelle
von Calaloca bei Dali auf Cynern, Col. Pr. Unger, No.
234(W). ?? 001. A. Grunow, N0. 401, dai, 1858 (N);
Leg. A. Grunow, 390, ofner Thermen (B).; France:
Algae Gall at N. Am. No. 194, R. Brebisson, 7/86 (K);
Franconia. P. F. Reinsch 46, 1874 (K).

CENTRAL AMERICA
Guadeloupe: Soufriere: Bassin Reauvalloz, Maze, No.

902 (as St 3. thermale A. Br. f. and Draparnaldia
thermale A. Br.) Purchased, 1890 (K).

- 198 -

NORTH mmggg
Pennsylvania: Bethlehem: -Streamlet of warm water,
Ex Herb. Fr. wells, March, 1897 (L.FH.) Fr. wells,
No. 81, May, 1887 and No. 124.7, 126.7, 1875 (FH.F.),
also, Oct. 10, 1877 and April, 1878 (NY); Steel-
works, Bethlehem, wells, April 1879 (F); Hot water
from Rolling Mill, Fr. Wolle, July 20, 1879 (NY).;
South Carolina: Charleston: from wooden trough into
which the warm water from the artesian well flows,
Col. H. W. Ravenel, No. 329, July, 1879 (FH.NY.);
Aiken: on board in still water, Leg. H. W. Ravenel,
263, Herb. F. Wolle (F).; Arizona: attached to
rocks in a small warm stream, 2 miles above Metcalf,
Greenlee C0. C01. G. Piranian, June 6, 1935 (F).
gag
Pamir: Central Asia: 1898-99, Expn. of Olufsens,
Leg. 0. Paulsen, No. 1192, 29‘IIXP'98 in fonte
tepido at temp. 23 degrees Centigrade, Prope lacu
Tashilkul (C).
AFRICA
Algerie: Hammam Melouan, 1921 (AL); Leg. C. Sauva- -
geau, April, 1892, Herb. Crypt. Mus. Paris. (F).

- 199 -

Stigeoclonium curvirgstrum Skuja

 

P1. 31, Figs. 6-8; Text Figs. 111-114.

Skuja, H., in Nova Acta Reg. Soc. Sc. Ups. ser. IV.

14(5): 73, t.12, r.4—8, 1949.

Thallus hemispherical cushion or turf,.5-l mm.
high, somewhat flaccid, green, both prostrate and
erect parts well—developed, attached to substratum
by rhizoids, cells of prostrate part round or globu-
lar, 8-15Ju diameter, ll-l7ln long; erect filaments
dichotomously or pseudo-dichotomously (rarely opposite
?) branched from below, monopodial branching above;
cells cylindrical, slishtly inflated, more or less
constricted at the septa, especially at the upper part
of the filament, 4-8/p diameter, 19-50’n long, apical
cells curved or flame-shaped, tip accuminate, rarely
a multicellular colorless hair develops; chloroplast
single, parietal, ring-shaped with many pyrenoids.

Reported only once from type locality Kamavut and
Prome Rd., Burma. (Type specimen not seen).

This species was based on only two preserved
samples collected in 1935 and has not been verified by
anyone. The plant is extremely minute, so most likely

it could be a young stage. How this small,

- 200 -

young plant could be considered as a full-grown one
as a new species, has yet to be investigated. SkuJa
(1949) states that because the thallus does not form
firm Jelly-like structure and has relatively strongly
developed branches and creeping base, and because not
much difference exists between main axis and branches,
this species comes closer to the genus Stigeoclonium
than Chaetophora and therefore is probably related

to the forms with well-develOped prostrate part, such
as gtig, farctum Berth. The larger cells and crooked
end cells are characteristics of this species.

It is worth mentioning here, however, that in the
study of the life-history of gtig. subspinosum Kg.
andlgtgg. subsecundum Kg. Juller (1933) and Kuo (1958)
both have illustrated such crooked, bent apical cells,
especially, the latter (Kuo, l.c.f.5,8). l have
also seen such apical cells in several collections
where the branching habit was not like the present
species. Moreover, the presence of rarely colorless
multicellular hairs, as shown by Skuja, casts some
doubt whether this curvedapical cell is the constant
character of the adult plants and Whether only this
one character should be considered to make a new

species.

- 201 -

It may be noted here that one of several pencil
drawings sent to me by Mhe. Gauthier-Lievre from
Algeria, which she sketched in 1944 from a specimen
commonly found at Ivory Coast, Africa, appears more
or less similar to Skuja's figures (see Text Figs.
111—114). Here, some opposite branching of the erect
filaments has been shown as well as a prominent muci-
lags matrix surrounding the filaments which can be
traced in her drawings (Text Fig. 113). The exact
measurements of the thallus in this drawing are not
mentioned. This latter drawing of similar filaments
from a different place suggests that the present
species could be a good one, but as no specimens have
been seen by me it is considered here as a doubtful
one until further collections and investigations are

made.

’5)
C)
2‘0

Pl- 17: EH45,-w; Fl. 25, Fij- 3; Text Fig. 09.

., J- . “.7 fl ‘ ’\ A A y N‘ fl -n hr."
iiLeu21ll”,, f-l"rCo he”--. 191, l\"' ‘; )1790. 1‘11 -.0 _23‘3,
ln’IOo "‘1‘ T‘~~.—-. 7 t 5': h A 1657‘"- "‘"‘ 32‘3“ 1r ‘-
4‘1”, , L D. ..L .Ldl L; I 4' o O .__), .L O _ , -- - 1"], .14 -.(D‘J;.L-J,O A...‘ ‘1LI.
a ,\ Afr? q (.7 F1 H f .9 Wfir‘
.11. V. ....P Gill). (.1 )|’ , 1 411:, ; ._' 13*“. 4‘11“. “1 . (I: .r :;. ’

Filaments up to 1 cm. or so long, very slimy,

V

La
La

.ac prinsry and secondrrv
U

..

slightly yellowish-green;

1

branches m stly alternrte, rarely Opposite; cells
of the main axis and branches mostly cylindrical,
often slightly inflated and constricted; branches,

. y . 1,..- , 3.. ..., i... , a - .. ,4. - V
esoeclally sec fluufj urancncs above, ace GLbTOJel'

I"..-

prolongci without rebrinching, somewhat like a
thin thread, flagelliforn, without ending into

’ _l

colorless hair; cells of main axis 7-10 (~12) p

C"
H‘
z: 3
O
.3
j.)
C.)
H
O
p‘
. )

.’
O

hlorOplast breed.

- 203 -

The isotypes of this species from different
herbaria have been examined. The general features of
these plants look like gtig.‘£gggg (Ag.) Kg. The
only characteristic feature here is the very long,
slender branches (the reproduction and life-cycle of
this species are not known). Rabenhorst's descrip-
tions of this plant,which have been followed by De Toni
and Heering, state that the cells are not constricted
and that branches are alternate. In the isotype
specimens, however, I found two types of filaments,
both with very long, extended, thread-like branches but
in one type of filament cells are a little greater in
dimension and slightly inflated than the other type.
Whether all these filaments belong to the same species
is a question. Rarely opposite branching habit, some-
what like‘gtiggltgngg, was observed in the isotype
collection.

It is still doubtful whether this species is a
well-developed one or whether it belongs to some other
Species, possibly a variety of _S_t_g. 3211112: More
collections and life history studies are needed to
clarify our understanding of this species.

Specimens studied:
EUROPE
QEEEégy: Eisleben: in aqua limpida fluente. Leg.

- 204 -

Herb. Kuetzing, dat. 1832. Communicata ex Herb.
Lugduno-Batavo (F.L.w.); Dresden and Leipzig: L.
Rabenhorst, No. 187 (as Exxonema oscillatorioides
Fr.)--Highly doubtful for Sti eoclonium, May, 1852
(G.B.); (as gggg. oscillatorioides (Ag.), Herb.
Suringar, No. 54 (L); bei Berndorf, Leg. A. Grunow,
No. 397 (B.FH.W.); bei Schmlllnls, Kaldebrennen 7
(as 67 gggg. punctalis Kg.), Col. Grunow, No. 11720
(W); bei Beneslong ?, Ex Herb. Schledermyr (as §£$5°
setigerum var. epithet bggyius-articulatum), 12/3/1862
(W); Frankfurt Bot. Gardens, Col. A. Bary No. 358
(as‘gtgg. subsecundum Kg.); France: algues de
France (as 600. Conferva subsecundum Kg., §£$5'
thermale Br.) Ch. Tourcadel, Oct.-Nov. 1884 (K);
Yugoslavia: Sistiana bei Duireo nachst Triest, Leg.
Pr. Unger (W); as No. 976, 10.3.1.5: setigeruma

NORTH AMERICA
Ohio: Coshocton Co. In road side ditch, N.A.E.w.

 

Col. L. J. King, Nos. 1044, 1045, June 5, 1943 (F)-

* and 490 Herb. Lenormand, Al/l, 26 (CH)-

 

- 205 -

Stigeoclonium‘giasolettianum(Kgq Kg,

Kuetzing, Phyc. Gener. 253, 1043; Spec. Alg. 352,
1349‘ Tab. thc. 3: P1. 1 f.3 1353' De Toni
3 J , 3 ’ ,

Syll. 115. I: 202, 1389.

Drsgarnsldie Eissolettisnum "e. Alg. Aq. dulc. Dec.

No. 142; Forest, in Castinea, 21(1): 9, 1953.

Plants bright g_ee11 to yellowish- rcen, nuci-
laginous; n fila nent s and branches ribbon—like;
branches alternate remote oiten several from the

, 9
ame side of the filnm mts; primary branches more or
less the sans diameter as the main filament vcrv
’ u

long, slende

"S

apical cells of the beanches sharply
pointed, hair absent; branches originate mostly from
either below or above the septa or from the aid mil

part of the cells; cells of main filenen and branches
cylindrical, without (or with very little) constriction

8.t the pa rtition wall 12.5 - 15’» in d on ter, 2-

\J‘)

’1‘ +’ —, _ , w n ,1 ‘l_
{-u) clues as long; cE1loropla s o nu—lilc.
ISOche: _ Br1>"“c”l is fiozolettionnm i;-
U — \

 

Dec. in rivulis ad Saxa (al Boschetto) preps Terjestum.
April, 1335, Leg. Kuetzinv No.1“2.(W).
This Species has been reported so far only two or

three times from Europe. The exact ns ture of the

- 206 -

thallus and life-cycle are not well-known due to lack
of enough specimens. The isotype material, although
quite old, appears similar to Kuetzing's illustrations,
but the diameter of the cells was found to be less and
the length more than the dimensions given by Kuetzing.
Often, this plant appears as a young Stigeoclonium
subsecundum Kg. The only characteristic feature here
seems to be the origin of branches, which arise deeply
from the partition wall (see P1. 29, Figs. 1),

and the long, sharply-pointed end cells. The dark
bands near the septa as shown by Kuetzing seem to be
the shrunken chlorOplasts as I observed in the isotype

specimens.

Specimens studied:

EUROPE
Trieste: In rivulis ad saxa (al Boschetto) prope
Tergestum (Type locality), Leg. Kuetzing, (ISOTYPE),
No. 142 (as Draparnaldia Biasolettiana Kg.), April,
1835 (C.W.); Col. Grunow No. Acq. 1889, No. 11615.
Leg. Kuetzing, Astien: Herb-Dessav. W); 001.
Grunow 11616, ? prepe Capodistria in torrentibus,
5/1859 (PC.W.); ? Berndorf: as (1665 §£$53 £2232 var.
$222521§£2.Grun. ?), Leg. A. Grunow, No. 1665, Nov.
1853 (W.G.L.K.F.NY.); Berndorf ?: (a8 §£$Er

- 207 -

arr A ;., ~v (~17 .. /
lubricum n3. var.), n. Grunow, Col. m0. 1191;, lSoO

(v); Triest: Herb. Kuetzing, :0. 490, 1349, A 1/1

(CU).

Vischer, W., in Beih. z. Bot. Centrolbl. 51(1); 7’

1953-

Stig. Lelveticun var. mains Vischer, loc. cit. f. 13-15,

v

n ——.
3: 193

‘7
‘3
4’

Sti”. helveficun var. minus Vischer, loc. cit. f. 16-

Thallus turf—like, cushion-forming, 1-5 0:23.;

filaments simple, long, thread-like, branches remote,

or sometimes several branches from adjacent cells;

- 208 -

mostly alternate, rarely opposite, or 2-3 from same
point, developed by evection from any place of the
cell; branches long, bluntly attenuating or ending
in a colorless hair; cells of the main filament and
branches cylindrical, at the septum usually not con-
stricted or slightly so. 6-12.5yu in diameter, 1-8
times as long.

Type locality: Birsig near Basileam Rosenau
(Switzerland).

Only two culture materials have been studied, one
originally obtained from Cambridge Botany School,
Col. No. 477/2 and the other from Indiana Culture
Collection, Bloomington. Both of them are §£$S'
helveticum var. minus. The two varieties were separat-
ed by Vischer only by their cell size but in cultures
of the above var. min3§.we have observed the size of
the filaments greater than recorded by Vischer, and it
may be same as the var. EEJEE' The branching habit is
somewhat like‘gtig. setigerum Kg. but the cells are
longer here. Sometimes, the filaments appear as
young Stig. subsecundum Kg. The branching habit is
the only characteristic feature; sometimes the young
branches appear like the branching habit of the blue-

green alga Scytonema. Whether this is a growth-form

in the culture medium or results from particular en-

I‘

vironmental conditions or whether it is a specific
character, must yet be determined. The branchinv
habit as I have shown (Pl. 2?, Fijs.2-3 was drawn

J

from the culture materials. Similar branching habit,
drawn by Kme. Gauthier-Lievre who sent me her pencil
draw’nfs made from the field collections, is shown in

P1. 23, F «s. 1-4.

H

see scarcely any difference between the two
varieties based on tke size only. Still, the Species
itself has been considered here a doubtful one, until

q
1

more collections and _tuoies are made.

U)

Specimens studied:

"0'37"”: 3""7“) "' "1
-.uv.1 . .1... J u. J.X

Ohio: Culture of Algae (Io. 477/2 in the collection

 

n 1 1: - r1 1.. 'v r1 1-. a 1. $111.1- -° . ~.
01 ne notfifll,’ 11011001, 0.7.1:.111‘110) 1.1 p.53 1119:1310? LT”,

7' v 0 O '55 0 A f 0- fie A “
111v. 1 Cincinnat1. col. ’. .. 1111:“, -1r1l 1,

F" 1* -‘q', n H J. m 1' 7' A -
19,1 (2); I~a1 1 : 1‘1c131 101. o. ,1: (12-1?) recs.

 

fif‘l’vmv—y -\'w—yfi-rfifi

4".» A..1 ......J-.

121.1 .. - 11,3; 1- .11: .
QCUJQ 1": 9.11082 Rttfi.CQCU. b0 P01349- Z‘Jl-J. 1.1:!va .111 P7111-

off from hot sprin+sz April 12, 1953, Col.

Prescott, Ho. T 373 (may belong to this species) (:res.)

 

Rapides du Congo, ? Col. fine. Gauthier-Lievre (1L).

r‘ N "T P‘ x
Pl"11’1t o in

._J

all trf s growing on sticbs wood
aguatic plants; erect filaments verv slender ““1"
branched; cells of main wxis and primary branches of
same diameter, cylindrical, 3.5-ll,u.(mostly 9.5)1)
in diameter, (4-)—3—10 (-12) times as long,
practically nonconstricted; branches having smaller

cells, cylindrical, usually the lowermost cell of the

branches is longer than the rest; branches whorled,

somewhat trichotomous, also elte nste above, ending
in a colorless hair; chloroplast parietal median
bend witl several pyrenoids in the cells of main axis,
of the branches filling up the entire cells.

,_ \‘r r; r . fi 4., fir _.,..'1 ° . .- ‘-'.' M ,-, .
Type: new semlsne: nuCAluUQ, in rusnln_ water,

'3 .- 0.. ‘ ,_. 1 i A W V‘ n A‘! a. I '1‘”
nenuers, iron 3 POudleU eitCn of; ADQOtt 3 any; 301.
H w' H “n, ‘7 if"? ,7. ‘3
s. C. n. segsig iNJVo l, 19;) (nib).
. 1 s ‘ V“,o_ ... 1_ h“ a . o a. o ‘.P r! o 4.
Here tne DPflfl051flJ n_\it is unite CA r.ctcr1stic,

s mewhst like Cemetegflers, but does not fern thick
;ucilsje metrix like the letter tenue. It does not
efiree with sny known species at present and, there
it is pleeefl unfler s seperste snfi new sssciec. iJQ
name of the ssecies is msde in honor of the phycologis'
niss E. C. 3. 3e er of Auckland

Zeslsnd, who collectefl and sent the ssecimen to us.

 

Plant brijht 3°reen, l on. or so high; prostrate
part apparently lacking, attached to substratum by
rhizeids; erect filaments 11Mofu ely branched, pm‘i :ery
brenche es mostly alternate or pseudo- dichot010us, often
forming es MllO-NhOPlS, branches ttcnu' ed, or slifihtly

-

setiferous, but not ending in e lon: colorless ndir;
main filaments enl primary brsnches forming nodes
formed by clusters of short oblong or filobnlsr cells
at certain ntervcls, these cells look like sporengin,
formed directly on the filament or on short stalks,

about 3-

‘ \rD

x4;

)it'i‘e and 22-2; u leny' cells of main

Fb

iM UGEit

C.)

cylindrical or clifihtly inflated, 7-3-13
dismeter, mostly 9.6 p}, l 451p long; in branches
cells 4.8-6.4’n in diameter, 4-7 times as long;
chloroplast long, parietal.

Type: Schumscher end L'hitford Col. 370. 3L3,
North Caroline, Roqnist Crk. Bertie 00., July 24, 1953
(Whit. Is.)

This species was collected only once from Iorth
Caroline in the month of July 1953, but subsequent

efforts ‘sve failed to get Jere materials from the ssnle

locality.

 

-213-

The filament, in general, appears like §£_E°
aestivale in branching habit, cell-shape etc., but
here, the clusters of short cells grouped together at
regular intervals on the main axis and primary
branches are quite characteristic. These cells are
oblong or globular on abbreviated branches. At first
glance it looks like Audouinella sp. but starch test
proves it to be a green alga. Superficially, it bears
resemblance to §t_g. ggsciculare Kg. but careful
examinations have failed to identify it as such.
Whether this plant represents a particular stage in
the life-cycle of some species cannot be stated now,
but it is hoped that more living material will make
it possible to study the life-history in culture and
to confirm its identity. At present, it does not agree
with any species - description and hence is regarded

as 8. new one.

 

 

214 -

Jt ’I'e C ~ v »- 3
l , -..O‘&ll~v ...- fig; 1 J1 /‘ ..1 \J .LL ‘. ( 11 . )
1 O I U( l -.JJL'.\;/ ya.

fl.

 

1949. Tqb 131 -r
V , c, o ..fllfc. ):t.8 . 9:7. w ~
” ’ f 1: l~2J, Raoennorst, F1.

,.50 04Q. r
J adv-'0, lUu/v, 110119, F. '3.er 1511/... YT. s. 1111'
"

b1
H
*1
0
Li
L x
O
)1

t.9, f.l(?), 1337; De Toni, Syll. 31m. I- 2o«
-32 ° J',

'11

1339; Pascber in l a ‘ “
-, , iora, or got. Zeit. I: Qh-lO?
.4.’ ,
1 or. ‘ °
9 2, Heering, in Pascher's Sfisswasser.6' 76 f 10"
...t‘. ‘0 O O 3,
O Q .. 1:! ‘
, 1,14, -ritsch, and Rich in Trans. ?ov Soc
-sd. 0

5. Africa, 17, 1930.

Thallus tufted, filaments radiating from palmelloid
or rhizoidal base, 1-5 cms. 1013 (may be longer),
bright green and slim ; erect filaments dichotomously
or alternately branched below, primary branches often
Opposite above, rarely 2-4 primary branches form a
whorl on main axis; secondary brcnches mostly alter-

c‘o ‘ ‘1
L snort and arise close to each other formin“

")1

nste an

I

a fasciculate appearance (penicillate-fasciculate)

on the primary branches (usually near the apex); the
primary branches usually terminating in very long color-
less, multicellular hairs, occasionally in acute,
flagelliforme tips beyond the fascicles; cells of the

main axis usually cylindrical but may be slightly

-215.—

inflated, cells producing branches not different from
the others, 10-16’u (rarely 13.5‘p) in diameter, 1-4

-7 times as long; cells of branches less in diameter,
1-2 times as long, little or more inflated than cells

k,

of main axis; chloroplast a dense band.

 

 

Stigeoclonium fasciculare L:. var. f scic lare

V

P1. 24, Fit. 1; P1. 33, Figs. 1-3; Text Fido Q5.

\.

Kuetzing, in Eot. Zeit. 177, 1347; "pee. Als- 35:,

Cl

1349; Tab. Phyc. 3:t.8, f.1, 1353; Rabenhorst, Fl.
Eur. Alg. 3:330, 1878; Wolle, F. W. Ala. U.3. 114,
t.9, f.1(?), 1337; De Toni, Syll. Al
Pascher, in Flora, or Bot. Zeit. I: 05-107, 1905;
Heering, in Pascher's Sfisswasser.6: 76, f.105, 103,
1914; Fritsch and Rich, in Trans. Roy. Soc. 3. Africa,

17, 1930.

- 216 -

Primary branches alternate or dichotomous below,
often more Opposite above or 2-4 primary branches may
arise from the same cell of main axis, primary branches
ending in long colorless, multicellular hairs beyond
the fascicles; cells of main axis 10-16- (-18))u
(mostly 15-16 p) in diameter, 1-4 times as long.

Type same as the species.

Specimens studied:

EUROPE
Germany: Ellerforst bei Dusseldorf, Rheinland, Col.
H. Royers, April 17, 1898; Schleswig, Gallia, No.
371. 392 (as gigs. flagellifergg Kg.) Herb. Kuetzing
(L); France: Herb. du Dr. Lebel donne'au Museum par
ses enfants, en 1878; St. Zoseph, prie dele Cham ?
Herb. Dr. Lebel, Avril, 1863; Angers, F. Hy. mars,
1888 (PC); Valognes: as (739. §tig. with an epithet
glomeruliferum ?), Herb. Kuetzing, Leg. Dr. Lebel (L);

Calvados: Vire: (as 490. Stig; tenue var. lubricum

 

Rab.), R. Lenormand (MT); Melodunum: on silicious
soil; L. H. Buss (L); Calvados: Talaice: Alg. de
France No. 390, Brebilloy, 1886 purchased (K); West

Ukraine: (formerly under Poland): Lemberg: Galligien:

 

Weiss, Herb. Kuetzing, No. 363 (L); Holland: V. D.
Bosch No. 180 (19) (as Stig. fasciculare Kg. TYPE)

- 217 -

May 1845 (L); Leg. V. D. Bosch, 180, April 1845,
Alg. indigenae, Herb. Suringar; Goes: Herb. V. D.
V(L); B. Ex. Herb. Kuetzing (L); ? Quelle (?),
bei Berndorf: A. Grunow, 651 (Col. No. 11725)
April, 1861 (w); 2 Leiden: Herb. No. 130 (No.A)
(L); 'Italy: Monfalco: Col. Grunow, No. 11606 (W);
? Gall: Hubeville: Herb. Kuetzing, Leg. Dr. Lebel,
No. 361 (as S315. with an epithet nidificum Lebel 7)
Mai 8, 1860 (L).

spars Ai-IEngA
Connectgggt: N. Bridgeport: (as 26.‘§£ig. tenue)
001. H. A. Green, 18.7, 1895 (PH); Bridgeport, Leg.
I. Holden No. 811 (as Stig. lgggipilus Kg.) Kay 14,
1§2§.(FH.NY.); Bridgeport, Fairfield Co. I. Holden,

811 (as Stig. glomeratum) Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. (FH);

 

P.B.A. No. 660 (as Stig. tenue var. lubricum) May 14,

 

on submerged plant in still water (NY); New Jersey;

 

Outlet of swamp, Hudson Heights, Leg. T. E. Hazen,

No. 299 April 16, 1900 (F); Somerset 00. Chrysler
Herb. Rutgers University (as Stig. glgmeraygn)
Littoral, Delaware and Raritan Canal on vegetation,
Griggstown Lock, R. Renlund and E. T. Moul, No. 6653,
Mar. 18, 1950 (F); ngg: Clarmont Co. (as Stig.
glomeratum) Lillick, Fall, 1932 (NY); Michigan: Lake
Lansing: on snails and rocks; Sept. 1958 (‘13.)

C‘PVTMU 1171“,". Ta.“
4k. ' “ $1 J."L

Brazil: on stones in swift current, Lagoa., Itapeva,
Rio Grande do sul. Herm. KleerekOper, No. 535 a.
(as Stigg glomeratug (Haz.) Collins) Nov. 1941 (F).

"1 A I.
:AL’.‘ U... 4:1

 

~

Soudan: marais d'inondation du Xiger a Sac, Col. Kme.

Gauthier-Lievre, 27.12, 1945 (AL).

;tijeoclonium fasciculsre K1. var. clemerntun (Hagen) comb.
nov.

 

 

Stifeoclonium glpmcratun (Hagen) Collins, Gr. Alg. " in
221, 1909; Hylander, A 7. Conn., 129, 1923; Fritsch

and Rich (as Stig. gloneratun (Essen) Fritsch), in

Trans. Roy. Soc. S. Africa, 13: 41, 1930; Prescctt, Iowa
Alg. 36, 1931; Taft, in Proc. Oklah. Acad. 30. 20: 49,
1940; Tiffany and Britten, A13. 111. 74-37 1972-
IIoshkova, in Ukrain. Dec. 2’.

nr-C‘
‘wa‘.
/_/'~"

- 219 -

Myxonema glomeratum Hazen, in Hem. Tor. Bot. Club,

11(2): 205, P1. 34, 1902.

Primary branching more alternating; cells of main
axis cylindrical, elongated, 11-14’u in diameter, 2-
7 times as long (mostly 4—6 times); primary branches
ending in long, colorless, setiferous or flagelliform
hairs beyond the fascicles.

This species Stig. fasciculare Kg., when young, is

 

quite lubricous and may appear as ghaetgphora or Stig.
longipilum Kg. In the welledeveIOped form, it is
quite distinct than any other Species. Hazen, however,
made a new species Stig, (nyonema) glomeratum (Hazen)
Collins chiefly on the basis of cell-size of the main
axis about which he says (p. 206) that "this species
is very similar to Stig. fasciculage Kg. (not Wolle),
but it differs so much from that form in the long
cells of the main branches that it must be considered
as distinct, at least until further evidence as to
Kuetzing's species is obtained". 1 have examined the
type specimen of §tig. fasciculare Kg. (but could not
obtain the type of Stig._glomeratum) and found that
measurements given by Kuetzing are not fully correct.
He had described less diameter and less length of the

cells of the main axis. I have recorded cell diameters

- 220 -

of the type specimen as 10-16’u, and 1-4 times as
long. Besides this, there are other collections I
obtained from Rijksherbarium, Leiden, which were in
Kuetzing's Herbarium and identified as §£15° fascicu-
lggg by Kuetzing. These plants are much more well-
developed and larger in size than his type specimen.
It may be mentionedthat the type specimen consists of
comparatively young plants or at least the growth of
the plants might be stunted. Pascher's (1905, 1906)
illustration of Stig. fasciculare shows longer cells
of the main axis than given by Kuetzing. Pascher

(l.c.) even regarded Tilden's (1896) Stig. flagelli-

 

feggm as Stig. fascicplare. Hazen's species no doubt,
however, belongs to Spig. fasciculare which can attain
a greater size, but at least due to the constant
presence of longer cells in the main axis and slightly
less diameter and flagelliform or setiferous branch
tip, Stig. glomeratum might be considered a distinct
variety of Stig. fasciculare and here described as
such, i.e. Stig. fasciculare Kg. var. glomeratum
(Hazen) comb. nov. Recently, Hoshkova (1958) report-

ed Stig. glomeratum similar to Hazen's form from Ukrain

SSH.

- 221 -

Kuetzing (1849) did not mention whether the pri-
mary branches are alternate or opposite except that
"ramis erectis, subtorulosis, flagelliformibus;
ramulis penicillatim fasciculatis, densis erectis,
----apice in pilum hyalinum longissimum productis".

Hazen similarly described his species Stig. glomeratum

 

as "filaments radiating, bearing few, alternate
branches below, ----above alternate, or rarely Oppo-
site, more or less densely penicillate-fasciculate,
particularly at the summit, tapering into an acute or
long setiferous point".

In respect to primary branching habit, probably
De Toni's (1.0. 203) description "filis ramisque
opposite-dichotomis" comes very close to that which
we have observed in the type and other specimens
where primary branches in the middle or upper part of
the thallus are opposite, sometimes 2-4 primary
branches arising around the same cell. Secondary
branches which make "penicillatim fasciculatis"
appearance are mostly alternate, often with several
branches arising from the same side.

Wolle's collection of Stig. fasciculare Kg. from
Northampton 00., Pennsylvania, seems to be more like
Stig. amoenum Kg. So also P.B.A. No. 67. S315.

fasciculagg Kg. from Bridgeport, Conn. May 28, 1893,

- 222 -

Col. I. Holden (also No. 828 from the same place)
agree very well with Stig. amoenum Kg. rather than
with Stig. fasciculare.

P.B.A. No. 660 as gtig. EEEEE var. lubricum and

I. Holden No._811 as Stig. longipilus are found to be

POW.—

latter species.

It has been noticed that the reduced or growth-
fo rm 0 f ass- .1: .....i 3.225;. massinrscuga may
appear as §tig.p£asciculare. Similarly, Stig.
nudiusculum and Stig. Nelsonii seem to be very close
to it. But in all these species the branches deve10p
from the distinct modified cells of the main axis
whereas inlfitig. fasciculare no such modified cells
are formed. In §£$E° Nelsonii and.§3;g. nudiusculum
the fascicled branches are formed directly on the main
axis and more or less spreading from a short stalk-
like branch, more like Draparnaldia, whereas in gtlg.
fasciculare the long and loose fascicles appear as a
result of short secondary branches arising at short
intervals from the upper part of the primary branches.
Sometimes, on the same plant this secondary branches
may be irregularly, scattered or solitary. This was

found in the type and other specimens.

- 223 -

For reproduction and zoospore-formation, see
Pascher (1905, 1906, 1907).

Moebius (1892) described a new species from
Australia, §tiggoclonium autralense Moeb., which he
thought to be quite well-developed plant, but his
illustration of this species (Fig. 2; p. 435) appears
to be a miniature‘gtig.‘gasciculare, strongly suggest-
ing that it could be a young stage of the latter
species. I have shown (P1.2fl, Fig.35) a young plant
of gtgg, fasciculare, collected from a lake in Michigan,
which almost lookalike gtig. australense. If however,
the specimen described by Moebius is really an adult,
full-grown plant, then at least it could be considered
a form of'gtgg. fasciculare due to its smaller size.
Because no specimens including type were available it
was not possible to determine its exact systematic
position. Thus, until now, it is placed under gtig.
faciculare as a form; the description of this form
according to Moebius is as follows: Plants small,
fully grown, profusely branched, about 2 mm. high tufts;
the cells are cylindric, above slightly thinner than
below, in general 6-7gp broad, 2-5 times as long;
chromatophore almost fills the cell; the main fila-

ments or branches mostly solitary, seldom opposite,

3‘?

above branches are mall,

branches are all

arising upri

multicellular hairs; cells

somet

1

imes o

ifurcated,

Slit, GIN-1111;; 121 long

r)

are

S 1'." C‘, 1‘31 e 1" l3

 

swollen and divided in small as nests; rhizoids ab—
sent. (Text F f. 117).
Stijeoclonium Leholii sp. nov.
Thallus bright green, lubricous, 10-20 mm. hiph,

" “ Yr 1 ‘. ‘ M1 r. v 7‘: ‘- To
profusely and irregularly oraacnec,

sistin: of broad, barrel—shapes,

O
AD

15-25‘u in diameter, 2-5 ti

_l

'n
t

('3

the partition N911; branches

:nain is con-

~—
(' l
L..¢L

l moniliform cells,

as long, 8

constricted t

scattered, alternete,

opposite or in pseudo-whorls, seversl from $33; ;lace;
primary branches producing numerous thorn-like secon-

dary

3i}

br ches with

gradually tapering into

8.

setiferOLs; cells

u.

t a, 9-13 }1 in di

L0

r: M
t- -. Lu

0

3’!
e; ’

ricte et

colorless

.C‘ 'l 1 n
01 Drancne .9

broad basal cells

hair or becoming

shor , inflated, con-

1—3 times as long.

a- L- ‘1' —
m- - . W M. .. 7n 7 1-
ignl“): - (51‘ ‘. -\-'CtZl..-w., JO. L; 4.13.3 ”J: 4b. ‘0‘} ’7" ,
A A- - a “0’ 1 - i - ..~
10 June, le~) (soecinon lo. 2,;, w-‘rir3 t w 1u391
fl . 4 . w. L, 4-‘ ~-‘ A 1 v
;tl #bcCZIDJ‘-Ll Id bl ‘a rh‘i .-et ".17L- 71“-- 1:“ Cl Lwav

 

 

This _g‘zlalilt sugerficlfill'f loo‘fs like Trifle‘1é--_.«‘»".";is
Icyer (1930), but the letter fienus wrs described as
relatively large plant with great dimension of the
main axis and with a reticulate chlorOplast. The

main axis also appears somewhat like Drgparnaldia,

 

but the branching habit is definitely Stigeoclonium-

 

like. In the figures (P1. 20, Figs. 1-2) I have

shown only a portion of the thallus; the branching

is so profuse and scattered in different planes that

it is difficult to represent them. Sometimes, branches

appear as those of gtigeoclonium subuligerum with

broad base and narrow apex. Until now there seems to

be no species known where this plant could be placed.
As the new name given to this plant by Lebel on

the herbarium specimen (Stigeoclonium with an epithet

pulchellum_Lebel sp. nov.) was never published and

as this epithet pulchellum was already used by Kuet-

 

zing for a variety of Stig. amoenum Ks. (1849: P- 355):

 

a new name Stig. Lebelii sp. nov. is therefore,

 

given to it in honor of Dr. Lebel who

(\f
- 220 -

collected this specimen and also contributed much
the herbarium of 31331 collections at the time of

1 vi-

Kuetzing during mid-nineteenth Gesturyo

Kuetzing, Phyc. Germ. 2?? 11A}; Spec. Alg. 332,
1349; Tab. Phys. 3:t.l, f.2, 1353; Rabenh. Flor
2:71.11... 1211:,- :76 , 1,333; ::0118, F0 11’. .6217. O T.) 0 30 1.12 ,

f.2, 1337; Collins, Gr. Alg. H. Am. 221,

1
Heering, in Fischer's Shssrasser 69-71, 1914;

Prescott, Alg. G. Y. L. A. 117, PlolO, f.3, 4. 25
1

Tiffany and Britten, Al

’I

Club. 11(2): 207, Pl. 33, f.2 1 ea.

t9‘>‘1’

'Vv'hv ‘fi " ' . ' '1' '7'“ 7* a . ... ~e M . A
“01403:“ Sllf‘DfTvECll’lwlfll \ _. :;(lZ-gL' 1L1 .~ €.;1o '. 1". .3013.

- 227 -

Plants very delicate, bright green to yellowish-
green in color, forming slimy flakes or entangled with
aquatic plants, on sticks, etc., mostly found in
stagnant water; main filaments very sparsely branched
below, rather long rhizoids develop from many cells
above the base; branches more or less dichotomous or
alternate, never opposite, often several branches
developing from successive cells on the same side of
the filaments, gracefully tapering to attenuated tips,
rarely short-setiferous; some branches with the cells
of the same character as the main axis, other branches
may be small; cells of main axis long, cylindrical,
with little or no constrictions at the transverse
wall; some cells of the main axis may be small and
barrel-shaped above, followed by long, cylindrical
cells; cells producing branches may be different from
other cells, if so, they are slightly shorter and
little inflated; cells of main filament 7-2OJu in
diameter, 3-10 (-12) as long; chloroplast single,
cylindrical incomplete parietal plate.

f 7..-». 1, ‘ su‘.
3131? 90010111 1131 C“"1"""‘-‘..1‘.‘._;1 iv. ..o V0.1“. 81‘.QSCCU.’1’.--11

Pl. 6, Fig. 5; Pl. 21, Fig. 4; Pl. 22, Fig. 3; Pl. 24,

Filanents large; deep green, lubricous; cells of
main fil-ments 12-20 h in diameter, 3-12 tines as long;
branches dichotomous, alternate, sometimes Several

branches from same side; secondary Drenches sometimes

producing cells of main axis usually similar to others,
ma y be somewhat shorter, and slifhtly iin lated; some-

tim es, he Irostrate part of thallus ‘s lackinfi or mar

consist of short, inflated, more or le 3 isodiemetric

C1)

cells.

 

 

;- —-

l totrrva- 14). Ceii¥TW"‘ci‘~cec‘1da “j. Le“. 30..
7' - .. - . a . ,- n a, - - n - ~_~ .
Auct31ng in fonte DUlfhfyfl AarZiel prOpe nerd.

Switzerlezid (L. ..C.)~

 

Leg. et Seryint, Roberge, No. 335, 1347 (PB);
Switzerland: in fonte sulfurea ".iarz iel prOpe Bern in
Helvetia, Col. Alg. C. H. Diesing, Leg. Huetsin; (as

146. Confervs subsoc ur ed., Isotype) Ann. 1341 (w.L .)°

7

- 229 -

Helvet. Grunow Ac. 1889 No. 525862 (W); ? Acq. 1939.
No. 9496 (as Stig. falklandicum Kg.) Leg. Fr. Brand,
11.5, 1896 (W); Bern. (as Conferva subsecunda Kg.)
No. 146 (C.L.).

NORTH AMERICA
Florida: Wakulla Co. Phillips Lake, St. Marks Refuge,
Leg. C. S. Nielsen, No. 54, April, 1948 (F);
Escambia River survey #3, Santa Rosa Co. on saw grass
roots and attached to sticks, Col. Hohn, No. 9(2), and
5(2), May 12, 1955 (PH); E. River Survey #2, left
bank on saw grass, Col. J. Wallace, No. 18(4), April
1953 (PH); Connecticut: Bridgeport: April 15, 1890
(as Stig. longipilus), E. S. Collins (FH); New Jersey:
Pleasantville. Col. F. S. Collins, No. 2055, May,
1891 (BUT.HUJ.NY.FH.); Princeton. In a ditch at
Galway Reservoir, Col. J. E. Peters and S. R. Morse
(doubtful) (as gigs; longipilus), April 30, 1891,
(F.PH.NY.); Louisiana: La Fourche parrish: In a
(freshwater marsh between Golden Meadow and LeeVille,
Col. F. Drouet and P. Viosca Jr. No. 9423 (as §tig.
lubricum Kg.) Nov. 26, 1949 (F.NY.); Michigan:
Purdy bog. Col. J. H. Graffius, No. P16-7, Sept. 27,
1959 (Graf.); Cheboygan Co. attached to vegetation

in running water, Maple river below the power dam.

Col. H. K. Phinney, 30. 31 3-41/4, Ammo 13. 1941
(F); attached to grass at margin of hog lake,
Kichol's bog, Mich. University. Biol. Station,

.y "
Douglas eke, Col. n. n. :;inney, n0. #9, July 12,

1942 (F): Wisconsi

.4
g)
a.

Inlet to trout lake, Sphagnu;

 

bog near Carrol Lake, Col. 3- «- *PBSCOtt: 30- 7345:
h w 13 7" 10s 7vcn--9 7~_er< »-~=
, - '1, J-i- .4, Jddd-’ ..., “)4 (_=JV, .I «)4

2¥735 (Pres.) I. cerolins: n. A. Whitford Col. E0. Et.

 

{1 '."". 'm“: 5 .." ’.".""'7 f“ ‘.

v .... .L-L-'.L .. ...4 .. Jr".

 

q o ’ o h
Honduras: Dept. LO‘ezan; Vicinity L1 Zomordno. Col.

.2\

P. C. Stdndley, KO. 131, 20v. 25, 194; - Jon. 9, 1947,

attached to rocks in swift cool brook, very gelatinous

 

AFRICA
I . " a ‘ f1 _ ' \ ‘ —-
Al“crie: petite s urce pres oe L'Oueu Hogan 3, 8-3,

1972, Col. Kme. Gauthier-Lievre (AL).

n‘o—q-K
. J

. c . flfi
-) .1.-- A‘X. A J.\ J:i

 

‘7 ._‘ "

East Andes: Prescott Col. no. 2)%, Gelatinous and

 

filamentous masses on stones in stream. Puyo. swiftly

flowing water, small br005. Col. G. u Prescott, no.

234, Feb. 17, 1023

-231...

 

Yordstedt, in Bot. Hot., 116, 1380

1337; Iotarisifl, 45?, 1333;

Toodoresco, in Eeih. B t. C

Y .M ‘ ‘ I ‘ ' fl: fi'..f‘ — ':
floorinv, in Pascner s JhSpugSSUCo;

45 a, n , #v .- ., r‘\ L 9
ifilxlsnuicugliqf. Vhr. IIMTIB‘DbLTVl

 

«rv_
.1~

 

“finely branched, especicl

grdcefully tnpcrin ; cc

I

with very little or no con:

d‘nmcter, e-?(-12) times as lonf

I“. ‘ ’ - ‘_ r‘ —v to ...
snort, rarelj only 1-, 11w

“‘ I ‘K 'N ~ (“V ~\ P‘"\' 1" ,
oranCnes me; be pimlli? to color

slightlg':xzallcr.

De Toni, Syll. Ale. 1: 2

Y,
r?“ \ .mnvw
L, .. I J.‘..’

sl

Y.

Fifi

”"! {/0
.L _LLL‘ ’

.10 :;J10
is ‘ c
h v A,
‘1.
i) "A

n 6‘11

L J.

K»!
O

In-“

. C.tro -11-“.

loo.

?
kL.

5:"1 31!“:

V . _ "
lordstedt (Elenu.)

vv_ 5
~~uul
A.’.,-- ‘ .

_Ja“.
fl
«.1 ’
4.4.... O
c** 7-
.A. LJ. ‘4‘ o
‘4 ‘l",_o
A ‘

Lectotvne: :15. Yittrock inl fordstcit,

A

Col. 3.

V5

-Q1/I«"“r‘“
.3111 1 (.1

‘3

‘-_

..0-

do?

"'"4 r“ ,

§ '\ ~ ' r‘.
,; Cells pron”

‘f‘:"" 'p
~\\J-L‘- I

- 232 -

in rivulis ad Coromandel, 1874;

also Type of Stig. falklandicum
beta longearticulatum Hansg.
Boehmen, bei Lobosotz, July 1884 (W).

Stig. subsecundum seems to be a well-known and

well-distributed species, usually growing in cool

stagnant water. In winter it has been found under the

ice in temperate areas, when the filaments are more

mucilaginous. The species is characterized by its

scattered branches, dichotomous, alternate, also uni-

seriate arrangement, and by the absence of Opposite

branching habit. The chloroplast is also characteris-

tic.

Stig. subsecundum var. tenuis may be regarded as

a young stage of the species. Stig. longearticulatum

(Hansg.) Heering in all respects agreeing well with

this variety and therefore, has been considered here

as synonym of the former variety.

The two other varieties, namely, Stig. subsecundum

 

var. Javanicum Richter (in Heering, 1.0. and in Skuja,
Zur Sfisswasser. F1. Burmas, 74, 1949) and Stig. sub-

secundum var. ulotrichoides Teod.(in Beih. Bot. Centralbl.

21: 103-219, 1907; Heering, 1.c. 71, 1914) have been

reported. The descriptions of these two varieties are

- 233 -

almost identical: in var. Javanicum cells of main

axis 8-12,n in diameter, usually equal, rarely 2-3

cells of branches 7Ju wide, 1-2
ulotrichoides:

times as long;

times, rarely 5 times as long; in var.

diameter of main filaments about 11,n; cells of the

branches 6.6-8.8,u in diameter, 1%-2% times (rarely

up to 5 times) as long. The above desdriptions gave

me the impression that these two varieties may belong

to Stig. variabile--complex rather than to Stig.

subsecundum. Sometimes, the young stages of Stig.

subsecundum may look like Stig. aestivale (Hazen)

 

Collins.

Specimens studied:
NEW ZEALAND

In rivulis ad Coromandel; Wittrock and Nordstedt Alg.

Ex. No. 315, Leg. Dr. S. Berggren (No. 293). 1874 (L.
LD.T..F.G.K.NY.);

ANTARCTIC
Small freshwater pool against snowbank, point No. 13,
island, Knox coast, Lat. 66 degrees 31 S. Long. 110
degrees, 26 E. Col. Dr. Apfel, No. 119 (as Stig.
falklandicum Kg.), Jan. 19, 1948 (F);

ASIA

Japan: Chichibu. Saitama. Col. J. Yamagishi, No. 7,

 

- 234 -

Jan. 1956 (Akiy.); [Matsue, Shimane, Col. Akiyama,

No. 1., March 1960 (Akiy.);
NORTH’AMERICA

Somerset Co. Princess Anne, in shallow

Maryland:
running water of outlet of ice plant, Col. R. White

and F. R. Drouet, No. 2295 (as Stig. attenuatum),
Aug. 24, 1930 (F); South Carolina: Darlington Co.

 

on sides of drums through which artesian water flows
near Coker College boat house, Hartsville, Col. R.
Patrick, Oct. 2, 1946 (PH). Hawaii: Wittr. et
Nordstedt Alg. Exs. No. 110. as‘gtig. falklandicum Kg.

 

In insulis Sandvicensibus, in Conralle Nuanu insulae

Oahu. July & August, 1875. deg. Dr. S. Berggren

(F0 OI‘IOLONYOFH ‘K').

EUROPE
Roumania: Apud Cotroceni (Bucuresti) in fossis horti
botanici; Caepites conferviformis formans, Herb. Alg.

Gr. Teodoresco, No. 1074, Feb. 16, 1902 (W.F.); also

No. 665, Debrgea, Mangalia, lpril 6, 1900 (W).
Hungary: Vacratot. from the trough of well with lever
No. I. Col. E. K01, No. 705, 1950, (BP). Czechoslovakia:

Bohmen: bei Lobositz. Col. A. Hansgirg, July 1884 TYPE

(Stig. falklandicum beta lgngearticulatum) (W)

Lectotype from. (F.US.)

l
h.)
K)!
U1

I

Stigeoclonium subuligerum Kg.

Pl. 1, Fig. 5; Pl. 8, Fig. 1; Text Fig.103.

{uetzing, Spec. Alg. 354, 1849; Tab. Phyc. 3:t.5,

f.l, 1853; Collins, Gr. Alg. N. Am. 219, 1909;

Heering, in Pascher's Sfisswasser. 6:79-81, 1914.

Stig. protensum (Dillw.) Kg. var. subuligerum (Kg.)

De Toni, Syll.

 

Rab. Flor. Eur. Ale. 3:378, 1868;

Ala. I:200, 1889.

,gyxonema subuligerum (Kuetz.) Hazen in Mem. Tor. Bot.

Club. 11(2): 200-201, P1. 30, 1902.

Plant bright green, tufted, 5 cms. or more in

length, filaments profusely and irregularly branched,

the branches scattered, erect, vertical or at right

angles to the filaments; primary branches opposite,

alternate or 2-3 approximate and densely set with mostly

secondary branchlets; the latter are thorn-like with

broad basal cells, gradually tapering to a sharp,

acute tip, often attenuate to a short seta; cells

mostly cylindrical, may be slightly inflated, short,

11-16/p (-18’p) broad, about as long as broad or

somewhat longer, or shorter than diameter, cells filled

with dense chloroplast.

- 236 -

Type locality: In stagnis Hercyniae, pr0pe Hanau,

Col. Theobald. (not seen); New Lectotype (until TYPE

is found): 10. Stig. subuligerum Kg., Clausthal;
Hanau, Holland, Herb. Knetzing (L) or, (No. 30. Stig.

subuligerum Kg., 0. Nordstedt, Norway & Finshoe --
montium Dovrensium, 20/8/1868).

This species, as Hazen (1902) mentioned, should
not be confused withISELg.lprotensum (Dillw.) Kg. as
Rabenhorst did who placed it as a variety of the

latter species. This species is not so common and

apparently looks like Stig. lubricum.

quite characteristic here in this species.

The branches are

A caution

may be necessary because sometimes the upper parts of
Stig. amoenum may appear exactly like Hazen's illustra-
tion of Stig. subuligerum and great care should be

taken to identify this species.

Specimens studied:

AFRICA
Algerie: massif de 1"Akfadou mare (agoulmine
Temfout ?), Tehad Ain Galaka (AL).

Asp;

Nicobar Island: ad sexa in rivulis secus pratos

irriguos prope Papiam: Leg. Montemartini et Cavara,

No. 629, April 1894. Phyk. Universalis (K.NY.L.W.PC.U.C.).

- 237 -

NORTH.AMERICA
Kansas: 0n U.S. 75 Hwy. a small Cr., near Coffey Co.
Burlington, on stone, Col. Dr. Vinyard No. 4, April
11, 1958; (Is.). Canada: Quebec: Longueuil, comte
de Chambly; 001. J. Brunel, No. 218, May 26, 1931
(MT).

EUROPE

Norway and Finshoe: Wittrock & Nordst. Alg. Ex.
montium Dovrensium, 0. Nordstedt N0. 30, 20.8, 1868
(C.W.LD.F.L.G.K.NY.F.). Germany: Hanan, Clausthal,
Herb. Kuzing, No. 10 & 399 (L.PC.); Sweden: Algae
Hallandicae, Varberg: DJupadraktsbacken, Col. D. E.
Hylmo (as it.» protensum) 20.4, 1928 (C.LD.) "Kyrko-
gardsbacken" (as §t. protensum) Col. D. E. Hylmd 16,4.
1928 (C.LD.)

-238...

U)

tigeoclonium Fusilium (Lyngb.) Kg.

4.4..

 

’11

l. 24, Figs.2-4; P1. 25, Figs. 5-7

Kuetzing, Phyc. Germ. 198, 1845; Spec. Alg. 355,
1849; Tab. Phyc. 3: t.9, f.1, 1853; Rabenhorst,
Krypt. Flor. v. Sachs. 267, 1863; Flor. Eur. Alg.
III: 379, 1868; Hansgirg, Prodr. I: 67,1886 (not
anp. pgsilla_Hook. et Harv.); De Toni, Syll. Alg.

199’ 18890
Conferva ppsilla Lyngb. Tent Hydr. Dan. t.51, 1819.

Plants bright green, about 1 cm. or more high,
filaments stout, cells of main axis and branches
gracefully inflated and constricted at the partition
wall; branches mostly alternate, scattered, sometimes
Opposite or 2-3 branches forming a little whorl;
basal cells of the branches mostly broader than upper
cells which terminate in long colorless hairs; small
branches bluntly tapering; cells producing branches
may or may not be different from others; cells of
main axis 15-20 p.(-25,n) in diameter, mostly 1-2 times
as long, in branches sometimes a little longer.

Legtotvoe: 18. S313. pusillum, Herb. Kuetzing,

Schleswig. (L).

- 239 -

The cell size and shape of the main axis are
similar to Sgégy,lubricum; the branching habit is
more like S315. subuligerum Kg. but unlike the
latter species here the branches are usually terminat-
ing in a long colorless hair. It also may appear
somewhat like sggg. longipilum because of the inflated
cells and long hairs but branching is not so dichoto-
mous or radiating type like the latter species. Some-
times, the barrel-shaped cells of this species may re-
semble‘gyig. protensum but the latter species has
rather elongated cells and characteristic apical cells
with sharply pointed tips.

Syig. pusillum var. irregulare Rab. Flor. Eur. Alg. 3:
379. 1868; De Toni, Syll. Alg. I: 199. 1889.

This variety is not adequately described and

illustrated, and thus, it is not possible to designate

its systematic position properly.

Specimens studied:

EUROPE
Germany: Leipzig: A. Rab. Alg. Sach. resp. Mittel,
Col. Bulnheim, No. 974, April 1859 (NY.K.F.FH.G.W.)3
Ehrenbergs Teich (?) No. 117, 1859 (NY); Schleswig.
Herb. Kuetzing, No. 18 (L); Liesing ?. Col. Grunow.

No. 11613 (as Stig. pusillum forms), Leg. A. Grunow (W);
Switzerland: Schleswig-Tessen, Col. Grunow No. 11679(W).

- 240 -

Algeria: massif de L'Akfadou, Temjout, Col. Mme.
Gauthier-Lievre (AL).

Stigeoclonium stagnatile (Hazen) Collins

Collins, Gr. Alg. U. Am. 221, 1909 (reprint,

\ ,
x)
a.)
\J
U.

a: 14

e4 \o
01

Prescott, 11;. w. s. L. 1. 117, P1- 11, f-E.

m

C)

gyxonema Stifinfitile Hazen, in hem. Tor. Dot.

U

11(2): 207, P1. 3:, f.l, 2, 1902.

Tufts attached to floating leaf margins or other
substrates, sometimes becoming free-floatilg; fila-
ments elongate, delicate, bearing branches at widely
‘separated intervals; branches solitary, Opposite or

sometimes 2-3 arising from the same place, long-drawn

- 241 -

ending ir a sharp point, rarely setiferous; branch-
lets may be short, thorn-like and curved; cells of
the main filaments cylindrical without constriction,
7.5--1l‘p (mostly 9.5,p) in diameter, 1-2 times as long,
sometimes 3-6 (specially near branching) times as long
as broad.

This is one of the doubtful species whose exact
nature still has to be investigated and determined.
No type specimens were available for our study. Hazen
and others have mentioned that they always found this
species floating on the water surface, which however,
should not be taken as a specific character. Hazen
further mentions that this species resembles Sgig.
protensum which I found to be true. The branching
habit of the species is more or less like‘gygg. preten-
gngand very much like Dillwyn's Fig. 0, P1. 67, 1809.
Dillwyn, however, mentioned that in older filaments
the cells frequently become inflated (shown in Pl.67,
f.C. 1809). Here in this work St_g. stagnatile is
provisionally accepted on two points, namely, first,
that the cells of the filaments are cylindrical without
being inflated and no constrictions at the partition
wall, whereas in.§£_g. protensum cells of the main

filaments and branches become inflated and barrel-shaped;

- 242 -

and second, that the branches are equally alternate and
Opposite in arrangement and are tapering tO a fine
point or setiferous, whereas in §3i5.,p§9tensum
branches are rarely Opposite, and the long, sharply-
pOinted colorless tips Of the branches are quite
characteristic.

Several collections under the name Stig. stagnatile
from different herbaria on examinations were found to
be §£_g. protensum, in which the cells are mostly
barrel-shaped; only in young branches are they cylin-
drical. This casts strong doubt as to whether Spig.
stagnatile could be a certain stage in the life-cycle
Of sggg. protensum. Prescott's (1951) illustration of
§£_g. stagnatile appears to be more like Stig. subsecun-
ggm Kg.

The growth form Of ggyg. stagnatile was found to
appear like what Kuetzing had shown for §£_g. i332:
gglare Kg. Stigg stellare Kg. Sometimes, it also
appears like gigs. elongatum when several irregular
branches arise from same area. Comparative cultural
studies are needed to determine the distinct limits Of

these species.

.
_— .

Specimens studied:
NORTH ALEXIS;
North Carolina: Wayne Co. Sleepy Cr.; attached to

floating leaves margin; 001. L. A. Whitford. July 3,

1958 (Whit.)

Stigeoclonium tenue (A3.) Kg.

Kuetzing, Phyc. Gener. 253, 1843; Phyc. Germ. 197,

l 4

CO
U1

; Spec. Alg. 353, 1849; Tab. Phyc. 3: Pl. 3, f.l,

‘1

C)

l~5 ; Rabenh. Flor. Eur. A17. 3: 377, 1368; Kirchner,
Krypt. Flor. Schles. 2: 63, 1878; Hansgirg, Prodr.
Alg. Boehmen, I: 66, 1866; Nelle, F. W. Alg. U.S. 3
P1. 96, f.11, 1887; Cooke, Brit. F. H. A13. 189, P1.
73, f.3, 1833; Ibid, 271, 1902; De Toni, Syll. Alg.
I: 197, 1889; Wildemann, Flor. Alg. Belg. 44, 1896;
Collins, Gr. Alg. N. Am. 217, 1909; Heering, in
Pascher's Sfisswasser.6: 111—112, 1914; Prescott, A13.
W. Gr. L. Area, 117, 1951a; Tiffany a Britton, Alg.

111. 34, P1. 70, 1952.

- 244 -

Draparnaldia tenuis Ag. Alg. Dec. 40, 1814; Syst.
Alg. 57, 1824; Icon. Alg. Eur. P1. 38, 1828-35;
Hassall, Brit. F. W. Alg. 123, Pl.11, f.2, 1845 and
1852.

Myxonema‘ygpgg (Ag.) Rab. Deutsch. Krypt. Flor. 2(2):
100, 1847; Hazen, Hem. Tor. Bot. Club. 11(2): 202,
P1. 32, f.l-2, 1902.

Myxothrix tenuis Trevis, Alg. Ten. Udin., 16, 1844.
Stigeoclonium tenue var. geniunum Kirch. Alg. Sachles.
68, 1878; Hansgirg, 1:66, 1886; De Toni, Syll. Alg.
I: 197, 1889.

Stigeoclonium irregulare Kg. Phyc. Germ. 197, 1845;
Spec. Alg. 353, 1849; Tab. Phyc. 3: Pl. 4, f.3, 1853.
Stigeoclonium Eggge (Ag.) var. irregulare (Kg.) Rab.
(non Alg. Exs. NO. 1665 3); Flor. Eur. Alg. 377, 1868;
Wolle, F. W. Alg. U.S. 111, 1886; Hansgirg, I: 66,
1886; De Toni, Syll. Alg. I: 197, 1889.
Stigeoclonium £2233 Klebsi, ngghgyi and.flg§§i,
Heering in Pascher's Sfisswasser, 1914, 78-81.

§£igeoclonium tenue (Ag.) var. bulbiferum Wolle, F.W.

Alg. U.S. 111, P1. 96, f.l2, 1887; De Toni, Syll. Alg.
I: 198, 1889.

Stigeoclonium stellare Kg. Phyc. Gener. 253, 1843;
Phyc. Germ. 198, 1835: Spec. Alg. 353, 1849; Tab.

Phyc- 3: t.4, f.2, 1853; Rabenhorst, Flor. Eur. Alg.

1...!

 

 

3: 381, 1868; (Conferva sgellaris -g., Conferva
m

 

 

 

 

 

 

A. O .- V.

stigeocloniwn i::e*w11re 1'. bet: natans - . 3390.
— -“— V _'_—.._...— r”

a ‘ ~~7 d'n

A :1" . ’ D'/' , 14.1 4‘_ .

 

 

 

 

 

 

201‘17-xtfb7‘ T127780} r ya 0

"ti eoslsn:;_ tarie vie csic 311;; 7 no . Prodr. I:
5,101,:

Stir. tgpue var. lyngbyiecolgg Han: . Prodr. II:

227, 825.

Stireoclaniut “r‘cile 35vort., Pr. Herb. Soc. Kat. Hist.

 

 

 

 

Ethno N02: 7, P10 10, f08—14, 19460

Well-develOped plants forming cushion, turf Of tuft,
lubricous, few n . to 5-10 cms. (sometimes more) high;
bright green; profuse erect filaments developed from
Prostrate.parts; branches simple, attenuate and Opposite,
usually developed from angular cells smaller than others;
cells of main axis cylindrical, little constricted, 6-15
(rarely 13 ?) p.diameter, 2-5(-6) times longer than broad
(usually 10-12’p diameter, and 2-3(-4) times longer;
branches gracefully attenuated or tapering into thin,
colorless tips, rarely finely setiferous and usually
Without long hairs; at the upper part the secondary
branches may be short, scattered, or alternate, or long,

slender and crowded to form bushy long—drawn

- 246 -

tufts (appearing as a horse tail); chloroplast filling
the smaller cells, in long cells occupying the middle
portion; sometimes, prostrate part may be palmelloid

or with profuse rhizoids.

Stigeoclonium tenue (Ag.) Kg. var. tenue

Pl. 1, Figs. 2-4; Pl. 6, Fig. 1; Pl. 8, F g. 5; Text

Thallus bright green, filaments delicate, lubricous

L.)

simple, branches both alternate and opporite, mostly from
short angular cells, not forming remarkably long-drawn
tufts atthe end of the b1anches; cells of main filam—nts
mostly 8212 p diameter (rarely -l5In), 2-4 times longer
than broad, little-constricted under cultural conditions
cells may be quite long and narrow; sometimes become

short and Palmella-like.

‘-

Alabama: Baldwin Co.: in a road side pool, between

 

Fairhope and Grand Hotel, Point Clear, Col. Louder-
back and Drouet, No. 10165, Dec. 20, 1948 (F);
California: Marin Co.: Tomales Bay, N. L. Gardner,
P.B.A. No. 2235, June 1914, (C.NY.); Guadeloupe

Island (near N. California) Algae Californica: Col.

Dr. E. Palmer, 1875 (Pres. FH.); Santa Clara Co.: on
small rocks in rapids of Coyote Cr., San Jose, Col. J.
Fr. Macbride, No. 806, Sept. 1944 (Pres. FH.); San
Barnardino Co.: 8. California on dripping-water-fiber,
Col. 3. B. Parish, No. 2636, April 4, 1895 (PH); San
Francisco: Col. N. L. Gardner, $0. 82 (3257) March,
1916 (K); Herb. Ger. J. Hollenberg: attached to roots,
stones, in slow streams at lower end of spillway lead-
ing into Puddington Lake, near La Verne, Col. G. J. H.
No. 2613, 3.29, 1939 (F): Yuba Go. from mouth of race
flowing out Yuba River Opposite mouth of Dry Creek,
10-15 miles east of Harysville, Col. G. H. Giles, To. 5,
Aug. 13, 1933 (F); Eldorado Co.; on rocks at mouth of
Canyon Cr. on Riddle Fork of American River, 3.
Giles Ko. 10, July 3, 1933 (F); Santa Clflrfl Co.:

Lake in Los Trancos Woods near Stanford University,

- 248 -

C01. Fr. Drouet, D. Richards and 0. A. Johansen, No.
4328, Sept. 29, 1941 (F); Nevada Co.: mouth of
south fork, Yuba, 1 mile west of Bridgeport, Col.

G. H. Giles, No. 45, Sept. 1, 1938 (F); Contra Costa
Co.: San Joaquin River, on Scir us, Col. Reimer, No.
5(1), May 1955. S. J. River Survey (PH); San
Francisco: Lake Merced on stones and grass (P.B.A.
No. 1731, Col. W. J. V. Osterhout, and N. L. Gardner,
June, 1903 (L.K.I-£ICH.C.NY.W. ); Lake B-Ierced, N. L.

Gardner, No. 1013, June, 1903 (L.MO.G.NY.FH.).

Canada: Quebec: Saint-Hyacinthe (comte de St. Hyacinthe)

terrain du seminaire, Dans source d'eau minerals, Col.

0. Rournier, No. 287, Mai 15, 1931 (MT); Grenville:

(comte d'Angenteuil), fixé aux pierres, au bord des

rapides de la riviére Ottawa, Col. J. Brunel, No. 120,

Sept. 23, 1930 (MT); Lac Jacques-Cartier (comte de
Montmorency), fossé le long du Chemin sur cailloux,
brindilles etc. Alt. 2600 pieds, Juin, 1938, Col. J.
Brunel No. 514 (MT); Baie Johann-Beetz. (comte de

Saguenay),,dans 1a riviere, (doubtful) Col. J. Brunel,

No. 636, Aug. 1, 1939 (MT); Lac Jacques-Cartier
(comte de Montmorency), fixe aux pierres dans un
ruisseau rapids, en arriére du camp. 001. C.

No. 547, July 11, 1938 (MT); Riviére Archambault,

Lanouette,

 

 

- 249 -

pres du lac Superieur, (comte de Tsrrebonne), su

pied de la Chute Archambault, Col. J. Brunel, No.
1113, Oct. 12, 1952 (MT); Saints-Marguerite (comte

de Terrebonne) dans la riviére du Nord, sur les
pierres dss rapides, July 12, 1953, Col. J. Brunel

No. 1220, (MT); Ontario: Pelee Point: on concrete
blocks in water (Lake Erie); Col. C. H. Netmore,

Oct. 10, 1959 Q( Is»); La Vase River Survey #1, West
Ferries Township near Nipissing Junction, Col. Hohn,
Sept. 24, 1957 (F); Grenville Co.: St. Lawrence
River, on dock, Col. R. Patrick, (6(3A) (PH), 001.

J. Wallace, No. 15(2), 16(2), Aug. 1952 (PH).
Colorado: In a drinking fountain at Rio Grande rail-
road station, Canyon City, Col. H. B. Louderback (as
S235. lubricum) Aug. 24, 1946 (F); Connecticut: near
Ridgefield, Col. R. Weikert, May 26, 1935. (NY);
Fairfield Co.: in running water sluice below Moody's
dam, Bridgeport, Col. L. N. Johnson, No. 160, and 160a.
July 11, 1892 and June 17, 1892 (NY); Bridgeport,
Holden Collection, 1892 (MICH), No. 517, Dec. 12, 1891
(FH); Below factory pond, Feb. 2, 1890, Herb. I. Holden,
(FH); Lower Mystic pond, 11 April, 1909 (FH);
Florida: Leon Co.: rapidly flowing water in culvert

from road side pond into Crane Lake, Col. 3. Nielsen,

- 250 -

No. 8, her. 1948 (F); St. Marks River at Little
Natural Bridge, Col. C. S. Nielsen, G. C. Madsen, and
D. Crowson No. 564, Oct. 1948 (F); Nakulla Co.: in
anoutlet of a large sulphur spring bathing pool about
1 mile north of NeWport, C01. F. Drouet, D. Crowson,
and R. Thornton, No. 11388, Jan. 25, 1949 (F); Bay
Co.: in seepage along the sea wall, St. Andrews Bay,
Cove Hotel, Panama City (doubtful form), Col. F.
Drouet, and C. S. Nielsen, No. 11616, Jan. 30, 1949 (F);
Wakulla Co.: Club Sulphur springs, Philips picnic
ground, New Port, Col. Nielsen No. 179 (?), July 1948,
also Nos. 213, 218, 164, Aug. 1949 (F); also July 23,
1952 (F); New Port: shallow water in log pool, Col.
A. Johnston (?), No. 84 (as Stig. lubricum), 11/11/50
(F). Georgia: Burke Co.: Savannah River, on Bamboo
stem, Col. Reimer, No. 9(5), S. R. P. #6, Aug. 31, '
1955 (PH). Illinois: Chicago: Lake Michigan, 1893
(MICH); Livingston Co.: on wet rocks in the outlet
of sewage-disposal plant at the Vermilion River,
Pontiac, Col. Fr. Drouet and H. Louderback, No. 5263,
Oct. 24, 1943 (F); Cook Co.: Lemont, Col. G. T.
Velasquez, O. Richards, and Fr. Drouet, No. 2500,

Aug. 4, 1939 (F); Chicago: basal part ? young plant,

Col. W. Morrison (F); Kane Co.: on stones in shallow

- 251 -

water, west shore of Fox River, south limit of St.
Charles, Col. Nos. 11797, 11799, May 14, 1949 (F.
HIGH.) on mussel shell in shallow water of Fox River,
south of Main Street, St. Charles, Col. H. Louderback
and Fr. Drouet, Col. No. 5333a, April 15, 1944 (F);
Col. from Promontory Point, Chicago, culture made from
that collection: D. F. Chapp, 1950 (F); Cook Co.:
in shallow water of a cattle pond, south of Lincoln
highway and east of Illinois Central railway at 215th
St. West of Chicago Heights, Col. Louderback and
Drouet, No. 5458, July 2, 1944 (F). Indiana: on
stones at edge of Thistle thwaite falls, Richmand,
Wayne Co. Col. L. J. King, June 1943 (F); Culture
collection from Indiana University, Nos. LB.437,438
(IND); Harshall 00.: Lake Haxin Kuckee, on stones,
Col. H. N. Clark a B. N. Evermann, No. 44, Nov. 13,
1906 (US) and near the ice house, outlet Bay, Col.
Clark & Evermann, No. 269, Nov. 28, 1904 (US).

1933: Green coatings on moist bottom of old pool bed,
road side, 2 miles north of Iowa City, Col. G. W.
Prescott, No. Ia, 2, Sept. 18, 1924 (F); in watering
trough, Col. C. M. Hobby (US). Maryland: Calvert Co.:
on shells in shallow water of the Patuxent River,
Solomon Island, Col. Fr. Drouet, E. P. Killip, and

F. n. Fosberg, No. 2996, July 26, 1941 (F); Mont-

gomery Co.: Potomac River, r.b. and 1.b. on sticks,

on rocks, Col. Hohn, Hos. 12(2) A ;(2), June 13,
1956 (PH); a so, Hohn, Ho. 14(3), 33:. 23, 1957,

r.b. on log, and lohn Io. 25(3), P.2.3. on plants,

June 19, 1953 (PH); Tessackusetts: In tidal pools

 

on rocks, Rockport, Col. A. H. Moore, No. 1550, April
19, 1904 (F); Halden: Ex. Herb. F. S. Collins and
Peabody Ac. of Sci. April 30, 884 (F); Halden:
Middlesex flora, April 1880, in running brooks (NY);
Chestnut Hill, Herb. H. Schrenk, April 24, 1394 (H0);
Newton: Herb. B. Moore Davis, 1893 (HIGH); Burlington:
watering trough, No. 155: H: FH). Hexico: Texcoco:
The national school of agriculture drainage canal on
grounds, canal on left of road, no odor of H23, Covered
with Lemna, Col. 3. Patrick, No. 169, July 28, 1947 (F);

Orizaba: (Stig. tenue Kg. in Conf rva Ansonii Ag.) (N);

 

 

Hichigan: Sherman Lake, Kalamazoo Co.: Col. Dr. Wade,
July 1959 (Is.); Lake Lansing, 001. D. Jackson, Nov. 7,
1939, April 1960 (Is.); Col. Dr. Guarrera and Dr.
Prescott, April-May 1960, from Round Lake and Lake
Lansing, (Is.); on aquatic plants in a small lake near
Lansing Air Port, Col. P. J. Halicki, Hay 1958 (Is.);

on stones, and floating in Red Cedar River,

001. E. Hansman, 1953, also by H. Islam, 1957,

Sept. (Is.); in a small pool, Hort.

- 253 -

Garden, Michigan State University Campus, April 18,
1960 ( Is.); in a acid bag, 1 mile from Kellogg
Biological Station, M.S.U. Col. H. Graffius, Sept.
24, 1959; Minnesota: Minneapolis: Mississippi
River 10th ave. Hennepin 00. C01. Fr. Drouet, No.
4974, Aug. 1943 (F); J. E. Tilden 001. No. 15, 1894,
(F.NY;US.); Duluth: Lester River Falls, Aug. 14,
1902 (FH); Mississippi: Hattiesburg: Col. R. L.
Caylor, No. 31 (F); Harrison 00.: in shallow water
of a freshwater reservoir on the shore of Miss. Sound,
west part of Gulfport, Coll. Fr. Drouet and Caylor,
R. L. Nos. 9930, 9933, Dec. 12, 1948 (F); Cole's

Cr. near Crosby, on woods in a stream, Col. R. Caylor,
No. 16 (as Stig. lubricum,)l943 (F); Crosby: from
overflow pipe at Mill, where the stream and water
mixed for use in boilers, temp. 31 degrees Centigrade,
pH 6.8,Col. R. Caylor, No. 14, 1943 (F). Montana:
Flathead Co.: on stones; in the shady portion of a
cold, rapidly running stream, Cresest (?), Col. F. A.
Barkley, No. 6051, May 16, 1942 (F); Yellow Bay, on
pine logs on the shore of Flathead Lake near Montana
State University Biology Station, frequently washed

by big waves, Col. N. Islam, No. M.2, from 21, June to
Middle of July, 1958 ( 13.); Sand Coulee, near Great
Falls, Col. F. W. Anderson, July 1888 (NY); Pond 2,

_ 254 _

near Ronan: tufts attached to aquatic plant roots in
2 inches of water. Col. J. Schindler, 74 N. Pond 2,
July 14, “5 (Is. ). Nebraska: Hall Co.: ena‘~

I

disposal outflow, near 7rsnd Island, alt. 1740, Col.

. " ~,. I. r— I. .— LI } _r .—
U. iiener, Joe. 15 40, 1:141, 1:144, 1514;, l; 50,
l"- I O , "17 Cr ‘ C \0v Qf ,
131512, “311.17. 9 f, 1:14" (P. I... If: I “Y... i '0 ); L (3. 13:)_Z A, I‘ 1
f" a
194: (L); Artb‘r J .: on :.b»er ri Cbpfiq, ee'on

H

Lonerjan Cr., Leznoyne, Y. Eisner, 30. 23013, 194s (L);
Lancaster Co: Lincoln. Y. Kianer, Co. 14145, 1943-
44 (F); Dandy: Hatchery House outlet, L. of Parks,

floating, No. 21373, Iarch 1947 (F). Nevada:

 

sme ralda Co.: Silver Peak ran e, 31? Spring :

V

H

scraped off rock in running water, Col. G. C. Christen-
son, No. 276-, July 17, 1956 (F). New Jersey: Plantae
Novas-Caesareae: on dead leaves in pools, river bed,
Boontown, Moria Co. 301. H. Habscb, No. 3127, July 2,

1950 (F). New Pezzico: 0n slides susoezlded in Open

 

f

water for a week in a pond in the lava beds 6-3 miles
east of Grants, Valencia Co.: Col. A. Lindsey, 1949
1 o

rocks near shore line of Seneca Lake, just south 01

I11

). New YorT: Ontario Co.: sc: cped f1 on underwater

-255...

the mouth of Reed's Cr. Col. D. Haskins, No. 3, 1944
(F); Long Island, near Islip, Herb. Fr. wells, Col.
T. F. Allen, 1892 (F.FH.); New York City, Brook
Summerville, Staten Island, 001. T. E. Hazen, No.
329, April 24, 1900 (F); from Lorillard spring,
Bronx Park, Leg. T. E. Hazen, No. 371, May 1, 1900 (F);
Lebanon Springs, K. Harrison, Jan. 8, 1895 Johnson
(MO.FH); Brook near Rusun(?) Pond, Herb. F. S.
Collins, June 1879 (NY); Herb. Collins, F. Water
Algae, U. S. C. M. Hobby (NY); New York City:

Botany Garden, Bronx Park, Col. T. E. Hazen, Oct. 8,
1904 (F); Herb. G. T. Moore, 3. 5. Marie, 8, 5, 1889
Johnson (HO). North Carolina: Durham Co.: Col. H.

L. B. Jan. 25, 1933 (DUKE); Col. Dr. L. A. Whitford,
No. Dd-7, on submerged can, Yadkin River, Davidson Co.:
June 25, 1959 (Whit.); West Selma Brook, Johnston Co.
Col. L. A. Whitford, No. 5 (Whit.); Richmond Co.:
Mountain Cr. Col. L. A. Whitford, No. Ro-l} (expres-
sion like young Stig. amoenum), JUIy 24, 1958, (Mhit.);
Johnston Co.: on rocks in rapids, Neuse River, N. of
Clayton, Col. L. A. Whitford, No. W-844, Nov. 17,

1958 (fihit.); Wayne Co.: Sleepy Cr. Rapids, Col. L.

A. Whitford, No. Wn-92, Sept. 7, 1958 (Whit.); White

Oak River, Onslow Co.: Col.LA. Whitford, 1958 (Whit.);

-255...

Wayne Co.: on Sagittaria and Moss, Sleepy Cr. Col.
L. A. Whitford, No. WA-7, Jan. 12, 1958 (F).

Ohio: Allen Co.: Ottawa River Survey 52, on rock,

 

Col. Hohn No. 1(2), July 3, 1956 (PH ; in road side
ditch, North Appalachian Expt. watershed, Coshocton
Co.: Col. L. King, No. 1044, June 5, 1943 (PH).
Pennsylvania: Berks Co.: rock scrapings, riffle,
r. bank, Schuylkill River, west Leesport, Col. J. H.
Wallace, No. 4, Oct. 1, 1953 (F); Lititz Run,
Disston, Lancaster Co.: Col. J. Wallace, No. 104 c.
(F); Lancaster Co.: Lititz Run, Col. J. Blum, No.
H. 131, 133, summer, 1948 (F); in Conestoga Cr. at
Wabank bridge, Col. R. Patrick, No. 9A, 1948 (F);
Bethelhem, Col. Fr. Wolle, 1876, several mounts,
(L.IA.FH. ); Philadelphia Co.: M. C. A. Survey,
Wissahickon, Montgomery, Col. Hohn, I(W), Sept. 12,
1956 (PH); warren Co.: under running water, on
cement, Col. T. Flanagan, No. 72 (as Stig. lubricum)
July 21, 1943 (F); Chester Co.: white clay Cr. on
rock, Col. Hohn. 2(1), July 17, 1956 (PH); Schuylkill
River, Kontgomery Co. Col. P. J. Halicki, July 1960

( Is.). South Carolina: Savannah River: Aiken Co.:
Col. Dr. S. Robuck, Aug. 19, 1959 (PH); 7 Schweinitz

Herb. recd. in 1834 (as Conf. lubrica) Col. Jurgenssen

- 257 -

(PH); Allendale Co.: Savannah River, Pr. No. 3, 1.b.
Col. R. Patrick, 18(5), Jan. 1952 (PH); Barnwell Co.:
S.R.Pr. #3, Col. 3. Patrick No. 6(3), Jan. 1952 (PH);
on 103 3rd. dike, Savannah River, Pr. #1, sta. 3, Col.
R. Patrick, July 1951 (as 61.Ԥtig. lubricum) (F);
Chester Co.: White Clay Cr. on rock, Col. Hohn, No.
2(1), M.C.A.S., July 17, 1956 (PH). Tennessee: Sevier
Co.: Gatlingburg, attached to clay in clear road
drain, Roaring Fork Rd., Col. H. Silva, No. 701,

April 13, 1948, University of Tennessee Herb. (F);
Shelby 00.: attached in stream, along hwy. US. No.

70, C01. H. Silva, No. 1087, JUne 30, 1949 (F);

Anderson Co.: Norris Lake Dam Dock, Col. H. Silva No.
635, April 12, 1947 (F); Savier Co.: submerged rocks
in mountain streams, grassy patch, Col. H. Silva,

alt. 3900, Aug. 1941, No. 39 (F). Igggag: Attached

to rocks, swift running water in waller Cr. in Sun-

shine, Travis Co., Col. F. A. Barkley and C. M. Howell,
No. 3, larch 6, 1946 (F); Sutton Co.: Joe Logan

Ranch: Edward's Plateau, Caliche tank, Col. E.

Whitehouse No. 25107, May 5, 1951 (F); Brownsville,

south end of Resaca, Belvedare Park, Col. R. Runyon

No. 3751, June 23, 1944 (F). gtahi Salt Lake City;

in a pool in the rock-bed of the creek in Memory Park,

..258—

Col. Fr. Drouet and H. B. Louderback, No. 5727 (F);
Utah Co.: from pipe of flowing well, old Resort,
Utah Lake, Col. E. Snow, No. D 22 (a9.§£$fi' lubricum),
also D 11, July 15, 1930 (F); and on stump of flow-
ing well where water sprinkles on it, Old Resort,

E. Snow, Aus. 17, 1930 (F); and on old tub in pond,
Col. E. Snow, No. 120, July 29, 1930 (F), also No. B
10, July 10, 1930 (F). Virginia: Woods, Spout Pond
Brook, Herb. F. S. Collins, presented by N. L. Britton,
1922, Col. No. 4369, May 22, 1903 (F.K.L.C. BUT.FH.NY);
Narrows, on rocks at edge of New River sewage disposal
plant, Col. H. Forest, No. 2809, July 20, 1953 (F);
Smyth Co.: H. Fork, Holston River, on rock, Col. J.

H. Wallace, June 29, 1954, Col. Nos. 18(1), 19(1),
26(1), (PH). Wisconsin: W. Sup. on island off
Pokeg(?) Bay, Col. C. Bullard, Aug. 27, 1902 (F.FH);

Osceola: attached to Ranunculus in trout mere, J. E.

 

Tilden Col. No. 19 (as Stig. nanug (DIHw.) Kg. (NY.K.).
Hawaii: Honolulu: Cutress's yard, housing area,
University of Hawaii, Col. M. Doty, No. 8767, T.H.
III-22, 1951 (F).

CENTRAL AMERICA
Guatemala: Lake Amatitlan, W. A. Kellerman, No. 5069,
Jan. 1906 (HICH.FH.F.); Dept. Zacapa, Vicinity of

- 259 -

Zacapa, Col. P. C. Standley, No. 74269 (as Stig.
lubricum), Oct. 7-16, 1940 (F); Honduras: 0n dead
branch in rivulet, vicinity of Comayagna, Col. P.C.
Standley and J.C.P. No. 5902 (as‘§£_5. lubricum),
12-13 Mar. 1947 (NY); Dept. Morazan: vicinity of
El Zamorano, Col. P. C. Standley, No. 181, Nov. 26,
1946--Jan. 9, 1947: attached on rocks in swift cool
brook (NY). Jamaica: Golden Grove: St. Thomas, Col.
W. R. Taylor, No. 693, April 18, 1956 (HIGH).
Puerto Rico: Mayaguez; on stones, Col. N. Wille,
No. 908, Feb. 8, 1915 (NY.F.); Maricao: Col. N.
Wille, No. 1154a, stones, Feb. 15, 1915, Laguna
Guanica, N. Wille, No. 1824b. March 17, 1915 (NY.F.);
Mayaguez: Auf Garten—mauer, Hotel Paris, Col. N.
Wills, No. 984, Feb. 10, 1915 (NY); Arroyo de Los
Corchos, Adjuntas to Jayuya, Col. N. Wille, No. 1688a,
b, March 13, 1915 (NY).

SOUTH AMERICA
Argentina: Laguna Blanca Grande. Prov. Buenos Aires,
Col. Stillman Wright, No. 2108, 1937 (FH); Buenos
Aires: Capital, Col. Kuhnemann, No. 6494, 14/10/1944
(BA); La Rioja: Famtina, Col. Yacubson, No. 8216,
Dec. 1951 (BA); Wittrock and Nordstedt Alg. Ex. No.

515 (as Stig. Eracile Kg.), in Rio de Chilecito,

- 260 -

Rioja, Col. G. Hieronymus, 1879/13/2: (F. G.).
Uruguay: Wittrock and Nordstedt, Alg. Ex. In aqua
fluents ad Montevideo, 1891, Leg. Prof. J. Arechava-
leta, No. 1429, 9/1891 (K.W.). Brazil: Sao Paulo:
Represa, Estéeao Expt. Caca e Pesca, Pirassununga,
301. H. Kleerekoper, No. 6, April 17, 1940 (F.); Dr.
Chr. Gobi, Algae rossicae exs. Petropolis: in Neva
flumme, prope superficiem aquae, 1873, Col. Chr.
Gobi, No. 9A, and Oranienbaum, prOpe PetrOpolim,

in lapidibus fluminis, Col. Chr. Gobi, No. 9B, 1879
(C); Rio Grande: Do Sul: on Rhynochospora in the
Lagéa dos Quadros, Col. H. Kleerekoper (as §£lfi-
lubricum), Dec. 1941,(F); Apiahy ? (as Stig. lubricum
var.) May ? (W); Apiahy: "Les Prrhayres" (?), by
Puiggari, Oct. 1880, Col. Grunow, 11702 (W);
Brasiliae civit Rio Grande do Sul. Cachoerira, Leg.
Gust. A:n. Malme, 17/2/1893 (F). giggle: Punta
Arenos: On earth, Col. R. Thaxter, No. 7871, 1905-
1906 (FH). 2233: Tulumayo River, Catherwood Survey
#2, Sta-l, on rocks in shallow water, Col. Hohn, No.
21, (1)0, Sept. 24, 1955 (PH.Whit.). Ecuador: In
stream from spring, Col. G. W. Prescott, No. T 371,
sta. 21, April 13, 1958 (Pres.).

- 261 -

AFRICA
Gold Coast: On old leaf in stream, mile 66 north of
Kumasi on Ejura road, Col. G. W. Lawson, No. A1124,
April 12, 1956 (F); flaggg: Daya route de Bous
Kouza; and mare pres de Rabat and Sidi-Beltache
Haute-Volta, (AL); Algéri : Hamiz an Foudouk (AL).
Canaries: (as Drap. tenuis Ag.) Despréang, 1838 (G).
gslg
ggpgg: Tokyo: Col. J. Yamagishi, No. 5, May 1956
and No. 6, June 1956; Kawada, Kukkui,April 1956
(Akiyama); Matsue, Shimane, Col. Akiyama, No. 3,
March 1960; Hokkaido: Asahigawa, No. 20, July 1953

 

(Akiyama). Nicobar Islands: Hauck et Richter,
Phyk. Univ. S. Teresa prope Papiam: in rivulis
irriguis, Leg. Dr. L. Montemartini, No. 731 (?) (as
Stig. tenue var. lubricum), 1895 (K.C.PC.NY.).
lggia: Hyderabad: Col. Dr. Suxena, No. 9, in a
pond, Public Gardens, free floating (HY); Lalaguda,
in a ditch, Col. Dr. Suxena, No. 1 & 7 (HY);
Merralum, Col. Dr. Suxena, No. 2, Nallagunta, Col.
Dr. Suxena, No. 3, R. Moosa Bridge, No. 5; Seats-
flamandi, No. 11, Col. Dr. Suxena (HY). Pakistan:
Dacca: in ponds and road side ditches in clear

waters, Col. N. Islam (summers, 1954, 55, 56) (Is .).

D1“ ... 1' ‘fl‘,’ 1 . H «:1 \v'_ ' ‘
lirma: naymy o, northern clt- n states, hay 9, 13, ,

 

\

1-1 -- -rv a v 7 ~ ”-7 ...,
(.01. L. 1’. Allanna, 1.08. 637 81(1095 (2).

 

’2) Z? T‘TD
Auckland: Winner : from ruininr water in a road

.J

 

e ditch off fbbott's way, Col. 3. C. X. 3: 3r,

7r

d
3.11.53 (AHU); Grafton: 301. A. 3. L0 ch, Hetweci
5

EYROPE

-n_m"~
Albania: Berat: Ksrboansrzi: Fosso d'aciua dolce
corrente fra canne. Col. a. dc Toni, 30. 21.2.
10/5/1941 (3); Austria: wieu: Rauber Bwhnhof, A. Grunow,

No. 11693, Leg. Karcus (U); PClber ?, (as Stir.
(

lu bricum), H. H. Reicherdt (H M)

 

forma ?) leg. Helwitsch, 001- A13. C. X. Dicsing,

Anno. 1842 (H). Azores: banta Karla, ? 1893 (F2).

 

Belgium: Herb. Lud. Ba av.: Ka.n21 von Gent near
Terneuzen, Hiemen, Leg. Y. Hoster, No. 1131, April 7,

1948 (L). Czechoslovakia: Cechy: Preloué. A.

 

Hinsgirg, 7/1887 (H); Stupcice u Tabora, A. H. 8/
1388 (H.F.); Hovné u Roudnice, A. H. 7/1884 (N);

Budy u Hiéan, A. H. 7/1885 (H.F.); Véer nory. 6/1883.
A. H. (W.F.); Vytok vridla. Karlovary, A. H. 8/1883
(W.F.); Horovice. A. H. 7/1884 (N); Dokey. A. Hansg.

7/1839

-\

(H.F.); Bmaen: Seegrund bei Eichwald A.

-263...

Hansg. 7/1883 (W.F.); Steinkirchen ad Budweis, A.
Hansg. 8/1888 (W.F.); Wittrock et Nordstedt Alg. Ex.
713 (as Stig. uniformis) ad rupes fluvii Tepl, ad
Carlsbad. O. Nordstedt. 1884 (NY.K.W.); Kaplitz:
A. Hansg. 9/1885 (W.F.); Tannwald, Juli, 1885, A.
Hansg. (w); Eichwald nachst Taplitz. A. Hansg. 8/
1883 (W.F.); Carlsbad: (as Palmella ggnairom Agardh.
Herb. J. A. Dec. 4, 1829 (NY); Cechy: Tune 7 Troja:
In agro Pragensi. 5/1885 (w.F.); iatec: A. Hansg.
8/1883 (w.F.); Karlsbad. Col. Grunow, Io. 11706.
Welwitsch (W); Chechy: Poéétky. A. Hansg. 8/1888
(w.F.); Semily, A. H. 7/1885, 2298/2 (w); Benesov:
A. Hansg. 8/1883 (w.F.); Chotoviny u Tébora, A.

Hansg. 8/1888 (W.F.); Kolin: A. Hansg. 9/1888,
(w.F.); Modrang u Prahy. A. Hansg. 9/1888 (W.F.);
Cechy: Hostivar u Prahy, A. Hansg. 7/1888 (W.F.);

and 4/1888 (F); Celakovice: A. Hansg. 6/1887 (W.F.);
Neusohl: Rother thurm bei Neusohl. Leg. Marcus. Col.
Grunow, No. 11692 (W.FH); Potnocook (?) bei Neusohl

(as Stig. irregulare), Markus, No. 34, April 18, 1865
(W); Bbhmen: Gewéssern bei Kunratic. A. Hansg.

1885, bei der Chlumcaner. Zuckerfabrik nAchet Laun,

A. Hansgirg, 1884, bei Lobositz. A. Hansgirg, 1884(FY);

Cechy: Pribram (as Stig. lubricum), A. Hansgirg

 

- 264 -

9/1884; Hlubocepy: A. Hansgirg: 5/1885 (F);
Boehman: Johannisbad, Abfluss der warmen Quelle,
A. Hansg. 7/1885 (F); Neudorfl prOpe Kreibitz, 8/
1889, A. Hansg. (F); Cechy: 8615; A. Hansg. 8/
1883 (W); Béhmen: einem Teiche bei Pisek an
Acorns blattern (as §£_g.ltgngg f) epiphyticum Hansg.
TYPUS), Col. A. Hansgirg, Aug. 1883 (W).

Denmark: Marienberg, Moen: A. Ingersler, 10.3.
1898 (C). England: ? Ex Herb. Berk. 6/89 (as'ggap.
tenuis Ag.), W. Hassall, April 3, 1843 (K);
Cambridge: (as anp. tenuis): comm. J. S. Henslow
(H); 3: Herb. Berk, 6/89, J. Balfs, 1841 (non
Cambourne) (K); Dorking: sewage grounds effluent,
Roy. Comm. Sewage Disposal, 13/3. 1908 (K); Hampshire:
Rev. A. E. Eaton, 29.5. 76 (K); Ireland: (as‘gggp.
tenuis Ag.), Ex. Hibernia (C); Gloucestershire:

at Fairford: in small pond near River Coln. Col. F.

L. Tolstead, No. 8447, Sept. 13, 1944 (F);

Finland: Al. Saltvic, Kvarnbo. Pao stenar 1 en strid
back. Leg. Runar Collander, 26/6/1914 (H); Tavastehus :
dike mellan Jarm, Leg. EmrfllAyren (?), 16.9.1934 (H);
Nylandia: Helsingfors, Leg. E. H5yrén, 20/5/1923 (H)/
N. Turby, Klemetokog, Lillan, Carl Cedercreutz,

28/9/1947 (H); Ekenos Stad, Leg. E. Hayrén, 17.8.1920

(H).

- 265 -

France: Herb. Persoon ? (as gggg. lubrica Lyng. and
2222! tenuis Ag.) (L); Herb. Persoon, Decades ?

(as gggg. lubrica) (L); Prés Paris, Petel Chantilly:
Herb. Persoon, Herb. Lugd. Batav. (as‘gggp. tenuis Ag.)
(L); Vire: L. H. Buse, No. 294 (as'Qggp. tenuis Ag.)
(L); Vblgen, Col. A. Brébisson (L); Falaise: Col.
A. Brébisson (L.NY.); Vire: Col. A. Brébisson, 1839
(L); Vire: (as 2322. tenuis var. hypnosa), Chaurin,
Herb. Lenormand (L); Angela (L); Vire: Herb. Lenor-
mand (2532. tenuis ad fontes) (L); Vire: Knetzing,
Herb. No. 353 (L); Caen: La Normandie y Chaurin (L);
Yvetot, Herb. Lenormand, No. 351 (L); Caen: Chaurin
(2222' tenuis) Herb. Suringar (L); Vire: (as 187.
Myxonema lubrica Fries) (L); ? Crypt. de France,
Desmaziéres, No. 464 (as m. 339313 Ag.: £0311.
protensa, etc.) 1857 (W.K.G.PC); Vire: Leg. Lenor-
mand, 1839 (as Q33 . tgggig), Col. Alg. Diesing, Ann.

1843 (W.PC.); Luc (?), Calvados: Ex. J. Chaurin (as
Eggp. tgngig) (LAU); Merdret (?). Herb. Lebel, No.
351/3(2), 1859 (PC); valognes 1e Broc, No. 391,

Herb. Lebel, March 11, 1860 (PC); Herb, de L'Abbe P.

Fremy: sur vegetaux aquatiques dans 1m fosse due 7 de
Lessay (Manché) June 1, 1925, P. Frémy, (NY); Vire:
(Calvados): Algues de France (as 490.‘§§yg..§§ggg var.
lubricum) R. Lenormand) (L); Illegible. Herb. Lebel,

- 266 -

No. 817, Quineville ?. (PC); Vosges: A. Brébisson:
(FHJF.); VOsges: Mougeot. Roum. & Dupray. Alg. des.
Eaux Douces (as 1297. Stig. tgngg f. irregulare (Kg.)
Rab.), Demangeon (K). Germany: Hanan: Herb. Kuet-
zing, No. 165 (as Stig. stellare (Ag.) Kg.), (L);
Flensburg, Hansen, Herb. Suringar (L); Herb. V.D.B.
in H.L.B. Aug. 1845, Mb. (L) and Mb, No. 395 (L);
Spreé: Herb. Hon. Ned. Bot. Ver. Jan. 28, 1859 (as
Stig.‘tggge (Ag.) Kg. Rab. irregulare (Kg.) Rab.).
(L); Leipzig: Rab. Alg. Sach. No. 490. D. Bulnheim
(W.G.); Schleswig: An steinem in Teichen im Herzog-
thum, Col. R. Hacker, No. 418 (as 9332. tenuis, £13.
figggg Fr.), Breutel Alg. Ex. (W); Schleswig : (as
Eggp. tenuis var. elongata), Leg. Suhr. Col. Alg. C.
H. Diesing, Anno. 1841 (W); Levera: Leg. Hertens et
Jfirgens (as 10. gggg. lubrica Dillw.‘25_p. tenuis var.
elongate) Col. Alg. C. M. Diesing Ann. 1841 (W);
Dresden: "Grossen Garten": Im Brunnen, Rab. Alg. No.
935 (as Stig. irregulare Kg.) L.R. 1860 (K.NY.L.G.);
Berlin: Col. Grunow, No. 11707 (W); bei wurzen: on
Sphagnum. Herb. Otto Kuntze (NY); Polenz, Leg. Heater
(NY); Freiburg: Herb. Otto Kuntze, Col. de Brébisson;
A. Braun, No. 167, 1849 (NY.PC.); Leipzig: (as‘2£_p.
ggggig) ? No. 831, 1853 (NY); D. Bulnheim, Dec. 1857

(G); Eisenach: An einem Wehr. Crypt. Germ. Austriae

-267-

et Helvetiae Ex. Leg. W. Migula, No. 121, Oct. 1905
(G.U.C.NY.Z.); Anger bei Leipzig im Teiche. Auers-
wald, No. 197 (G); bei Lennep. Rheinland (as Stig.
elongatum), H. Royers, April 21, 1901 (F.MT.); and
also (as Stig. irregulare), H. Royers Oct. 26, 1902
(NY); bei Berlin: Bauer No. 29. Aug. 13, 1852 (W);
Berlin: Tempelhet ?, A. Grunow, No. 11691, 1849 (W);
Schleswig, Leg. Hauker (W); Leipzig: Graben:
Bulnheim (LAU); Schlensingen: (as Stig. irregulare
beta natans Kg. and Stig. tgnge (Ag.) Rab. var. $332:
gglare(Kg.) Rab.) 13 mounts, Herb. Kutzing (L);

(as 13. Chloromitus tenuis ?) Herb. Hormany ?, F.R.
Kuetzing (NY); Leipzig, bei Dolitz ? (as‘gtig.
irregulare Kg.), June 1873, Leg. Rueter ? Herb. 0.
Kuntz (NY); Leipzig: D. Bulnheim, No. 490, Herb.

E. A. Rau (NY); Leipzig: Lev. Auerswald (as Stig.
flagelliferum), 21/8/1852 (F). Holland: Eindhoven:
on fish in an aquarium growing on fish scale fins.
Leg. W. A. M. van Bergeijk, 9/7/1952 (L); Neercanne
?, Leg. R. A. M. Geesteranus, No. 6881, 21/3/1950
(L); Velserenel ?, (as §t_g. ggggg_forma irregularis
Rab.), Leg. A. Weber v. B. No. 453, April 17, 1887
(L); Leiden: Leg. W. R. Suringar, No. 102, April
1854 (L); Botshol: Leg. C. d. Hartog, No. 2444,
March 24, 1957 (L)~

I
(p
m
(.1

I

Hungar : Hagyrarhon viranyab61 Hazliw. 2k {y Frigyes,
Sept. In lknflmls (HY.B .); Imwrrszekso: Flora Hung.
Ex. No. 923; Hens. Leg. F. Filarszky, July 1926
(LD.G.K.BP.I ZICH. .FH ; Hewohl, U 3:1rn, Leg. Iriarkus
(B); Huggotsee ? April 1892 (B); Hortobegy: Kenya

farm, from wooden bucket of a well with a lever,

Col. E. K01, No. 114, July 30, 1951 (BP); Flora
Hungarics. Leg. F. Filarszky, No. 923 (F.W.).

Italv: Herb. Samuel As llmead, 1850 ~1864; sq. dacile;

Janandini (as 348. Stygeoclonium stellare Kg.) (PH):

Genova: Herb. W. van Posse: Dufour. No. 50, April

1857 (L. PC. G.B.); oresso Gradis ca (gorizia, Veuezia,
(

Giulia) Leg. L. Forlan f2 as Stig. lubricum), Sept.

 

1946 (F); Faseno prope Firano: A. HanSg. 7/1889
(W.F.); Tirol: Kematen-Zirl. A. Hansg. 1891 (W.F.).
Norway: In rivulis ad off. ferr Naes (?), Norvegia
(as Conf. lubrica Dillw.), Herb. A. March. Leg. 0.
Bosenberg (?), 8/7/1899 (C). Fortufal: Ramalde near
Oporto, Col. Isaac Newton, April 1888, Hauck et
Richter, Phyc. Univ. H0. 279 (L.W.K.U. C.P3.F.).
Houmania: ? Bucurezts-Cotroceni, in rivulus Dim oooita.
Dr. E. C. Teodoresco. No. 1239. Dec. 12, 1902 (F);
Ciocianesti: in fonte. ad radices plantarum affica.

E. C. Teodoresco, No. 7309, April 29, 1903 (F); also

-269-

No. 1409, Jan. 31, 1904 (F); Dist. Vlasca: Comana.
in alvee aquaris fantes. Dr. E. C. Teodorescu. No.
1225, Oct. 8, 1902 (F); Herb. Alg. Romaniae: in
lacunisparvis lacus Babadagh, inter balneas publicas
oppidi et lacus, Toprac-chiupru, Col. Dr. E. C.
Teodorescu, No. 275, July 1897 (W); Herb. Alg.
Romaniae: Inter pag. Siminicea et Grigoresti, ad
lapides in rivu. Scoflea. Col. E. C. Teodorescu,
No. 969, June 6, 1901 (W). Russia: URSS: urbs
Leningrad: in flum Neva, prepe insulam Aptekarsky,
ad trabem. 2/9/1866 (LE). Scandinavia: Dalia ?
Areschong. Alg. Scand. Ex. Gunnersnds, Hallans,
Skifferbruk, Dr. v. Wittrock. No. 333, 14/7/1866
(NY.W.FH.L.). Sweden: Wittrock and Nordstedt Alg.
Ex. Sueciae ad Surte Bohusiae, Col. F. R. Kjellman,
No. 61, & 29, 1874 (L.K.NY.G.W.F.); Halland: Ver-
berg, back pa vag till Traslava fisklage. D. E.
Hylm6. 20/5/1928 (LD); Ranelid-Jonstata-backen,
28/9/1930 (LD); Uppeala:11ppland. Lilla Gottsunda.
A1. Nilsson. May 19, 1884 (LD). Switzerland: Valaise:
Herb. Lenormand (D222. tenuis) (L); Les Ponts ?
Herb. J. Ernst, 1922, No. l2: l6, Millet, 1911 (Z);
and No. 13, 17 See?, Aug. 30, 1911 (z). Yugoslovia:
Istria: Pola: A. Hansg. 4/1889 (W.F.); Pirano:

A. Hansg. 4/1889 (F.W.).

~270-

EUROPE (Places not definitely mentioned and legible)

? Herb Keutzing (as QEEE‘ tenuis) (L); Herb. Kuetzing
Io. 351(5), July 20, 1859 (L); Kuetzing, No. 391 (6),
Prankr (L); Valognet, Thur. Mardret, mars. April,
1859, No. 351(6) (L); Salisburg: Herb. Suringar

(as 2222' tenuis Ag.) (L); Alteloebern: Feb. 1856
(L); ? Walter 21 (L); ? Herb. Lenormand: M. Leron
45 (L); Herb. Kuetzing, No. 534(6) (as §i;g. Egggg var.
irregulare) (L); Col. Reichenbach fil. (as'23_p.
tenuis) (W); ? Derber ?: Algae Gall et N. Am. R.
Brébissoni 196(as Sggg.‘3§ggg var. irregulare) (K);

? Herb. Mus. Paris (as gggg. lubrica), D. Beck, 1824
(PC); Herb. Lugd/Batav. Loc. Nieuwendam: IJ. Leg. C.
den Bartog and A. F. Mulder No. 1632, 18/10/1953 (L);
? Col. Grunow No. 11710, Marker, No. 38239 (H); 7 Dr.
Schedringen ? Col. Grunow No. 11709 (as S335. lubricum
var.) (W); ? Col. Grunow No. 11703 (W); 7 Col.
Grunow No. 11701: In Piscinis. Dr. Bulnheim (W);

? Col. Grunow 11700 ? Vadirze ? (W); ? Ex. Herb.

Mus. Parisiensis (PC); ? Herb. Crypt. Hus. Paris No.
139 (PC); ? L. Beaumont, Herb. Lebel, 1875 (PC); ?
Domfront. Herb. Lebel (PC); ? Herb. Lebel. No. 397
(St; irregulare Kg.) ? 1860 (PC); ? Herb. Hus. Paris
(2322. tenuis), Meneghiny (PC); ? bei Penoz ? H.

Weickez (as Myx. tenue Fr.)(W); Herb. Lyngbye

-271-

(gggg. lubrica Dillw.), 26th May, 1878 (C); Aus dem
Herb. Siegfried: Erworben 1900: Neudamm: in der
Darre, Leg. Rothe, No. 6, 11/5/1853 (Z); Nabern

bei Neudamm, Leg. Rothe, 22/5/1853 (as 4. _S_t_i_g.
subspinosum Kg.) (Z); Crypt. des Kreuzeckgebietes

(as 1115. St_g. protensum var. supspinosum Ebz.)

Hans Simmer Brimmentroge (?), April 13, 1898 (Z);
Miramar? Hauck. 1360, Col. Grunow No. 11687 (W);
Illegible, 1556, Jervola, Graben 1870. Col. Grunow

No. 11688 (W); Mincheu (Herb. Stockmayer-Ex. Herb.
Fr. Brand) 18.1.1894, 15.11.1894 (W); (as 9233.
lubrica Dillw.), Dec. Jury? (C); (as Dggp. tenuis
Ag.) in stagnis pr. Hofmansgave, Aug. 1847 (C);

(As 2232' tenuis Ag. and.ggg£. lubrica (Lyng.) Dillw.)
in Pisrinis (?) Hofmannsgave,1815 (C); (as 2232-
tenuis Ag.), Kisoigi?, Aug. 1876 (C); (as 922;.
stellaris (Ag.)? 23 June, 1839 (L); 7 (Herb. J.
Ernst. erworben 1922) Les Ponts, 16 Millet, 1911, No.
12 (Z); (Herb. J. Ernst. 1922); oberhofen (?) 17
See, Aug. 30, 1911, No. 13 (Z); ? (as Stig. irregulare
Kg.) Juli 1862 ? 0. H011. Col. Grunow, No. 11658 (W);
(as S235. irregulare Kg.) leg. Sauber (?) C01. T.
Grunow, No. 11659 (W);(as Stig. irregulare Kg.) Col.

Grunow No. 11655: 1850 (3)°

Stigeoclonium tenue (Ag.) var. uniforms (A3.) K3-

 

P1. 1, Fig. 1

Kuetzing, A13. 353, 184~; Wolle, F. W. Alf.

C)

(O
(D
O
o

U.S. 111,

H
u)
-4

De Toni, S

Svn:

Drgparnrldia uniformic A“. in Flora oder Bot. Zeit.

“g2

 

635, 1827; Icon. Alg. Eur. Tab. 37, 1328-35.

7r

Stigeoclonium uniforms (A3.) A3., Phyc. Gener. 233,

(D

l 43; Tab. Phyc. 3:t.3, f.ll, 1853.

Sti~eoclonium uniforms Habenh. Flor. Eur. A

H
‘0
\J

 

377, 353.

 

Stigh (RNNJG (A3.) 3&8). var. unifkurma (Ag.) I”.
Stir. tenue (A3.) Hib. var. Frscile n3., J. E. Tilden,

A

. » - r~ “ c 0 1‘ ’
:13. All“. :;.-CS. 1.00 117‘ 3 4‘9“).
\.
7r

Stireocloniun frocilc nuotz. Tab. Phyc. 3:t.4, 3.1, 1853

(non Stiveocloniun gracile (Host SWest) Tiff r*, 1937,

 

and non Stii. "P2011“ Skvort, 1946).

1

I

~tié. tenue var. uniforuc forma firficile K3. Wolle,
A .__—.__- _—

L

100. cit. 111, P1. CI, 1887-

(‘F J-

at ;eoclonium dchile Kg., Tab. Phyc. 3:2, Pl.3, f.3,

0"?

03)-

L , 0.11 ‘ .. v I - 77- -
ti . tenue c) fill :me v00. irregullre “»nsl. :rour.

 

 

Erect filauents profusely branches, robust; cells
of the main axis mostly lO-lS(-l?) fl wide, 2-4 (—5)
times longer than broad; branches mostly Opposite
from short cells, secondary branches long and slender
at the apex, crowded to form long-drawn tufts; cell

, w 4.x.» .3, ...
wall somewhat thlcx anl lubricous;

 

 

Lectotypc: 143. Tr“<crrcliia unifor is (. .) (L),
ad Carlsbad in ostio therhsrum colore
25 degrees Centigrade, in Caches und
Srunn e113: as ten .
31x32i3ncnis ; ttwlitai:

7" f ‘ w (‘I ’ '0“ F- (xv—f '1‘
.L'~OO 7(3) ($3.110. C(J), ..---3; 1), 1,113'-’ (Pi-.jo

\

h . u. - .,..r H 4. r1 ~v 7. n “.2 . .-
_esncglvcnia: VOHGSLO\7 or. LOPtA-993t oi olsstok,

 

Warwick Township, Lancaster 00., Col. J. H. Wallace
and R. Patrick, Aug. 10, 1948 (PH); 1 mile east of
Lititz, Aug. 9, 1948, J.H.W. and R. Patrick (PH).

Lguisighna: Cross Lake, Shreveport, La No. 126,

 

Col. Alma Levins, Oct. 12, 1930 (Pres-L moj

Shore of Lake Champlaine, Herb. of M. Booth (as 164.

Stig. tenue) (NY). Souhh Dakota: Aberdeen: attached

-274-

to woods receiving spray from artesian well, Col.
D. Griffiths, Aug. 1896 (as 270. §t_5. tenue var.
gracile), J. E. Tilden Alg. Exs. No. 270. (NY.L.Pres.
IA.K;US.). Florida: Eastern Florida: Col. J. D.
Smith, (as Stig. debile Kg.), Feb. 1878, (US);
Southwestern Florida, March 1878, J. D. Smith (as
Stig. uniforms) (US).

EUROPE
Austria: Wien: Herb. Zool. Bot. Ges. Im Baaber,
Col. H. w. Reichardt (FH). Holland: Amerongen,
Rijn, Leg. C. D. Hartog, 24/11, 1957 (L); (as Stigeo-
clonium debile Kfitz.), Herb. Kuetzing No. 395 (L);
England:(?): Camb.(?): Ex. Herb. Nordstsdt 5.22.95
(as St. tenue Rab. var. gracile Kg.), Herb. G. T.
Moore (MO). Czechoslovakia: Carlsbad: (as Stig.
uniforme,Ԥtgg. tenue (Ag.) Rab. var. uniforms (Ag.)
Kg. 2222. uniforms Ag.) Lenne: Agardh (L.PC.); (as
§£$E: uniforms), Tepl ad Carlsbad, O. Nordstedt. No.
1299 (K); Bohmsn: im Bette dsr Tepl untsr Sprudel-
kolonnade an Steinen, welch von warmen Nasser bespfilt
werden, Karlsbad. (as §tig..tggu§ c) uniforms var.
irregulars Hansg. TYPE), Herb. of Hansgirg, Aug. 1883
(W); Tepl bei Karlsbad: (as‘fitig. unifbrms Kg.
23.2- uniforms (Ag.) Welwitsch (W); Bernhard, Tepl

- 275 -

ad thermen, Carol. Bohemiae, Welwitsch, No. 165 &
166, 175, 171, 174, (as BEER: uniformis Ag.), Juli,
1838, (W). Carlsbad: In sodem lococum Sphaerozyga
bulbosa ad Carlsbad, Sept. 1835 (as 143. 93.32.
uniformis Ag. Lectotype of §tig, tenue var. uniforms
(Ag.) Kg.) 3 mounts (L.W.); 'Carlsbad: (as gtig.
tenue (Ag.) Rab. var. uniforms (Ag.) Kg.: Stig.
uniforms Kg. and Drag. uniformis Ag.), Herb. Kuetzing,
10. mounts (L); Carlsbad: (as Drag. uniformis Ag.)
from Agardh 4 A g. 1329, Ex. Herb. Boston Soc. of Nat.
Hist. (Herb. J. A. Lowell) (NY); Carlsbad: (as 149.
23_2. uniformis (Ag.) Kg.) (C). Germany: Schlensin-
gen: (as Stig. uniforme:|§t$g..tggug (Ag.) Kg. var.
gracile g.) Herb. Kuetzing (L); Dresden: Rab. Alg.
EurOpa's No. 1219 (as Stig. tenue Kfitz.), L. R. Sept.
1861 (FH.W.G.NY. ).
gag

India: Hyderabad: pond in Public garden: attached
to submerged grass, Col. Dr. Suxena, No. 6 (HY).

NEW ZEALAND
Taupa-see, Col. Dr. F. Hochststtsr, No. 72 (as No. 6
fitig. uniforms (Ag.) Kg.) 1859, (W); Waitohu Valley,
Otaki, from Botany Department, Auckland University,
27/10/1953 (AKU)-

- 276 -

Note: Stigeoclonium tenue is one of the most common
and most polymorphic species of the genus, occurring
in widely distributed areas. It mostly grows in
running water and tolerates the force of strong waves
near shores. This species can also withstand a high
degree of pollution, such as organic matter from
sewage diaposal plants, toxic substances like chromium,
COpper etc. The Species may be perennial or annual
and does not always show a 'normal' healthy growth.

As a result of these different adaptations and toler-
ances, the plant survives in widely distributed areas.
It has been collected from quite warm water and from
the shells of molluscs and from fish scales (Text Fig.
69 ). It shows various growth forms, some of them
appearing entirely different from the typical species,
and several varieties thus have been established by
Kuetzing, Rabenhorst, Hansgirg and others who failed
to realize the range of variations of this species
under different environmental conditions. Stigeoclonium
irregulare Kg. which Rabenhorst put under S315, 22322
as a variety is merely a growth form of the latter
species, so also is gigs. stellare (Ag.) Kg. Some
of the herbarium specimens distributed under these

names, e.g. Stig. irregulare and Stig. stellare do not

- 277 -

belong to Stig. EEEEE’ Anything that showed abnormality
or growth form was named by many as gtig. irregulare

or a variety irregulare of other species. This latter
name therefore, indicatea a growth-form rather thvn a
true species or variety and it is better not to assign
these variables to any species, unless one is sure.

The illustration of fitig. tenue shown by Kuetzing
does not represent a typical form and may be a young
stage; so also is the one shown by Hassall and Cooke.
Hazen's illustration however, seems to characterize
this species convincingly.

Sometimes, Stig. genus is confused with gtig.
lubricum (Dillw.) Kg. by many authors. The reason may
be that not all the Dillwyn’s (1802-09) original
collections of Conferva lubrica do not contain the
same type of Specimens, but some of them appear as
§tig. EEEEE- Kuetzing's type specimen of Stig. lubri-
gum does seem to be rather young plants. Both.Dillwyn's
drawing (pl. 57) and Kuetzing's drawing (P1.6, f.l,
1853) of Stig. lubricum appmar more like §tig. tenue
and therefore, these two Species "have undergone a
gradual course of misinterpretation" (Hazen, 1.0.).
Some Conferva lubrica have actually been placed as a

synonym for Stig. tenue by Cooke (1882-84, 189) with

-278-

which I agree.

This species §t_g, tgngg creates many problems
when these plants grow as reduced epiphytes or some-
times as endophytes. In such a condition they are
difficult to identify. It may be that several spe-
cies, like Sti . gracile Skv., Stig. weissianum
Grun., Stig. autumnale Collins, §_t_i_g. 3.31113 var.
epiphyticum Hansg., and var. lyngbaecolum Hansg.
represent special growth forms 0f.§ElS°,£EEE§'
Holle's §t_g. £2222 var. bulbiferum does not seem to

.be a constant variety for this species, because the
swollen cells characteristic of it were found by me in
other species, both in living materials and herbarium
specimens, such as in Stig, amoenum and Stig;
flagelliferum. These types of swollen cells shown by
Wolle may be akinetes or may be result of infections
by aquatic fungi.

Hazen (1.0. 203) states that "the best specimens
of §tig.‘t§nug seem to reproduce gigs. lubricum in
miniature" which I think, is not exactly true. On
the other hand, it seems to me that well-grown forms
of §t_g, tgnug,reproduce‘§tgg. amoenum Kg. in minia-
ture. In all essential features these latter two

species are similar, differing only in size, and

zygote structure. Stig. amoenum is much bigger and

 

- 279 -

has stellate zygote whereas gtég, 22222 is quite
small, especially in length of the cells, and has a
round, smoothwalled zygote. gigg; lubricum is quite
distinct from these, but poorly-developed plants may
appear somewhat like Spig, £3233 var. uniforms (Ag.)
Kg.

Under this species two varieties have been re-
cognized: giig, tgngg var. tgggg and §tig, tgngg
var. uniforms. The former one shows the simple
branching habit. The latter variety includes §2$3:
sracile Kg. and S335; debile Kg. where the cell
size is little greater and which show the tendency to
produce long plumose tufts at the tips of the branches,
and main filaments.

Hazen (1902, p.204) assigns Draparnaldia uniformis
Ag. as a synonym for §E$S° thermale Br. and by doing
so he has given the wrong impression about both the
species. He might have relied much upon the illus-
trations of §tig, tgggg var. uniforms given by Tolls
for his conception of the latter variety, but Wolle 's
figure does not represent the same.

Heering (1914) has attempted to classify Stig.
Egggg_on the basis of zoospores and gamete size as
shown by Klebs, West and Pascher. How far this is
reliable is yet to be determined.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

P1. 17, T ”an 1-3; Pl. 9, Fig. 9; P1. 21, Fi:no 6-3;
Text :13. 104.

Kuetzing, Egmxu .113. 255, l3s9; Phyc. Tab. 3: $1.9,
f.2, 353; Ville, in Yyt. 39g. fat. 39:14, 1901.
Draparnsldia elongjta Hassall, 1X. Des. Brit. F. U.
Conf. 42?, 134:; Hist. teat. Fr. 3. A13. 1 1 II: 127,
1715. :1. 10, :.7, 1?:2.

Dn"“‘ 51‘1~ hj~~n~~ “01;. st "52:1. (:1 Tsctsin“,
1349, 1.0.) 713. it“. pusills “ b ”l . 3 c‘:. resp.
“ittel. (Jn~w. ww~t11~ ("at~ J. A .) “ 5.) *‘js.

3t ;. cubsivioc Letr f l‘lwndic“ 1 . Spec. Al .
35:, 1349, (TYPE)

Stif. folkl”ndicum K). loo. Phyc. 3: P1.2, f.3, 1353,

 

257- Drab. pusilla Hook. & Harv. Falkland Island,

 

Port William Stanley Bay (L.W.).
Drancrnaldia falklandica, Dram. nusilla H a H,
4'" m

~r~1

, , ~ _ -. _‘ -v [- vo ._
Falkland 181 nd. Antarctic mipn. 1839-43, hooker.
nyonema attenuatum Hazen, in rem. Tor. Bot. Club

11(2): 203, P1. 35, 1902.

Stig. attenuctum (Haz.) Collins, Gr. A13. 1. Am. 231,

\J

\

lkJO“ ; PPGSCOtt, ‘£.1r"o :17. {3" Lo .1410 ’ 115, P10 13, f0 1’
1

;51-

 

— 281 -

Plants dark green tufts, 4-5 cms. (may be more)
long, lubricous, erect filaments very slender; cells
of main axis cylindrical, little or no constrictions,
7-ll,n in diameter, 3-5(-6) or more times, long, cells
producing branches may be somewhat smaller and more
rectangular than others; branches sparse below,
gradually becoming more above, mostly Opposite or 2—4
branches from the same cell, also alternate toward the
upper part of the filaments; apical cells of the
branches sharply pointed or flagelliform.

Type locality: same as Draparnaldia elongata
Hassall: horse trough near Chestnut, England.

This species, which seems to be a good one, has
undergone misinterpretations for a long time.
Rabenhorst (1868) put it as synonym for Stig. thermale
which was followed by De Toni and Wolle. As a result
of this, the species has gone practically out of sight
except a brief mention by Hills (1901). There seems
to be no good justification for placing it as a syno-
nym of gtig; thermale, in which the branching habit is
predominantly the alternate or dichotomous type,
whereas in S315. elongatum, both Hassall and Kuetzing
described and illustrated more Opposite and whorled

branching habit. At first glance this species looks

- 282 -

like Stig. tenue var. tenue but it differs from it
by its slender filament and very sharply pointed branch
tips. As a matter of fact, it can be said that Just

as Stig. tenue is a miniature Stig. amoenum, Stig.

elongatum is a miniature Stig. flagelliferum (see Pl.1g,

 

Fig. 5 ).

The type of Stig. falklandicum appears to be a
young stage and it may be placed in any species.
Rabenhorst's Col. No. 716 from Falkland Island in

lw53 appears to be of quite well-developed, profusely

(O

branched plants and appears very much like Stig.
flagelliferum but in miniature form.
Hazen's description for his new species Stig.

attenuatum (Haz.) Col. are more or less the same as

 

Kuetzing gave for Stig. elongatum (1849) and there

is little doubt that these two species are the same.
Hassall's figures of Draparnaldia elongata and

Draparnaldia tenuis are more or less similar but Kuet-

Zing placed the latter species as a synonym for gigs.

lubricum which seems to be erroneous.

Specimens studied:

NORTH HERICA
Maryland: In outlet of running cool spring, College
Park, Prince Georges Co., Col. L. P. Mo Cann, G. B.

Reynard and Fr. Drouet, No. 2312 (as Stig. attenuatum

-283-

(Haz.) Col.) Aug. 28, 1938 (F); Garret Co.: (as
$25. 333%,”. n. Smith, July,’1878 (US.NY.F'.FH.);
Frederick Co. Potomac River, on roots and sticks,
Col. Hohn, June 15, 1956, P.B.S. #1, 16(1), 22(1),
(PH); Hontgomery Co. Potomac River, on rock, Col.
Hohn, No. 7(3), P.B.S. #1, June 13, 1956 (PH);
Sonora:?: in a small creek about 15 miles southwest
of Campus. Col. Fr. Drouet, D. Richards and W. A.
Lockhart, No. 2970 (as.§£;g; attenuatum (Haz.)
Collins) Nov. 18, 1939 (NY.F.); Territory of Hawaii:
Wittrock et Nordstedt Alg. Ex. In insulie Sandvicensi-
bus, in convalle Nuanu insulae Oahu, Leg. Dr. S.
Berggren, No. 110 (as gtig. falklandicum Kg.--
doubtful, mostly like‘ggyg. subsecundum var. tenuis?),
July and Aug. 1875 (F. L.w. any. FH. K. w. ) ; J. E.
Tilden Am. Alg. Ex. No. 461 (as §£l5‘ falklandicum
Kg.), epiphytic on grass in large irrigation ditch,
“Ia plantation, Oahu, J. E. T. 7 Je 1900 (U.S.NY.F.K.
PC.); Florida: Bay Co. on cement, in the outlet of
a freshwater pond in to the Gulf of Mexico, Sunnyside(?),
Col. Fr. Drouet,C3. Nielsen, . Madsen, D. Crowson
and A. Patesm No. 10678 (as‘gtgg; lubricum) Jan. 9,
1949 (F); Michigan: Round Lake: attached to

aquatic plants. Col. H. Graffius, May 2, 1960 (:ISu);

- 234 -

C)

9 P.D ITO. 1074 a (varonozm :‘estivrle 34113.) (P .

o _JO..LO

41>
u

3‘ ‘7' a v a l,‘ .1. H. fig , .—
*\’ ); Pennsylvania; COHGQDOUJ surtey, Lo. 10

14.1.0 “.0 .

 

v

Conestoga Creek, n.-e. Disston and 10. 110 a, 1 mile

east of Lititz (PH); Chester 00. Enandyaine or.

Survey, 001. J. Y. Tallies, To. 2, Oct. 1952 (PU).

 

.4 kL' I
c ”an.-. ,. ~ . v H”. - - J a- . ~
men was: *5“ eoaca Jesfflls .riixin lerucicur '01
___—.._.—

‘V' A - *1: 0 .e w rv my __ - ,1.“ - A .’ .
Lennep MSGlUITAd, :. ”odors, uyrll 21, 1331

h'? H Vrvr '1 "Y 1‘! h “ AA Y... 1 72"-, i —..
(Lo .2111. Jalafio ); ind-.11, -.Jo._JoJ.Jo 1.00 CL), I'I'JIQOO 1.5-Let211’1)
...“ ' ‘ ‘ ‘ ‘o I '1'. HJ- " r“ A‘, r“ ha" ‘.
(L); :reiour:; (as lg0. sci]. tenue var. racile),
.1 ___—A ~-—————- ...-m

Herb. Surin3a°, Col. A. Braun, Kai 1343 (L);

'yfi‘l ‘l‘ . -' '1‘ v3 1’“ 4" r- ‘ s A. ‘
1m9m17: herb. Alg. JOmaniae, Doorgon:

Po

,_A

 

E. C. T odoresco, 30. 655, April 6,

Kangalia, Dr.

1900 (w); 301a: Vindob Aciu. 1303 30. 2702, here.
Hansg. (as Sti“. tenue var. ?), 4/1339 (W);

7n"land: Ex. TJerb. Berk 6 39 (as Dr”p. elougjta
Haas.) (V): France: In fonte -—? Frascati, lOCOr-?
Horenol 7 Ho. 15 (P3); ? bei Krems nflmster ?, Leg.

Dr. Poetsch, Col. Grunow, No. 11653 (as Stig. ;racile),

13/4/136 (Y)° Genres" (?): Berndorf ? Col. Grunow

Ho. 1135: (as Stii. "racile var. ?) 11/3/1353 (Y);

 

 

lhein: A. Grunow, 11/4/1353 (3),

 

'llltlllli
.llllsllllll‘ll

 

-285-

ASIA

 

Pakistan: Dacca: on aquatic plants, Col. S. Aziz,
1959 ( Is.)-

SOUTH AXERICA
Falkland Island: (as 716. §tig. ousillum Rab.),
.2322: pusilla (Hock. J. Ag.) Rab. Alg. Sach. resp.
Mittel. An. Myriophyllum elatinoides in den Lorf-
ffimfen auf den Falklands-Inselen glf. v. Lechler
(No. 37) anv. 1858 (G); as Stig. subspinosum beta
falklandicum Kg. TYPE (L); (as Spig. falklandicum
and Drag. ousilla) apr. H. Decaisne, 1847 (L).

HEW ZEALAND
Auckland: Floating down Waitakera stream near Golf
course, Col. E. . M. Segar, 26/9/53; from edge of

stream, near road at Western Springs, Col. E. v. n.

Segar, 22/9/53 (AKU)-

O\
l

N
otiheocloniun amoenum Kw.

 

nuetzing, Phyc. Germ. 193, 1345; Spec. A17. 355,
.5 ‘J

1349; Tab. Phyc. 3: P1. 6, f.2, 1353; Rsbenhorst,

4

7:. ’7‘} ,1; n. 7 . -, Q '. ,’_ . ’." 'v-q V.’ g
-1or. mar. alga J. 37), 1303, wolle, r. w. alg. 113,
Collins, Gr. A13. N. Am. 219, 1909; Heering in

O . v 'v-1 0
, -34, 1914; Jest and rPltSCh

"J
U)
(3)
5
O
(A
O.
C

Pascher's Sflssw

C)

U
H
u
h)
..\]

Godward, in Sew Phytol.

D

Brit. W. W. A13. 1

41: 293-301, 1942.

H
:ti eoclonium anoenpm forma ciforme Collins, Gr. Al".
— ___—___- ‘ ,

 

I. Am. (Supplement), 24 1912 (reprint 1923).

if
_v‘: 7 - n .. m I’m 1! r -. - ’“
-q.x11e1a PWITXYln (n .) .zisen, 111 .4. Tor. .xit. Club.

11(2): P1. 29, 190

3t oclo.JJri'fasciculerwaICf. P.B.A. 301. 303. 57 and

O Q .1. . ~. . . , "v
626, Le,. I. Holden, Jay 23, 139;-

ell-dev elo ped plants quite lonj, 20-40 cms.,
profusely branched, light-green to bright yellowish-
green in color; erect part well-developed, prostrrte
part absent, attached to the substrates by profuse
rhizoids; main axis consis tin3 of very long and short
cells, the latter usually prodlcin: primary and secon-
dary branches, 4—5 or more such short cells produce a

node-1 ke appearance; long cells cylindrical, or

- 287 -

usually somewhat inflated in different degrees,
(12-)-15-39 p in diameter, at the middle, 3-10
(rarely up to 15) times longer than broad; short
cells are mostly angular or slightly rectangular,
diameter usually less than the long cells, 1-2 times
longer than broad, these short cells appear abruptly,
1-4 or more in a row without any transition (usually)
from long cells; branches mostly Opposite, sometimes
more than two pairs arise from each short cell form-
ing a pseudo-whorl appearance, the branches are long,
the lower cells of the branches usually much longer
than upper cells, apical cells usually blunt or
slightly pointed, not setiferous, rarely a long
terminal hair may deveIOp; sometimes short-branches
may form irregular pseudo-whorls; branches may
develop, especially in the upper part from long
cylindrical cells, scattered or alternate; cells of
he branches more or less cylindrical or rectangular,
little inflated, sometimes equal to or shorter than
the diameter; chloroplast in long cells a narrow
median band, sometimes draparnaldioid type, in small
cells of branches ulotrichoid type; cells of main
axis or of branches dividing into many compartments

during zoospores formation; zygospore stellate.

 

 

- -
Stiieocloniun rmoenum Kg. 3r. amoenum
P1. 1, r1” 6; P1. 2, Figs. 1-3; P1. 23, 713. 2; Text

Plant light green, prostrate part absent; lonf
cells of ;w in axis mostly cylindriccl, little in-

flated, 12-13 p (rarely 20-24-p) in diameter, 3-10

- n . ... w . J- , '1 , J. - .--. a .-
es proluse fees snort cells, LOSle opposite, also
4. - .-, ,.. I n , ., n, ,. - 0 .. .d. . fl
SOllePJ, semetimes 2-4 UPlnCucS 33138 IPOJ Same cells

in different plane 3 branches may be short or long

and delicate; apical cell usually blzntly pointec

P
H

rarely with hair; cells of pi e miin axis innelintslv

 

_‘r‘ s N 1 ‘- ‘a . —‘
ilgtzi or so c:.~t Cj”l-Cnfjedo
"1.,..- ,1 4..- .,. ,. -07.... “L -. n... ... 'r..
1596 locality sine us Lor sti . nsoen<f A;.,
'3 ~ ~ ~ .- . 3 . p. u. . .. L e 9 V a'l *. — a - a.-.
.Je‘iierrgz (Ll iJUrV? o i‘c>r' lc>ge:*'t 1:1 -LL.leailtnéi;gier:

 

1- l?
Lei dais-3 €11ft315c'4‘.

Specimens studied:

Na'pm" ~ she's-rm A

A...-J ~- J-‘b

 

Connectixrrt: :rld;.wam3H“t Isl -;VXTC, 301- I- ffiiliei:

 

17 Larch, 1;??, Avril 14, 17’?, April 29, 137?, April

 

 

o— net ‘1'? a. v =1. 1- D r * " ’ o x-
1;), l."_,,\) (L‘:1); ;11110I3 S gLflOO-‘L, ¢ 0 JOIL. -.O. L)7 is _’t'L .:\~)—o
“w-H. .
n 1 ";-~-1 .0 _- 1'3 7"“ '7- -1, -" “, 1". ‘3“. V C5 '1 a“? '1
blO.L’l~_.‘_.iuL 1,13010411'718 ‘..,V.. , .L. -LOl“-‘;}¢.’ .-.‘c‘, -- ._', l ...; .J i‘ .
In ‘Wr ',Y I“! -v I" ' 7-1 1-,. T] .3 n «v, Adm .
PUCL._Y~O Jew-ll. ); JI‘L‘LCG S -_-lO(..-‘-o .Lo “.._Lo ..00 -.’__ ’S

 

-239-

.gggg. fasciculare Kg.), Leg. I. Holden, May 28,

1893 (F.PC.NY.W.C.K.FH); Bridgeport: I. Holden

No. 603 (as _s_t_,_1_g. 333193 (Ag.) Kg.), June 5, 1892 (FH):
New Haven: West River, North of Edgewood Ave. Col.

H. K. Phinney, £03. 1093, 1094 (as.§£$g;‘£gnug (Ag.)
Kg.), Aug. 12, 1946 (F); Rhode Island: Pocasset
River, Johnstown, P.B.A. No. 1073, Col. F. S. Collins,
May 13, 1903 (C.US.K.NY.F.PC.Pres.); Georgia:

Danen ?: Reinbild ?: ditches, still water, H. P.
Havanel, Ho. 39 A. Mar. 15, 1881 (FH.W.); Minnesota:
Kinneapolis: J. E. Tilden Am. Alg. No. 17. In a
pond. Col. H. Tilden, 27 Je 1894 (F.NY.); New Jersey:
(as 3. Exxonema lubrica and.§ti5. longipilus Kg.)
Princeton: Leg. K. Brown, Kay 6, 1892 (NY);
Hassachusetts: Tyngsboro: (as gzggz 1788,.Stig.
amoenum forms biforme Collins), Leg. F. S. Collins,

June 1910 (FH); P.B.A. 1788 (as Stig. amoenum forma
biforme Collins), on stones in Lawrence Brook, Tyngs-
boro, F. S. Collins, Kay 15, 1910 (F.FH.C.US.K.NY.W);

? Lynn, In stringy tufts, upto 40 cms. long, inlet of
Birch Pond, F. S. Collins No. 1328 (as gigg.

attenuatum (Haz.), June 11, 1905 (F.MICH.K.); {alden,
Herb. F. 8. Collins, AprilBO, 1884 (L); Hawaii:

Sandwich Island, Oahu, Nuanu Valley, Leg. S. Berggren,

-290...

1876 (LD); California: On gravelly sand, in 6 inches
of water, quiet stream near bottom of upper slide
falls, alt. 7600 ft., Tenaya Canyon, Mariposa Co.
Yosemite National Park, Sierra Nevada, Col. Annetta
Carter, No. 1676, Aug. 17, 1942 (F); Nebraska: In
shallow water, attached, Sandpit Lakes, Fremont,
Dodge Co. alt. 1200 ft. w. Kiemer, Nos. 13913 and
13948 (as Stig. lubricum), April 23, 1943 (F);
Tennessee: Herb. Univ.Tennessee on rocks in swift
place, clear pool below falls, alt. 1300 ft. Creek
Falls, Van Buren Co. Col. H. Silva, No. 671 (as.§tgg.
lubricum) May 4, 1947 (F); Virginia: Herb. J. C.
Strickland, on rocks and log in small stream in
Goshen Pass, Rockbridge Co. Leg. J. R. Meyer, May 4,
1940 (as‘Stig. lubricum} (F); Kansas: Burlington:
attached to aquatic plants, Col. W. Vinyard, on U.S.
75 hwy. a small Cr. near Coffey Co. No. 4, April 11,
1958 (jfl3.}; Michigan: Round Lake: attached to
floating plant-mass: Col. H. Graffius, Kay 2, 1960
(Is..‘; Lake Lansing: attached to aquatic plants
like Potamogeton. Col. Dr. S. Guarrera and Dr. G. H.
Prescott. April 23, 1960 (Is..).; on stones, Red
Cedar River, near M.S.U. Campus, E. Lansing, Spring

\

1958, Col. N. Islam ( Is. ; South Carolina: Aiken Co.

- 291 -

Three Runs, on twigs, Savannah River, 001. Reimer,
No. 3(2), April 11, 1956 (PH); Canada: New Brunswick:
Plantae Acadienses: attached to rocky bank and
floating free out into "Little River", Grand Falls,
001. H. Habeeb, Eo. 10042(as Stig. lubricum) June 30,
1947 (F).

SOUTH AIERICA

Argentina: Buenos Aires: on Scirpus, M. No. 5(slide

 

No. 7), Col. Kiss Guitman, Kay 22, 1959 (from Dr.
Guarrera).

LUROPE
France: Wittrock and Kordstedt: no. 1068: Galliae,
in rivulis prOpe Angers. Cl. F. Hy. Kay 5, 1891
(F.K.HY); ? Lestre (?) Herb. Lebel So. 817, June
1864, Illegible (PC); Stirpes Cert. Vogeso-Rhenanae:
(as Stig. lubricum), ad Herbas infUndo rivulorum:
Hyeme et vere(?), J. B. Mougeot, Bruyeriensis E. D.
et C. Nestler Argentinensis Pharm Bruyerii Voge-sorum
Tipis m. Vivot, 1815 (F); Vosgon (7) H0. 299 (L). 7
Stienitz see, Len. Bauer, No. 27, 1849, Col. Grunow
No. 11628 (W); Germany: 001. Grunow 11626, R.A.S.
94, Illegible 7 (w); Lepzig: Col. Grunow No. 11625,
R.A.S. 217, June 1882, Auerswold ? (N); ? Herb.

Boissier, 197, Desueaz ? (G); Franconia: ? , P. F.

Reinsch Ho. 30, (as forma nova), 1874 (K).

-1 V T "f.

India: Hyderabad: Adickmet: green filamentous,
scraped from leaves in puddle, Dr. Suxema, Ho. 4
(NY); Pakistan: Dacca: Col. H. Islam (1955. April
(Is.).)

 

 

 

 

‘3 . p. 1 tr *4 ' . r». ‘5 ‘
new .outa Jales: ? as stiq. tenae (Av.) 430- Lett
”.9
Tififcr* Yfr“tl<3f, nu 3 "‘3": A. Trwxrztcné (7'37).
3ti~eoclo“ in stonnuu j”. V“r 'ovla‘l".dia‘i Iorfizt;
1! ’ at 1. '— 7‘ ’3 '5' -, p
-10 l , ._‘l_ o ’fl-Q; ..lo 1_, .‘J. 0 £10
. ,3 ,. J. _‘ :0; J. VV \4- P... "fir-v I TF __ ”a"
L Clfld.JUC'~LLI, ii: .000 ...(J‘JO, 1%,, 1", , if: 01 10 V8.
’.'L “F“. v'. “ r“ I“ ' ""“ -°- ".1.-. «’.~ "6
I‘o'JU. 1 ... - \1. t _)K ): 1‘7, 1 ; lfl - ‘3‘.) ‘Lqi .1. , hr)
60‘ ~\ m ‘__ 0 P1- ' q- nAr- fix"
1- I“; #6 4.0--.L, "’9 ll. 7].“. .L: I»)- , l )9.

"L A J. ,..l-.lJ.- 4. ...L A .n ._'. ...° . -
'LPJCD rllnlluwas SDQLU, C®113 or ran? an 7 13

short and inflated
'- "' _r- ..4-~- w - n ’3 3. “WI--. ,.‘-_ - 1
13'23 )1 2.1". ._C! (A)? 0310': , l‘J-l , )1 ’-.l"~._-.'..-: on; L“ "JOY. , 11.5-

times longerthan broad; branches mostly Opposite

- 293 -

sometimes solitary and alternate, from small cells;
at the tips secondary branches forming bushy tufts;
cells of primary branches little narrower than main
axis, 1—2% times so long, more or less rectangular,
inflated or somewhat barrel-shaped, slightly con-
stricted, apical cell bluntly pointed or somewhat
attenuate.

Lectotype: S. Berggren Col. No. 69, 1874; Type
locality: Auckland, New Zealand; 1 rannilar; Ins
boreal Novae Zelandiae: also Wittrock et Nordstedt,

Alg. Exs. No. 909, 1889.

Specimens studied:

“7
L‘I

1
-~
fi'.

Ll

ZEALAND
Wittrock and Nordstedt: Alg. Ex. 909, in rivulis ad
Auckland, Leg. Prof. S. Berggren No. 69, 18/9/1878
(F.NY.K.W.); Auckland: 1 rannilar: Ins. boreal,
Novae Zelandiae, S. Berggren No. 69, 1874 (LD).
NORTH AHERICA
Massachusetts: Woods Hole: Dillw. 23.6.49 (HUJ);
Georgia: Burke Co. eta-5, Log. A. Savannah River
Project, No. 3: J. Wallace Ho. 6(5); Jan. 1952 (PH);
Screven Co. S.R.P. No. 4, Col. R. Patrick No. 1(6A),
May 1952 (PH); Pennsylvania: Flowing water, Fr.

Wolle ? (IA).

-294-

Stigeoclonium amoenum Kg. var. insirre (Kaeg.) comb. nov.

.__—4.1.

P1. 30, Figs. 1-3; Text Fig. 102

Synonyms:

Stigeoclonium insigpe Kaegeli, in Pflanzen Phys. Unter.
I: 36, 1855; Heering, in Pascher's Sflsswasser.6:

84, 1914.

nyonema ventricosum Hazen, in Mem. Tor. Bot. Club.
11(2): 201, P1. 31, 1902; (No type or lectotype
available) : (Stigeoclonium ventricosum (Haz.) Collins
1909).

Conferva fluitans Nobis, Herb. Schweinitz, received

by Philadelphia Academy in 1854; 001. from Salem,

North Carolina, in the river Sauraton (PH).

Erect filaments well-developed, profusely branched,
10-l5 or more cms. long, light green to yellowish-
green; main axis with long cells and short cells;
long cells somewhat cylindrical, mostly inflated, 25-
591p.in median diameter below, l%-5 times as long,

about 16—25-50’n diameter above, up to 10-12 times as

-295-

long, usually cells immediately above the short cells
longer than others; branches mostly opposite, also
alternate, solitary, or 2—4 pairs approximate, aris-
ing from short angular or subglobose or nearly rectan-
gular cells, apical cells broadly flat, blunt, rarely
small branches attenuated; chromatophores broad,
zonate, draparnaldioid type.

Because no type specimens of either Stig. insimne
or Stig. ventricosum were available, the following may
be regarded as the NIDTYPE ‘ for this variety:

Conferva fluitans Hobie, Herb. Schweinitz, recd.
in 1854 by Phila. Academy (PH); also H0. 269. Stig.

lubricum, Col. Bvermann and Clark, Hov. 28, 1904,

Indiana (F).

Specimens studied:
NORTH AHER CA
North Carolina: in rivulis Sauraton, Salem:
(Schweinitz Herb, recd. in 1854) with the label as
Conferva fluitans Hobie and Stig. amoenum Kg.) (PH);

Pennsylvania: (as Stig. nudiusculum) Ex. Herb. Wolle

 

M . stream (L); Indiana: near the Icehouse, Outlet
Bay: algae of Lake Maxinkuckee, Marshall 00. C01.
H. H. Clark and B. W. Evermann, No. 269 (as Stig.

lubricum) Nov. 28, 1904 (F).

 

Germany: Baden Baden: Reliq. Brebissoni, Algae Gall

et N. America (as 191. Stig. nudiusculum) (K).

§£ggeoclonium amoenum Hg. var.

aucklandicun var. nov.

rs
P1. J, Fi—‘SO (-4
h ‘ n .. - a - l 1.. s l: - ’7 ,,
arect lilagentj Wpll-Cu‘ClOW‘J, str 1 it, a- can.
‘ vs-a n L‘A / ‘,... A ‘ ~ '— ‘x
P lwrie 10L ; <yclls 01 Lnxa_m“ii "A s . a..mmgicne3

with itile or no constric-

l. ., _ 4. .._ .. a. .
lur.;1csxas .:otn1 liuan Eanift

m
{j
‘34
(..I
Q
:;J
(‘2
O
a)
H
H
2
V
i )
d
0
<1

.. .D 4 . . " ~- ‘- J . .‘i -!
. .‘I or ,0 AW: :0 .- n .N 1 -
a we ioimai 61 Holes Lnoilew .

somewhat loose fcsciclos “rem t?" lrttor, ‘
solitary; branches listinctly two

the latter fonnin: pseudo-whor s° cal

\3,

l
mostl} 12.5-13.u-243P,in diaro‘ar 4-10

1.1-4 leJ. ,

i— M .. 4 r‘s 4-
-, suaegum m3 l-c tines s

as loné rbov; cells
of branches usually small and qufdra

d ameter, 1-2 t1;93 (rgpely :

.
;3
J
,_10
O
“,3
H

 

_ 297 _

cells usually longer than lower cells and gracefully
and bluntly attenuated; chloroplast of long cells
quite characteristic, cylindrical band with several
pyrenoids, of small cells ulotrichoid type.

Type specimens: Collected from Auckland, New
Zealand; Waitakera stream, near Golf course, Col.
E. C. H. Segar, 26 Sept., 1955, received from Dr.
Segar, Botany Department, Auckland University College,
New Zealand (AKU) (mixed with other Stigeoclonium
species also from edge of stream near road at West-
ern Springs, Auckland, Col. E. C. H. Segar, 22 Sept.,
1959 (A1: ).

Stig. amoenum Kg. is also widely distributed and

 

one of the well-established species, showing remark-
able constancy in some of its characters. The several
varieties seem to be well-defined. Host frequently

it is confused with.§tig. flagelliferum Kg. in which
the main axis also consists of long and short cells,
the latter producing branches, making it difficult to
separate them from each other. I would like to point
out, however, the following features to separate
these two species: In Stig. amoenum generally the

cells of the main axis are long, cylindrical, slightly

or more inflated, sometimes club-shaped or barrel-shaped,

In Stig. flagelliferum I”. the cells are not so inflated,

'J

 

 

‘

small cells producing bralic;1 in Stir. nmoenun are

D

.._:

iiSUflllyC Vliniriccl angular or somewhat rectangxlar

and less in diameter than the long cells; usually
these snall cells are a

between long cells without any transition. In suit.

 

flavelliferum long cells jradunlly beeo in snort cells

——-I
...J

in series, only iew of then (usually th middle once
producing P”"’“‘Co. The diameter of these short cells
is usually not 1e ess than the long cells, sometimes,

Hi htly wider. Branches tend to form fascicles or
whorl around the short cells end mostly terminate with
long flagelliferm or setiferous tips, occassionally
with long colorless hairs in.2§i;. flaselliferum,

whereas in Stig. amoenum there is no tendency to pro-

 

duce fascicles like the latter species, and tips of
the branches are mostly bluntly pointed, never seti-
ferous, rarely with ha ir In Stig. rhoenuu the zy-
gote is stellate and leveleped from the fusion of four-
ciliate gametes (forward, 1942; but however, Singn,
1954); whereas in Stig. flafelliferum the zygote is

round, smooth-walled, deveIOping from the fusion of

oiila“ellete ge.me es (T ild en, 1893).

 

- 299 ..

§£$fi° amoenum var. amoenum seems to be the most
common and less variable in widely distributed areas.
Here the main axis attains the medium, intermediate
size between some other varieties of this species.
Kuetzing's figure of Stig. amoenum is not entirely
convincing, nor is Helle's. Hazen's illustrations
(P1. 29, 1902) are probably the most faithful ones
ever to characterize this species. Unfortunately,
Hazen failed to realize the range of variations that
this species mightshow. He has established a new spe-
cies Stig. ventricosum (Hazen) Collins only on the
basis of short, inflated cells, otherwise, the basic
pattern of long cells, short cells, branching habit,
chloroplast, tips of branches, etc., are very similar
to‘Stig. amoenum, in which the short cells may be
rectangular to subglobose also. This type of inflat-
ed cells as referred to by Hazen in'Stig. ventricosum
had already been mentioned by Nordstedt in 1887-1888
in the description of Stig; amoenum var. novizelandi-
cum Nordst. Perhaps, Kuetzing’s inadequately described

variety Stig. amoenum beta nulchellum Kg. (1849, p.355)

 

might have referred to more inflated cells than possess-
ed by the species itself. This was described by Knot-

zing as "ramis ramulisque moniliformibus, articulis

_EOO—

ventricosis". As no measurements of figures for this
variety are given by Kuetzi-g, it is difficult to
define it. But, it appears quite certain that
plants like §£i5' amoenum may develop inflated cells
as was noted by Kuetzing and Hordstedt. Hazen's
Stig. ventricosum may thus be placed either under

Stig. amoenum beta pulchellum T“* or under the var.

.. _ .
.3. L).

 

novizelandicum Nordst. But as we do not know much
about the former form, and because the latter variety
uniformly consists of comparatively less elongated
cells of the main axis, and bears tufted branch tips,
it is better to keep it as a separate variety. Al-
though Hazen mentioned that in Stig. ventricosum
(Hazen) Collins the long cells are 2-5 times longer
than broad, his illustrations suggest that at least
the cells immediately above the small branch-bearing
cells could be more than five times longer than broad.
Reference must be made to §El3° insigge Naegeli, of
which Hazen writes (p. 201, 1902) that his species
Eggs. ventricosum (Hazen) is "perhaps nearer to.§pig.
insisne Naeg., a beautiful species, .....". I came
across with three or four collections (see under
specimens studied under §ti£. amoenum var. insisne)

in which the filaments appear exactly as Stig. amoenum

~301-

‘

but frequently cells of the main axis and brancues
are much inflated and median dianeter may be up to 39

; length may be 2—7 times up to -l2 tines ne die—

-I -1 a ‘ ‘ 'N-‘a ,. ....‘1 ~. _ ' r. .._ . .g. ,. L m .._“
meter. Jhetner ubl,o amoenua var. unoenun iboeli

far, in many well-“sveloned plants which produced

'7 h‘fi -‘ r-unn ‘4‘ ' ‘4 :‘x ‘ 1- 1 . n 1*, A ‘ .v.‘; r' r
zoospores wwfl -rneces in 1ature, the eiametsc was usually

g‘c.
found to be up to 20-22/u. So, I think, it is better

to regard the larrer form as a distinct variety of

:2
the species and for that reason I made tne new combi—

p

‘ . ‘A ‘ ‘5 HJ- . -. “" . ‘. n“ “. ,~-- ', .P 1 .~. .1 ‘
11.912.1011 1.1 l’.’!.lj.3 L ;;.J_~.1117l JIM-'3 1-713 .JQGJ (.._:Sl;_)110d (S ct

tion(‘ in combir" these two species, eseecially the

l
.n a. ,i v . ~ .. -. H 4..” 4.. - ~ ,. -. .V, 3., v,
ZOOSDOFe-¢OPJ¢thH, caloroplas strACtures, ”er lino

I. ~ ~
stapes, aosenc:

Vrl‘ '4' - y\ f? .D- a " w n ,2 ‘- O . ‘L —\'-s'\~ -\ 4' .‘ \
2: Ote forfleu from QhumPl-CillQbe ;Maetes, all say,

.-A

‘, M r\ ,H I‘ . 3 J’ ~ 1 1 ‘ C‘ ‘L . ,“-' * , fi."‘_ ;‘ ‘ - (V :3 ,_.
in, a clear clllnlbf oetween ubl . 933» u; and Jti .
.. ._‘—d

. 5‘!“- m"! Laaa~ _I A, _ - f‘ _’, f“, “‘. + L’, J_~
insi me. fine bJUPQ se~us to be go holes that b;333
“._-

 

- 302 -

between these four varieties of ggpg. amoenum Kg.:

§£$E° amoenum var. amoenum: branching simple,
mostly opposite, lS-lSJp diameter, 4—10 times as long,
cells cylindrical, little inflated; apical cells
mostly blunt.

.§ELS° amoenum var. novizelandicum: cells usually
less elongated, 2-5 times diameter, long, inflated,
20-25 (rarely little more)‘u diameter below, 10-13}1
diameter above, secondary branches form tufts at the
tip of the branches.

§ti5. amoenum var. insinne: cells of main axis
much inflated, 25~391p diameter, 2-5 (~12) times as
long; apical cell usually blunt, may be attenuated
or with colorless hair.

.§ELS° amoenum var. aucklandicum var. nov.: cells
of main axis and branches cylindrical, rectangular,
not inflated or very little so, branches both long
and short, the latter forming pseudo-whorls at the
nodes, apical cells gracefully and bluntly tapering,
chloroplast cylindrical and zonate. '

Tilden's American Alg. Exs. No. 18 bears the label

Stig. amoenum ng. with an epithet var. simplex nov.

var. Tilden, and is described as "lower cells lOJu in

~303-

diameter, 1-2 times as long as broad, upper cells
7.5 p wide, l-l.5 times as long, branches simple,
not pinnate, mostly secund, patent or incurved;
growing in metal trough at the "flowing well",
Belle Plaine, Iowa, Col. w. Tilden, 1894. This
specimen seems to be Stigeoclonium tenue (Ag.) Kg.
Recently, I received a specimen which seems totw
a. comparatively young plant, growing on stones and
pebbles at the outlet to fine Pipe Reservoirs, on
U.S. 95, Montana, July 19, 1958, Col. N . M3(Is).
Here, the erect filaments, deveIOping from basal
subglobose cells are slender; up to a consid rable
distance from the base no or very little branching,
at the middle or upper part alternate or Opposite
branches develOp with tufted tips; apical cells
sharply pointed; cells of main axis long, fusiform or
moniliform type, with median band-shaped chlorOplast,
(7-9.5-15 p in diameter,)8-lO—l2 times so long
below, 1-3 times as long above. Here the shape of
the long cells of the main axis appear somewhat like
Wolle's figure of gtig. amoenum, the difference
however, lies in the tufted branching apex and sharply
pointed apical cells. I question whether this could
be regarded as a distinct form or variety of gtig.

amoenum. As this specimen seems to be young and

- 304 _

because more collections are needed to verify it, no
new name is given to this plant (P1. 22, Figs. 1 -a ).

Sometimes, gtig; amoenum may be mistaken for
éilfir lubricum, especially when the main axes with
long cylindrical cells are covered by branches and
only the branches at the upper part are seen. In
several collections I found that the upper parts of
the filaments of‘gtig. amoenum bearing shortand
scattered branches may appear very much like gigs.
subuligprum Kg. with broad base and sharply pointed
tip of the branches as shown by Hazen for the latter
species.

The following specimens were examined, but due

to their poor preservations I could not assign them

to any variety under Stir. amoenum

H

 

EUROPE
Jermany: Constanz: an Cladophora in einem Brunnen,
Dr. E. Stizenberger, No. 491 (F.FH.KY.); Herb. H.
noyers: on CladOphora in ? purchased in 1938 (F);
Die Algen SacLsens: Iittel-EurOpa s 21 and 22: Dr.
L. Rabenhorst. Decade XLIX and L Dresden (F), Herb.
Lenormand Al/l Ko. 22, St. Goseph, Dr. Lebel, F0.

236, l~67 (CI).(all the above specimens were labeled

(

as Stig. emqegug beta pulchellum Kg.)

II‘

 

 

“A”

0
Stir. Phoenwm far. sinrlen Tilden (haterla s
w w M

were not in good condition).

3.1;

T, ' A. ‘L‘v ’1 ~ f‘fi _ "\ 0’ ‘— (‘Lwfl A ,. Tr—r-
nuetZin , Phyc. ;erm. ya. 19;, 1g43; spec. alg. J33,
Q r'1 1 u - 7 + ~ 0 m—r ~..~-,,\, ~ , - ii. a -_
1 4?; lacu Eiguc. e:e.lO, 1.1, l :;g Q? pennorzt, :lOP.
T1 . ," '1 M 7 j QIKA I: ,~. '__ 3-. .. ffl fio'f
LL19. «‘L—Lvfl _j: J72) l -‘-‘~,3'; I 'HSdl “Q, PPOQL‘OhIO dd, --’~J\.\);

Wolle, Fr. W. Alg. U.S. 112, t.97, f.l-Z, 1335; De Toni,
Syll. him. I: 200, 193?; Collins, Gr. A1~. n. A2. 21;,
1909; Heering, in Pascher's 3dsswasser.5: 3 -37, f.ll?,
119, 121, 1914; Prescott, Alg. U.G.L.A. 115, P1. 11, f.l,

2. 1951.

gyxonema flagelliferum (Kg.) Rabenhorst. Deutsch.
Krypt. Fl. 2(2), 3: 100, 1847. Hazen, in Hem. Tor.
Bot. Club 11(2): 199, 1902.

Stigeoclonium crassiusculum Kg. Phyc. Germ. 199,

1845; Spec. Alg. 355, 1849; Tab. Phyc. 3: t.lO, f.2,
1853.

itigpoclonium flagelliferum var. crassiusculum (Kg.)
Rab. Flor. Eur. Alg. 379, 1868; Hansgirg, Prodrom.

68, 1886; De Toni, Syll. Alg. 200, 1889.

Draparnaldia tenuis beta eloneata (Ag.), Syst. 57.

 

Herb. Kuetzing, No. 20(L); Leg. Com. Suhr. 1841 (W);

Leg. Mougeot No. 1604 (K); Falaise (LAU).

Plants 2—5, occasionally 10-15 one. long, bright
green tufts, main branches mostly in pairs, opposite,
often 2-5 appearing on small rectangular or broadly
angular cells of same or slightly more in diameter as
the long cylindrical cells, the latter are usually not
inflated, 14-22p(rarely ~254u) diameter, 4-8-12 times
longer than broad; main axis frequently bearing short

rectangular cells here and there in series which

 

 

-307-

may not develop a branch; branches terminating in
long flagelliform, setiferous tips or colorless,
multicellular hairs; cells of branches 10-12/u in
diameter, 4-6 (rarely -10) times as long; frequently
branches may form a whorl or fascicle around the main
axis and primary branches, some branches solitary with
long colorless hair; cell-wall 1.5-2.5/u thick;
chloroplast a median band. This species also shows
wide distribution. The under-developed plants or growth-
forms may be confused with several other species,
especially, with Stig. amoenum Kg. and Stig. lubricum
(Dillw. Kg. Sometimes, well-deveIOped plants but with
reduced branches may appear as Stig. fasciculare Kg.
and Stig. nudiusculum Kg. The latter species has
cells bearing a resemblance to those of gpgg.
flagelliferum Kg.in the main axis and the fascicled
nature of the branches developing from short rectangu-
lar cells is also similar. The difference however,

lies in the fact that in the latter Species the

branches are mostly Opposite or in pseudo-whorls and

the tips are usually flagelliform and setiferous,

whereas in Stig. nudiusculum branches are mostly alter-
nate, fascicled like Draparnaldia and usually end in

a long, broad, colorless hair. §£ig. crassiusculum

Kg., was considered by Rabenhorst as a variety of

. 3C8 -

§tig; flagelliferum Kg. It was originally separated
from the latter species by its stout growth, less
profuse branching, and long colorless hairs. I

could scarsely find any difference in the basic
pattern of the thallus formations of these two spe-
cies. In the same collection of well-developed gtég.
.flagelliferum Kg. plants all the stages of these two
species may be seen. It seems that Stig. crassiuscu-
lgm represents a particular stage in the life-cycle of
gtig; flagelliferum. Kuetzing's drawing of the latter
species might have been executed from a depauperate
plant rather than from a well-developed form. It is
possible that this species may attain a greater dia-
meter, up to 30)l.

Hazen (1902), Collins (1909), Heering (1914) and

others have described this species as a stout form
and slightly larger in diameter than §£l5' amoenum.
This is only partially true, if we consider the
different varieties of the latter species. The above
authors have mentioned that branches arise in §t_g.
flagelliferum from somewhat globose cells. But in this

species I did not find any such globose cells which

are rather common in Stig. lubricum. On the other

hand, in St g. flagelliferum these shorter cells are

I

2.3
(D
KL)

I

more or less rectangular, short cylindrical, or

broadly angular, usxally non-constricted. They

{‘3

appear in long series nd show gradual transitions
from the long cells. Sometimes these short cells
may not produce any branch either in the main axis
or primary branches. This is not so common or re-
markable in Stig. amoenum.

It has been mentioned before 1nder Stig. lubricum

that some of Dillwyn's orl:;:;inrs.1 collections of Con-

 

ferva luhrica contain Sti . flagelliferum and Dillwyn's

--\
\
4g;

 

illustrations of Conferva lubrica, especially P1. 57,
f.C, might have been drawn from one such collection.
Rabenhorst's Stir. flr“elllferum var. irregplare
Rab. (Flor. Eur. 31'. 379 1353) is inadequately des-
cribed without any illustration and it is difficult
to judge whether it could be a good variety or a
growth form; so also rer's (in Heerilg, 1914) form

1 w
7“ '1‘!’ “ 3’5 "'1 3 »‘
may be is fl e~

\

(a
L.)
:3
<4
0
Q
'14
2
...-
‘\J

H
l
‘2

(‘1‘

o

(1

fl

.-—_
~’

Kuetzing (1349, p.35?) doubtfully with a question

-1.‘..

V‘fl " " ‘ ~ ’1 -..C‘ O «‘3 - 4 ('1 ‘a‘. .-n ~ ~- . e<
-srx put Jealorva Ll ltdxs ”Cu aluita ? as a synonym

 

 

for Sti“. flagelliferun. I think this Conferva fluitsns

 

is the same as the one we have studied and considered

to be Stig. amoenum var. insisne (Eaeg.) comb. nov.

 

-310_

Specimens studied:
KORTH AIERICA
Kassachusetts: Denvers, Essex Co. Col. F. 3. Collins,
No. 5953, Sept. 20, 1903 (F3.NY); Wisconsin: In let
to trout lake, Sphagnum bog near Carroll Lake, 301.
G. Y. Prescott, Io. 2U-285 and W 354-2 (Pres.);
fiinnesota: Kinneapolis: University Campus, Col. Miss

Caroline, Kiss n. C. Crosby and G. Lilley, No. 548,

27F, 1902 (BUT. Pres. F.US.HI.PC); Pennsylvania:

 

Northampton Co. Fr. Wolle (F); Freshwater Algae of

U.S.A. trenches flowine water (as Sti~. fasciculare Ks.)

 

Fr. Wolle, (L); Ex. Herb. Fr. Wolle, No. 111; Hab.
Pools (PH); Bellefonte, in quiet spring water, temp.
10 degrees Centigrade. Kiss Ella Levy, 20, 1896,

J. E. Tilden, Am. Alg. No. 137 (F.US.); Yichitan:
Lake Lansing: Col. G. H. Graffius, Kay 6, 1959 ( Isa);
Kentucky: Laurel Co. near East Bernstadt, Col. P. C.
Standley, to. 92599 (as §£$S° lubricum) Harsh 21,

1946 (F); Connecticut: Bridgeport: Collins, Holden,
Setchell, P.B.A. No. 408, on stones in swift water,
Pequonnock River, Col. 1. Holden, No. 1171, Dec. 22,
1895 (FH.sy.); and Dec. 25, 1895 (K.L.C.HICH.F.NY.PC.);
New York: Falls of Brook feeding 100th St. stream,

Central Park, Kew York City, Leg. T. E. Hazen, No. 313,

April 20, 1900 (P); West Poin , Kerb. Inet sing,
(as 3+ tiJ‘. olorgftnnif2;. and Jo. EKL llriparraldi”.

 

beta elon“et7)

Korth end of n

 

,-

POOtS, fun}. 4, 1910

Pon Brook, Distributed

Collins Ho. 4

'oxico:

 

17) .
la. ’

 

Q.
‘1

..JJ. 0 -'- LL..—

'cot

Lebel

Hookeri

ZTo.

 

- V‘.r

' —~

)

<
I
A .

Orleans? 0

.Raocus, JUOLYC

a.

H J. r! n 3 -..
_,O on J1‘.lflueli,

.
’5 1'11",
V.AAL—\A

1 (1:; ,

1"” "r_ .' w I:
_ { ), -‘-_3..L‘C-1 L-

2

,_.f

y.-

, \

;.), Ziertu

q-
,-
A

Quineville, Serb.

O
77 ‘1‘“ w w-r 1
.

.
-.a-.¢—‘~

" r‘ '-- 30 0 ”w
4'/' 5J ._‘“ s) . OLA-t

 

,

par ses enfants en 1873 (PC); Terb. Lebel, Le Broc.
26, Kai, 1860 and Fermanville, Caplevy, Herb. Lebel
No. 571, Ears. 10, 1360, Herb. Lebel No. 592, 1860

(ac); La Claie (?) Is. Col. de Brébisson (as Sti".

 

amoenufl)' 1890 (PC); Vire: Herb. Suringar (L);
Falaise (as grap.ytenuis var. elongate Ag.) (LAU);
Vire: (as Drao. tenuis Ac.) (LAU); Hyeme et vere

(?), Noug. et Xestle E0. 499 (as Drap. hypnosa Bory.),
5 mounts (LO); Vire: A 1/1. E0. 5 (as 490. gtig.
Lanna). 1839 ? (or); Voigens (7), Col. A. de Brébis-
son: Hr. De Suhr, 1840 (as 2322. tenuis beta glgncata
Ag.), Oestergearde (?) (L); St. Lo. Falaise: Herb.

Kuetzing (as 479. Stir. with an epithet brevirsmeum

Lebel, nov. sp. in icone) 19 Avril, 1861 (L);

Germany: Schleswig (as Drap. tenuis var. elonsata),

 

Col. Alg. C. K. Diesing, An. 1341, Leg. Com. Suhr.
(1:)

Braun, Kay 1, 1343, Herb. Kuetzing (L); Dresden and

; Freiburg: (as 162. Stig. tenue K3.), L€S° 5-

Leipzig: L. Rabenhorst, No. 113, Leg. Tsigsohn (?)
and Rothe (G); Herb. Boissier, Lindeman 6. Leipzig,
Auerswald, Dec. 1357; Franconia (in Bavaria ?), P. F.
Reinsch, Io. 26, 1874 (K); Talmie (?): R. Brébisson
$0. 192, 1333 ? (K); Eire in Frankreich ? (Lenor-

mand), Rieder ansis ?, 30. 94 (as Stig. tenue) (L);

 

-313...

Hansen ?: Van Bosse ? (B); Eel Neudanm etc. Rab.
Alg. Sachs. Leg. ? and Rothe. F0. 118 (W.B.F.K.);
Freiburg: A l/l.19 (as 17O.'§ti3. with an epithet
repens), A. Braun, 1349 (CH); Lindeman pr. Leipzig
(LAU); Schleswig: Gallia, B. Ex. Herb. Kuetzing (L);
Schleswig: Herb. Kuetzing, Ho. 21 (L); Dresden.

Die Alg. Sachs. DR. L. Rabenhorst, 1351, Decade, XI &
XII, Die Alg. Europa, Dr. L. Rabenhorst, Decade 251 u
252, 1377 (F); Triesting: Col. A. Grunow, Nos.
11645, 11646 (as Stig, crassiusculum Kg.) 7/1356 (W.
FH); fipgig: ?: Cangar (?): Algae Schouboeana (?)
(as Stig. tenue: Drap. elonsata Sch. (Chur.) Schourb
(7), in rivulis reg. Tingitan (?) Kartis (K);

Holland: in rivulo, Th. Spree, E0. 217, 218, 219; Herb.
Kon. Ned. Bot. Ver. July 23, 1859 (L); Sweden: Algae
Hallandicae: Flora Suecia: Halland: Varberg, back
Traslov-Galtaback (as gtig. falklandicum Kg.), Herb.
D. Hylmo (LD); .nggy: Parma: harzo, Rab. Alg. Eur.
Col. G. Passerini, No. 2513, 1377 (W.G.K.L.F.NY. ;
Denmark: (?): in rivulis ad Molem Lindved Fionia (as
Conferva lactea hoth.), Merteus, Juni, 1314 (C); ?
Berndorf: as (Stig. flagelliferum Kg. var. crassius-
gulps), Leg. A. Grunow (L); Holland: Schleswig, (as

22. Stig. flagelliferum Kg. var. crassiusculum (Kg.)

~314-

Rab.), Herb. Kuetzing (L); Col. Grunow, No. 11629
(as 2332. tenuis var. elongata Ag.), Suhr. 1842 (W).

AFRICA
Algeria: Alg. Beni Menaner(?), Herb. Debzay, Nos.
338 and 339, Mars. 23, 1891 (AL.NY.)

5y,
lggig: Hyderabad: Merralum, Col. Dr. Suxena, No. 2
(HY); Pakistan: Dacca: Col. S. Aziz, No. 131, on
aquatic plants I is.)

SOU TH A 15331 CA

Uruguay: Montevideo: (as Drag. Sp.) J: Arechavaleta,

No. 369, Quimico municipal (LD); Ecuador: Rushes

Cundra, Col. G. W. Prescott, No. T379 (Pres.).

- 315 -
Stigeoclonium lubricum (Dillw.) Kg.

P1. 4,

P11

igs. 1-4; P1. 5, Figs. 1-4; Pl. 6, Fig. 3;

Text Fig. 34.

Kuetzing, Phyc. Germ. 198, 1345; Spec. Alg. 354,

1349; Tab. Phyc. 3: Pl.6, f.1, 1353; Raben. Krypt.
Flor. Sach. I: 267, 1363; Berthold, Nova. Acta LeOp.
40: P1. 15, f.9, 11, 12, 14, 1378; Collins, Gr. Alg.
N. Am. 213, 1909 (reprint 1923); Heering, in Pascher's
Die Susswasser.6: 81, 1914; West and Fritsch, Brit.

F. W. A13. 135, 1927; Prescott, Alg. N. G. L. A., 34,
P1. 10, f.1, 2, 1951a; Tiffany and Britton, Alg. Ill.

34, P103, f0 66, 1952.

Stig. tenue (Ag.) Rab. var. lubricum (Dillw. Kg.) Rab.

 

Flor. Eur. A13. 3: 377, 1363;. Kirchner, Krypt, Flor.
Schles, 2(1): 63, 1373; Hansgirg, Prodr. Alg. Boehm.
I: 66, 1336; Wolle, F. W. A13. U.S. 111, 1337; De
Toni, Syll. Alg. I; 197, 1339; Wildemann, Flor. Alg.
Belg. 44, 1396.

Conferva lubrica Dillw., Brit. Conferva, 62, Pl.57,
1309; Agardh, Syn. Alg. Scand. 92, (Conf. lubrica
Lyngby. T.52).

Fyxonema lubricum (Dillw.) Fries. Syst. Orb. Veg. 343,

1325; Hazen, in Hem. Tor. Bot. Club. 11(2): 195, P1.

- 316 -

28, f.1, 2. 1902.

;yxonema lubricum var. variens Hazen, loc. cit., 193,
pl. 33, f.4, 5; P1. 23, f.3,4.1902;

Stig. lubricum var. varians (Hazen) Collins, Loc.

cit. 213, 1909; Hylander, Alg. Conn. Geo. Nat. Hist.

S. Bull. 42: 129, 1923.

Conferva exigua Dillw. ?

Stig. with an epithet dendriticum Kg. sp. n. in Kuetzing
Herb. Yvetot, Kai, 860 (L).

Stim. with an epithet repens A. Br. in Herb. Kuetzing,

 

No. 143. Berlin, A. Braun, 1351 (L).

Erect filaments forming bushy tufts, 5 mm. to 5 cms.
(up to 30 cms. ?) high, deep green, lubricous, robust;
prostrate thallus creeping, often reduced and attached
by rhizoids; erect filaments profusely branched,
mostly opposite or in pseudo-whorls; alternate
branching in the lower part of the main axis and in the
upper part of the primary branches; branches on main
axis arise from barrel-shaped or subglobose, smaller
cells, primary and secondary branches little narrower
than main axis; secondary branches often forming loose
fascicles or tufts at the tips of the primary branches
or main filaments; branches ending in a blunt tip al-

though sometimes setiferous or sharply pointed with

- 3,17 -

hyaline tips; cells of main axis (and primary
branches) mostly thick-walled, barrel-shaped, swollen
and little constricted, l2-20’p (rarely 22/p or more)
in diameter, %-2-4 times longer than broad; longer
cells may be cylindrical and produce series of glo-
bular or subglobular cells, 2-4-8 successively which
bear the branches; cells of secondary branches short,
8-10,u in diameter, about as long as broad; chloro-.
plast in large cells broadly zonate, draparnaldioid
type with several pyrenoids.

Dillwyn (1809) described Conferva lubrica from
Lounde, near Yarmouth and from Sketty Burrows near
Swansea, in England, as an elegant Conferva growing on
stones and woods, frequently from six inches to nearly
a foot in length. He observed the alternate and
whorled arrangement of the branches from a short Joint.
Kuetzing's type specimen of ggig. lubricum was collect-
ed from Schlensingen, Germany. Neither the type and
lectotype specimens nor the illustrations given by
these authors, however, represent the true characters
of the species as we understand it now. Besides Dill-
wyn and Kuetzing, other workers like Agardh, Rabenhorst,
Hansgirg, Wolle all gave a confused statement about

this species, and none of them, it seems, was sure

-318-

enough to separate it from gtlg. £2222° This con-
fusion was also due to the fact that Dillwyn's collec-
tions of Conferva lubrica were quite heterogeneous,in-
eluding more than one species, most of them seeming

to be Stig. tenue. It is no wonder that Rabenhorst

 

(1363) put Eggs. lubricum as variety under 33.23.3' 222122»
because Dillwyn's collections characterize better the
latter species. In one of Dillwyn's collections of
Conferva lubrica I found Stigeoclonium flaaelliferum
Kg. which was not described at that time. The figures
given by Dillwyn (P1. 57, f. A.C.) look more like this
latter species which usually attains a great length.

Kuetzing (1349) mentioned Drap. tenuis Hassall as
one of the synonyms for Stig. lubricum which does not
look like the latter species at all. Cooke (1332-34)
on the other hand, put the same as a synonym for gigs.
'tgnue, which might be closer to it or any species
similar to that but not to Stig. lubricum.

In my opinion Kuetzing was not certain as to how
to differentiate clearly between Eilfir 22222 and §£$E°
lubricum and his illustrations of these species are
poor. And those who followed these illustrations later,
have added more confusions. The name of this species

lubricum itself is sometimes confusing, since several

- 319 -

other Species may be equally or more lubricous. Some-
times worker identify any collection as gtig. lubricum,
if the specimen is quite lubricous.

As Hazen (1902, p.197) has rightly pointed out,
Berthold seemed to be the only author who particularly
noted and correctly illustrated this species as gigs.
lubricum and with him I fully agree. Eerthold's
illustrations of §tig. lubricum (1373, tab. 15, f.l2),
in my opinion should be regarded as a starting point
for this Species. Although we are not sure where to
find the specimens used by Berthold, nevertheless, his
illustrations clearly characterize the species. Later
on Hazen (l.c.) illustrated similar plants from U.S.A.
In this present work we have obtained similar plants
from different places in U.S.A., Canada, Asia, and else-
where. Some of them appear exactly as Berthold's fig-

ures, for example, Dr. L. A. Whitford collection No.

)3

W-SS» from North Carolina, Dr. G. W. Prescott collec-

C

tion 30. 27-97-5, W-312 from Wisconsin; N. L. Gardner

No. 325(32) from California, to mention only a few.
Although the cells of the main axis vary a little

in shape and size the small cells producing the branches

are quite characteristic. Sometimes, the secondary

branches are short and form a whorl, when it appears

as Stig. fasciculare Kg. But it can be separated

 

from the latter species by its opposite branching,
chlorOplast structure, thick wall and absence of long
hair.

Hazen's'Stig. lgpricum var. varians (Hazen)
Collins does not Seem to be a distinct variety.
similar series of small globular and somewhat cylin-
drical cells could be develOped by the species proper.
We could not see enough differences between P.B.A. Col.
lo. 336 (from Massachusetts) and P.B.A. No. 2233 (from
San Francisco) distributed as S313. lubricum, and P.B.A.
Nos. 1790 (Isotype) and 1075 both from Kassachusetts,

distributed as Stig. lubricum var. varians. All these

 

appear to be the same and show transitional stages in
their growth form. Silva (1951, p. 146) also reported
that the differences between Species and variety men-
tioned above is not consistent and that intermediate
stages are present. Sometimes, however, the reduced

form of Stig. amoenum may appear as the above variety.

 

The well-deveIOped form of_§tlg. tgpgg var. uniforme
may appear as Stig. lubricum, especially by its tufts
or fascicles at the tips of the branches, but may be
separated by the cell shape and branch-producing cells.
§§;g; lubricum is perhaps less polymorphic than

Stig. tenue but like the latter is equally one of the

.. 321..

common species, mostly in cooler and swiftly flowing
water. It does not seem to tolerate high pollution

as does Stig. tenue. The life-cycle is not well-known.

Specimens studied:

O‘TH A373? CA

 

Alabama: running water near ice plant, Sheffield,
Colbert Co., Col. T. F. Hall, No. 1957, Sept. 5, 1949
(F); Alaska: Bot. Expn. to Alaska, 1899, Herb. Univ.
California: Unalaska, small stream, Col. W. A. Set-
chell, No. 5035, June-Aug. 1399 (N'). Arizona: Pima
Co: on rocks in a lily pond, University of Arizona
Campus, Tucson, Col. Fr. Drouet and others, No. 2777,
Oct. 30, 1939 (FH.F.IICH.); Eastern auxiliary Canal
and Lat. 5 Hwy. J. D. Wien, No. 40, June 11, 1957 (F);
Arkansas: Drew 00. around the pumpframe where some
steam and hot water escapes. Ozark Badger Saw Kill,
Wilmar, Col. D. Demaree, No. 24603, Aug. 7, 1943 (F);
California: San Francisco: on grass in a pond west
of Ingleside. P.B.-. No. 2233, Col. N. L. Gardner,
1915 (IIC H.C .L. US. N .F); Col. N. L. Gardner, No. 3257,
and 32. March, 1915 (C.G.L.K.NY.N0. LD.F.); Teham

Co. Red Bluff: Sacramento River, D.H.C.S., Col. 0. W.

Reimer, No. 24(2), L. Bank, plankton, Aug. 11, 1956,

-322...

No. 20(2)- on rootlets, r. bank (PH); Contra Costa
Co. San. Joaquin River: E E Log, 1.b. Col. Reimer
#13(2), Aug. 16, 1955 and on Scirpus, l.b.S.J.R.
Survey, Col. Reimer, 5(1), May 14, 1955 (PH); Tehama
cc. Sacramento River, Col. Reimer No. 12(4), 18(3),
1(3), 17(3), Aug. 14, 15, 1956 (PH); Modoc Co.:

In a drainage outlet into north fork of the Pit River,
Altarus, Col. Fr. Drouet and D. Richards, No. 4137,
Sept. 11, 1941 (L.PH.F.NY.MICH.); Marin Co.: Tomales
Bay, P.B.A. No. 2235, Col. N. L. Gardner, Jan. 1914 (L);
Canada: La Vase River. M. Ferris Co. on Log, L.V.R.
Survey, Col. Hohn, No. 1(1), Sept. 24, 1957 (PH);
Quebec: Montreal: Bout-de-L'ile. sur un ilot dans la
riviere des Prairies, en amont du pout du CN.H., Col. J.
Brunel, 3,5, Aout 13, 1930 (MT); Chambly: dans la
riviére Richelieu, prés du Vieux fort, Col. F. Marie-
Victorin et J. Rousseau, No. 153, Oct. 7, 1930 (MT);

New Brunswick: in brooklet,,Grand Falls, Col. H. Habeeb,
No. 10295, Aug. 9, 1947 (doubtful) (NY); Guelph ont.

MP. Klugh, EX. Herb. Collins (NY); in brooklet, bed of
Little River, Grand Falls, Herb. Habeeb, No. 11050, April
17, 1949, also No. 10042, 10295, June 30, 1947, Aug. 9,
1945--doubtful (F); Delaware: New Castle 00., YOrklyn.

-323...

sta.-1. Red Clay Cr. attached to rocks in riffles,
Col. Hohn, No. 11(1), 9(1), July 23, 1956, M.C.A.
Survey (PH); Stanton, sta.-2, White Clay Cr. on
stump and rocks, Col. Hohn, Nos. 3(2), 8(2), 12(2),
July 19, 1956 (PH); Castle Co. Red Clay Cr. Col.
Hohn, Nos. 3(3), 9(5), I.C.A. 3. July 19, 1956 (PH ;
Florida: Nakulla Co. In light house pool, west of
St. Iarks Light House, on the Gulf of Iexico, at the
mouth of St. Iarks River, (?), Col. Fr. Drouet, G.
Iadsen and D. Crowson, No. 11750, Feb. 1, 1949 (F);
Sulphur Springs at Phillips Picnic Grounds, New Port,
Col. C. S. Nielsen, Oct. 15, 1950 (F); Bay Co. in

an outlet of a freshwater pond into the Gulf of
Iexico, sunnyside, Col. Fr. Drouet, etc. No. 10673 ?,
Jan. 9, 1949 (F); Gainesville; Leg. H. Brannon, No.
162, April 11, 1943 (F); Nakulla Co. Spillway Dam,
Phillips Lake, St. Marks Nild Life Refuge, Col. C. S.
Nielsen and others, No. 716, 725, 720, Dec. 5, 1943
(F); Hawaii: Kaliki stream, Nina Hosler Loomis,

Herb. No. 226 and 717, Col. Iinnie Reed, Ear. 4, 1903
(F); Illinois: IcHenry Co. surface of pond at Phyc-
tis corner, 1% miles west of Algonquin, Col. J. E.
Nielsen, June 14, 15, 1943 (F.NY.I CH.); La Salle

Co. salt marsh along Cr. in bottom of Ill. river,

3‘?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

4 miles east of Starved Rock, Col. J. A. Steyermark
and P. C. Standley, No. 40627, July 1941 (NY.F.);
Knox Co. Galesburg. on submerged rocks etc. in

ponds in Lincoln Park, Col. Richards and Strickland,
Kay 3, 1940 (F); Chicago, In a small pool in a wet
meadow by the lagoon, Washington Park, Col. F. Drouet
and Louderback, No. 5543 (F); Iggg: on a stick
floating in I ssissippi River at the foot of second
St. Dubuque, Col. Fr. Drouet and Louderback, No.

5713, June 17, 1946 (F); Louisiana: small stream

 

west of Dodson Winn. Parish, Col. L. H. Flint and H.
Silva, No. 2171 UT, March 22, 1950; Grand Parish, on
Polygonatum sp. in sluiceway of small stream just
north of Pollock at beginning of new Highway, Col.

L. H. Flint H. Silva, No. 2133 UT, larch 23, 1950 (F);
Iberia Parish: in a drain beside St. Hwy. No. 25,
Col. F. Drouet and 3. P. Ehrhardt No. 9021, Nov. 12,
1943 (NY.F.); La Fourche Parish; on the wet bank

of Bayon La Fourche at Galiano, Col. Fr. Drouet and
P. Viosca Jr. No. 9422 (F); Orleans Parish: New.
Orleans, in a pond beside old Gentilly road at cross-
ing of Louisville and Nashville railroad, Col. Fr.
Drouet and P. Viosca Jr. No. 9579 b, Nov. 24, 1943

‘

(F); Tammany Parisn: Iandeville, in a pool, Sulphur

- 325 -

spring in municipal park on shore of Lake Pontchartrain.
Col. Fr. Drouet and Flint, No. 9533, Dec. 2,1943 (F);
Iashin~ ton Parish: in a creek beside St. Hwy. 7, 1

mile South of Angia. Col. rouet and Flint, Io. 9755

O

3. Dec. 4, 1943 (F); Maine: scraied off rocks in

 

falling we ter,wfish hatchery, Caribou. Col. H.

Habeeb, No.11469, July 0, 1949 (F); Harlland:

K31

     

Potomac River survey: ‘ifontg mery Co. on rock. Col.
Hohn ¥1(2), 1957 (1%?) Frederick Co. Col. Hohn. No.
16(1), 22(1), 1.b. June 1956 PH); Potomac River sta.-
2, 1.b. from rock. 5 miles below the mouth of Ionocacy
river, Col. Hohn, Aug. 21, 1957 (F); Iassachusetts:

Ialden. P.B.A. 055. on stones in brook. Col. F- S.

 

Collins, 29, April, 1901 (C.KICH. PC oLn " .US.NY.J.F. Pres.);
Iedford: P.B.A. No. 1790 (as §t;g. lubricum var.

varium (Haz.) Collins), on plants and logs in old clay-
pit, May 1, 1901 (C.MICH.L.PC.US.W.F.K.Pres.); in

small pond near Tuft College mixed with other species.

F. S. Collins 1075 (as nyonema lubricum var. varians

 

Hazen), May 10, 1903 (K.F.MICH); on log etc. Claypit,
F. S. Collins Nos. 5998, 3999 (as §tig. lubricum var.
varians) May 7, and 10, 1901 (Pres.); Maiden: April
50, 13 .34 (If {xonema lubrica) (NY); Stream in pine

Beach es(?)P 1a rk, Nelnue (?) Herb. F. S. Collins, Iay

- 325 -

1900 (NY); Highland air in smh(?), Ex. Herb. F. 3.
Collins (as Iyx. lubricum and Stig. tenue), April,
1330 (NY); Cranberry pond, Leverett, Col. F. Seymour,
Aug. 11, 1942 (F); Iichivan: shore of harbor, St.
James, Beaver Island, Charlevoix Co. Col. Fr. Drouet,
and H. B. Louderback, No. 15127, Aug. 20, 1957 (L);

Minnesota: Duluth, mouth of Lester River, C. Bullard,

 

Aug. 6, 1902 (PH); Beltrami Co. on stones in shallow
water along the Red Lake near fish-packing plant,
Redby. Col. Fr. Drouet, No. 12017, June 23, 1954 (S);
Minneapolis: on concrete work in a stream, east shore,
Lake Isles, Col. Fr. Drouet, No. 5593, Aug. 19, 1944
(L.F.); Iississippi: Drew: from overflow pipe;

Jan. 21, 1959, Col. R. L. Caylor No. 57 (F); Harrison
Co. on concrete in a drain of a sewer entering Back Bay
between Keesler Field and D'Iberville bridge, Biloxi.
C01. F. Drouet, £0. 10013, Dec. 15, 1943 (F);

Kissouri: abundant in still water of Spring branch
Bennett Spring State Park, Laclede Co. 001. Fr. Drouet,
No. 377, June 6, 1929 (M0). Georgia: Screven Co.
Savannah River Pr.#7, on twig, r. bank, 001. Reimer
No. 7(6), May 15, 1956 (PH); S.R.P. #5, sta.-1. on
submerged twig, 001. R. Patrick, Jan. 15, 1952 (PH);
Burke Co: S.R.P. #5, sta.-5, r.bank on log, Col.

- 327 -

J. H. Wallace, No. 7(5) (PH); Log A, Col. R. Patrick,
No. 14(3). Jan. 1953. r.b. Col. Wallace No. 10(3),
Jan. 1952 (PH); Lee Co: r.b. on log, Flint River
Survey, Col. R. Patrick, No. 10(1), Sept. 1952 (PH);
Savannah: B. Harvey, No. 6809 (as gtig. 22222):

Jan. 1918 (NY); Nebraska: Lincoln Co. seepage in
side channel, Platte River near Sutherland, 001. W.
Kiener No. 14884, Aug. 1, 1943 (FH.MICH.F.) Sandpit
Lakes, Cedar Bluffs, 1220 ft. Col. W. Kiener, No.
16615, May 19, 1944 (F); Hall Co. floating attached
in ditch, south-east of Grand Island, alt. 1840 ft.
Col. W. Kiener, No. 17180a. Aug. 17, 1944 (F);

Cherry Co. attached to Potamogeton stem, Dewey Lake.
001. E. Palmatier and T. R. Porter. alt. 2600 ft.

No. 13773, June 28, 1936 (F); Dodge Co. shallow water,
attached to stem, loc. Fremont, Sandpit Lake. Col. W.
Kiener, No. 13958. 13948, 13913. 13944, 13956, 13952.
April 23, 1943 (PH); Saunders Co. Sand Cr. Wahoo,
Col. W. Kiener No. 13817, April 1943 (PH); Lancaster
00. North Lake, Lincoln, floating, Col. W. Kiener No.
16670, May 27, 1944 (F); Hall 00. near Alda, in a
road side ditch, W. Kiener, No. 15179, Sept. 1, 1943
(F); Garden Go. Lewellen, in shallow water of North
Platte River, W. Kiener, No. 16258, Nov. 6, 1943 (F);

 

 

- 328 -

Keith 00. Limestone in swift channel below Kingsley-
Dam. W. Kiener No. 15501, Sept. 13, 1943 (F);
Lancaster 00: shallow water, Middle Cr. Lincoln, west
of city, W. Kiener, 13597. Feb. 13, 1943; Nos. 13582,
13579, Jan. 12, 1943; Nos. 13616, 13615, Nov. 17,
1942 and March 10, 1943 resp. (F); New Jersey: on
flag leaves in rapid water below dam, demarest, Leg.

T. E. Hazen, No. 219, Nov. 28, 1899 (F); Elmdale,
near Millburn, on rocks and stones in a spring, Col.

H. Habeeb, No. 3779, Jan. 12, 1952, Plantae Novae-
Caesareae (F); Essex Co. Millburn. in spillway of
Rahway River, H. Habeeb, Nos. 3112, 3072, 3783, April
16, 1950 and Jan. 12, 1956 (F); on rocks in streamlet
near Passaic River, at S. Orange Ave., H. Habeeb, No.
3820, Feb. 28, 1952 (F); New Mexigg: Sierra Co. on

a concrete spillway at sewage-disposal plant. Hot

Springs, Col. Fr. Drouet and D. Richards, No. 2719, Oct.

25, 1939 (F.FH.); Iew York: West Point: (as Drapar-

 

naldia tenuis Ag.), J. W. Baily (NY); Rensselaerville,
falls Just below dams above falls on rocks, Col. M. S.
Markle, No. 5, July 3, 1946 (F); Brooklyn, Prospect
Park Lake, Leg. N. Pike, April 9, 1889 (F); North
Carolina: Bertie Co. Roquist Creek, Leg. L. A. Whitford,
No. Bt.10, June 23, 1959 (Whit.); Wake 00. House Cr.

- 329 -

on rock in rapids. L. A. Whitford, No. We6, Dec.
1957 (Whit.); North Dakota: Devils Lake, 001. M. A.
Brannon, No. 2, Aug. 1913 (F); Pennsylvania:
Gibraltar, Berks Co.: Schuylkill River, on leaf, Col.
Hohn #15, M.C.A.S., May 9, 1956 (PH); Chester Co.
sta—l, White Clay Or. on rock, Col. Hohn. July 17,
1956 (PH); Chester Co.: Brandywine Cr. Survey, Col.
J. H. Wallace No. 2 and 21, Oct. 1952 (PH); Parkes-
burg, branch of Buck Run, on rock in riffle, M.C.A.S.
Col. Hohn, No. 4 and 5, Nov. 11, 1956 (PH); East hr.
of Brandywine, on rock, Col. Hohn, No. 15 (322) Sept.
10, 1956 (PH); Adams Co. Rock Cr. on rock in riffle,
H.C.A.S. Col. Hohn #8(2), 11(3), 12(3), July 26, 27,
1956 (PH); Lancaster Co. in a water tank by Muddy Cr.
Adamstown, Col. H. B. Louderback, No. 8606, Aug. 27,
1948 (NY.F.); rock scraping from springs in Lititz
Spring Park, Lititz. R. Patrick, No. 105, Oct. 3,
1948 (F); Philadelphia: on stones in Cresheim Cr.
Fairmont Park. Col. Fr. Drouet and Hodge No. 3885, July
20, 1941 (F); annecticut: Bridgeport(?): on sub-
merged plants in still, P. B.A. (as Stig. tenue var.
lubricum), May 14, 1893, (C.PC.W.) ???? Bridgeport, I.
Holden, April 25, 1886 (NY); I. Holden No. 822 (NY);
Nevada: Washoe Co. Verdi, Head trough, State fish

—33o-

Hatchery, 001. R. C. Summer No. 1623, 27(3), 52(F);
White Pine Co. Baker Cr. Col. T. Frantz, No. 1595 and
2983, Sept. 30, 1952; Churchill Co. Edward Cr. Desert-
oya Range, Col. Frantz No. 2991, July 31, 1957 (F);
Rhode Island: New Port, Col. Mr. Timmons(?), Herb.

F. S. Collins, (NY); Qgig: Putnam Co. Auglaize River,
on rock, 0. R. Survey #2, Col. Hohn, No.13(6) July 5,
1956 (PH); scraping from Diatometer, Col. Hohn. 0. R.
S. #2, No. 3(5), July 4, 1956 (PH); Ottawa Co. In
Lake Erie, south end of S. Bass Island. Col. J. Blum
(300?) H. 246 June 15, 1949 (P); South Carolina:

Aiken Co. Upper Three Runs- on board, S.R.P. #7, Col.
Heimer, No. 11(2), May 11, 1956 (PH); Allendale Co.:
on log and swift moving water, Savannah River, Mar. 3,
1960; Aiken Co. on log. Savannah River, Feb. 29, 1960,
Col. C. W. Heimer, May 11, 1956 (PH); Orangeburg, from
drinking fountain, Lily pond, Botany Garden, Col. R.
Patrick, No. 2329, Sept. 9, 1944 (PH.F.); Barnwell Co.:
Savannah River, on twig, 1.b. S.R.P. #7, Col. Reimer No.
4(3), May 12, 1956 (PH); 2nd Bar Pr. #1, eta-6A, 3.
Patrick No. 107, July 1951 (F); Edgefield Co. north of
Edgefield, Col. P. C. Standley, No. 92531, Mar. 19,

1946 (F); Tennessee: Knox Co.: 01d Sevierville PK.1
mile from H.P. Tjams (?), Col. R. Shanks, No. 536, March
19, 1957 (F); Londen Lake at Lost Hollow Cr. Col. H.

Silva, No. 534 ..

- 331 -

April 5. 1947 (F); Duncan Rd. 1 mile S-W Tenn. River.
Col. H. Iltis, No. 522, Mar. 18, 1947 (F); Fountain
City Park, Marble slab lining spring channel. Col. H.
Silva, No. 545 March 23, 1947 (F); Sevier Co. road
side drain, Roaring Fbrk near Gatlinburg, Col. H.
Silva, N02. 347, Nov. 24, 1946 and No. 701, April 13,
1948 (F); gtah: Salt Lake City: on street pavement
in drain on a hill, State Street south of State Capitol.
Col. Fr. Drouet and H. Louderback, No. 5720, Aur. 20,
1946 (F); Liberty Park, cement trough, Col. W. C.
Twiss, No. 9, Nov. 1911 (F); Virginia: on rocks in
rather swift river, New River at shoal near Pembroke
R.R. Station, Giles Co. Col. H. Silva and Magie No.
2812 (as Stig. amoenum)(July 21, 1953 (F); Stafford Co:
on rock, swift water in rock-flats of Rappahannock, be-
low Falmouth, Col. H. Iltis, No. 3685, Sept. 8, 1947
(F); Id. No. 4595 (as Myxonema lubricum) May 23, 1903
(NY); Surry Co.: on rocks, shells etc. in creek flow-
ing into James River below Colham's wharf. Col. J.C.
Strickland, No. 761, June 22, 1941 (F); Page Co.:
attached to stones in South fork of the Shenandoah
River 2 miles north-west of Luray, Col. Luttrell and
Strickland, No. 919, July 25, 1941 (F); Wisconsin:

Dane Co: at water level on pilings, B. B. Clark Park,

- 332 -

north shore of Lake Monona, Madison, Col. H. B.
Louderback and Fr. Drouet, No. 5503 and 5508, July
23, 1944 (F); Mendota Wild Goose: ditch near Job
Trout Lake. Col. G. W. Prescott, No. 2W 97-5, W312-1
(Pres. ).

SOUTH AMERICA
Argentina: Buenos Aires: on Potamogeton: Col. Miss
Guitman No. 1, 7/10/1958 (slide No. 6) and on Myria-
phyllum, slide Ho. 3, 12/11/1958 (through Dr. Guarrera);
Lago San Roque, Leg. Yacubson, No. 6965 (vial. No. 15),
25/4/1949 (BA); Brazil: Plants of the State of
Gears: in swift water of outlet, Acude Choré, Muni-
cipio de Quixada. Col. Fr. Drouet No. 1408, Sept. 1,
1935 (FH.MICH.); (Prov. de 3. Paolo, Apiahy, Col.
Grunow No. 11669 (as Stig. lubricum with epithet forma
Brasiliensis) Leg. J. Puiggari, mai, 1878, same Col.
Grunow, No. 11665, Apiahy, in rivulis, Puiggari, 227,
1883 (W)); Minas Geraes, on stones in very swift
current, Cascade of Rio Pitanga, Ouro Fino, Col. H.
Kleerekoper No. 173 (as Stig. lubricum var. varians),
Aug. 21, 1940 (F); Ouro Fino, Back water swamp of Rio
Santa, Izabel, No. 253, Aug. 23, 1940 (F); Ecuador:
Pichincha: Aequatoriae ad lapides aquae fluentis prOpe
Machachi. Wittrock, Nordstedt, Lagerheim, Alg. Ex. No.

- 333 -

1428, Leg. G. Lagerheim, 7/1892. Herb. de Candolle
(G.L.K.NY.W.); Uruggay: ad Montevideo. Leg. Prof.
J. Arechavaleta. No. 1429 (Stig. tenue Kg. f.; non
Drag. tenuis Ag.) Wittrock, Nordstedt, Lagerheim.Alg.
Ex. (L. W. ).

CENTRAL AMERICA
Venezuela: Aruba, Bron di Rooi Prins, Antilles, Leg.
P. w. Hummelinek, No. 104Aa, 26/8/1949 (L); State of
Anzoategui, along margin of Rio Querecual, forested
rocky slopes, south—west Bergantia, Col. J. A. Steyer-
mark, No. 61512, March 14, 1945 (F); Honduras:
Vicinity of Camayagua. on dead branch in rivulet, Col.
P. C. Standley and J.C.P. No. 5902, March 12-23, 1947
(F).

ASIA

 

EEEQQ: Maymyo, northern Shan States, Col. L. P. Khanna,
No. 640 (as Stig. lubricum (Dillw.) Fries var. varians
Hazen), May 12, 1936 and No. 634, May 9, 1936 (F);
Ceylon:(?): Galle (as 285. Stig. with an epithet Apia-
mescens icone Lebel), Herb. Kuetzing (L); India:
Hyderabad: Col. Dr. Suxena, No. 8, Lalaguda, and Col.
No. 12, Maredpalli (HY); Seetafalmandi, Col. Dr. Suxena,
No. 10 (HY). £2233: Algae Aquae Japonicae: Kyushu,
Ishiki, Kagoshima City, Kagoshima-ken, on pebbles in

 

 

-334-

stream, also in Honshu, Col. Y. K. Okada. No. 8,
Jan. 28, 1950 (G.L.US.F.W.Pres.); Chichibu: Saitma.
Col. Yamagishi, No. 4, 13, June, 1957; Tokyo:
001. J. Yamagishi No. 14, April, 1956; Col. M. Kori,
No. 15, Jan, 1958; Hokkaido, Aizankei, Asahigama,
Monbetsu, Col. M. Akiyama, No. 21; Aug. 1956; No.
26, June 1954: No. 27: July, 1953: No. 28: Aug.
1956; Pakistan: Dacca: Col. S. Aziz No. 152 ( Is.);
Philippine: on submerged stems and grasses at Sampaloc
Lake, Laguna, Col. G. T. Velasquez. No. 453 and 454(?),
Feb. 25, 1940 (Pres.K.); upper waters of Rio Baco.
In midstream where hot sulphur spring comes out of
river-bed beneath the cool mountain water, April 16,
1905, Col. R. C. McGregor (F); Nicobar: S. Teresa
prope Papiam (as 731. Stig. tenue (Ag.) Rab. var.
lubricum (Dillw.) Kg. Rab.), Leg. L. Montemartini,
1895 (L.W.).

AFRICA
Algerie: Djelfa (AL); Mauritius: Latamer River,
Col. N. Pike, NO. 70 and 64, Jan. 28, 1870, G.D. (K.
NY.); Hammam Melouan (source thermale) 1921, Mme.
Gauthier-Lievre (AL).

EUROPE

Czechoslovakia: (as Draparnaldia uniformis Kg.), Herb.

- 335 -

Kutz. (PC); ? (as‘Stig. uniformis and Stgg;‘tgggg var.
uniforme Kg.) Herb. Lebel (PC); Prag, (as Stig.
amoenum), opitz, 6/10/1845, Grun. Col. No. 11624 (W);
Bohmen, Karlsbad, im Bette der Tepl., A. Hansgirg (as
Stig. tgngg'C) uniforme var. irregulare HANSG.) ,Aug.
1883 (F); Bohemiae, Col. Grunow, 11612, Leg. H. Bang
(as §£$3° nusillum; nyonema lubricum) (W); Wel-
witch No. 165, (éiifi: uniforme; 23_p, uniformis; 23:2.
tenuis), :In fluvie Tepl. (W); Carlsbad, Col.
Reichenbach, Acqu. 1889, No. 32659 (w); éeohy:

Chvaly, A. Hansgirg, Herb. VI. 1885 (F.W.); Doksy,

A. Hansg. VII. 1883 (F.W.); Klomin nachst Neratovic,
April 1883. A. Hansgirg (F); Kunratice, June 1883,

A. Hansg. (F); Bela; A. Hansg. Aug. 1883 (F);
Haldautumpel nachst Prag, A. Hang. Mai 1883 (F.W.);
BShmen: Johannisbad: Abfluss der warmen Quelle, A.
Hansg. 7/1885 (W): Cechy Hlubocepy, A. Hansg. 5/1885
(W); Pribram, A. Hansg. 9/1884 (W); Branky u Roztok,
A. Hansg. 6/1883 (W); Bahmen: Slichov nachst Prag:
A. Hansg. 4/1882. Abfluss der warmen Quelle (W);
Denmark: Fionia (?) (as gggf. lubrica Lyng. 2332.
tenuis Ag. etc.) Herb. A. Morch (C); Ka: Viborg.
Sonnalahti, No. 6. Skoljbrygya, E. Hayren, 19/10/34

(H); Austria: Prater bei Wien (as Dram. tenuis),

336 -

Welwitsch, Col. Grunow, No. 11667 (W); Vindobona

(as Conferva lubrica and Drap. tenuis Ag.) Leg.
Welwitsch, Col. Alg. C.1.D., Ann. 1842 (W); Wien

(as nyonema protensum Rab.) Col. H. W. Reichardt
(FH); France: Falaise: (as Drap. tenuis Ag.) (K);
Caen: Herb. Kutzing No. 889 (L); ? Cascade de
iortani, Herb. du Dr. Lebel, donne an museum par ses
enfants, en 1878 (PC); (as Conf. lubrica, Drap. tenuis
Ag.) L. mertens, 1816 (PC) (as Conferva lubrica),

D. Agardh, 1821 (PC); Cher. Vierzon, fontaine de
Verdin, Herb. Roussel, No. 398 (12), 3/1867 ? (PC);

? (as Drap. uniformis Ag.), Meneghini (PC); Yvetot,
(as Stig. with an epithet dentriticum Kg. sp. n.), Herb.
Kuetzing, Mai, 1860 (L); Falaise; Herb. Kuetzing,
No. 893 (L), also, A. Brebisson (L); Env. de Rambou-
illet (as Stig. irregulere Kg.), Donne par Ed. Bornet,
4/91, 4 Mai, 1850 (K.NY.); Rentilly (?), Herb. of
Thuret, Donne par Mr. Bornet, 4/91, April, 1847 (as

Stig. irregulare Kg.) (K); ? S. River Bruce (?), Herb.

 

de Alton Saunders No. 3007 (as Stig. £2232 Kg.), 20/4/46
(FH); Les mares des prairies pries du Howre(?), Noug.
Roum and Dupray, Alg. des Eaux Douces. No. 1298 (as
S313. tepgg Rab. f. lubricum (Kg.) Rab.) Dupray, Oct.
1891 (K); Germany: Leipzig: Rab. Alg. Sachsens, 490.

- 337 -

(as gfiz'tenge (Ag.) Kg.) Leg. D. Bulnheim (K.B.);
Leipzig and Dresden: Auerswa1d(?) No. 16 (as 217.
Drag. tenuis Hass.) Juni 1852 (G.L.NY.K.F.W.); Husbye
(?), (as 6-.2£%P° tenuis Ag.), Jan. 17, 1850 (B); ?
Jurgens I (as 10. Conferva lubrica) (L); Bavaria: in
rivulis prope Nflrnberg, Leg. J. Kaulfuss, No. 238,
6/5.1904 (PC); Berlin; In Landwehrgraben bei Berlin
(as Stigeoclonium with an epithet gepens A. Br.) Herb.
Suringar and Kuetzing, June 1851, Leg. A. Braun No.
148 (L); 94(?) In Wiessengraben bei Sonnewalde in der
Niederlansis Kretschmar (NY.W.L.K.); Im Brunnen bei
Dresden (as 935 and 254, Stig. irregulare, Kg. and
Stig. flagelliferum var. irregular), L. Rabenhorst,
Feb. 1860 (W); Schlensingen (?), 12. Stigeoclonium

lubricum (Dillw.) Kg. TYPE: Herb. Kuetzing, 24 Ex. (L);

 

Leipzig: Augerb, Feb. 1863, Auerswald (LAU); Schleswig
Hansen (as Stig. tgpug; Drap. tenuis Ag.) (L); also
Herb. Lenormand (L); Schleswig: Dr. C. Jessen(?)

(as 2322; tenuis Ag.) (F), also Col. Grun. No. 11708
(W); Berndorf: (as Stig. lpbggggm_var. irregulare)
Leg. A. Grunow (FH); Schlensingen, Leg. Herb. Kuetzing
(as Stig. protensum Kg.) (F); Auguer (?) bei Leipzig,
Auerswald, 14.7.1863 (NY); Dresden, Rab. Alg. Sach.
resp. Mittel. No.823. 1859 (F); Oldenburg:

Jever, Jfirgens, Leg. Herb.

- 338 -

Royers (BEER: tenuis Ag.) (F); Haideburge (?) (or
Hainburg, Austria?), Herb. Agardh. Grun. Col. No.
11666 (W); Berndorf: A. Grunow Col. No. 11668, 1/1856
(W); Baveteisch in Vbilan(?), Col. Grunow No. 11672,
1860 (W). England: Laund: Ex. Herb. Dillwyn (as
Conferva lubrica Dillw.), 3/25, 1809 (K); Cambridge:
Kew No. 15/2824/58 (as 2322. tenuis Ag.), J. S. Henslow
(K); (as Conferva lubrica Dillwyn: Myxonema lubrica
Fries) Herb. Hookerianum 1867, Aug. (K); Yarmouth and
nggg (type locality), (as Conferva lubrica Dillw. gggf.
lubrica Lyng.) April 30, 1793. Herb. Hookerianum, 1867
(K); (as 10. Conf. lubrica) Furgens? (W); as ggg-
Eggzg lubrica Dillwyn, 1826, Lieblier (W); Holland:
Wassenaar, Heiendel, bei de Opening, waar het Rijn-
water in een meertje gestort wordt. Leg. .. G. Vorstman.
Herb. Lugd. Batav. 29.11, 1956 (L); Leiden, Galge-
water, Leg. W. F. R. Suringar, D.D.D. No. 103, April
1854 (L); Amerongen, Rijn, op stenen groeiend, Leg.

C. den Hartog, (as Stig. Lena; Ag.) Herb. Lugd. Batav,
24/11/1957 (L); (as 10. 929;. lubrica Dillw. 2215-
ifgggg (Ag.) Rab. var. lubricum (Dillw.) Rab. (GRO);
Rhenen, Rijn. Herb. Lugd. Batav. Leg. C. Pelsma (as
S315, tgggg Kg.) 23 Aug. 1944 (L); Leiden: Hortus

Botanicus. Witte, Herb. Lugd. Batav. No. 260 (as

- 339 -

(as §2l5‘.£2fl22 (Ag.) Rab.), Leg. J. Th. Koster, 3/3/
1939. (L); Switzerland: Geneve (?), Herb. De
Candolle, ? m. Hottemanbury (?), 1838 as Conferva
lubrica (G.); Igtggy: Gorizia: di corrente, Gradisca,
De Toni, Herb. Brescia, Col. L. Ferlan, No. I/l, 58,
12.X.1946 (F); Poland: Wéw Roztocze, Reciborski,
Phycotheca Polonica, Zb. J. Wotoszynska, No. 141 (as
Stig. flagelliferun) K. 1911 (W.U.); Roumania: Herb.
Alg. Romaniae: prope Konast ?, Dr. E. C. Teodorescu,
Ho. 1124, Karch 24, 1902 (F); Dr. E. C. Teodorescu,
No. 1076, 1079, Feb. 18, 1902 (F); Apud Cotroceni,
in fontis secus riv. Dimbovita; E. C. Teodorescu Herb.
A13. Romaniae (1022, Oct. 23, 1901 (w); Branesti et
Burdusani, in riv. Paserea ad plantas, E. C. Teodor-
escu, Alg. Rom; des Fremy No. 1197, Jun. 3, 1902 (W);
Apud Comana, Vlasca, in Valea-Spiridonului, E. C.
Teodorescu. Herb. Alg. Rom. No. 566, Harch 19, 1900
(W); Cotroceni (Bucuresti), riv. Dimbovita, E. C.
Teodorescu, Alg. Rom. No. 540, March 9, 1900 (W); ?
Vindob. Col. No. 11216 (as gigs? teng§_var. 12223233
and S313, ubricum var. with an epithet ramellis),
Illegible (W); Apud Caciulati, Tlfov; E. C. Teodoresc°
Herb. Alg. Rom. No. 764, June 4, 1900, mavrodin (?) (W);
Sweden: Flora Suecia, Halland, Varberg, Falkenbergs-

vagen, St. Apelviksbacken, Col. D. E. Hy1m6, 9.9.1928

-340-

(LD); Col. H. Watts, No. 122, 136, 137 (LD); ? am

Gogubei Altdaeh (?), Hasskari Herb. Illegible, Dec.

24, 1856 (L); Yugoslovia: Triesting (?) A. Grunow

Col. No. 11675 ? (W). Germany: Teffen(?), No. 163

(as Stig. uniforme (debile), Drip. terulg) (7); Pa

 

Jack, L. u. Stizenberger, Kryptogamen Padens, Aus der

reisam 1m H611entha1e, Phar.

-—-1 77- r y-
.L‘ 0 J10 ."1. 0

vv._ .. w '7 In
rimmelsencr, so. 431

Stigeoclonium paihiaensis sp. nov.

P1. 15, Figs. 1-6; P1. 20, Figs. 3-7; Text Fig. 86
Plant bright green to yellowish-green, 3-6 cms. or

more high, lubricous, sparsely branched below; from

middle above profusely branched from node-like cells;

branching mostly opposite or 3-4 branches from around

the same cell; cells of main axis cylindrical, long,

rectangular or short and inflated; cells at the nodes

producing branches always having greater diameter than

the rest and mostly subglobose to globose, true for

both main axis and branches; at the tip the secondary

branches forming little tufts; cells of main axis ex-

cept at the nodes 30-48Ju in diameter, 1-3 times as

-341-

long; nodal cells wider, up to 60-62/u (or little
more) in diameter, 2/3-1-1é times as long; cell walls
below quite thick; chloroplast draparnaldioid type
with several pyrenoids; cells of primary branches
mostly rectangular, inflated and in young branches,
cell-shape appearing as the back of the snail's shell,
coiling type; cells of secondary branches rectan—
gular; swarmers formed in cells of primary axis,
liberated through lateral pore; tip of the branches
bluntly pointed.

2122: Leg. V. W. Lindauer, Col. Nos. 105 and 1301
(as Stig. amoenum var. novizelandicum Nordst.), New
Zealand, in freshwater stream and creek, Paihia Road,
Bay of Island, March 11, 1939 (K.F.).

This species at first glance appears as a

Draparnaldia, because of the greater diameter of the

 

cells and I hesitate 350 put it under Stigeoclonium. But
after careful studies I found that the branching habit
is entirely like Stigeoclonium rather than like those
forms of Draparnaldia, in which the branches are
simple and not whorled-fascicled and where they arise
from specially modified modal cells like some of the
'advanced type' of Stigeoclonium species. Secondly,

the formation of swarmers in the cells of the main

J. ,4 \s ‘ ‘ ‘
- 2,,1oe,q;_3?71 var. novi-
*

It does not belong to Stig. m
in which greater

nudiusculun

 

nafirj \v ‘7‘“
"ol'hulchfl or ouig.

diameter of the cells had been reported. Here, the
modal cells producing branches are much proginent and
bigger than other cells of the filaments. Uolle's
figure of Cti . flagelliferum shows slightly broad

short cells at the nodes and sometines the globular

cells like this species are found in Stig.
but the branching nature, cell shapes, greater dia-
meter, tips of the branches etc. are so different
that it is better to put it under a separate snecies
rather than modifying the descriptions of any well-

known species.

oclonium Nelsonii Prescott

 

Stige
Prescott, in Hydrobiologia, 7(1-2); 56-59, Pl. 3-4,

Sparsely and loosely branched,

L)

Filament~ long,
what dichotomously branched below, prostrate thallus

lacking; cells of main axis cylindrical or slightly

801118-

-343-

inflated, l2-2OJp or little more in diameter, %-2-5
the short

times as long; branches forming fascicles on

alternate or several

stalks near the main filaments,
soli-

from the same side; rarely branches are simple,

tary, opposite, non-fascicled; cells producing

branches usually smaller than others; at upper part

of the main axis series of short, rectangular cells,

wider than long, are formed; branches ending in blunt-

ly pointed or spatula-shaped cells; chlorOplast a

median incomplete parietal band.

Prepared slide in the Herb. of Dr. G. W.

Tyne:

Prescott, Botany Department, Michigan State University,

mounted from original collections from the shell of a

dead snail, floating in a small pond (Black Tern Pond),

hontana.
This species closely resembles Stig. nudiusculum

 

but differs from it by the absence of long color-

7;
[XS 0

less hairs and by the lack of sharp difference between

long cylindrical cells and short branch-producing cells.

-342+-

Tr”

Stigeoclonium nudiusculum ng.

«L

Kuetzing, Tab. Phyc. 3: p.e, t.15, f.2: t.l6, f.l, 1353;

Rabenhorst, Flor. Eur. All. 380, 1868; Jansgirgr

Ifolle, F. w. Alg. U.S. 113, P1.

00,4
..Ju

Prodrom. 63, lo

0
’

93, f.l-E, 1887; Hazen, in rem. Tor. Bot. Club.

-4V

11(2); 207, 1902; Usering in Pascher's Susswasser.6(3):
34, 1914.

Phyc. Germ. 231, 1345;

 

19" L; Tab. Phyc. 7:t.15, f.2, t.16,f.

./

l, 1353; Forest, in Castanea, 21(1): 15, 1956.

The following description is based upon Kuetzing's

herbarium specimens Ho. 7. Drapernaldia nudiuscula Kg.

collected from bei Eilenburg, Germany, Sept. 834.

Erect filaments l§-3 ems. or little more long;

straight; abundant rhizoids from basal cells; main

axis dichotomously forked below from small cells, from
above middle filaments producing fascicled secondary

branches from rectangular cells, mostly alternate, to-

wards the apex he branches usually single, solitary,

alternate, not fascicled; branch tips ending in long,

colorless hairs; small, secondary branch tips blunt;

cells of main axis and primary branches two types
long and short, usually cylindrical, without any
constrictions, 16-26ju in diameter, 4-7 times as
long, short cells producing branches about 1-1% times
as long as broad; cells of secondary branches some-
what swollen above and little constricted with blunt
tip; cell wall of main axis about 7)u thick, especi-

ally from base up to the middle region of the thallus.

Lectotype: Ho. 7. Draparnaldia nudiusculum Kg.
Herb. Kuetzing. Eilenburg, Germany, Sept. 1834 (L).

This species was originally described by Kuetzing
as Draparnaldia nudiuscula with the diameter 46-51
4p.in the main axis and 9.7/u in the branches. Hans-
girg and Heering recorded 30-#7)u diameter; De Toni
and dolls recorded 25-40 p diameter. All authors
recorded the cell-length about 1-3 times longer than
broad. The lectotype mentioned above seems to be
one on which Kuetzing earlier described Draparnaldia

nudiuscula Kg. This specimen, besides the Stimso-

 

clonium sp., also includes true Draparnaldia plants.
It is, therefore, questionable whether Kuetzing had
considered all the filaments on the same slide to be
the same and if so, the greater diameter given for

this species might include measurements of Draparnaldia

-346-

species. We could not find the diameter more than
25gp; more commonly between lS-QO/u for this
Stigeoclonium Species. This was also observed by
Schmidle (1900) who studied the same material
mentioned above and recorded the diameter only l6/u.
It seems, therefore, necessary to amend the descrip-
tion of the present Species. I think, the diameter
of the present species may not be more than 25-26yu
and cells are more elongated -- about 6-8 times the
diameter, than 1-3 times as recorded by the earlier
workers. I have examined Wolle's §£l3' nudiusculum
Kg. collection and found it to be a variety of gtig.
amoenum (var. insirne comb.nov. .). Tilden's Amer.
Alg. Exs. No. 460. Stig. nudiusculum Kg. similarly
belongs to the genus Clonigphora. I question whether mm
authors mentioned above who recorded greater diameter
for gigs. nudiusculum actually saw Kuetzing's collec-
tions and whether their materials might not be simi-
lar to spig. amoenum var. insimne. Sometimes,
Kuetzing's Fig. 2 of P1. 15 is considered as typical
.iilSfi nudiusculum rather than Fig. l, of P1. 16. I
found and illustrated both types of filaments and
branching habits from the same collection . Kuetzing‘s

figure 2 of P1. 15 was definitely drawn from upper

-347-

part of the thallus, whereas the fig. 1. of P1. 16
was drawn from the middle part. He did not show
the lower and basal part.

There is no doubt that this specimen from which
I have drawn the figures belongs to Stigeoclonium.

The fascicled branches look like Draparnaldia but

 

the main axis does not. Moreover, all the branches,
below and above are not fascicled. In many respects
it appears as gigs. flagelliferum. The long cylin-
drical cells have little or no constrictions, thick
cell wall, short rectangular or cylindrical cells
producing branches all in agreement with the latter
species. It may be mentioned that éilfl' flagelliferum
sometimes produces pseudo-whorls or fascicles at

the nodes from short cells. Stig. nudiusculum,

 

however, may differ from the latter species by its

more or less dichotomous branching below, strong
fascicled branches at the middle or so and by long
colorless hairs instead of having setiferous, flagelli-
form branch tips; and branches are usually alternate,
rather than opposite. In certain respects this

species superficially approaches Stig. fasciculsre

 

vy-

ng. but the latter species is comparatively smaller

in size, cells of main axis small, inflated and

constricted and the fascicled appearance is due to
crowding of short alternate secondary branches at
the upper end of the primary branches. In ggig.
nudiusculum Kg. the fascicled branches are close to
the main axis on short stalk-like branches deveIOped

from short cells and the fascicles are little spread-

ing, more like Draoarnaldia so. In Stir. fasciculare

 

 

'rr

hg. the branches do not arise from any specialized
short cells of the main axis. Sti~. Nelsonii

Prescott may approach very close to Sti”. nudiusculum

 

in which fascicled branching, thick-walled cylindrical
cells etc. are similar. In the former species,
however, the branches do not always arise from any
specialized short cells of the main axis and are not,
terminated by long, colorless hairs.

Schmidle (1900) described

L)
<
1, 3
w
1...).
D
Cf.

(.4
U)
d
H‘

‘
g
5
H
C
L.)
I

culum var. tomentosum Sch. (p. 162, Text T?ij. I)

 

from probably saline water in small swamp near sea
coast between Cumbella Hill and Volkenshwar, 3. India.
In this plant the lowermost cells may be 24-40/u in
diameter, 1—2 times as long, diameter becoming es
above and the length gradually increasing to 5-6
times the diameter. As no type specimens or any

collections under this variety has been seen, it is

not possible to judge the systematic position of
this variety.

Pascher (1905, p.435) has discussed the formation
of only quadriflagellate micro- and macro-zoospores
in Stig. nudiusculum. He did not see any akinetes,
biflagellate swarmers or Palmella conditions and
concluded that these structures do not occur in this

species. He did observe spherical zygote formation

in this species.

Specimens studied:

Germanv: bei Eilenburg (Xfilgscha) on Yitella
mracilis Sm. Herb. Kuetzing (as 7. Draparnaldia

nudiuscula K3.), Sept. 1:34

U

[i

A

'g

T",
.L.

\
A

v)

r
(.

 

J. Vi-..

mun sie: mare dans Les Sedjenane: Col. Kme. Gauthier-

A

Lievre, Labbe 254 (nL.).

Stigeoclonium pachydermum Prescott

 

Prescott, in Farlowia, 1(3): 350, 1944; A15. H. G.

L. A., 115, 1951 a.

Erect filaments much branched, simple, straight
or rocked, attached to substrates by numerous basal,
downward projecting rhizoids, prostrate part lacking;
cells of main axis below long, cylindrical or small,
barrel-shaped, quite thick-walled; branches of main
axis regularly or irregularly diaposed and varied in
form, mostly solitary, alternate or several on the
same side, rarely Opposite, or they may appear in
a plane at right angle to the filament, or erect,
simple, often developing from short, rectangular or
barrel-shaped, subglobose cells (rectangular cells
1- or 2 at a place whereas the latter types of
cells may be several in a row); many thorn-like,
irregular and crooked, downward-projecting branches
developing from the middle or upper part of the main
axis; branches tapering to a blunt tip and rarely
secondary branches are setiferous; quadrangular-
globose intercalary sporangial cells may appear in
the short lateral branches or in main axis; cells
of the main axis and primary branches cylindrical,

with very little or no constriction, except the

-351-

barrel-shaped cells, 15-23.5 p (rarely up to BO/u)

in diameter, 2-8 times as long as broad; cell

wall considerably thick, 4.5-7/u on each side; cells
of secondary branches short, rectangular or cylindri-
cal, rarely somewhat inflated.

This species was reported only from Wisconsin
by Prescott (1944, 1951). Several collections from
the same area made by Prescott have been studied by
me and all the figures are drawn from these collec-
tions. As the author of this species points out
that the irregular and crooked branches are quite
characteristic of this species but they may not be
specific. These crooked branches at first seems to
be some growth-forms due to unfavorable environ-
mental conditions, but in the collections, besides
these crooked branches, numerous well-developed
filaments can be found where the branching habit is
quite 'normal' and does not seem to agree with any
other species. In general appearance of the long
and short cells of the main axis and thick wall it
looks very similar to Stig. udiusculum but there is
no fascicled branches nor long hairs. The downward
projecting branches seem to be quite well-developed

and may suggest a general tendency which might be

-352-

peculiar to this species. It does bear little re-
semblance to Stig. lubricum by its globular cells
in the main axis but differs from the latter species
by its alternating branches and long, cylindrical

cells.

Stigeoclonium pachydermum Pres. var. pachydermum

 

P1. 11, Fig. 1‘5; P10 12, F158. 1"}; P10 14, Fig.

4; P1. 31, Figs. 4-5; Text Figs. 87-88.

Cells of the erect filaments mostly cylindrical
from below, little or not inflated except few barrel-
shaped cells above; branches regularly or irregularly
develOped, mostly from short cells, may be downward,
crooked, or at right angles to the filament; branch
tips bluntly pointed, not setiferous, cells of main
axis 15-23.5/u in diameter, 2-8 times so long, cell

wall up to 4.5 p thick.

Lectotypes: G. W. Prescott Col. No. EW-Sl,
2W—55, Wisconsin, Vilas 00., High Lake, on aquatic

plants in shallow water, June 22, 1937 (Pres.)

Stigeoclonium pachydermum Pres. var. Yhitfordii var.
nov.

 

Pl. 1}, Figs. 1-6

Erect filaments straight, stout with profuse
basal rhizoids, lower cells of the main axis either
cylindrical or barrel-shaped, predominantly alternate
or unilateral branching from rectangular or subglobose
or barrel-shaped cells; primary branches similar to
the main filaments; cells of the main axis cylin-
drical, slightly undulating, and slightly inflated;
secondary branches less abundant, branch tips bluntly
tapering, not setiferous; no crooked or downward
projectin§.branches present; cells of main axis
often reaching 301p in diameter, 2-3 (-6) times as
long, in branches may be longer; cell wall up to 7)1

thick.

m? ‘ \A t . J. in W ‘V V
irue specimen: L. a. qublOPQ Col. no. ha-a,

 

Yorth Carolina: edge of run, he Neil Pond, Hoke

 

Co. Ear. 2, 1959 (mixed with other Sti”. sp.)
(Yhit.). Other Specimens studied: Torth Caroline:
L. A. Yhitford Col. No. 972, Wake Co. Rocky Cr.,
Shallow rapids, April 25, 1&50; L. A. Vhitford Col.

:70. Zia-93, ITacon Co., brool: on Bull Pen Cr., nigh-

lands, I-Iarch 27, 1939 ('.'.'hit.).

 

 

Also the Specimen bearing the label Stig. irre~ulare
Kr. Ex. Herb. G. Thuret, 4 Mai, 135 . Donne par

‘7

é'-r. O

[1]

. Bornet, 4/91 (K). (see P1. 11, Figs. 4—5) may

be assigned to this species and variety.

Sticeoclonium pachydermum Pres. var. Prescottii var. nov.

*4

Pl. 14, Figs. 1-3

Erect filaments straifiht, simple, branching mostly
alternate, cells of main axis cylindrical below, 15-23,fl

in diameter (mostly 15.6-16/p), 3-4 times as

long, barrel-shaped above, as long as broad;
secondary branches more or less whip-like above,
with broad base and sharply pointed or setiferous
tips, the whole branch may be curved upward or bent
downward; intercalary cells usually barrel-shaped

near the base, producing swarmers.

Type- Leg. Dr. G. W. Prescott, Col. No. Br.

.9

Alaska: Point Barrow, Aug. 1959; other spec;-
mens: Leg. G. W. Prescott Hos. Br. 69, Br. 71, Br.
73, Alaska: Point Barrow. Aug. 1959.

This plant was collected from under the ice

5.:

ca, 19 9. Due to its

U1

durilg late summer in Alas

d"

cell shape and ra chins habit i has been put under

Stia. pachydermum Pres. as a variety. The group of

 

 

barrel—shaped cells near the base seem to be sporan-
gia and superficially resemble Stis. nudiusculum

var. tomentosum Schmidle. Whether sterile and

 

fertile parts of the filaments are separated l k
this is true or not shall have to be ascertained by

more collections or cultural studies.

Chapter III

The genus Cloniophora Tiffany

NTR DUCTIOH

The genus Clonionhora was first established by
Tiffany (1936) with two species, Cloniophora willei
Tiffany and Cloniophora capitellata Tiffany, as a
result of his investigations of N. Wille‘s (1914-
1915) algal collections from Puerto Rico. Since that
publication the genus has been reported from few
other places. Thus, Bourrelly (1952) reported it
from Guadeloupe Island. In that paper Bourrelly
transferred certain species of Stigeoclonium to

Clonionhora and prOposed two new combinations, such

 

as, l) Clonionhora plumosa (Kuetz.) Bourrelly, which

included Stig. plumosum Kg., Stir. soicatum Schmidle,

Stig. Askenaysi Schmidle, Clon. willei Tif. and

 

Glon. capitellata Tif.; and 2) Clonioghora macro-
cladia (Nordstedt), Bourrelbg which included only
Stig. lacrocladium (Hordstedt) Schmidle.

Later on Bourrelly (1954) gave the geographical
distributions of the above preposed Cloniqphora
plumosa from Guadeloupe Island to Guyane, Java,

Sumatra, Australia, Sandwich Island (Hawaii), Puerto

 

- 357 ‘

Rico and New Caledonia, mainly based on the reports
of above-mentioned Stigeoclonium and Cloniophora
species. Besides this, fine. Gayral (1954) from
Haroc, Africa, as well as Hirose and Takashima
(1955) from several places in Japan, reported
Cloniophora with the above;mentioned proposed spe-
cies Clqpionhora plumosa (Xg.) Bourrelly. Recently,
Whitford (1960a) reported that the genus Cloniophora
is quite common in Peruvian rivers in the Amazon
watershed.

During my recent investigations of the genus

Stigeoclonium I came across many herbaria and pre-

 

served specimens of the above-mentioned species of
both the genera, as well as many unidentified Speci-
mens, and thus, it was possible to set aside these
materials to make a critical study of them. Here,
in this section, a general review of the genus

Cloniophora and results of my critical studies are

 

given with a view to clarify the systematic positions

1"“

of several species belonging to Stifieocloniim,

Clonionhora and Draparnaldia.

 

International rules of Botanical Nomenclature,
1956 have been followed in making new combinations

and varieties.

- 353 -

The names of herbaria which provided us with
many specimens have been mentioned already under
the section Stijeoclonium. The abbreviated names of
herbaria will be mentioned below in parenthesis after
each specimens studied. The abbreviations of herba-
rium names proposed by Lanjouw and Stafleu (1956)
are followed.

Besides these herbaria specimens, several in-
dividual workers kindly have supplied me with their
recent collections of preserved materials. They
are: Dr. G. W. Prescott, collected from Ecuador,

Feb. 1958; Dr. I. Hirano, collected and sent from
Japan, Feb. 1960; Dr. Ahiyama, also collected and
sent from Japan, March 1950, Mr. D. C. Jackson,
collected and sent from Puerto Rico, June, 1960; Kme.
Gauthier-Lievre from Alger University, Algeria, kindly
sent us many of her beautiful pencil drawings, some
of which represent Clonigphora Species. Recently,

Dr. Nhitford has sent me some Peruvian collections

of Clonioohora from North Carolina. I am extremely

 

grateful to all of them for their generous COOperations.
Further distributions of this genus CloniOQhora

in addition to those given by Bourrelly (l.c.) are

mentioned later in this section under each species (also

see Hap l).

- 359 -
SYSTEKATIC DISoJSSION

The plants referred to the new genus CloniOphora
by Tiffany in 1936 who placed it between Stiqeo-

clonium and Draparnaldia, were not altogether un-

 

known and undescribed. Kuetzing's descriptions of
Stig. plumosum Kr. (1849, p.356) based on type speci-
mens Le Prieur No. 829 from Cayanne, are almost the
same as given by Tiffany for CloniOphora. This is
supported here by the study of the Type specimens.
Nordstedt (1878, p.22) had reported a similar plant
as Draparnaldia macrocladia Kordst. from Honolulu
which Schmidle later (1900) transferred to Stiseo-
clonium as iiifi' macrocladium (Hordst.) Schmidle.
Schmidle (1395, 1996) also added two new species to

Stigeoclonium, viz., Stim. spicatum from Sumatra and

 

Stig. Askenaysi from Australia. Nayal (1935)

 

 

further added one new variety, "tie. macrocladium
var. quptiacae Eeyal from Egypt. All these Stiqeo-
clonium species are similar in habit to those of

Cloniophora species.

 

It seems, however, that the systematic positions
of these characteristic plants were not clear for a
long time, especially, since Kuetzing's time, and

authors from time to time were confused as to whether

I
K d
U\
Q
I

these plants should be placed under Draparnaldia or
Stisegglgniuu. Schmidle (1900) was the first who
noticed that Nordstedt's Draparnaldia macrocladia

was not a typical Draparnaldia and therefore, trans-

 

ferred it to Stigeoclonium. In the same paper (p.

 

152) Schmidle brought to our attention that the four
species of Stijeoclonium, viz., gtis. macrocladium,
3ti3. nudiusculum var. tomentosum, Stis. spicatum,

and §2$2° Askenaysi, all form a rather different group
from the rest of Stigeoclonium species, because in

all these forms the main axis is too wide with very
narrow and short branches, all have median chloro-

plasts (like Draparnaldia) and all have well-deveIOped

 

rhizoids at the base. He also expressed his doubt
whether some other species could be placed in this
group. Nildemann in the same year (1900, p.62) also
questioned the validity of the "poorly defined" spe-

cies Stig. spicatum and doubted whether this species

 

should be assigned to Stigeoclonium. Although neither
of these two authors established a new genus nor
transferred these species of questionable systematic
positions to any other genus, it is necessary to

give them credit, because they recosnized and pointed

out the characteristic habits of this plant-group,

 

 

- 3.51 -

and illustrated them well. Unfortunately, Tiffany
(l.c.) who dealt with exactly similar kinds of
plants, has failed to refer to any one of the stud-
ies by Kuetzing, Nordstedt, Schmidle, Wildemann

and Nayal. On the other hand, Tiffany did suggest
that this genus Cloniophora should be compared with

'

Ireksokonia Heyer (1927), and lyxonemopsis Meyer

 

(1930), both of which, according to him, appear to
be quite near Stigeoclonium. But, there is doubt
whether those two genera are clearly chaetophoraceous
because of their reticulate chromatOphores, thick
laminated cell—wall and very large size, which
suggest certain cladophoraceous characters.

Bourrelly (1952) however, was the first to re-
cognize that all the four species of Stigeoclonium,
namely, fitig. plumosum, EEES' macrocladium, §£$S°
spicatum and gtig. Askenaysi, should be placed under
Cloniophora, although with his prOposed combinations
one may not agree completely.

Even now there still exists confusion and differ-
ence of opinion in respect to the systematic posi-
tions of these species-groups. Forest (1956) still
recognizes, although "with reluctance" the "most

consistently Stigeoclonium-like" Draparnaldia

-362-

macrocladia and considers that Draparnaldia nudius-
cula is a juvenile Draparnaldia. He further refers

Tilden's Amer. Algae Exs. No. 460. Stir. nudiusculum

 

from Hawaii to Draparnaldia macrocladia. This
latter specimen as well as Tilden's Am. Alg. Exs.
Ho. 459:‘§£ig. amoenum var. novizelandicum Nordst.
have been studied by me and both are considered here

as a species of Cloniophora (i.e. Clon. macrocladia).

 

There are several herbaria specimens bearing
certain names which also confuse the systematics of
those plants. Thus, for instance, G. W. Fergusson's
Col. Nos. 360 and 387 bear the label Draparnaldia
uniformis Kg. var. ? from Ceylon which are consider-
ed here as Cloniophora species. Similarly, some other
herbaria specimens bearing the names, such as, §£i3.
lubricum (Dillw.) Kg., Drouet Col. Nos. 9800, 9803,
9823, 9824 from Mississippi (Chicago Herb.); §£l3°
amoenum Kg. forma, Leg. R. Junger, from Africa (under
Wittrock and Nordstedt Exs.); others bearing the
label as §§ig. with an epithet polakowskyi n.sp. Grun.
and §tig. with an epithet neocaledonicum Grun. sp.n.
and so on. All these have been placed under preper
species of Cloniophora (see notes under specimens

studied). The latter two as new species of

- 363 -

Stigeoclonium could not be found in any literature
by me but only on the herbarium sheets (both from
Vindob Herb. Mien.) and thus according to Int.
Rules of Bot. Nom. these names are considered in-
valid. It is doubtful whether §§égh_nudiusculum

var. tomentosum should be assigned to Cloniophora

 

because of its long, colorless hair which is totally
lacking in the latter genus.

From a comparative study of a large number of
Stigeoclonium specimens and from our knowledge of
Draparnaldia species it appears to me that the genus
Cloniophora Tiffany stands quite unique among other
chaetOphoraceous plants and although it shows many
transitions from Stigeoclonium to Draparnaldia and
possesses certain common characters of both, yet it
differs from either of them in certain other characters
which it maintains quite uniformly and fairly con-
stantly over a wide geographic range. Thus the
specimens from Ecuador, Peru, Puerto Rico and several
places from Japan for example, are quite identical and
it is difficult to state which one is from which place
if there were no labels attached to them.

Tiffany (1.0. p. 174) pointed out that the chloro-

plast structure, attachment by means of profuse

rhizoidal growth from lower parts of the plants,
absence of prostrate system, many pyrenoids and many

short lateral branches of Cloniophora (same des-

 

criptions as given by Schmidle, 1896, 1900 for his
new species of Stijeoclonium) are all like Drapar-
naldia and the forms and origin of secondary branches
are often similar to Stigeoclonium; only difference
from either genus, he mentions, is the nonseti-
ferous terminal cells of the branchlets (a point

also stressed by Kuetzing, 1349, for gtig. plumosum

K3.; by Tordstedt (1878) for Drap. macrocladia

 

Nord.; by Schmidle (1395, 1896) for §£_5. snicatum
and itig. Askenaysi Schm., always there was a con-
sistent absence of hairs). The absence of prostrate
part, presence of rhizoids, hairless branch tips etc.
however, may be found in certain species of Stiveo-
clonium and Draparnaldia. In spite of all these
similarities, the differences are striking. Here,

in Cloniophora, however, the main axis which is

mostly like Draparnaldis, the branching habit, on the

 

whole, does not resemble it, nor Stigeoclonium. The
cell-shape, the difference in diameter between main
axis and secondary branches and most important, the

arrangement of the latter on the main axis or on

1’

- 3,35 .-
primary branches are characteristics for this genus.
the main axis consistently bears two type of brtn hes;
l) lone, meny- ~celled branches of in de fir ite growth,
stra i 3ht, rebrsnched or unbranched, slightly narrower
than main axis and bearing secondary, short branches;
usually producing the zoospores or gametes; these are
regarded here as pritzrj branches; 2) short, one
to few-celled long, very narrow branches of definite
growth; may be curved or erect, mostly unbranched ,
irrerxlerl; scattered on main axis and primary
branches. These are called here secondary branches.
The orifiin of these almost thorn-like secondary
branches or of primary branches is definitely not

like itigeocloniun. In i “OClQPLJW tne origin of

 

 

branches by lateral divisions or by evection of the

cells are clear, but in Clonioph011 these are not

 

-- V
.ese small brancnes

(*9-
’3‘

evident. It seems to one as if
are foreign epiphytic growths occurring irregularly
on the filaments without any definite order. The
cell-shape in this genus is also characteristic;
capitellate, infundibulliform, tumid or almost
cylindrical or club-shaped. All those types of cell

shapes may be found in the same collection. In

certain species of Stiqeocloniun, for example,

U)
C*
k-)-

'1
O

 

1 7’;
subulirerun n;

. irregularly scattered branches are

 

found but these are usually setiferous, and cells are
of same size as main axis and moreover, the cells

of the main axis produce zoospores or gametes.

IFTERGEXERIC RELATIOXSHIPS

 

Below is presented a key to separate from each
other the closely related genera of the family

ChaetOphoraceae, namely, Stigeoclonium, Cloniophora,

 

 

and Draparnaldia. This key may be regarded as tenta-
tive until such time as the discovery of additional
species or more critical examination of presently
known forms may introduce a reconsideration.

I. a). Plants with less difference between main
axis and branches; in many species branches arise
from modified cells and differently shaped from
others in the main axis; where this difference is
not sharp, all the cells of main axis and branches
look alike, branches are simple, mostly setiferous,
with hairs; usually prostrate and erect parts of
the thallus are present; zoospores and gametes pro-

duced mostly in the main axis but may come also

-367-

from the branches; intercalary and diffuse growth
present; vegetative cells mostly between 10-25’p
in diameter.

...... Stigeoclonium

I. b). Plants big” sized, with remarkable size
difference between main axis and branches; branches
setiferous or nonsetiferous and blunt; branches are
not deve10ped from any specialized cells (or cells
producing branches are not different from those not
producing branches); prostrate part always lacking;
basal cells of erect part producing profuse rhizoids;
zoospores and gametes always from lateral branches;

growth intercalary, diffuse or trichothallic.

______ 2

2. a). Plants with irregularly-arranged or
scattered short branches which are solitary, crowded
or loosely aggregate, not in true whorls or fascicles;
vegetative cells of main filament and branches capi-
tellate, inflated, tumid, infundibulliform, almost
cylindrical, with or without constriction; branch
tips not setiferous, hairs absent; apical cells of
branches conically rounded or blunt; vegetative
cells of main axis mostly between 20—50’u in diameter;

growth intercalary or diffuse. ------ CloniOphora

- 353 -

2. b). Plants with regularly organized short
branches in whorls or fascicles on the main axis or
primary branches; apical cells of branches seti-
ferous, with long colorless hair; vegetative cells
cylindric, barrel-shaped or tumid; growth usually
trichothallic; vegetative cells of main axis mostly

between 40-150 p in diameter. ----—-Dranarnaldia

Chaetophora differs from all these genera by the
fact that its filaments are radiate or divergent
from a center and usually enclosed, even at maturity,
within a cepious, firm mucilagenous matrix, and the
branches developed at the periphery than at the
central part of the colony and it shows intercalary
growth. Draparnaldiopsis has the same feature as
Draparnaldia, differing only in the presence of two
types of cells in the main axis, long and short, the
latter usually producing lateral branches (see how-
ever, Forest, 1956a) and by intercalary growth. In
the former respect Drapgrnaldionsis bears a resem-

blance to certain "advanced forms" of Stigeoclonium

 

(for example, Stig. amoenum Kuetz. 3t 3. nudiusculum

ff“.

n0. etc.). The illustrations given by Kuetzing for

Draparnaldia ornata and Drap. comosa (1353, Pl.16,

 

Figs. 2, 3) appear to be very similar to Cloniophora,

especially, the former species, Drap. ornata. But

 

in the absence of authentic material they are omitted

from this study.

gogioghom Tiffany, Brittonia, 2(2): 173. 1936

Thallus gelatinous, 5-15 cm. high, profusely
branched; branches of two types, 1013 of indefinite
growth, further branched or unbranched, usually pro-
ducing 2003pores or gametes, erect, straight, little
smaller in diameter than main axis; and short,
l-few-celled secondary branches, erect or curved,
irregularly scattered on main axis, and sometimes
dense, crowded, verticillate, or solitary, uniseriate,
all may be in same plant; plants attached to sub-.
stratum by profuse rhizoids from lower, narrow cells
of lain axis; cells of main axis and primary
branches above wider and longer, cylindrical, tumid,
capitellate or infundibulliform, club-shaped, or

swollen, inflated, not all of some length, but many

t‘t , .
l 32‘... ....

 

 

 

 

- 370 -

times wider than secondary branches, with or without
constriction between the cells; cells of secondary
branches small, rectangular, repand or inflated,
swollen, with or without constrictions; tips of
branches blunt, obtuse, round or flat conical;

hairs absent; chromatophore solitary with several
pyrenoids, in the main axis a broad median band or
zonate with laciniate margin (Draparnaldia type),

in small branches a parietal band with fewer pyrenoids
(Ulothrix type); gametes or zoospores (biflagellate
so far known) from cells of long or short lateral
branches, several per cell escaping through lateral
pore at one side of the characteristic protrusion

of the cell wall; sometimes, branches producing
swarmers become long, slender and coiled. The time
of swarmer-formation was found to be variable in
different collections. Thus, for example, the
swarmers were found in Ecuador Specimens collected in
Feb. 6, 1958 (Prescott Col. No. T—52); in Peruvian
specimens collected in last week of September and
early October, 1955; in Puerto Rican specimens
collected in June 20, 1960; in Mississippi specimens
collected in December 8, 1948.

The following key to separate the Species of

- 371 -

Clonithora is based on cell-shape, size, and

secondary branch arrangements.

Key to the species of Cloniophora:
l. a). Cells of main axis cylindrical, mostly
capitellate, with little or no constrictions, cell

diameter between 20-46;n.

l. b). Cells of main axis much inflated,
swollen, cell diameter between 30-604».
------ Cl. macrocladia (Nordst.)
Bourrelly
2. a). Cells of main axis mostly cylindrical,
slightly capitellate, with little or no constriction
at partition wall; mostly 20-25/u (rarely up to 32
)1) in diameter, 2-7 times as long (mostly 3-5 times);
secondary branches verticillate.
------ Cl. plumosa Kg.) comb.nov.
2. b). Cells of main axis mostly tumid, strongly
capitellate, slightly constricted, diameter mostly
between 30-40’p, fi-E-B times as long; secondary
branches form tufts at the end of lateral branches.

‘““"2l° spicatum (Schmidle) comb. nov.

CloniQphora plunosa (K3.) Bourrelly
Pl. 35, Fig. 1; P1. 36, F1 3. 7-8; P1. 39, Figs. 7-8
Bourrelly, Alg. d'douce de la Guadel., p. 203; P1. 26,
f. 430, 1952.

:77. 13490 Speco 11:11:“ 33° 35

s.)

T81). Pit/1:270. 3:11.11, £02; De {20111, 3:;11. ‘41:. I: 203,

1889.

Thallus 2-5 cm. in length; main axis slender,
profusely branches; cells of main axis cylindrical,
slightly capitellate, with little or no constriction,
20-25 p (rarely up to 32’») in diameter, 2-4-7 times
as long (mostly 3-5 times); short secondary branches
sparsely scattered below, dense above, becoming
verticillate or subfasciculate; apical cells of
branches obtuse, conical or slightly cylindrical,
longer than lower cells but without any hair forma-
tions; rhizoids present; zoospores from lateral
branches.

Holotype: same as Stig, plumosum Kg. Type, Cayenne,

Ex. Herb. Kuetzing Ho. 24 (L).

D

 

 

 

- 373 -

This species differs from Clon. spicata and

Clon. macrocladia by its slender, narrower filaments

 

 

which never attain the dimensions of the latter two
species. The cells of thallus are more cylindrical
and relatively longer and the cell walls are some-
what irregularly thickened below; above less thin
and slimy. Xeasurements as given by Kuetzing are
much less than we found in the Tvpe and other speci-
mens. His illustration (1853, pl. 11, f.2) is not
satisfactory.

Bourrelly (1952) made a new combination under

this name and included Sti:. plunosun, Stir. spicatun,

 

Stig. Askenaysi, Clonionhora willei and Clon.

 

 

 

capitellata but these latter four species are com-
paratively larger in size, i.e. cells are wider

and shorter but in §2i3. plumosum cells are longer
and narrower; moreover, in the former group of
species secondary branches form a tufted cattail-lihe
appearance on the lateral branches but do not form

distinct verticillate, node-like appearance 1 he the
latter species and for this reason it has been
separated from the above four species and made a new

combination Clonionhora plumose (Kg.) comb. nov.

-374_

Specimens studied:

SOUTH AKERICA
Cayenne: Etig. plumosum Kg. TYPE (L); Le Prieur
No. 829, Herb. de G. Hontagne (PC).
Ceylon: Colombo, mouth of Kelany River, Leg. W.
Ferguson, No. 360, 387, as Draparnaldia uniformis Kg.
var. ? (L.‘.'.T.);

NORTH AIEQICA

 

Hawaii: Oahu Island, in Nuuanu, Leg. A. A. Heller,

CloniOphora macrocladia (Yordstedt) Bounxily.

Draparnaldia macrocladia Nordstedt, 1878, in Kinesskr.
Fys. Sallsh, Lund. 7: 22-23, t.II, f.20-2l; De Toni,
Syll. Alg. 1:193, 1889; Forest, in Castanea, 21(1):
14, 1956.

Stigeoclonium macrocladiun (Nordst.) Schmidle, in
Hedwigia, 39:162-165, 1900.

Stigeocloniun amoenum var. novizelandicum Eord. 3.3.

 

 

Tilden Am. Alg. Exs. No. 459.

Stigeoclonium nudiusculum Kuetz. J.E. Tilden Am.

Alg. Exs. No. 460.

Thallus 3-5(-15) cms. long; main axis profusely
branched from below; primary branches almost of
equal size like main axis and bearing many short,
few-celled branches, irregularly scattered, some-
times these secondary branches crowded on the main
axis or primary branches, but they are solitary
and do not give a fasciculate or verticillate appear-
ance; produce zoospores or gametes; rhizoids well-
deveIOped from stout basal cells, slightly cylindri-
cal, but cells of main axis mostly short, swollen,
barrel-shaped, inflated or club-shaped, constricted
at the partition wall; short and long cells may be
present in the same plant, 25-50-60‘p in diameter,
%-2(-3) times as long; cells of short branches
6-lO(-14)’p in diameter, 1-2 times as long, mostly
inflated, or club-shaped, constricted; blunt or
round tips; hairs absent.

Type locality: Honolulu, Oahu (type specimens

not seen)

-376-

This species which was originally described as
Draparnaldia macrocladia by Nordstedt is quite re-
markable, although showing polymorphism, sometimes
shows characters of Cloniophora spicata (Schm.)
comb. nov. by having a little longer cells and
occasionally crowded branches appear as tufts like
the latter species. It however, differs from other
species by the characteristic cell-shape, mostly
inflated, swollen or barrel-shaped and by deep con-
strictions. Secondary branches are mostly solitary
and sparsely scattered. Eourrelly (1952) mentions
that rhizoids in this species are less profuse
which I found not to be true. The rhizoidal base
is quite well-developed and more or less the same as
that in other species.

There are several collections (see below) from
geographically isolated areas, mostly from Pacific
Islands, showing a remarkable transition between

this species and Clon. spicatum-group and thus

 

difficult to place under any species. Occasionally,
the basal part looks like typical Clon. macrocladia
when the upper parts appear as £132. soicatum;
sometimes, the reverse is also true. An extreme

condition like this has been found in several

-377-

collections from -iss‘ssippi, U.S.A. whica nave

been regarded as a ne w var riety of this speCies.

CloniOpl ore macroclsci ( ordst. ) Bourrellr var mvcro-
cladia

*0
H
O
- J
K, 1
V
hJ
Po
0
P)
*d
H
O
\N
L \
V
H.

Drarsrnsldia macroel’d i“ wordstelt, 1373, 100. cit.

 

3t.i eocloriwv mocroclsdium (Iordstest) Schm. loc.

 

cit; Prescott, in Trans. Am. Kicros. Soc. LKK(1):

16-17. 1951.

Egypt University full. Fac. Sc. 13: l-lE; in Rev.

\ fi —! —v —y
u1~ m0 a11_~ a IQUO
‘-IU\. \a O _/ J J ’ ,’ _,' _/ .

H

N ..\ ‘r\ ya Tr”, .5 ” ‘W L ,_.: ‘, Q
.. hoe n._,. i01~m:‘:.,t.oru.spe:1t, “lot, l‘Ot, 14.97

“a...“

?t

}.)o

 

p. 132.

Thallus same as lescrioed for tne Species; cells
are mostly inflated, swollen or otrrel—“ntneu, mostly
35-50 (—60)lp in di3.:1eter, 1-2 times 8 91011:;
secondary branches very short, G—lO’u (~14-u) in

diameter, partition wa.ll deeply constricted.

anral's (1954, p.212, f.43) Clon. plumoca (7~.) Bour.

 

should belong to this variety of Glen. necroclodia

(lfo rdst. ) Sour.

- 378 -

Specimens studied:

NORTH AXERICA

 

Hawaii: In swiftly flowing waters, attached to sides
of irrigation troughs, Peninsula, Pearl City, Oahu;

? - v v f .o 1+ w
J. 4.4. Tilden All]. A130 LXSO h0- 430, flu -. U1 0
nudiusculum Kg. 6 Je, 1900 (K.N‘. C.’S.IA);

Kaliawaa, Xakao, Koolauloa, J. E. Tilden Am. Alg.

Exs. No. 459, as Stig. amoenum var. novizelandicum,

 

Je, 1900, (K.US.NY.PC.F.IA.) This specimens No. 459
are not the same in all collections from different

herbaria).

 

YY

Panama Canal Zone: nalooa, Col. G. a. Prescott,

\J‘J

No. CZ.lll-l, 19-7 (as Stig. macrocladium (Kord.)

 

Schm. (Pres.). Costa Rica: Flora Costaricensis.
Lef. Dr. H. Polakowsky, Juli 1875 (Col. Grunow No.

11714 in Vindob Herb. Vien (W), as Stigeoclonium

 

with an epithet Polghowshyi Grun. n. Sp.).

 

Guadeloupe Island: Basse terre: Casses andessus.

alt. 160 m. 1890 ? (as 191. Stig. plumosum Kg. ?)

(K).

Cameruniae ad Bibundi: Wittrock, flordstedt and

Lagerheim Alg. Exs. Leg. dr. R. Jungner Ho. 1426

 

¢r

(as Sti". amoenum i3. forma) )1/189 1 (I.K.3.); Lac
de-r Usnfora, Saute-Volta: Col. Hme. Gauthier-Lievre
(AL).

ASIA

 

’

Ialoy_lrchipelafo: Java: in rivulo ad Plaboehan:
Wittrock Kordstedt and Lagerheim, Exs. 1427 (as

Stir. amoenum Kg. forma) Leg. dr. Hj. Holler 25/7/1397
(.I.K.tr.); Isle of Scleyer: Communicata ex Lugduno-
Batavo (as Stig. Astana syi Schm.), Leg. A. A. Heber-

van Bosse. Jan. 1339 (F).

Clonioghora macrocladia var. mississipoiensis var.nov.

 

—' — .1 N /
Pl. ;‘7, -188 0 1'3; Pl. :9, F1 )8. 5-0

Thallus well-developed; cells of main axis up
to 45,” in diameter, 2-3 (-3§) times as long; rhiz-
oidal growth profuse; lower cells of main axis
short, inflated but above more club-s haped and
eloxgated, less inflated; lateral branches similarly
shaped; less constriction at the partition wall

than in the typical, especially in the upper part of

 

 

-330-

the thallus; zoospores from lateral branches; tip
truncate, or rounded.

Type: Fr. Drouet Col. No. 9308, Dec. 8, 1948,
as Stigeoclonium lubricum (Dillw.) Kg. (F);
Locality: Mississippi: Hancock Co.: In springy
spots on the sea wall near high-tide mark on the
shore of Miss. River Sound between Bay St. Louis and
Waveland (F).

This variety shows the intermediate characters,
especially in cell shape and arrangement between
CloniOphora macrocladia var. macrocladia and Clonio-
phora spicata (Schm.) comb. nov., and may be regarded

as a geosraphical variety.

Other specimens studied: Mississippi: Hancock 00.:
above high mark in seepage on the sea wall shore of
Mississippi and on concrete in a freshwater drain
entering Miss. Sound, between Bay St. Louis and
Waveland. 001. Fr. Drouet. Nos. 9800, 9823, 9824,

Dec. 8, 1948 (F).

 

 

_ ’
__ w—v-i:-i.’ .: - l . _

h '2?" 7"“
3:].- J»’, El

34: 29'-295; ”ilasaonn, 1900, in Les Algues de Flore

‘

de B titan: or: Java, Leis e, o. 61, Pl. 3, f.1-6.

flA/

Stigpocloniuu Askeieyfii Schiiidle, ago, in Flora,

 

Glen oohora willei Tiffany in Erittonia, 2(8): 173,

 

Cloniophora ceri tellhta iiffany, in Erittonia, 2(2):

 

, a
a L'

Thfillns 2—5(-lC) ems. long, profus el ranched;
wall-levlepea rhisoids from narrow elon'ated -nsal
cells; primary brcnching dichotonous type; cells
of me n axis and primary branches mostly eioitell

or tum'd, rarely nerr-cylindrical with slight con-
strictions at the partition wall, mostly the cell
walls are depressed on both siies L3”“ the middle of

the cell, 22-48 M (mostly 30-40,u) in diameter, %-3

times as long; cells of secondary branches may be

 

 

 

fi/

 

-332-

capitellate, rectangular, or inflated and con-
stricted, those producing zoospores are somewhat
swollen at the middle or may be repand; secondary
branches short, solitary, uniseriate, opposite or
crowded on main axis and primary branches, usually
forming fasciclesor tufts at the end of the lateral
branches; zoospores many in each cell.

There is practically no difference among the
four species, gtig. snicatum, Stig. Askenaysi, Clon.
willei, Clon. capitellata in respect to the cell-
shape, size and branching habits. Schmidle (1896)
differentiates Stig. Askenaysi from §tlg. snicatum
by: 1) its long and short cells in the main axis
(Text Figs. 115, 115), well-develOped basal part
With regular, almost rectangular cells and 2) plants
covered with lime substances. Wildemann (1900)
however, showed well—develOped basal part in §§$3°
spicatum, collected from Java. Tiffany (l.c.) has
also separated his two species mainly on the cell
size and shape. This was not found to be constant
in those two species, seen in the isotypes, rather
in the same plant there is a great range in size as
well as in shapes of cells. The long-celled and

short-celled condition as mentioned by Tiffany was

KM
I

l
\J!

also stressed by Schmidle for his Stig. Askenaysi

 

 

and now we think that this character is not suffi-
cient for species separation; it seems to be the

common feature for the whole genus ClonioDhora under

 

which the above Stigeocloniun species are placed.
Schmidle (1900) possibly, was the first to

point out the similarities between Drsnarnaldia

 

a. o 9 w r4 a
".’l“'n~"‘l‘j."7""I'7" “4.1 , -,I‘.- (_‘_-1...]... '17} 'J’!" A‘—. .,.,'.-.1

.A- , - '4 ;AL'. V'.,'.. O 4'. ,- ' .' -J_.')—L,

 

 

 

because, all these Species have similar wider main
axis with very narrow, short branches about 8 u
diameter, all have a median chloroplast and well-

developed rhizoids at the base. But Drapa Laldia

 

‘

macrocladia, however, has inflated cells of CO“—

 

 

 

sider file dinenfiions, and both Sti . 9610 ten and
itié. {shunfiysi have rectangular cells, mostly smaller

 

 

cells in lsgth in the former species and somewhat
longer cells, narrow down below in the latter Species.
It is, not always true, however, as has been
mentioned before. So, the separation of these

two latter species was not justified and therefore,

it is reasonable to place them along with two

apecies of Cloniophora which exhibit the same charact-
ers of cell-shape, size and branching habit. 'gtig.

nlumoeuu Kg. cannot be combined with this group because

 

-334-

of its different type of branching habit, mostly

cylindrical and narrow cells and their size. Thus,
we may summarize the differences of the above two spe-

cies as follow : Clonionhora spicata (Schm.) conb.

 

nov. dificrs frog Glen. plumose (:;.) ?surrolly hy

itr l) chat-.rcfzcteristic tufts at the end of the

branches; 2) wider and shorter cells, the lrtter
capitellate, mostly tumid; 3) short second‘ry nrsnches;
4) lack of verticillatc or cylic arran;enent oi Lecoq—

1- , ‘ ‘. '!
UZ‘I‘flCJCS ”"1CL

K “3— .-

3 v ‘ w _ o '0
(iargr 011 tare uriirl a}: 3

Urinary branches,

7‘12”.-.

‘~‘,‘\rv'“.
‘J-'

forming a node-like , on the

au3earwnce.

.L

other hand, shows consistently 1) much longer and cylin-

drical cells, narrower than any other species; 2)

secondary branches short and sparse below, but above
quite long and slender with verticillate or cyclic arrange-

ment; 3) cell wall usually thinner than other species;

1

4) usually less tufted brancn apex.

Hirose and Takashima's Clon. plumosa (I;.) Bear.

233“237: f.l-E) Should belong to this species.

(1955. p.

:u

as-v-av-fiIflfi
.1._ 11:1. Uri

 

Ecuador:
on stones.
(Pres.);

I
$2:

Peru

Sta’B,

near Rio Toachi in water fall of small stream,

Col. Dr. G. '21. Prescott No. T-52, Feb. 6, 1958

Cave de Paves; Catherwood Survey

Fast water, Col. R. Patrick

 

-335-

No. (3) 6/21, Oct. 1, 1955; Tulumayo_3izg§, Sta-l,
on rocks in shallow water, Col. Hohn, No. (1)0/21,
Sept. 24, 1955; in riffle, lower end of island,
Col. Hohn, No. (1)c/17; Sept. 24, 1955; on bank,
in debris, Col. Hohn, No. (1)0/42, Sept. 24, 1955;
attached to rocks, Col. Hohn, No. (1)0/7, Sept. 24,
1955; Amazon River, Sta-5, on log, center of river,
Col. Hohn, No. (5) 6/41, Sept. 13, 1955 (whit.PH.Is.)

CENTRAL AMVRICA
Puerto Rico: Karicao: Auf steinen im Bache auf
Wege Nordlich von Haricao, Leg. N. Wills, Col. Nos.
1239a, 1237 (Isotypes of Clon. capitellata Tiffany),
Feb. 20, 1915; also same by N. L. Britton, Feb. 22,
1915 (These specimens are labeled as Stigeoclonium
lubricum (Dillw.) K3. by Fr. Drouet in NY.F.);
Sedreto de los Pampanos, near Ponce, in shallow river
at the time of collection, Leg. D. C. Jackson, Col.
Nos. 1 and 2, June 20, 1960 (Jack.Is.).

NORTH AXERICA
Florida: Marion Co.: on leaves of larger water
plants, west shore of Orange Lake. Col. Fr. Drouet,
M. A. Bannon and D. McKay, No. 11055, Jan. 19, 1949
(F); Canada: New Brunswick, in Falls brook, Grand
Falls, Plantae Acadienses, Col. H. Habeeb Ho. llOlSa.

Jan. 14, 1949 (as Stig. lubricum) (F);

- 386 -

Jamaica: as unidentified specimen No. 366 without
date and collection data; presented to the N.Y.
Bot. Gardens by M. L. Britton, 1922, Col. Humply
?; most probably the place is near bew York,
either Jamaica 89 y or Jamaica Plain near Boston,
Mass. (NY).
""DCPs
Boehmen: Slichov nachst Pra g, Leg. A. Hansgirg,
April 13, 1382 (F).
The above three specimens from Florida, Canada
and Boehmen are doubtfully added to this Species here.
aggg
West Sumatra: tussen Matoea en Fort de Koch, Leg.
A. Weber-van Bosse, No. 686 (as Stigeoclonium Sp.),
1883 (L); .Jaga: Tjibodas, Leg. A. Weber-van Bosse,
No. 737 (as Stigeoclonium sp.), 133 3 (L); ‘ggpgg:
Hemada, Slimane: Col. M. Akiyama, No. 17, Aug. 1959;

Natsu, Shimane, Col. H. Akiyama, No. 13, July 1958

u)

and No. 22, Sept. 1959; Hinomi ski, Shimane: C01.

| "

I.‘

. Akiyama, No. 23, June, 1959; Yukomanbetsu,
Hokkaido, Col. H. Akiyama, No. 25, Aug. 1956 (all
from Dr. Akiyama); Wakayama-prefecture, Ogawaguchi,
in river Kitayamagawa, Col. H. Hirano, Feb. 1960

(from Dr. M. Hirano).

—3c7-

AUSTRALIA
On stones in Reynolds Creek, Queensland, Col. A. B.
Cribb, No. 21.1 (as Stig. Askenasyi Schm.), July
30, 1949 (F.EICH.)

NEW CALEDONIA
Thio, im Flusse, Leg. A. Grunow, Col. No. 11712 and
11713 (as Stigeoclonium with an epithet Heocaledonicum

Grunow), Sept. 11, 1834 (N).

 

From the specimen lists given under each species
and those found in the literatures we can summarize
the general distribution-pattern of this genus
Clonigphora Tiffany. Although collected from few
places, still the genus sh we a world-wide distribu-
tion. It may be noticed in the lists above that al-
most all the CloniQphora specimens have been collected
from cool, running freshwater habitats as attached

forms; but, interestingly, the ands (or areas) are

Iostly, they were

not far away from the sea coasts.
found in small islands surrounded by seas in almost

Greatest concentrations may be mentioned

all sides.
Japan and

in the islands of Hawaii, Central America,
Ialay Archipelago extending up to the eastern coasts
It seems that

of Australia including Kew Caledonia.

on the continents this genus is restricted in its
For

1
(

istribution mostly to the coastal areas.
example, we may state that the genus is well—distri-

buted throughout northern border of Africa from Naroc
well as

r)

to Cairo along the Hediterranean coasts as
eastern coast of forth Anerica from Hari—
Jew Brunswick) to a and in the

C...
1..»
‘ 3
(D
'J
“S
0
q
H.
13
O
(D
"\
f l

Anerica from Ecuador to

outh

U1

northern parts of
genus

Cayenne. Yhether this distribution of the

long the coastal areas not far from the seas shows
aptation, or

k‘.

8 _

a general ecological-pattern of its ed

because not many collections have been made
can

simply
far away from the seas,

from main island waters,
not be stated with certainty until mole collections

from wider areas of the world are made.
species

 

At the moment it seems that Clonigphora
alt content of the water

prefer to grow where the
This

is probably higher than inland waters.

9 _

KN
( Q

contention is supported by the fact that in most
instances the places of collections are very near
the sea coasts, often within a range of 5-15 miles
(or less) and it is possible that in some instances
at least, habitats have been influenced by tidal sea

water. It may be also presumed that inland fresh-
water bodies in Haritime Provinces miy not be

directly connected with the sea, but may have a high

salt content as a result of the deposition of sea
water carried by the strong winds. One may consider,

however, the ’ollowing places of collections which

08.

P0

are very close to sea coasts:
Cayenne--extreme mid-north coast of S. Amer

1)

2) Indrapura (town)--near west coast of Sumatra.
3) Basse terre--S.West coast of Guadeloupe Island.
4) Haroc--Alger--Cairo--all bordering Hediter-

ranian sea in the Northern coast of Africa.
:) Honolula, Oahu--on the east coast of the

island in Pacific.
Balboa--near the mouth of Panama Canal Zone.

6)

7) Tericao--near Kayaguez on the west coast of
Puerto Rico, connected by river.

8) Costa Rica--both sides surrounded by Oceans.

9) Grand Falls--in flew Brunswick, Canada, a mari-

time province, connected by river and few miles

from the sea.

-390-

10) New Caledonia-—Little island, surrounded by
Pacific.
11) Queensland-—on eastern coast of Australia.
12) Mississippi Sound, near high tide mark,
Kiss. Hancock Co.--few miles from sea coast.
13) Japanese islands (including Hokkaido)--
surrounded by Pacific ocean.
l4) Colombo, Ceylon-~mouth of Kelayni River--
south—west coast on Indian Ocean.

15) Florida--both sides bordered by oceans.

Host of these places are more or less within the
subequatorial belt. Many collections were made in
the months of January and February showing zoo-
spores (also gametes ?) productions.

From the map of species distributions, (See Map 1)
it appears that probably the entire central American
islands including parts of North and South America
are dominantly represented by Clonigphora snicata;
so also the entire Japanese islands and Malay

Archipelago extending to New Caledonia are all re-
presented by the same species. In the latter islands
this species shows greater polymorphism, whether due

to geographical isolations or hybrid formations, we

are not sure at present. On the other hand, it seems

-391-

that Clon. macrocladia is well-distributed through-
out northern parts of Africa, with a Sporadic
appearance in Kississippi in U.S.A. and Hawaii.
These places are more or less within a narrow
latitudinal belt. Similarly, Clon. plumosa shows a
sporadic appearance in Hawaii, northern part of S.
America and in Ceylon in the fairly same type of

climate.

 

     

 

 

<k<u_n.w .U 4
QmZmEEmmfimE .a<> <5<40an<<< .U 0
x D <.o<..UOmo<<< .U 0
b «5055.3 .0 I
._ .. ..1
fumw.‘ .. o?
.... B
-¢$ .. u
.... w x
R as Q Hi
Q \ wwu
a .._ as \ a a
1 . ‘0 .. m 0 d
. ? a .. a a afi
W3 k B Aw

uqm . .. aw .... . gum QM“
Q. out»? .9 .

 

 

.mmGwaw ohoszEOd mo cofioébwfi mSSOcm,

 

 

L
._ ans

 

Chapter IV

 

 

(Species with asterisks a~e accented here)

Y

* l. Sti”. aestivale (hazen) Collins. - may be a

 

300d species but has strong resemblance to

Stig. thernale Br. If the latter 3 ecies

.[ ..
‘

 

grows equally well in cool water and maintains
the same habit, then the former Species would

be questionable.

* 2. 3t14. anoei‘w Kj.--A good species, fairly con-

 

tant all over the world with several distinct
varieties, e.3. var. amoenum, var. noviselandi-

cu": I?ordst., var. insi-ine (_-.ae;;:.) con" . nov.,

var. sucklandicun var. nov.

3. Stib. Askenasyi Schm dle.-- now transferred to

.._J.

 

the genus Clonionhora and placed as synonym

under Clon. spicata (Schm.) comb. nov.

 

4. Stig. attend". 1132 (3132:.) Collins-- The type

specimen is not seen. Here, it is considered

V? M

'4'“. W‘ Y.
as a synonym of Stig. elonu tin (:aSS.) nv.
b

lO.

~394-

Stig. australense Moebius -- Very doubtful as
a full-grown plant; may be a young stage or

form of Stig. fasciculare Kg.

 

Stig. autumnele Collins -- Not a good Species.

 

The type specimen strongly resembles Stic.

_H

aestivale and hence, it is placed under the

latter species as a synonym. :

Stia

—#

i

. Biasolettianum Kg. -- May prove to be a good
species when more materials are studied in the
future collected from widely different areas. So

far reported only for few times from Europe.

Stir. carolinianum sp. nov. -- Superficially re-

 

 

sembles Stig. fasciculare Kg.

Stig. chroolepiforme (Szym.) Heerinz -- Not a
good species. Kay be a growth form and related
to other endophytic forms which may grow well

under favorable conditions.

Stit. condensatun (Hassall) K3. -- rot a good

 

 

Species; may be related to either Stif. pusilla

or Sttg. subuliflerum Kg. (Type not seen).

ll.

15.

- 395 -

Stig. prassiusculum Kg. -- Not a good species.
Here, considered as a form of Stiq. flaéelliferum
Km. which may represent a particular stage in

-‘./

the life-cycle of the latter Species.

fitig. pprvirostrum Skuja -- Type specimen not
seen. Only once reported. It is considered
here as a doubtful Species until the type and

other materials are available for study.

Probably original specimens represent young stage.

C‘

stig. debile Kg. -- Kot a good species. Here,

it is considered a synonym of Stig. tenue var.

uniforme K3.

Stia. elondatum (Hass.) I3. -- hay be a good

species with much variations.

gpgg. falhlandicum K5. -- Here it is considered

a synonym for gtig. elonmatum. The type specimen
seems to be a young plant, but other collections
from the same area in the Falkland Island Shows

well-developed plants which seem to characterize

well the latter species.

* l6. Stig. farctun Berthold. -— as

~26

’3-

17.

19.

20.

-395-
l'ey be a good species,

but more collections and studies are needed to

the three varieties, namely, var.

verify this;

pygmaeum Hansg., var. simplex Fritsch and var.

rivulsre Butcher may represent the growth forms

of some other species.

Stig. fasciculare Kg. -- A good Species. The

type specimens may be a young stage of growth.

Characters emended.

tie. fastiaatum (Ralfs) K3. -- Not a good

3 an
species. Considered here a synonym of Sti”.

longipilum K3.

Stis. flagelliferum K3. -- A good species,

sometimes with variations. The two varieties,

namely, var. irrezulare Rab. and var.

crassiusculum (K3.) Rab. are considered invalid.

 

Stig. glomeratum (Hazen) Collins -- Not a good

species. Considered here as a variety of Stie

fasciculare K3.

1'4’

21.

22.

23. Stig. qraci

24.

- 397 -

Stig. Grunowii Rab. -- Not a good species.

 

Considered here as synonym of Stig. variabile

Naeg.
Stig. qracile K3. -- Not a good species.
Considered as synonym of Stig. tenue var.

uniforme K3.

le (West & West) Tiffany -- Invalid

for using the same name already used by Kuetzing

before. The plant described is same as Stis.

farctum var. simplex Fritsch. However, it is

doubtful whether this small plant could

considered as a well-developed species of

Stigeoclonium or belong to the genus Pseudo-

chaete West & West under which it was originally

placed.

Stir. qracile Skvortzow -- Invalid for using

_'_-.._.“
the same name already used by Kuetzing. However,

this species does not seem to be new. Similar
illustration had been given by Cooke for Sti".

tenue and hence, it is considered as a synonym

for the latter species.

~26 25.

27.

28.

 

-398-

Stig. helveticum Vischer -- This species was

mainly based on culture materials where it is

not impossible to change the habit of the

plant. Here, it is considered as a doubtful

species until it is verified by more collections

from widely different areas. May be related

Stig. setigerum K3. and Stir. Biasolettianum

 

 

to
Kg.
St'e. Hookeri Reinsch. -- Not a good species.

Needs verification.
Stig. Huberi Heering -- Not a good Species;
may be a growth—form.

Stig. hydrosulphureum Fior.Xaz. --The specimens

No. 232 of Erbar. Crittogam. Ital. ser. II

Col. Fiorini, 1353 (s) has been studied by me.

Ecto-

This specimen seems to be a species of
’ u plurilo-

carnus due to the presence of abundant

cular sporangia which are borne on the lateral

Ca}

branches. De Toni (1399) also put a que tion
mark whether this plant should actually belong

to t‘e genus Stiseoclonium. It stronjly suggests

_‘_;

that the plant must have been collected from sea

water or brack sh water near the sea, although

0.

’I‘

29.

K)!

”an
I:

on the label it says that it was collected

from mineral water. It is possible that the

water was highly saline, because the place of

collection, Terracina, is a seaport town in

Italy and in the collection many filaments of

ent, strongly suggest the

J

l

L

Enteromorpha are pre.

brackish nature of the habitat. The chloro-

plast is not too well-preserved. But

plurilocular sporangia are very well-developed

and suggest its affinity to some Ectocarpus

CHJ.

species.

Stig. insigpe Eaeg. -- Type Specimen was not

a V riety

f1)

nvailable. It is considered here as

of Stig. amoenum, a new combination.
Sti". irrefiulare K3. -- rOt a good species.

May be a growth form of Sti”. tenre. Its

variety natans K3. was not well-described by

Kuetzing, may be a growth-form.

ation Lebelii. sp. nov. -- habit

 

Stig. longearticulatum (Ban 3.) Heering -- Hot

a sood species. Kay be a form of Stig. subsecundum

x.)

‘ f“
IXQO

35-

- 400 -

Stig. longipilum K3. -- A good Species with

variations. Its varieties maius K3. and m nus

. may only represent stages of growth;

V?
. (up

var. lacustre Chodat may belong to different

species; var. cylindricum var. nov. is

provisionally placed under this species due to

its similar branching habit and rhizoids.

Stig. lubricum (Dillw.) K3. -- A good species,
but the species was nicely illustrated and
described by Berthold and Hazen than Dillwyn

and Kuetzing. The var. varians (Hazen) Collins

is doubtful and not considered as a good

variety. The forma salina Dixit is not seen

by me. Inadequate description and lack of any

illustration make it difficult to understand
it and assign the systematic position of this
forma. It is doubtful whether this species at
all grows in saline water. Horeover, similar

name salina has already been used by Kufferath

for his new species Stig. salinum Huff. in

1919 and possibly they may be same.

Stig. macrocladium (Nordst.) Schm.-- It has been

transferred to the genus Cloniophora including

its variety egyptiacae Nayal.

37-

kl
U.)
o

% 39.

-401—

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Stig. minus (Hansg.) Collins -- This is the
same as Stig. longipilus var. minus Hansg. It
is doubtful whether this should be regarded as
a separate species. I even do not consider it
as a distinct variety of Stig. longipilum.
“gtig. Sp., Koebius, (Endoclonium ? Ioebiusianum

De Toni) -- This was described by Hoebius as
.iEES' sp. It is doubtful whether this kind of
epiphytic form without much development of the
erect part should be regarded as a distinct

species. De Toni put it under Endoclonium with

a question mark.

Stig. Najadeanum Skvortzow -- Not considered

as a good species. The illustrations given by
Skvortzow are very much similar to what Koebius
gave for the above species Ho. 37 which De Toni
doubtfully considered as a species of gage;
clonium. Ishmweverfihese two thalli belong to
the genus Stigeoclonium they should be considered
as reduced forms and may be very close to éilfi'

farctum-like plant, and not a separate Species.

Stig. nanum (Dillw.) Kg. -- Hay be a good species.

* 40.

* 41.

* 42.

as 43.

44.

45.

-402-

Stig. Nelsonii Prescott -- May be a good Species.
Only once collected. It has resemblance to

Stig. nudiusculum and needs to be verified in

 

future.

Stig. nudiusculum Kg. -- May be a good species
as I understand it from the specimen obtained
from Kuetzing's Herb. (now in Leiden). Its

variety tomentosum Schm. was collected from

 

brackish water; material not seen; doubtful.

Stig. pachydermum Prescott -- A good Species with

 

variations.

Stig. paihiaeneis sp. nov. -- Habit like giant
Stig. lubricum; ‘also cells are somewhat like

Dragarnaldia but not branching habit.

 

Stig. plumosum Kg. -- Transferred to the genus

.._J

CloniOphora.

Stig. pglymorphum (Franks) Heering -- Not a

 

EOOd 8980188- May be a growth-form of Stir.

variabile Naeg.

Stig. polyrhizum Jao -- Not a good species.

Considered here as a synonym of Stig. longipilum Kg.

.‘p

"'

47.

43.

49.

51.

52.

- 403 -

Stig. prolixum Jao -- Doubtful. Kay be a

form of Stig. lubricum, or Stig. amoenum.

Stig. prostratum Fritsch -- Not a good species.

Kay be a growth form of some Species of Stigeo-

clonium or may belong to other genus, especially

Epicladia ?

Stig. protensum (Dillw.) Kg. -- A good species

with great variations.

p

Stig. pusillum (Lyngb.) Lg. -- Kay be a good
species, but still doubtful. Its var.

irregulare Rab. may be a growth-form.

Stig. nygmaeum Hansgirg. -- Hot a good Species.

.._.)

Hansgirg later put it as a variety of Stig.

farctum Berth. but the type specimen suggests

that it is same as Stig. weissianum Grun. and
other reduced forms and all of them may belong

to Stig. variabile Iaeg. and accordingly I put

 

it under the latter species as a synonym.

Stig. radians Kg. -- Not a good species. Here

considered as a synonym of Stig. longipilum Kg.

—‘

53-

- 404 -

Stig. rangoonicum Zell. -- Specimens studied
are not in good condition. Looks more like
Stig. thermale Br. and considered as a synonym

of the latter species.

Sti". salinum Kuff. -- Specimens not available.

 

The illustration given by Kufferath (1919, fig.
3) strongly suggests its affinity to Iicro-
thannion-like plant as regards the branching
habit and chloroplast structure are concerned.
It is also somewhat similar to Stig. helveticum

pecimen of this species was

<4
*4
0)
O
O

} J
(D
"S
O
I;
U)
:3
O
U)

seen, it is not possible to determine its
position. The species was reported only once

from brackish water from Belgium.

Sti". segarae Sp. nov. -- Regarded as new
n“ W “ V

species until further materials are collected

and verified. Habit CheetODhora-like.

Stig. setijprum Kg. -- A doubtful species.

 

 

Stig. spicatum Schm. -- It is transferred to

 

the genus Clonioehora.

s “gnatile (Hazen) Collins —- A doubtful

Stig. eta

Species. It needs to be seen whether this is

Q a
9"

O\

59-

Ir
0

CA

0.

K)!
o

_ 405 -

a particular stage in the life-cycle of Stig.

protensum.

 

StLg. stellare Kg. -- Kot a good species. hay

 

1

oe a growth-form of any species, especially,

?tis. tenue.

Stig. submarinun Kuff. —- Type specimen not

 

 

seen. It is another brackish water species.
The illustration given by Kufferath (1919, fig.
4) looks like a growth-form of some species,
like gigs. tenue where the cells appear swollen

in high salt-water medium.

Stig. subsecundum Kg. -- A good species with

 

 

variations in size. Its variety tenuis Herd.

has to be verified; var. ulotrichoides Teod. may
belong to Stig. variabile.

Stig. subsimplex Collins -- Not a good Species.

 

The type specimen looks exactly Similar to

Stig. weissianun, which however, is considered

as a synonym of Stig. variabile Haeg.

Stig. subspinosum Kg. -- Very doubtful; the type

 

specimen strongly suggests its affinity vith

Stig. variabile Naeg. and accordingly put as

 

 

synonym under the latter species.

64.

* 65,

67.

* 68.

- 406 -

Stig. subtile Reinsch -- Type specimen not available.
Highly doubtful whether this parasitic form
belongs to Stigeoclonium. Reinsch (l.c.)

suggests its affinity with Stic. setigerum Kg.

0)

L

tic. subuligerum Kg. -- A good species.

0)

tig. tenue (A3.) Kg. -4 A good species but

 

highly polymorphic. Only two varieties are

recognized, namely, Stic. tonne var. tenue and

V

Stig. tenue var. uniforme (Ag.) Kg.

 

Stig. terrestre Iwanoff -- Type specimen not
available, and thus difficult to determine its
position. Pascher (1905, 1906) however, trans-
ferred it to a new genus, Iwanoffia, on the

basis of ZOOSpore characters.

Sti”. thermale A. Dr. -— May be a good species.
It has to be seen whether it always grows in
hot water or can equally grow well in cold water.

It has strong affinity with Stig. aestivale.

Stia. uniforme (A3.) Kg. -- Considered here as

_‘_)

a variety of Stig. tenue as was considered first

by Kuetzing (1949)-

* 70.

71.

-407-

Stig. variabile Kaeg. -- May be a good species
but as the name indicates it is one of the

very highly variable species of the genus.

Stic. ventricosum Hazen) Collins -- Not a good
species. Here considered as a synonym of

Stig. amoenum var. insigne (Kaeg.) comb. nov.

___-n.

72. Stig. weissianum Grun. in litt. -- The type

specimen suggests its affinity with Stig.

pygmaeum Hansg. and other reduced-forms and here,

 

considered as a synonym of StiN. variabile Haeg.

Bibliography :

Ackley, A.B. 1932.

 

 

Agardh, C.A. 1812-15.
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Berthold, G. 1373.
Blum, J. L. 1956.
. 1957.

 

f
4%

Stigeoclonium

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-409-

. 1960. Algal populations in flowing

 

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_fi_. 1913. Die von Dr. A. Ldfgren in Sao

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Bourrelly, P. 1952. In Algues d'eau douce de la
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Bradley, W.H. 1929. Freshwater algae from the Green
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428, 91.22, 23.

an

A. 1

UI
U]
0

Braun,

Britton, 3.3. 19

KN
_q
o

. 1944.

 

Buchanan, R.E. 1907.

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Chang, F.K. 1952.
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- 410 -

See under Henfrey.

The freshwater algae of Puerto

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A catalog of Illinois Algae.
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On the Laboratory Culture and
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327-332-

 

Chodat, R.

Cholnoky,

1902.

30R. 1929.

Cienkowski, L. 1876.

Clausen,

Collins,

J.,

F.S.

 

O\
o

187

1876a.

-411-

Algues vertes de la Suisse.
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Beitr. Krypto. flora Schweiz.
1(3): i-xi a 1-373.

Ueber Bau und Entwicklung

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Zur morphol. d. Ulotricheen.
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D.D. Keck and W.K. Heisy. 1959. The

1909.

1912.

concept of species based on
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The green algae of North America.
Tufts College Sci. ser. Reprinted
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The green algae of North America.
Supplementary paper. Tufts

College Studies Sc. 1-47. P1.1-5.

 

 

 

Conn, H.w.

COOke, Li. C.

 

- 412 -

1912a.

1917-

1918a.

and L. W.

1882-84.

1902.

Corda, A.C.I. 1837.

Coupin,

H.

1907

Ibid. Second Supplementary
paper with 5 plates. 1-106.
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Green Algae of North America.
2nd. Supplement. Tufts College
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Webster. 1903. A report on

the algae of the freshwaters
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British Freshwater Algae. I

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Introduction to Freshwater
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Icones Fungorum. Hue. Congr.
Prage.

(?). Album general des Crypto-

Sames. Paris. Pls.1..39b,,

_ 413 -

1950. The algal food of Pimephale

If]

Coyle, E.
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Davidson, P.W. 1952. The algae of Westerville region.
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De Toni, G.B. 1889. Sylloge Algarum, Vol. I.

Dillwyn, L.W. 1302-1809. British Confervae, or
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by Botanists to the genus
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Dixit, 3.0. 1957. The Chlorophyceae of the Bombay
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Drouet, Fr. 1956. A preliminary study of the algae
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Du Rietz, G.E. 1950. The fundamental units of
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Elenkin, A.A. 1914. Ueber zwei grflne Algen aus
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Jard. Imp. Bot. Pierre le Grand.

14.

Fanning, I-I. C}.
Fink, Bruce.

Fiorini-Kazzanti, Elisa

Forest,

H.S.

 

 

 

}_.l

KO
0
1...:
O

1903.

1956.

-414—

Ooservations on the algae of the

Bot.

St.Paul City water. Iinn.

Stud. V: 609.

Some notes on certain Iowa Algae.

P1400. 10113. ALC‘IP-vd. 8031.0 12: 210

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osservate nelle acque minerali di
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Torracina. Acad.

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Phylogeny and classification

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Congr. Inter.

First conclusions from a Jump
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Some aspects of evolution in the
isogamous filamentous Chloro-
phyceae and their relation to the

classification of the ChlorOphyceae.

 

 

“ v
:orest h.3.
Frfiuflze, IT.
:reA', P.

h ‘0
1315168, (.). -’-O
~r-1 o w ,
frltSCl, F

1/3

19

(cont.)

0-,

.0
“O
I 0

Bot. Club.

33(2):

“t‘ F -
9.911093.“-
m

h'ilawn '1‘ «A, ..'~ n- _
--..11, so V'Cumiiinaanpwnlaaonsi..
__ " “ v"..- _L a‘ k.)

 

*

Smith and Klyver. Castanea.

21(1): 1—29.

PP... 1 1
f I ‘1 .V‘V "
The ienarnfiule

v‘f'\(:Op-, ‘1“? ‘1”) 'fi 7 ’Y‘“ ‘ — .
_.;.'. '- «._‘D-;..’-'.J. ill—O_:.I;-.Oiflrl\.:"_

 

ER. Leitrqre

r7.‘ 7: W , fin ‘ -v
sur -iol. aer rllaazen. 5:565—w 3,

mfi
(;.,).

t. Breslau.

q

Can ton

1e

v

Cflmite-Garonne). Bull.

’1 3 j \‘ r-~ —

In.-wuen (duh l
(:4.- “ -' ‘ '2 r ‘-
oysteni orols ve;

Q,
~ “'1 ‘. 771-"."7
--On-O.’l€-:-«JI .9.

provenant des recoltes de
de Kerville dans

ee Baynere s- 'e-Luchon

 

 

-.' -~ '\ . V v": ‘ -.\. _‘
Cpl-£1 Oll-*lllio liglllo .3010.
': ’1

zoospores

16:

in

405-

-416-

. 1905. Observations on the young plants
of Stigeocloniug. Beih. Dot.
Centralbl. 15: 568-87.

. 1906. Algae in the Wild Fauna and Flora
of the Royal Botanic Gardens,
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187- et seq.

. 1918. Contribution to our knowledge
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2.A first report on the fresh-
water algae mostly from the Cape
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. 1929. Evolutionary sequence and
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. 1955. The Structures and Reproductions
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Fritsch, F.E. and E. Stephens. 1921. Contribution

to our knowledge of the fresh-

water algae of Africa. 3. Fresh-

water algae (exclusive of Diatoms),

- 417 _

mainly from Transkei Territories,

Cape Colony. Tran. Roy. Soc.

8. Africa. IX: 1-72, Text Fig.

l-29.

and F. Rich. 1924. Contributions to our

knowledge of the freshwater algae
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subaerial algae from Fatal. Ibid.
KI: 297-398.

and . 1930. Ibid. 7. Freshwater

 

algae (exclusive of Diatoms)
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XVIII: 1-92.
and . 1937. Ibid. 13. Algae from

Belfast Pan, Transvaal. Ibid.
XXV. part II.

Gayral, Mme. P. 1954. Recherches Phytolimnologiques
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Gay, F. 1891. Recherches sur le deve10ppement
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Gojdics, Mary. 1953. The genus Eualena. The University
of Wisconsin Press. Madison.

131302630

- 413 -

Godward, Hz 1942. The life-cycle of Stigeoclonium
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293-301.
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34: 276-234.
. 1800. Algarum aquae dulcis Species
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. . 1886a. Prodromus der Algenflora von
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. 1887. Beitrége zur Kenntnis der
Bergalgenflora Bdhmens. Ibid.

37(3): 99-101.

. . 1883. Prodromus der Algenflora von
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. 1893. Ibid. Part 2. Stltz. k. Bahn.

Ges. Wiss. Frag.

-419-

. 1902. Algologische schlussbemerkungen.
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I: Bull. Tor. Bot. Club. 15:
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Harvey, W.H. 1852. Nereis Boreali Americana.

Part I. Smithsonian Contribution
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Hassall, A.A. 1843. LX. Description of the British
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. 1845. History of the British Fresh-
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. 1852. A History of the British Fresh-
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Hayden, Ada. 1910. The algal flora of the Hissouri

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Hedberg, O. 1957. Afroalpine vascular plants.

Symb. Bot. Upsal. 15: p.1411.

~— .. __-_-——

-420-

Heering, W. 1914. Ulotrichales, in Pascher's
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Henfrey, A.(Edit.). 1853. I: The phenomenon of
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Hobby, .N. 1880. List of species of freshwater
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Hodgetts, W.J.1926. Contribution to our knowledge
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XIII: 49-103.

Huber, J. 1892. Contribution a la connaissance
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7. Ser. )CTJI: 265-3590

Hughes, 3.0. 1943.

Lylander,

Iwano '

3
Jao, C.C
_‘_—~-

-421-

COJ. 1928.

1947-

Freshwater algae of the Earl-
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The Algae of Connecticut.
State Geological and Natural
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Ueber neue Arten von Algen
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Studies on the freshwater algae
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ae from Sihan”. Sinensia.

Ibid. XIV. Some freshwater algae
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Sinica. 1:6Téfl5.

- 422 -

. 1947a. Ibid. XVII. Ulotrichales,

 

Siphonocladiales and Siphonales
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Juller, E. 1937. Der generations und Phassenwechael

bei Stigeoclonium subsninosum

4

 

. Arch. f. Protistenk. 89(1):
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Klebs, G. 1896. Die Bcdingungen der Fortpflanzung
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. 1849.
. 1855.

 

Kufferath,

7' 1,.) H r-O
RUAK, a. lpgq.
T *1 ”’1
XUO, COD. lQSUo

Lanjouw, J. and F.A.

_ 423

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Phycologia Germanicae. Nordhausen.

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Tabulae Phycologicae
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Personal letter. Dec
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. III.

s algues
eauX

de Biologie
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tate Univ.,

0 1'3,

On the Laboratory culture and life

history of Stireoclo
Kg. Aetao BOto SiniC

Eidrag till Sveriges

niun
a. 7(

8.1.:-

xOngi. Vet. Akad. FBrhandl. 40(2):

w 0
37-70-
Stafleu. 1,56.

Part I.

Utrecht.

Third Edition.

1955.

Index Herbariorum.

- 424 -

Larsen, E. 1907. Ferskvandsalger fra Vest-
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- 426 —

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Oltmanns,

 

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Patrick,

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Ruth. 1949.

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Algen gesammelt con. S.

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1.

4.

5.

-446-

Appendix

Savannah River Biological Survey. South Carolina

and Georgia; Pregress Report for E.I. Du Pont

de Nemours and Company. S.R. Plant. Acad. Nat.

Sc. Phila. 1957.

A Biological Survey of the La vase Rivers, Canada,
for Du Pont Company of Canada Ltd. Acad. Nat. Sc.
Phila. 1958.

Biological and Chemical Studies for the SOHIO
Chemical Comp. Lima, Ohio. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1956.
Biological and Chemical studies for the Lima Refinery
Standard Oil Company (Ohio). Summer. 1956. Acad.
Nat. Sc. Phila. 1957.

A study of Rivers Recovery for the Manufacturing
Chemists' Association. Supplementary Report.

Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1958.

River Survey Report for the Potomac Electric Power
Co. Summer Survey. 1956. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1957.
San Joaquin River, California. Stream Survey
Report for the Organic Chemicals Division. E.I.

Du Pont de Nemours and Company. Acad. Nat. Sc.
Phila. 1956.

Savannah River Biological Survey.
and Georgia. June 1951-May 1952: Final Report

South Carolina

 

10.

-447-

for E.I. Du Pont de Nemours and Company. S.R. Plant.
Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1953.

Biological Survey of the Conestoga Creek Basin;

A report to the Sanitary Water Board Commonwealth
of Pennsylvania. Acad. Nat. Sc. Phila. 1949.

International Code of Botanical Nomenclature.

Edited by J. Lanjouw et a1. 1956. Utrecht,

Netherlands.

 

 

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Ibid. Rev. Alg. 8: 311-319.

De Algis aquae dulcis et de
Characeis ex insulis Sand-
vicensibus a Sv. Berggren 1875
reportatis. Minesskr. Fys.
Sallsk. Lund. 7: 1-24: f.20-21.
Ecology of Panama Canal Algae.
Trans. Am. Micros. Soc. LXX(1):

1-24.

 

 

- 45o -

Schmidle, W. 1895.

 

. 1900.

 

Tiffany, L.H. 1936.

Whitford, L.A. 1960.

Wildemann, Ea Dec 1900.

Einige Algen aus Sumatra.
Hedwigia. 34: 294-296.
Susswasseralgen aus Australien
Flora, 82: 297-313.

Uber einige von Prof. Hansgirg
in Ostind. ges Sfisswasseralgen.
Hedwigia, 39: 162-165.

Wille's collection of Puerto
Rican Freshwater algae.
Brittonia. 2(2): 165-176.
Ecological distribution of
Freshwater Algae. in The
Ecology of Algae. The Pymatuning
Symposia in Ecology. Special
Publication No. 2: 2-10.
University of Pittsburgh.

Les Algues de Flore de Buiten-
zorg; Essai dune flore
algologique de Java. Leide.
p.61. p1.l3.f.l-6.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Plate 1

Fig. l Stigeoclonium tenue (Ag.) Kg. var. uniforme
(A .) K3., X 100. (drawn from material from

).

Figs. 2-4. Stijeoclonium tenue (Ag.) Kg. var. tenue

C?

P?

.L

Fig. 2. X 215, drawn from Brunel's collection,
Canada; Fig. 3, X 215, from living material
collected by Dr. Wade, Michigan; Fig. 4,
X 150, from a living material from Flathead
Lake, Montana (13.)

Fig. 5. Stigeoclonium subuligerum Ke., X 100 (drawn
from Kew Herb. as No. 30. Nervegiae ad Finshde,

363, O. Nordstedt).
Fig. 6. Stigeoclonium amoenum Kg. var. amoenum, X ?

(Redrawn from Godward).

 

 

r/

\rnfil’l

/
I

   

     

~

 

Vii: .

‘nw §

Plate 2

Figs. 1-3. Stigeoclonium amoenum Kg. var. amoenum,
(Figs. 1-2, X 100, drawn from living
material from Round Lake, Michigan; Fig. 3.

redrawn from Godward, 1/2 original size).

-453-

 

 

 

 

Pl.2

 

Figs.

1-70

Plate

\JJ

Stigeoclonium flagelliferum Kg. (Figs. 1-2:
X 105, drawn from (PC) as S315, amoenum
Kg., La Clare 1890, Col. De Brebisson;
Fig. 3, X 105, from Herb. Kuetzing (L) as
Stig. crassiusculum Kg., Holland, Schleswig;
Figs. 4-5, X 220, from East Pakistan; Fig-
6, X 220, drawn from Draparnaldia_£223§
var. elongatum Hassall; Fig. 7. Redrawn
from Kuetzing, P1. 10, f.1, X% original

size.).

-455-

 

 

 

 

 

I 0'3 0!
..- ll’ 0/
..V IL».
\vs \st "'
\\ ‘ .‘\\
\ “‘\
S \\
s \
\
\
\\
\ v
\ \I \

 

to o
’i” C
l ‘/
[fulfiyow ..

\

O c

I. I ,

O’Ifi'OIO' Ah-
h."'0

\‘II||“I /

 

 

Plate 4

Stigeoclonium lubricum (Dillw.) Kg. (Fig.
l, X 100, drawn from P.B.A. No. 2233.
California, 1916; Fig. 2, X 100, drawn
from Whitford Col. No. W 858, N. Carolina;
Fig. 3, X 215, drawn from S. Forest Col.
No. 545, 1947, Tennessee; Fig. 4, X 215.
drawn from 3. Patrick Col. No. 2329 (F).
S. Carolina).

-457-

 

 

 

131.4

'hl'

Man.
J
”L

 

...

)1.

 

....
'..II

15,
l

I
I‘I\|

 

Figs. 1-4.

Fig. 5.

Fig. 6.

Plate 5

Stigeoclonium lubricum (Dillw.) Kg.,

X 220 (Figs. 1-2, drawn from Herb.
Ducommun. Leipzig, 1363 (LAU); Figs. 3-4,
drawn from Silva and Margie Col. No. 2812
(F), Virginia).

Stigeoclonium protensum (Dillw.) Kg.,

X 220 (drawn from Daily's Herb. (BUT) as
Stig. stagnatile (Haz.) Col., collected
from S. Carolina).

Stigeoclonium variabile Naeg., X 330

(drawn from TYPE specimen).

-459-

 

 

P1.5

3-4,
2312

Ian-Ii,

IJ.-3.0000,!
I I
luv-IIICI-OILaIlIII

Ill..-

....
- I I
tutu“...

\

 

\

)1qu £1

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

4.

Plate 6

Stigeoclonium tenue (Ag.) Kg. forma. X 150
(drawn from Draparnaldia tenuis. (C), 1815)
Stigeoclonium nanum (Ag.) Kg., X 150 (drawn
from P.B.A. 2234).

Stigeoclonium lubricum (Dillw.) Hg. forma

X 325 (drawn from (PH), No. 3(6 A), collected
from Georgia) (lower part).

Stigeoclonium longipilum Kg. X 325 (drawn
from TYPE specimen of Stig. radians Kg. (L)-
(lower part).

Stigeoclonium subsecundum Kg. var. subsecundum
X 162 (drawn from living specimen from
Michigan).

- 461 -

 

 

 

Plate 7

Fig. 1. Stigeoclonium protensum (Dillw.) Kg. X 215
(drawn from No. 114 as Stig. stagnatile
(Hazen) Col., collected from Arkansas (F)).
Figs. 2-3. Stigeoclonium flagelliferum Kg. forma,
X 215 (drawn from living material collected
from Lake Lansing, Michigan, Col. Graffius).
Fig. 4. Stigeoclonium sp. stagnatile ? X 100 (drawn

 

from Dr. Whitford Collection. North Carolina).
Figs. 5-6. Stigeoclonium variabile Naeg., Fig. 5:
X 215; Fig. 6, X 325 (drawn from TYPE of
.§E§S- subspinosum Kg. from (L).).
Figs. 7-8. Stigeoglonium flagelliferum Kg. forma ?,
X 215 (drawn from Whitford Col. No. Bt.8,
North Carolina).

-463-

 

 

Pl.7

 

 

 

 

 

 

z . a ,- a. / .
\ .. T,\.x\ .\
4. I)... / ’0 . ..... L\,
/— =- IWWIIIVUII
III 1 ,
.// m
4.
/
xx

Plate 8

Fig. l. Stigeoclonium subuligerum Kg., X 134 (drawn
from Vinyard's collection from Kansas).
Figs. 2-4. Stigeoclonium amoenum Kg. var.

aucklandicum var. nov., X 144. (drawn from

 

specimen collected at Waitakera stream, New
Zealand).
Fig. 5. Stigeoclonium tgnge (Ag.) Kg. var. 32322:
X 67 (drawn from Whitford Col. No. Ed 7,
N. Carolina).

. -455-

*

A_——_.—

 

 

A)

 

        

       

I I:
I nun-.1?
IIIII‘\.V|I \\\. Q“..-
. \sfi
Q

     

 

mm
a
I
"I

Figs. 1-9.

Plate 9

Stigeoclonium nudiusculum Kg., Fig. l, X.505
Figs. 2-6, X 215 (all drawn from Kuetzing
Herb. (L) as Draparnaldia nudiuscula Kgo:
1834); Figs. 7-9. drawn from pencil
sketches by Mme. Gauthier-Lievre, Alger

University.

-457-

 

Pl.9

         

 

      

   

I. I

I‘lllll .§§ .

I‘ll-1'...) ' l-..’
niuwuavuemsw ollI‘ Ill

\ Q\ ~ ‘
(6.3.. \

Figs.

4-5.

Plate 10

Stigeoclonium Nelsonii Prescott. X 215
(drawn from TYPE).

Stigeoclonium nanum (Dillw.) Kg. Fig. 4.
X 215 (drawn from Ex. Herb. Dillwyn,(KeW);

Fig. 5 x 75 (drawn from P.B.A. No. 2234)-

- 469 -

 

P1.10

 

Plate 11

Figs. 1-5. Stigeoclonium pachydermum Prescott var.
pachydermum. Figs. 1-3, X 100 (drawn from
Prescott's Col. No. 2W-51, (Lectotype).
Wisconsin); Figs. 4-5, X 215 (drawn from

Kew Herb. as Stig. irregulagg Kg-)-

- 471 -

4d,__—A .._;— __——- .._— 4

 

 

Plate 12

*1

rigs. 1-3. Stigeoclonium pachydermum Prescott var.
DBChydermum. X 215 (drawn from Prescott

Col. No. 2 W-51 (Lectotype).

- 473 -

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

«(r . , )
IZOMWiflfififl. .
is . Cw,

.. I all-Will

‘ \
s\ .1 / ,5

1
.
\

 

Figs.

1-60

Plate 13

 

Stigeoclonium pachydermum Prescott var.
Whitfordii var. nov. X 100 (drawn from
Whitford Col. No. Ma 8, N. Carolina)-
Stigeoclonium aestivale (Hazen) Collins.
Fig- 7, X 125 (drawn from East Pakistan
Collection (Is.); Fig. 8, X 100 (drawn

from Brunel's Collection, Canada).

-475-

         

fllv

m
l
1"

   

0/} QWWUFUOh

    

Plate 14

Figs. 1-3. Stigeoclonium Bachydermgg Prescott var.

Prescottii var. nov. Figs. 1-2, X 215;

 

Fig. 3, X 50 (all drawn from Prescott Col.
Br. 63, Alaska).
Fit. 4. Stiggoclonium paogxdermum var.

pnchxgermum (redrawn from Prescott) X 95-

 

- 477 -

 

131.114

'9'
,a
I It“.

:$,,

A“ A“.

 

IV! in

 

 

 

 

Plate 15

Stigeoclonium paihiaensis sp. nov., Fig.
1, x 75; Fig. 2, x 115; Figs. 3-5.

X 150; Fig. 6, X 325 (all drawm from Kew
Herb. v. w. Lindauer Col. Nos. 105 8c 1301)-

- 479 -

 

 

P1.15

 

Figs.

Figs.

4-5.

6'7.

Plate 16

Stigeoclonium stagnatile (Hazen) Collins.
Figs. 1-2, X 220; Fig. 3, X 180 (all
drawn from Whitford Collection from

N. Carolina, Wayne Co. Sleepy Cr.).
Stigeoclonium amoenum var. novizelandimnn
Nordst., X 220 (Fig. 4 drawn from Whitford
Col. No. Hr 45, Nector Cr. N. Carolina;
Fig. 5. drawn from Berggren Col. No. 89
(Lectotype), Auckland, N.Z. (Wittrock &
Nordstedt Col. No. 909. (w)).
Stigeoclonium gangg (Dillw.) Kg., X.105
(Fig. 6. redrawn from w011e; Fig. 7-

drawn from P.B.A. No. 2254)-

- 431 -

 

 

P1.15

/ no:

.‘

 

l 01 ..s
( all
i
laziicu
._'
at
9
i

Plate 17

Figs. 1-3. Stigeoclonium elongatum Kg., X 215

 

(Figs. 1-2 drawn from Stig. attenuatum,
No. 2970 from Sonora (F); Fig. 3, drawn
from Kuetzing Herb. German Gall (L)).
Fig. 4. Stizeociw w (Dillw.) 2:55., x 75
(drawn from P.B.A. No. 2234).
Fig. 5. Stigeoclonium setigerum Kg., X 215 (drawn

from Leiden Herb.).

-433-

 

 

P1.17

 

 

(«3N2

Plate 18

Fig. l. Stigeoclonium flagelliferum Kg., X 162
(drawn from Wolle's collection).

Fig. 2. Stigeoclonium amoenum var. novizelandicum
Nordst. , X 162.

Fig. 3. Stigeoclonium amoenum Kg. var. amoenum,
X 162.

Figs. 4-5. Stigeoclonium sp. X 162. (showing
bulbous cells).

-485-

 

 

P1.18

 

 

 

 

a.“
.flv’
II a
nail

 

 

 

 

Plate 19

Figs. 1-2. Stigeoclonium variabile Naeg. forma,
X 500 (Redrawn from Teodorescu as
m. subsecundum var. ulotrichoides Teod.)

Figs. 3-4. Stigeoclonium sp. farctum-like, X 215
(drawn from Schindler Col. No. M 97,
Montana).

Fig. 5. Stigpoclonium subsecundum var. tggggg
Nordst. (Redrawn from pencil sketch.on
herb. sheet by Teodorescu (W). X ?)-

Fig. 6. Stigeoclonium variabile Naeg., X 215
(drawn from Indiana Culture collection,
Bloomington).

Fig. 7. Stigeoclonium variabile Naeg. ?. X.75
(drawn from (W) as §£$5° stellare).

Fig. 8. Stigeoclonium variabile Naeg., X 215
(drawn from Stig. weissianum Grun. 1884
(FH)-)

Figo 9. Stigeoclonium elongatum (Hassall) K8°a
X 75 (drawn from _S_t__ig. usillum, Rab. A15-
Sachs. No. 716).

- 487 -

 

 

9
1
O
1
P

 

 

ies Teod.

ma,

1
.03,

Figs.

'31 "r cw
A. .3 o
\l

1-2 0

3-7

Plate 20

Stigeoclonium Lebelii Sp. nov., X 80
(drawn from (L) as Stigeoclonium with an
epithet pglchellum Lebel).

Stigeoclonium paihiaensis sp. nov., X IFS

(same as Plate 15).

 

P1.20

      

  

1:01. . tall 40/01..
..nlllaM-II-lu
t I

    

 

I
I: v.
:Icuv .

 

 

 

 

' a"...

 

{E 2

Fir. 4w

Fig. 30

Plate 21

Stigeoclonium protensum (Dillw.) Kg.,

 

X 75 (Figs. 1-2 drawn from (K) as

Conferva protensa Dillw., 1804, Ex. Herb.

 

Hooker; Fig. 3, drawn from Ex Herb.
Dillwyn, (K).)

Stiqeoclonium subsecundum Kg. var.

 

subsecundum, X 175 (drawn from Prescott

 

Col. No. 234, from East Andes).
Stigeoclonium fasciculare Kg, var.

fasciculare forma, X 100 (drawn from

living material from Lake Lansing, Michigan)-

Stigeoclonium elongatum (Hass.) Kg-.,

 

x 215 (drawn from (L), TYPE of Stig.

subspinosum beta falklandicum Kgo)

 

-491-

 

 

Pl.21

   

   

 

     

 

 

    

 

 

 

 

/ _
Iv // / —
a; // /
I”. ///I/ // t
l / I a
I II II o x \
I” I I II a x , /¢ .2 \\
Iloo — It'll}? / a! 0 u . x
A u”. /’ ’ O pl'II'O'Z’ I \\h“l
I lll" - II”! /’ I \|‘
Itr46l'001 I a. II
I I HIE. 0
I / I’ 0 II VMIWII" I)! 00 I
III: / II ’I II ’0 d||‘v\Q '0'! lllllllhc I.
It. ‘IIIUHMIHQ‘IU"' ” O . \V.‘ l “
...-l 0.! 'l \ II".II'|-I 'Dl'.‘.
Inc-:- I' III
e... \. ll-I'-‘.I \fll’|‘|l\\ \“
. \ . . o 0‘ 5
((as‘

L a
F.
a:
u:

)
'x.

I‘D.

g...

A .
...-r
.

C)

Figs.

Fig.

1‘20

3.

Plate 22

Stigeoclonium amoenum Kg. forma, Fig. 1,
X 100; Fig. 2, X 215 (drawn from
Montana collection (Is.).)
Stigeoclonium subsecundgg Kg. var.
subsecundum X 215 (drawn from living

material collected from a Michigan b08)~

-493-

 

P1.22

 

A].
AV
.A

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

Fig.

l.

2.

Plate 23

Stigeoclonium variabile Naeg., X 325
(drawn from TYPE of Stig. subspinosum Kg.
No. 87, 1847).

Stigeoclonium protensum (Dillw.) Kg.,

 

X 115 (drawn from 5. Conferva protensa
Dillw. (L), from Herb. Suringar).
Stigeoclonium subsecundum Kg. var. £33333
Nordst., X 325 (drawn from Wittrock &
Nordst. Alg. Exs. No.110, gtig. falklandimnn
Xg.).

Stigooclonium protensum (Dillw.) Kg. ?

(OP $3. Epriabile ?), X 115 (drawn.from Haflm

Lenormand, Caen (L). ).

 

 

 

(3C ,2

Plate 24

Fig. l. Stigeoclonium fasciculare Kg. var.
fasciculare, X 215 (drawn from TYPE).

Figs. 2-4. Stigeoclonium pusillum (Lyngb.) Kg.,
X 215.

Fig. 5. Stigeoclonium subsecundum var. subsecundum,
X 210 (drawn from living material from a

Michigan bog.)

-497-

 

 

 

 

Plant 25

Figs. 1-4. Stigeoclonium helveticum Vischer, (re-
drawn from pencil sketches by Mme.
Gauthier-Lievre, Alger University), X 180 ?

Figs. 5-7. Stigeoclonium pusillum Kg. (redrawn from
pencil sketches by Mme. Gauthier-Lievre,
Alger University), X 180 ?

Figs. 8-9. Stigeoclonium_variabile 7, X 100 (drawn
from Brunel Col. No. 395 (MT)-)-

-499-

 

 

 

2‘9-

4|.

nAv
1:.
YA

‘
MOI

Wm,

 

F1830 1-5.

Figs.

Fig.

6-7.

8.

Plate 26

Stggeoclonium carolinianum sp. nov.

Fig. 1, x 75; Fig. 2, x 225; Fig. 3,
X 130; Fig. 4, X 225; Fig. 5, X 215
(all drawn from Whitford Col. No. Bt.8
North Carolina).

Stigeoclonium farctum Berth., X 215
(drawn from Indiana Culture collection
N0. LB 439 and 440).

Stigeoclonium setigerum Kg., X 75 (drawn

from Kuetzing Herb. (L), Eisleben, 1832)o

- 501 -

.._-u— _————:——— .__-.__. _. Mfl_._ ..—- .

 

 

Q 9x! it
a '3
fib“ll‘|"§1!\i.

Al‘s“.- Alllll .15.

r/ «x/

'l .
H)/L_fl.u1 / ,-
t .... II/

/
ll\“
\ \t .
_\\ I

 

Plate 27

Figs. 1-8. Stigeoclonium variabile Naeg. - complex,
all X 325 (Figs. 1-5. drawn from §tig.
pygmaeum Hansg. TYPE (N); Fig. 6. drawn
from Indiana Culture No. LB 435; Figs.
7-8 drawn from Stig. weissianum Grunow,

from (FH).)

- 503 -

 

 

ll..“‘l'.l"“"l

Fig.

Fig.

Plate 28

Stigeoclonium protensum (Dillw.) Kg., X 125
(drawn from Herb. Kuetzing, (L).).

Stigeoclonium amoenum Kg. var. amoenum,

 

X 215 (drawn from Vinyard's collection from
Kansas).

Stigeoclonium variabile Naeg., X 215 (drawn
from £13.25:- subsimplex Collins, TYPE (NY.FH.)
Stigeoclonium variabile Naeg., X 215 (drawn
from Stigeoclonium weissianum Grun. (FH).).
Stigeoclonium longipilum Kg., X 100 (drawn

from Nordstedt and Wittrock Alg. Exs.Imh 514.

as Stig. gracile Kg.)

- 505 -

 

 

 

 

91.28

(I / O.
I I
"II'...’ ...
-|--I-" 0 .
' ' ‘ \I
tlllllIIIMI‘IH/V
\“

 

  

..
U. .
\\|||.‘.- - p.)

 

., X125
I

Plate 29

F g. l. Stiteoclonium Biasolettianum Kg., X 215
(drawn from Rabenhorst's Alg. Exs.1kh 1665.
as §_t_ig. 33% var. irregulare Kg. Col. Grunow,
1863).

Figs. 2-6. Stigeoclonium helveticum Vischer, X 215
(Fig. 4, drawn from Cambridge Culture Col.
(F), as §_t_i_g. helveticum var. w; rest from

Indiana Culture collection).

_507-

 

 

 

 

Figs. 1-5.

Fig.

4.

Plate 30

Stigeoclonium amoenum Kg. var. insigne
(Naegeli) comb. nov. X 100. (Fig. l
drawn from (PH), collected from Salem,
North Carolina as Stig. amoenum Kg.;
Figs. 2-3. drawn.from collection near 169
House, Outlet Bay, Marshall Co.,

Indiana (F).).

Stigeoclonium aestivale (Hazen) Collins,
X 100 (drawn from Brunel's collection,

Canada (M1).)

- 509 -

 

 

n.3o

I1]
H
( 1
U)
.

Pd
'7‘
'(+
(D
\J
H

Stig-oclonium thermale Br., Figs. 1-2,

 

I 100 (drawn from TYPE (L); Fig. 3,
X 75 (drawn from Nolle's collection).

Stigeoclonium pachydermum var.

pychwderuum (Redrawn from Prescott).

 

Fig. 4, X 490, Fig. 5, X 250.
Stigcoclonium curvirostrum Skuja (Re-

drawn from Skuja). Fig. 6, X 330.

Figs. 7-8, X 435.

 

 

 

Plate 32

Fig. l. Stigeoclonium longipilum Kg., X 80 (drawn
from Kuetzing Herb. (L). material as Stig.
fastigstum Kg. Dolgelly, N.Wales, Col.

J. Balfs, No. 23).

Figs. 2-4. Stigeoclonium longipilum Kg. var.

cylindricum var. nov. (‘2) X 220 (drawn from

material from E. Pakistan).

- 513 -

1*-__—.-‘

 

 

 

 

   

W x a: 3L,“
x \\ a
f , \\.‘\.\ \-
. >1

      

 
  

 

 

 

Figs. 1-5.

Plate 33

Stigeoclonium fasciculare Kg., Figs. 1-2.
X 75 (drawn from No. 363(19), Holland,
Gallia (L);). Figs. 3-5, x 215 (drawn
from TYPE specimen, 180(19) (L).)o

-515-

 

P1.33

 

Figs. 1-5.

Plate 34

Stigeoclonium segarae sp. nov., Figs.
1-2, X 215; Figs. 3-5. X 100 (all
drawn from E.C.M. Segar collection from

Auckland University College, N.z.)

- 517 -

 

llllull 4'11...)
III.
I .44"

Plate 35

Fig. l. Cloniophora plumosa (Kg.) Bourrelix'p forma,
X 108 (drawn from Tilden Am. Alg. Col. No.
459 as‘Stgg. amoenum var. novizelandicum
from Hawaii).

Fig. 2. CloniOphora macrocladia (Nordst.) Bourrelly
var. macrocladia, X 90. (redrawn from
Nordstedt 1878 as Draparnaldia macrocladia)

Figs. 3-5. Cloniophora plumose (Kg.) forma; (drama
from G. W. Fergusson.Col. Nes. 360 and 387.
collected from mouth of Kelany River, Colombo,
Ceylon; (14); Fig. 3, x 215 (a branch);
F188. 4-5. x 100 (middle and lower part of

the same plant).

- 519 -

 

P1.35

 

F1830 1-60

Figs. 7-8.

fié‘.

Plate 36 (

Cloniophora macrocladia (Nordst.) *
Bourrelly var. macrocladia, Fig. l, 1
x 75 (drawn from Wittrock and Nordstedt

Exs. No. 1426. AS.§£$5° amoenum Kg.

forma from Africa); Fig. 2, X 100,

(drawn from (F) as Stig; Askenaysi

Schmidle, from Malay); Fig. 3, X.50

(drawn from (W) as Stigeoclonium with an

epithet Polakowski Grun.); Figs. 4-6,

X 215, (drawn from Wittrock and.Nordstedt

Col. No. 1427, as Stig. amoenum Kg. form.

from Asia).

CloniOphora plumosa (Kg.) Bourrelly.»

X 215 (drawn from TYPE of W

plumosum Kg. from (L) No. 67 )0

-521-

 

’/ (1w.

 

F1538. 1.5.

Fig. 6.

Plate 37

Cloniophora macrocladia (Nordst.) var.
mississippiensis var. nov. Figs. 1-2,

X 100; Figs. 3-4, X 215 (all drawn from
(F), Drouet Col. No. 9808 as §_t_ig. lubricum
(Dillw.) Kg.).

Cloniophora macrocladia (Nordst.)
Bourrelly var. macrocladia X 100 (drawn
from Tilden's Am. Alg. No. 460 as Stig.

nudiusculum Kg. from Hawaii).

-523-

 

P1. 37

.' QDQ-QI.'
\ - .....wh“.\ 00.0.“1
.. «fluvwdx ‘ 6

«i».-. x
/ Vi ‘ _ \

 

Figs.

1'00

Plate 38

Cloniophora soicata (Schmidle) comb.
nov., Figs. 1-3, X 75; Figs. 5-5.

X 215 (all drawn from Prescott Col. No.
T 52 from Ecuador (Pres.); Fig. 4,

X 215 (drawn from.specimens from Puerto

Rico, col. by D. C. Jackson, July 1950).

- 525 -

191,33

 

ooav I!
othGMNQ “nun-I‘M“
o \ IIIfiumiIiI‘.-

     

                     

I
\IOII‘ .Wl. " OOOOO\IO I
awr’l. 0 “....
...-ea \\ -. .lwtap-P.

cm.’ a‘
....\‘Ve\¢\wv\‘ .....ll ..
I
, . ' . O 00”..
O O
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Figs. 1-4.

Figs. 5-6.

Figs. 7-8.

Fig. 9.

Plate 39

Cloniophogg spicata (Schmidle) comb.
nov., forma, Figs. 1-2, X 75; Figs.
3-4, X 100 (all drawn from Specimen No.
686 (L) No. 206, from West Sumatra).
CloniOpho:g_macrocladia (Nordst.) var.
mississippiensis var. nov., X1100 (all
drawn from (F), Drouet 001. No. 9823 as
'gtig; lubricum (Dillw.) Kg.)
Cloniophogg plumosa (Kg.) Bourrelly, -
Fla. 7. X 75; Fig. 8, x 215 (all drawn
from (W), Col. No. 360, as §E§E'
uniformis Kg. from Ceylon).

CloniOphog_a_ spicata (Schmidle) comb. nov.
X 215 (drawn from D. C. Jackson collection

from Puerto Rico, July 1950)-

..527...

P1. 39

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5.4.9

- 528 —
INDEX

(Includes only important genera & species)

CHAETOPHORA- 136, 137, 139:

174, 200, 211 IREKSOKONIA- 361
CLONIOPHORA- 136, 137, 138, IWANOFFIA- 406

356-392, 367, 369 MYXONEMA- 20, 135, 154,
capitellata- 356, 381 169, 188, 194, 219, 226,
macrocladia- 374 235. 244. 280. 286. 294.
var. mississippiensis- 379 306, 315

ornata- 369 MYXONENOPSIS- 135, 225,
plumosa- 356, 372 361

spicata- 356, 381 crassimembranacea- 135
willei- 356, 381 PILINIA— 63, 156
CONFERVA- 169, 184, 202, 226 diluta- 65, 156

258, 277, 295. 315 PSEUDOCHAETE- 7, 154
DRAPARNALDIA- 156, 157, 158, gracilis- 154

159, 184, 194, 205, 244, 273, STIGEOCLONIUN— 1-126, 567
280, 306, 341, 344, 367 aestivale- 143, 188, 195,
DRAPARNALDIOPSIS- 126, 133, 1369 393

157, 159, 567 amoenum- 149, 286, 502,
ENDOCLONIUM- 24, 163 393

chroolepiforme- 163 var. amoenum- 288, 393
Hookeri- 155 var. auklandicum- 296, 302
Moebiusianum- 152, 401 393

polymorphum- 159, 163 var. insigne- 294, 302, 309,

395, 407

 

 

 

 

II' I III 11

- 529 -

var. pulchellum— 304
var. simplex- 304
fa. biforme- 286
Askenasyi- 359, 381, 393
attenuatum- 280, 393
australense- 223, 394
autumnale- 188, 189, 191, 394
Biasolettianum- 144, 205, 394
Bormianum- 194

carolinianum- 144, 212, 394
chroolepiforme- 163, 394
condensatum- 184, 394
crassiusculum- 306, 395
curvirostrum- 144, 199, 395
debile- 272, 395

elongatum~ 149, 280, 345
falklandicum- 280, 395

var. anglicum- 155

var. longearticulatum- 231, 232

farctum- 143, 152, 396
var. pygmaeum~ 158, 162, 396
var. rivulare— 155, 396

var. simplex- 153, 154, 396.

fasciculare- 145, 213, 214, 396

var. fasciculare- 215

var. glomeratum- 218, 220,
221

fastigatum-174, 177, 396
flagelliferum- 150, 305,
396

var. crassiusculum- 306
glomeratum- 218, 396
gracile Kg.- 272, 397
gracile (Nest & West) Tif.
154, 397

gracile Skvr.- 245, 397
Grunowii- 158, 163, 397
helveticum- 144, 207, 398,
404

Hookeri- 155, 398

Huber1- 155, 398
hydrosulphureum- 398
insigne- 294, 300, 399
irregulare- 242, 244, 276,
399

var. natans- 245, 399
Lebelii- 142, 224, 225,
399

longearticulatum- 231, 399
longipilum- 142, 174, 177,
178, 400

- 530 -

var. cylindricum- 181, 400

var. lacustre- 181, 191, 400

var. majus— 174, 400
var. minus- 174, 400, 401
lubricum- 150, 277, 315, 400
forma salina- 400

var. varians- 316, 320, 400
macrocladium- 359, 400

var. egyptiacae, 400

minus- 174, 401

najadeanum- 152, 401

nanum- 142, 168, 401

fa. subsimplex- 171
Nelsonii- 146, 542, 402
nudiusculum— 148, 344, 402
var. tomentosum- 348, 355, 360
pachydermum- 148, 350, 402
var. pachydermum- 352

var. Prescottii- 354

var. Whitfordii- 353
paihiaensis- 151, 340, 402
plumosum- 372, 402
polymorphum- 159, 163, 402
polyrhizum- 175, 179, 402
prolixum- 403

prostratum- 154, 403

protensum- 142, 184, 403
pusillum- 147, 238, 403
var. irregulare- 239, 403
pygmaeum~ 158, 162, 403
radians— 175, 177, 403
rangoonicum- 194, 196, 404
salinum- 400, 404

Segarae- 145, 210, 404
setigerum- 144, 202, 404
spicatum- 359, 381, 404
stagnatile- 147, 185, 240,
404

stellare- 242, 244, 276,
405

submarinum- 405
subsecundum- 146, 226, 405
var. javanicum- 232
var. subsecundum- 228
var. tenuis- 231, 405
var. ulotricoides- 159, 232,
405 .

subsimplex- 158, 162, 405
subSpinosum- 161, 200, 405
var. falklandicum— 280
subtile- 155, 406

subuligerum- 147, 235, 406

- 531 -

tenue- 56, 149, 243, 277, 406
var. bulbiferum- 5, 244

var. epiphyticum- 245

var. genuinum- 244

var. gracile Kg.- 272

var. irregulare- 244

var. lubricum- 315

var. Lyngbaecolum- 245

var. minus- 158

var. tenue- 246, 406

var. uniforme- 272, 406
terrestre- 406

thermale- 143, 190, 194, 404,
406

uniforme- 272, 406
variabile- 143, 157, 161, 164,
233, 405, 407

var. minus- 158, 161
ventricosum- 135, 294, 295, 299:
300,‘407

weissianum- 158, 161, 407
ULOTHRIX- 151, 136

£982.: 1.... cm

1 r" 11'" I
4‘.“ ,.. A u; ,- _ x 3‘8
.L.-‘:"g; :cug-‘gf‘ ‘ 1= 7 USE {EFLY