THE EFFECTS OF FORCED EXERCISE UPON
THE AMOUNT AND INTENSITY OF
SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY OF YOUNG

MALE ALI {NO RATS

Thesis {or the Degree of DH. D.
MICHIGAN STATE UNEVERSITY
Dale L. Hanson
1962

This is to certify that the

thesis entitled
THE EFFECTS OF FORCED EXERCISE UPON THE
AMOUNT AND INTENSITY OF SPONTANEOUS

ACTIVITY OF YOUNG MALE ALBINO RATS
presented by

Dale L. Hanson

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

AIL—degree in Physical Education

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/ Major professor

 

Date March 30, 1962

 

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THE EFFECTS OF FORCED EXERCISE UPON THE
AMOUNT AND INTENSITY OF SPONTANEOUS

ACTIVITY OF YOUNG MALE ALBINO RATS

By

A

O. ,.

Dale L? Hanson

AN ABSTRACT

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment for the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Health, Physical Education
and Recreation

1962

ABSTRACT
THE EFFECTS OF FORCED EXERCISE UPON THE

AMOUNT AND INTENSITY OF SPONTANEOUS
ACTIVITY OF YOUNG MALE ALBINO RATS

by Dale L. Hanson

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the
effects of forced exercise upon the amount and intensity
of the spontaneous activity of ten young male albino rats
and to compare their spontaneous activity with the spontane-
ous activity of ten young male albino rats which were seden-
tary for a selected period of time. The rats in the seden~
tary group were allowed but sedentary activity for the first
half of the experiment and were allowed spontaneous activity
for the final half. The rats in the forced exercise group
were forced to exercise by swimming with the overload
method for thirty minutes each day for the first half of
the experiment and during the final half were allowed spon-
taneous activity with no forced exercise. Ten rats were
assigned to the control group which were allowed spontaneous
activity during the entire experiment. The experiment ran
for seventy consecutive days. All rats were of the Sprague-
Dawley strain.

Spontaneous activity was measured daily for each
individual rat by mechanical revolution counters that were

attached to their cages. These data were recorded daily.

DALE L. HANSON

The intensity of spontaneous activity was measured by
six spontaneous activity cages equipped with microswitches.
The microswitches were wired through a relay box to signal
magnets which recorded an ink mark for each Wheel revolution
on a continuously moving monodrum. The individual rats from
the various groups were placed on a rotation schedule so
that each rat was in a microswitch-equipped cage once for a
24-hour period every five days. Spontaneous activity inten-
sity data were recorded upon analysis of the monodrum papers.
Intensity data included the average speed in feet per minute
that the spontaneous activity wheel turned and the average
number of wheel revolutions per exercise bout.

The results indicated that young male post-forced
exercise rats ran, spontaneously, a significantly greater
number of total revolutions, ran these revolutions at a signi-
ficantly faster rate per revolution, and had significantly
greater numbers of revolutions per exercise bout than either
the post-sedentary or control group rats. There was no signi-
ficant difference between control rats and post-sedentary rats
in the amount and intensity of spontaneous activity. A rela-
tively high coefficient of linear correlation, .736, was found
between total spontaneous activity revolutions in exercise
bouts and the average number of spontaneous activity revolu-
tions per exercise bout. A relatively high coefficient of
linear correlation, .703, was also found between the average
number of spontaneous activity revolutions per exercise bout

and the average rate of spontaneous activity.

THE EFFECTS OF FORCED EXERCISE UPON THE
AMOUNT AND INTENSITY OF SPONTANEOUS

ACTIVITY OF YOUNG MALE ALBINO RATS

By

‘L
1‘.

Dale Lt Hanson

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Health, Physical Education,
and Recreation

1962

Dedication is made to my wife,
Dorothy, whose love has given
me added purpose and an en-

couragement to achieve.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to acknowledge Wayne
Van Huss whose personal and professional friend-
ship has encouraged me to undertake this task
and whose patient understanding and assistance
has enabled me to complete same. Acknowledgment
is also made to Henry Montoye for his interest in

me and my research.

D.L.H.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER PAGE
I. TI-IE PROBLEM O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O 1
IntrOductj-On C C O O O O O O O C O O O O O 1

Statement of the Problem . . . . . . . . . 1
Importance of the Problem . . . . . . . . . 1
The Limitations of the Study . . . . . . .

Definition of Terms . . . . . . . . . . . .

WW“)

II. REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . .
Apparatus Used for Measurement of

Spontaneous Activity . . . . . . . . . . 5

Forced Exercise and Spontaneous Activity . 6

Age and Spontaneous Activity . . . . . . . 10

Sex and Spontaneous Activity . . . . . . . 12

Spontaneous Activity Patterns . . . . . . . 13
Environmental Factors and Spontaneous

Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Adjustment to Spontaneous Activity Wheels . 16

Food Intake and Spontaneous Activity . . . 16

Body Weight and Spontaneous Activity . . . 17

Handling of Rats and Body Weight . . . . . 18

Rest and Spontaneous Activity . . . . . . . 18

Testis Hormone and Spontaneous Activity . . 19

General Application . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

III. EXPERIMENTAL METHOD . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

CHAPTER

IV.

V.

BIBLIOGRAPHY .

APPENDIX .

Subjects and Equipment

Test Periods

Total Activity
Activity Intensity

Discussion

RESULTS

Summary .

Conclusions

Recommendations .

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS,

AND

RECOMMENDATIONS

111
PAGE
20
28
31

34
45
4s
48
5o
50
52
57

TABLE
I.

II.

III.

IV.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

IX.

LIST OF TABLES

Analysis of Variance of Data for Total
Revolutions of Spontaneous Activity During
Treatment Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Analysis of Variance for Total Revolutions
of Spontaneous Activity During Post-
Treatment Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Analysis of Variance of Data for Rate of
Spontaneous Activiy During Treatment Phase

Analysis of Variance of Data for Rate of
Spontaneous Activity During Post-Treatment
Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Analysis of Variance of Data for Spontaneous
Activity Revolutions Per Exercise Bout
During Treatment Phase . . . . . . . . . .

Analysis of Variance of the Data for
Spontaneous Activity Revolutions Per
Exercise Bout During Post-Treatment Phase

Spontaneous Activity Patterns - Per Cent
of Total Revolutions Per Hourly Period . .

Analysis of Variance of Data for Adrenals/
Body Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Analysis of Variance of Data for Heart/Body

weight 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0

PAGE

32

37

38

40

41

43

59

63

64

TABLE

XI.

XII.

XIII.

Analysis of Variance
Body Weight . . .
Analysis of Variance
Body Weight . . .
Analysis of Variance
Body Weight . .
Analysis of Variance

Body Weight . . .

of Data for

of Data for

Testes/

Liver/

PAGE

65

66

LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE PAGE

1. Spontaneous Activity Intensity Measure-

ment Equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
2. Average Revolutions Per Group During the

Treatment Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33
3. Average Revolutions Per Group During the

Post-Treatment Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
4. Average Rates of Spontaneous Activity Per

Group During the Treatment Phase . . . . . . 36
5. Average Rates of Spontaneous Activity Per

Group During the Post-Treatment Phase . . . 39
6. Average Revolutions Per Spontaneous

Exercise Bout Per Group During the

Treatment Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
7. Average Revolutions Per Spontaneous‘

Exercise Bout Per Group During the Post-

Treatment Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44
8. Spontaneous Activity Patterns - Per Cent

of Total Revolutions Per Hourly Period

for Treatment Phase . . . . . . . . . . . . 6O
9. Spontaneous Activity Patterns - Per Cent

of Total Revolutions Per Hourly Period

for Post-Treatment Phase . . . . . . . . . . 61
10. Organ Weights Per Body Weight Per Group at

Termination of Treatment Phase ... ..... ... 67

FIGURE
11.
12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

170

Rat Body Weight Per Test Period Per Group

Room Temperature for Entire Experiment .
Ear Markings for Identification of
Individual Rats for the First Half of
the Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ear Marking for Individual Rat Identifi-
cation for the Second Half of the
Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rotation Order for the First Half of the
Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rotation Order for the Final Half of the
Experiment . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Forced Exercise Group's Daily Overload

Weights (Grams) . . . . . . . . . . .

Data Sheets 0 O O O O O O O O O I O O O O O O O 0

vii
PAGE
68
69

71

72

73

74

75
76

CHAPTER I

THE PROBLEM

Introduction

Physical educators are generally agreed that regular
exercise is beneficial to health. They are not agreed, how-
ever, as to the reasons why some persons engage in exercise
regularly throughout their lives while others remain seden-
tary. Actually an understanding of the basic reasons for
such great differences in spontaneous activity is lacking.
There has been much speculation as to the factors responsible
for the development of various levels of spontaneous
activity but unfortunately these ideas have not been tested

by even a reasonable amount of research.

Statement o;_the Problgm

The purpose of this study was to determine the ef-
fects of mild pre-puberty forced exercise upon the amount
and intensity of the spontaneous activity of young male

albino rats.

Importance_gfpthe Problgg

There is much scientific evidence to support the
statement that exercise, taken regularly, can be beneficial
to the deveIOpment and maintenance of positive health.
Realizing this, physical educators must concern themselves

with an understanding of the factors that contribute greatly

2
to desirable levels of regular spontaneous activity. This
could well be the most important goal of physical education,
to develop in all students a desirable level of regular
spontaneous activity that would persist throughout their
lives. This is an especially difficult task when there is a
definite lack of data relating to the alteration of spon-
taneous activity patterns and even less data is available
relating to a measurement of the intensity of spontaneous
activity.

It would be extremely difficult to study spontaneous
activity in humans because of the numerous variables that
could not be controlled. Rather than start at this level,
it seemed desirable to study the spontaneous activity of
animals where the variables could be greatly reduced.
Therefore, the findings can be applied in a more general-
ized way than the findings of human studies where they will
be specific to the individual and his environment. Also,
it is possible to sacrifice animals when desired in order to
study any organ changes that might have occurred.

The subjects,in most previous animal studies dealing
with spontaneous activity, have been mature. It seemed deem
sirable to study animals that were young and had not already
gone through the growth and deveIOpment phase of life. It
was hoped that this study would provide insights that would

serve useful in future studies of spontaneous activity.

The Limitations of the Study

The present study was conducted using young male

albino rats. Many peOple feel that the findings from
animal studies, no matter how significant, cannot be made
applicable to humans.

The number of animals used in this experiment was
limited to the available spontaneous activity cages. The
number of animals which received a more thorough measurement
of their spontaneous activity per day was limited by the
device set up to measure same.

This study was concerned mainly with the effects of
forced exercise upon spontaneous activity. The findings
were analyzed on the basis of the spontaneous activity of

the animals studied.

Definition of Terms

Spontaneous activity. Spontaneous activity is used
to denote the animal's walking and running movements in a
wheel that proceeded from a native internal impulse without

external force.

Forced exercise. Forced exercise is used to denote

 

the treatment given those subjects which were placed in

water and were thereby forced to swim to avoid drowning.

Sedentary. Sedentary is used to denote the treatment

 

given those subjects which were housed in small cages,there-

by greatly limiting their physical activity.

Control group. Control group is used to denote

those subjects which did not receive planned treatment, but

4
were allowed spontaneous activity throughout the experiment

so as to serve as a basis for comparison.

Experimental groups. Experimental groups is used to
denote those subjects which received planned treatment for
the purpose of demonstrating the effects of this treatment
upon spontaneous activity.

Exercise pggg. Exercise bout is defined as two or
more marked revolutions on the monodrum paper with no space
of one centimeter or more between two or more marked revo-

lutions.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

It must be stated initially that there is a definite
lack of literature directly concerned with the effects of
forced exercise upon the spontaneous activity of young male
albino rats. No previous studies were found that were con-
cerned with a measurement of the intensity of the spontane-
ous activity of rats° With this in mind, consideration is
given to collateral experiments dealing with the spontaneous
activity of albino rats. The strain of rat is indicated

when possible.

Apparatus Used for Measurement of Sppntaneous Activity
Apparatus used for the measurement of spontaneous
activity are generally constructed along similar designs.
These consist of a freely moving exercise wheel connected
to a partition wall with a small rectangular cage on the
Opposite side. Differences are noted in the diameter of
the exercise wheels, but generally Richter and Wang's (23)
design is used which measures 13 inches in diameter with a
6~inch width. When the diameter of the exercise wheel
varies from this model, it is difficult to compare total
activity (27, 31). Shirley (27) reports that data taken
from the revolving drum method were proved to be reliable

and highly consistent.

6

The question could be asked whether the moving drum
records all of the activity of an animal. Slonaker (32) re~
ports that observations of the white rat prove that most of
its activity is manifested in running, practically all of
which is recorded.

Slonaker (32) describes a method of measuring activity
per hourly period using a modified alarm clock, writing pens,
and a moving kymograph. Richter (20% in early attempts to
measure spontaneous activity,used a 10~inch high by 14-inch
long cage that was supported on a rubber membrane lying over
a large tambour. A central lever, connected to the tambour,

recorded on smoked paper of a kymograph.

Forced Exercise and Spontaneous Activigy

Thomas and Miller (39) investigated the influence of
forced exercise of varying severity on food intake, body
weight, and spontaneous activity of albino rats of the
Sprague-Dawley strain. A treadmill was used for the forced
exercise and those animals which refused to run on the tread-
mill were placed in the control group. Their results indi-
cate that food intake of forced exercise rate fell below
that of the control group on exercise days up to an exercise
level of approximately one mile per day and thereafter ex-
ceeded control rats even on exercise days, but the difference
was not significant. The adaptation to exercise achieved
was diminished during a subsequent resting period of five
and one~half weeks as judged by weight loss and exhaustion

in response to an exercise of one-half the intensity that

had been reached by the end of the forced exercise phase.
They found that spontaneous activity was greatly depressed
in the forced exercise rats on exercise days and to a lesser
but not significant degree also on resting days. Following
the termination of the forced exercise, food intake and the
rate of weight gain were significantly elevated for a very
considerable period of time along with a persistent de-
pression of spontaneous activity and that all three factors
approached control levels coincident with the restoration
of body weight deficit incurred during the forced exercise.

Thomas and Miller (39) feel that the decreased spon-
taneous activity associated with forced exercise is of
obvious benefit in conserving total energy expenditure. It
is possible that body weight deficit is an important deter-
minant of spontaneous activity. It cannot be the only factor
as is suggested by the return of spontaneous activity to
nearly normal levels on resting days, despite the presence
of a cumulative weight deficit.

Thomas and Miller (39) also state that the forced
exercise probably induced a stress.

Selye (26) defines stress as the state manifested by
a specific syndrome which consists of all the non-specifically
induced changes within a biologic system. Stress causes
certain changes in the structure and chemical composition
of the body which can be accurately appraised. The totality
of these changes is called the "General Adaptation Syndrome."

The stressor in this case would be excessive muscular

exercise. The initial response to the stressor is called
"alarm reaction" and consists of shock and countershock
phases. In the acute phase of alarm reaction, general
resistance to the particular stressor falls way below

normal. This results in adrenal stimulation, shrinkage of
lymphatic organs, gastrointestinal ulcers, loss of body
weight, and alterations in chemical compositions of the body.
As the adaptation is acquired, the capacity to resist rises
considerably above normal and this phase is called the

"stage of resistance" whereby the internal responses stimu-
late tissue defense. In the third phase, "stage of ex»
haustion," resistance drops below normal again. Only the
most severe stress leads eventually to the stage of exhaustion
and death. Resistance and adaptation depend upon a proper

balance of these three factors.

i

Levels of Normal / “x
7

Resistance

—‘~
~

/

A.R. S.R. ' S.E.

GENERAL ADAPTATION SYNDROME

Richter and Uhlenhuth (22) found that castration of
domesticated male rats was followed by a sharp decrease in
activity, but this was not true with wild rat castration as
this failed to produce a sharp drop in activity. A gona-
dectomy had little effect on the small adrenals of the do~
mesticated males, but followed a marked increase in the

weight of the already large adrenals of wild males. In

9
explanation, they report that steroids from the adrenals as
from the gonads may contribute to the production of spontane-
ous running activity. The wild rat’s adrenals would be ex~
pected to contribute higher amounts of steroids since they
are larger and by various tests show greater secretory acti-
vity than those of domesticated rats. The fact that gona-
dectomy has so little effect on the running activity would
indicate that in this strain most of the steroids that pro-
duce running activity come from this gland. The domesticated
rat's small adrenals show much less secretory activity and
so would be expected to contribute less to the production
of spontaneous running activity. The fact that gonadectomy
has such a profound effect on spontaneous activity of domesti-
cated rate would tend to indicate that in this strain activity
depends largely on the steroids from the gonads. The differ-
ences of effects of gonadectomy in the two strains suggested
that the running activity of wild rats is maintained largely
by adrenal secretions; whereas, the activity of domesticated
rats is maintained largely by gonadal secretions.

Forced exercise is a stress which causes the adrenals
to enlarge. This should have an effect of increasing the
amount of spontaneous activity.

Price - Jones (19) found that forced exercise, conm
sisting of steady running in a rotating wheel about five
hours daily, is shown to diminish or retard normal increase
in both weight and skeletal deveIOpment in white rats as

compared with resting controls from the same litters.

1O
Wever (41) reports that when albino rats are swum in
low water temperatures (10-200 C.), the rats want to escape
from the tank faster. With high water temperatures (£15O C.),
the rats become confused and disorganized. The recommended
temperature approximates the rat's body temperature (370 C.).
Griffiths (9) reports that vibressaeless wild rats that are
forced to swim, succumbed in a short time as to make plaus-
ible the hypothesis that death was the result of emotional

factors.

Age and spontaneous Activity

Studies involving total spontaneous activity of rats
must consider the age of the rats in order to make valid
comparisons.

Slonaker (31) reports that rats at different ages
show marked differences in activity. The age of greatest
activity is between 87 to 120 days and the very young and
old rats are relatively inactive. In each animal he noted
an increase in activity throughout two months of continuous
observation. Slonaker (33) later reported that in compar»
ing records of activity of young rats, the periods of activity
and rest are of short duration and have no definite arrangew
ment so far as time of the day is concerned. As rats grow
older the activity becomes greater with the greatest
activity in the seventh to the twelfth month of life which
is about one~third of the natural life span of a rat. He

found cyclic variations of the order of two to six months

11
in the activity of male rats.

Richter (20) studied individual rats which were 30,
100, 210, 250, 450, and 600 days of age at entry into the
wheel cage and plotted curves showing continuously increas~
ing activity for each animal throughout a thirty-day period
of observation. Extrapolating, he writes that activity is
low at 25 days of age, increasing to a maximum at 125 days
of age, and then decreases slowly until at 600 days of age,
it is roughly equal to the original level. Richter (21)
also found that the activity of 52~day old animals increased
up to approximately 100 days of age, then decreased until
the initial level was attained at 150 days of age. Activity
of a 145-day old rat increased gradually throughout 50 days
of observation. He concluded that there are cyclic vari-
ations of the order of 12 to 30 days in the activity of
some individual male rats.

Shirley (28) found that activity increases up to 210
days of age and then decreases. Jones et al. (13) report
that age differences among animals are associated with
differences in volitional activity levels. They conclude
that at any given time, the younger the initial age of the
group, the greater is the activity. In general, the younger
the initial age of the group, the longer is the time re-
quired to reach a maximum level. The age of greatest
activity is approximately the time of puberty, 50 to 70

days of age in the male rat of the SpragueeDawley strain.

12
Individual record examination does not reveal a tendency to-
ward long-term cyclic variation. When environmental condi~
tions, such as temperature, light, and sound, are controlled,
volutional activity of the normal male rat is the function
of age and of the animal's experience in the wheel. For
animals of equal experience, activity varies inversely with
age although not in a linear manner.

Browman (3) reports that rats have a peak of volu~
tional muscular activity during the first nine months of
life at approximately 2% to 3% months of age after which
there is a gradual decline of activity. Browman later re—
ports (6) that a gradual increase in spontaneous activity
is noted as the rats grow older, reaching a peak at about
three months of age. Montoye et al. (16) report a decrease
in spontaneous activity with increasing age in mature rats
of the Sprague-Dawley strain with greatest activity at 26
weeks of age, decreasing until 29 weeks of age at which
time activity leveled off until a continual decrease was
noted from 34 weeks of age until the termination of the

experiment at 38 weeks of age.

Sex and Spontaneous Activity

Wang (42) reports that adult female rats show regular
cycle changes in daily amounts of activity, usually four
days in length, but males do not show such rhythmic fluctu—
ations. Slonaker (36) reports that daily fluctuations in

average daily activity are common to both sexes. A greater

tendency toward synchronous fluctuations existed in the
males than in the females. These fluctuations in activity
appear to he of normal occurrence and must be considered in
experiments dealing with activity.

Hitchcock (11) found average activity of the males
to be about 56 per cent of that of the females. The differ-
ence is presumably related to an increase in activity ac-
companying oestrus cycle. Browman (3) also reports that
males are not as active as female rats. Richter (22) states
that males do not show four to fiveeday cycles of activity
as females and are less active then females. Males’daily
activity showed relatively small fluctuations as compared

with the females.

Spontaneous Activity Patterns

Richter (20) found that rats are alternately active
and inactive and the regularity of the recurrence of the
periods is quite striking. Young rats have a rate that is
rapid and average 15 hours of activity for the 24~hour
period, while the old rats are active for about 10 hours
out of the 24. The length of activity periods also shows
some variation with age as they are longer in the younger
rats and progressively shorter in the older ones.

Oppenheimer (17) mentions that the rat is naturally
a rather sedentary creature, but if given Opportunity, it
will increase its spontaneous activity until it is running

four to five miles per day. Richter (22) and Thomas and

14

Miller (39) report the same. Rundquist (24) feels that
activity is largely inherent and that it is partially
dominant to inactivity.

Slonaker (33) found no regularity in the distribution
of the activity and periods of rest at 32 days of age and
no apparent tendency to be more active at one time in the
24-hour period than at another. At six months of age, there
is a great bulk of activity occurring during the evening and
early nighttime, he reports. Slonaker found that female
rats performed almost all of their activity during the
night and so he draws the following conclusions: (1) the
albino rat is nocturnal, usually running very little during
the daytime; and (2) the main part of the activity occurs
between the hours of 8:00 P.M. and 10:00 A.M. with the maximum
hourly activity occurring between 12 midnight and 4:00 A.M.
Slonaker (34) later recorded activity every hour over a
period of eight days and six hours and found that activity
occurred at night beginning at about 8:00 P.M. and ending
at 10:00 A.M. with a maximum between 12 midnight and 2:00
A.M. Hunt (12) also states that the rat does most of its
running during the night hours.

Thomas and Miller (39) found that rats run two to
three minutes at a time and always stop before exhaustion.
Hunt (12) reports that rats run in five-minute periods dur-

ing the day.

15
Environmental Factors and Spontaneous Activity

Slonaker (35) reports that activity fluctuations were
due to normal changes in rats and hot due to humidity,
temperature, or barometric pressure. Browman (5, 6) found
that the normal nocturnal spontaneous activity rhythm and
oestrous cycle of the albino rat is dependent upon the con~
comitant daily variation of both light and temperature.

Richter (20) reports that temperature changes modi-
fied spontaneous activity chiefly affecting the period of
maximum activity. Rats reached a period of maximum activity
in low temperatures of 10 to 150 C. while higher temperatures
of 29 to 300 C. delayed the onset of the period of activity.
Browman (3) also found peaks of activity with the daily cool
period when light is kept constant, but daily temperatures
varied. Shirley (28) reports that gradual temperature
changes have a negligible effect on activity and Rundquist
(24) and Browman (3) both agree.

Richter (20) reports that the rat is more active in
the dark than in the light periods and is, therefore,
nocturnal in its spontaneous activity. Hunt (12), Slonaker
(33, 34), and Browman (6) agree. Browman (2) reports that
daily activity rhythms of rats exposed to continuous light
is a periodic fluctuation between nocturnal and diurnal
activity. A reversal of day—night light conditions causes
a corresponding reversal of daily activity rhythms. Browman

(3) feels that rats with normal vision are more influenced in

spontaneous activity by light changes than temperature.
Browman (4) reports that normal rats in continuous light
have relatively frequent shifts and reversals in their daily
spontaneous activity rhythms. Normal rats in an artificial
16-hour day established and maintained a 16uhour day-night
Spontaneous activity rhythm.

Browman (2) found that animals in adjacent cages spa
parently exert no influence upon each other's activity

I‘ll: y thin S 0

Adjuctgent‘thSpontaneous Activigimflhgglg

 

 

Slonaker (35) found that it took one week for young
animals to adjust to the spontaneous activity cages. Rund-
quist (24) found that animals need a few days to adjust to
the wheels; six days in his experiment. Gaetan and Bees (7)
found it took young albino rats four days of running to ad-

just to the wheels.

Eood_lntake and Spontaneous Activity

 

Richter (20) reports that the spontaneous activity
of the rat is very intimately related to the food habits of
the animal. His experiments show that the rat is naturally
inactive for a time after eating and that it does not become
active again of its own accord for several hours after eat-
ing. Maximal spontaneous activity is reached when the whole
stomach becomes involved in hunger contractions. With the
cessation of the stomach contractions, the animal becomes

inactive. Gross bodily activity increases progressively as

1/
the activity of the stomach increases. Shirley (23) also
found that under conditions of constant food and lighting,
the daily activity cycle of the rat is @31Y0h&510 With the
greatest activity prior to feeding. Ste reports that $0 per
cent of the entire day's work is done one hour before feed-
1 '11:; .

Smith and Conger (37) found that as much as 56 per
cent of the calorific value of food may come from fat and
Spontaneous activity will be maintained at a normal level.
Seventy-two per cent of fat calories depresses activity a
little and 50 per cent animal protein induces a marked in~
crease in activity.

Lee and Van Buskirk (14) report that evidence is en—
tirely against any idea that the amount of spontaneous
activity manifested by an animal is dependent upon the

basal metabolic level.

Eggxuflggghtqand Spontaneous Activity

Slonaker (34) reports that sedentary rats surpassed
the Spontaneous activity rats in weight and that exercised
rats reach a maximum weight at an older age than sedentary
rats. He later reported no correlation between activity
peaks and weight or food consumption (35). Brobeck (1)
found a negative correlation between weight change and
activity of female rats (SpraguewDawley strain) when food
intake and environmental temperature were constant. Mont-

oye et al. (16) found that when rats are allowed to exercise

18
spontaneously only after they have matured, the exercise

will show little effect on body and organ weights.

Handling of Rats and Body Weight

Weininger (40) found that gentled albino rats (Wistar
strain) gained more weight on a free-feeding diet than non-
gentled or group living animals. McClelland (15) found that
those rats (Wistar strain) which were stroked for a period
of time each day gained significantly more weight than non-
stroked rats. Gertz (8) reports that rats (Wistar strain)
handled at various ages and later tested for emotionality
failed to show significant differences as adults. It was
concluded that there is no evidence for a "critical age"

at which handling is effective in terms of later behavior.

Rest andfgpontaneous Activity

Shirley (28) found that the cumulative effect of rest
is to impair activity. Siegel (29) found that a 24~hour
period of physical restraint was followed by a slight in-
crease in activity as compared to zero hours confinement.
Six and twelve-hour confinement intervals were followed by
significant decrement in gross bodily activity. Siegel (30)
later reports that when a 6-hour period of confinement oc-
curred during the period from late morning to early evening,
subsequent activity showed a 26 per cent decrease under the
activity of a control period. When confinement period was
introduced in early to late morning, no difference in activity

was observed relative to the control.

Tespls Hormone and Spontaneous Activity

Richter and Uhlenhuth (22) found that gonadectomy
caused a short drOp in spontaneous activity in domesticated
rats, but did not cause a significant change in wild rats.
Heller (10) reports that the spontaneous activity of the
rat is by no means proportionate to the testis hormone
secretion. Stone and Barker (38) found no reliable evidence
that there is a true relationship between spontaneous
activity and the best estimates of sexual aggressiveness.
General Application

Slonaker (34) states that spontaneous activity study
of the rat is of general application to man because both man
and the rat are omnivorous. This is not to say that the
findings from rat experiments can be directly applied to
man, but that they should offer insight to man's spontaneous

activity.

CHAPTER III

EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the
amount and intensity of spontaneous activity of young male
rats during and after a period of forced exercise and to
compare their spontaneous activity to the spontaneous activity
of young male albino rats which had been sedentary for a se-
lected period of time. The rats assigned to the sedentary
group were allowed only sedentary activity for the first
half of the experiment and were allowed spontaneous activity
the second half. Those which were assigned to the control
group were allowed spontaneous activity during the entire
experiment. Those which were assigned to the forced exercise
group were allowed spontaneous activity and, in addition,
were forced to exercise by swimming daily for 30 minutes
with the overload method for the first half of the experi-
ment and then for the second half were allowed spontaneous
activity with no forced exercise. The sedentary and forced

exercise groups were called the Experimental Groups.

C“altjects and Equipment

C

The animals used in this expvPiment were 45 V0”n5

male albino rats of the Spraguc-Dawley strain. These
animals W9T9 29 days old when they were received in the

laboratory, 33 days old at the start of the experiment, 59

(.—

days old at the termination of the first half, and 103 days

old at the termination of the experiment. hese rats war?
born on the same day, but were not litteruuaf C. All rats
were fed Wayne Lab Blox for Rate, manufactired ry Allie?

Mills of Chicago, and were allowed to consume all the feed
they desired. Records were kept on all ford runsum d for

each rat as part of another study that was being run can"

currently. Special care was taken to insure th at at no tip
was an animal without food since previous research has 141‘

cated that rats will in<wre ase their spontaneous aétivify'1*

search of food when hungry. Visitors were not allewei t)
frequent the laboratory while the experiment was heirg con
ducted because such disturbances are known to aff :t spen—
taneous activity of ca i3ed animals.
Prior to the CULJ‘QCLW’Mt of the experiment, fine
animals were kept in the laboratnry for four days. DwilnH
t

this ime, the animals were assigned to groups by means of

rantem selection. Fift3“four animals were received ani we?

placed in individual sedentary ca3

\

(D

Using a re indom numbers t ftIle, sel ecztion into three gr»

of fifteen rate each was ac:emnli~hcd and th e rats wtzu

_\

placed into the proper cage for their respective

LI.‘

1333 was numbered for the group and the individual. The rec;

assigned to the sedentary group were housed in individual

rertanzular cages meas surin" approximately 10 inches long;

3. Each care was figumd;

L I

"ITJL g). jge

8 inches wide and 7 inches hiah. These cases were made of
9 V. \ ,.

by 4 hardware cloth and were fitted into a large rack.

A

Those which were assigned to the control and forced exercise
groups were placed into individual spontaneous cages (see
photo, Figure 1). These cages consisted of a 4 by 4 hardware
cloth rectangular enclosure approximately 12 inches lone, El
inches wide, and 5 inches high. These cages were attached
t3 a partition wall measuring 18 inches high and 13 inches
wide with 1/16 inch thickness. On the reverse side of the
partition was a wheel that measured 45 inches in circumference
and 5 inches wide. The outer surface of this wheel was made
of plexiglass while the running surface was made of 4 by 4
hardware cloth. The wheel was connected to the partitian

wall by means of a bicycle axle which was free wheeling.

Rats entering the wheel and running would cause the wheel

to turn. A hole measuring 3-3/4 inches by 3~1/4 inches was
cut in the partition wall between the rectangular cage and

the wdeel giving the rat free access to either portion of

the cage. A mechanical revolution counter was mounted on

the rectangular cage side of the partition and its arm Oper-
ated from an extension rod which attached to a circular nice
that was screwed onto the bicycle axle. This counter was
calibrated to measure each revolution that the wheel made
regardless of the direction of rotation. Water was sappliei
to the animals in all three groups by means of an invertei
bottle which was fastened to the outside of the rectangular
cage. A metal tube extended from the bottle into the cage
and the animals received water by placing their mouths at

the end of the tube.

MN,

\.‘J

A marking code was designed for the identification
of individual rats. The code consisted of various patterns
of circular and triangular holes made in the ears of the
rats (see appendix). The circles were cut with a punch and
the triangles were cut withsmissors. Very little bleeding
and no infection resulted from this marking.

The spontaneous activity cages were then randOmly
placed on shelves throughout the room. All of the rats were
handled freely during these four days. Those rats housed in
sedentary cages were allowed only the activity that they
could get within the confines of their cages, while those
which were housed in spontaneous cages were allowed to run
in the wheels whenever they so desired. During these four
days, the experimental procedures were tested and the rats
had an opportunity to get adjusted to their new environment.
The rats in the forced exercise group were swum daily with-
out weights for periods of 10 minutes the first day, 20
minutes the second day, and 30 minutes the third and fourth
days. This allowed the rats to become accustomed to the

7es, placed in the

procedure of being taken from their cag
water for swimming, and being dried off. Progression in
swimming time was used to allow the rats to adjust to swim-
ming gradually, and to determine if the rats could swim for
30 minutes without difficulty. The temperature in the
laboratory was not controlled, but was recorded daily with

a Daystrom-Westcn temperature recorder and the relative

humidity was kept low by he use of a dehumidifier. The

24
rats in the forced exercise group swam in a sink which was
lined with plexiglass and measured approximately 24 inches
long by 24 inches wide with a water depth of approximately
17 inches. The plexiglass lining reached approximately 15
inches above the water level to prevent the rats from getting
out of the sink. The temperature of the water used for swim—
ming was kept between 35 and 37°C.

Six of the spontaneous activity cages were equipped
with microswitches in order to measure the intensity of the
spontaneous activity. A microswitch was placed in the in-
verted position above the arm of the revolution counter so
that every time the counter arm would rise to its highest
point, it would depress the arm of the microswitchlthereby
closing the circuit. The microswitch was wired in the
normally open position. One connection from the microswitch
was attached to the power source which was a six-volt auto-
mobile battery wired in parallel with an electric alter-
nating current, slow charging transformer. The other con-
nection from the microswitch was connected to a relay box.
The two connections from the relay box were connected to a
signal magnet. The signal magnets were supplied with ink
writing pens which recorded each revolution of the wheel on
Simplex paper which wound around a Gorrell and Gorrell mono-
drum moving at a constant speed of 2.02 centimeters per
minute or 3.88 feet per hour. (See photo, Figure 1.) The
power source for the monodrum was alternating electric cur-

rent from a wall plug.

25

At the commencement of the experiment, a rotation
order was developed whereby each rat from the control and
forced exercise groups would be placed in a spontaneous
activity cage equipped with microswitch for 24 hours every
five days. The first dam control group rats 1, 2L and 3
were placed in the front row while forced exercise group
rats 1, 2, and 3 were placed in the rear row. The second
dam forced exercise group rats 4, 5, and 6 were placed in
the front row while control group rats 4, 5, and 6 were placed
in the rear row. (See appendix, Figure 15.) At the end of
a 24-hour period, the rats were removed from these cages and
were placed in the cage of the rat which was to take his
place in the microswitch-equipped spontaneous activity cage.
Prior to this move, all of the food was removed from the
cages of the rats involved and each rat in all three groups
was weighed. Each rat's water bottle was moved with him as
was his identification tag. which was taped to the outside
of the cage. This moving procedure randomized the placement
of the rats about the room so that all rats were exposed to
the varying environments. The sedentary cages were shuffled
around every second day so that the rats would not be on the
same shelf for three days in a row. It was necessary to
handle the rats of the forced exercise group when weighing
and swimming them so a special point was made to handle the
rats in the other two groups an equal amount of time every
day. It was felt that handling the rats of one group more '

than the other would affect spontaneous activity.

 

FIGURE 1

EQUIPMENT FOR MEASUREMENT OF THE INTENSITY OF
SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY

27

Rats in the forced exercise group swam for a period
of 30 minutes each day using the overload method. Two per
cent of the rat's body weight was applied to his tail by
waterproof adhesive tape. (See appendix, Figure 17, for
weight chart.) The weights consisted of lead sinkers at-
tached to wires. In order to allow each rat adequate room
for swimming, the fifteen rats in the forced exercise group
were swum in two sessions of seven and eight rats, respec-
tively. The rats were all placed in the water at the same
time and were removed at the same time. Time was kept by
an alarm clock. Upon being removed from the water, each
rat was dried off immediately and then returned to his
respective individual cage.

Total revolutions for each 24-hour period were re-
corded each day at exactly 3:00 P.M. The rats were then ro-
tated according to the schedule for that day. The monodrum
paper was changed and the revolution counters were turned
back to zero. These maneuvers took approximately five min-
utes to complete. The monodrum paper was also changed at
11:00 P.M. and at 7:00 A.M. During an eight-hour period,
the paper wound on the monodrum to a thickness of approxi-
mately 15 layers which resulted in a minimal error in sur-
face speed, adding only 0.0025 inches per layer. This,
added to 6.25 inches drum diameter, gives an error of less
than 2 per cent for ten layers.

At the termination of the first half of the experi-

ment, five rats selected at random from each group, were

28
sacrificed. The heart, adrenals, testes, liver, spleen,
and kidneys were weighed by a Mettler Weighing Scale. Pro-
portional organ weightswere calculated by dividing the rat's
body weight into his organ weight. A comparison was made
of these organs between the three groups (see appendix).
After five rats had been sacrificed from each group, the
ten remaining rats in each group were housed in spontaneous
exercise cages and the final half of the experiment was
started. The ten sedentary rats were marked for individual
identification and a chart was made for the animals of the
three groups. (See appendix, Figure 14.) All of the rats
in the three groups were housed in spontaneous activity
cages throughout the final half of the experiment. A new
rotation order was established for the use of the microswitch—
equipped spontaneous activity cages. Each rat was placed
in one of these cages for a 24~hour period every five days.
The procedures for weighing, feeding, and handling the
rats and for changing the monodrum paper remained on the
same schedule as during the first half of the experiment.
Test Periods

The entire experiment took 70 consecutive days.
These 70 days were subdivided into 14 test periods of five
days each. The choice of test period distribution was se-
lected so that, throughout the experiment, each rat en-
gaging in spontaneous activity could be housed in one of
the microswitch-equipped spontaneous activity cages once

every five days. During the first seven test periods, the

29
rats in the sedentary group remained in individual sedentary
cages while the rats in the control and forced exercise
groups were housed in spontaneous activity cages. The rats
in the forced exercise group were forced to swim each day as
previously described. During the final seven test periods,
periods eight through fourteen, inclusive, ten rats from
each of the three groups were housed in spontaneous activity
cages. Two rats from each of these three groups were housed
for a 24-hour period in one of the microswitch-equipped
spontaneous activity cages so that each rat in these groups
entered one of these cages once every five days.

Total spontaneous wheel revolutions were recorded
each day for the five days in each test period, in addition
to the record on the monodrum paper for each animal for the
day he was in one of the microswitch—equipped spontaneous
activity cages. These monodrum records were analyzed for
total revolutions per exercise bout, total number of exer-
cise bouts, average number of revolutions per exercise bout,
total number of millimeters of space on the monodrum paper
for each wheel revolution in the exercise bout, and the
total number of revolutions per hour on a 24-hour basis. An
exercise bout was defined as two or more marked revolutions
on the monodrum paper with no space of one centimeter or
more between two or more marked revolutions. A single marked
revolution was not counted as part of an exercise bout if
it was five millimeters or more away from marked revolutions

on both sides of it, but was counted as a revolution for

that hour in the 24-hour activity pattern.

30

At the termination of the seventh test period, five

rats from each group were sacrificed so that organ weight

comparisons could be made between the three groups as was

previously described.

The dates of the test periods were as follows:

First Half

Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test
Test

Period
Period
Period
Period
Period
Period
Period
Period
Period
Period
Period
Period
Period
Period

II
III
IV

VI
VII
VIII

IX

XI
XII
XIII

XIV

July
July
July
July
July
August
August
August
August
August
August

August

September

September

7
12
17
22
27
1

6
11
16
21
26
31
5
10

through
through
through
through
through
through
through
through
through
through

through

July
July
July
July
July
August
August
August
August
August

August

through September

through September

through September

11,
16,
21,
26,
31.

5.
1o,
15.
2o,
25.
30.

9,
14,

1961
1961
1961
1961
1961
1961
1961
1961
1961
1961
1961
1961
1961
1961

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS

The experiment was divided into two major portions.
The first portion will be referred to as the treatment phase
and the various treatments have been described earlier. The
last portion will be referred to as the post-treatment phase.

Thirty rats were used throughout the entire experi-
ment. Individual rat number nine of the control group was
eliminated because of extreme deviate activity in the post-
treatment phase. This animal's activity accounted for
50-5/10 per cent of the total spontaneous activity revo-
lutions of the control group,which was 9-2/10 times greater
than the average for each of the remaining nine animals in
this group. This decision was made upon consultation with

Dr. Martin Fox of the Department of Statistics at Michigan

State University.*

Total Activity

Total activity was measured by the number of spon-
taneous wheel revolutions made by individual rats. Based
on nineteen rats and two treatments (forced exercise and
control), the allocation of degrees of freedom were the
following for spontaneous activity revolutions during the

treatment phase: Total-~18, Treatments--1, and Error-~17.

 

*Personal consultation on December 21, 1961.

32
The variance due to treatments was not significant at the 5

per cent level (F = .054). The results of the analysis of

variance are shown in Table I. The mean values for test

periods one through seven are graphed on Figure 2.

TABLE I

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF DATA FOR TOTAL REVOLUTIONS OF
SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY DURING THE
TREATMENT PHASES '

W
s

 

Source of Sums of Mean

Variation D.F. Squares Square F F.05
Total 18 2,106,136,535

Treatments 1 6,707,091 6,707,091 .054 4.45
Error 17 2,099,429,442 123,495,850

 

Based on twenty-nine rats

allocation of degrees of freedom
spontaneous activity revolutions
phase: Tota1-28, Treatments-~2,
ance due to treatments was found
5 per cent level.(F = 4.647). Th
of variance are shown in Table II
groups were tested at the 5 per c
ple range test as outlined by Sch

range table designed by Pillac an

and three treatments, the
were the following for
during the post-treatment
and Error-~26. The vari-
to be significant at the
e results of the analysis
. The means of the three
ent level using the multi-
effe (25) with the multiple

d Ramachandran (18).

The results indicate that the forced exercise group mean

was significantly greater than ei

mean or the sedentary group mean.

ther the control group

There was no significant

33

 

 

(D
Z
9
p—
D
.J
O
>
m
(I
_J
m
In
I
3

 

1 2 3 4 5 e 7
TEST PERIODS

 

AVERAGE PET’OLUTIOTTS PER GROUP DURING THE TEATE—‘IEI‘IT PHASE

 

34
difference between the control group mean and the sedentary
group mean. The mean values for test periods eight through

fourteen are graphed on Figure 3.

Activity Intensity

The rate of spontaneous activity was determined by
the average rate of feet per minute that the spontaneous
activity wheel turned during spontaneous exercise bouts.

Based on nineteen rats and two treatments (forced
exercise and control), the allocation of degrees of freedom
were the following for the rate of spontaneous activity
during the treatment phase: Total-~18, Treatments-~1, and
Error-~17. The variance due to treatments was not signifi-
cant at the 5 per cent level (F = .0668). The results of
the analysis of variance are shown in Table III. The mean

values for test periods one through seven are graphed in

Figure 4.

 

 

 

[500

I: 1\ /

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

1200
.SEDENTARY
GROUP
IIOO .CONTROL GROUP
‘FORCED
‘0 EXERCISE GROUP
21000
9
P-
D
5", soc
>
uJ
(I
J 800 ‘ ’1
’
{fl ’,aI'
I
3 700 ”7F
2‘ Xi

 

600 fi, \ If
soc I; W/

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

400 ‘
3
200
8 9 IO II l2 l3 l4

TEST PERIODS

 

FIGURE 3

AVERiaE REVOLUTIOHS PER GROUP DURING THE POST-TREATMENT
PHASE

 

\ N

U‘\

 

 

75

 

,L______v-, ,.-. _ 1".- ___._.,

 

 

 

see-— ._.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

50

FEET PER MINUTE

45 r—~-—r

40 ~———-

 

. CONTROL GROUP

‘ FORCED
EXERCISE GROUP

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

35

3 4 5
TEST PERIODS

 

TT'T‘TDJFI'." a ATI’D”
A 1 ibiuiug'n‘. Fri-1;- .143

17 "1137‘
J.

JL/ ALA—J

OF SPOTT‘I‘AI‘TEOUS

T773 7‘3? .1 "r1 :7

['1 it; .L—JAN

 

37
TABLE II
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF DATA FOR TOTAL REVOLUTIONS OF

SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY DURING THE
POST-TREATMENT PHASE

 

 

Source of Sum of Mean

Variation D.F. Squares Square F F.05
Total 28 9,927,862,782

Treatments 2 2,614,316,535 1,307,158,267 4.647 3.38
Error 26 7,313,546,247 281,290,240

 

To Test Group Means at the 5 Per Cent Level:

 

 

19,046' 21,241 740,090

Control Sedentary Forced

Group Group Exercise
Group

Using Range Table with 26 D.F.

 

 

2 3
2.91 3.06 SE 7/2813290.240 1__+ l,+ 1__
(1) (3) 3 1o 9 1o
15,716.82 16,526.97
To Compare Forced Exercise Group with the other two groups:
40,090 23,563.03 is greater than 21,241 so, there-

-16,526.97 fore, the forced exercise group is signifi-
23,563.03 cantly greater than the other two groups.

 

To Compare Sedentary Group with the Control Group:

21,241 5,524.18 is less than 19,046 so, therefore,
~154716482 the sedentary and control groups are not
5,524:18 significantly different.

TABLE III

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF DATA FOR RATE OF SPONTANEOUS
ACTIVITY DURING THE TREATMENT PHASE

 

 

Source of Sums of Mean

‘Variance D.F. Squares Square F F.05
Total 18 404.5589

Treatments 1 25.9390 25.939 1.165 4.45
ZError 17 378.6199 22.272

Based on twenty-nine rats and three treatments, the
allocation of degrees of freedom were the following for the
rate of spontaneous activity during the post-treatment phase:
Total-~28, Treatments--2, and Error--26. The variance due
to treatments was found to be signficant at the 1 per cent
level (F = 11.93). The results of the analysis of variance
are shown in Table IV. The means of the three groups were
tested at the 5 per cent level using the multiple range
test and the results indicate that the forced exercise group
mean was significantly greater than either the control group
mean or the sedentary group mean. The control group mean
was not significantly larger than the sedentary group mean.
The means for test periods eight through fourteen are

graphed on Figure 5.

39

 

 

FEET PER MINUTE

AVERAGE RATES

 

O

.SEDENTARY
GROUP

.CONTROL GROUP

0

A:

TEST PERmDS

FIGURE 5

F SPONTANEOUS ACTIVITY PER GROUP DURING
THE POST-TREATMENT PHASE

 

40
TABLE IV

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF DATA FOR RATE OF SPONTANEOUS
ACTIVITY DURING THE POST-TREATMENT PHASE

—._.
v... w“‘ .1:- w

 

Source of Sums of Mean h“ H
Variation D.F. Squares Square F F-VD ”-01
Total 28 2.591.1050

Treatments 2 1,240.1139 620.0570 11.93 3.38 5.54
Error 26 1,350.9911 51.9612

W

To test group means at the 5 per cent level:

 

51.203
Sedentary
Group

Using Range
2
2.91

(2)
6.754

57.640
Control
Group

Table with 26 D.F.

3
3.06

(3) /

7.102

 

 

66.869
Forced
Exercise
Group
11.26.12 .1.._+..1.+.1...
3 10 9 10

To Compare Forced Exercise Group with the Other Two Groups:

66.869

"SSE:

59.767 is greater than 57.640 so, therefore, the
forced exercise group mean is significantly greater

than the other two groups.

To Compare the Control Group with the Sedentary Group:

57.640

”at-1%

50.886 is less than 51.203 so,

therefore, he

control group mean is not significantly greater

than the sedentary group mean.

43
Based on nineteen rats and two treatments (forced exer-

citue and control), the allocation of the degrees of freedom
vnare the following for average spontaneous revolutions per
exfnecise bout during the treatment phase: Total-~18, Treat~
nuants--1, and Error-~17. The variance due to treatments was
rurt significant at the 5 per cent level (F 2 .001). The re-
:milts of the analysis of variance are shown in Table V.

(Hue mean values for test periods one through seven are graphed

on Figure 6 .

TABLE V

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF DATA FOR AVERAGE SPONTANEOUS
ACTIVITY REVOLUTIONS PER EXERCISE BOUT DURING
THE TREATMENT PHASE

 

 

 

Source of Sum of Mean

‘Variation D.F. Squares Square F F.05
Total 18 28,625.1799

Treatments 1 2.2537 2.2537 .001 4.45
Error 17 28,622.9262 1,683.7015

Based on twenty-nine rats and three treatments, the
allocation of degrees of freedom were the following for
average spontaneous revolutions per exercise bout during
the post-treatment phase. Total--28, Treatments-~2, and
Error-~26. The variance due to treatments were significant
at the 5 per cent level (F = 4.019). The results of the
analysis of variance are shown in Table VI. The means

of the three groups were tested at the 5 per cent level

42

 

CONTROL GROUP
1‘

WHEEL REVOLUUONS

 

TEST PERIODS

 

FIGURE 6

AVERAGE REVOLUTIONS PER SPONTANEOUS EXERCISE BOUT PER
GROUP DURING THE TREATMENT PHASE

 

43
1181118 the multiple range test and indicate that the forced
eauercise group mean was significantly greater than either
the: control group mean or the sedentary group mean. There
wens no significant difference between the sedentary greup
ineeui and the control group mean. The mean values for test

pensiods eight through fourteen are graphed on Figure 7.

TABLE VI

.ANAIXSIS 0F VARIANCE OF THE DATA FOR AVERAGE SPONTANEOUS
ACTIVITY REVOLUTIONS PER EXERCISE BOUT DURING
THE POST-TREATMENT PHASE

m

 

Source of _ Sum of Mean

‘Variation D.F. Squares Square F F.05
Total 28 603.9541

Treatments 2 142.5833 71.29 4.019 3.38
Error 26 461.3708 17.74

W

To test group means at the 5 per cent level:

 

 

9.718 10.400 14.816w

Sedentary Control Forced

Group Group Exercise
Group

Using Range Table with 26 D.F.

 

3 %
2. 3.06 St =V/1 . 4 l__+ l + 1
( (3) 3 1o 9 10
3.9 4.149

Chvdm

9
2
4

To compare forced exercise group with the other two groups:

14.816 10.667 is greater than 10.400 so therefore the
- 4,149 forced exercise group mean is significantly
10. 7 greater than either the sedentary group mean or

the control group mean.

44

 

 

 

 

 

 

.SEDENTARY
GROUP

63 1'15
-\
-/

 

.CONTROL GROUP
AFORCED
EXERCISE GROUP

 

 

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TEST PERIODS

 

FIGURE 7

AVERAGE REVOLUTION; PER SPONTANEOUS EXERCISE BOUT
PER GROUP DURING THE POST-TREATI-IENT PHASE

 

45
To compare control group with sedentary group:
10.400 6.454 is less than 9.718 so therefore the control
- g,%46 group mean is not significantly greater than the
. 54 sedentary group mean.
The coefficient of linear correlation was found to be
.736 between total spontaneous activity revolutions and aver-
age spontaneous activity revolutions per exercise bout. The
coefficient of linear correlation was found to be .703 be-
tween average spontaneous activity revolutions per exercise

bout and the average rates of spontaneous activity.

Discussion

The results indicate that young male albino rats which
were forced to exercise by swimming with a mild 0verload,in-
crease their total spontaneous activity significantly as mea-
sured by wheel revolutions during the post-treatment phase
but not during the treatment phase. Post-sedentary rats had
comparable total spontaneous activity with control rats, but
the spontaneous activity of both of these two groups was
significantly less than that of the forced exercise rats.
Post-forced exercise rats run in spontaneous activity wheels
at a significantly faster rate than control and post-
sedentary rats. Control rats run in the spontaneous activity
wheels at a comparable rate with post-sedentary rats. The
rate of spontaneous activity of the forced exercise rats
was comparable to the control rats during the treatment

phase.

f

40

The spontaneous activity of postuforced exercise rats
consists of significantly greater average spontaneous
activity revolutions per exercise bout than control or post-
sedentary rats. The average revolutions per exercise bout
was not significantly different between postnsedentary and
control rats.

The relatively high coefficient of linear correlation
between total spontaneous activity revolutions and average
revolutions per exercise bout indicates, in general, that
if an animal runs a large number of revolutions, the average
number of revolutions per exercise bout will also be larg .
The reverse would also be true.

The relatively high coefficient of linear correlation
found between average revolutions per exercise bout and the
rate of the spontaneous activity indicates, in general, that
if rats run a large number of revolutions per exercise bout,
their spontaneous activity rate will also be great. The
reverse would also be true.

Just why should a period of pre—puberty forced exer—
cise with a mild overload account for greater spontaneous
running of young male albino rats? The most logical assump—
tion would be that the forced exercise was a stressor caus-
ing adrenal and testis glands to enlarge, thereby secreting
{greater amounts of steroids. It was demonstrated in pre-
viously mentioned research that steroids secreted by these
{glands are responsible for high levels of spontaneous

activity. This cannot be the only answer because the

47
adrenal and testis glands of the forced exercise rats were
not significantly larger than control rats (see appendix),
yet the significant difference appears in spontaneous
activity. It is assumed that a personalistic inclination
to exercise develops in young rats that are forced to exer-

cise, the mechanism of which is unknown at present.

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The purpose of this experiment was to determine the
effects of forced exercise upon the amount and intensity
of the spontaneous activity of ten young male albino rats
and to compare their spontaneous activity with the spontane-
ous activity of ten young male albino rats which were seden-
tary for a selected period of time. The rats in the sedan-
tary group were allowed but sedentary activity for the first
half of the experiment and were allowed spontaneous activity
for the final half. The rats in the forced exercise group
were forced to exercise by swimming with the overload
method for thirty minutes each day for the first half of
the experiment and during the final half were allowed spon—
taneous activity with no forced exercise. Ten rats were
assigned to the control group which were allowed spontaneous
activity during the entire experiment. The experiment ran
for seventy consecutive days. All rats were of the Spraguc-
Dawley strain.

Spontaneous activity was measured daily for each
individual rat by mechanical revolution counters that were
attached to their cages. These data were recorded daily.

The intensity of Spontaneous activity was measured by

six spontaneous activity cages equipped with microswitches.

11511“le

49

The microswitches were wired through a relay box to signal
magnets Which recorded an ink mark for each Wheel revolution
on a continuously moving monodrum. The individual rats from
the various groups were placed on a rotation schedule so
that each rat was in a microswitch-equipped cage once for
a 24-h0ur period every five days. Spontaneous activity
intensity data were recorded upon analysis of the monodrum
papers. Intensity data included the average speed in feet
per minute that the spontaneous activity wheel turned and
the average number of wheel revolutions per exercise bout.

The results indicated that young male post-forced
exercise rats ran, spontaneously, a significantly greater
number of total revolutions, ran these revolutions at a
significantly faster rate per revolution, and had signifi-
cantly greater numbers of revolutions per exercise bout than
either the post-sedentary or control group rats. There was
no significant difference between control rats and post-
sedentary rats in the amount and intensity of spontaneous
activity. A relatively high coefficient of linear corre-
lation, .736, was found between total spontaneous activity
revolutions in exercise bouts and the average number of
spontaneous activity revolutions per exercise bout. A
relatively high coefficient of linear correlation, .703, was
also found between the average number of spontaneous activity
revolutions per exercise bout and the average rate of

spontaneous activity.

pi

.
hr:-

C‘OI ”TIT“

’3
e.

3.

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1.

PO

swimming
the ROGY

ficantly

ole albino rats forced to exercise by

with a mild overload (2 per cent of
weight ended), participate more signi~

in spontaneous running than sedentary

and control mitts, running at a 3152; 11131 lozu‘itly

faster rate

r.

and gre atcr distance each ruLI.

Young male alt ino sedan w.;y rats participate

comparahly in sponta sous running with con"

trol rats, running at a comparable rate and

distance

i. ,- a. .
grea USI'

each run.

In general, young male albino rats run a

“istance each run when they partici«

pate more in Spontaneous runni1c and thGY

distance

n.dation

Research

exercise

‘1

J.

faster rate wlien they run a greater

V

each run.

should be done varying the forced

overload weights to determine effects

upon post-forced exorcise spontaneous activity,

Research should be done varying the pe eriods

of force

d e: :ercis se to deto rminc effects upon

postwforced exercise spontaneous activity.

81 uld be done with treadmill running

llllllllli‘il‘illl‘lllll.

 

5.

8.

51

for the forced exercise.

Research should be done comparing the post-forced
exercise, control, and post-sedentary spontaneous

activity to toe aritais' growth patterns.

Research shOuld be done with animals that are
mature at the beginning of the experiment to
determine the effects of forced exercise and
sedentary activity upon their post-treatment

spontaneous activity.

Research should be done to determine the minimum
amount of forced exercise necessary to maintain

the high levels of spontaneous activity that are
established during the post-forced exercise

period.

Research should be done to test whether there is
a difference between groups in their adaptability

to a stressor.

Research should be done with humans, studying

m

the effects of forced exercise, control, and
sedentary activity on their post—treatment

spontaneous activity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

1.

5.

9.

10.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

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Browman, Ludvig G. "Light in its Relationship to
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Journal of Experimental Zoology, 75: 375~388, April,
1937.

Browman, Ludvig G. "The Effect of Bilateral Optic
Enucleation on the Voluntary Muscular Activity of
the Albino Rat, " Journal of Experimental Z--io J,
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Browman, Ludvig G. "Effects of Controlled Temperature
Upon the Spontaneous Activity Rhythms of the Albino
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August, 1943.

Browman, Ludvig G. "Effects of Controlled Temperature
Upon the Spontaneous Activity Rhythms of the Albino
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Browman, Ludvig G. "Modified Spontaneous Activity
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Gaetan, Jasmin and Pierre Boes. "Effect of Centrally
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37: 417-423, June, 1959.

Gertz, Boris. "The Effect of Handling at Various Age
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50: 613-676, December, 1957.

Griffiths, W. J. Jr. "Responses of Wild and Domestic
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Heller, Richard E. "Spontaneous Activity in Male Rats
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Hitchcock, F. A. "Studies in Vigor: The Comparative
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December, 1925.

Hunt, J. and H. Schlosberg. "General Activity in the
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28: 23-38, August, 1939.

Jones, D. D., D. J. Kimeldorf, D. O. Rubadeau, and T. J.
Castanera. "Relationships Between Volitional
Activity and Age in the Male Rat," The American
Journal 9; Physiology, 172: 109- 114_ January, 1953.

Lee, M. O. and E. F. Van Buskirk. "The Effect of
Throidectomy on the Spontaneous Activity in the
Rat with a Consideration of the Relation of the
Basal Metabolism to Spontaneous Activity," Th3
Amegican qurna; Lf Physiology, 84: 321-329, March,
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McClelland, W. J. "Differential Handling and Weight
Gain in the Albino Rat," Canadian Journal Lf
Psychology, 10: 19- 22, March, 1956.

Montoye, Henry J., Richard Nelson, Perry Johnson, and
Ross MacNab. "Effects of Exercise on Swimminge
Endurance and Organ Weight in Mature Rats,"
Research Quayterly, 32: 434-439, October, 1965:

Oppenheimer, E. H. and R. A. Spaeth. "The Relation
Between Fatigue and the Susceptibility of Rats
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Pillac, K. C. S. and K. V. Ramachandran. "On the
Distribution of the Roles of the ith Observation
in an Ordered Sample from a Normal POpulation to
an Independent Estimate of the Standard Deviation,"
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1954.

Price-Jones, Cecil. "Effect of Forced Exercise Upon
the Skeletal Deve10pment in White Rats," Quarterly
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March, 1926.

Richter, Curt P. "A Behavioristic Study of the Activity
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Richter, Curt P. "Animal Behavior and Internal Drives,"
Quarterly Review 9; Biolo , 2:307-343, September,
1927.

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Ruchter, Curt P. and E. H. Uhlenhuth. "Comparison of
the Effects of Gonadectomy on Spontaneous Activity
of Wild and Domesticated Norway Rats," EndocrinolOgy,
54: 311-322, March, 1954.

Richter, Curt P. and C. H. Wang. "New Apparatus for
Measuring the Spontaneous Motility of Animals,"
Journal of Laboratory an Clinical Medicine, 12:
289-292, December, 192 .

Rundquist, E. A. "Inheritance of Spontaneous Activity

in Rats," Journal of Comparative Psychology, 16:
415-438, December, 1933.

Scheffe, Henry. "A Method for Judging All Contrasts
in the Analysis of Variance," Biometrika, 40: 68- 83,
June, 1953.

Selye, Hans. The Stress of Life. New York: McGraw-
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Shirley, Mary. "Studies of Activity: I. Consistency
of the Revolving Drum Method of Measuring the
Activity in Rats," Journal of Comparative Psychology,
8. 23-38, January, 1928.

Shirley, Mary. "Studies in Activity: II. Activity
Rhythms; Age and Activity; Activity'After Rest,"
Journal of Comparative Psychology, 8: 159-186,
May, 1928?

Siegel, Paul S. "Activity Level as a Function of
Physically Enforced Inaction," Journal 9;
Psychology, 21: 285-291, April, 1943.

Siegel, Paul S. and Irving E. Alexander. "A Further
Observation on the Effect of Physically Enforced
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1958.

Slonaker, James Rollin. "The Normal Activity of the
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July, 1907.

Slonaker, James Rollin. "Description of an Apparatus
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Slonaker, James Rollin. "The Effect of a Strictly
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56
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Slonaker, James Rollin. "The Effect of Pubescence,
Oestruation and Menopause on the Voluntary Activity
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Physiology, 68: 294-373, April, 1924.

Slenaker, James Rollin. "Long Fluctuations in Volun-
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Journal p; Physiologl. 77: 503-508, August, 1926.

Smith, Erma A. and R. M. Conger. "Spontaneous Activity
in Relation to Diet in the Albino Hat," 1%%
American Journal 9; Physiology, 142: 663-. 5,
December, 19 .

Stone, Calvin P. and Roger G. Barker. "Spontaneous
Activity, Direct and Indirect Measures of Sexual
Drive in Adult Male Rats," Society :2; Experipentgl
Biology app Medicine Proceedings, 32: 195-199,
October, 193 .

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to Forced Exercise in the Rat," T e er

Journal 2; Physiology, 193: 350-35 , May, 1958.

’Weininger, 0., W. J. McClelland, and R. K. Arima.

"Gentling and Weight Gain in the Albino Rat,"

Canadian Journal p£_Psychology, 14: 219-224,
September, 1954.

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Swimming Activity in Albino Rats," Jourpgl 2;

Comparative Psychology, 14: 219-224, October,
1932.

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Psychology Monographs, 2: 1-27, 1923.

APPENDIX

APPENDIX A

59

 

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FIGURE 8

SPOHT‘TEOUS ACT VITY PATTERNS - PER CENT OF TOTAL
REVOLUTIOUS PER HOURLY PERIOD FOR TREATMENT

PHASE

 

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Exsscxss

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FIGURE 9

SPONTAIEOUS ACTIVITY PATTERNS — PER CENT OF TOTAL
REVOLUTIOUS PER HOURLY PERIOD FOR
POST-TREATMENT PHASE

APPENDIX B

ORGAN WEIGHTS PER BODY WEIGHT PER GROUP AT THE
TERMINATION OF THE TREATMENT PHASE

63

 

TABLE VIII
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF DATA FOR ADRENALS/BODY

WEIGHT
W
Source of Sums of Mean
Variation D.F. Squares Square F F.05
Total 14 125,025,473
Between 2 57,614,461 28,807,230 5.13 3.89
Within 12 67,411,012 5,617,584

H 'm.

c-A

To Test Group Means at the Five Per Cent Level:

 

 

W av—w r 'v ,' aw 7'7 7—7

 

 

.0001123 I» WIOOO14853TWHT .0015759 '
Sedentary Control Forced Exer-
Group Group cise Group
Using Range Table with 12 D.F.:
“1* 2 3 1
3.08 3.23 35 z/W
(2) (3) 5

.000032648 .00003424

To Compare Forced Exercise Group with Other Two Groups:

.00015759 .00012335 is greater than .00011223 so the
- 0000 424 forced exercise group mean is significantly
.00012335 greater than the sedentary group mean.
.00015759 .00012494 is smaller than .00014853 so the
-,00903262 control group mean is not significantly
.00012 9 smaller than the forced exercise group mean.

To Compare the Control Group With the Sedentary Group:

..OOO14853 .00011588 is larger than .00011223 so there-
-.OOOO3263 fore the control group mean is significantly
.0001158 larger than the sedentary group mean.

64

 

 

TABLE Ix
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE or DATA FOR HEART/BODY
WEIGHT
Source of Sums of Mean
Variation D.F. Squares Square F F.05
Total 14 12.753
Between 2 6,018 3.009 5.36 3.89
within 12 6.735 .561

To Test Group Means at the Five Per Cent Level:

 

 

.0034OV W '7 .00355 w .00388

Control Sedentary Forced

Group Group Exercise
Group

Using the Range Table with 12 D.F.:

 

2 3
3.08 3.23 SE = V/,0000000561
5 .
To Compare Forced Exercise Group with Other Two Groups:
.00388000 .00352 is greater than .00340 so therefore
-,OOO§58E§ the forced exercise group mean is Signifi-
.OO3521 7 cantly greater than the control grOup mean.
.00388000 .00354 is smaller than .00355 so therefore
-,00034188 the sedentary group mean is not significantly
.00353 12 smaller than the forced exercise group mean.

To Compare the Sedentary Group with the Control Group:

.00355 .00231 is smaller than .00340 so therefore
-,OOO34 the control group mean is not significantly

.00321 smaller than the sedentary group mean.

65
TABLE X

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF DATA FOR TESTES/BODY
WEIGHT

 

Source of ' Sum of Mean

Variation D.F. Squares Square F _ F.05 F.01
Total 14 .OOOO149599

Between 2 .0000086035 .OOOOO430175 8.12 3.89 6.93
Within 12 .OOOOO63564 .00000052970

W

To Test Group Means at the Five Per Cent Level:

 

V v7

.01024* ’* T' .01723' “”T “’ *“W”" .01209

 

Sedentary Control Forced
Group Group Exercise
Group

Using Range Table with 12 D.F.:

 

2 3
3.08 3.23 SD f/AQQQQQQEEEZ.
(2) (3) 5
.00100100 .00104975

To Compare Forced Exercise Group with Other Two Groups:

.01209 .01104 is greater than .01024 so therefore the
-,OO1OE forced exercise group mean is significantly

. 11 greater than the sedentary group mean.

.01209 .01109 is less than .01128 so therefore the
-,OO1OO control group mean is not significantly less

.01109 than the forced exercise group mean.

To Compare Control Group with Sedentary Group:

,.01128 .01028 is greater than .01024 so therefore the
- 00100 control group mean is significantly greater
.51028 than the sedentary group mean.

66

TABLE XI

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF DATA FOR SPLEEN/BCDY WEIGHT

 

 

Source of Sum of Mean

Variation D.F. Squares Square F F.05
Total 14 .OOOOOO2550

Between 2 ,OOOOOOOO13 .00000000065 .0031 3.89
Within 12 .OOOOOO2537 .OOOOOOO2114

 

TABLE XII
ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF DATA FOR KIDNEYs/BCDY WEIGHT

 

 

 

 

Source of Sum of Mean

Variation D.F. Squares Square F F.05

.Total 14 .OOOOO69056

Between 2 .0000007501 .0000003751 .73 3.89

Within 12 .0000061554 .0000005130

m waffi: . E * hf W ‘ ‘fifw
TABLE XIII

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE OF DATA FOR LIVER/BODY WEIGHT

 

 

Source of Sum of Mean

Variation D.F. Squares Square F F.05
Total 14 .0001696610

Between 2 .OOOO108859 .OOOOO2443O .18 3.89

'Within 12 .0001587751 .00001322313

 

 

 

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APPENDIX E

Ii

Forced

Control Exercise
Group Group

2 1 ) ( 1 )

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EAR.MARKINGS FOR IDENTIFICATION OF INDIVIDUAL RATS
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EAR.MARKING FOR INDIVIDUAL RAT IDENTIFICATION FOR THE

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Test Period I

1098
1642
941
579
2011
532
827
1191
3241
1000

1376

931
1873
1864
1087

867

389
1448
1980
1620

1201

826
2076
1443

963

856
1053
1911
1305
1580

826
846
1636

DATA SHEET ~-

97
103
74
71
137

82
107
193
100

105

87
121
162

77
116

53
109
120
107

106
73
145
162
60
77
99
100
115
120

97
105

INTENSITY DATA FOR TREATMENT PHASE

81

ForceW

 

Rev./

11.32
15.04
12.72

8.16
14.68

7.77
10.08
11.13
16.79
10.00

13.10
10.70
15.48
11.51
11+. 12

7.47
7.34
13.28
16050
15.14

11.33
11.32
14.32

8.91
16.05
11.13
10.74
19.11
11.36
13.17

8.52
13.43
15.58

Total mm./

1372
2149
1171

699
2447

831
1189
1491
3731
1191

Test Period II

1626
1240
2376
2433
1406
1159

566
1803
2423
2143

Test Period III

1376
1140
2237

2133
1224

1221
1473
2064
1589
1769

Test Period IV

1146
1009
1828

Rev: Animal Bouts Bouts Bout

1.25
1.31
1.24
1.21
1.22
1.56
1.44
1.25
1.15
1.10

1.18
1.33
1.27
1.30
1.29
1.34
1.46
1.24
1.22
1.32

1.15
1.38
1.08
1.48
1.27
1.43
1-39
1.08
1.22
1.12

1.39
1.19
1.12

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2

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Rev.
in

891
1642
2791
1391
3133
1141
1569
1112

891

444

937
1881
1409
1846
1231
1273
2086
1246

691
1665

561
1377
264
1087
1007
554
1078
965
1095
574

502
1678
762

90
131
128

92
147

91
103
107

67

51

90
112
92
127
119
91
135
119

122

66
89
46
112
108
93
93
87
95
65

64
109
68

Rev./ Total mm./

9.90
12.53
21.80
15.12
21.31
12.54
15.23
10.39
13.30

8.71

10.41
16.80
15.32
14.54
10.34
13-99
15.45
10.47

9.33
13.65

8.50
15.47
5.74
9.70
9.32
5.96
11.59
11.09
11.53
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2071
3291
1671
3528
1231
1847
1398
1272

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2201
1893
2301
1446
1549
2111
1792
1015
1979

806
1446
387
1405
1352
824
1167
1010
1278
751

687
1772
998

mm, Rev:

1.28
1.26
1.18
1.20
1.13
1.16
1.18
1.26
1.43
1.58

1.32
1.17
1.34
1.25
1.18
1.21
1.01
1.44
1.47
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1.44
1.05
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1.29

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1.49
1.08
1.05
1.17
1.31

1.37
1.06
1.31

Intensity Data for Treatment Phase (continued)

Control Group

82

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Rev.
in Rev./
Animal Bouts gouts Bout
1637 136 12.04
359 58 6.19
371 58 6.40
900 116 7.76
232 50 4.64
540 61 8.85
1010 71 14.22
814 84 9.69
346 38 9.10
1411 96 14.70
1421 146 9.73
557 73 7.63
381 46 8.28
1232 144 10.81
38 9 4.22
1030 109 9.45
1776 81 21.93
408 47 8.68
689 57 12.09
4140 114 36.32
2329 119 19.57
299 52 5.75
451 41 11.00
600 71 8.45
403 46 8.76
3375 122 27.66
826 67 12.33
635 79 8.04
215 30 7.17
1729 93 18.59
3198 138 23. 17
324 53 6.11
1121 105 10.68
532 51 10.43
680 61 11.15
4758 192 24.78
1997 89 22.44

—§

OOCD'NIOU'l-P'UJI'D...

Rev.
'in

Rev./

Total

—————————p———————————u——-——_

Total mm./
mm. Rev.
2058 1.26
646 1.80
465 1.25
1161 1.29
523 2.25
708 1.31
1502 1.49

901
697
1431
1909
685
513
1530
60
1268
1972

Test Period VI

584
882
3593
2459
284
609
736
602
3811
1279

Test Period VII

657
297
1555
3272
339
1196
593
871
4706
2041

1.11
2.01
1.01
1.34
1.23
1.35
1.24
1.58
1.23
1.11

1.43
1.28

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1.06

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1035
1.23
1.49
1.13
1.55

1.04
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1.02
1.05
1.07
1.12
1.28

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1.02

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408
1430
1430
388
1176
664

121
650
277
368
679
539
239
553
669
187

378
543
554
792
355
786
940
521
592
243

455
558
436
1063
775
384
732
869
600
280

71
81
125
92
45
86
54

20
50
49
37
77
72
23

68
30

82
65
57
59
75
61
46
62
51
47

9.94
5.04
11.44
15.55
8.62
13.67
12.30

6005
13.00
5.65
9.95
8.82
7.49
10.39
12.02
9.84
6.23

7.27
11.55
7.69
15.23
9.86
8.83
14.03
10.01
12.08
8.39

5.50
8.58
7.65
18.02
10.33
6.30
15.91
14.02
11.77
5.96

1753
1575
487
1312
706

211
589
465
469
900

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241
608
766
211

586
698
690
851
538
848
924
623
653
241

720
618
727
1143
1031
392
741
950
641
286

1.06

1.74

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1.68
1.27
1.32
1.01
1.10
1.14
1.13

1.55
1.28
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1.07
1052
1.08

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1.20
1.10

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1.58
1.11
1.67
1.08
1.33
1.02
1.01
1.09
1.07
1.02

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