FHE YIELD AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF
SOYBEANS AS AFFECTED BY WIDE'LY- VARYING
' NUTRiENT LEVElS

Thesis for the boat» of Ph.‘ D.
MiCHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Aminul Islam
1962

 

 

This is to certify that the

thesis entitled

THE YIELD AND CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF
SOYBEANS AS AFFECTED BY WIDELY VARYING
NUTRIENT LEVELS

presented by

Aminul Is 1am

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

Ph.D. degree in 8011 Science

L. S. Robertson

 

Major professor

Date W

0-169

 

LIBRARY

Michigan State
University

 

 

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by Aminul Islam

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8030 ans Wnicn Wer tilizea witn wiuely varyin5
rates ana combinations of ritr05en, pnospnorus, potassium,

calcium, and nia51esiun were 5rown on a Conover silt—loam

!

soil in tne field in 1960. In aiaition to <eol yield
attaininatioa tne lees and stems were narvestei ana
analyzed for nitr05k en, pnospaorus, potassium, calcium,
naviesium, tota su5ars, anu amino nitr05en contents.

fine use of nitro5en, pnospnorus, and calcium increased

J.

potassium or ma5nesium at

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seeu yields, wnile tne us 0

seeu yields. At ni5n rates,

d

moderate rates a1; not affec

’4

the use of tnese elements use a tenuencr to decrease yie is.

fine leaves contained more nitr“5€n: PHOSPJOPQS’ cal-
cium, and magnesium than did tne stems. Tue pO"Lia’iSSZ'LU-il’l
Content of tne leaves was mucn lower tnan that found in CH9

en. At tne flowerin5 sta5e tne leaves, in 5eneral, con-

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ta ined more total su5ars and alpila ainino nitr05en than uio
the stems.

Tne nitro5en levels in the leaves and tne ma5nesiun
reatly uurin5

levels in tne leaves and stems diu not cnan5e

4" I. l ' n “ \ ~- -A r . 21 . f :- J‘L'x 7 ‘u, 1. 7'
“d3 er“vin‘ season. fne nitro5en levels in tne stems ana

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Aninul Islam

the potassium levels in the leaves decreaseu witn time.
Potassium in the stens increase; until flowerii5 time ana
then decreased. Tnis also occ rreu witn pno asp mo rue levels
in botn tne leaves and stems. The calcium levels in tae

leaves increasea filtn tine. Ens reverse occurrel in tne

Hitr05en applied to the soil 1 Alllcaflblf izcrea sei
'tne n:it1x15er1 cox1te1'rt oi? ooin1 In): 1 giv;r;;ino. ta: :Jtcnuj. ihris
was associated wit1 an increase in calcium anl 12a5nesium
levels Tne usd of ni5nly active nitrate ions accelerateu

ive calcium and ma5nesium ions.

C‘f‘

the uptake of tne less aC'

Tne use of nitro5en res ultea in lower total su5ar ana
ni5ner alpna amino nitr05en levels. Enis was probably due
to tne role tJKitgnitrO5en plegm3:ha tne foraation of amino
acid from alpnal neto5lutaric acid.

The use of triple superpnospnate resulted in incre -sei
acc nulations of tne divalent ions, calcium and ma aesiun.
fflis was associated witn lower levels of potassium. Jiffer-

‘ fl ‘ l 4" I .1.“ 7‘"; "
noes lu coagulatio1 of cations oy soyoe ans are attriouueu

(l)

f.

b0 the norpn0l05v anu physio o5y of the rec

The application of phosphorus increased tne total sugar

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(i)

and alpha amino nitro5en con at of soJoean plants. Pnos-
pnorus is tnou 5nt to i; lcrease the efficiency of carbon uioxiue

utilizatiOI. In addition tnis element is essential Ior

3

Aminul Islam

phosphorylation reactions wnicn could aid in the formation of
alpha amino acias.
Potassium chloriue applications to the soil resultea

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tion, thus decreasin5 the amount of nitr05en fixed. ha5ne-
sium levels in both leaves and stems were reiuceu with the
application of potassium chloride. A hi5n potassium to
ma5nesium ratio in the soil was thou5ht to be the reason.

Potassium chloriae applied at rates up to 300 pounds
per acre increased the total su5ar content of both the leaves
and the stems. At hi5her rates the quantity of total su5ar
was decreased. The explanation of this was related to the
effect potassium has on the polymerization rate of su5ar to
starch or other complex carbonyirates. Low rates of poly-
merization were associated with low levels of potassium.
Potassium also played an essential role in the synthesis of
proteins from amino acils. This accounted for the observed
decrease in amino acii content.

The effect of calcium hyaroxiue applications upon the
Calcium content of the leaves anu stems was sli5ht and not

consistent.

4

Aminul Islam

The application of ma5nesium tenleu to increase the
accumulation of phosphorus in soybean leaves. La5nesium
seems to act as a carrier of phosphate. The application of
ma5nesium decreased the concentrati n of potassium in the

leaves ani stems of soybeans. An anta5onistic relationship

oatmeen potassium ahi ma5nesium was observed.

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A lIESIS

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Department of Soil

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Bo hy Parents

wnose unfailin5 interest anl constant
encoura5ement have been a 5reat
source of inspiration, this
thesis is affectionately

deuicatea.

ii

'7“ ":IWTVF ’1 F‘
ACI:~:C C; ‘. SJJ 3-; adj-J; I i b

The author wishes to eXpress his sincere apprecia—
tion to Dr. K. Lawton, under Whose supervision this work was
initiated, for his interest, assistance, and 5uidance. The
author is deeply indebted to Dr. L. S. Robertson for similar
guidance and assistance in completin5 this work and pre—
parin5 the manuscript.

Grateful thanks are exten led to Dr. R. L. Cook who was
entirely instrumental in 5ettin5 the forei5n student partial
maintena 1ce scholarship for the years 1960—61 and 1961-62.
His constant support, e1coura eme11t and valuable su55estions
in the preparation of the manuscript are hi5hly appreciated.

Special thaidcs are due to Dr. A. R. Wolcott for his
helpful su55estions concernin5 certain analytical and sta—
tistical procedures applicable to this study and to other
members of t1e 5uidance committee, Prof. B. 3. Churchill,
Dr. H. C. Beeskow and Dr. G. P. Stei11oauer (uecea we ) for
their help and keen interest in the author's 5raduate pro—

5ram.

H3

Life—lon5 indebtedness is owed to all the tea01ers o
Richi5an State University from whom the author took courses.
Their T'1i5h standard of teachin5, accompanied with unparal—
leled patience, constancy, assistance, syn1pathy, affection

and friendliness will always be remembered.

iii

The writer is thankful to Mr. C. Price for hi‘ assist-
ance in conductin5 the field phases of this study and to his
fellow graduate s.ddents for their cooperation and assistance
at all times.

Finally, the fellowship offered to the author by the
‘U. S. Fulbri5ht Foundation and the financial assistance
received from various sources throu5h hichi5an State University

are 5ratefully ackn wled5ed.

iv

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Plant Analysis . . . . . . .

33“ULJ3 AID :ISCJSCICJ.............................. 34
Soil jutrient Levels, Crop Yields, and the
Chemical Composition of Soybean Plants as
iffected by Three Levels of Complenchtary
sociated with Five Levels of
........ 37

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Eiscussion............

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«.Jil-J-LJJNJ 'J- ..-.L.'-J-'- :3

Soil Jutrient Levels, Crop Yiells, and the
C11e111icsl Composition of So, was Pls. 11ts as
Affectec by Lures Levels of Coialeweqt ry
gutrients Associate; t‘ Live Levels of

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Soil Nitrient Levels, Ci rop lielos, anl tie
C1‘1e::1icsl Co;-pos itio11 of So ozoean Plants es
Affected by T4198 Levels of Co;-lement;1y
gutrients Associatei wits Five Levels of

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Soil Nutrient Con
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Chemical Composition.............

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Discuss

Soil “ubr ent Levels, Crop Yielis, 3111 t1e
Chemical Composition of Soybes1 Plants as
Co: -plem ntsiy

Affectei by Inree Levels of
Nutrients Associateo wits lTive Levels 0:

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C11emic l Comloosition...o.o

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Soil Jutrient Levels, Crop Yielos,
anemical Composition of Soybean Planus as

V M
Affect e; by luree levels of Co; 1p eoe111“J
ive Levels of
104

Jutrients Ass ooiatel wita
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Soil ;vtrient Contents....o....
104

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C-1e1.1ioal Conposi tion, . . . a 1, . 105

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TAB :3

“ tes of elements usei in the field e: {perinerit

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0:1 soybeanSOOOOOOOOOOO0.0.0.00.00.00.00.0000°...

Avera5e soil test results as affecteu bJ t:ree
levels of comple nen1tarJ “utIic1‘s associa
with five levels of nItro5On.....................

Avera :e leaI and stem Jiells of sOJbean at tnree
sta5 es of O evelopm nt as aIIecte¢ by tnree levels
of OOLpleLentarJ nutrients associated witn five

levels of nitrO5en..o..................1.........

Avera5e soybean seeu Jielas as affectel bJ tnree
levels Of connlementa"v nutrients associa tea
“Iii-Ill fiVe levels Of ni01058110000000...oooooocoooo

Average nitro 5en content of SOJbean leaves ani

stems at tnree sta5es of development as affectei
bJ tnree levels of complementaIJ nutrients asso—
ciated witn five levels of nitrO5en..............

Avera5e pnosphorus content of soybean leaves ana
stems at t11ree sta5es of development as affects;
OJ tnree levels OI complene terJ nutrients asso~
ciated wi tn Iive levels of nitrO5en.............
Average potass um content of sOJoean leaves ar l
stems at tllree sta5es of uevelopLent as aIfecte;
bJ three levels OI conglenentary nitrients asso—
ciatea witn five levels of nitrO5en.............

Averare calcium content of SOVbe an leaves an;

Q J

stems at tnree sta5es of uevelopLe nt as aIfecteI
by tnree levels of compleLentarJ nutrients asso—

ciated witn five levels of nitrogen..°..........

Avera5e ma5nesium content of SOJbean leaves an&

stems at tnree sta5es of development as affectei
by three levels of complenlentarJ nutrients asso—
ciated witn five levels OI nitrO5e11.......o.....

viii

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13°

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17°

19.

Ill-S: CF TI'LZLES (COI’I'ClllueI)

Avera5e tota -l su5a r anI aLino nit rO5en content
Of SOJ ean leaves 1? steIs (IlO/Gfll‘ sta5e)

as affecteI bJ tniee levels of coIpleLentarJ
nutrients associate; with five levels Of
filtromo10oooooooooooooon...0.0090000090000000...
Avera5e soil test results as affected bJ three
levels Of complementa'J natrients associateI

witi five levels Of phosphorus....a..ooo...oo.o. ”

Avera5e leaf an; stem Jiel;s of SOJOeal'ls at

tnree sta5es of IevelOpLent as effecteI OJ tnree
levels of cor. ple;1ent‘;J nutrients essOOIIteI with
five levels of osO110ras.....o.....o.....o...... 6C
Average sOJoean seea JielIs as affectea by three
levels of comple Len tzirJ Irtrients associate? witn
five levels Of JhOSZjLOrJOoooooooooooooooooooooooo 65
Avera5e nitrO15 en conte W10 of so;oea n lee ves anI

stems at tires sta es Of Ievelopme11t as affe cteI

bJ t- as levels OI codalegentarJ nntiieius asso—
ciate; witn five levels of phospgorus ooooooooooo 67

fixr311‘1~ort‘s cthent Of soyoean leav

M ~ I
AVGFEJe

es 1
stems at tIree sta5es of IevelOQIIOI as aifecteI
bJ tnree levels of complementar nicrIcnt asso—
OiateI with five levels of phospnorus.........o. 58
Iverace potassian content Of sOJOean leav ves cni
teLs at three sta5es Of IevclonI nt as affectea
OJ three levels of 00*“I.“fle111,1t:1‘"\r nutrients asso—
ciateI with five levels Of pnospnorus...o..o.... 69

Avera5 e calciIm content of sOJoee n leaves a :11-
ster“;1s at tnree sta5es of LevelOpIInt as affe cteI
OJ tMI ee levels of comnleienta IJ nutrients a 080-

70

Ciaa Me with five levels of pIosphorus...........
Avera5e La5nesium content of sOJbean leaves anI

stems at tnree sta5es of IevelOpLent as affectel
OJ three levels of complementary nutrients as so-

ciateI with five levels Ofn IOsnIorus........o.° 71

ar anI amino nitro 5en content of
soybean leaves LII stems (floweri In5 sta 5e) as
affecteI bJ ree levels Of complementary nutrients
associateI with five levels of phosphoruso..oooo.

Avera5e total SQ

72

ix

m a 7“
.111111;.L

20.

21.

22.

23.

24.

26°

29.

L133 0? EABLES (Contin1e1)

Ave"a e soil test results as affecte1 by three
levels of co:1ole1e1t rJ nutrients associa ate1
W1Ju11liVe leVelS OfllOUQSSiLAJloooooooooooooooooooo

.1.

Average le a” an1 stem 31e11s of soybeans at Lh1ee
sta; es o1 aevelOpment as a1fecte1 bJ taree levels
of complementary nutrients associate; with five

levels of potassium..............................

Average soybean see1 3iel1s as affecte1 bJ taree
levels of COAU18”810““J llutrients associate1 wit1
Iive levels Of DouaSSimmooooooooooooooooooooooooo

ov_e n co:1tent of s03roean le1ves

Avera e nitr 1 an;
t-ems -t tnree sta’es of Cevel pment as affecte1

bJ t1ree levels of 00:; ple heuLarr n‘1trie1tasso—

ciate1 with five levels OI pota ssiLL.............

Average pnosj1oras content of sOJoean ler1ves a11
stems at three stages of 1evelowm eat as affecte1
bJ three levels of corple1c1t1rJ iatrient s asso-
Late1 wit1 five levels of poiass11mo..o.oo.o....
Average potassium content of s0Joea1‘1 leaves an1
stems at tiree sta es of development a,s affecte1

by tnree levels of couple11eat1arJ n1tr1ents asso—
01ate1 witn five levels of poLas511“............L

Averagec alci1L co;1te:1t of sonean leaves a::1
steals at tlree staL :es of 1ev elOpment as af1ecte1
bJ tAree levels 01 co; fle.e1LorJ nutrie:1ts asso—

cia Le1 wits 11ve levels 0” pot assi1m.......o.....

Average 1.,me1 um content of s0Jbean leaves ang
stems at t1ree sta es of o-evelopment as affectei
DJ three levels of comple1e31113 nr_trients asso-

ciatei with five levels of poLassi1a.............

Average total S1011 ani amino nitm°o e1 contei' 1t of
sOJoean leaves an1 stems (flowerin stage) as

C)
41

CO
U1

CO
~J

(33

CD

affecte1 bJ taree levels of complementary ‘utrients

ssociatei witn five levels of potassium.........

m

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A Q (“a " C1 ' *QC‘J‘ 3r J‘m mr‘ ”'0 DD "13: w-l.’ -‘1‘ngg

vcrabe Oll LesL rLs1 Ls as 11110111 :3 -1eL
- 1 1.-. .1- \ . -- .3.

lerels cf co1g>L1111LarJ n1L11ean a

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30. Aver3;3 lae 3f 3n; sten Ji3l§s of soJUU3ns 3t
three st:3 es of levelo1nent 3s 3ffecte1 by
fi1ree levels of c 331: 1311t3 ry nutrients asso-
ciatel Jitn five levels of C1lcium...............

3l. Aver3“e see; yiells as 3ffectei by three levels
of comtlU1ent3rJ n3trie:1ts associstel with five
levels of celc11m................................

\f.)
~3

32. Aver3ge nitrogen content of soybe3n le3ves 3n;
stems at three st3e s of deve10pment 3s 3ffecte1

by t11ree levels of co plement ry 31Ur133U .3sso—

ciatel witn five levels of ca lci1n............... So
33. Average phosphorus content of soybe3n le3ves 3n;

stems at three st3 es of 1evelOpment as affected

by t1ree levels of com.3le;'1ent3ry nutrients.3sso
018.1381 \fitil five le‘fels Of CCU Clcjlllooooooooooooooo

KO
0

34. Aversge rotessic.1 content of soyoe3n leo 3ve 3
stems 3t tnree stsges of eevelopme;1t 33 3f133t33
by tnree levels of complementary nttrie1ts esso-
ciatei with five levels of calcium............... lOO

C3lciur11 content of soybe 3n leave

Lu
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“ver3;3 3 3nd

stens 3t t1ree stjges of develor tnez1t 33 effecte;

by tnree levels of ““lenenU3rJ nUJrients 3sso—

ci3t31 with five levels of calcium............... 101
35. Aver3ge magnesium COLtent of soybe3n leeves 3n;

stems 3t tnree stages of levelos e1t as 3ff33U31

by Unree l vels of completenU1rJ n11trie1ts asso-

01.23.7391 \flt: fiV-e lGVGlS Of 01110.1: $11.00 0000000 00000 1.02
37. Average tot3l s 53r 3n; 3nino nitro en com1 3nt of
soybe3n lesves 3‘.r11 stems (1101311n st393) 33

3ffect31 by tnree levels of connlenUnU3°J n1Uri—

ents associate; witn five levels of 3lciam...... 103
r1 . » .1 -1.
30. ‘ver3ge 3011 test res1lts 3s 3ffeCt31 by tnree
levels of conolel ntar nutrients 3ssociste1 with
Live levels 0.1. 1:10. k#316511)..-11oo00:50:30030300000003011ch ll]-
39. Aver3ge 13 f 3n; stem yielns of sogbe3: s at tnree

stages of 13v0103nenU 33 flche by t13ee levels
of com lementsr’ HL rients associate1 wit1 Iive
le‘fels Of 111:1,“HQSiLm1:ooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 112

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40.

41.

420

43°

44.

45°

ILST or LLsijs (Conn inu eQ)

P1133

Average soyoea: seed yiele as affectei by

three levels of complements ry nutrients asso-

ciateQ with five levels of ma3nesiamo..oo..o.oo.. ll3
Average nitro 03en content of sogbea - leaves and

stems at tAree sta3 es of QevelopHLe t as affects;

by three levels of comp rleme ntary qaLrieLLs asso—
ciated with five lev Lls of ma aesiwa...°......... ll4

Avera3e phosphorus cor L eLt of leaves anQ ster Ls at
taree sta 3es of development as affecte; by taree

levels of complemer tary natrient associatel 3;:;

five levels of ma3nesium......................... 115

l
.n.‘

Average potassiam content of leaves anQ Ste s at
taree sta3es of Qevelop 1“ ant as affecte; Ly Lm ee

three levels of 0013.:fl eie LLorJ nutrients as so—

ciatea with five levels of LL31 sium............i ll6

Avera3e calcium content of lea es anQ stems at

three sta3es of aevelopment as affecteQ by three
levels of complement; try nutrients associatel wits
levels Of InacglieSJ—J—iiiooooooooooooooooooooooooooooou ll?

Avera3e ma3nesiam content of le elves aLiQ stezrs at
three sta3es of leveloouclt as affeCLel oy “wires
levels of comilementary naLrieaLs associate; A
wits five levels of ma3> resiam.....oo..........oo. llb

Average total sa3ar ans amino nitr03en contents

OI soyoe an leaves anQ stezns (flows rin3 sta3 ) as
affecteQ oy three levels of comple Wielldar3 nutri-

ents associates with five levels of ma331esiam...o ll9

xi 3'.

IJUXKLIJCTIGIT

It is wiaely recognized that the response of soybeans
to direct fertilization is inconsistent. Tne average yielu
in the United States ducing the last 20 years shows little
change. This is significant because other crops, especially
corn, nave shown a remarkable increase in yield per acre. A
linear regression analysis, for the 1939—1959 periou, indi-
cates that corn yields increaseu one bushel per acre per year,
while soybeans increased only one—fourth bushel for the same
periou (72).

As pointed out by Howell (45) and Onlrogge (72) con-
siderable study has been carried out in soybean nutrition
with respect to growth, dry matter production, yield, and
uptake of nutrients. However, much less infocmation is avail-

able relative to interactions between applieu fertilizers,

F?)

native soil nutrients, an& the root system characteristics 0
soybeans. Tnere is very little in the literature on tne
effects of wiuely varying nutrient levels on the uevelOpment
of tne soybean plant, especially Where the levels resultei
in a physiologic unbalance and a growtn depression. Where
nutrient level studies were conuucteu, the uata collectei
were largely confined to absorption of mineral elements, anu
except for isolated greenhouse experiments, the nutrient
levels were relatively low. nitrogen applications seluom

exceeueu lOO pounus per acre (56, 70, an& 100). Similarly,

l

2
phosphate anu potash additions to mineral soils generally
fell in the range of 50 to 200 pounus of P205 or K20 per
acre.

It is generally recognizeu by agronomists anu plant
physiologists that high levels in a growth medium of any
single nutrient may depress the uptake of other nutrients.
This in turn may upset the physiological process of assimi-
lation, metabolism, anu floral initiation (52). Accumulation
of carbohydrates, proteins, and other organic constituents

"y W
t

may oe urastically altered. As a result, they may be in
direct contrast to a more balanced nutrient environment (64).
Thus, the many instances of ionic interactions and antagonism
that may be possible are great (55, 86, anu 9l).

The purpose of this investigation was to study the
effects of wiue variations in soil nutrient content upon the
chemical composition of soybeans grown unuer the complex
variable environment of fielu conuitions. Kore specifically,
the research was designed to ueterm‘ne the infl‘ence of nitro—
gen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium singly and
in combination on the ury matter production anu the yielu of
soybeans. A further anu more funuanental objective was to
determine certain basic relationships which are operative in
establishing variations in plant composition so that the
result might be of value in interpreting data ron similar

studies in the future.

*

'r-N-r‘v ""
:12. .L.

4

‘W CF LITERATURE

E

Literature dealing with the effect of chemical fer-
tilizers upon the accumulation of minecal elements and
carbohydrate—nitrogen metabolism in crop plants is volumi-
nous. This review, therefore, is restricted to the func—
tions, interactions, accumulation, and redistribution of the
elements nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and may-
nesium in soybean plants.

The review of literature is divided into six parts.
The first five are related to each of the elements considered
in this research, nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium,
and magnesium. The sixth part deals with an no nitrogen and

carbohyurate metabolism.

nitrogen

 

Differences in nitrogen content with respect to dif—
ferent parts of the soybean plant at various stages of
development were recognized in the early nineteenth centu y.
webster (lOO) working on nitrogen metabolism of soybeans,
reported that the leaves and stems, at an early stage of
growth, contained as much as 8.0 per cent nitrogen. The
concentration by blossom time decreased to 2.7 and 1.0 per
cent, respectively, in the leaves and stems. Togari et al.
(89) stated that for Japanese grown soybeans at the blooming
stage, the leaves contained four times more nitrogen than

the stems. Hurneek (65) observed that the leaves ani stems

4

of six-day old plants each contained about 9.0 per cent
nitrogen. After 40 days of growth, these values decreased
to 4.0 and 3.0, respectively, for leaves and stems. He aptly
commented that the nitroge contents of leaves and stems de-
creased with age. Erdman (26) working with inoculated soy-
beans grown under field conditions, found that in the early
stages, there was a gradual decrease in per cent nitrogen.
After 95 days, the per cent nitrogen increased and usually
reached a maximum at maturity. The concentration differences
in the plant parts became largest in the pod—fillin; stape.
Hammond et al. (34) working with a problem of nutrient uptake
by soybeans on Iowa soils, observed in mature plants, that
the distribution of total nitrogen was 4.0 per cent in the
stems and roots, 12.0 per cent in the leaves, and 4.0 per
cent in the pods and 80.0 per cent in the seed.

Translocation of nitrogen from he cotyledons to the
soybean seedlings is well understood. hcAllister et al. (58)
concluded that the concentration of protein in the cotyledons
decreased with time. At emergence time, the cotyledons con—
tained 70 per cent of the protein. Nine days later they con—
tained only 25 per cent. At a still later date the concen—
tration dropped to 7 per cent. Yoshira et al. (106) also
observed that most of the nitrogen in the cotyledons was
translocated to the seedlings during the first three weeks.

Hammond et a1. (34) observed that during the period

from the eighty-seventh day to the one hundred thirty—fifth

5
day of maturity, the total nitrogen content of the plant in-
creased 48 pounds per acre. dowever, the nitrogen content
of the seed and pods increased to 121 pounds per acre. The
nitrogen in the remainder of the plant decreased to 73 pounds
per acre.

The rate of uptake of nitrogen by a soybean plant
varies with the stage of growth. Analyses made by Hammond
et a1. (34) indicated that maximum absorption rate of 4.4
pounds per acre occurred during the seven—day interval be—
tween 94 and 101 days after planting.

Hampton et a1. (35) working with the problem of
influence of variable supplies of potassium and calcium on
nitrosen fixation by soybeans found that plant growth and
fixation of nitrogen were affected by the addition of both
potassium and calcium. higher levels of calcium stimulated
nitrogen fixation to a nreater extent than potassium. Potas—
sium functioned chiefly in the production of carbohydrates.
The influence of calcium on nitrogen fixation was more pro-
nounced at lower than at higher levels of potassium. A low
rate of potassium to calcium was necessary for maximum
nitrogen fixation.

The need for applying nitrogenous fertilizers for
higher yields is mucn debated. Investigators in Japan (106)
reported that additional nitrogen, if needed, would be needed
only during he first five weeks. They concluded that appli—

cations of nitrogen did not increase yields. Data from the

I?“
V l
v

investigations of Lathewell and Evans (50) showed that for
maximum yields high levels of available nitrogen were neces—
sary during the bloom period. The yield of beans was closely
correlated with the amount of nitrogen accumulated throughout
the life cycle. Allos et al. (4) studied the influence of
increasing applications of available nitrogen (5—15) on growth
and development. They observed that the fixation processes
never supplied sufficient nitrogen for maximum growth and
exhibited an apparent capacity to supply only one-half to
three—fourths of the total nitrogen that could be used by the
plant. The influence of seasonal variations in response of
soybeans to additional nitrogen was observed by Lyons and
Early (56). In 1947, which was warm and dry, marked yield
responses to added nitrogen were obtained. The nrmber of
nodules per plant decreased 80 to 90 per cent, but there were
appreciable increases in seed yields and in the nitrogen con-
tent of the seed. A year later with adequate rainfall,
moderate temperatures, and 30 to 40 additional growing days,
there was little to no response from added nitrogen. The
number of nodules per plant on the untreated plot was larger
than the previous year. The largest application of ammonium
nitrate resulted in a 35 per cent decrease in the number of
nodules.

The investigations carried out by Hederski et al. (61)
and Lyons et al. (56) indicated that the use of lower rates

of nitrogen resulted in an increase of two to four bushels

7
of seed per acre, while the use of higher rates resulted in

a yield depression.

Phosphorus

Extensive work has been completed on the utilization
of phosphorus by soybeans. Phosphorus serves as a building
material in the formation of nucleoproteins, flowers, and
seeds. In greenhouse studies with sand cultures hederski
(60) showed that soybean leaves, stems, and total tops con—
tained 0.69, 0.58, 0.65 per cent phosphorus, respectively.
Forty days after planting, the upper leaves contained 0.74
per cent phosphorus and the lower leaves contained 1.6 per
cent. At the same time the stem contained 0.76 per cent
phosphorus, while the total aerial portion contained 1.05
per cent. At blossom time the concentrations were equal to
0.74 per cent in the upper leaves, 1.64 per cent in the lower
leaves, 0.67 per cent in the stems, and 1.14 per cent phos-
phorus in the entire aerial portion of the plant. The per
cent phosphorus for the same parts of the plant during the
pod—filling stage were 0.76, 0.90, 0.53, 0.34, and 0.54.
Hederski (60) reported that the concentration of phosphorus
varied greatly between various parts of the soybean plant.
The lower leaves acted as storaée oryans where excessive
mounts of phosphorus were absorbed by the roots.

In a greenhouse experiment where magnesium levels were
extremely low, Webb et al. 99) found the highest per cent

phosphorus in mature plants. The leaves contained 1.03 per

8

cent, the petals, 0.75 per cent, the stem, 0.96 per cent, the
roots 1.32 per cent, and the pods, 1.84 per cent phosphorus.

haximal concentrations of phosphorus in field grown
soybeanpausually are much lower and frequently are equal to

f,

about one—half of those concentrations measured in nutrient
solution studies. Wilkinson (104) using a band application
of 40 + 160 + 0 in the field, found 0.5 per cent phosphorus
in the tops of 42—day old soybean plants. The investigations
carried out in the field by Borst et a1. (10) in Ohio, Welch
et al. (102) in dorth Carolina, hammond et a1. (34) in Iowa,
Bureau et a1. (15) in Ohio, and Togari et al. (89) in Japan,
revealed that the most general range of concentration of
phosphorus in soybean tops at the prebloom stage was between
0.25 and 0.30 per cent. From fertilizer tests with soybeans
in Kichigan, Austin (6) reported the highest value of 0.3 per
cent phosphorus in the total tops of 73—day old plants.

Studies made by Merdeshi (60) with solution culture
experiments, indicated that minimal concentrations in the pre-
bloom stage were 0.30, 0.15, and 0.25 per cent phosphorus
for the leaves, stems, and total tops, respectively. Phos—
phorus concentrations decreased to ‘07 per cent in the upper
leaves, 0.06 in the lower leaves, 0.03 in stems, 0.07 in the
pods, and 0.05 in the total tops of soybeans at the mature
stage. hederski concluded that these would represent minimum
values.

Kinimal concentrations in field-grown soybeans may be

 

 

9
much lower. Bureau et al. (l5) stated that with phosphorus
deficient field—grown soybeans the concentration of phos—
phorus in the total tops uuring the prebloom stage was often
less than 0.02 per cent. hatrone et al. (57) reported that
at the blossom bud stage of field—grown soybeans the phos-
phorus concentrations ranged from 0.06 to 0.08 per cent in
the stems and from 0.16 to 0.18 per cent in the leaves of
plants grown on the "minus phosphate" plots.

Ohlrogge (72) in his article, "mineral Nutrition of
Soybeans" made a review of the cardinal concentrations of
phosphorus in soybean plants. He stateu, "Examination of
numerous data suggests an optimum range for the total tops
of between 0.25 and 0.45 per cent phosphorus for the prebloom
stages. Higher concentrations would represent accumulations
resulting from other factors limiting growth, and lower con—
centrations would represent inadequate phosphorus supplies
or interference in phosphorus absorption." Ohlrogge (72)
indicated that the most common concentrations reported at
the bloom stage for soybeans grown on fertile soil was about
0.25 per cent phosphorus. He commented, "Consideration of
all of the reported values indicates that concentrations be-
tween 0.25 and 0.35 per cent represent Optimal nutrition,
with values found above or below representing luxury con—
sumption and deficiencies, respectively." Further, the
critical concentrations for the tops exclusive of the seeds

for mature soybeans, were 0.05 minimum, 0.25 to 0.35 optimum,

'_ - ~- w Aug y-g-g-‘M _ _ .yq. _.._.— ..—_ wu- _.~..-.— .

10
and 0.60 maximum (72).

The mobility of phosphorus in the plant was recognized
early in the mid—1920's. Though Borst et al. (10) observed
a decline in phosphorus concentration in leaves, stems, and
pods of soybeans at the mature stage, they indicated that
phosphorus moved only from the pod into the seed. hcAllister
et al. (58) reported that at emergence, 40 per cent of the
phosphorus had translocated to the seedling from the cotyle—
dons within the first 15 days. After 38 dayS, 75 to 90 per
cent had migrated into the plant. A greenhouse study by
Chlrogge (72) indicated that low levels of mineral nutrition
were correlated with early yellowing of the cotyledons, while
high fertility levels delayed the yellowing. Investigations
carried out by hederski (60), Hammond et al. (34), Topari et
al. (89) clearly indicated that 40 to 75 per cent of the
phOSphorus in the seed translocated from the pods, leaves,
and stems. Hammond et al. (34) observed that the largest
migration took place at low soil phosphorus levels. From an
investigation on the effect of magnesium from phosphorus
absorption and translocation in soybeans, Webb et al. (99
stated, "Omission of magnesium from nutrient solutions did
not retard phosphorus absorption, but did have a significant
effect upon the movement and final location of phosphorus in
the plants. The chemical composition of the component parts
revealed that magnesium deficient plants contained a higher

percentage of phosphorus in the vegetative organs and a lower

11
percentage in the seeds than in normal plants. A definite
positive relationship existed between the magnesium and phos—
phorus content of the seed and a definite negative relation-
ship between the content of these two elements in the leaflets.
This finding offers support to the theory that magnesium acts
as a carrier of phosphorus."

A different picture of phosphorus uptake by soybeans
exists between field and nutrient culture experiments. The
findings of hedershi (60) suggested an increased rate of up-
take up to 50 days from planting and then a fairly constant
rate until the leaves became yellow. Field experiments by
Welch et al. (102), Hammond et a1. (34), Bureau (15), and
Wilkinson (104) demonstrated that a constantly increasing rate
of phosphorus uptake occurred after the initial seedling lag
and that a maximum rate of uptake of 0.40 pounds of phos—
phorus per day occurred during the pod filling stage. hammond
et a1. (34) stated that the increasing rate of phosphorus
uptake was a result of higher demands by the seeds.

With the advent of P32, the contribution of fertilizer
phosphorus could be easily estimated. however, the problem
of not being able to consistently increase soybean seed yields
with the application of phosphorus even on soils known to be
low in available phosphorus still remains.

Colwell (18) in 1944 and helson et al. (67) in 1947,
reported that soybeans responded to applications of phos—

phorus on many soils in the southeastern part of the United

12

States. The magnitude of yield increase was related to the
level of available phosphorus in the soil. From a study on
the utilization of fertilizer and soil phosphorus, using
radioactive tracer techniques, Welch et al. (102) observed
that the percentage of phOSphorus derived from fertilizer was
inversely related to the level of soil phosphorus and di-
rectly related to the rate of application. The total u~take
was greater from high phosphorus soils. E-rly absorption of
phosphorus was much higher when phosphorus was placed in bands
than when it was broadcast and dished into the soil. Phos-
phorus applied to a previous crop was available to soybea.s
which were grown as a second crop. Increased production of
dry matter, and in some instances of seed, was brought about
by applications of phosphorus.

Krantz et al. (49) also found similar results. Kuch
of the applied phosphorus was utilized in the later stages
of growth.

Bureau et al. (15) from a study involving the use of
P32, made the following conclusions: "The phosphorus content
of the plant was found to increase with an increase in the
level of soil phosphorus and with the application of phos—
phatic fertilizers. The residual phosphate level appeared
to influence the phosphorus content of the plant to a greater
degree than did the application of phospnatic fertilizers.
An increase in the level of soil phosphorus tended to produce
larger quantities of dry matter, but showed an apparent de-

pressing effect upon soybean yields."

13
Wilkinson et a . (104) in 1957 and 1958 noticed a con—
C’

sistent decline in the per cent of iertilizer derived phos—

.1.
U

E:

of yrowth. ’here was no

Q

(D

phorus taken up during each s a;
sipnificant increase in seed yields, although a significant
early response in dry weight and total phosphorus content of
plants was obtained.

On reviewing the effect of phosphorus fertilizers on
soybean yields and growth characteristics, Ohlrogpe (72)
aptly commented, "Certainly, a large part of the phosphorus
can be derived from the fertilizer. Also, the total uptake
of phosphorus may be and frequently is increased somewhat.
There is, however, no assurance of an increase in yield.
Thus, phosphorus does not appear to provide the exclusive key

to unlocking the soybean mystery."

Potassium

 

There has been a great amount of research both in the
field and in the greenhouse on the role that potassium plays
in the nutrition of soybeans.

From a greenhouse study hutchings (46) reported that
the total tOps of soybeans at the prebloom stage contained
as high as 5.70 per cent potassium. A study of the effect
of varying concentrations in a nutrient medium led Allen (3)
to report that total tops of the Virginia and horse variety
at the prebloom stage contained 2.7 and 3.5 per cent potas-

sium. Evans et al. (27) observed a wide range of potassium

concentrations in different parts of a flowering soybean

14

plant grown in sand cultures. The maximum concentration was
1.75 per cent potassium in the upper leaves. When the nutri—
ent solution contained no magnesium the upper and lower
leaves of soybean plants grown on complete solutions con—
tained 0.84 and 0.60 per cent potassium, respectively.

Field studies carried out in Japan by Togari et al.
(89) indicated that stems and leaves of soybeans at the pre-
bloom stage contained more than 4.0 and 2.5 per cent potas—
sium, respectively. At the onset of blooms, the total con-
centration of the top varied from 2.0 to 3.5 per cent potas—
sium. Hammond et al. (34) reported a range between 1.0 and
1.5 per cent potassium in total tops at the prebloom stape.
In the bloom stage the potassium concentration of the total
tops ranged from 0.80 to 1.0 per cent while in the pod—filling
stage the concentrations were between 0.5 and 0.7 per cent.
Borst and Thatcher (10) after six years' investigation found
that at the prebloom stage the leaves and stems contained
2.3 and 3.6 per cent potassium respectively. At the bloom
stage total potassium concentration ranged between 0.9 and
1.2 per cent for the total tops. In the pod—filling stage
the leaves declined from 1.0 per cent to 0.3 per cent, while
the stem decreased from 0.8 to 0.3 per cent. They stated
that the leaves and stems decreased in per cent potassium as
the plants approached maturity.

From a nutrient culture experiment, Allen (3) reported

a minimal concentration of 0.3 per cent potassium in the tops

15
of plants at the prebloom stage. Evans et al. (27) reported
a minimum.of 0.18 per cent potassium in the lower leaves of
soybeans at the blooming stage when plants were grown in
solutions with toxic levels of magnesium. From a field study
in Kichigan, Austin (6) found that total tops of 35—day old
plants contained 0.5 per cent potassium.

Ohlrogge (72) reviewed the cardinal concentrations of
potassium in soybean plants. He stated that the data for
the prebloom stage would suggest a minimum of 0.3 per cent,
optimum range 1 to 4.0 and an upper limit of 5.7 per cent
potassium for the total tOps. For the blooming stage minimal
optimal and maximum concentration in the tOps of 0.3, 0.7 to
2.0, and 4.5 per cent potassium were su tested. During pod—
filling stage the potassium in the stems ranged from over
3.0 to less than 0.3 per cent. The leaves ranged from 0.4
to 3.0 per cent and the pods from 0.8 to 3.0 per cent potas—
sium.

The concentration of potassium at the onset of foliar
deficiency symptoms was reported by Ielson et a1. (66) from
field experiments in fiorth Carolina on a Coxville very fine
sandy loam soil which was low in exchangeable potassium.

The potassium content of the blade and petiole of leaves which
showed foliar deficiency symptoms were 0.48 and 0.7 per cent.
The levels in the normal leaves from the plots that received
120 pounds per acre of K20 were 2.1 and 1.6 per cent in the

blade and petiole respectively.

16

The influences of cations upon the absorption of other
cations represents a very complex phenomenon. hany plant
cation relationships have been proposed. Evans et a1. (27)
observed that a deficiency of potassirm in the nutrient so—
lutions caused a decrease in potassium. A deficiency of mag—
nesium increased the potassium conten of soybean leaves
twofold, whereas magnesium in toxic amounts caused the potas-
sium contents of the leaves to decrease to near trace levels.
A deficiency of phosphorus had a marked effect on increasing
the potassium content of the leaves. Allen (3) noticed that
with increasing supplies of calcium in the nutrient medium
there was an increasing percentage of calcium and a de—
creasing percentage of potassium in the foliage. With an
increasing supply of magnesium the per cent magnesium in—
creased in the foliage and the potassium levels decreased.

The phenomenon of potassium translocation has been
studied in detail. hcAllister et al. (58) observed that a
rapid loss of potassium from the colytedons occurred from
planting until emergence. Then the rate decreased to the
final level. One half of the potassium moved out of the
cotyledons 15 days after planting. After 30 days, only 20
per cent of the original potassium remained in the cotyle-
dons. From a nutrient free medium in a darkroom Von 0hlen
(94) observed that in 25 days all of the potassium moved out
of the cotyledons. Chlrogge (72) commented that the extent

of translocation would probably be dependent upon the potas—

l7
sium availability to the roots of the seedling.

Differences with respect to rate of uptake of potas-
sium by soybeans exist in the literature. Hammond et al.
(34) observed a peak rate of potassium uptake of l.7 pounds
per acre per day during a week period between 87 and 94 days
after planting. They reported that potassium had shown more
week to week variations in uptake rate than calcium, ma nesi-
um, nitrogen, or phosphorus. Togari's (89) results expressed
on a per plant basis showed a much more constant trend. Re-
sults from six years' field experiments at Ohio by Borst and
Thatcher (l0) indicated a constantly decr asing rate of up-
take during the pod~filling period.

Some of the most striking responses to fertilization
have been obtained with potassium salts. Consistently large
grain yield increases were obtained from potassium fertiliz—
ers on almost all of the potassium deficient soils of the
south—eastern part of the United States when good production
methods were used. In the hidwest, response has not been so
consistent. Most of the responses were obtained on the
sandier soils and on those prairie soils high in orpanic
matter. The poorly drained light colored silt loams have not
responded consistently to potassium applications even when
potassium deficiencies were prevalent. Both broadcast and
band applications of potassium resulted in increased levels
Of potassium in plants (72).

From a field experiment on a sandy loam soil low in

C}?

l
exchangeable potassium Nelson et al. (6’) made the following
summary:

1. Additions of potassium more than doubled the number
of pods per plant of each variety, exerted a beneficial in—
fluence in retaining pods until harvest, resulted in an in—
crease in the number of two—cavity sized pods and a decrease
in the number of three—cavity sized pods. A significant
influence was that of increasing the degree of filling.

2. Potassium marked y improved the seed quality by
reducing the number of shriveled, shrunken, moldy, and off—
colored seeds.

3. haturity was retarded by additions of potassium.

4. Potassium increased seed weight of all varieties
and the oil conten of the seeds of two varieties out of
three.

5. As an average of all varieties the addition of 60

pounds of K20 increased the yield fourfold.

Calcium

The beneficial effects of adequate quantities of
calci‘n upon the structure of the soil, microbial activity,
and the availability of other essential nutrients has been
known for some time. The effect of various calcium levels
upon soybean growth characteristics, however, is complex.

The investigations of harston et al. (37), hampton et
al. (35), Allen (3), Graham et al. (30) and Brown et al. (14)

with clay and sand cultures indicated that the calcium con-

19
tent of the total soybean plant at the prebloom stage ranged
between 0.25 and 0.75 per cent.

Siegel (84) reported a range of 0.7 to 1.25 per cent
calcium in soybeans that were grown in nutrient solutions.

At the prebloom stage Evans et a1. (27) observed that
the calcium concentration in the leaves of nutrient solution
grown beans varied from near 0 to 6.5 per cent. The lower
leaves contained 5.0 per cent while the upper leaves con—
tained only 1.0 per cent. Studies in Japan by Hashimoto
(40) showed that ranges in calcium content of the leaves and
stems were between 0.5 and 1.5 and 0.3 and 1.14 per cent re—
spectively. During the pod—filling staée as reported by
Hashimoto (40) the leaves ranged between 2.0 and 2.4 and the
stems between 0.7 and l.6 per cent calcium. Field studies
by Austin (6) showed that the calcium concentration of the
total tops of soybean plants after 30 days from planting
varied between 2.0 and 2.75. Hammond et a1. (34) recorded
concentrations of 1.9 and 1.25 per cent calcium in the total
plant 22 and 55 days respectively after planting. In the
study of Hashimoto et al. (41) the calcium concentrations
ranged from 2.3 to 2.6 and 1.6 to 1.9 per cent in the leaves
and stems of soybean plants at the preblossom stage.
Wilkinson (104) reported that at the onset of flowers the
calcium concentration of soybean tops varied from 0.5 to
slightly higher than 1.0 per cent. Austin's (6) 73-day old

plants ranged between l.7 and 2.0 per cent calcium. hashimoto

20
et al. (42) reported a range of between 2.2 and 3.3, and 1.5
and 1.9 per cent calcium, respectively for leaves and stems
at the blooming stage. In the pod-filling stage, Austin (6)
found a range of between 1.2 and 2.0 per cent. Wilkinson
(104) from a nutritional survey of farmers' fields found a
range of between 0.9 and 4.5 per cent calcium. Ohlrogge (72)
stated, "Here again, as is true for many other nutrients,
the widest range in calcium content is found in the youngest
plants."

The effect of complementary nutrients on the uptake of
calcium has been studied. Evans et a1. (27) noticed that a
deficiency of potass um in a nutrient solution caused an in-
crease in the uptake of calcium. Deficiencies of magnesium
did not produce any change in the calcium concentration in the
leaves whereas toxic quantities of magnesium caused the cal—
cium content to decrease to a mere trace amount. Graham et
al. (31) observed that the use of magnesium resulted in an
increase in the uptake of calcium. Allen (3) found that an
inverse relationship existed between the percent of potassium
and calcium in the foliage, and with an increasing supply of
magnesium there was little change in the calcium concentra-
tions.

Translocation of calcium from cotyledons is almost
absent. The investigation carried out by hcAllister et al.
(58) led to the conclusion that the calcium content did not

change appreciably during seed germination. However, during

21
the 20 days after emergence, the calcium content of the coty—
ledons increased 300 per cent. The only discussion found on
the rate of uptake was that made by hammond et a1. (34). He
observed that the rate gradually increased, reaching a peak
of 2.8 pounds of calcium per day for a week interval between
73 and 80 days after planting.

The immobility of calcium in soybean plants as stated
by Ohlrogge (72) is well recognized. "This immobility lends
increasing importance to gaining a complete understanding of
the day-to—day requirements of the plant. The abundance and
low cost of calcium has apparently discouraged research in
calcium nutrition, but this does not preclude the possibility
of a vital role for it as a factor limiting yields of soybean."

0h1rogge (72) further commented, "Soybeans at low yield
levels are unusually tolerant to soil acidity but do respond
markedly to lime applications. A constant supply of calcium
is required by the plant because of its immobility in the
soybean. There are many other positive effects of limin;,
in addition to making calcium available to the plant. Since
liming is a widespread practice on acid soil areas of the
soybean belt, little work has been done to evaluate calcium

as a nutrient in field soils."

Kagnesium
Numerous greenhouse and field experiments have been
designed to solve the mystery of the soybean yield plateau.

Some of the research involved evaluations of the role of

22
magnesium in the nutrition of soybeans.

From a nutrient culture study Allen (3) reported a
range of 0.09 to l.5 per cent magnesium in the leaves at the
prebloom stage. Webb et al. (99) reported that at the onset
of blooms the concentrations of magnesium in the total tops
varied between 0.08 and 0.63 per cent. During the pod-filling
stage Hashimoto (39) observed an equal concen ration range
for maénesium in the stems and leaves. The range varied be—
tween 0.2 and 0.6 per cent. The distribution and range of
magnesium concentration in mature plants were evaluated by
Webb et al. (99). They found that leaves varied between
0.05 and 0.68 per cent mapnesium. Petioles varied between
0.03 and 0.56 per cent. The stems varied between 0.2 and 0.45
per cent. The roots varied between 0.06 and 0.53 per cent.
The pods varied between 0.05 and 0.88 per cent. The seeds
varied between 0.14 and 0.36 per cent and the whole plant
varied between 0.06 and 0.53 per cent maénesium.

The field investigations of Austin (6) and jammonl et
al. (34) showed a range of 0.27 and 0.80 per cent mapnesium
in the total tops of the soybeans at the prebloom stage.

The highest concentration was l.0 per cent magnesium in the
tops Of 73-day old plants (6).

The effect of complementary nutrients on the uptake of
magnesium by soybeans has been noted. Studies on the chemi—
cal composition of soybeans grown under various nutrient con—

ditions by Evans et al. (27) indicated that a deficiency of

23

calcium in nutrient solutions caused an increase in the up—
take of maénesium while increases in calcium in the nutrient
solution apparently did not effect the magnesium uptake. Allen
(3) noticed that with an increasing supply of calcium in the
nutrient solution there was a decreasing percentage of mag—
nesium in the foliage and also an inverse relationship be—
tween the percentages of potassium and r ghesium.

The content of m~5nesium associated with the onset of
foliar deficiency symptoms was reported by a number of inves—
tigators. Webb et al. (99) observed a concentration of 0.09

per cent magnesium in the tops of soybean plants which showed

I

magnesium deficiency symptoms at the prebloom stage. Hashimoto
(39) suggested that at the onset of foliar deficiency symptoms
field grown soybean plants contained 0.10 per cent magnesium.
Webb et al. (99) further suggested that the onset of defi-
ciency symptoms in the leaves of flowerin; plants was associ-
ated with a magnesium concentration of 0.25 per cent for all
of the leaves of the plant. The leaves of the normal plant
had a concentration of more than 0.3 per cent mapnesium.

The translocation of magnesium from cotyledons is mucn
less than for nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. McAllister
et al. (58) observed that from germination to emergency only
one-fourth of the magnesium moved out of the cotyledons.

This was in contrast with almost complete removal of potas—
sium and phosphorus and no removal of calcium. Again, like

calcium the cotyledons gained magnesium from the 28th to the

24
37th day, but the magnitVde was much lower than for calci‘m.
hammond et al. (34) noticed a gradual increase in the uptake
of magnesium which reached a maximum absorption rate of 1.5
pounds per acre per day during the interval of 37 to 80 days
after planting. Data from the nutrient culture experiment
of Webb et al. (99) indicated a peak uptake of five milligrams
per plant per day for a five-day period between the 65th and
70th day after plantins.

From a study of chelated,exchanpeable and readily sol—
uble magnesium as factors in the nutrition of soybeans
Graham et al. (31) concluded that on ll of the 15 soils yield
increases occurred when magnesium was added to the soil. The
highest correlation between the amount of m gnesium shown by
soil tests and per cent increase in crop yield was obtained
when the soil was extracted with 0.05 normal hvdrochloric
acid. In general, the soils with less than 10 per cent ma;—
nesium sa uration of the total exchange capacity were the
ones where yield responses to the nutrient were obtained.
This fact re-enforced the suggestion that the 10 per cent
level would be a helpful guide when attempting to determine
a desirable magnesium level in the soil. Kelson et al. (66)
obtained an increase of seven bushels per acre by the use of
36 pounds of magnesium oxide per acre on a soil low in

exchangeable magnesium.

25

_ .r, 4_ . A 1 h A _ N. . -
Amino nitrogen and carbonyirate nethOllSJ

 

There are not as many publications on amino nitrogen
and carbohydrate metabolism in soybeans as there are on
direct utilization of mineral ele-e1 s by this crop. There—
fore, this section include s comments on research completed
on other crops as well as soybeans.

Scruti (79) determined that phosphorus played an impor-
tant role in the formation of amino acids.

In studying the effects of various mineral deficien—
cies on nitrogen metabolism, Burrell (16) observed that the
leaves and stems of maynesium deficient plants contained

smaller amounts of star01 a1d insoluble nitro en as well as
lar er quantities of soluble nitrogen than did the leaves
and stems of the control plants. With potassium Lefici we t
plants, he ooserved that the leaves accg‘ uleted StQPC‘
amino nitrogen was usually hiyh. is concluded, ”Potassimn

seerms‘to flnictiryi irl the inminslrxnati041zaud ..urli4‘an<i‘ of

"i I“ " (x J r\ " f . "rr‘ ' p ”I
starch aid is espeCialld imnoitar ll t«e feii-.io oi pro—
tein and cajbo;ydrates.” IL calCiui deficient plaits he uo.ct

that the eaves accumulated nitrate nitroy
trogen content, however, was lower. he concluded, ”Calcium
may play some important role in nitrate reduction.'
'Lightingale et al.(68) attributed the following func-
tiozus to Ix>tass jinn:
l. Potass um appears to be directly or indirectly

- —v

essential for carbon dioxide assinilation anu therefore

26

Concentratiornscxf carsoiyurates may be low in potassium
deficient pla.;ts.

22. Carbohydrates frequently'accumulate in pctassium
deficient plants apparently becadse tne rate or nitrate

assi1nilzj tion is retarded.

3. Potassium appears to be directly or indirectly
esseerLLl for ‘tne idriti:-:J_:3ta;e i111ritrate IYHEACCiOflJ

4. Potassium 's directly essentie l for tne synthesis

of protein in tne rerist 1iati c ti-

Q

SL8.

U}

Janssen et al. (47) working witn cowpeas grown in nu-

gorted t11L1b 111: ts grown witl low levels

7
I
.L

J. ‘ . _ I
trient solutions r'

(D

‘1‘: r- 1— J, - . ‘2 '1 P“ '-‘ r1 '~ ‘ r r“ V' ' - 1"
of‘jpotnissi 1-31 coi1tai;1 l1orue reWbLCiibJ s91-i‘wa‘is .1eld. as 'to All

(D

nfiwex C .ji—pfinel n r 139 . 1 71' .L" d *0 (vi—1.1111"
U»; ’J Oil bL-‘aphJ-L \A. “3 AC]: L‘ <i JJAL Ua-J- U :10 O-L V bng (1A1.

.V‘qr_ _,-,_ a .--~.~.~1.< . “_. . _ fl . _. 1.1,“ v .
tilggtn. b-1000 blOu’il I'LL—til lLiQ-L lGJ‘C/‘lb Of 1)OU lb bi cud. llle -11.

“ .r 31‘ -‘— ~ -L V I’ 1 r .1 " ~ ,N '1‘ ‘ . v‘ t, ’l 'L‘ ‘Q ’"11‘1 4‘
Lgell CO-eri’1L1 118.3 ‘Llsblglll‘f Oreguef ll} 10.] p0 babbi flailub

L", ' H" - a H ~. . V. ~L 1. .- . ~ ' .4— .. 4:.
tnan in sign p tassiia Jlaits. In nearly all lquvlCCS tne
7 -1. ,1 ,1: _‘ _ ‘ 1. ,_ a..-‘ i .. , L. Y ‘ . ' x 1' -1- .' 1
per’<3en1.tsui1i):nit1‘o we1_1m1s L,%L1te"in1;plarrns aniCLi cog1m11neo.

low levels of potassium than in tnosb ufliCl co11tained high
levels

fionuii’ale et al.(59) observed tbat calcium ueiiCicn
tomatoes grown in a fireennouse failed to absorb nitrate.
After calcium was added to the nutrient solution wnicn orig-
inally contained no calciu11, absorption started instantly.
After only a few hours nitrate nitrogen was absorbed and
growth was resumed.

Phillips et al. (73) observed tbat the potassium

ieficient lea aves of tomato plants were high in reducing

27
sugars as well as insoluble nitrogen. Janssen et al. (48)
also working with tomatoes founu that the protein content was
somewhat proportional to the level of nitrogen in the nutri-
ent solution. Tney also observed tnat a deficiency of potas-
sium caused an accumulation of amino nitrogen. The amounts
of reducing ana total su*ars were appro 0x1 imately prOportiona l
to tne amount of dry matter prouucel.

Haart (38) reported that t e bla ass and t1e stems of
potassium starved sugar cane containeu ni n quantities of
amino nitro;en anu reiucinp sugars. The blades and stems
also contained lower quantities of protein ani sucrose t 1an
iii t1ose of control plants. Tne total stgar nowever remained
the same. is concluueu that tne synthesis of protein was
aiminisned in plants QFOWH at low potassium levels. "A po—
tassium deficiency resulted in ue-rearranéenents in tne

sucrose."

9,

tr nsfornation of nexoses a:1
Gregory et al. (32) working with barley founu that a

.1-.-

nitrogen ueficiency nau no cons ist e1t effect on tne ou.a11titd
of free reiucing supars even tnougn the Quantity of total
sugars increasel. A pnospnorus deficiency increasel tne free
re ucing su¢arso Total sugars were not greatly affected. A
potassium uefioiency lowered t1e quantity of free relucin;
sugars as well as the total sugar content.

Otner studies with barley by Gregory anu Sen (33)
suggested that potassium deficiencies lea to a reduction in

the total sugar concentrations witnin tne plant. Ens total

 

 

28

protein was decreased wnile tne amino nitrogen content in—
creased. A nitrogen deficiency led to a greatly increased
sugar level and a reduced protein and amino nitrogen level.

Wall (95) stated tnat a deficiency of potassium "seem
to curtail protein syntnesis and tnis seems to occur in tne
stage amino acid—protein after amino acids nave been formed."
In anotner project ne (96) furtner noticeu that potassium
deficient plants accumulated ammonia, amide, and amino nitro—
gen, wnile the protein content decreased. He concluded tnat
tne results demonstrated tnat tne protein syntnesis from an

"elaborated form" of nitrogen was affected by a potassium

deficiency.

11‘. “in ‘zv‘fiTr. A *2 r "
4.543331: Alf--4514 Tn]; LLB fli-CJS

Field Studies

A field experiment was initiated in 1960 on the Soil
Science farm of Kichigan State University on a medium fer-
tile Conover silt loam soil. The purpose of the experiment
was to determine the effect of wide ranges in rates and com-
binations of nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium and
magnesium applied to the soil on the status of certain inor—
ganic and organic constituents of soybeans at various stages
of development. A total of 63 treatments were used. Each
treatment was replicated 3 times. Each plot was 10 feet wide
and 25 feet long and contained 4 rows.

The fertilizer materials included ammonium nitrate,

33.5 per cent nitrogen; triple super phosphate, 45 per cent
P205; potassium chloride, 60 per cent K20; calcium hydroxide,
54 per cent calcium; and magnesium oxide, 60 per cent magne—
sium. The 5 nutrient levels, expressed on an elemental basis,
including the zero level and the rates of application used

in this experiment are shown in Table 1.

Each nutrient was accompanied by other nutrients at
what was considered to be ”low," "medium," and "high" levels.
One—half of the fertilizer and lime were broadcast before
PlOWing on May l4 and 15, and the other half after plOWind
t rials were worked into the top 3

be

on June 4 and 5. The ma

or 4 inches of soil.

3O

Inoculated Chippewa soybeans were planted on June 25
in 28 inch rows at the rate of 60 pounds of seed per acre.
The middle 2 rows were harvested by hand for seed yield eval—
uations on October 20 and 21.

Soil samples were taken from each plot before and after
the application of fertilizer. Each sample represented a
composite of 15 cores which were taken to a depth of 8 inches.

Plants were selected at random from the middle 2 rows
on July 12 when the plants were 13 days old, on July 25 when
the plants were 26 days old, and on August 3 when the plants
were 34 days old, August ll when the plants were 42 days old,
August 30 when the plants were 61 days old, and on September
l3 when the plants were 74 days old. The number of plants
harvested from each plot on the different dates were 30, 30,
20, 10, l0, and 10, respectively. The plants were cut off
at the ground level. On the third sampling date, 10 plants

were frozen immediately after sampling.
Laboratory Studies

"oil Analyses
The soil samples obtained from each plot were air dried

and screened through a 2 millimeter sieve. Alter lelng, 200
, , , + , ‘ f r chexiccl
gram samples of scil from eacn plot were saved l0 1 a

tests.

('31 r1

‘1 ' ‘ ’3 r12..1
The pl. of each sample was evaluated With a neon 1

. ' - ' - '4- 6 ‘45 J'i O
potentiometer uSing a l to l 8011 watei ratio

3l

Available phosphorus was determined by the method of
B ay (12). The extracting solution consisted of 0.03 normal
ammonium fluoride and 0.025 normal hydrochloric acid. A
soil extracting solution ratio of l to 8 was used.

Exchangeable potassium, calcium, and magnesium evalu-
ations were made by leaching the soil with neutral ammonium
acetate. A soil extract ratio of l to 10 was used. Deter—
minations for potassium and calcium wer made with a Coleman
model 21 flame photometer. A Beckma: model 3. U. flame pho—

tometer was used in evaluating the magnesium content.

Plant Analyses
All plant samples were separated into 3 parts, leaves,
‘ " ' ' *“ ” ' T at 1400
stems, anu pous When present. ihese were oven dried a
Fahrenheit, weighed, and then around in a Wiley mill. Samples
of July 12, August 3, and August 30 were used in determ'ning

n

the elemental composition of the leaves and stems or the soy-

bean plants.

Values for total nitrogen were obtained with the
Kjeldahl method as outlined by Pierce and haenisch (74) and
later modified by Prince (77). Samples of the plant mate-
rial were wet diéested with nitric and perchloric acid as
The crystalline residue was dissolved

outlined by Piper (75).

in 0.05 normal hydrochloric acid, filtered and diluted to

f .. ' J-_ 4-3"
known volume. The phos horus content was measuied with the

. _' ‘ .. M . 'Y‘ ‘7‘“ ‘ m _;_ - lie .‘ fioT,
ammonium molybdate—-colorimetric procedure as OUUll d y

. "-' , ' '1?“ VP. "3 fl 4‘ ‘5‘ . 1 .1 1 *1. 8'
Fiske and Subarrow (28). wasn951m4 ”“8 “8°erhlne¢ Da

32
thiazole yellow technique outlined by Jrosdoff and Iearpass
(22). Potassium and calcium concentrations were evaluated
using a Coleman mouel 2l flame photometer.

In the sugar and amino nitrogen determinations, plant
tissue was ground in a Waring blender to whicn alcohol and
calcium carbonate were added. The filtered extract was
heated immediately to stop all enzymatic activity. The mate-
rial was finally evaporated to dryness. The residue was
then dissolved in a known volume of water. Alpha amino nitro-
;en was determined with the nin hydrin colorimetric method
developed by harding and LcLean (36). Total supars were

estimated by the use of the picrimate colorimetric technique

developed by Thomas and dutcher (87).

'2')
J.)
p . ~— .2- A-..» -,. ‘ '- -« ’"
fable 1. — iates oi elements asea in tne Il

on soybeans.

Level and Rate of Application in

Element 0 l 2
N 0 so 100
P 0 so 100
K o 150 300
Ca 0 Boo 1600
Mg 0 100 200

Pounds per Acre

3 u
200 hoo
200 #00
600 1200

3200 6l+oo
Moo Boo

 

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIOI

The nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, and mag—
nesium content of both leaves and stems of soybeans which
were collected at three stages of plant develOpment, the
total sugar and amino nitrogen content of both leaves and
stems at the flowering stage, and the yield are summarized
in Tables 2 through 46.

The average effects of a given nutrient level associ-
ated with the various levels of a specific nutrient are
included with this discussion. Therefore, this discussion
is divided into five major sections; each section describes
the results that were obtained from the use of one of the
nutrients used in this project. Each section is subdivided
into four parts: 1) soil nutrient contents as measured with
chemical soil tests; 2) crop yields as the dry weight of the
soybean leaves, stems, and seed; 3) the chemical composition
of the leaves and stems; and 4) a discussion of results.

In order to facilitate discussion, the data have been
keyed; the rates of application of the various nutrients are
numbered from O to 4 as is described in Table So. 1. For
example, K-O refers to 10 nitrogen; d—l to 50 pounds per acre
or level 1 of nitrogen; P-2 to 100 pounds per acre or level
2 of phosporus; K—3 to 600 pounds per acre or level 3 of
potassium; and so on.

1

The term "complementary nutrients” is used to describe

34

35
the general level of application of nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, calcium, and magnesium when one of these elements
is omitted or is evaluated at different levels.

The complementary nutrients are considered at three
levels: low, medium, or hiéh. The word "low" is used to
indicate a zero level of all nutrients except one. The
effect of this one element is then evaluated at each of the
five levels of application.

The word "medium" denotes the second level of all
nutrients except one. This is equivalent to 100, 100, 300,
1,600, and 200 pounds per acre of nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, calcium, and magnesium respectively.

”high" represents the highest level of application of
each of these nutrients. This is equivalent to 400, 400,
1,200, 6,400 and 800 pounds per acre of nitrogen, phosphorus,
potassium, calcium, and magnesium respectively.

The symbol 0—0 refers to an averade of the five levels
of a given treatm nt within the low group of complementary
nutrients. For example: C-O (I) denotes an averaée of all
the nitrogen treatments When the complementary treatments
were at the zero level; C—2(J) represents an average of all
of the nitrogen treatments when the complementary nutrients
were held constant at the medium level; C—4(N) represents an
average of the nitrogen treatments when the complementary
nutrients were maintained at the high level.

The average for a particular rate of application of a

single nutrient at three complementary levels-low, medium,

36
and hi5h-—is designated by the symbol of the element -ad the
number that represents the level of the treatment. For
example: 3—3 is the symbol used to indicate an average of
all the treatments that receive 200 pounds of nitrogen per
acre which is the third level of applied nitroyen.

Below the value reported in eacn table are one or more
letters. These symbols are ranges of equivalence as defined
by Duncan (23). Within columns of these tables numerical
values with the same letters below them are not statistically

different at the 5 per cent level.

"\ ‘ "-1 J... ‘ .1... f“- "\7" l w . 1.7 ... '

’1’} I" , . 1 , an , m "L“ . r rm, ~.
bOll “lullelu levelsJ uion lie uo, aha .he ohehical
;

' —-' -. ~‘ ~ » — . u"? i ‘;--r W. . T 7
COnnosiiion of Soybean Plants as aliecte; ad irree hercls

.5 .,- ,. . , J...“ ..' . P , .1-. .' , _ .-, A ;‘ ,.. .‘ .1- " ., ' .L‘.
OI bo’.’jlld.-A-.3 L "J :4...“ r .- up- J-C.i-k\3-: Lin: :15; L0 C—Lg be J‘- 'l'lrl L14.“

Soil Iutrient Contents.

Soil samples were collectel from each plot before fer—
tilizer was applied. Analyses of the soil test results,
while not incluuei in this thesis, showed a wile range in
results, especially in reparu to the calcium and ma;nesium
results.

Soil samples were again taken ani tests male six weeks
after the fertilizer anu lime were applieu. A summary of
the soil test results as relatel to the three levels of con—
plementary nutrients anl associateu with the five levels of
nitrogen is shown in Table 2. As would be expecteu, the use
of complementary nutrients increased the level of each ele—
ment. The five levels of nitrogen ail not effect the pH
level or the level of phosphorus or potassium. Ehe varia-
tion associated with the calcium and magnesium results
probably reflect original uifferences from plot to plot in

each of these elements.

Crop_Yield.

 

The average leaf and stem yielus at three stapes of

develOpment are shown in Table 3. On July 12 the plants

37

38
were thirteen days old and reflected the effect of the use
of complementary nutrients by a reduction in the weight of
both leaves and stems. After this date either the difference
disappeared or the sample size was not adequate to evaluate

n

C.)

the differences in the weights of the leaves and stems.
the first samplins date, the use of nitrogen at the higher
rates resulted in a general decrease in weight of both the
leaves and stems. However, at blossom time and at pod—
forming time these differences were not evident; in fact,
while the values statistically are similar, the data suspest
an increase in the weight of both leaves and stems caused by
the use of nitrogen.

The soybean seed yields are summarized in Table 4. A
five—bushel per acre increase in seed yield was obtained
where the second level of complementary nutrients was used.
At the high complementary nutrient level, yields drOpped to
a position below that obtained where only nitrogen was used.
The general effect of nitrogen was to increase the yields
slightly° The hiéhest yields were obtained where the three

hishest rates of nitrogen were used,

Ch mical Composition.

 

The nitrogen content of the leaves and stems are
summarized in Table 5. The leaves contained a higher per—
centage nitrogen than did the stems. The nitrogen content

of the leaves did not vary greatly during the season. The

39
level was highest on August 3 and then decreased during the
pod—filling stage. The levels in the stems decreased with
each sampling.

The use of complementary nutrients decreased the nitro-
gen level in both the leaves and the stems with one exception.
The first level significantly increased the nitrogen content
of the stems on the first sampling date.

Nitrogen fertilizers generally increased the nitrogen
levels in both the leaves and the stems except on the second
sampling of the leaves. At this time the values for per cent
nitrogen were relatively similar.

The phosphorus levels in the soybean leaves and stems
are summarized in Table 6. The phosphorus levels in bot;
the stems and the leaves, generally speaking, increased
during the flowering stage and decreased during the pod—
formin; stage. With one exception, the average phosphorus
levels in the leaves were hipher than in the stems.

In the leaves the use of complementary nutrients in—
creased the phosphorus levels even though on the second sam—
pling date the increase was not statistically significant.

.L‘, .1.
bile S DGZXS o

This was also the situation in
The use of nitrogen did not affect the phosphorus con-
tent except on the first sampling date. In the leaves
sampled on July 12, the variation did not suggest a trend;
in the stems the use of increased quantities of nitrogen
fertilizer were associated with slightly lower phosphorus

levels.

40
The potassium contents of both stems and leaves are

shown in Tabl 7. In most instances the stems containel the

(D

4‘.

hi hest per cent potassium. The potassium content of tge

pl)

leaves decreased with each sampling. In the stems the potas—
ium content increaseu during the flowering stage ani then
decreased to a level below that founl on the first sampling.

The use of complementary nutrients increasei the potas—
sium content of both the stems and the leaves. The use of
nitrogen hai a tenuency to decrease the potassium content of
both the leaves and the stems on the first sampling uate but
only that of the leaves on the second sampling date. By pou-
forming time, no statistically uifferent values were obtainei.

The average calcium content of both leaves and stems
is shown in Table 8. The calcium levels of the leaves in—
creased with maturity of the plants. In the stems, espe—
cially after the blossom stage, calcium levels decreasei at
a rapid rate. In the leaves, the calcium levels generally
decreasei where the complementary nutrients were uses while
in the stems, the use of the first level of complementary
nutrients caused an increase. On August 3 and 30, differences
in calcium levels were neither consistent nor statistically
significant.

The use of nitrogen, especially at the highest levels
on July 12, had a general effect of increasing the calcium
levels in both the leaves and the stems. This was less

evident in samples collecteu on August 3. No statistically

4l

different values were obtained from samples collected on
August 30.

The average magnesium levels are shown in Table 9.
The stems ail not contain as much magnesium as did the leaves.
In the leaves, the magnesium levels were highest during the
blossom stage. With one exception this was not the situation
in the stems. The use of complementary nutrients greatly
decreased the magnesium levels in both the leaves ani the
stems. On the first sampling late, the use of nitrOJen in—
creased the magnesium levels in both the leaves an; the stems.
By Aurust 30 no statistically different levels in magnesium
were measured.

The average total sugar and amino nitro;en contents of

‘e are shown in

soybean leaves and stems at the flowering stag
Table 10. The sugar content percentages of the leaves were
much higher than those of the stems. In both parts of the
plant, the hi¢hest levels of sugar were obtained at the second
level of complementary nutrients. The inclusion of nitrogen
in the fertilizer had the general effect of lowering the

sugar levels in the leaves anl the stems.

With one exception, the leaves containel more amino
nitrogen where the highest rate of nitrogen was used. The
Complementary nutrients decreased the amino nitrogen levels
while the use of nitrogen increasel the rhino nitrogen levels.
The highest levels in the leaves were obtainel at 3—2 where

100 pounds of nitrogen had been used while the highest level

42
in the stems was obtained at E-4 where 400 pounds of nitro—

gen had been used.

Discussion.

 

Soil test results increased with levels of appliel phos—
phorus, potassium, calcium, and magnesium. Soybean yields
were increased approximately five bushels per acre as a
result of usins the complementary nutrients up to the second
level, C-2. Beyond this level, yields fell rapidly; thus
reflecting an unbalancel nutrient status or a toxic level of
nutrients in the soil.

In this experiment soybeans responuel to the use of
nitrosen in combination with the complementary nutrients.
This is not unusual. Wilson (105) theorizes that when photo-
synthesis occurs at a hiyh rate, it is difficult for nitro—
gen to be fixed at a sufficiently rapil rate. Under these
conditions the use of extra nitrogen in the soil would be
helpful in increasing plant 5rowth. Others in both field and
greenhouse experiments showed that the amount of nitro;en
fixed by soybeans may sometimes be inadequate to supply the
nitrogen needs of the plant (25, 34, 70, 7l, 8% .

The data suggest that the use of nitrogen hal a tena—
ency to increase the uptake of calcium and maénesium. This
was more evident early in the season. Brooks (13)anl
Hoagland et al. (44), workilg with several crops, note; a

similar situation. They (44) stated that, "The rate of

43
accumulation of the anion was conditionei primarily by the
presence in suitable co:1ce11tration of a cation capable of
ready penetration and accumulation rather than upon altera—
tions in the protoplasm resulting from different proportions
of mono and divalent ions.” They also postulated that there
was a definite corpetiti011 oetVIeen ions of the same charye.
T21e more active ior s repressed the accumulations of the less
active ions. Also the more active anions accelerated the
uptane and accumulations of the less active cations. Accord—
ing to the rates of penet tration, Seifriz (80) listed the
order of uptake of cation as follows: potassium greater than

ha nesium and maQ' cesium greater than calcium. In re ard to

L)

the anions he found nitrate to be greater than phosphate and

K);

C+

nan sulfa e.
eneral effect of nitrogen was to decrease tae

total su1ar content of leaves and stems but to increase the
content of the alpha amir o 11itrogen. Welton and horris (103)
stated in their work with soybeans that, "deavy applications
of nitrate tended to inhibit the accumulation of carbo1y—
drates."

The increases in alpha amino nitrogen and the decrease
in total sugars suggest that nitrogen may exert an influence
on thelhxflnscycle in the formation of alpha keto;' lutari cacid.
This compound, after reacting with ammonia reduced from
nitrate, forms amino acid. Further applications of nitro en

tended to reduce the uptake of potassium which played an

44
essential role in the synthesis of proteins from amino aciis.

Therefore, the accumulation of amino aciis would be possible.

45
Table 2. - Average soil test results as affectel by three
levels of complementary nutrients associatei

with five levels of nitrogen.

 

Treatment Available soil nutrients
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Soil Pounds Per Acre
Code (Pounds) Reaction PhOSphorus Potassium Calcium Magnesium
C-O(N) - 6.9 31 90 2683 866
b c c c c
C-2(N) - 7-1+ 53 131 3807 998
a b b b b
c-4(N) - 7.4 104 355 5100 1040
a a a a a
N-O 0 7.2 61 201 4044 1023
a a a a a
N-l 50 7.3 70 201 3850 890
a a a ab b
N-2 100 7.2 67 194 3917 993
a a a ab 8
N-3 200 7.2 54 172 3844 920
a a a ab b
N-4 400 7.1 63 191 3660 1013
a a a b a

C - Complementary nutrients - P, K, Ca and Mg

\Jl

Table 3. — Average leaf and stem yields of soybeans at three

stages of development as affectel by three levels
of complementary nutrients associated with five

levels of nitrogen.

 

Treatment Dry Weight of 10 Plants (gms)

Nutrient Rate

Level Per.Acre Leaves Stems

Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3.August 30 July 12.August 3 August 30

C-O(N) - 1.96 11.9 65.4 0.84 6.8 62.6
a a a a a a

C-2(N) - 1.81 13.4 71.1 0.82 8.0 69.3
c a a b a a

c-4(N) - 1.84 11.5 65.0 0.84 7.0 61.5
b a a a a a

N-O O 1.91 12.2 56.2 0.87 7.5 56.3
a a a a a a

N-l 50 1.93 11.4 63.5 0.83 7.0 61.1
a a a be a a

N-2 100 1.88 12.6 6807 008,4' 7o]. 66.].
b a a b a a

N-3 200 1089 1301. 76.9 0082 708 73°2
b a a c a a

N-4 400 1.73 12.1 70.4 0.80 7-0 65-6
c a a d a a

C - Complementary nutrients - P, K, Ca and Mg

a
’1
L:
1

Table 4. - Average soybean seed yields as affectel by three

levels of complementary nutrients associated with

five levels of nitrogen.

 

Treatment Yield
Nutrient Rate Per
Level Per Acre Acre
Code (Pounds ) (Bushels )
C-O(N) - 22.5
b
C'2(N) ' 27.8
a
C'”(N) ‘ 21.2
b
N‘0 0 21.0
c
b
N-2 100 24.8
ab
N'3 200 25.9
a
N-4 400 24.2
ab
C - Complementary nutrients - P, K, Ca and Mg

«##—

Table 5.

“I .1 ~.
1,- q

— Average nitrogen content of soybean leaves and

stems at three stages of development as affected

by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated with five levels of nitrogen.

 

Treatment Nitrogen in Soybean Tissue (per cent)
Nutrient Rate
Level Per.Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30
C-O(N) - 5.27 5.57 5.12 3.23 3.01 2.49
a a a b a a
C-2(N) - 5.01 5.41 4.83 3.37 2.57 2.20
b a b a b b
C-4(N) - 4.77 5.36 4.93 3.04 2.36 2.27
c a b c c b
113 0 4.41 5.48 4.51 2.45 2.33 1.78
c a c d c c
N-l 50 5.06 5.31 4.76 3.06 2.44 1.94
b a be c c be
N‘2 100 5029 5.149 1408A 3053 2069 2019
a a b ab b b
N-3 200 5.01 5.54 5.23 3.47 2.85 2.72
b a a b a a
N-4 400 5.34 5.40 5.45 365 2~90 2°97
8 a a a a a

C - Complementary nutrients - P, K, Ca and Mg

11C"
‘ J

L».

Table 6. - Average phosphorus content of soybean leaves and
stems at three stages of development as affected
by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated with five levels of nitrogen.

 

Treatment PhOSphorus in Soybean Tissue (per cent)

Nutrient Rate

Level Per Acre Leaves Stems

Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30

C-0(N) - 0.237 0.411 0.258 0.193 0.216 0.153
b a c c a b

C-2(N) - 0.254 0.432 0.297 0.231 0.232 0.202
a a b a a a

c-4(N) - 0.258 0.429 0.342 0.212 0.247 0.212
a a a b a a

N-0 0 0.281 0.429 0.294 0.228 0.231 0.178
a a a a a a

N-l 50 0.1.81" 0014'12 00318 0021)" 00214-2 00186
d a a b a a

N-2 100 0.285 0.431 0.314 0.208 0.232 0.198
a a a b a a

N-3 200 0.235 0.425 0.284 0.209 0.232 0.189
c a a b a a

N-4 400 0.263 0.421 0.286 0.200 0.221 0.194
b a a C a a

C - Complementary nutrients - P, K, Ca and Mg

50
Table 7. - Average potassium content of soybean leaves and
stems at three stages of development as affected
by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated with five levels of nitrogen.

 

Treatment Potassium in Soybean Tissue (per cent)
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30
C-0(N) - 1.66 1.33 1.15 1.53 1.94 1.15
c b b c c c
C-2(N) - 2.40 1.94 1.59 2.89 3.40 2.05
b a a b b b
c-4(N) - 2.52 2.00 1.66 3.52 3.99 2.41
a a a a a a
N-O 0 2.55 1.84 1.46 3.15 3.30 1.94
a a a a a a
N-l 50 2.15 1.82 1.42 2.50 3.20 1.78
bc ab 3 c a a
N-2 100 1.99 1.73 1.44 2.52 3.02 1.82
d b a c a a
N-3 200 2.17 1.68 1.47 2.65 2.96 1.80
b b a b a a
11-4 400 2.09 1.73 1.52 2-40 3-07 1°99
0 b a d a a

C - Complementary nutrients - P, K, Ca and M8

51
m ‘1 ,- ° . . - 3-
1a01e 8. — Average calCium content of soybean leaves and
stems at three stages of development as affected
by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated with five levels of nitrogen.

 

Treatment Calcium in Soybean Tissue (per cent)
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30
c-0(N) - 1.53 1.72 1.79 1.58 1.60 0.99
a a a c a a
C-2(N) - 1.36 1.68 1.67 1.69 1.57 1.04
b ab b a a a
C-4(N) - 1.37 1.63 1.74 1.61 1.61 1.03
b b ab b a a
N-O 0 1.28 1.62 1.70 1.52 1.56 1.02
d b a d b a
N-l 50 1.37 1.65 1.74 1.68 1.55 0.99
c b a a b a
N-2 100 1.46 1.70 1.75 1.65 1.61 1.02
b ab a be ab 8
N-3 200 1.49 1.67 1.72 1.63 1.54 1.01
ab ab a c b a
N-4 400 1.50 1.75 1.77 1.66 1.71 1-06
a a 8 8b a a

C - Complementary nutrients - P, K, Ca and Mg

52
Table 9. - Average magnesium content of soybean leaves and
stems at three stages of development as affected

by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated with five levels of nitrogen.

Magnesium in Soybean Tissue (per cent)

 

Treatment

nutrient Rate

Level Per Acre Leaves Stems

Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30

C-0(N) - 0.535 0.729 0.672 0.376 0.539 0.519
a a a a a a

c-2(N) - 0.445 0.454 0.442 0.340 0.301 0.338
b b b b b b

C-4(N) - 0.394 0.403 0.386 0.337 0.368 0.331
c b b b b b

N—O 0 0.373 0.504 0.457 0.268 0.359 0.358
e a a d b a

N-l 50 0.489 0.561 0.540 0.373 0.363 0.430
b a a b b a

N-2 100 0.475 0.569 0.498 0.377 0.451 0.389
c a a b a a

N-3 200 0.502 0.508 0.472 0.407 0.405 0.437
a a a a ab a

N-4 400 0.451 0.502 0.533 0.330 0.436 0.368
d a a c ab a

C - Complementary nutrients - P, K, Ca and Mg

ff“!

)3
Table 10. - Average total sugar and amino nitrogen content
of soybean leaves and stems (flowering stage)
as affected by three levels of complementary

nutrients associated with five levels of

 

nitrogen.
Total sugar and amino nitrogen
Treatment in soybean tissue (per cent)
Nutrient Rate Leaves Stems
Level Per Acre Total Amino Total Amino
Code Pounds Sugar Nitrogen Sugar Nitrogen
C-O(N) - 2.44 0.197 1.04 0.144
c a c a
C-2(N) - 3.14 0.146 1.34 0.120
a b a b
C-4(N) - 2.65 0.139 1.18 0.121
b c b b
N-O 0 2.94 0.117 1. 37 0.076
a d a d
b e b c
N-2 100 2.79 0.205 1.17 0.137
b a c b
N-3 200 2.54 0.196 1.21 0.131
c b c b
c c d a

C - Complementary nutrients - P, K, Ca and Mg

Soil Nutrient Levels, Crop Yields, and the Chemical
Composition of Soybean Plants as Affected by Three Levels
of Complementary Nutrients Associated with Five Levels of

Phosphorus.

 

Soil Nutrient Contents

 

The average effects of fertilizers upon soil test
results are shown in Table 11. Increased rates of the com-
plementary nutrients significantly increased the pH levels
from 7.0 to 7.5. The soil test values for phosphorus were
generally decreased while statistically significant increases
in potassium, calcium, and magnesium levels were measured.

The use of different increments of phosphorus did not
affect the pH levels. As would be expected, the soil test
values for phosphorus were increased. The application of
phosphate fertilizers did not significantly influence the
soil test results for potassium. While statistically differ-
ent values for calcium and magnesium were obtained, the dif—
ferences do not suggest any trend so the variations were
probably associated with naturally occurring differences in

the soil.

Crop Yields

 

The average weight of both stems and leaves as related
to three levels of complementary nutrients and five levels
of phosphorus are shown in Table 12. Only on the first sam—

pling date were significant differences measured. Increasing

54

levels of complementary nutrients decreased the weight of
the stems and leaves at this time. On the last two sampling
dates differences were measured but the differences were not
statistically significant.

The use of phosphorus up to level P-3 generally in-
creased the dry weight of leaves and stems on the first sal-
pling date. Beyond this level the leaf weights decreased.

No significant differences were measured on samples taken on
August 3 or August 30.

Average soybean seed yields are shown in Table 13. The
yields of seeds were increased by use of the complementary
nutrients up to level C-2. At level C—4 the yields were sim—
ilar to those obtained where only phosphorus was used.

The highest seed yields were obtained where 200 pounds
per acre of phosphorus was used, P—3. Levels above or below
resulted in lower yields but in some instances the differences

were not statistically sisnificant.

Chemical Composition

 

The nitrogen contents of the leaves and stems are shown
in Table 14. The use of the complementary nutrients in—
creased the per cent nitrogen in both parts on the first sam-
pling date. These differences were not statistically signif—
icant on the second sampling date. however, by August 30
differences again were wide enough to be siénificant.

The use of phosphorus containing fertilizers increased

the nitrogen levels in both the leaves and the stems on the

,-

5o
first sampling date. The effect of different levels of phos-
phorus, however, was not consistent so far as the leaves are
concerned. In the stems the highest nitrosen levels, 3.41
per cent, were measured at P—2 where 100 pounds of phosphorus
was used. Where more than this rate was used the nitrogen
content again decreased, dropping to 3.01 per cent.

Ho significant differences were measured at the second
or third sampling dates in either the stems or the leaves.
On all three dates the leaves contained almost twice as much
phosphorus as did the stems.

The phosphorus contents of both the leaves and stems
are shown in Table 15. The leaves contained more phosphorus
than the stems. In both the leaves and stems the phosphorus
levels were decreased where increasing levels of the com—
plementary nutrients wer used. On the last two sampling
dates differences were not as great and were therefore less
significant.

The higher levels of application of phosphorus on the
average resulted in an increase in the phosphorus content of
both the leaves and the stems on all three sampling dates.
This effect, however, was not as noticeable nor as sipnifi—
cant on the last date, August 30.

The average potassium content of leaves and stems is
shown in Table 16. The levels of potassium in the stems,
especially on the last two sampling dates, were generally
higher than in the leaves. The use of the complementary

nutrients in each case significantly increased the potassium

57

levels. The second level of complementary ions did not,
however, cause a further increase in the potassium content
of leaves on the last two sampling dates. In the stems the
differences resultin; from variable rates of complementary
ions were significant on all three dates.

”he use of phosphorus had a tendency to decrease the
potassium content of both the leaves and the stems on all
three sampling dates although the differences were neither

Treat. On every date the use of 400 pounds

(.3

consistent nor
of phosphorus per acre, P—4, resulted in a significant de-
crease in the potassium content of both the leaves and stems.

The average effect of using the complementary nutri-
ents and the five levels of phosphorus upon the calcium
content of soybean leaves and stems is shown in Table 17.

On the first sampling date the calcium content of the leaves
was lower than in the stems. On the second and third dates
the levels were reversed.

In the leaves, on all three dates, the use of the com—
plementary nutrients decreased the calcium contents. There
was no further decrease however as a result of increasing
the rate of application of the complementary nutrients. In

he stems, differences were very small, but some were statis—
tically significant. This was also the case in regard to the
average effect of various levels of applied phosphorus upon
the calcium content of the leaves and stems.

The average magnesium percentages in soybean leaves

.fi-.

5L)
and stems are shown in Table 18. They were highest in he
leaves in every instance. The levels in the leaves were
generally highest at the time of the second sampling during
blossom. This trend was not as evident in the stems. Sta—
tistically significant reductions resulted from the effect of
complementary nutrients at the time of the first sampling.
The magnesium levels were lowest where the C—4 level of com—

plementary nutrients were used except in the case of stems

at the July 12 sampling.

{.3

(.2 J

(D
I

The use of complementary nutrients resulted in
creased magnesium content of the leaves on all three sam—
pling dates, although the differences resulting from the C—4
over the C—2 levels were not significant on Aupust 3. A
similar situation was noticed in the stems.

The use of phosphorus resulted in a general increase
in magnesium levels in both the leaves and stems although the
differences found in the stems caused by various rates of
phosphorus were insignificant on the last sampling date at
pod—forming time.

The effect of phosphorus upon the total sugar and amino
nitrogen content of leaves and stems is shown in Table 19.

The sugar content of the leaves was more than that measured
in the stems and the use of the 0-2 level of complementary
nutrients increased the sugar content of the leaves. An
increase to the C—4 level however, caused a decrease in sugar
to approximately the same level as was measured where only

phosphorus was used. In the stems the use of complementary

\N
\r

nutrients at both levels definitely resulted in decreases in
sugar levels. The use of phosphorus up to rates of 100 pounds
per acre, P—2, resulted in an increase in sugar levels in the
leaves while in the stems the maximum sugar content was ob-
tained where 200 pounds per acre, P—3, of phosphorus had
been used.

The use of phosphorus nad a General tendency to increase
the percentages of amino nitrogen in both the leaves and the

.1. -4.
S being 0

'0“ 0

.J1 S (3113 31031

 

As might be expected, the use of phosphate fertilizers
increased the soil test values for phosphorus. The increase,
however, was not prOportional to the amount of fertilizer
used. 'Undoubtedly considerable fixation of phosphorus bv
the soil occurred. Chemical precipitation with calcium and
magnesium introduced through the use of lime attributed to
the decrease in soil test values.

The highest yield of seed was obtained where phosphorus
was applied at the rate of 200 pounds per acre. At this
level soil test results were equivalent to 72 pounds per acre,
whicn is considered to be in the "high” range for soybeans.

The levels of phosphorus in the leaves and stems,
within the range that fertilizer increased yields, did not
vary greatly. Beeson (9) commented that "the absolute change

in phosphorus content of the plant is small, generally much

,P

00

less tnan 10 per cent." Cook et al. (20) explains tnis by
stating tnat the plant or plant part merely makes tne amount
of growth wnicn tne nutrient supply permits, keeping the
cnemical content of the plant tissue almost constant.

Tne use of pnospnorus increasel tne calcium and magnesi—
um contents in soybean plants as is snown in figure 1. This
was associated with a general uecrease in potassium levels.
Pretty (76) suggested that the inclusion of pnospnorus re—
sulted in more vigorous root growtn, tnus increasing ation
accumulation. Hoaglana et al. (44) iniicatei that the use
of anions tenueu to increase tne uptake of cations. In tnis
researcn this occurred witn calcium and magnesium but not
with potassium. Others (62 and 63) have hypothesizel cation
uptake is relate& to base saturatioz. Tnese uata, novever,
do not suggest tnis relationsnip. Differences observed in
the accumulation of cation have been attributed to tne mor-
phology and physiology of the roots of tnis plant. Drake et
al. (21) observed that the ability of plants to take up
cations was largely controlled by tne cation excnange capac-
ity of the plant root anu tne valence of the cation. At low
concentrations, divalent cations were absorbeu relatively in
greater amounts tnan monovalent ions from tne soil colloiu,
the greater the cation excnange capacity of the plant root
colloiu. Tney also observed that soybean roots nau the
greatest cation exchange capacity. These would probably
explain in tne increase accumulation of divalent cations.

The sum of tne cations tenus to be a constant, hence, if

61
larger amounts of calcium anu magnesium are absorbed by tne
root, tne lower wouli be the content of potassium.

fine application of pnospnorus, on the average, increasei
the sugar and tne alpna amino nitrogen content of the soybean
plant. With tne identification of ribulose dipnospnate (7)
the role of pnospnorus in photosyntnesis has been stressed.
Arnon (5) statei, "fine intimate association of pnos

' L

with pnotosyntnesis necessitates a realignment of traditional
concepts of plant nutrition. It nas been often aSSLnei in
the past that carbon dioxide assimilation in pnotosyntnesis
proceeds by an autonom us patn without a airect participation
of the inorganic elements absorbei by tne roots from tne
soil. Tue term mineral nitrition nas been used to uescribe
tne events associated witn absorption and utilization of
inorganic elements derive; from tne root environment. It
appears, however, tnat mineral nutrition ani pnotosyntnesis
can no longer be treated separately. In tne early events of
photosyntnesis phosphate assimilation cannot be separatei
from carbon assimilation. There is little éoubt that as our
knowleuge of photosynthesis auvances, otner intimate rela—
tions between inorganic elements aerivei from tne root
envir nment and assimilation of carbon, will come to lipnt.”
The formation of sudars such as nexoses ani sucroses
in photosyntnesis aiueu by pnospnate has been explainei in
tne works of Benson and Calvin (8). Again, participation of

inorganic phospnate in tne conversion of starch to su ar has

J "’W

62
been recognized by Kassiu (43). In aiiition, pnospnorus
takes part in tne pnospnorylation r actions leaiin; to
pyruvic acid waicn is a starting material for tneIUxflnycycle
Alpha ketoplutaric acii, a builuing material in tne syntae—
sis of amino acia is a product of tnelhxflnrcycle. Well—
;efine; mechanisms could not be male as innumerable reactions
taking place in a plant are still unrnown.

In tnis researcn, the use of pnospnorus tenaei to ae—

crease tne levels of potassium in the plant when at the

rf‘

flowering stape. According to Iiéntinéale et al. (’U) anu
otners (95, 16) potassium is essential for tne syntnesis 0
proteins from amino aciis. Therefore this helps to eVplain
the accumulation of amino nitrogen that occurrei at this

stage of development.

ions in the tops of soybean plants

.1.
U

Percent cation or ca-

1.90

1.70

Figure l.

C\
Lu

:\_\ ,/

 

 

 

 

,~o
’/
/
L. ,
o”/’
/
’0

./ T7 n M-

, ._______. Percent n + va + “J
" o——-—-——o Percent Ca + 1;
{fl\ .__._H__. Percent K

\
\
\
'—’ \
o
\
\
\
\
\
'\
x
\\
I I I l ~fi‘""'-T"""l---------1—-—=l
O 50 100 200 300 400
Pounis per acre paosp.orts

“ation content of soybean tons (leaves anl stems)
Vi; - A \_/ .r J. _ ‘-

as affected by applications of paospnorus

fertilizers.

54
Table 11. — Average soil test results as affected by tnree
levels of complementary nutrients associated

witn five levels of phospnorus.

 

Treatment Available soil nutrients
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Soil Peunds per Acre
Code (Peunds) Reaction PhOSphorus Potassium Calcium Magnesium
C-O(P) - 7.0 72 87 3057 810
c a c c c
C-2(P) - 7.3 67 130 3830 938
b a b b b
C-h(P) - 7.5 as 363 51u3 1192
a b a a a
P-O 0 7.3 31 192 #017 1080
a d a ab 3
P-l 50 7.3 ho 186 3856 917
a ed a b c
P-2 100 7.2 51 229 #250 1003
a c a a b
P-3 2oo 7.u 72 182 39u4 101A
3 b a ab b
P-h uoo 7.2 112 181 3983 886
a a a ab c

C - Complementary nutrients N, K, Ca and Mg

65
Table 12. — Average leaf and stem yielus of soybeans at tnree
stages of development as affected by tnree levels

of complementary nutrients associated witn five

levels of phosphorus.

 

Treatment Dry Weight of 10 Plants (gms)
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30
C-O(P) - 2.17 12.8 67.h 0.87 7.3 65.0
a a a b a a
C-2(P) - 2.00 13.0 70.9 0.89 7.9 66.u
b a a a a a
C-h(P) - 1.78 13.0 76.5 0.75 7.1 66.1
c a a c a a
P-O 0 1.77 12.1 59.7 0.71 7.1 5u.0
d a a d a a
P-l 50 1.92 12.h 72.h 0.83 6.5 6h.8
c a a b a a
P-2 100 1.97 1u.0 79.2 0.83 7.9 72.5
b a a b a a
P-3 200 2.22 13.7 76.5 1.00 8.5 75.0
a a a a a a
P-u too 1.99 12.3 70.3 0.81 6.9 62.7
b a a c a a

C - Complementary nutrients N, K, Ca and Mg

Table 13. - Average soybean seed yields as aff

(D
0
Cf.
(D
g
C)"
Ci
F
.4
'1
(D
(D

levels of complementary nutrients associated

with five levels of pnospnorus.

 

Treatment Yield
Nutrient Rate Per
Level Per Acre Acre
Code (Pounds) (Bushels)
C-O(P) - 23.7

b
C'2(P) " 2603
a
C‘h-(P) " 2308
b
P-O 0 23-3
c
P']. 50 21"02
bc
P-2 100 25 .7
ab
3
P'Ll' um 2203
c

C - Complementary nutrients N, K, Ca and Mg

67
Table 14. — Average nitrogen content of soybean leaves and
stems at three stages of development as affected
by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated witn five levels of phospnorus.

 

Treatment Nitrogen in Soybean Tissue (per cent)
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) Ju1y 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30
C-O(P) - 5.03 5.23 u.62 2.83 2.59 1.93
c a b c a c
C-2(P) - 5.31 5.36 n.83 3.31 2.54 2.27
a a b b a b
C-h(P) — 5.1a 5.u2 5.15 3.uu 2.67 2.65
b a a a a a
P-O o 5.0u 5.u7 5.0M 3.10 2.66 2.h2
d a a c a a
P-l 50 5.21 5.37 u.87 3.32 2.57 2.26
b a a b a a
P-2 100 5.16 5.36 u.78 3.41 2.70 2.24
bc a a a a a
P-3 200 5.09 5.33 b.79 3.14 2-A7 2.17
ed a a c a a
at too 5.29 5.16 n.8u 3-01 2-61 2-32
a a a d a a

C - Complementary nutrients N, K, Ca and Mg

Table 15.

r’ ’3
r\ ."~
u U

by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated with five levels of phosphorus.

— Average phosphorus content of soybean leaves and

stems at three stages of develOpment as affected

 

Treatment Phosphorus in Soybean Tissue (per cent)

Nutrient Rate

Level Per Acre Leaves Stems

Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30

C-O(P) - 0.381 0.513 0.32u 0.306 0.291 0.230
a a a a a a

C-2(P) - 0.285 0.u0u 0.312 0.200 0.236 0.208
b b a b b ab

C-u(P) - 0.257 0.396 0.282 0.192 0.225 0.188
c b b c b b

P-O 0 0.261 0.365 0.279 0.196 0.193 0.171
d c b c d c

P-l 50 0.2u6 0.373 0.287 0.196 0.217 0.190
d c b 0 cd bc

P-2 100 0.280 0.uh9 0.281 0.225 0.253 0.20u
c b b b be be

P-3 200 0.3u7 0.u56 0.278 0.181 0.300 0.222
b b b d a ab

P-u boo 0.u05 0.5u6 0.u05 0-36M 0-290 0-255

8 ab 8

a

8

C - Complementary nutrients N, K, Ca and Mg

N

*9

Table 16. - Average potassium content of soybean leaves and
stems at three stages of development as affected
by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated with five levels of phospnorus.

 

Treatment Potassium in Soybean Tissue (per cent)
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30
C-O(P) - 1.62 1.31 1.09 1.55 1.89 1.15
c b b c c c
C-2(P) - 2.38 1.91 1.62 2.8M 3.35 2.10
b a a b b b
c-u(P) - 2.u8 1.9a 1.72 3.37 3.90 2.u3
a a a a a a
P-O 0 2.38 1.82 1.59 2.89 3 25 2.11
a a a a a a
P-l 50 2.02 1.69 1.50 2.36 3.05 1.92
d ab ab e ab ab
P-2 100 2.10 1.7M 1.u5 2.50 3.07 1.84
c ab ab d ab ab
P-3 200 2.15 1.75 1.h5 2.61 3.01 1.75
b ab ab b 8b b
P-h Moo 2.13 1.60 1-39 2-57 2-85 1°83
bc b b c b b

C - Complementary nutrientsN,

K, Ca and Mg

Table 17. - Average calcium content of soybean leaves and
stems at three stages of development as affected
by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated with five levels of phosphorus.

 

Treatment Calcium in Soybean Tissue (per cent)
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30
C-0(P) - 1.u9 1.72 1.91 1.55 1.53 0.95
a a a b a b
C-2(P) — 1.35 1.63 1.69 1.55 1.54 1.05
b b b b a a
C-A(P) - 1.35 1.63 1.66 1.58 1.62 1.07
b b b a a a
P-O 0 1.38 1.63 1.60 1.5M 1.60 1.05
b b b b a a
P-l 50 1.39 1.60 1.76 1.53 1.5M 1.01
b b a b a a
P-2 100 1.uo 1.68 1.76 1.59 1.58 1.03
ab ab 8 a a a
P-3 200 1.u2 1.76 1.79 1.61 1.53 1.00
a a a a a a
P-u Moo 1.uo 1.7A 1.8h 1.55 1.56 1.01
ab 8 a b a a

C - Complementary nutrients N, K, Ca and Mg

r'il
Table 18. — Average magnesium content of soybean leaves ana
stems at tnree stages of development as affected

by tnree levels of complementary nutrients

associated with five levels of pnospnorus.

 

Treatment Magnesium in Soybean Tissue (per cent)

Nutrient Rate

Level Per Acre Leaves Stems

Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 Ju1y 12 August 3 August 30

C-O(P) - 0.581 0.840 0.606 0.338 0.605 0.531
a a a a a 8

C-2(P) - 0.u35 0.460 0.h53 0.296 0.375 0.392
b b b c b b

C-u(P) - 0.u02 o.uuu 0.390 0.308 0.348 0.303
c b c b b c

P-O 0 0.h32 0.u82 0.u6u 0.230 0.373 0.386
c b be e c a

P-l 50 0.u82 0.546 0.u29 0.317 0.u08 0.u16
ab ab 0 d be a

P-2 100 0.u77 0.607 0.u28 0.32M 0.u31 0.u16
b a c c abc a

P-3 200 0.u86 0.608 0.527 0.338 0.h88 0.uu6
a a ab b ab a

P-h Moo 0.u85 0.564 0.568 0.363 0.513 0.380
a ab a a a a

C - Complementary nutrients N, K, Ca and Mg

Yd
Table 19. - Average total sugar and amino nitrogen content

of soybean leaves and stems (flowering stage)

ct

as affec ed by three levels of complementary

nutrients associated with five levels of

Lav")

phosphorus.

Total sugar and amino nitrogen
in soybean tissue (per cent)

 

Treatment
Nutrient Rate Leaves Stems
Level Per Acre Total Amino Tbtal Amino
Code (Pounds) Sugar Nitrogen Sugar Nitrogen
C-O(P) - 3001 00131 2000 0012].
b b a c
C-2(P) - 3.33 0.163 1.36 0.135
a a b b
C‘u(P) - 3005 00165 1026 001246
b a c a
d c d d
P-l 50 3.05 0.139 1.1416 0.100
c b c d
P-2 100 3.h2 0.160 1.69 0.126
a a b c
b c a b
P-h 1.00 3.23 0.165 1.2m 0.179
b a c a

C - Complementary nutrients - P, K, Ca and Mg

Soil Nutrient Levels, Cr0p YieldsJ and tne Cnemical
Composition of Soybean Plants as Affected by Three Levels
of Complementary Nutrients Associated with Five Levels of

Potassium.

 

Soil Intrient Contents

 

The average effects of potassium on soil test results,
are shown in Table 20. Tne use of complementary nutrients
increased tne p1 and tne available pnospnorus, calcium, and
magnesium levels in tne soil. The application of potassium
alone and at different rates had no effect upon pi or tne

available calcium levels in tne soil but sucn treatment did
decrease soil test va ues for phospnorus and magnesium and

increase the levels of available potassium threefold.

 

The use of complementary nutrients, as associated witn
potassium increased on the first sampling date only, tn dry
weight of botn leaves and stems. (Table 21) Various levels
of potassium fertilizer applied to tne soil also affected
tne dry weignt 0‘ leaves and stems on the firs»
date but not in a consistent manner.

Tue ef’ects of tnese treatments u on soybean seed yields

*6

are snown in Table 22. The use of complementary nutrients
increased the seed yield approximately five bushels per acre.
Potassium had tne general effect of decreasing yields wnen

tnis element was used at tne K—4 level, 1200 pounds per acre.

:7 :1—

Chemical Composition

 

The nitroge en levels in the leaves and stems are shown
in Table 23. Again, tne leaves contained approx1 “ately two
times tne ~:-ount of nit1 og e11 that We s found in the stems.
Tne use of complementary nutrients generally increased tne
nitrogen con itent of botn the leaves and the stems. Tue dif—
ferences in tne leaves on the second sampling date were not
statistically significant

flie use of pot ass 1:1 applied at diffe1ent ra es, 0;

t1e average, resulted in a lower level of tnis element in

both tne stems and leaves. Sta tis ally si nificant '1if—
ferences were obtained on eacn sa;t1p its date excelt the

second. In tE1is instance tne trend was nresen
ferences were not statistically sirnificant.
The effect on pnospnorus levels in tne plants is snown
in Table 24. Tue use of complementary nut1ients nad the
genera 1 effect of increasing pnospnorus in bot; tne stems

.1

one first sampliig date tne levels at 0-4

1 .
and ea es. 0n

were lower than at 0-2. 3y pod—filling time the plants grown

(D

on plots lece1v11“ tne 0-4 levels c0ntai1ed nor pnospnorus

as plants on the C-2 plots.

Tne use of potassium at different levels generally de—

creased pnospnorus in tbe plants on tn fler

By pod-filling time such differences were not significant.
In botn the stems and leaves on tne first samplin

date, the potassium levels were decreased by tne use of com-

plementary nutrients. (Table 25) Such differences became

75
insignificant by pod—filling time. The use of potassium in-
creased the potassium levels in botn tne stems and leaves on
all of the three sampling dates ani increasiné rates pener-
ally resulted in furtner increases.

Calcium levels in the leaves were increased as a result
of using complementary nutrients. (Table 26) Differences,
however, were not significant at pou—filling time. In tn
stems, significant differences were measurea but tne uiffer—
ences were actually Very small. Tnis was also tne situation
in re5aru to the effect of potassium upon tne percentage of
calcium in tne plants botn leaves anu stems.

The use of complementary nutrients increasei magnesium
levels in botn leaves ana stems on all three sampling dates.
(Table 27) On all uates, the levels were nipnest in the
leaves at tne C—4 treatment level. In tne stems, on tne last
sampling uate, uifferences resulting from tne C—2 and C-4

treatments were not statistically significant. Tne plants

H)

from tne plots wnicn received tne K—4 level, l2OO pounas o
potassium per acre, were as low or lower in maynesium in botn
the stems and the leaves on all sampling dates tnan were tne
plants from plots tnat received less potassium.

Tne use of complementary nutrients resulteu in a de—
crease in total sugars in both tne leaves and tne stems.
(Table 28) The use of potassium increased tne quantity of
total sugars in the leaf. Beyond the K—2 level tne quantity
Of sugar decreased. In the stems the maximum sugar content

was also measured at level K—2 where 300 pounds of potassium

per acre nal been useu.

The amino nitrogen levels were increasei in both tne
leaves anu the stems by tne use of complementary nutrients.
Tne use of potassium generally decreased tne amino nitrogen
levels in both tne leaves anu the stems except in one in—
stance, tne K—2 level wnere 300 pounds of potassium per acre

was used.

Discussion

 

The lack of a seed yiela response to potassium in tnis
experiment was probably Que to tne fact tnat the soil ini-
tally containeu a rather nign level of potassium. Lawton
anu Cook (51) stateu, "Cool acre yielus of alfalfa anu sweet

clover require from 100 to 130 pounls of potassium, whereas

cf
0

for red clover, crimson clover, soybeans, cowpeas ani ve

ah

n,
the profitable requirement is 50 to 75 poun1s." Jelson (66)
reportel tnat the use of potassium increasei soybeans yiells
wnere the soil contained 25 pounus of excnanpeable potassium
per acre. Tne soil in tnis experiment on the average, con—
tained lOO pounis of excnangeable potassium. Tue use of
potassium at 1200 pounis per acre causeu a uecrease in tne
uptake of magnesium and nitrogen. Tnis possibly e*plains
tne decrease in seed yiells at tnis level.

Tne effect of potassium fertilizers upon tae levels in
tne leaves and stems are in agreement witn otner work.
Lawton anu Cook (51), in a comprenensive review of literature,

pointea out that the potassium content of tne crop is

77
generally increaseu as the level of excnangeable potassium
in the soil is increased by the use of fertilizers proviuei
the level of soil potassium initially present is not ex-
tremely high.

In this study the use of potassium decreasei the nitro-
gen content of the leaves ani stems. A number of workers
have suggested that there is a close relationship between
soil fertility and nitrogen fixation. Albrecht (l) suggestel
that the absorption of larger amounts of potassium in rela—
tion to the quantity of calcium in the early vegetative
growth may reuuce the nitr05en fixation rate. Potassium ma<
replace calci m to the extent that the wiier potassium to
calcium ratio results in a reuuction of the nitr05en fixiné
ability of the plant. Hampton and Albrecht (35), in a study
involving a clay culture, observed that a low ratio of potas-
sium to calcium was necessary for maximum nitroyen fixation.
Heavy applications of potassiun caloriie probably retaruei
nodule formation, tnus decreasing tne amount of nitrogen
fixed.

The data inuicateu that the application of potassium
significantly reiuceu the uptake of magnesiuh. magnesium
deficiency symptoms were observed on the plots that receivei
only potassium at the rates of either 600 or lZOO pounds per
acre.

Several investigators have suggests; that magnesium
ueficiency develops not only at low levels of exchangeable

magnesium, but also tnat it ay be inuuceu by the use of

73

hi5h rates of potassoum on melium or hi h ma5nesium soils.
This relationship was observe1 by Southwick (85) and Wehunt
and Purvis (101) in apple orcnarus, Boyton anu Barrel (11)
in apple trees, and Walsh an1 O'Donahoe (97) in potatoes.

Helson et a1. (66). in Jorth Carolina, stu1ie1 the
relationship of foliar deficiency symptoms in soybeans to
ma5nesium levels in the leaflets and the petioles. The
leaflets anl petioles from ma 5nesium ueficient pla :1ts co1-
taineu 0.13 and 0.18 per ce1ts ma 5'nesium, respectively. The
aata obtaine1 in this investi5ation showe1 that foliar 1e—
ficiency symptoms were associated with ma5nesium concentra-
tions in the leaves of 0.295 per cent or less. The reason
for the hi 5her concentration than was founi by Nels n et al.,
is probably uue to the difference in soil, climate, anl soy-
bean variety. In aduition, all of the leaves of t1e plans
were use1 in this evaluation. Webb et al. (99 work :5 with

all of the leaves from flowerin5 plants that were just

cf-

starting to show symptoms of1n1a5nesium deficiency, su55 s e1
t1at the ueficiency occurrea when the leaves contains; less
than 0.24 per cent ma5nesium. Carolus (17), in explainin5

t1 1e ca use of ma ”he ium 1eficiency, reasone1 tnat the 1eficiency
was not always associa te1 with a low ma51esium concentration

in the plant but may be the result of unproportional absorp—
tion of cations and that ma5nesium deficiency coulu occur

when a hi5h potassium plus calcium to La5neSIun ratio existe1
in the soil. Walsh and Clark (98) felt that the potassium to

ma5nesium ratio in the soil determined the de5ree of ma5ne—

79
siu111 uptake by tomat oe . If the po assium to ma5nes Ium ratio
was si5nificantly hi5h, chlorosis developei even w1en the
nutrient medium ha1 a relatively hi5h level of available
Tm1:ne.1u1u
Lun1e5ar11 (54) explained the anta5onistic phenomenon

of potassium as relate1 to ma5nesium aos orption as follows:

Po

Cf“

assi 113n in hi51 amounts exerts a 1e5enerative influence on
the protoplasmic membrane of the roots oy 1ecreasin5 the

J-a

newative potential to below a minus 50 m.v. T1is causes the

Q
protoplasm to be more liquia as a result of the hy aration
Also, the 1u1ro 5en ion concentration of t1e surface layer is

.1.

e way by att

1ecrease1. Ma5nesium acts in the opposit “actin5
water molecules from the surroun1in5 monotone area, thus
uehy1ratin5 the meLDrane. This process increases the uens'ty,
surface tension, an1 stability of the membrane, as well as
its tolerance to a hi 5her electrostatic c1ar5e .

The 1ata in this investi 5ation sappor
Carolus (l7) an1 Walsh aha Clark (98), an1 are consistent with
the views of Lun1e5ar1h.

With lower rates of application, the total su5ar con-
tent of t1e soybean pla11ts increase1, while at higher rates
there was a decrease. Several investi5ators (2, 24, 47, 83
and 96) have observed similar results in uifferent crops.

Ei5htin5ale (68) founi that potassium was essential for
carbon 1ioxi1e assimilation. Sideris et al. (83), observe1

that total su5ar values were 5reater in low than in hi5h

potassium plants. They conclu1e1 that a low rate of

, 80
polymerization of su5ars to starcnes or otner complex carbo—
ny1rates occurre1 in plants containin5 a low level of potas-
W

si‘m. ine 1ata obtaine1 in tnis investi5ation are consistent

with tnis View.

Plant physiolO5ists an1 a5ronomists (16, 19, 38, aJJ ‘8)

have each reporte1 that potassium plays an essential role in
the syntnesis of protein from amino nitro5en. Tne 1ata pre—

sente1 nere support tnese views.

 

El
r1 1— ~ .~ ' m 1 - n“ r 1 w '.
1aole 20. — Average scil test results as aIIecteu DJ tnree
levels of complementary nutrients associated

with five levels of potassium.

 

Treatment ‘Available soil nutrients
Nutrient Rate
Level Per.Acre Soil Pounds Per Acre
Code (POunds) Reaction Phosphorus Potassium Calcium Magnesium
C-O(K) - 7.1 30 161 2779 823
b c a c c
C-2(K) - 7.h 56 155 3797 936
a b a b b
C-MK) - 7.5 100 171 11997 1195
a a a a a
K-0 0 7.3 72 85 3872 1060
a a c a a
K-1 150 7.4 65 97 3867 1056
a ab 0 a a
K-2 300 7 . 3 61 131 3799 920
a ab c a c
K-3 600 7-3 5h 191 3789 987
a b b a b
K—h 1200 7.2 57 307 3961 901
a b a a c

C - Complementary nutrients - N, P, Ca and Mg

fable 21.

- Avera

1H} (3

UL.
3e leaf and stem yielus of soybeans at three
stages of development as affectel by three levels
of complementary nutrients associated witn five

levels of potassium.

 

Treatment Dry Weight of 10 Plants (gms)

Nutrient Rate

Level Per.Acre leaves Stems

Code (Pounds) Ju1y 12 August 3 August 30 Ju1y 12 August 3 August 30

C-O(K) - 1.82 10.3 53.6 0.8a 6.0 5u.u
c a a c a a

C-2(K) - 2.00 13.6 69.7 0.89 8.1 66.u
b a a a a a

C-LP(K) - 2012 1205 7807 0087 701 6806
a a a b a a

K-0 0 2.01 1309 7009 0090 7.9 61bit
b a a b a a

K-1 150 1.95 12.0 65.0 0.79 7.2 60.8
c a a e a a

K-2 300 1.89 11.5 7u.u 0.88 6.7 71.6
d a a c a a

K-3 600 2.19 12.5 66.2 0.95 7.6 6u.3
a a a a a a

K-u 1200 1.85 10.8 60.2 0.81 6.1 5h-9
e a a d a a

C - Complementary nutrients N, P} Ca and M8

5‘ *1
UJ‘

Table 22. - Average soybean seed yielus as affecteu by three

levels of complementary nutrients associateu

with five levels of potassium.

 

Treatment Yield
Nutrient Rate Per
Level Per.Acre Acre
Code (Pounds ) (Bushels)
C'O(K) ‘ 21.u

b
C‘2(K) ' 26.9
a
C‘“(K) ' 26.1
a
K'0 0 25.0
a
K‘1 150 27.0
a
K‘2 300 26.2
a
K‘3 600 25.5
a
K‘“ 1200 20.2
b
C - Complementary nutrients - N, P, Ca and Mg

rm ‘1 ~ . ~ -' ‘

1aole 23. — Average nitrogen content of soybean leaves anl
stems at three stages of development as affected
by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated witn five levels of potassium.

 

Treatment Nitrogen in Soybean Tissue (per cent)

Nutrient Rate

Level Per Acre Leaves Stems

Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30

C-O(K) - h.h6 5.13 h.hl 2.19 2.25 1.72
b a c c c c

C-2(K) - 5.16 5.32 u.73 3.uu 2.66 2.08
a a b b b b

C-A(K) - 5.15 5.36 5.08 3.61 2.92 3.00
a a a a a a

K-0 0 5.18 5.33 u.83 3.3a 3.03 2 #8
a a a a a a

K-1 150 b.99 5.31 h.9O 3.11 2.58 2.32
b a a c b ab

K-2 300 4.76 5.31 u.73 3.22 2.58 2.19
c a ab b b be

K-3 600 A.70 5.20 n.68 2.90 2.u7 2.27
c a ab d b be

K-h 1200 u.99 5.20 n.56 2.82 2.38 2-06
b a b e b c

C - Complementary nutrients N, P, Ca and Mg

g
05

Table 24. - Average phosphorus content of soybean leaves and

Treatment

stems at tnree stages of development as affected
by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated with five levels of potassium.

Phosphorus in Soybean Tissue (per cent)

Nutrient Rate

 

Level Per Acre Leaves Stems

Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30

C-O(K) - 0.255 0.u00 0.257 0.185 0.215 0.165
b b b b a b

C-2(K) - 0.269 0.u50 0.292 0.212 0.227 0.210
a a b a a a

C-A(K) - 0.260 0.h35 0.3A5 0.191 0.2AA 0.226
b a a b a a

K-0 0 0.320 0.434 0.310 0.21% 0.250 0.205
a ab 8 a a a
c b a d a a

K-2 300 0.276 0.s66 0.30u 0.202 0.237 0.189
b a a b a a

K-3 600 0.21u 0.A08 0.289 0.188 0.213 0.210
e b a c a a

K-u 1200 0.238 0.u23 0.311 0.198 0-232 0.199
d b a b a a

C - Complementary nutrients N} P, Ca and Mg

66
Table 25. - Average potassium content of soybean leaves and
stems at three stages of development as affected
by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated witn five levels of potassium.

 

Treatment Potassium in Soybean Tissue (per cent)
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30
C-O(K) - 2.36 1.82 1.52 2.83 3.28 1.89
a a a a a a
C-2(K) - 2.12 1.77 1.A6 2.51 3.13 1.79
b a a b ab 3
c-A(K) - 2.03 1 60 1.u7 2.31 2 92 1.83
c b a c b a
K-0 0 1.67 1.30 1.09 1.u7 1.90 1.10
d d d e d d
K-1 150 1.97 1.6a 1.42 1.97 2.69 1.55
c c c d c c
K-2 300 2.22 1.81 1.57 2.55 3.18 1.93
b b b c b b
K-3 600 2.52 1.91 1.65 3.25 3.78 2.10
a ab ab b a b
K-h 1200 2.u8 2.00 1.69 3.52 3.99 2.51
a a a a a a

C - Complementary nutrients N, P, Ca and Mg

I? ‘7
\_) (

q: r .. -
aole 2o. — Average ca101um content of soybean leaves and

stems at tnree stages of development as affected
0y three levels of complementary nutrients

associated with five levels of potassium.

 

Treatment Calcium in Soybean Tissue (per cent)
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30
C-O(K) - 1.32 1.59 1.75 1.5M 1.67 0.89
c b a b a b
C-2(K) - 1.39 1.67 1.78 1.67 1.56 1.03
b a a a b a
C-u(K) - 1.A8 1.72 1.81 1.A9 1.62 0.98
a a a c ab ab
K-0 0 1.36 1.70 1.81 1.52 1.52 0.93
cd a a c c b
K-1 150 1.u8 1.67 1.78 1.51 1.58 1.03
a a a c be ab
K-2 300 1.35 1.62 1.75 1.53 1.58 1-01
d a a be be b
K-3 600 1.A0 1.6a 1.78 1.55 1.66 1.06
b a a b ab ab
K-h 1200 1.39 1.67 1.78 1.71 1.73 1.10
bc a a a a a

C - Complementary nutrients N, P, Ca and Mg

u ("y
k’v

Table 27. - Average magnesium content of soybean leaves ani
stems at tnree stages of development as affected
by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated with five levels of potassium.

Magnesium in Soybean Tissue (per cent)

 

Treatment
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30
C-O(K) - 0.350 0.h12 0.387 0.263 0.338 0.318
c c b c b b
C-2(K) - 0.A76 0.551 0.4A5 0.326 0.333 0.393
b b b b b a
C-A(K) - 0.512 0.615 0.606 0.403 0.506 0.A20
a a a a a a
K-0 0 0.581 0.808 0.7A0 0.3u3 0.5AA 0.533“
a a a b a a
K-1 150 0.u58 0.u99 0.561 0.305 0.399 0.389
b b b c b b
K-2 300 0.u28 0.50u 0.AAO 0.373 0.uA9 0.38M
c b c a b b
K-3 600 0.391 0.u8u 0.332 0.3u0 0.285 0.30M
d b d b c bc
K-s 1200 0.373 0.333 0.32M 0.292 0.285 0.26A
e c d d c c

C - Complementary nutrients N, P, Ca and Mg

r‘
.1“
L/.,

Table 28. — Average total sugar and amino nitrogen content

of soybean leaves and stems (flowering stage)
as affected by three levels of complementar*

nutrients associated with five levels of

potassium.

Total sugar and amino nitrogen

Treatment in soybean tissue (per cent)

 

Nutrient Rate Leaves Stems
Level Per Acre Total Amino Total Amino
Code (Pounds Sugar Nitrogen Sugar Nitrogen
C-O(K) - 3.25 0.099 1.57 0.066
a c a c
C-2(K) - 3017 00151 1.45 00122
b b b b
C-A(K) - 2.98 0.21M 1.22 0.18h
c a c a
K-0 0 3.01 0.175 1.52 0.157
c b b a
b d b d
a a a c
K-3 600 2.93 0.137 1.15 0.101
c cd d d
K-u 1200 2.95 0 .112 1.25 0 .136
c c c b

C - Complementary nutrients - N, P, Ca and Mg

Soil Intrient levelsJ Croo YieldsJ and the Chemical
Composition of Soybean Plants as Affected bv Three Levels
Of COEElementary Lutrients Associated with Five Levels of

Calcium.

 

Soil Iutrient C ntents

The average effects of fertilizer upon soil test re—

0]

sults are shown in Table 29. The use of com,lementar' nu ri-
ents reduced the pH level slightly. Soil test values for

.1.

phosphorus, potassium and magnesium increased significantly,

w .
1 z
3 1

although the hi nest level of complementary nutrients was

required to bring about a significantly increased potassium
test. Soil test valu s for calcium were unaffected as a
result of using the complementary nutrients.

The use of calcium up to Ca—3, 3200 pounds per acre,
increased the pH level. This was associated with lower soil
test values for phosphorus. Levels of potassium were un—
affected but the test for calcium reflected tne various quan—
tities that had been added to the soil. The s for magne—

sium varied greatly and were not closely related to the use

of calcium.

Crongiells

 

The use of complementary nutrients increased the yield

of both the leaves and stems only on the first sampling date.

(Table 30) This was also the situation in regard to the

’0' 1

effect of the use of different rates of calcium. in use 0

H:

..J

L4

Up to 1600 pounds of calcium per a re, level Ca—2, incre se
the yield of leaves and stems. Beyond this level yields were

90

reduced.

Seed yields are shown in Table 31. The use of comple—
mentary nutrients at level C-2 incre1se1 seed yiel1s three
bushels per acre, while at level C—4 tne yields were re1uce1
to a level below that which was obta'nel on the zero level
of complementary nutrients. The use of the lowest level of
calcium, 800 pounds per acre, Ca—l, resulte 1 in a s1:nifi—
cantly incr eas e1 seed yiel1. The use of more calcium than
this did not further increase "iel1s. In fact, yields were

400

O\

si flficantly re1uce1 where the hi 1est rate Ca—4 or

pounds per acre, had been us ea.

Cliemical Composition

 

(3

The nitro en contre nt 01 the leaves was increase1 as a
result of using the complementary nutrients only on the first

(Table 32) In the stems, an increase was

0)
’Trj

}_J
!_J.

:J

{.1

C1“
( D

0

measure; on the first date. At this time rates

(D

ffect upon the nitrogen content of the stems. 0n the third

at

(D
a?

he use of com.lementary nutrients at the C—2 level in—

g.-

crease the nitrogen content of the stems Jae increase,
however, was not statisticallys gnifics nt. The use of the

'14
rt
5.
,1;
ct
H
1;
O
<:
(D
’3

0-4 rate increase. ’e nitrogen content significan
that which was obtaine1 where the secon1 ate had been
use1.

The use of calcium likewise aiiec e1 the nitrogen con—
tent of leaves an1 stems only on the first samolin; Late.

In the stems the highest levels of nitrogen occurred where

PO

9
3200 pounds of calcium per acre had been usel, level Ca—3.

The phosphorus contents of leaves and stems as affecte1
by complementary nutrients and calciumznxashown in Table 33.
In the leaves, the use of complementary nutrients at level
C—2, on the first sampling date, significantly decreased the
phosphorus level. On the later samplings the phosphorus con-
tent increased, although the 1ifference was not statistically
significant on the last date. The same occurre1 in the stems
except the difference was significant on the thir1 1ate an1
not significant on the secon1 1ate.

The use of calcium generally decrease1 the phosphorus
content of both the leaves an1 stems on the first sampling
date. Statistically significant 1ifferences 1isappeare1 by
the time of the third sampling.

The use of complementary nutrients resulte1 in a gen—
eral increase in the potassium levels in both the stems an1
the leaves on all three sampling 1ates. (Table 34)

The use of calcium decreased the potassium content of
leaves in samples token on July 12 an1 August 3. The 11f-
ference on the latter 1ate, however, was not significant.

In the stems a significant 1ifference was obtaine1 only n
the first sampling date, July 12.

The use of complementary nutrients 111 not affect the
calcium content of the stems. (Table 35) In the leaves
the use of complementary nutrients re1uce1 the calcium level
on the first and third sampling date.

‘he effect of calcium upon the calcium content of

93

leaves and stems was slight and not consistent. The calcium
content of leaves generally increased iuring the season wnile
the level in the stems was constant or reflecteu a iecreasei
quantity. The level in tne stems at pou—filling time was
unusually constant anu did not reflect any differences in
calcium uptake.

The use of complementary nutrients decreaseu tne magne-

sium level in tne leaves. (Table 36) This also occurrei in

(D

at

p.-

the stems except on tne first maplin 5 .

Tn use of nigh rates of calci‘z nau a tenuency to
reuuce magnesium levels in both tne stems anl the leaves.
Differences, wnile statistically si nificant, inuirectly
reflect original differences in the maJnesium content of tne
soil and differences resulting from interactions involving
other applied elements.

Tne use of complementary nutrients tenue; to reauce
the total sugar level in botn tne leaves ani tne stems
(Table 37) The use of calcium up to rate Ca-2 increase; tne
total sugar levels. In the stems tne nR nest level was
observed at Ca—l.

The use of complementary nutrients ”re v increasei
tne amino nitropen content of the leaves. Tne increases
were not as great in tn stems.

The use of calcium increasei alniio nitrogen slightly
in both tne leaves and the stems. Variations, uue to uif—
ferent rates of calcium, however, were sucn that they uiu

not suggest anyp particular trenu.

KC-
4‘);

Discussion

 

Tae use of calcium in combination with tne complemen-
tary nutrients increased yielu approximately tnree busnels
per acre. This relativelJ small increase in yiel; was
probably due to tue fact tnat tne soil na tirallJ co:1tainei
aiequate quantities of calcium n‘ had a rather sa
pl level. A review of literature sup; 3 that a reslo;:s

to c alcium mi Q"ht be e:.pectei only on relatively acid soils

whicn contain low quantities of excnangeaole calcium.

m?
Table 29. - Average soil test results as affected by tnree
levels of complementary nutrients associatei

witn five levels of calcium.

 

Treatment Available soil nutrients
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Soil Pounds Per.Acre
Code (POunds) Reaction PhosPhorus Potassium Calcium Magnesium
C-0(Ca) - 7.1 32 83 3877 829
a c b a c
c-2(Ca) - 7.3 58 119 3777 888
ab b b a b
C-u(0a) - 7.2 127 397 #083 1127
b a a a a
Ca-O 0 7.0 92 209 2917 1030
d a a e a
Ca-l 800 7.2 76 195 3h28 820
c b a d c
Ca-2 1600 7.3 70 201 3928 929
be b a c b
Ca- 3 3200 7 .5 67 221+ #350 91+0
a be a b b
Ca-u 61100 7.1+ 55 169 11939 1022
ab c a a a

C - Complementary nutrients - N, P, K and Mg

. ‘9

ct

U)

“e l

C ’7
.2 \J

, m -0 :~ _, ,4- ~. ".0-
3.90 01 uevelopment as a1
of complementary nutrients associa

levels of calcium.

eaf and stem yields of soybeans at tnree

D

ecteu by taree levels

k

el witn five

 

Treatment Dry weight of 10 Plants (gms)
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30
c-0(Ca) - 2.02 12.0 67.1 0.88 6.8 65.6
c a a C a a
C-2(Ca) - 2.05 13.5 71.2 0.91 8.1 69.h
b a a b a a
c-u(Ca) - 2.07 12.0 80.3 0.93 6.9 71.6
a a a a a a
Ca-O 0 2.01 12.3 70.3 0.90 7.3 67.1
C a a c a a
Ca-l 800 2.13 13.9 76.7 0.90 8.h 72.3
b a a c a a
Ca-2 1600 2.19 12.9 75.1 0.97 7.1 72.7
a a a a a a
08-3 3200 1.96 11.9 72.8 0.92 7.0 67.5
d a a b a a
Ca-h 6u00 1.91 11.7 69.1 0.81 6.3 6h.7
e a a d a a

C - Complementary nutrients - N, P, K and Mg

07
J!

Table 31. — Average seeu yielus as affecteu by tnree levels
of complementary nutrients associatei with five

levels of calcium.

 

Treatment Yield
Nutrient Rate Per
Level Per.Acre Acre
Code (Pounds) (Bushels)
C-O(Ca) - 21‘00

b
C-2(Ca) - 27.2
a
C-h(Ca) - 23-6
b
Ca-O 0 23-8
be
Ca-l 800 26.3
a
Ca-2 1600 26-1
ab
Ca-3 3200 25-“
ab
Ca-u 6u00 23'0
C

C - Complementary nutrients - N, P, K and Mg

rm“

J‘v

Table 32. — Average nitrogen content of soybean leaves and

stems at three stages of develOpment as affected
by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated with five levels of calcium.

 

Treatment Nitrogen in Soybean Tissue (per cent)
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July l2 August 3 August 30
C-0(Ca) - 4.94 5.35 u.67 3.00 2.63 1.92
c a a b a b
C-2(Ca) - 5.06 5.u3 n.89 3.10 2.71 2.13
b a a a a b
c-u(0a) - 5.32 5.36 5.15 3.36 2.70 2.78
a a a a a a
Ca-O 0 5.28 5.53 1.95 3.06 2.76 2.10
a a a d a a
Ca-l 800 1.72 5.30 h.85 3.01 2.65 2.30
d a a e a a
Ca-2 1600 5.28 5.37 h.8h 3.35 2.70 2.1h
a a a b a a
Ca-3 3200 5.20 5.32 n.89 3.56 2.59 2.27
b a a a a a
03-h 6u00 5.06 5.39 1.99 3.29 2.70 2.26
c a a c a a

C - Complementary nutrients N, P, K and Mg

CO
JJ

Table 33. - Average phosphorus content of soybean leaves and
stems at three stages of develOpment as affected
by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated with five levels of calcium.

 

Treatment Phosphorus in Soybean Tissue (per cent)
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) Ju1y 12 August 3 August 30 Ju1y 12 August 3 August 30
C-0(Ca) - 0.28M 0.113 0.281 0.197 0.227 0.178
c b a c a b
C-2(Ca) - 0.266 0.h56 0.309 0.185 0.212 0.212
b a a b a a
c-u(Ca) - 0.301 0.u23 0.319 0.217 0.2u5 0.222
a b a a a a
Ca-O 0 0.326 0.137 0.325 0.223 0.211 0.208
a ab a a a a
Ca-l 800 0.265 0.hh5 0.305 0.193 0.2h3 0.212
d ab a b a a
Ca-2 1600 0.282 0.h6u 0.288 0.186 0.233 0.201
c a a be a a
Ca-3 3200 0.301 0.h17 0.288 0.217 0.2h0 0.205
b c a a a a
Ca-h 6&00 0.2h5 0.393 0.309 0.179 0.229 0.193

e

C

8

C

C - Complementary nutrients N, P, K and Mg

8

a

100
Table 34. — Average potassium content of soybean leaves and
stems at three stages of development as affected
by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated with five levels of calcium.

 

Treatment Potassium in Soybean Tissue (per cent)
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30
C-O(Ca) - 1.72 1.33 1.12 1.68 1.94 1.19
c b b c b c
C-2(Ca) - 2.30 1.94 1.60 2.59 3.58 1.99
b a a b a b
c-4(Ca) - 2.62 1.96 1.71 3.58 3.74 2.41
a a a a a a
Ca-O 0 2.45 1.86 1.50 2.95 3.24 1.91
a a a a a a
Ca-l 800 2.20 1.77 1.52 2.71 3.17 1.89
c ab a b a a
Ca-2 1600 2.00 1.78 1.42 2.36 3.01 1.79
d ab 3 d a a
08-3 3200 2.15 1.64 1.41 2.53 2.96 1.77
c b a c a a
b b a c a a
C - Complementary nutrients N, P, K and Mg

103-

Table 35. - Average calcium content of soybean leaves and

Treatment

Nutrient Rate

stems at three stages of development as affected
by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated with five levels of calcium.

Calcium in Soybean Tissue (per cent)

 

Level Per Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) Ju1y 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30
C-0(Ca) - 1.51 1.69 1.87 1.55 1.60 1.03
a a a a a a
C’2(Ca) " 1031+ 1065 1069 1057 1056 1001.
b a c a a a
c-4(Ca) - 1.38 1.70 1.78 1.54 1.58 1.00
b a b a a a
Ca-O o 1.37 1.65 1.73 1.48 1.51 0.99
c a b d b a
08-1 800 1.35 1.72 1.80 1.56 1.58 0.98
c a ab c ab a
Ca-2 1600 1.54 1.69 1.82 1.61 1.63 0.99
a a ab b a a
Ca-3 3200 1.42 1.67 1.84 1.46 1.53 0.98
b a a d b a
Ca-4 6400 1.38 1.67 1.73 1.68 1.64 1.03
c a b a a a

C - Complementary nutrients N, P, K and Mg

102
Table 36. - Average magnesium content of soybean leaves and
stems at three stages of development as affected
by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated with five levels of calcium.

 

Treatment Magnesium in Soybean Tissue (per cent)
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30
C-O(Ca) - 0.522 0.694 0.706 0.307 0.534 0.530
a a a C a a
C-2(Ca) - 0.433 0.530 0.411 0.320 0.344 0.342
c b b b c b
C-4(Ca) - 0.477 0.410 0.456 0.371 0.402 0.332
b c b a b b
Ca-O 0 0.487 0.553 0.548 0.327 0.394 0.412
c a ab c b a
Ca-l 800 0.508 0.499 0.492 0.363 0.435 0.430
b a be a ab a
Ca-2 1600 0.519 0.542 0.551 0.350 0.429 0.407
a a ab b ab 3
Ca-3 3200 0.451 0.573 0.594 0.308 0.384 0.404
d a a e b a
03-4 6400 0.423 0.556 0.436 0.315 0.492 0.354
e a c d a a

C - Complementary nutrien

ts N, P, K and Mg

.103
Table 37. - Average total sugar and amino nitrogen content
of soybean leaves and stems (flowering stare)
as affected by three levels of complementary

nutrients associated with five levels of

 

calcium.
Total sugar and amino nitrogen
Treatment in soybean tissue (per cent)

Nutrient Rate Leaves Stems
Level Per Acre Total Amino Total Amino
Code (Pounds) Sugar Nitrogen Sugar Nitrogen
C-0(Ca) - 3.29 0.131 1.66 0.112

a c a c
C-2(Ca) - 3.34 0.173 1.31 0.134

a b b b
C-h(Ca) - 2.89 0.201 1.09 0.161

b a c a
Ca-O 0 2.87 0.160 1.25 0.121

c c c c

b b a a

a ab b b

b a be d
Ca-4 6400 3.24 0.153 1.34 0.157

b d b a

C - Complementary nutrients - N, P, K and Mg

Soil Nutrient Levels, Crop 1ieL s,_and the Chemical
Composition of Soybean Plants as A1fecteu by Three Levels
of 00*Lleweht3c" Intrients Associated wi-

y..-

11agne sium .

 

Soil 1tnieht Contents

The soil test results that wer associated with magne—
sium treatments are shown in Table 38. The us e of comple-
mentary nutrients significantly increased the pl levels al-

though no differences between the pH at 0—2 and 0-4 were

-oted. The tests for phosphorus increased with each level

n
of comp ”leLentary nutrients. This also occurred in the tests
for potassium and calcium, alflt10ug 1 the differe1~1ces in tests

for potassium between C—0 and C—2 were not statistically
significant. The test for magnesium increased and then de—

creased with increasing rates 01 01plem11ry nutrients.

f the original variations in

O

This undoubtedly reflects so;:1e
the magnesium content of the soil that was us ed in this ex—
periment.

The use of ma nesium at the high rates of 400 and 800
pounds per acre increased the pH level 0.2 units. The levels

‘0 If

:11

of phosphorus, potassium, and calcium were not affects
the use of ma nesiu:r 1. The soil test values for m gnesium
were increased at the Lg—3 and Lg—4 levels where 400 and 000

Pounds per acre respectively had been used.

v

Cron 1ields
The weights of leaves and stems were changed by the

l04

treatments only on the first sampling date. (Table 39) At

this time the use of complementary nutrients at the highest

level increased the weight of both the leaves an: the stems.
Magnesium had the general effect of decreasing the weight of
the leaves an; stems on the first sampling date.

The yields of seed were increased with the use of con—
plementary nutrients approximately three bushels per acre.
(Table 40) Yields at the C-4 level, however, Lecreasel to
the same range as was measurel where no complementary nutr -
ents were usel. The use of magnesium 111 not affect seeu
yields except where the highest rate was useu. In this case
the seei yiells were significantly reuuceu more than 2

bushels per acre.

Chemical Composition

The nitrogen levels in the leaves an& stems are shown
in Table 41. The levels in the leaf on the first sanplin;
date were significantly increaseu by the use of comp enentary
nutrients. hifferences in nitrogen content were so small on
Aupust 3 that differences were not statistically sipnificant.
On August 30 the use of the highest rate of complementary
nutrients significantly increaseu the nitrogen content of the
leaves.

The highest nitrogen levels at the time of the first
sampling occurrei in the stems at the C—2 level. On August

3 the levels of nitrogen were very similar. however, by

Au'ust 30 the use of the C—4 level of complementary nutrients

”‘1‘;

106
resultei in significant increase in nitrogen contents.
1 ‘ -. 1 ,, + . 4— -0 H u- . ' ‘ - . ° -,
ine pnospnOius content Ol tne soybeans lS snown 11
F“ 1 F17 ~ qwr -A w J- . -. -'- . ~, ("1 .w‘ - ‘t-
iaole 42. lie use of co On ler He1ta1 nutrients increaseu tne

A.

level of phosphorus in the leaves on all of the s~mplin5

uates. In the stems, tne levels were similar on the first

date except where mo1 hipnest rate of complementccy nutrients
was used. On the seconi date, tne ULantities of pnospnoii1s
in the stems wer similar. On the last eate tne use of the
complementary nutrients increase& the p10 spnorus contents.

'3

There was, however, no difference between the C-2 and 0—4

levels.

The use of magnesium had a tendency to decrease the

phosphorus levels in the leaves on tne first sampling date.

No differences were observed on the seconu uat . Iowever,

-1-

by tne last sampling time the use of mapnesium teiued b0

increase the quantity of phospnorus present even though in

7')

many instances it was not possible to measure differerce

U)

that would be consiiwele to be statistically si.niIicait.
In the stems no definite trend on any of the amplinp
uates couli be established.

€138 are SilOWll 1.21

ct

Potassium levels in tne leaves and s
Table 43. The use of comple.cntar nutrients i11 creasei tne
levels of potassium in both the leaves anu stems. The dif-
ferences in potassium levels in tle leaves on the seconi
samplilg date resulting from the use of complementary nutri—
ents at two rates were not statistically iiffereit.

The use of ma nesium generally decreased the amount of

l0?

potassium in the leaves anl stems. Differences in the potas—
sium contents associatel with the various rates of magnesitm
tenael to aecrease with time. While the trend was present
in the stems at the last sampling time, uifferences were not
statistically significant.

The average calcium content of the leaves and stems is
shown in Table 44. For any one sampling period only very

l.
[1

small differences were measurel. Ievertheless, s atistically
significant lifferences were measurel. In the leaves the use
of the high level of complementary nutrients ausel an increase
in the calcium content. This occurreu on the first two sam—
pling uates but not on the tniri. In the stems the use of

the high rate of complenentary nutrients significally in—
creased the calcium level on all three dates.

The effects of increasing rates of magnesium on the
calcium contents of leaves anu stems were small. Because of
this, it is doubtful that even these uifferences that were
statistically significant have any value in interpreting what
took place insiie the plant.

The averag magnesium contents of soybean leaves anl
stems are shown in fable 45. The use of complenentary nutri—
ents generally uecreaseu the magnesium levels in both the
leaves an& stems on all three sampling dates. In the stems
the average differences between the last two rates were not
great enough to be consiuereu statistically significant.

The use of m gnesium increase& the magnesium levels in

both the stems and the leaves, although aifferences became

 

less s’gnificant on the last sampling gate. Increasin? rates
of m ;n sium generally increasel maynesium levels in both the
leaves ana stems.

he total sugar an; amino nitrogen values are shown in
Table 46. In the leaves, the use of c nplerm e1tary nutrients
at the C—2 level increased the total sugars. At the C-4
level the tota su 'pnific antly lower tl1 1 at
the C—2. Increasing rates of complementary nutrients signif—
icantly relucea the total su ar con

The use of magnesium increasea t Val suf
stems anu leaves. At rates above n5~3 (400 pounus per acre)
in the leaves, anl above Lg-l in he stems, the levels of
total sugars uecreasel.

The am no nitrogen was yre atly and significantly in—
crease; in both the leaves ani stems by the use of comple—
mentary nutrients. Such :reat aiffere nces :naskea the effect
of the magnesium levels so tlat while statistically signifi—

cant uiffei ences occurr eu, the values ary 1“ 3303 a W3? that

interpretation is difficult.

.JlSC lSSlOl-

;.J

 

The weight ts of both stems an i leaves and th yiells of
soybeans were not improveu wit11 the us e of maynesium because
the soil use&.i41'taese investigations initially con“ i 1e;

sufficient giantities of excmlan eaole magnesium. The le—

orease in yield that was obtainel where 800 pounus 0: ma

sium per acre had been applies may be expla inea on the basis

1o;

t1at m ines1-1 su press eu t e aosorp tio n of potassium by

L;
the soybean plants.

The concentration of ma nesium in soybeans was de—
cr easeu.~Lm11 1.1seéL in combination with the couple: Lent ary nutri—
ent. This could be due to the antagonistic effect that po a
sium has on the absorption of magnesium. Prince et al. (78)
in stuaying the release of ma3nesium from soils in Jew Jersey,
concluaei that the most important single factor influencing
magnesium_up ake by plants was the quantity of available
pOtassium in the soil.
Several investigators reportei hat the use of ma 3ne—
sium increases the upta1:e of pho sshorus. This ten1ency was

found in the leaves on the last sa111plin; Cate. Truo; et al.

on nutrient solution etuaies, sur*este; that

sium, an; that inc1easirr the ML pply of ma31esium reStheu

in an increasea level of lhosohorus more than occu1reL when

extra iLCrche1us of phosphorus “Le 1e useu. In explainin3 the

mechanism, Zimmerman (107) stat eu that ma3nesium11ay be a

carrier of phosphate and therefore be closely relate1 to

ploeoholipiu formation and to tm1 synthesis of nucleoproteiLs
plant cells.

sooiatel

U)

The necrease L1 concentration of potassium a

with the use of magnesium was also observeu by Allen (3) =1;

-

Evans et al. (27)° The antago 1 s ic relati01s1rio between

-Lu.~

magnesium ana potassium was e1 :plainei b3 L1nCe5ar1h (54).

‘mm ‘2 1:“ 13.53:: “In“

F" ‘. '7 ‘ 4" . ‘ ‘\
in aosorptio-L

balanced by a aeoregse;

ation

C‘
k)

total equivalent of c

”‘1

U

enrt (53,
of

Ln
J,

tially const

.11- 1.
.19 l.”lCl"€8.S€

d-A-~ V

8 11k '3' 8.1“

.1-

apreement s

Vii ti 1.

e;

”.4.

LL;

(5

-l. (92)

:24

W’)
.1.

et epo tnat l

4..

u ’7" '1:

cia ea witn low ma3nesium.

maynesiun aeficient tobacco

arates tnan tL'Lat aia :1or;11al
(~11. m~l~ -". -1—1 4- '1. :1 can '
DkaquL/eut (“13.1) 1nd 1-10... L”neck.
“‘4‘!“ ‘11'.1 Lew-1'-

CL—Nl uO ‘/ 1112.118.

‘J-d y-

several 1nves

....: “~11 .1.
JLJ—ALM U

ely‘

was appro

orption of anotner so tnat the
in plant tissue reLai1ei essen-
{1111 93).
content vita tne use of ma;ne—

1

U

i3ators.

ow carbonyarate content was asso—
,‘( -1 - .1. ( ”\l - ‘ .1. .1-
garner 8b al. (2s Louna gnaw

leaves

f'V

envynaennov (o2)

L

leaveso

1L L ... 1.1.
J61163 COS oeuu

of maltose-like

111
Table 38. — Average soil test results as affected by three
levels of complementary nutrients associated

with five levels of magnesium.

 

Treatment ‘Available soil nutrients
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Soil Pounds Per Acre
Code (POunds) Reaction Phosphorus Potassium Calcium Magnesium
C-O(Mg) - 7.2 32 8A 2930 860
b c b c c
C-2(Mg) - 7-h 57 127 3837 936
a b b b a
C-h(Mg) - 7.h 101 3A5 5157 892
a a a a b
Mg-O o 7.2 63 189 3972 857
b a a a c
Mg-l 100 7.2 65 191 3911 827
b a a a c
Mg-2 200 7.2 66 181 3828 867
b a a a c
Mg-3 MOO 7.u 63 196 #189 1140
a a a a b
Mg-h Boo 7.1 57 170 3972 1206
a a a a a

C - Complementary Nutrients - N, P, K and Ca

 

fable 390 —

ll2
Average leaf and stem yields of soybeans at three
stages of development as affected by three levels

01 complementary nutrients associated with five

levels of magnesium.

 

Treatment Dry Weight of 10 Plants (gms)

Nutrient Rate

Level Per Acre Leaves Stems

Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3.August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30

C-O(Mg) - 1.83 12.0 60.11 0.81 6.7 58.7
b a a c a a

C-2(Mg) - 1.83 13.11 711.5 0.83 8.1 72.5
b a a b a a

GJKMg) - 2‘) 12;? 'fik7 (L9u 7J+ 70;?
a a a a a a

M84) 0 2Jl 13¢? 7OJ3 0&5 7&9 6L5
a a a a a a

Mg-l 100 1.84 12.8 71.1 0.86 7.3 68.6
b a a b a a

Mg43 EEO Ju86 12Jt 76:7 0&8 7A) 69:?
b a a c a a

Ms-3 #00 1.86 13.0 71.7 0.85 8.0 69.8
b a a b a a

Mg-h 800 1.76 12.0 65.6 0.80 6.8 61.h
c a a d a a

C—

Complementary Nutrients - N, P, K and Ca

 

113
Table 40. - Average soybean seed yields as affected by three
levels of complementary nutrients associated

with five levels of magnesium.

 

Treatment Yield
Nutrient Rate Per
Level Per.Acre .Acre
Code (Pounds) (Bushels)
C'O(ylg) "' 2303

b
C-2(Mg) - 26.6
a
C'h(Mg) " 2208
b
Mg-O O 25 .2
a
Mg-l 100 ”“8
a
ab
Mg-3 1100 211.6
a
Mg-u 800 E23

C - Complementary Nutrients - N, P, K and Ca

 

114
Table 41. — Average nitrogen content of soybean leaves and
stems at three stages of development as affected
by three levels of complementary nutrients

associated with five levels of magnesium.

 

Treatment Nitrogen in Soybean Tissue (per cent)
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) Ju1y 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30
C-O(Mg) - 4.65 5.34 u.60 2.91 2.73 1.85
c a b c a b
C-2(Mg) - 5.06 5.35 u.77 3.51 2.62 1.99
b a b a a b
c-h(Mg) - 5.u6 5.37 5.18 3.15 2.69 2.7a
a a a b a a
Mg-O O 5.1M 5.h8 b.95 3.03 2.73 2.32
a a a c a a
Mg-l 100 5.03 5.22 h.88 3.26 2.59 2.23
a a a a a a
Mg-2 200 5.12 5.51 b.85 3.23 2.73 2.11
a a a ab a a
Mg-3 uoo 5.08 5.27 u.73 3.20 2.6a 2.07
a a a b a a
Mg-h 800 n.91 5.29 b.83 3-23 2.73 2.23
b a a ab 3 a

C - Complementary nutrients - N, P, K and Ca

W" 1 I ‘ x a , n

laole 42. — Average pnospnorus content or leaves and stems
at three stages of development as affected by
three level f t l r 2 ' ‘*t ' "” '
0- c c s o 00np enentary nutrients ass001—

ated with five levels of magnesium.

 

Treatment PhOSphorus in Soybean Tissue (per cent)
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30
C-O(Mg) - 0.247 0.385 0.295 0.181 0.245 0.172
c c b b a b
C-2(Mg) - 0.288 0.418 0.330 0.176 0.233 0.227
a b ab b a a
C-4(Mg) - 0.280 0.452 0.349 0.190 0.245 0.241
b a a a a a
Mg-O 0 0.305 0.433 0.296 0.180 0.249 0.220
a a b be a ab
Mg-l 100 0.267 0.395 0.325 0.175 0.237 0.203
b a ab 0 a b
Mg-2 200 0.262 0.431 0.306 0.200 0.224 0.197
b a ab a a b
Mg-3 400 0.262 0.424 0.355 0.187 0.253 0.237
b a a b a a
Mg-4 800 0.263 0.408 0.342 0-168 0-243 0.209
b a a d a ab
K and Ca

C - Complementary nutrients - N, P,

 

m .
lable 43. — Average potass1um content of leaves and

1 w ’7
1.1-0

at tnree st~

(D
U)
O
F?)

development as affected bv
three levels of complementary nutrients associ—

ated with five levels of magnesium.

 

Treatment Potassium in Soybean Tissue (per cent)
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30
C-O(Mg) - 1.67 1.33 1.10 1.57 2.07 1.17
c b c c c c
C-2(Mg) - 2.31 1.92 1.59 2.84 3.40 2.03
b a b b b b
c-4(Mg) - 2.51 2.00 1.73 3.33 3.83 2.33
a a a a a a
Mg-O 0 2.40 1.91 1.61 2.92 3.34 1.92
a a a a a a
Mg-l 100 2.12 1.78 1.44 2.40 3.13 1.88
b ab b c ab a
Mg-2 200 1.98 1.73 1.48 2.42 3.01 1.86
c be ab c ab a
Mg-3 400 2.33 1.76 1.48 2.74 3.13 1.77
a ab ab b ab a
Mg-4 800 1.99 1.58 1.37 2.42 2.88 1.79
c c b c b a

C - Complementary nutrients - N, P, K and Ca

 

117
Table 44. — Average calcium content of leaves and stems at
three stages of develOpment as affected by tnree
levels of complementary nutrients associated

with five levels of magnesium.

 

 

Treatment Calcium in Soybean Tissue (per cent)

Nutrient Rate

Level Per Acre Leaves Stems

Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30

C-O(Mg) - 1.33 1.61 1.77 1.41 1.51 0.94
b b a c b b

C-2(Mg) - 1.31 1.61 1.75 1.52 1.56 0.98
b b a b b b

c-4(Mg) - 1.53 1.77 1.85 1.77 1.70 1.07
a a a a a a

Mg-O 0 1.46 1.64 1.79 1.57 1.58 1.03
a a ab c ab ab

Mg-l 100 1.41 1.69 1.86 1.61 1.65 1.08
b a a b a a

Mg-2 200 1.43 1.69 1.81 1.70 1.63 1.07
ab 3 a a a a

- 400 1. 2 1.62 1.79 1.49 1.51 0.97

M83 c3 a ab (1 b be

Mg-4 800 1.34 1.66 1.70 1.47 1.57 0.94
c a b d ab 0

C - Complementary nutrients - N, P, K and Ca

113
Table 45. - Average magnesium content of leaves and stems at
three stages of develOpment as affected by tnree
levels of complementary nutrients associated

with five levels of magnesium.

 

Treatment Magnesium in Soybean Tissue (per cent)
Nutrient Rate
Level Per Acre Leaves Stems
Code (Pounds) July 12 August 3 August 30 July 12 August 3 August 30
C-O(Mg) - 0.519 0.719 0.639 0.331 0.553 0.570
a a a a a a
C-2(Mg) - 0.436 0.484 0.393 0.277 0.352 0.356
b b b b b b
c-4(Mg) - 0.379 0.391 0.378 0.264 0.345 0.308
c c b c b b
Mg-O 0 0.402 0.398 0.414 0.220 0.340 0.352
d c bc e c b
Mg-l 100 0.413 0.517 0.400 0.280 0.363 0.427
c b c d c ab
Mg-2 200 0.457 0.497 0.494 0.343 0.401 0.381
b b ab a be ab
Mg-3 400 0.459 0.660 0.512 0.298 0.472 0.431
b a a c ab ab
Mg-4 800 0.493 0.585 0.580 0.312 0.508 0-466
a a a b a a

C - Complementary nutrients - N, P, K and Ca

llS
{- 1, /' J_ ‘1 ° '
faole 4o. - Average total sugar and amino nitrogen contents
of soybear leaves and stems (flowering stage)

as affected by three levels of complementary

nutrients associated with five levels of

 

magnesium.
Total sugar and amino nitrogen
Treatment in soybean tissue (per cent)

Nutrient Rate Leaves Stems
Level Per Acre Total Amino Total Amino
Code (Pounds ) Sugar Nitrogen Sugar Nitrogen
C-O(Mg) - 3.03 0.104 1.78 0.078

c c a c
C-2(Mg) - 3.39 0.164 1.33 0.116

a b b b
C‘h(Mg) " 3026 00192 1008 0.178

b a c a
Mg-O 0 2.85 0.150 1.24 0.103

d b d d

b a a b
Mg-2 200 3.43 0.160 1.45 0.142

a a b a

a c b c
Meg-4 800 3.12 0.160 1.32 0.130

c a c b

C - Complementary nutrients - N, P, K and Ca

(‘11 ‘~ ""

”7 I‘V".—\
odaungJ. li-tAJ

Tne f: eld expe r ilme1t was eatablisheu on a Go V81 silt
loa 1 soil in 1960 to dete miLQ the effeC' of wiuely vacdin
rates and combinations of nitrogen, p mo DfiOrcS, potassium,
CQlCldm, and ma,neSium upon use growtn, yield, an; chemica
characteristics of soyb 0e9ns.

Each of the nutrients vas applied —t five rates. Each
nutrient was associa' ted wit 1 three rates of complementary

nutrients. Soil samples were collect e;

was applied.

availaole pnospnorus, and excnangeaole
and ma nesium.
Plcmts 19” ilar t 9t 1“ 9
w.--bu Wale V83 8.1 “U LuJ. v

which were labeled as "early vegetative,"

Q
boa—forniig." Tue plant samples

- 1: J—' J.
CL-Lfle U118 S [Jerjls O

the leaves

for nitrogen, phosphorus,

71’} m

.: - F1 _1_ . ,. ‘1 .,_ -: .' _ -1.
“-WQALe 0.1.x)...1 o .LO 031. 3410801." 0»:le 0,111.1. .10 .11. 0:00;)

ale OH

:_{

0)
Cl

ge.

The results of
follows

A. WEE-181:;

4.0

10 ”at;

The use of ammonium nit

of soybeans approximately

120

81X weeks

stages of

Each of

potassium,

amples tllat were collected during

these investigations are summer

increased tne

five bushels per ae‘

..-:_. JZ‘ .
after 1er-

‘ -—r~"‘ ~63 ~.'
beSLea .LOI‘ I)“,

C a]. C i‘U-I; ,

development

i.)

H -C‘ .. — ' . I --
iloweriag' a.

we1 e divided into two

the samples was
calcium, and
en evaluations were

tne flowering;

seed yield

s.-

38. it

 

121
was concluded tnat nitrogen obtainei by the soybean

"\ 4‘- 4~-‘ - a 5‘. ‘0‘: ~.' ~'- . ' . ' r ‘8 r 1 J'- ‘9 " ‘O 1‘ 1 ‘Y
plant tnrougn liiauion was inaueuiate ior nanimsi

v. '1- “. ‘0 ’V' ' :
ronun and yield.

‘ise of triple superphospnate at ra

pounds of phosphorus per acre increase; t”»

' -1- -- 1 x- .. 1 4- rr .- n. -C‘ 1 “
we1~nb of ootn leaves and Stems. 1ne vielu 01 seed
.2 u
. p—u ’ ~v o _ r? - w J_‘\ . '- _ .0
was Signiiicantly increased 0y one 200 pounu appli—

” -: . JD 1‘ \ , FT». - .1. 7-‘ 4:- '

Cation 01 pnospnorus. 1ne use of rates above unis
:2. ,-- fl 1,. .o 4., -. ._ a 4 .7 .2. .1 " -1- -. 1..

reuuceu tJe uptaAe OJ. p0 belSSlLlnl v‘f_;l_1_C11 beniea cu U2:

’5 ' "7' " "I" a . ’3 w‘ ”i ' "‘1“: "

reilectai ii 1euicei been yielis.

‘ ‘ ' ‘ A" 4 \ ""1 ‘r '1‘: P1 fin: ‘ ‘ ‘ 1'. ’i ’1 m ‘4 . ' ‘1‘ 't 9 ‘ W t ‘4‘ r- ‘v ‘1‘ ‘ ’l‘- ’
1.10 8.90 DJ. iJO ‘ Dipping... Lulqilue Clo ”4.7“”; “J, 0..) 1".) iJLLl 03;.
i ‘\ a 'r') (‘3‘,‘0 q {‘0 '3 '1 "1 ';- ,rj 71~ ' "'53-; « "4‘ r3 "\ 0 l (3 q 'i C‘ "I“ ‘0‘» ca

-.L \,-LIV.~ cwo'v 4.41» Una-K; '.J~J.J hiya—“3.- U5.) U-L eaves apLavL t.) beiaLQ.

Soybean seed yields were not significantly increased
by the application of potassium chloride. Unere
1200 pounds per acre was used, tne yield was signi—
ficantly decreased. The application of potassium
chloride resultei in a reduction in tne up"
This probably accounts for

magnesium and nitrogen.

the depression in yield.

The use of calcium hydroxide did not greatly affect
the yield of eitner leaves or stems. Seed yields
were increased where 800 pounds per acre was applied

to the soil. The use of more than tnis did not

 

122
5. The use of madnes ium oxide at nigh ra ates necrease;
the iry weignts of both leaves anl stems. Seei
yields were significantly lower where tne application
equaled BOO pounés of magnesium per acre. The appli—
cation at tnis rate cecrea sea tne accumulation of

potassium wnicn p; ooaoly causel tne uepres sion in

yield 0

6. fne use of eacn nutrient except potassium associatei
with "medium” levels of complementary 7;1L tiients re—
sultel in si niiicanulr ni ner seei yields tnan were
prolucei wilere tne ”niQ'll" levels of complementary

nutrients were use-g:°

7 Cnenical conposition—-leaves versus stem
1. The leaves containei more nitroyen, pnospnorus,
Calcium, and r1a nesium tnan uia tne stems. fne
potassium content of tne leaves was mucn lower tnan
tnat founa in the stems. At the flowering stage, tne
leaves in general contained more total sugars anl

alpna amino nitrogen tnan die the stems.

1.1.

C. Cneziical connos1tion--eua e of plant uevelopnent
l. The nitrogen content of the leaves lid not vary
greatly during the growing se ea son wnile tne nitrogen

content of the stems ue01 easeu auring this time.

2. Pnospnorus levels in botn tne leaves ani tne stems

 

l23
increasel up to tne ilowciin time an; tnen le—

Cl ea sei larinp tne pea—filling periol.

T.

L.)
o

in t1e leaves, potassium levels aecre asel as tne
proving season progressei. In tne stens, iotass1un

levels innzmc a:&3lTiD to flowering time ana tnen le-

.5.

creasel during the pol—filling sta e.

~_)

4. Tne levels of calcium in the leaves increasel witn

time unile they Cecreasei in tne stens.

\fl
0

Lagnesium levels in botn tne leaves and stems iii

not exnioit any strong trena.

s. Cnenical composition—~nutrient levels in pla 1t tissue
1. nitrogen applied to tne soil significantly increas i

t;:1e nitrogen co 1ten t of oot1 tne leaves an; t‘ne stems.

2. Applications of nitrogen res ulteu in a1 increase in

calCiin ana magnesian levels in one lr:

*d

fl):
C:
}

F

r.-
(U
(D

of nignly active nitrate ions accele rat 1 the upturn

(D

of the less active calciun an; ma nesian ions.

T e use of nitroyen resultel in lower total s;*1

Q.)

Lu
0

nigner alpna anino nitrogen levels. Tnis was prob—
ably uue to tE-e role nitroyen plays in the formation

of am‘no acil from alpl1a ketoglutaric acil.

r. ‘l iple superoloso1ate appliea to the soil at tne rate
of 400 pounas per acre of pn spnorus sisrificantly

increasel tne phosphorus content of the leaves an;

 

\fi
0

O\
o

..

stems. When less than 400 pounds was useu, phos—
phorus levels in the tissue were hot ihcr asei
greatly out the treatment iii contribute to plant

growth aha yielu.

."T

ihe use of triple superphOSphate resulted in in-
cree se; accumulation of the livaleht ions, calcium
aha ma1hesium. This was associated with a lower
conce tratiou of potassium. Differences in the
accumulation of catiors b3r soybeans a1 e attributei

to the nor p31olog3 a11; ph3 siology of the roots.

The application of phosphorus increase; the to gal

.1.

sugar aha alpha amino uitrogea contents of soybean

110.?

1.1.
(D
{.11
(D
(D
CL
L)
C

plants. Phosphorus is thought to
efficie1C3 of carbon sic-ride utilization. In a111-
tiou, this element is essential for phosphorylatiou
reactions which could aid in the formation of alpha

aniuo acids.

Potassium chloride applications to the soil resulteu
in an increase in potassium levels in both the steus

and the leaves.

Lower levels of nitrogen in both the leaves aha stems
were found where the potassiu1’1chloriie was useu.

4.

Heavy applications of potassiumcch101iae apparently

J

retarded nouule formation, thus decreasing the

amount of nitrogen fixei.

KO

10.

ll.

12.

13.

125

Lagnesiam levels in bot; the leaves an; stews were

(«U‘- I.) .--

relacel where potassiam chloride was usel.

Potassium celoriie appliei at “ates up to 300 poanas
per acre increases the total on“ r conteit of beta

.3V~‘\_)

the leaves aai stemso At higher rates, tie qmatit?r

‘ ‘ J— 4‘ 4 *' 1 ‘,—.. I. f) ‘. .“\ L i ‘ '9 '3'- ’1 ‘. r“
of tobal.saa;irs oec1easei. She exxml bl 01.0i Ohio

is relate; to tne eiiect

*Zj

otass ium has on the poly—
mei ization “a“e of sagar to stares or othe r complex
arboay rates. Low rates of pcl;meri atioa are
associatei with low levels of po assiam. Potassium
also plays an esseati al role in tae synthesis of
proteins from amino acias. ibis woul; account for

tLe decrease in amigo acid content oosezvei in tAis

Tse effect of calciam hyoroxige applications upon

‘ ,a- “ Jon. .n ‘«;4-
the calCiem celteat of leaa vs S ail stems was sli~1u

- '; J. .. ' 4.. t
ail nOb coasisueat.

5 r) 1 w 4"» Jw‘.‘ "tn-L
lae use OI c lcil: dr U0 one *ube

O

f 800 pounis per
acre increasei the total sugar content of bots tie
leaves ani the stems. Calcium h; urox oe eoplicatioss

«b

increasei the amino nitrOJGJ content slightly in

both the leaves sad the stems.

H
\H
o

If].

,
l 2 o

l 1‘ -9 ~-‘ , r 3 — v. ‘ ~ v i ~ -‘ I. "‘ ‘ '1 . ‘ .I 7'

ne use oi ma neSLan n3a: Xlie celerallj inC‘easea

x.)

the magnesium level in both tne leave an; tne stems.

fine application of valeoLufl Jeiaei to increase the
accxnulati011 of pl1os pnor‘is in tne soybean leaves.

Qa'ne sium is tnougnt to act as a carrier of phospnate.

mu. ° ’ . - . ,....- ' . y. .‘ e '
ine application of madneSlJJ aecreasea
-‘- . < O J- ‘ . ‘ 1 ‘r . f '4‘“ A ~, -.' - ~,‘fi m ‘9

ratior1c> 'notassioa13n1 ale leaves ana steix.oi

soybeans. An anuc“o1istic relationsnip between

 

-‘- —: - -, -;- H. n Aa‘n‘ ~ ~ 9 "‘
potassiia ans ma esian was observea.

Zne ass of m onesi in n3im10 cine nan a ocneral eliect
. - , . ‘ .,‘ q. -t- a .1- - .0 .1.‘ .3.
of increasinQ total saw: a“ conte ts cl bJe leaves ana

stexms.

CO
o

10.

11.

12.

"T .'.1 ‘1 r13 r171“
.LJA. lgi'lilulufi v.1. .41)

Albrecht, Em. A. Sone Soil Factors in nitro; ”
ation by 1e3unes. Tram1 . Tnira Com. Int 1
Soc. Soil Sci. Azfl-o4. 1939

. Potassiun in tne soil colloil con-

 

plex ani plant nutrition. Soil Sci. 55:13—21. 1943.

Allen, D. I. s111e°e1tia1 “cowun response of certain
varieties of soyoeans to var ea mineral nutrient
conaitions. Iissonri A3r. Ei3. Sta. Researcn Sal.

361. 1943.

Allos, A. 3., ani Bartnolonew, W. V. Replacement of
symbiotic fixation b3 availaole nitrogen. Soil Sci.
87:6l*66o 1959

 

Arnon, 3. I. The pn3 1010‘ ani oioc1er. Sb try of phos—
pnorus in green plants. rono.3 4:1—44. 953.

Austin, R. H. Efie cts of soil type anl 'ertilizer
treatment on the composition of soybean plant.
Jr. Amer. Soc. Agon. 2:136—156. 1930.

Bass 11am, J. A., Benson, A. A., Ka3 ,L.3., Larris, A. Z.,
Jilson, A. T., an' O alvin, n. 1ne pa‘n of car son
in pflOtOOVltueSlo. ine C3clic regeneration of tne

carbon lioxile acceptor. Jr. Amer. Cnem. Soc.
76:1760—177 . 1954.

Lenson, A. A., an; Calvin, n. Carbon i
tion by 3ree11 plants Ann. Rev. Pla;1
1:25—42. 19 50.

o: iie fixa-
t P1ysiold

Beeson, K. C. The effect mi1erL11 svpply on tne mineral
concentration ans nitritione a.1 qaality of plants.
Eot. Rev. 12: 424-155. 1946.

3 1 st, H. L., and Thatcher, L. E. Life history ani
composition of the soybean plant. 0110 A3ric. Exp.
31.1.10 4'94. .1931.

Loynton, 3., and Barrel, A. 3. Potassium inimcei
ma3nesinm deficiency in tne ficlntosn Apple tree.
Soil Sci. 58:441-454. 1944.

Bray, R. 5., ana Kurtz, L. T. Determinatinn of total,
organic anl available forms of phosphoras in soils.
Soil Sci. 59:39—45. 1945.

127

16.

20.

21.

23.

24.

Lrooks, S. C. Tne accanIlatIon of Ions I llVlA“
cells. Protoplasma. 8:369—412. 1929.

' grown, I). A., an; Albrecnt, ’.’.";11. A. Pl ant natrition
ana ny1ro3en ion. Calcium Car oonat ' '
fertility factor in soils. Soil Sci Soc. Amer.
Proc. 12:342-347. 1947.

 

Bareaa, L. 3., Keaerski, H. J., a1 E’ans, C. 3. fine
effect of pIospnatic fertilizer naterial an; soil
pnos pnorus level on tne yielLi. ana pnospnoraS‘aptake
oy soy oea1s A3r. Jr. 45: 150—154. 1973.

Dari ell, R. C. Eerct of certain neficieJCIes on
nitro we'1 metabolism of plants. Lot. Caz. 62:320—323.
1926.

Carolus, R. L. Effect of La3IeSII“ Aeficie1cy In t1e

oil 01 tne yiela, appeaIa.ce an; conpOSItion of
ve 3etaole crops. Proc. Amer. Soc. Lort. Sci.
32:610—614. 1934.

1'.- ~1 ‘3 - IL; .: ' ., -. -, . -' - ’ 1.1;. I.“ I' .1,
Colzell, u. I. xertIlIZIn3 so3 sea:.s II Ior'- CanlIna.
1 - rw ' O J' - ("""‘L -1‘,‘ '\ 5 P
setter Ciops Vita plant IooI. 269 26(6

Cooil, 3. J., an1 Slattery, L. C. Effects of potas—
siur1inafiiciency’zILi excess upor1cm23:311 caroo131rate
ana nitr03enous constituents of 33a.11e. Plant
Pnysiol. 23:425-439. 1948.

J.

o 1.
~11 A .4, 7‘13, ‘1,]_ ( l ...1‘, :-
1.1.1 CIl . AQLA 0 $11.1) . b L13 0 55580 9 -Jv-l O 3 )3

Cook, L. L., an1 Lillar, C. 3. Plan
' 'es.
(revisei). 1953.

 

Stake, L., Ven3ris, J., an; Colby, U. G. Cation ex—
cnan3e capacity of p1a1t roots. Soil Sci. 72:139—148.
1951.

Lrosloff , L., ani I arpass, 51 G. Qaantitative micro
aeter:1i;1ation of ma3ncsIU plaI' tissues ana soil
extrIa cts. Analytical C‘““l tr3. 20:673-674. 1946.

.Dancan, 3. 3. L11 tiple r:1n;ean1 Multiple F tests.
Biometrics 11: 1-42. 1955.

Eaton, S. V. Effects of potachI- ieficiency on 3rowtn
and m aoolion of sunflower plo:1ts . Dot. Ga".
114:1651180—1 o 1952.

En31enorn, A. J., Lawton, K., LelaIaI, I. R., 915
‘orman, A. G. Effect of straw aIIa cor:1 stalxs on
't1e yie11 of soyxmxznss. Jr. Amer. Soc. Agron.

39:89- 92. 1947

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Er1man, L. U. The perceata 3e of nitro; e.11 in aiffere1t
parts of soybeanpolant891t 11IIer 1t sta3es of
growta. Jr. Amei. Soc. Abrog. 21: 361-366. 1929.

‘7‘ 'T

Evans, 0. 1., Latgewell, D. J., aa1 Le1e1ski, 1. J.
Effect of deficient or toxic levels of n1trientsi1
sol1tioa on foliar symptoms an1 mim1e“al 001te1t of
soybean leaves as I1eas1re1 by spectr03raphic met1o1s.
Agr. Jr. 42:25—32. 1950.

£

T3 1 "' if ( ~. .‘ V“. ‘6 1' ., f‘ . " ’1‘
gisLe, G. 1., 111 S1oar1ow, V. o. 1he color 111 1etiic
1eterminatio1 of paospnorus. r. Biol. C1em.
r , r-
60.329. 1925.
v. 1" 1' I . ” r.
’34-'— Iler, I! Q a]. , 3:0: -LLJ. I ed 1f , {J o 30 ’ 30171.1.11‘3 , J o .4 Q , 11-0 SQ ,
E. G. 1a31esium an1 ca1Cium re111ce131‘s of tge

U
tobacco crop. Joar. Agr. Res. 40:145-160. 1930.
Graham, E. R., a21 Tarlat, I. C. Soildeveloomeat a:1
plant n1tritioa. $11e transfer of potassi1z1 from tae
non-available form to the available IOTIl as reflecte;
by tne growtn an1 composition of sogoea1s Soil Sci.
Soc. Amer. Proc. 12:332—335. 1947.

., Powell, 8., a11 Carter, L. Soil 1a 1e—
s1am an1 t1e growtn an1 c1em1cal composition of
plants. Lisso1ri Agr. Exp. Sta. Res.. 311. 507. 1956.

 

Gre 3ory, F. G., an1 Baptiste, 3. C. D. ngsiological
st11ies in plant Lut‘itio1. 01 001,1- te metabolism

in relation to 1utrie:1 1eficie1cv a11 to age in
‘1 "17- {W A r‘
leaves OI oam4le 1nn.. 10". 5:519—610. 11 o.

., an1 Sen, P. K. P1ysiological stu1ies
in plant 11trition. lne relation of respir atio1

rate to the carbohy1rate a11 ait1oge1 metaboli s1 of
the barley leaf as 1etermine1 DJ nitro we a11 potas-

sium 1eficie1cy. A11. Lot. -. S. 1:)21-591. 193/.

 

11311111101111, L. C. , #13011, C. A. ’ 3:13.}. 11033371111, A. Go
11trient ugot LIe ov soybeans on two Iowa 80118.
Iowa Agr. £11. Res. 311. 334:465—491. 1951.

:Zampton, 11'. 3., a11 Albrecht, 1231. 11.1itr07‘e11 fixa—
tion, composition ani growtn of s yoea1s in relation

.1.

to V8 riaole aioagos of potassi1m a11 calcium.
l-LiSSOLlI'i fix]? 0 321* o SOC... 1198. 1213—10 3010 19440

1111113, V. J., a11 chean, R. L. A colori etric
for tie est nation of amimo nitrogen. ur. Biol.
Chem. 24:503—517. 1915.

,11--.
11.101

 

 

 

3:].

*42.

43c

44.

47.

49.

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ijars ton, C. 3., a111 AlorGC1t, Wm. . Plant nut1‘1tion

an1 13110 en 101. Soil ac111ty or 1mpr0ve1 n1or1—
at 1elive1 y a11 nitrogen fixation. Soil Sci. Soc.
ner. Proc. 7:247—257. 1942.

A
_..J
.1.
_n
.1.

4.4- f‘ L!

jaltt, 0. A. Some effects of p0tassi1m Upon fine
1101nts of protein a11 amino aci1 foims of nitrogen,
SWaarS an1 enzyLe activi 53 of s1gar ca1e. Pla1t
Physiol. 9:453-463. 1934.

flasnimoto, T. lae 801. Soil Ka11re. 24:51-53. l953.

. Soil an1 pla: t f001. 1:31—32. 1955.

 

Okamoto, H. Jr. Sci. Soil Ian1re.

3.

'9

24:231—234.

 

Ul $34

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\Jl L‘J

. Jr. Soil Sci. Iaxure.

 

 

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I ssi , W Z. 1 Mt oolism of polysachari1es an; 111—
rides. p10s01011s metabolism. Vol. Izppll—42.
. LcAlorjfp and 2 Glass, E11t0rs. Johns Lopkins
s. Baltimore. l95l.

A00Mla11, 3. 3., Davis, A. 3., a11 libbarQ, P. L.
D1e 11fl1e10e of one ion on the accum1lat101 of
anot1er by plant cells with special refere;ce to

Xperiments with Libella. Plant P138101. 3:4 73—436.
1928.

Howell, R. W. Paysiology of soybean. .1va1ces in
agr0n0m3. 12:265-302. 1960.

Iu.tch11“s, T. B. Bela tion ofp 0110- sp11or1s to growtn,
1011110101 ani 0010011U101 of s03beans. Kissouri

Agr. Res. 111. 2431536.

Janssen, G., and Bart1olOLeJ, R. P. The effect of
potassium on t1e pr0110tion of prote11s, sugars,
and starch in cowpea ail 11 sage 110eet plants an1 the

relation of potass 1m to pl ant growt1. Jr. Amer.
Soc. Agron. 24:66 ~680. l932.

 

 

., ., ani Latts, V. K.
Some effects of 11 tro: e2, pnospnorus an1 potass1-m
on the composition an1 growitn of tomato plants.

v‘ZILo Agri. E}L13. SCSI. .JvI-lo 310019340

Ii-rall-‘GZ , B o A. , ZTGlSOH, 1'7. Lo , T961011, Co 3 o , any".
gall, J. S. Comp 1rison ofo pnospnoras 1tilization 03
crops. Soil Sci. 68:1]1—177. 1949

52.

53.

54.

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59.

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Latnewell, D. J., 111 Eva11s, C. E. 11tro 5en uptake
from solution bv s03bea11s at s11ccessive sta5es of
growth. Amr. Jr. 43:264- 270. 951.

1m in plant nutri—

awton, K. ani Cook, R. L. Potassi
”:2fl1303o1954.

tion. Aava nces 1n A3ronomy. c

J

Loehw1n3, W. F. Line1a1 11tr1tio::1 in relation to
flower develop n1ent. Sci. 92:517 —520. 1940.

Lucas, 2. 3., andkauseth, G. D. Pot assiam, calcium,
ani ma3I1es1am balances an; reciprocal relatio1s1ip
in plants. Jr. Amer. Soc. A3ron. 9°007—696. 47.
111e‘c‘11 , ZI. IInvesti3ation as to ao801ption aI1J
accumulation of 1nor*anic ions. Annals. A3r1.
Colle3e of Sweien. 0:233-404. 1940.

. Leaf a11sl3 sis as a 5nide to soil
fe11til1tV. Iatnre. 151:310. 1943.

 

Lyons, J. C., and Early, E. 3. 1 fecto Axmonigm
nitrate applications to field sc11s on noJu ation,
seea yiela, nitro 3en ana oil cor1tent of tne see1 of
soybeans. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 16:259-263.
1952.

Latrone, G., S1111t‘11, F. 31., ‘.'1'el;10n, 3. V., ’.’I'oo;;;10111se,
if. 5., Petersm>1,’3.<3., ana Leeson,‘K. C. Effect

of phospnate fertilization on tne na tr1tiVe V111e

of soyoean for 3e for sheep ana raooits. o. S.

Jept. A3ric. 1ecn. Dal. 1086. 19

LcAliste r, 3. F., and Kobber, C. A. iranslocation of
food reserves from soyoean cot Jleaons ani t1e1r 111-
flaence on t1e cevelopmeat of t1e plant. Plant
ansiol. 26:52 5-533. 1951.

LcCalla, A. G., an; 10011011, E. K. Effects 0
11m1t1n3 eleme1ts on tne aosorption of 1 V
elelmx1ts arn1<x1 tne 113111, cation
Plant P-1ysiol. 13: 69 H71 . 1938.

01+

balan

Leierski, I. J. Relation of var31n5 pnospnor as supply
to 61r1~ matter prodnc tion ana 111131 1o_ e11 ana p11os1110r11c3
partit1o11 aarin3 tnetunnlopmcnt of soybean plant.
Pn.3. 1nesis. 0510 State L21. 1950.

 

., az1a ”ilson, J. I. Effect of scil
temperat Ie and so 011 “01°"Jre on man5anese absorp.1on
OJ s0Joea n plants. Soil Sci. Soc. Aner. Proc.
19:461‘464019550 0

.blv

67.

CW
CO
0

70.

71.

72.

73.

132

IeIlick, A. Soil properties aifecti1g tIe proportio1—
ate amou11ts of calcium, magnesium, aId potassium ir
plants aII Jcl ext; aces Soil Sci. 62: 393— —410. 1946.

., and Colwell, ”J. E
of soil colloids and Ge ree 0
growth aIG nutrient uptace 03
Soil Sci. Soc. AIer . Proc. 8

 

ase saturation OI

c ttOI a3; soybeaIs.
:179—16 . 1943.

Iiller. E. C. PIotosvntIesis aIl tIe IitrO“eI metab—
Olis m of creen plaI:t. Plant PIgsiology. IcGra.
Iill Look CO. Lew HO . 541-705. 1938.

I;m m1eek, A. E. LiocIemical stuiies of p1otop rioaisn
in plants. issouri Air. Exp. Sta. Les. Bul. 266.
1929.

imel on, W. L., BurkIart, L,, aII Colwell, U. 3. Fruit
Jevelopment, seed quality, chemical composition, aIi

yield of soybeans as affected by potassium aIQ magne—
sium. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc. 10:224— —229. 1945.

9 *0,
yielus iI ;OrtI Car oli_t1a. Letter rops witI plaIt
fOOKAo 31(6):6—100 1-9470

 

. aIi Hartv ” E. E. Profitable soybeaI

”isltiqgale, G. T., cIerIerIorI, L. G., aIG RobiIs,
'u. R. Some effects of pot assiII ueficieIcy OI
Iistolo; ica l structur e aIu Iitro eIoas and caroon—
irate constituents Of plants. I. J. Agr. Exp. Sta.
BIl. 499. 1930.

Q , AL. CLOJIlS , R 0 1:1. ’ 20b 01-18 , VI. 3 Q ’
(w I-‘ . v. 7,) I "" fl. ’fjJDf _ .1. -0 nql -0; ‘ ,3. .,
DOIAGI‘LIeA I; l 11’ Lo vi 0 44.1. CO US OJ. Via Gig/up. xLeLLClLLICJr
OI nitrate acosorptiOI aI1 metabolism iI tomato.

- a- - r , .1 r , --
Plant PIjsiol. O.O05—O3O. 1931.

 

“orn1aa, A. G. Effect of inoculatiOI aII nitrogen fer—
tilizer O;1 tIe yieli an; compositiog of beaIs OI
IarsIall silt loan. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc.
f

(33226-2328. 19430

., {I13 K1‘1I21LI., L. C}. The Iflgtrogen.zn tri—
tiO;1 Of soybeans II. Effect of available soil Ii tro—

geI OI growtn and flitrOJGH fixatiOI. Soil Sci. Soc.
A’Ier. Proc. 10:191—196. 1945.

 

OIerr’e, A. J. IiIeral nutritiOI of soyoeans.
AivaIces iI Agronomy. 12:231—263. 1960.

Phillips, T. G., Smith, I. 0., I11 DearoorI, R. D.
“Ie effect of potassium ueiicieIOJ OI the composi-
tion OI tIe tomato plant. I. I. Agr .Exp. Sta.
Tech. Bul. 59. 1934.

Ill" I. I'.‘I\': *1 Jun. I..|

CO
Lu

:1+‘11T:1 4‘60 V'e

. .L--c. Lew Iorlz.

 

Pierce, W. 0., and Lae:
.A1a Isis. J0.n1 Wile
1940.

 

Piper, C. S. 30'
Pablishe s. In

Pretty, K. 1. ”he e
acculeation of i0:
i-so S. U. P440 19'

.0 .1. . -' --., .- , -2.
iect of soil treatmemt 0. tLe
r“ V\ r1 \ r“.
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Prince, A

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., Zimmerman, 1=.L., a';111.:3ear,F. 3. Ike
magn 11m stpl"i1; powers of 20 Lew Je*sey Soils°
So1l Sci. 63:6 —70. 1947.
Scruti, F. P osphorus an1the form'ng of amigo aci;s
in Lig 21er plaLts. Satz. Sper, Agrar. Ital. 450: 0.3.

3:763. 1909.

Sei friz, Wm. Protoolasna. 1-03 W1aw Lill 300k Co. Inc.
ev Y01k. 1936.

Shear, C. 3., Crane, L. L., and Leyers , A. T. gatri—
ent element 0a ance. A fLLL1LcLuLl concept 11 plant
nutrition. Proc. Amer. Kort. Sci. .

47: 239—248. 1946.

SLvynienkov, V. G. lhe effect of soLium and magnesi1m
chlorides anL ulpl1ates 3 .Le asn anl s igar conte1t
-1-
1

o
of sugar DGGUS. KLiL. Ref. ZJQr, 4:54, 1941.

 

SiLeriS, C. P., ail {01111, L. Y. Effect Of potassium
(L1 cLlorop gitl, aciflj_ty, ascorbic emfiLizl11 carrony—
lrates of Annas 001 313 L). Lerr. Plagt Paysiol.
20: 649--660. 194'.

Siege , J. J., 33011311, :2. ’53., anl 3-7.1.111, L. 1.1. ’211e
effect of calci1m on the gr0wtn of soy 0ea21s 811pl1e1

with.Q .LJO‘Lum nitrogen. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. Proc.

Southick, L. La nesiam Leiiciech in Lassa
apple orcuarLs. P100. A;er. Soc. Lort. Sc'
42:85-94. 1943.

TLomas, U. The reciprocal effects of niti ogen, p10s-
pLor .s and potassium as related to absorp ocion of
these elements in plajts. Soil Sci. 33:1— 20. 193 .

o)
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0

KO
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97.

1011s, W., D1tcher, R. A. The colorimetric deter—
miaation of carbonygrates in plants by picric acid
reiuctioa metno1. Jr. Amer. Ch 1. Soc. 46:1662.
1924.

T1 1nton, G. 3. 11e effect of nitro
on tne 11tr05e1 11tr1t1on of 1e511

”W

5 1 fe1tilization
e 1
Axes, Iowa. Iowa A5r. 11p. 03. lJrV.

e
30 P110130 4.1188 80
C

Togari, Y., Kato, 1., a11 Ebata, L. C“op Sci. soc.
Japan Proc. 24:103—10'. 1955. r;
Truog, E., Goates, R. J a11 Ber er,
‘1 la1t

K. C. Ea51esium —
,5 J... ' 4...: 5 (Vi ‘ ("1
111tr1111n1. 0011 QC

 

Tvrer, 3. 1., aal Webb, J. H. The relation of corn
yielas to natriegt balaace as revealed by leaf
analysis. Jr. Amer. Soc. Agron. 38:173—185. 1943.

Van Koot, 1., a111 Pattje, 3. J. Yellow coloration 01
tomato p1a1t s as a r-s ”1 of ma 1es\11m 1eficiency
Eijasc11. Plzmitenziekten 46:131—13f. 1942.

an Itallie, 11.85. Cation e.5

1
relatioa to t1 soil. Soil S

V01 O11e11, F. 1)". Azz'1icroci1e11ical st1'iy of sow-"Deans
“ “' e1111at1o1. Am. J. aotany 16:30—49. 1931.

1 r
VLV'“ ‘“LJ L)

Wall, I. E. The role of potass111 it p a1ts: 1 Effect
of var711" a1ou;1ts of potassi;1 o1 mitr05eao1s,
caroo;y11ate ard mineral metabolism in t1e tomato
plaat . Soil Sci. 47:144—161. 1939.

The role of ootassi1m in plants. 11
var3115 aflo1qts of potas sium on the 5rowt1

1 metaoolism of tomato p ants. DOil Sci.
1. 1940.

 

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glleCG of
statas a1
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49:315-3

 

Webb, J. 3., Chlrogge, A. J., a 1 Barber, S. A. it

Walsh, 3. a11 O'Donal1oe, T. La51e31un 1ef101ency 11
some Cmop plants in relatiO1 to tue level of pota:—
sium nutrition. Jr. A5ric. Sci. 35:294—263. 1945.

., anl ”lark, E. J. Chlorosis of tomatoes
171111 particular1r‘efere11ce to the potassium—magne8111:;
1elatio::1s. roc. Roy. Irish Acad. 503:245—263. 1945.

r11 ~
effect of ma5nesium upon the 5“ow 1 an; p10sphor1s
content of soybean plants. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer.
Proc. 18:455-462. 1954.

I'll. lu'I' Iliit. iv

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lOO. ”COSUGF, J. I. .1crofle1 IeuIcclicg 11 ulc 30*131I.
- . -- .V ».' e W (3" "
iJlCLJ- P:.~.rblOl. 3:31-11“). lJ(_)U.

lOl. Wehunt, 3. L., and Purvis, E. 3. Literal compositiO‘
of apple leaves 111 re lition to available intrient
content of tfie coil. Soil Sci. 77:215—2lc. 1954.
l02. 'feliii, C. 13., Ialj_, L.. 8., can; Lelsonw 17. L.
"74...: - ,—-.,—‘-&—' 3 f felnt'l. 0’! w. l VYWC‘ Tx<lr
‘/ UJ— J—(J‘wUlO )- O l lZvl a—.L\.~ LJOi 1)‘LOS)1)O-L b—L) }
soybeans. Soil Sci. Soc. Amer. P100. 14:231-233.

103 . ifGltOL‘; , F . 1A1. , :1)?ch 10 I‘I’iS , V. i; . Alf
on the carbonygrate- 7.1tr0fe1 relati
Plait Physiol. 5:GO(-612.193O

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