THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN PHYSIOLOGiCAL AND
PSYCHQLWCAL “CHNWES ON RECOVERY
HEW FAMUE AND EMPMRMENT
m ATMS

Thais fix the Data of Ph. D.
MECMGAN STATE UNIVERSITY
Afix Barnard Herriwn
1959

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thesis entitled
FFECTS OF CERTAIN PHYSIOLOGICAL
SYCIIOL GICAL TBCH‘TIQL TES ON
TRY FROM FATIGUE AND I {PAIR ’FJNT
HLETES.

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Michigan State
University

 

Name: AIX BERNARD HARRISON

Institution: MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Title of Study: THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN PHYSIOLOGICAL AND

PSYCHOLOGICAL TECHNIQUES ON RECOVERY FROM
FATIGUE AND IMPAIRMENT IN’ATHLETES.

Statement of the Problem: The purpose of this study was to
determine the effectiveness of three techniques on
the recovery from fatigue and impairment in athletes.
A fourth technique was used as a control to offer
a basis of comparison for the three experimental
techniques. The recovery techniques were: 1.

Lying in a supine position (control), 2. Lying
supine with arms and legs elevated, 3. Slow Jogging
or movement. 4. Watching sound movies. The
criteria for recovery were repeat performance runs
and rate of oxygen debt repayment.

Methodology: There were two parts to the study. Part One
consisted of performance data collected on subjects
at Oklahoma State University. Two subjects each
made thirty-two repeat two-hundred yard swims during
a fall semester and two subjects each made thirty-
two repeat one-half mile runs during a spring semes-
ter. The recovery techniques were introduced during
a ten minute rest period between the swims and runs.
These data were treated by using the analysis of

covariance technique to equalize the first run times

and to test for differences between the techniques
in terms of mean second run times.

Part Two consisted of data collected on two
subjects in the laboratory at Michigan State Univer-
sity. Each of these two subjects made thirty-two
experimental runs on the treadmill. Each run con-
sisted of a standard five minute initial run. a ten
minute recovery period and an all out performance
run with the treadmill set at eight miles per hour
and at a ten degree incline. metabolic measures
were taken so that rate of oxygen debt repayment
during the recovery period could be computed. These
data were treated by using the analysis of variance
technique to test for differences between the tech-
niques in terms of oxygen debt repayment and times
of the all out runs.

Findings and Conclusions: 1. The technique of lying
supine with arms and legs elevated proved to be the
most effective of the recovery techniques studied
in this experiment. 2. The slow jog or movement
technique as used in this study was found to give
no better performance results than the control, and
it was signigicantly inferior to all other tech-
niques in terms of oxygen debt repayment. 3. watch-
ing sound movies as a recovery technique seems to

offer some benefits although the results from.this

study were inconclusive. The results from this
technique seemed to vary from one individual to
another with the different types of movies shown.
This technique needs further and more detailed
study. 4. There was a high negative correlation
between pulse rate immediately after exercise and
the amount of oxygen debt repayment during the
recovery period. This figure may be of value as
a predictive factor and it would be practical to
use. 5. This study could not effectively measure
recovery from fatigue (as different from.impair-
ment) because there was not a sufficient measure
available of the level of fatigue reached by each

subject.

Adviser's Approval:

 

THE EFFECTS OF CERTAIN PHYSIOLOGICAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL
TECHNIQUES ON RECOVERY FROM FATIGUE AND
IMPAIRMENT IN ATHLETES

by
All BARNARD HARRISON

A THESIS
Submitted to the School for Advanced Graduate Studies of
Michigan.State University of Agriculture and
Applied Science in partial fulfillment of
the requirements for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Health. Physical Education and Recreation
1959

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Grateful appreciation is expressed to all those who
participated as subjects in the various parts of this study.
The work was long and arduous and without pay; yet, all
subjects cheerfullyfulfilled all expectations.

Appreciation is also expressed to Dr. Iayne Van
Hues of the Physical Education Department at Michigan State
University for his guidance and assistance during tin data
collection in the Summer at 1958. Although he was not a
member of the committee for this study, without his help
it would not have been possible to have collected the data
at this time.

The author also wishes to thank Dr. Carl Harshall,
head of the Statistical Laboratory at Oklahoma State
University for his guidance and help on the statistical
treatment of the data and for his helpful suggestions
regarding the writing of this manuscript.

IADLE OF COHTENDS

CHAPTER PAGE

I. STATELENT OF THE PROBLENi. . . . . . . . . . . 1

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. l

‘Statehent of the problem. . . . . . . . . . . 5

Limitations of the study . . . . . . . . . . 5

Organization of the study . . . . . . . . . . 6

II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE . . . . . . . . . 8

General fatigue studies . . . . . . . . . . 8
Recovery studies using techniques not

used in this study. . . . . . . . . . . 12

abdominal cold application studies . . . . . 15
Studies on fatigue directly related to

the present study . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

III. PROCEDURE AND NETHODCLOGY . . . . . . . . . . 28

Part One . . . . . . . . . . . . .x. . . . . 28

Part Two . . . . . . . . . .‘. . . . . . . . 51

IV. RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Part One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Part Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

V. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Part One . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Part Two . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

analysis of the effects of each technique . . 60

VI. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . . . . . . 65

smmmry O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 65

CHAPTER - PAGE
Summary of results . . . . . . . . . . . 66
Conclusions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68
Reconmmndations for further study . . . 69

BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . '72

APPENDIX A. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

APPENDIX B. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SO

TABLE
I.

II.

III.

IV.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

LIST OF TABLES

Eirst (I) and Second (Y) ZOO Yard Swim

Times of B.H. on 4 Recovery Techniques .
Unadjusted Means of Second ZOO Yard Swim
Times for B.H. for Each Recovery
Tecnnique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First (A) and Second (Y) 230 Yard Swim
Times of L.h. of 4 Recovery Techniques.
Unadjusted means of Second ZOO Yard Swim
Times for L.L. for Each Recovery
Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First (I) and Second (I) 3 Mile Run Times
of B.H. on Four Recovery Techniques. .
Adjusted Means of Second é Nile Run Times
for B.H. for Each Recovery Technique. .
First (X) and Second (Y) % Nile Hun Dimes
of G.N. on 4 Recovery Techniques. . . .
Adjusted Means of Second E Mile Run Times
For G.N. For Each of 4 Recovery
Techniques . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Analysis of Variance Between hean All Out
Run Times After 4 Recovery Techniques.
Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Difference of means of All Out Hun Times

After 4 Recovery Techniques. Subject 1.

PAGE

42

42

43

44

45

45

46

47

TABLE

XI.

XII.

XIII.

XVI.

XVII.

XVIII.

XVII.

vi
PAGE

Analysis of Variance Between Lean All

Out Run Times After 4 Recovery

Techniques. Subject 2 . . . . . . . . . . 47
Difference of heans of All Out Hun Times

after 4 necovery Techniques. Subject 2.. . 43
Analysis of Variance Between Nean Oxygen

Debt Repayment for Subject 1 During Each

of 4 ReCOVery Techniques . . . . . . . . . 48

Differences of Loans of Oxygen Debt

Repayment After Each of 4 Recovery

Techniques. Subject 1 . . . . . . . . . . 49
Analysis of Variance Between Mean Oxygen

Debt Repayments for Subject 2 During

Each of 4 Recov;ry Techniques . . . . . .. 49
Difference of Loans of Oxygen Debt

Repayments After Each of 4 Recovery

Techniques. Subject 2. 5p Level. . . . . . 50
Summary of nankings of 4 Recovery

Techniques on all Subjects . . . . . . . . 50
Summary of Correlations hetween Several

Variables and All Out Run Time and

Oxygen Debt Repayment . . . . . . . . . . 51
Correlations of Certain Variables with

Training Effects Removed . . . . . . . . . 52

CHAPTER I
STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Man has struggled for many years with problems
concerning fatigue. He has tried to find answers to such
questions as; What is fatigue? What causes fatigue? What
are the best ways to recover from fatigue? This study was
concerned primarily with a particular aspect of the last
quest ion. However, before mking a statement of the spec-
ific problem of this study, a brief discussion of the
other questions is apprOpriate.

First of all, what is fatigue? If one searched all
the physiological, psychological and medical literature
he could doubtless find a hundred different definitions of
fatigue. In addition, he would find reference to different
kinds of fatigue, such as mental, physical, muscle, sub-
jective, physiological, chronic, combat, etc. All of these
various types of fatigue serve to show that there is not
any one generally accepted definition of fatigue. Since
this study is concerned with athletes, and uses a physiol-
ogical approach, one might eXpect that a physiological
viewpoint of fatigue would be used. This would be primar-
ily that of a muscle being repeatedly stimulated until it
failed to respond, or until it showed a drop-off in work
performance. However, the writer has studied the work on
fatigue by S.H. Bartley and has decided to adOpt his view-
Point of fatigue as a basis for this study. This approach

to fatigue is from the standpoint of the whole organism

and of the layman. In this approach, fatigue is an ex-
perience that man has and can describe. It is a phenomenon
of the nervous system and of the brain. It might well be
described as a negative attitude toward action. As such,
it is an experience which the common man on the street has
had and can describe in his own words. For a detailed
discussion of this viewpoint on fatigue the reader should
consult Bartley and Chute's book, Fatigue and Impairment
in Man.1

In using this approach it was necessary to use
certain other terms to describe the things often times
called fatigue or closely associated with fatigue. Two of
these terms are impairment and work decrement, and they are
now defined so as to distinguish them from fatigue.

Impairment refers to any change that takes place
within the tissue. This includes such changes as oxygen
deprivation, lactic acid accumulation, etc. Some of these
changes were investigated in this study, hence the title
"Recovery from Fatigue and Impairment ...' rather than just
recovery from fatigue.

Work decrement refers to a lowered work output.
This commonly happens when impairment takes place as well
as when fatigue sets in, but it may happen in the absence

of either or both of them.

 

lS. Bartley and E. Chute. Fatigue and Im airment in
Man (new York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1947!. 425pp.

This study was concerned with recovery from fatigue
and impairment in athletes. Athletic coaches and sports
research specialists have long been interested in various
techniques that might prove helpful in speeding recovery
in athletes. This is especially important in such events
as track and swimming where an individual may have to make
two or more ”all-out” efforts in one day with Just a few
minutes rest between events. It is also of importance to
team members of such strenuous sports as basketball, foot-
ball, soccer and hockey for use during half-time rest per-
iods.

//a many techniques have been tried and are currently
being used by athletes and coaches throughout the world to
facilitate recovery. Most of these are selected on the
basis of some successful experience with it, without having
any preperly controlled research evidence as to it's worth.
Other techniques are selected by men who are interested in
experimenting to determine if some are more effective than
others. Some of the most recent recovery techniques to be
tried are breathing oxygen-rich mixtures, abdominal cold
sprays and various types of feeding.

The effects of three specific techniques on recovery
from fatigue, impairment or both were investigated in this
study. These techniques were; elevation of the arms and
legs while lying in a supine position, slow movement
(Jogging for runners, slow swimming for swimmers), and

watching sound motion pictures (or in cases where it was

not feasable to show movies, the act of reading). These
three techniques were compared with a control technique
which was simply lying in a supine position. The elevation
of the arms and legs was to allow gravity to assist in
promoting the return flow of venous blood to the heart which
in turn would allow a greater heart output per minute and
hence a faster recovery.

The slow movement was to allow the muscle action to
aid in speeding venous return to the heart and eventually
greater heart output and faster recovery. This technique
has been shown by Newman and others to remove lactic acid
from the blood at a much faster rate than under conditions
of quiet rest.2

The watching of movies was designed to bring about
a nervous reorganization within the individual by means of
temporarily taking his mind off the task at hand. The task
in this case required considerable physical effort, induced
oxygen deprivation and thus impairment. Along with these
feelings of discomfort due to the physical effort, there
may also have been feelings of inadequacey a: proceed with
the task which would tend to produce fatigue. If the
movies took the subject's mind off the uncomfortable and

inadequate feelings of the immediate task, recovery from

fatigue may have been facilitated.

 

as. v. Newman, D. B. Dill, H.T. Edwards and F.A.
Iebster, "The Rate of Lactic Acid Removal in Exercise,"
.American Journal of Physiology: 118;457-62, March, 1937.

Statement of the Problem. The purpose of this study
was to determine the effect of elevating the hands ani arms,
slow movement, and watching sound movies on the speed of
recovery from fatigue and impairment in athletes. The
effectiveness of recovery will be judged primarily on the
basis of rate of recovery from oxygen debt and on a second
performance test given after the recovery period.

In order to avoid repetition throughout the rest of
the study in describing the various recovery techniques,
they will be called by number. Number one is the control
technique; number two, elevation of the arms and legs;
number three slow jogging or swimming, depending on the
activity and number four, watching sound motion pictures
(or in one part of the study where movies could not be
shown, the act of reading).

Limitations of the Study. The data for Part Two of
this study were collected during a six-week summer term at
Michigan State University. Due to the shortness of time,
there were no trial runs made, using the complete eXperi-
mental proceedure, by either the experimenter or the subjects
prior to the actual start of data collection. This would
increase the chances for various experimental errors during
the first few runs.

As would be eXpected, the subjects of this study did
show consistent improvement in their performance tests
during the first three weeks. This was due to training or

conditioning. However, this fact did not affect the results

of the study as the various eXperimental techniques were al-
ternated at random throughout the testing period and stat-
istical allowances were made for improvements due to train-
ing.

Good control measures were not obtained for determin-
ing the oxygen debt figures for the slow jog recovery
technique. However, same a>ntrols were taken at the close
of the experiment and further corrections were made based
on previous research evidence so that the oxygen debt
repayment figures of the recovery jogs could be compared
with those of the other experimental techniques.

Due to the amount of time required to make the trial
runs and complete the gas analysis work in Part The of this
study it was only possible to handle two subjects. The
results obtained from these two subjects can not be general-
ized as to apply to all peOple or even to all athletes.
However, due to the large number of trials made with these
two subjects, the results obtained can be cansidered as
an accurate picture of the value of the recovery techniques
for thenn Insofar as these two subjects might be considered
as typical young men competing in athletics, the results
obtained for them might be considered as likely to appear
in other similar young men.

Organization of the Study. This study was organized
in the following manner; Chapter One, Statement of the
Problem; Chapter Two, Review of the Literature; Chapter
Three, Proceedure and Methodology; Chapter Four, Presenta-

tion of the Results; Chapter Five, Discussion of Results;
and Chapter Six, Summary and Conclusions.

The methodology, results and discussion of results
chapters were divided into two sections each. The first
section of each of these chapters deals with performance
data on two swimmers and two runners which were collected
at Oklahoma State University during the school year of
1957-58. The second section of each of these chapters
deals with data collected on two subjects who ran the
treadmill thirty-two times during the summer term of
1958 at the research laboratory of Michigan State
University.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The literature on the entire area of fatigue is
abundant. Because so much of this literature does not deal
directly with the present study, no attempt will be made to
review all of it. Only a few of the outstanding studies
in the general area of fatigue will be mentioned. Along
with these is covered much of the work done in the area of
recovery from fatigue.

General Studies on Fatigue. One of the early pio-
neers in fatigue work was Muscio, a psychologist. In a
paper published in 1921,1 he discussed the possibilities
of devising a test of fatigue. He thought that it was not
possible to devise a single test, but he was willing that
the search for one continue. He felt that no test would be
acceptable in theory or practice unless there was an agreed
upon definition of fatigue, and unless some criteria of
fatigue could be accepted outside of the characters indicat-
ed by the test itself, against which to assess the adequacy
of the test indicator.

In 1925, whiting and Bidwell reported a study 2 that
did much to change the thinking about fatigue, particularly
in psychological circles. They gave tests for speed.

 

lB. Muscio, ”Is a Fatigue Test Possible?” Brittish
Journal of Psyghology, 1:150-62, June, 1921.

2H. Whiting and Horace Bidwell, "Fatigue Tests and

{Eggntives,” Journal of Experimental Psychology,8:33-49.

(0

accuracy and difficulty of both physical and mental work
to sixteen Wellesey College students. These tests were
given early in the morning and repeated late in the evening
with the idea that the fatigue that was built up from the
days activity would show up on the test results. However,
they found no significant differences between morning and
evening tests. They followed by giving a forty-five min-
ute battery of tests to sixty-four subjects, than repeating
the same battery of tests in reverse order. Again, they
found no loss of efficiency in speed of movement tests.
Nevertheless, the subjects all reported marked feelings of
fatigue. They advanced the hypothesis that fatigue is a
negative emotional appetite. As such, it is to be differen-
tiated from the physical phenomena of exhaustion, of which
it is a concommitant. As an emotion, in the broader sense,
fatigue is a.conscious,negative, motive to action. Fatigue
does not directly cause work decrement, but it raises the
threshold at which work motives are effective.

In 1949, Charmichael,3 and others, completed a study
of young men who had-been fatigued through lack;of sleep.
These men had been engaged in tracking and range-finding
activities and on ten mile hikes. Their tests showed no
work decrement although there were subjective feelings of

fatigue. They concluded that there was no performance

JChonard Charmichael, John Kennedy and Leonard Mead,
"Some Recent Approaches to the Experimental Study of Human
Fatigue," Proceeding: of the National Academy of Sciences,
36:691-96, December, 1949.

IO

decrement for tasks which require discrete and short time
periods for their execution. If the task is continuous and
of long duration it is likely that the first signs of a
physiological work decrement will be found in the subject's
desire to make himself do the task.

In 1953, a classic in the field of fatigue was pub-
lished in the form of a report on a Symposium on Fatigue
held in England.4 Several excellent papers on fatigue are
presented within this one publication.

In the publication, Symposium.on Fatigue, Davis5 talks
of fatigue in terms of responsiveness to "drives", for
example, the drive for food or water or the drives for
satisfaction and success. He says, "Frustration may be a
cause of a decline in responsiveness. If the worker proves
relatively unsuccessful in his work, the psychological
danger may seem to become more imminent; anticipation then
increases with consequent changes in his responses." Davis
studied these changes in behavior experimentally, by placing
subjects in situations which gained their interest but also
aroused in them.an anticipation of failure.’ At first, they

tended to become overactive, then gradually they experienced

 

4W.F. Floyd and A.T. Welford, editors, S m osium on
Fatigue, (London: H.K. Lewis and Company Ltd.,IéESI I93 pp.

5Russell Davis, "Satiation and Frustration as Deter-
minants of Fatigue," S m osium on Fati ue, Chap.l9 (H.K.
Lewis and Company Ltd., I953}, pp.I77-82

ll

a decline in responsiveness. Within one to three hours
they may become inactive or inert.

A.T. Welford, 6 the editor of Symposium on Fatigue
points out that many experiments have shown that the onset
of ordinary fatigue is not accompanied by a decrement of
activity. Effectiveness of the activity may remain the
same, or increase. He classifies fatigue into three cata-
gories, one of which he calls "disorganization of perflarmance".
This is the kind of organization found in highly skilled
work. Disorganization of performance occurs when the
higher organization of a task breaks down leaving the details
without coordination of “drive". This type of fatigue effect
appears especially in complex highly organized skills.

In the same publication,7 R.C. Brown says in regard
to fatigue, ”It is a fact that prolonged application to a
task produces symptoms in the subject and signs in the
performance. It is also clearly a fact that performance is
related to cnvironment,and that it shows a natural diurnal
and nocturnal rhythm. But it is a fiction that there is a
single entity called fatigue and that the search has only to
be long enough to find a single test for it."

6A.T. weirord, "The Psychologists Problem in
.Measuring Fatigue," Ibid., Chap. 20, p.183

7R.C. Browne, "Fatigue, Fact or Fiction?" Ibid.,
Chap. 15, p.141

12

Recovegy Studies UsinggTechniques Not Used in This
gtggy. In 1942, F012, Ivy and Barborka8 reported a study
on the influence of caffeine on recovery from fatigue.

Four subjects had caffeine injections after exercise and
before a ten minute rest period. They found a higher work
perfornance in two subjects and no change in the other two.
One important aspect of this study is the use of the double
work period. They gave the subjects an initial wark period
on the finger ergograph, then a recovery period and a re-
peat exercise bout on the finger ergograph. The subjects
worked as long as they could each time rather than having
any Specific number of exercises to complete or rate of
exercise to follow. A per cent of recovery was computed

by comparing the amount of work done during the post-
recovery bout with that done during the pro-recovery bout.
The authors concluded that this double work period method
of collecting data and making use of the per cent of reco-
very figures gave them data with smaller variability than
that collected from a single work period. It was from this
study that the present writer took the proceeduna of using
a double work period. (performance runs in swimming and

running.)

8E.Folz, A.C. Ivy and c.J. Barborka, ”The Use of
.Double Work Periods in the Study of Fatigue and the
Influence of Caffeine on Recovery." American Journal of
JPhysiology, 136:79-86, March, 1942.

13

In 1947, Cuthbertson and Knoxg studied the effects of
analeptics on fatigued subjects. They found that the oral
administration of fifteen mgs. of benzidrine or ten mgs. of
methedine increased the subject's capacity t: sustain a
given level of work on a bicycle or arm ergometer. Fifteen
mgs. of methedine diminished fatigue and discomfort on an
eighteen mile march after no sleep for twenty-four hours.
Some unfavorable signs and symptoms did occur among these
subjects. They concluded that these drugs should not be
given indiscriminately to large numbers of peeple because of
the wide range of individual responses.

In 1947, Newman10 reported on the effect of ampheta-
mine sulfate on the performance of normal and fatigued sub-
jects. He found that a dose of ten mgs. of amphetamine
sulfate given orally was incapable of improving performance
of a monotonous, skilled task for a short period of time
unless performance had been reduced by previously existing
fatigue. In fatigued subjects, who had gone sleepless for
thirty-six hours, he found significant restoration of per-
formance although not to the pro-fatigue level.

In 1948, Bergll reported recovery rates from.moderate

9D.R. Cuthbertson, and J.A.C. Knox,"The Effects of
.Analeptics on Fatigued Subjects,“ Journal of Physiology,
106:42-58, March, 1947.

“loflenry Newman, “The Effect of Amphetamine Sulfate on
Performance of Normal and Fatigued Subjects," Journal of
Enlarmacology and Experimental Therapeutics,e9:106, February.

1947.

11w.E. Berg, "Metabolic Recovery Rates From Exercise
After Alteration of Alkaline Reserves," American Journal of
iiiiysioiogy, 152:465-95, February, 1948.

14

exercise after alteration of the alkaline reserves. In one
subject the administration of twenty grams of NaH003 brought
about a twenty-three per cent increase in the rate of re—
covery from moderate exercise as measured by the amount of
carbon dioxide eliminated. On other subjects, Berg did not
get these results however, and he did not offer any statis-
tical analysis of any of his data.

Hoiiebrandtlz studied the influence of mecholyl and
histamine ion transfers in recovery from fatigue in 1949.
She used 310 ergographic experiments designed to test re-
covery from local muscular fatigue. Double periods of
exhausting, repetitive work were performed on the finger,
radio-ulnar and wrist ergographs. Experimental or control
measures were presented during a half-hour rest period
between exercise bOuts. She concluded that the administra-
tion of mecholyl chloride by ion transfer has a significant-
ly greater effect on recovery that histamine alone, sodium
chloride alone or plain rest. The magnitude of the recup—
erative effects of mecholyl approaches but does not reach
that of statistical significance.

‘r In 1949, Yostl3 studied the effects of 100 per cent

<3xygen inhalation on performance and recovery in swimming.

12F.A. Hellebrandt, and others. "The Influence of
Mecholyl and Histamine Ion Transfer on Recovery From Fatigue,"
Aygchives of Physical Medicine, 30:578-603. September, 1949.

. 13Mary Yost, "The Effect of 100 Per Cent Oxygen In-
halation on Performance and Recovery in Swim...ing," Unpub-
ldlshed Ph.D. Thesis, Ohio State University, 1949

13

A total of 283 tests were made on sixteen subjects for
performance and 397 tests made On twenty-two subjects for
recovery. The evidence showed no improvement in performance
_or speed of recovery from fatigue when 100 per cent oxygen
was inhaled.

Miller, Perdue, Teague and rerebee14 studied the
effects of administratinn of oxygen and oxygen rich mixtures
upon both performance and recovery. They found no faster
recoveryby administration of pure oxygen or oxygen rich

, air before exercise or during recovery. Their criteria
for recovery was in terms of heart rate, blood pressure,
blood lactate, endurance and subjective impressions.
Abdominal Cold Application Studies. The use of
cold applications to the abdominal region to promote recovery
from fatigue was first studied at the University of Iowa in
1949 by Tuttle, Wilson and Hepp.l5 They made use of ice
packs which were applied to the abdomen during recovery
between exercises on the bicycle ergometer. They took sever-
al physiological measures on the subjects and concluded that
recovery was facilitated by the cold applications. They
found a lowered oxygen requirement, an increase in the

resting systolic and diastolic blood pressure, and a lower

l4A.T. Miller and others, "Influence of Oxygen
.Administration on Cardiovascular Function During Exercise
and Recovery ," Journal of Applied Physiology ,5:165-68, 1952

15w.w. Tuttle, Marjorie Wilson and William Happ,
'TPhysiological Effects of Abdominal Cold Packs," Research

éiuarterly, 20:2:153-69, May, I944?
Ifq7

16

resting pulse rate. The pulse rate during recovery was
found to be significantly lower up to six minutes after
exercise.

Another cold application study was made at Iowa in
1952 by Rosen.16 His subjects were sixteen members of the
University of Iowa track team. He had them run repeat 440
yard dashes at maximum speed on two different days. On one
day the subjects moved around during the recovery period of
twenty minutes. 0n the other day they jogged for five min-
utes, had ten minutes of abdominal cold spray starting at
seventy—five degrees and lowering to forty-five degrees,
and then had five minutes to warm up for the second run.
‘Rosen found a significant difference at the five per cent
level in speeds of the seconi run time and in the fall off
in time of the second run. The differences were in favor
of the days on which the cold sprays were used. He conclud-
ed that although the abdominal cold sprays were advantageous
to same, they were of no advantage to others.

In 1956, another cold spray study was conducted at
the University of Iowa by Sills and O'Riley.17 They used
eigmteen students as subjects. The subjects warmed up and
then performed five ten-second bouts of running in place,

during which the steps were counted electrically. The sub-

__

15Me1vin Rosen, "Effects of Cold Abdominal Sprays on
3 Repeat Performance in the 440 Yard Run," Research guar -

5151 -£9+3+l53-69’ Ma L94f7
\z’ 23’ 9 My, [9,,»

lVEranklin Sills and Vernon O'Riley, "Comparative
Effects of Rest, Exercise and Cold Spray Upon Repeat Perfor-
m"aililces in Spot Running," Research Quarterly,27;2:217,May,1956

17

jects then rested for eight minutes, during which time they
lay supine, exercised or had an abdominal cold spray. After
the rest period they repeated the five, ten-second bouts

of running in place. They concluded that the repeat perfor-
mances were improved more by the cold sprays than.either by
rest or by moving about during the rest period. These
differences were statistically significant at the five per
cent level.

Studies on fatigue directly related to the present
§§gg1. In 1926, Lamb18 investigated the influence of radiant
heat, massage and galvanic current in stimulating recovery.
His subjects were tested on an ergograph for the flexor
muscles of the elbow joint. He theorized that the inability
of the muscle to contract was due to an accumulation of
lactic acid and that the ability of the muscle to do addit-
ional work after fatigue depended upon the freeing of the
acid substances from the muscle by oxidation, restoratinn
to its precursor or removal to other parts of the body by
circulation. He found that with a five minute massage the
muscle was able to perform eighteen per cent more work than
when the muscle was simply rested for the same length of
time. After a ten minute rest the muscle performed eighty-
two and two tenths per cent of its initial effort. Radiant
heat enabled the muscle to do 101.3 per cent or twenty-

eight and one-tenth per cent more than with plain rest.

18A.S. Lamb, "Localized Fatigue and Recovery," Ameri-
can Physical Education Review,31:9:lO44-53, November, I926.

18

Galvanism enabled the muscle to do 110.3 per cent or twenty-
eight and one-tenth per cent more than with plain rest. He
concluded that the removal of lactic acid from the muscle
was apparently hastened by all of these measures which in
‘ turn enabled the muscle to do more post recovery work than
during the initial exercise. He theorized that the massage
stimulated a more rapid removal of the waste products of
fatigue.

Jaraslov,lg in 1929. studied the effects of massage
‘on a single athlete after a strenuous run. He found that
with message the blood pH returned to normal sooner, the
output of 002 was greater and consumption of oxygen was
more during the first few minutes of recovery. The alkali
reserve, the blood pressure and the pulse rate return to
normal much faster with message. He concluded that message
is an important regulatory activity after strenuous exercise.

In 1930, Turner, Newton and Haynesgo reported a study
on circulatory reaction to gravity. They performed thirty-
five eXperiments on twenty young women by having them.stand
quietly in a can of water. They found that there was a

progressive increase in the volume of the legs to a point

lgMelka Jaraslav, "Vyznam Masaz pri Sportavnich
'Vyonech,' Bratislavske Lekavske Listy, 9(4):933-39, 1929

zoAbby H. Turner, ISabel Newton and Florence Haynes,
"The Circulatory Reaction to Gravity in Healthy Women,
Aggrican Journal of Physiolo , 94:3:507-20, September, 1930.

19

above the knees for a time period of about fifteen minutes.
This increase was due to the stagnation of the circulatory
fluid in the legs. The same experimenters also found
evidence of stagnation of blood in the abdominal region on
quiet standing of their subjects. They were able to lessen
this stagnation by bandaging for support.

In 1930, McCurdy21 studied recovery processes of .____i“_~
swimmers while in and out of the water. He wanted to find
out if swimmers recovered faster in terms of heart rate,
blood pressure, body temperature and gaseous metabolic
exchange if they simply remained at rest in the water. He
had ten subjects that were tested numerous times after a
250 yard swim. (He concluded that swimmers do recover
quicker in thewater than when out of the water lying on
a bench. He suggests that this is because of a lessened
resistance in the capillaries which results in more rapid
circulation of the blood. He noted an increase in the
oxygen consumption and the carbon dioxide production,
lower blood pressures, faster heart rate and higher venous
pressures when the subjects stayed in the water. He theor-
ized that since more oxygen was absorbed while in the water
the oxygen debt was being repaid more rapidly. There was

a possibility that these results were due to an increased

31Hugh McCurdy, "Comparison of Recovery Processes of
ESwimmers While In and Out of the Water," Unpublished Mas-
‘ters.Thesis, Wesleyan University, 1930, 92pp.

oxygen cost due to the cold water temperature rather than

to a greater repayment of oxygen debt. The water temperature
in this case was about ten degrees colder than the tempera-
ture in the pool room.

In 1933, Grillzz investigated the volume changes in
the extremities during and after exercise. He studied these
volume changes by means of a plethysmograph. He found that
during exercise the volume of the extremities at first
decreases. During continuous exercise the initial decrease
is followed by a gradual increase. In long intensive work
this may lead to an overcompensation of the initial decrease.
Immediately after exercise the volume of the extremities
increases. This indicates a pooling of the venous blood
in the extremities.

hiarschalmg5 in 1933 conducted an experiment in which
he compared active and passive recuperation from exercise.

He had two subjects perform repeated bouts of ergographic
work separated by pauses of twenty to thirty seconds.
During passive recuperation, both extremities were at rest.

\“During active recuperation, either epsilateral or contra-

 

ZZClaes Grill, "PlethysmoprOprOphische Unterchungen
Uber des Arm.Und Bien Volumen Warend Und Nach der Arbeit
der Extremitaten Beluchten," Skandanavian Archives of Phys-
iology, 67:1-35, 1933

25MtE. Marschak, ”Experietelle Unterchungen Uber der
Einfluss der Aktiven Erholung aus die Arbeits Fahigkeit des
Menshen," Arbeitsphysiologie, 6:645, 1933

21

lateral extremities performed light, ryhthmic exercise.

When the rest period was utilized for severe exercise there
was a diminution of subsequent performance. With the light,
rhythmical exercises he found that more total work was accom-
plished. He concluded that so-called active recuperation was
more beneficial than passive recuperation.

In 1934, Progen and Dextera4 measured the venous flow
of blood during and after exercise by inserting a needle into
the veins. They found that the velocity of the blood flow-
ing in the superficial and the deep veins behaves antagon-
istically with exercise. The flow in the deep veins becomes
more rapid while the flow in the superficial veins becomes
slower than while at rest. They also found that in the
veins of the arms the velocity of the blood flow is slower
with the arms elevated and more rapid with the arms hanging
down than when they are held horizontally. They explain
‘this by suggesting that the distension of the elastic
'vessels caused by the weight of the column of blood gives
inore peripheral resistance while the arm is hanging down and
‘thus the faster flow and greater volume.

Newman and others25 studied the rate of lactic acid
I'I'Jmoval after exercise under various conditions of rest and

exercise in 1937. It is commonly accepted that the accumu-

 

 

2‘4‘=S.H. Progen and L. Dexter, "Continuous Measurement
01? Venous Blood Flow," American Journal of Physiology, 109
Whose-92, May, 1934 '

25am. Newman, and others, "The Rate of Lactic Acid
Riaztioval in Exercise ," American Journal of Physiology,118:
4=53'7-exa. March, 1937

lation of lactic acid during severe exercise is an indicat-
or of fatigue, so the rate of removal of lactic acid during
recovery should be a good indicator of the speed of the
recovery. These investigators had three subjects who en-
gaged in a near exhaustive run on the treadmill, then went
through a forty-five minute recovery period. During the
recovery periods one subject rested, one walked at three ani
five-tenths miles per hour on the treadmill and the other
ran at seven miles per hour on the treadmill. Blood samples
were taken periodically so that recovery rates could be
traced for each subject in terms of lactic acid content of
the blood. They found that the blood lactate level in the
subject that ran at seven miles per hour returned to normal
in fifteen minutes. In the subject that walked on the tread-
mill, the blood lactate returned to normal in thirty-five
eminutes and in the subject that rested it was still above
normal at the end of forty-five minutes. The authors
interpret this increased rate of removal of lactic acid to
be due to two factors. One is an increase in the blood
:flow'proportional to the metabolic rate with more rapid
‘transfer of the lactic acid to the reactive centers. The
other is that some of the lactic acid may be used up as fuel
for additional work. They suggest that by exercising during
I'ecovery an economy might be effected in paying the oxygen
debt since conversion of lactic acid to glycogen is moderat-
°ly expensive. They state, "This expense is a part of the

Oxygen debt of anerobic work if payment is made during

23

complete rest. On the other hand if the debt is paid during
moderate work the eXpense of the resynthesis may be reduced
or eliminated."26 The authors feel that their preliminary
investigations have supported this theory but so far no
quantitative measures have been made. It is hOped that some
evidence to support or disprove this theory might result from
the present study.

In l948, Herxheimer27 found that the pulse rates of
four subjects returned to normal faster when the extremities
were compressed with bandages. His experiments with the
leg plethysmograph showed that leg volumes increase after
severe exercise. His explanation for this was the diminish-
ed venous return caused by peripheral vasodilation. The
heart adapts itself to the decreasing amount of blood by a
decrease in the size and the stroke volume falls. In regards
to his findings he states, "It can be regarded as certain
that such a vasodilation occurs from severe exercise. The
increased amount of lactic acid in the blood probably is

{responsible for the vasodilatiomm‘a8

 

27H. Herxheimer, "Hearth Rate in Recovery From Severe
Exercise,‘ Journal of Applied Physiology. l(4):279, 1949

28Ibid., p.283

24

In 1953. lkmnngway made an interesting comment to the
Symposium on Fatigue in London regarding blood flow after
exercise.

Since the supply of materials to the active tissues
must necessarily be carried through the blood, it is
natural to expect that limitations of blood supply
may set a limit to effort. Generally it is supposed
that muscular activity itself tends to ensure an
adequate blood supply. partly by ensuring a better
return of blood to the heart and therefore an increase
in heart output and partly by a local dilation of the
blood vessels. But. in some cases, side effects may
arise from muscular acti§§ty which may limit the blood
flow through the tissue.
He is referring primarily to muscular contraction stopping
the flow of circulating fluids.
In 1955, Zankel, Clark and Shipley30 investigated
the effect of posture and local pressure on venous Circula-
tion time of the leg. They found that leg elevation will
usually reduce circulation time and increase the velocity
of the deep venous flow. They also found that circulation
time could be reduced by sinusoidal stimulation of the calf
zmuscle, mechanical vibration and apglication of a cuff around
the calf.

Following this line of research further. the same

29A. Hemingway, "The Physiological Background of
Fatigue ," S m osium on Fati ue, (London, H.K. Lewis and
Company Ltd'L'E—W. 95 p.

50mm. Zankel, am. Chipley and 3.3. Clark, "Effect

of? Posture and Local Pressure on Venous Circulation Time of
{13% Leg." Archives of Physical Medicine. 36:226. April,

5 .

/

investigators compared the effectiveness of several tech-
niques in speeding up venous circulation time in the legs.31
These investigators made use of radio iodine as a tracer
substance in determining venous circulation time from the
foot to the groin. The techniques used in this study were,
application of an elastic bandage from the foot to the knee.
ultrasonic diathermy, ani histamine ion tephoresis. They
concluded that none of these techniques can be expected to
consistently increase the venous flow in the legs. _Th9§9

.____. p...
l.-

authors are of the Opinion that out of same tenidifferent

 

techniques that they have investigated in an effort to pro-
mote venous flow in the legs, simple elevation of the legs
gives the best and most consistent results.

Summary. One can see from the studies that have been
mentioned here that much study and many comments and theories
have been forthcoming on the various problems of fatigue and
recovery. The various studies on techniques of recovery
seem to offer but little encouragement in the search for
a sure and consistent method. The slow Jogging technique
employed by Newman and associates seems to‘ offer real
evidence of faster removal of blood lactate. However, they
were not able to show the effects of this jogging on oxygen
debt which is one of the most important criteria of recovery.

k

31H.T. Zankel. R.A. Chipley and 3.3. Clark. ”Effect
or Elastic Bandage, Ultrasonic Diathermy and Histamine Ion

Tophoresis on Venous Circulation Time of the Lower Extrem-
ties.” Archives of Physical Medicine. 37:11:706, September,

1957

26

The abdominal cold sprays and packs do seem to offer
good possibilities of promoting recovery and certainly these
methods deserve further study and use. It was not possible
to include the use of this technique in this study.

The only other consistently encouraging technique
seems to be in the promoting of venous return to the heart
by massage or elevation of the extremities. As shown by
Zankel and assiciates32 in their recent studies, elevation
of the legs offers the best method of achieving this. This
method was further investigated in the present study.

Further study along two of these lines was carried out
in the current investigation: namely the slow Jogging and
elevation of the extremities to promote venous return. This
offers a chance to corroborate or repudiate the effectiveness
of these techniques in terms of metabolic measures as well
as a post recovery run.

In addition, a technique for promoting recovery which
.has not previously been investigated was introduced. This
:is a psychological technique, based on the assumption of a
reorganization of the nervous system and the reaction of
"the whole individual, rather than on recovery from lactic

acid accumulation, oxygen debt or other forms of impairment.

52Loc. cit.

CHAPTER III
PROCEDURE AND METHODOLOGY
Part One

Part One of this study was conducted at Oklahonn State
University during the school year of 1957-58. Three sub-
jects participated in four experiments for this part of the
study. One subject participated in two experiments. Data
were collected during the entire school year. Subjects
were readily available from the undergraduate physical
education classes, however laboratory facilities were not
available for this part of the study. The criteria for
recovery in Part One was in terms of a repeat performance
test.

The experiment started in the fall with two swimmers.
One of the subjects, L.M. was a former Olympic swimmer for
the Union of South Africa and a former varsity swimmer for
the University of Oklahoma. His competitive event was the
backstroke but in this study he used the front crawl stroke.
The second subject, 3.3. was a student who liked to swim
and was a good swimmer but not of varsity or competitive
level. Neither subject had been swimming regularly for
some time prior to the start of tzis study. The two sub-

Jocts spent several days of swimming at the beginning of the

experiment to get into condition. After the data collect ion

atarted, each subject swam either two or three times a week
c1Opending upon scheduling feasability and the health of the

subject. Each subject made thirty-two experimental swims

28

using each recovery technique eight times. The subjects
swam two-hundred yards at maximum speed, had a ten minute
recovery period and then a repeat two-hundred yard swim at
maximum speed. The various recovery techniques were intro-
duced during the recovery periods in random order’and in
blocks of fear. The four experimmtal recovery techniques
were as follows; I. lying in a supine position at the side
of the pool, 2, legs and arms elevated while lying supine
at the side of the pool, 3, slow swimming of any stroke the
subject desired, 4, watching sound movies while lying in
a supine position.

Following is a typical trial run for one subject.
The subject reported to the pool, undressed and showered.
He warmed up for five minutes by slow swimming and calesth-
enics. His estimate of how he felt was recorded according
to a four point scale of poor, fair, good, or excellent.
.He was then instructed to swim ten lengths of the pool or
two-hundred yards at maximum speed using the front crawl
stroke. Lap times were given at the end of each forty yards

arm: the subjects were encouraged to step up the pace of the

early laps as the experiment progressed. At the end of the

tic-hundred yard swim one of the recovery techniques was
used during the ten minute recovery period. If technique
nvunber one was being used the subject climbed out of the
Penal and lay in a supine position on.some towels at the edge
or 'the pool. If technique number two was being used the

subject lay supine on some towels and placed his feet up

29

on the diving board whicn is about three feet high, and

his hands rested on a chair wnich was placed near his head.
If technique number three was being used he stayed in the
water and swam slowly up and down the pool using any stroke
that he wished. This was usually the elementary back or the
breast stroke. ,For technique number four, the subject
climbed from the pool and walked quickly to an adjoining
room where a sound movie projector was all set up and ready
to run. He laid in a supine position on some blankets on
the floor as soon as he reached the room and the movie was
started. The picture was projected high on the wall so that
it could be easily seen by the subject while lying down.

The movies were chosen to be of special interest to the
subjects. For example, one was on deep sea fishing, one

on basketball, one a musical snort, one on travel in the
Caribean Islands, etc. At exactly ten minutes after the
finish of the first swim, the subject was again asked to
express his estimate of how he felt accoring Us the four
point scale and he was again instructed to swim the ten
lengths at maximum speed. The lap times were given as during
the first swim.

The times for the first and seconi swims were re-
corded tn the nearest one-tenth of a second. Percentages
or recovery were computed by dividing the second swim time
into the first swim time and these recovery per cents were
Cowmared. However, it was decided to discard this compari-

SOntechnique in favor of a statistical analysis using

30

covariance to equalize all the first swim times for each
subject. It was the; possible to analyze and compare the
second swim times, knowing that the work done during the
first swim had been equalized for all trials. Using the
analysis of covariance technique, the F values were obtain-
ed for testing the difference between the means of the
second swim times for each recovery technique.

It was impossible to make any statistical analysis of
the reported feelings of the subjects since practically all
reports were good before the first swim and either good or
fair after the recovery period.

Section two of this part of the experiment was carried
out in the Spring semester with two runners. One was B.H.
the seconi swimming subject who volunteered to carry on
through the running eXperiment. The other subject,G.N. was
a physical education undergraduate student who had been a
distance runner in high school but was not active or compe-
ting in track in.college.

The procedure for this section of’the experiment was
very similar to that for the swimming., The subjects report?
ed to the track two or three times per week according to a
Prearranged schedule. They warmed up for five minutes by
JOgging and calesthenics, reported how they felt according
to the four point scale and made a half mile run at maximum
Speed. at the end of the run there was a ten minute recov—
er'il‘pezriod during which the four recovery techniques were

introduced in random order in blocks of four. Tie only

31

difference in the recovery techniques used in this section
was in technique number four. Tm inaccesability of a place
to snow movies made it impossible to use that particular
method, so the reading of an interesting book while lying

in a supine position was substituted to accomplish the same
purpose. The subjects chose books to read that they thought
would be particularly interesting to them.

After the ten minute recovery period the subjects
again reported their feelings and ran one half mile at
maximum Speed. Both run times were recorded to the nearest
second. The mean second run times for each recovery tech-
nique were compared by using the analysis of covariance to
equalize the first run times and to test the difference
between the means. The randomized block technique was used
in computing this covariance. A basic assumption of this
technique is that the four experimental techniques are
presented at random in blocks of four. This wOuld mean that
no technique would be repeated a second time until all four
had been given once, etc. Although all of these data do not
exactly fit this particular assumption, it does seem to be
close enough to justify the use of this technique for
analysis.

Part Two

Part Two of this study was conducted during the sum-
mer term of 1958 at Michigan State University. The same
rOur recovery techniques were tested, but in this part of

the study, physiological data were collected as well as

32

performance data. Two physical education graduate students
were the subjects for this part of the study. A third
subject started the experiment but was forced to drop out
about mid-way through due to personal reasons and his data
were not used.

Because of the similarity of the initials of the two
subjects that participated in Part Two, they will be referred
to by number. Subject 1 was a former varsity cross-country
runner. He had not been running regularly for several years
and he had been a graduate stuient at hichigan State Univer-
sity for two years prior to the start of this experiment.

Subject 2 had been a varsity athlete in high school
but not in college. He had been coaching in a high school
for the year prior to the start of this experiment and his
physical condition was only fair at the beginning of the
runs.

The subjects reported to the laboratory five to six
times per week for the runs during this experiment. is
nearly as possible the runs were made at the same time each
day but in some instances it was not possible to accomplish
this.

Following is a description of one day's run for or:
subject. Upon reporting to the laboratory the subject laid
down and:rested on a cot from five to ten minutes. During
this time oral temperature, room.termperature, relative
hunudity, barometric pressure and the subjects estimate of

khdw he felt were all taken and recorded. A five minute

resting collection of expired air was then taken in a
Douglas Bag by having the subject breath into a one way
valve which allowed him to inhale room air and forced his
expired air into the bag. This resting gas cellection was
made with the subject lying on a cot. During this time the
resting pulse rate was also taken.

The subject then made a five minute run on the tread-
mill. This was a standard work run which started at a slow
pace with no incline and ended at a faster pace and at an
incline of ten degrees. The treadmill speeds and incline
during this run were as follows; two minutes at six miles
per hour and no incline, one minute at six miles per hour
and five degrees incline, one minute at eight miles per
hour and five degrees incline and one minute at eight miles
per hour and ten degrees incline. During this run, loud
march music was played over an amplifying system. The
purpose of changing the speed and incline of the treadmill
and of the loud music was to aid in inducing fatigue by
introducing some uncertain and distracting elements to the
situation. The subjects were told that the speed and in—
oline of the treadmill would be changed periodically and
that they were to be ready to adjust to the changes. It was
:felt that these elements might serve to make this experimen-
tal situation more like that encountered by an athlete dur»
ing an actual contest. Since it was necessary to follow
‘the same routine in the changes of the treadmill to keep

the amount of work constant, the subjects undoubtedly did

get accustomed to this routine about midway through the
ex per iment .

During the five minute standard run the subject's
expired air was collected in a Douglas bag which was attach-
ed to a framework over the treadmill. At the close of the
standard run the subject switched immediately to another
mouthpiece and another Douglas bag to start gas collection
for the recovery period.

The fOur recovery techniques were administered as in
Part One of this study. A matress was placed beside the
treadmill upon which the subject laid for techniques one,
tun, and four. In technique two, the legs and arms were
elevated by placing a chair under the legs and also a chair
near the head for the arms to rest upon. In technique
number four, the movies were shown high on the wall so
that they could be seen while lying down. When technique
number three was being used the subject stayed on the tread—
mill and jogged slowly at five miles per hour and no incline.

Pulse rates were taken at the close of'the five
minute standard run, after five minutes of recovery, and
again after ten minutes of recovery. These pulse rates
‘were all taken for fifteen seconds and multiplied by four
‘to get the rate per minute. At the close of the ten minute
:Pecovery period the subject reported now he felt and got
'baek.on the treadmill to make an all out performance run
fit ten degrees incline and eight miles per hour. The sub-

‘Ject was instructed to stay on and run as long as he

35

possibly cOuld. There was no gas collection during this all
out run. The time of the all out run was taken WltL a stOp
watch fron the time of the first step on the treadmill until
the time that the subject stepped, jumped or was helped off
at the end of the run. The experimenter was stationed at
the rear of the treadmill to give assistance in getting off
if needed, but the subjects were usually able to graSp the
framework over the treadmill and step off without being
helped. They were encouraged to stay on as long as possible
and both subjects seemed highly motivated throughout the
whole experiment to try to better their previous best time
each day. The time that they had been on the treadmill dur-
ing this all out run was called out to them every thirty
seconds.

Each subject made a total of thirty-two runs on the
treadmill with each of the experimental recovery techniques
being used eight times. The recovery techniques were used
in a randOm order and as nearly as possible in blocks of
fOur, although this could not always be accomplished. This
method of introducing the techniques helps to eliminate
the effects of training when comparing the four techniques
.for their relative effectiveness, and also makes the data
Eicceptable for the randomized block statistical treatment.

After the subject had finished the all out run, tn:
gas that had been collected in Douglas bags during the
En?e-exercise resting period, the standard run, and the first

Emmi second five minute recOVery periods was analyzed for

oxygen and carbon dioxide content and metered for volume.
The oxygen percentages were determdned by passing a sample
of the gas directly from the Douglas bag through a Beckman
E-Z Oxygen analyzer. The readings of this oxygen analyzer
were considered very accurate as the instrument was check-
ed before the data collection began against several gas
samples that had been analyzed by an echrienced Operator
on the Haldane apparatus. Two out of three of these checks
were within .Obfi of each other and the other was only
slightly larger. The Beckman Oxygen Analyzer was calibrated
for zero point and span each day during the experiment with
commercial nitrogen and outside air. The manufacturers
claim an accuracey of 0.025% oxygen for this analyzer when
prOperly calibrated.

Three gas samples from each Douglas bag were collected
over mercury in sample bottles to be analyzed for carbon
dioxide content. These analyses were made on the Haldane
.Apparatus following the procedure suggested in Metabolic
Methods.1 Two of the samples were analyzed in all cases.
If’they came within a range of one-tenth of one per cent
«carbon-dioxide of each other the third sanple was not
<1hecked. If the difference was greater than this a third
Sangfle was analyzed.

After the gas samples had been removed from the

_‘ lFrank Consalazzio, Robert Johnscn and Evelyn Marek,
leetabolic Methods, (St. Louis, C.V. Liosby Company, 1951),
P. ;16

 

Douglas bags the gas was metered out through a Precission
Wet Test Meter. This meter was manufactured by the Precise-
ion Scientific Company of Chicago, Illinois and it had been
previously calibrated in the laboratory. The gas was drawn
through the meter with a vacuum pump at a very slow rate of
speed so as not to affect the accuracy of the readings.
Corrections were made in the gas volumes for the amounts
taken out for oxygen and carbon dioxide analyses. The
volume of expired air for each of the periods; resting,
five minute standard work, and two five minute recovery
periods were entered on a metabolic calculation sheet as
pulmonary ventilation. The respiratory quotient and the
true oxygen were found using the line charts in the book,
Metabolic methoda.2»3

The rate of oxygen debt repayment was found by sub-
tracting the total amount of oxygen used during the ten
:ninute recovery period from an amount that would be used in
‘the equivalent time in a resting position. This was record-
ed.in.liters per minute. This technique of finding the
aunount of oxygen debt repayment COULd not be used with re-
<3overy technique number three or slow jogging since there was
In) similar control measure to compare it with. In order to
cc>mpare oxygen debt repayments for this technique a ten

Iniaiute control run to give the normal oxygen intake in ten

\

21bid. p.334
3Ibid. Insiie back cover

38

Minutes of slow jogging was needed. These control runs were
made during the last two days of data collection and the
figures obtained used to compute oxygen debt repayments for
the eight runs involving the slow jogging recovery technique.
Each subject made two control runs at times apart from the
regular eXperimental runs on.two consecutive days. The
figures obtained for each subject on these control runs were
very consistent. The average figures from the two control
runs were used in each case.

A further correction was necessary in order to make
these control oxygen debt figures comparable to the experi-
mental ones. This was the addition of a factor to correct
for the fact that the control runs were made from a resting
state while the recovery jogs were made after a five minute
.run which had served as a warm up and as such resulted in
the accumulation of a certain amount of oxygen debt. The
.rigure of two and eight-hundredths liters was chosen as this
«correction factor. It was obtained from Noltie's study4
vunich was reported in Symposium.on Fatiggg. Noltie collected
«:xygen consumption figures on two subjects while they warmed
Um; by jogging. The average oxygen debt accumulations for the
warm ups were two liters for one subject and two and seven-

teen hundredths for the other. A mid-point between these

4H.R. Noltie. "A Factor on Postponing the Onset of

Fatulgue," S m osium on Fati ue. Chap.9, (London, H.K. Lewis
and Company EEK” 1353} p37.

39

figures or two and eight-hundredths was chosen to be used
with the data in this study to try to make the oxygen debt
figures for the slow jog recoveries comparable to those of
the other recovery techniques.

The data for Part Two of this study were treated
statistically by making use of the analysis of variance and
the randomized block technique. As previously mentioned, it
was not possible to alternate the techniques according to
strict randomized block specifications, but it was reasonably
close and should be amenable to this type of treatment.
.Making use of the randomized block design and the analysis
of variance technique, it was possible to eliminate statist-
ically, the effects of training upon the subjects.

The mean oxygen debt repayment and the mean all out
:run time for the eight runs of each technique were compared
\Jsing the analysis of variance. If significant F values were
:found in the analysis of variance, a Duncan Multiple Range
Tost5 was utilized to test these differences and determine
Illich techniques were significantly different from the others.

In order to determine if there were any significant
relationships between any of the recorded factors such as
temperature, humidity, hours sleep, pulse rate, respiratory
quxrtient, etc. and oxygen debt or all out run time; correla-
t143n.coefficients were computed. These coefficients serve

‘

5David Duncan, "Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests,"
Liomotrics, Vol.119:lO, March, 1955.

40

to show if any of these factors might be of value in predict-
ing the all out run time or the oxygen debt repayment.

The results of the various statistical analyses on
the data of this study are presented in the following chap-

ter 0

CHAPTER IV
RESULTS
Part One

The analysis of covariance results for the two swim-
ming subjects are shown in Tables I and III. A comparison
of the means of the second swim times is shown in tables
II and IV.

Subject B.H., who was an average swimmer had relativ-
ely slow second swim times throughout the experiment, with
not a great deal of variation between his best and his poor-
est times. His second swim times generally showed an in-
crease of from twenty to thirty seconds over his first
swim time ,and the subject was obviously very tierd at the
end of the second swim. The analysis of covariance for the
swim times of B.H. is shown in Table I. The F value of 2.02
indicates no significant difference between the four tech-
niques in this subject. Table II shows that technique IV
produced the best mean second run time.

Subject L.M. a former varsity and olympic swimmer
had much better tines on both first and second swims. His
second swim times generally were from ten to fifteen seconds
slower than his first swim times. However on a few occasions
on the second swim he was able to equal or better the first
Swim time. These results indicate both more natural swim-
ming skill and speed, and better condition than subject B.H.
The analysis of cOvariance for L.M. shown in Table III, re-

sulted in an F value of 1.37, which indicates no significant

42

difference between the four recovery techniques. Table IV
shows that technique II resulted in the best mean second
swim time for subject L.M.

TABLE I

FIRST (X) AND SECOND (Y) 200 YARD SWIM TIMES OF B.H. ON
4 RECOVERY TECHNIQUES. COVARIANCE IN RANDOMIZED BLOCKS.

 

 

eviations from Regression

Sega” at 2x1 zxv g1?- “"ng s.s. p.57"
‘0 0. 7 .80 13.0

Repl. 7 747.06 626.10 840.03
Treat. 3 269.92 64.61 289.43

 

 

 

Error 21 1313.59 22.09 883.59 20 883.22 44.16
T.+-E. 24 1583.51 86.70 1173.02 23 1169.27
Treatment adjusted 3 268.05 89.35
:.2
TABLE II

UNADJUSTED MhANS OF SECOND 200 YARD SWIM
TIMES FOR B.B. FOR EACH RECOVERY TECHNIQUE

 

 

*Treatment IV II III I
*Time Iss0.) 3:4lz6 I3?45:4 3:47:2 3:49:85

 

-Times connected by an underscored line are not
significantly different from each other.

TABLE III

FIRST (X) AND SECOND (Y) 200 YARD SWIM TIRES OF L.M. ON
4 RECOVERY TECHNIQUES. COVARIaNCE IN RANDOMIZED BLOCKS.

Devia ion 29m egression
TSource df zx‘ §XY 1.1" , df 3.3. 11.8.
'0 al 51 49 . .59 4 . 0 ,
Repi. 7 277.95 115.21 105.07
Treat. 5 1.59 -11.22 77.40
Error 21 214.08 -51.10 551.05 2% 356.80 17.84

2

5

Beatment adjusted 75.72 24.57

 

 

F31. 77

TABLE I ‘7,

UNADJLTS'IbD LJMLLJS Ci? SECOLD 200 YARD SWIM
Titles FOL-i 13.1.1. FOR EACH RECOVERY TECHNIQUE

 

 

 

Weatment II III I IV
T'i‘n'ie—(secJ 2:26:11 2:E:6 229:6 2:31:2

"TImes connected—by an underscored line are not
significantly different from each other.

 

The analyses of covariance for the repeat one half
mile runs are shown in tables V and VII. The comparison of
the means of the second runs for each subject are shown in
Tables VI and VIII.

Subject B.H. who participated in the swimming exper-
iment in the fall went into the running eXperiment in the
Spring. He was only a fair runner with no varsity or comp-
etitive eXperience in either high school or college track.
.Ee was primarily interested in some form of regular eXercise
to keep in good physical condition. The analysis of covar-
:Lance for his run times is shown in Table V. His second run
time was generally as least fifteen seconds slower than his
first run time. In this case the F value is 12.72, which
iridicates a significant difference at the one per cent level.
Tulis difference lies primarily in technique III, after which
tflae second run times were significantly slower or greater.
Table VI shows this difference between the adjusted means

according to the Duncan Multip1e__R__a__n_ge Test: It also shows

-----.... -_—--r"- g" '

 

‘

lDuncan, loc. cit.

44

that technique IV gave the best mean second run time for
this subject although they we;e not significantly better
than II or 1.

Subject G.N. had been a varsity middle distance
runner in high school but was not out for track in college.
His first run times were generally fifteen to twenty seconds
faster than his second runs. Table VII shows the analysis
of covariance for his run times. The F value of 1.21 indi-
cates no significant difference between recovery techniques
for this subject. Table VIII shows that technique II gave
the best mean second run time for this subject.

TABLE V

FIRST (x) AND SECOND (Y) 5 MILE RUN TIMES OF B.H. ON FOUR
RECOVERY TECHNIQUES. COVARIANCE IN RANDOLIZED BLOCKS.

 

 

 

Deviation‘from.RegresEIon
Source df 2X1 :XY :v‘ i df s.s. 1.1.3.
Total 31 2172.5 935.2 I972.0
.Repl. 7 748.0 114.7 347.8
Treat. 3 756.3 822.2 1288.5
;Error 21 688.2 -1.7 395.7 20 395.7 19.78
fT:+E. 24 1429.5 820.5 1624.2 23 1151.6
{Treatment adjusted 3 755.9 251.70

 

 

 

F=I2.72 Sig. at 5% level

TABLE VI

ADJUSTED mEANS OF SECOI:I>% NILE RUN TIMES
FOR B.H. FOR EACh RECOVERY TECHNIQUE.

 

 

 

 
 

‘TFeatment qfir” 11 TI fir—'1
'Time—Isecij3 WI7 53 3:1 :49 3: 3: 8 : :

 

 

 

Times connected by an underscored line are not
significantly different from each other.

TABLE VII

FIRST (X) AND SECOND (Y) § MILE RUN TIMES OF G.N. ON
4 RECOVERY TECHNIQUES. COVARIANCE IN RANDOMIZED BLOCKS.

 

_._‘
r

 

Deviation from Regression

Source (11‘ 2x?- ZXY 2Y1,“ s.s. M.S.
I3?EI"'§I“IIESJ7§"557755"I73Iido

Repl. 7 481.97 52.40 557.25
Treat. 5 270.55 -11.22 47.87

Error 21 416.75 226.72 1345.88 20 1122.44 56.12
TctE. 24 686.75 215.50 1393.75 23 1326.44
Treatment Adjusted 3 204.00 68.00

 

 

131.21 Not signiffiant

TABLE VIII

ADJUSTED MEANS OF SECOLD % MILE RUN TIMES
FOR G.N. FOR EACH OF 4 RECOVERY TECHNIQUES

 

 

Treatment II III; IV I
Time (sec.) 2:52:26 2:54:77 2:56:37 2:57:93

 

Times connected’by an underscored Iine are not
significantly different from each other.

All subjects in Part One indicated that they felt more
like starting out on a second swim or run if they had been
moving around during the recovery period rather than lying
down. However, the results show no improvement in performance
after technique III. slow movement, had been used. 0n the
contrary, in one case. B.H. running, there was significantly
poorer performance after the use of the slow jog recovery

technique.

Part Two

The criteria for recovery used in this part of the
study were time of an all out treadmill run after the recov-
ery period and the amount of oxygen debt repaid during the
recovery period.

The results of the analysis of variance on the all out
run times for subject 1 are shown in Table IX. The F value
of 9.615 indicates a significant variation in the run times
due to training. This would be an expected variance due to
the strenuous character of the treadmill runs which were
made on a daily basis. However these training effects were
held constant in computing the F between recovery techniques.
The F value for the variance between recovery techniques was
3.179 which is significant at the five per cent level.

TABLE IX

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE BETWEEN MEAN ALL OUT RUN
TIMES AFTER 4 RECOVERY TEChNIQUES. SUBJECT l

 

 

 

 

 

Source df s.s.. M.S. F
To tal 3:1 1mg 4

Training 7 95758 13679 9.613‘*

Treatment 3 13581 4527 3.179*

Error 21 29906 1424

 

 

** Sig. at 1% level * SIg. at 5% levél

Table I shows the mean all out run times for each
recovery technique. They are arranged in order from the
least or poorest on the left to the greatest or best on the

right. According to the Duncan Multiple Range Test.2

 

zDuncan, Loc.Cit.

r: 1
4'

lines are used to underscore and connect those means which
are not significantly different from.one another. In this
case the mean of technique II is significantly poorer than
the means of III and IV.

TABLE X

DIFFEREJCE 0F nuns or ALL our RUN TIMES arms
4 RECOVERY TECHNIQUES. SUBJA'CT 1. 5% LEVEL

 

1
_ '-

 

 

 

 

Treatment II I III IV
Time (sec.) 218 235 265 269*

 

 

Means connectedfby an underscored line are not
significantly different from each other.

The results of the analysis of variance of all out
run times for subject 2 are shown in Table XI. It shows a
significant variation in run times due to training but no

significant difference between recovery techniques.

TABLE XI

ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE BETWEEN MEaN ALL OUT RUN
TILES AFTER 4 RECOVERY TECHNIQUES. SUBJECT 2.

 

 

 

 

Source df S.S M.S. F
Total SIS E18565

Training 7 15297 2185 21.08**
Treatment 3 581 191 1.84
Error 21 2185 104

 

II‘Sig. at 1% level
Table XII shows the means of all out run times of
subject 2 in order of their ranking. Technique III has the
greatest and therefore the best mean all out run time for

tn1 8 subject .

TABLE XII
DIEFEREKCE CE AEANS OF ALL OUT RUN TILES
AFTER 4 RECOVERY TECHEIQUES. SUBJECT 2.

 

 

 

 

Treatment I IV II III
Time 9sec.) 93' 99.57 I04 I04.22I

 

 

Times connectEd by an underscored lIfie are not
significantly different from each other.

Table XIII shows the analysis of variance between the
oxygen debt repayments during the four recovery techniques
for subject 1. In this case there is no significant variance
due to training but a highly significant (F232.98) variance
between recovery techniques. Table XIV shows that this
variance lies between technique III and the others. This
indicates that significantly less oxygen debt was repaid dur-
ing the use of technique III than when the other techniques
were used.

TABLE XIII

ANALYSIS OF VAJIANCE BETWEEN LEAN OXIJES BELT REIAYMENT
FOR SUBJLCE l DURIJ} EnJJ OE 4 RECOVERY TECHNIQUES.

 

 

 

Source df S.S. M.S. F
TEtal ‘SII’ 97:7:

Training 7 7.02 1.00 1.29
Treatment 3 76.51 25.50 32.98**
Error 21 16.23 .773

 

 

"Significant at 1% level

CABLE XIV

DIFFERENCE OF MEANS OF OXYGEN DEBT REBAYMENT
AFTER EACH 0F 4 RECOVERY TECHNIQUES. SUBJECT l

 

 

Treatment III IV I II *
Kean (iffirsr .016 2.12 K69 3.88

* IV. I, and II’are sIgnITIcantly—different
from III at the 1% level.

 

The results of the analysis of variance for subject
2 on oxygen debt repayment during the various recovery tech- .
niques are shown in Table XV. The variance due to training
(lel.49) is significant at the 1% level. Table XVI snows
that the variance lies in the difference between technique
III and the other three techniques. In this case, instead
of having.repaid the oxygen debt during the recovery period,
there was a slight increase in oxygen debt during the use of
technique III. This is indicated by the mean value of -1.61
.liters of oxygen.

TABLE XV

.ANALYSIS OF VARIANCE BETWEEN MEnN OAYGEN DEBT REPAYMENTS
JFOR SUBJECT 2 DURING EACH OF 4 RECOVERY TECHNIQUES.

 

 

 

Source df S.S. M.S. F
Tdtal 51 ecfia

Training 7 39.00 5.56 ll.49**
Treatment 3 191.73 63.911 17.75*
Error 21 75.64 3.60

 

 

*‘Sig. at 1% level * SIg. at 5%”Ievel

5C

TABLE XVI

DIFFERENCE 0F LEANS 0F OXYGEN DEBT immmzmvrs AFTER
EACH OF 4 RECOVERY TECHNIQUES. Subject 2. 5% LEVEL

 

 

 

Treatment III II IV I
Bean (liters? 4I.61 3.35 3.85 4.49 *

 

 

*II, IV and I’are sIgnifIEantIy dITTerent from III

TABLE XVII
SUMMARY OF RANKINGS OF 4 RECOVERY TECHNIQUES ON ALL SUBJECTS

 

 

 

 

RANK Treatment Number
regardless of
significance I _; III IV
1 1 3 1 3
2 l 3 3 l
3 3 l 1 3
4 3 l 3 1

 

Table XVII shows the number of times that each re-
covery technique ranked first, second, third or fourth in
terms of relative effectiveness when the data for all sub-
jects in Parts One and Two were combined. This table indi-
cates that technique II, which ranked first three times and
second three times was the most effective of the recovery
'techniques used in this study. The statistical significance.
if any,of‘the various rankings was not considered in Table
.XVIJL

Table XVIII shows a summary of the correlations of the
*marious data that were noted and recorded during Part Two of

the study with the oxygen debt repayments and the all out

51

run time e.
TABLE XVIII

SUMMARY OF CORRELATIONS BETWEEN SEVERAL VARIABLES
AND ALL OUT HJN TIME AND OXYGM DEBT REPAYMENT.

 

 

 

variable r
Subject 1 Subject 2

All out 02 debt All out 02 debt

run time re aid run time repaid
Air temperature -.UUS «12 43.225 4.01
Relative humidity -.09 -.154 +.179 +.11
Barometric pressure --.03 +.03 -.162 ~58"
Body temperature --.24 +.62** -.10 -.089
Hours sleep 438? +.23 4338* 1'.0.'L'7
Resting R.Q. *.177 -.169 +.2es +.14
Second Recovery R.Q. tss +.17 +.s49* +.4z‘
Resting Pulse -.043 -.015 -.14 43148
Pulse after exercise +.21. ~45?“ -.175 ~55”
Pulse 10" inn" ex. -.198 uses” +.oes -.76**
Oxygen debt repayment -.183 ------ -.20'7 -----

 

"‘ Sig. at 5% level. ** Sig. at 1% level

Table XVIX shows the correlations of second recovery
R.Q. and pulse rate after exercise with all out run time and
oxygen debt repayment with training effects removed. The
training effects were removed by a blocking technique which
reduced the number of degrees of freedom to seven and there-
for. none of these correlations can be called statistically
Significant. However,the correlations between pulse rate
after exercise and oxygen debt repayment approaches statis-

tical significance at the 5% level in both subjects.

(N
t 0

TABLE XVIX

CORRELATIONS OF‘CERTAIN VARIABLES
WITH TRAINING EFFECTS REEOVED.

 

Variable r
Subject 1 Subject 2
all out 02 debt all out 02 debt
run time repaid run time repaid

Second Recovery R.Q. -.074 *.396 -.28 +.35
Pulse after exercise +.550 -.625 -.056 -.c41

 

.66 is sig. at 5% 13§el

CHAPTER V
DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
Part One

There was only one instance of a significant differ-
ence found between the various recovery techniques in Part
One. This was found in the analysis of the data for the one-
half mile run times of S.H. which showed the second run
times after technique III to be significantly slower than the
times after the other three techniques. This is likely to
be a chance significance since the same subject participated
in the swimming eXperiment, in which case the same technique,
number III, gave the second best results of all the teen—
niques. There is also a possibility that there may be a
difference in the effectiveness of the same technique on the
same individual in different activities. For example, here
the subject was recovering one time by swimming slowly and
at another time by slow jogging. It is possible that there
are effects from being in the water apart from the effects
of the slow swimming. On the other hand it may be that some
techniques are somewhat consistent within the indivimial from
one activity to another, but vary from one person to another.
For example, in these data, S.H. had the best performances
in both swimming and running after the administration of
tecnnique IV. However there is no other evidence in this
shady to warrant this conclusion.

There seems to be no trend established in this per-

formance data of Part One whereby one could say that any of

54

these recovery techniques:is superior or inferior to the
others.
Part Two

analysis of the performance data in Part Two shows
significant differences between recovery techniques in one
subject and no difference in the other. As shown in Table
X, subject I had a significantly poorer time in the all out
run after technique number II had been used. This difference
was significant only in comparison with techniques III and IV.
However, this does seem to indicate a real difference with
this subject and indicates that there was something taking
place during the use of this recovery technique which was
having an.adverse effect on the subsequent performamae runs.

Both subjects showed statistically significant var-
iance during the thirty~two runs due to training. This would
be expected due to the strenuous nature of the daily runs
and the fact that neither subject was in t0p condition at the
start of the runs.

The oxygen debt figures show one consistent signif-
icant difference. This is in technique III, which in both
subjects resulted in a smaller repayment of oxygen debt.

On the face of the matter, this would seem logical. That is,
one would not eXpect a rapid repayment of oxygen debt while

continuing to work. However, Newman and his associates1

found that the lactic acid was removed from the blood about

lNewman, Loc. cit.

()1
01

three times faster when his subjects jogged at seven miles
per hour than when they rested. Theoretically, there should
be some relationship between the amount of oxygen debt and
the amount of lactic acid accumulation.

There are several factors which may serve in part to
explain this apparent discrepancy. The length and amount of
initial work done is one factor. Newman's subjects ran to
near exhaustion at 18.8 Km/hr and at a twelve per cent grade.
The subjects in this study made a five minute standard run
starting on the level at six miles per hour and gradually
speeding up to eight miles per hour and changing to an
incline of ten degrees.. The intensity of the exercise in
Newman's subjects then, was greater, but the length of the
exercise was shorter. The intensity of the exercise plays
an important part in determining the amount of lactic acid
accumukition. According to Margaria and his co-workersz
no increase in lactic acid appears in the blood until a work
output of about two-thirds maximum is reached. From two to
four liters of oxygen debt can be accumulated with no cone
current lactic acid build up in the blood. They call this
the "alactacide oxygen debt”. after this point is reached
the lactic acid is being released faster than it can be
resynthesized in the muscles and it diffuses into the blood

stream This allows for the accumulation of additional oxygen

23. Margaria, H.T. Edwards and 13.3. Dill, "Oxygen Debt
and Lactic Acid in Muscular Contraction,” American Journal

of Physiology, 106:713, 1933

debt which they refer to as the "lactacide" oxygen debt.
Only peOple exercising very strenuously reach this anerobic
state of work which produces the lactacide oxygen debt.

It is known that both subjects in this study accumu-
lated oxygen debts of from three to five liters because
these were the average amounts paid off during the ten min-
ute recovery periods. The alactacide oxygen debt of from
two to three liters is generally paid off rapidly in the
first two or three minutes of recovery according to Margaria
and his coworkers.3 This would indicate that the subjects
in this study did accumulate some lactacide oxygen debt and
had lactic acid accumulation in the blood. However, the
level of lactic acid accumulation in these subjects is un-
known. It was undoubtedly greater in subject 2 who was in
poorer condition and who generally showed a greater oxygen
debt repayment during recovery. It is quite possible that
there was not a great deal of lactic acid accumulation in
the blood of subject 2, particularly after the first eight
to ten runs, as he adjusted to the work very quickly and was
in better condition at the start.

So it is possible that Newman's subjects reached a
higher lactic acid accumulation with their higher intensity
of work. Thus, they had to pay off more lactacide oxygen
which involves a different mechanism than that of paying off

the alactacide debt.

31bid. p. 707

57

Another factor which makes it difficult to compare
the results between the lactic acid figures and the oxygen
debt figures of this study is that it takes from two to
eight minutes to reach the point of maximum lactic acid
accumulation in the blood.4 The subjects in Newman's study
rested for five minutes after their exercise, then had a
blood sample drawn before they started their slow jog. The
subjects in this study started the slow jog within thirty
seconds after the end of the standard five minute run.
Actually then, the recovery periods of the two studies are
almost entirely different. Trus, it is possible that if
the oxygen debt repayment of the subjects in this study
could have been followed during the slow jog,recovery tech-
nique for a period of from thirty to forty minutes as in
Newman's study the results might have been more closely
parallel. .

Regardless of all these various factors which make
it difficult to compare the results of the two studies, the
fact remains that in this study one subject contracted
additional oxygen debt and the other failed to repay any
substantial amount during the ten minute recovery jogs.

It :is difficult to reconcile these figures with those of
Newman which show an increased removal of lactic acid from
the blood during a recovery jog of approximately the same

Speed. While the results of these two studies may not be

 

4Loc. Cit.

in direct conflict, it is certain that further study needs
to be made along these lines to clear up some of the ques-
tions that have arisen.

Subject 2 showed a significant variance in his oxygen
debt repayments due to training which the other subject did
not show. A probable explanation of this difference lies in
the relative condition of the two subjects at the start of
the runs. Subject 1 was in much better condition as indicat-
ed by the all out run times, and he was also an experienced
runner.

There was no relaticnship whatever, in the subjects of
this study between repayment of oxygen debt during recovery
and the time of the all out runs after recovery. This
points out again the difficulty of trying to predict human
performnce on the basis of physiological measures alone.

In Table.XVIII, it can be seen that there are very
few factors which were significantly related to all out run
time or oxygen debt repayment. The -.58 correlation for
subject 2 between oxygen debt repayment and barometric
pressure and the +.62 correlation for subject 1 between
oxygen debt repayment and body temperature were probably
chance relationships.

One relationship which showed a tendency to be con-
sistent is that between second recovery R.Q. and both oxygen
debt repayment and all out run time in both subjects. How-
ever, when training effects are eliminated from this relation-

ship, as can be seen in Table XVIX, the correlations change.

Although there are still fair positive correlations between
second recovery R.Q. and oxygen debt repayment, they are no
longer statistically significant due to the reduced number
of degrees of freedom, The relationships between second
recovery R.Q. and all out run time both change to negative
when training effects are removed. This is what would be
expected since a lower R.Q. should be an indication of
better or faster recovery. These relationships however,
are too small to be considered of any significance.

The pulse rate after exercise also follows a pattern
of consistent relationship with oxygen debt repayment and
all out run time in both subjects. This relationship can
be seen in Table XVIII. These oxygen debt correlations are
negative and are consistent with the theory that the lower
the pulse rate at the end of an exercise, the more efficient-
ly the heart is working and therefore the greater will be
the amount of recovery. These relationships continue to
hold after the training effects are remhved as can be seen
in Table XVII. Both of these correlations (-.62, -.64)
approach the 570 level of statistical significance. This
would indicate that the pulse rate after exercise should be
a good indicator of the amount of oxygen debt that will be
repaid during a ten minute recovery period. The correlations
between pulse rate after exercise and all out run time
become inconsistent and of no significance when training
effects are removed. The pulse rate after exercise then,

can not be considered of any value in predicting post

60

recovery performance.

The pulse rates ten minutes after exercise are more
highly related in both subjects to the amount of oxygen debt
repayment than the pulse rate immediately after exercise.
However, this is only natural that a higher pulse rate be
found during the use of the slow jog technique than in the
other techniques where the subject is merely lying and
resting. Since the slow jOg technique also had the least
amount of oxygen debt repayment this would tend to throw
doubt on the significance of this relationship. From these
figures, the pulse rate ten minutes after exercise could
not be considered as a good predictor of performance after
recovery.

The pulse rate immediately after exercise does seem to
offer some possibility as a predictor of recovery from oxy-
gen debt however, and this figure is not affected by the
jogging during recovery. It also proved to be stable
when the training effects were removed from the relationship.

analysis of the effect of each technique. Technique
1, which was lying quietly in a supine position was included
in this study as a control technique. It was felt that the
other techniques should prove to be significantly superior
to this technique if they were to be of any practical value
to coaches and athletes. This technique did not prove to
be significantly superior or inferior to any of the other
techniques except in the repayment of oxygen debt where it

was significantly superior to the slow jogging tecnnique.

In .3iJ1’il} llllll.‘ 1|; |\Ia!

 

61

In terms of over-all effectiveness it was the poorest of the
four techniques, ranking third three times and fourth three
times as shown in Table XVII.

Technique II, elevation of the extremities, was
designed to allow gravity to assist the venous return. It
turned out to be the most effective of the foxr techniques
in over-all effectiveness. It ranked first three times and
second three times. It was not significantly superior ex-
cept over technique III in terms of oxygen debt repayment.
If any one of the techniques used in this study were to be
recommended for use by coaches and athletes or for further
study as to its effectiveness, it would have to be this
technique. It is easy to administer, would be practical to
use with groups such as athletic teams, and it is based
on sound physiOIOgical theory backed up by previous research
evidence. 5

Technique III was included in this study to further
investigate the favorable results obtained by Newman and
others.6 Although the subjects in this study generally
reperted that they felt more like running or swimming again
after recovery when they had continued to move during the
recovery period, here were no performance nor oxygen debt
figures to show any benefits from the use of this technique.

On the contrary, the oxygen debt repayment was found to be

 

5Zankel and others. Op.Cit. p.227

6Newman and others, Loc.Cit.

significantly less in both subjects, and in one subject,
B.H., the second one-half mile run time was significantly
slower. 0n the basis of the results of this study this
recovery technique can not be recoumwnded as being effective.
Technique IV was designed to bring about a nervous
reorganization which would take the subject's mind off the
unpleasantness of the task at hand and thus facilitate
reCOVery from fatigue. The results show that this did not
consistently occur in this study even though the technique
does rank second best in terms of over-all effectiveness
with three first, one second.and three thirds. There are
several possible explanations as to why this technique did
not produce better anéimore consistent results. It was
difficult to find a standard initial work that would bring
about a similar level of fatigue in all subjects. For
example, L.M. a former clympic swimmer was evidently not
very fatigued from his two hundred yard swim, while B.H.
with no competitive swimming experience was obviously very
tired. Another example of this problem was found in the
treadmill subjects. Subject 1 was a former cross country
and varsity distance runner. after the first few runs, the
initial five minute work period did not scem much of a task
for him. The other treadmill subject, number 2, who had no
varsity track experience was obviously very tired after each
five minute run throughout the whole eXperiement. So, it

was impossible to reach a uniform level of impairment or

fatigue in all of the subjects. Thus, while it is probable

63

that there was some degree of fatigue induced in all sub—
jects, it is also probable that some subjects were consid-
erably more fatigued than others. In order to have reached
a uniform level of fatigue in the various subjects, the
measurement would have to be in personalistic terms in which
the subject determines his own level of fatigue rather than
in terms of some standard work load. This might be such as
having a subject reach a certain level of fatigue on a

scale according to his own report, or it could involve a
long work period in which the subject was asked to continue
until he felt that he could not go on. This level of fatigue
eculd be different for each individual and it would vary
within the individual from day to day. It would be direct-
ly related to the level of impairment but probably would be
somewhat associated with it.

It can thus be seen that it is difficult, if not
impossible, to get good.measures of recovery from both
fatigue and impairment in the same investigation. A study
investigating recovery from.fatigue should be oriented to
the specific problem of'fatigue rather than.impairment, and
it should.be designed in terms of personalistic measures.

Another factor which might have affected the effective-
ness of this technique was the type of movies that were shown.
The assumption was that in order to accomplish the purpose,
the movie had to be something interesting enough to get and
hold the attention of the subject. The choice of movies for

this study was limited. There were some musicals, mm: on

64

travel and several on sports. While these were probably
of some interest to all of the subjects, the degree of
interest probably varied considerably from subject to
subject. Better results might have been obtained with this
technique if a full length, highly dramatic movie could
have been shown in serial fashion, or a movie appealing to
the subject's sexual nature could have been used. It is
quite possible that one individual would react favorably

to one type of movie, a musical for example, while another
subject would react more favorably to a detective thriller.
Having to use several different types of movies may have
tended to mask the possible effectiveness of this technique.

The use of this technique seems to deserve further study.

CHAPTER VI
SUMMARY AND CONCJJSILHS

Summary. This study was concerned with testing the
:relative effectiveness of four different techniques in
facilitating the recovery from fatigue and impairment in
athletes. From the practical standpoint, it was desired to
know if an athletic coach could expect to get consistently
better performance from his athletes if he used one or
,another of these specific recovery techniques during rest
‘periods. In order to have some standard with which to comp
.pare the other techniques, lying quietly in a supine position
'was used as a control technique. This is a practice commen-
.ly followed at present by many athletes during recovery
periods. The experimental techniques which were compared
with the control were, elevation of the extremities to allow
gravity to promote venous return, slow movement (jogging or
swimming) to promote venous return thrOugh the muscular
squeezing action, and watching sound movies to bring about
a nervous reorganization and thereby reduce fatigue. The
criteria used to measure the amount of recovery from fatigue
and impairment were performance runs (or swims) after re-
covery and oxygen debt repayment during recovery.

The study was conducted in two parts. Part One
utilized data from two subjects who completed thirty-two
repeat two-hundred yard swims and two subjects who completed
thirty—two repeat one-half mile runs. Each of the recovery

techniques was used on eight of the days in random block

66

fashion. The data were treated by analysis of covariance
to equalize the first run times on each of the trials and to
test for differences between means for the second run times.

Part Two of the study utilized data from two subjects
’that each completed thirty-two runs on the treadmill in the
research laboratory at hichigan State University. These
subjects made a standard initial run of five minutes during
‘which loud music was played and the speed and incline of the
treadmill were periodically cianged. There followed a ten
minute recovery period during which the four recovery tech-
,niquos were introduced in.randomized block order. After the
.recovery period the subjects made an all out performance run
on the treadmill at eight miles per hour and at a ten degree
incline. metabolic measures were taken before and during the
standard run and during the recovery period so that recovery
oxygen debt figures could be computed. Analysis of variance
was used to determine the differences between the means of
the all out run times and the mean oxygen debt repayments
of the various recovery techniques.

Summary of Results. 1. Oxygen debt repayment was sig-
nificantly different when the slow jog technique was used
between treadmill runs. This difference shows less oxygen
debt being repaid with this technique than with the other
three.

2. Out of a possible eight chances to rank first in
effectiveness throughout this study, elevation of the arms

and legs ranked first hree times and second three times

67

for the best record in this respect. however none of these
high rankings showed any statistical significance. hleva-
tion of the arms and legs was found to be significantly
inferior at the 5% level to the slow jOg and watching movies
techniques in one subject in Part One of the Study.

3. Slow movement during recovery (slow jogging or
swimming) was found to be significantly inferior to resting
in a supine position, elevation of the arms and legs and
watching movies at the 1% level in one subject on the re-
peat one-half mile runs of Part One. This was the only sig-
nificant difference found in the four recovery techniques
in Part One.

4. Slow moVement (jogging or swimming) was ranked
first in effectiveness among the four techniques only one
time out of a possible eight and this was not significant.

5. Slow movement (jogging) was found to be signifi-
cantly inferior to the other three recovery techniques in
terms of amount of oxygen debt repayment during recovery
in both subjects of Part Two.

6. Watching movies was ranked first in effectiveness
three times, second once and third three times. Only one of
these represented a significant superiority and that was
over only one technique, elevation of arms and legs.

7. The evidence, although not real strong indicates
[that elevation of the arms.and legs was the most effective
of the four recovery techniques used in this study and that

the slow movement technique was the least effective.

8. The technique of watching movies to bring about
a nervous reorganization, and thus recovery from fatigue
as different from impairment, showed inconsistent results.
This may have been due to a failure to produce much true
fatigue in some of the subjects or a failure of some of
the subjects to respond to the types of movies shown.

9. In one subject, B.H.. that participated in both
the swimming and running experiments of Part One, the re-
covery techniques ranked four, two, three, one for swimming.
and four, tun, one, three for running in relative effective-
ness. These figures parallel each other very closely and
indicate that a recovery technique effective for'a swimmer
would probably be equally as effective for a runner.

10. There is no relationship between oxygen debt
repayment during recovery and.time of an all out run on the
treadmill after recovery in these subjects.

11. There was a high negative correlation between
pulse rate after exercise and amount of oxygen debt repaid
during the ten minute recovery period in both subjects.

This figure offers good possibilities as a predictive factor.

Conclgsions. l. The technique of lying supine with
arms and legs elevated proved to be the most effective of
the recovery techniques studied in this eXperiment.

2. The slow jog recovery technique as used in this
study was found to give no better performance results than
the control, and it was significantly inferior t> the con-

trol in terms of oxygen debt repayment. Jogging at six

69

miles per hour brought no recovery from oxygen debt in
one subject and induced additional debt in the other.

3. This study coild not effectively measure recovery
from fatigue because there was not a Sufficient measure
available of the level of fatigue reached by the various
subjects.

4. Pulse rate immediately after exercise seems to
be of value in predicting the amount of‘oxygen debt that
will be repaid during a ten minute recovery period. The
slower the pulse rate after the exercise, the greater will
be the amount of oxygen debt repaid.

Recommendations for further study. Further studies
on the effects of variOus techniques on recovery from
fatigue should be made which are oriented toward the
eXperience of fatigue. Subjects should reach a uniform
level of fatigue rather than to have any standard work load
to perform. , ‘

as a result of this study it seems that further inves-
tigation should be made comparing recovery while moving at
various Speeds in terns of both blood lactate and oxygen
debt repayments. These measures can be taken simultaneously.

It is also reconnended that further study be nade
with various recovery techniques using more subjects and
fewer runs to determine whether there is any Specificity
of techniques within individuals. In Other words, is it

pessible that one technique will be more effective for one

(D
)

r in and another technique more effecti.e for anatuer?

\
1"

Although there is no statistical proof of this to be found
in the results of this study, the author suSpects that this
may be the situation. If this should prove to be the case,
we could stOp our search for a technique which will prove

to be universally effective for all athletes.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

A. PERIODICAL LITERATURE

Berg, W.E. ”Metabolic Recovery Rates From Exercise After
Alteration of alkaline Reserves," American Journal of
Physiology, 152:465—95, February, 1942

Charmichael, Chonard, John Kennedy and Leonard head, "Some
Recent Approaches to the Experimental Study of Human
Fatigue," Proceedings of the National academy of
Sciences, 35:591-96, Decenmer, 1949

Cuthbertson, D.P., and J.A.C.Knox, "The Effects of Analeptics
on Fatigued Subjects," Journal of Physiology, 106:42-
58, march, 1947

Duncan, David, "Multiple Range and Multiple F Tests,"
Biometrics, 119:10, March, 1955

F012, E., A.C. Ivy, and C.J. Barborka, "The Use of the Double
Worh Period in the Study of Fatigue and the Influence
of Caffeine on Recovery,” American Journal of Phygiol-
251, 136:79-86, March, 1942

Grill, Claes, ”Plethysmographische Unterchungen Uber das Arm
und Bein Volumen Wahrend und nach der Arbeit der
Extremitaten beluchten," Skmidanavian Archives of

Physiologz, 67:1-35, 1933

Herxheimer, H. "Heart Rate in Recovery From Severe Exercise,"
Journal of Applied Physiology, l(4):a79-84, 1948

Hellebrandt, F.A., and Others, "The Influence of Mecholyl
and Histamine Ion Transfer on Recovery From Fatigue."
Archives of Physical Medicine, 30:578-609. September,

I949

Jaroslav, Melka, "Vyznam.masaz pri Sportovanich Vykonech,"
Bratislavske Lekavske Listy, 9(4):955-39, 1929

Lambs A.S.,"Localized Fatigue and Recovery," American Physi-
cal Education Review, 3:9:1044-55, November, 1926

Maremria, R., H.T. Edwards and D.B. D111, ”The Possible Mech-
anisms of Contracting and Paying the Oxygen Debt and
the Role of Lactic Acid in Muscular Contraction,"
American Journal of Physiology,106:689-715, 1955

Marschak, M.E. "Experimentalle Untershungen Uber der Ein-
fluss der Aktiven Erholung aus die Arbeits Fahigkeit
des Mansehen," Arbeitsphysiologie, 6:645, 1955

7

Miller, A.T. and Others, "Influence of Oxygen Administration
on CardiOVascular Function During Exercise and Recov-
ery," Journal of Applied Physiology, 5:165-68, 1952

Muscio, B., ”Is a Fatigue Test Possible?" Brittish Journal
of Psycnology, 1:150-62, June, 1923

Newman, E.V. and Others, "The Rate of Lactic Acid Removal
in Exercise," American Journal of Physiology, 118:

Newman, Henry, "The Effect of Amphetamine Sulfate on Perfor-
mance of Normal and Fatigued Subjects," Journal of

Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics, 89:106-
’ 9 may, 4

Progen, P.H., and L, Dexter, "Continuous Measurement of Ven-
ous Blood Flow," American Journal of Physiology, 109:
(4):688-92. May.

 

:Rosen, Melvin, "Effects of Cold Abdominal Sprays on a Repeat
Performance in the 440 Yard Run," Research Quarterly,
25:2:226-50, May, 1952

Sills, Franklin, and vernon O'Riley, "Comparative Effects of
Rest, Exercise and Cold Spray Upon Repeat Performance
in Spot Running," Research Oparterly, 27:2:217-19,
May. 1956

Tuttle, W.W., Marjorie Wilson, and William Happ. "Physiolog-
ical Effects of Abdominal Cold Packs," Research Quar-
terly, 20:2:155-68, May, 1944

Turner, Abby, M. Isabel Newton, and Florence W. Haynes,
"The Circulatory Reaction to Gravity in Healthy Young
WOmen," American Journal of Physiology, 94:507. 1950

Whiting, H. and Horace Bidwell, ”Fatigue Tests and Incentiv-
es," Journal of Experimental Psychology,8:55-49, 1925

Zankel, H.T., R.A. Shipley, and R.E.Clark, Effect of Posture
and Local Pressure on Venous Circulation Time of the
Leg," Archives of Physical Medicine, 56:226-51, April,
1955

, ”Effect of Elastic Bandages, Ultrasonic
Diathermy and Histamine Ion TOpheresis on Venous
Circulation Time of the Lower Extremities,“ Archives
of Physical Medicine, 57:11:706-11, April, 1

 

74

B. BOOKS AND REPORTS OF LEARNED SOCIETIE

Bartley, S.H. and.Eloise Chute, Fatigue and Impairment in
Men. New York, thraw Hill Book Company, 1945, 429 pp.

Browne, R.C., "Fatigue, Fact or Fiction?" Chap. 15, S m os-
ium on Fatigue, London, H.K. Lewis and Company Lgd.,
’ 5 PP-

Consalazzio, Robert, Robert Johnson, and Evelyn Marek, Met-
abolic Methods. St. Louis, C.V. Mosby Company, 1951,
EVIpp.

Davis, Russell, ”Satiation and Frustration as Determinants of
Fatigue," Chap. 19, SymEosium on Fatigue, London,
H.K..Lewis and Company ., , 96 pp.

Floyd, W.F. and Welford, A.T., editors, Symposium on Fatigue,
London, H.K. Lewis and Company Lt .. , 6 pp.

 

Hemingway, A., "The Physiological Background of Fatigue,"
Chap. 7, Symposium on Fatigue, London, H.K. Lewis and
Company L e, g 96 pp.

Noltie, H.R., "A Factor in Postponing the Onset of Fatigue,"
Chap. 9, SymposMum on Fatigge, London, H.K, Lewis and
Company L ., 9 , 6 pp.

Welford, A.T. "The Psychological Problem in Measuring Fatigue,"

Chap. 20, Symposium on Fatigue, London, H.K. Lewis and
Company Lt . a PP-

C. UNPUBLISHED MATERIALS

McCurdy, Hugh, "Comparison of Recovery Proccesses of Swimmers
While In and Out of the Water," Unpublished Masters

Thesis, Wesleyan University, 1950

YOSt. Mary, "The Effects of 100 Per Cent Oxygen Inhalation
on Performance and Recovery in Swimming," Unpublished
Ph.D. Thesis, Ohio State University, 1949

APPENDIX

76
APPENDIX.A.

Order of Runs and Times of Subjects in Part I.

 

 

Swim Date Recovery 1st and.
y} 1957 Technique Time ' Time
. OcE. I5 I ' : : :
2. Oct. 29 IV 2:29 2:28
3. Oct. 31 I 2:26:5 2:27:6
‘4. Nev. 4 II 2:25:8 2:28:6
5. Nev. 5 IV 2:52:5 2:56z5
6. Nov. 7 III 2:25:5 2:27z4
7. NOV. 9 I 232434 2:28;].
8. Nov. 12 II 2:22;? 2:51;?
9. Nov. 14 III 2:24:7 2:28z4
10. Nov. 19 IV 2:22:8 2:55
11. NOV. 21 I 2:23:‘ 2:28
12. Nov. 23 II 2:25:9 2:30
13. Nov. 26 IV 2:27;? 2:50:5
14. Dec. 3 IV 2:52:5 2:50:5
15. Dec. 7 I 2:24:2 2:35:8
16. Dec. 8 II 2:28 2:50:2
17. Dec. 10 III 2:21:5 2:25:5
18. Dec. 12 I 2:26;? 2:27:8
19. Dec. 14 II 2:26;? 2:25:5
20. Dec. 17 IV 2:24z5 2:28:2
21. Dec. 19 III 2:27:5 2:26:5
22. Dec. 20 I 2:20:6 2:24:5
23. Jan. 9 '58 III 2:26:4 2:38:6
24. Jan. 10 III 2:25 2:28
25. Jan. 11 II 2:20:9 2:25
26. Jan. 14 IV 2:15:1 2:54
27. Jan. 15 I 2:15:9 2:26:8
28. Jan. 23 II 2:25:9 2:23z4
29. Jan. 29 III 2:21:5 2:20
30. Feb. 2 II 2:20 2:26:8
31. Feb. 4 IV 2:19z5 2:29:6
32. Feb. 6 III 2:21:7 2:29:6

B.H. Swimming 200 Yards

 

 

Swim. Date Recovery Ist
no. Technique Time
Is UCEe I '5’ I: m
2. Gate 3 I 3329
5. Oct. 5 II 5:25.6
4. Oct. 8 III 5:22
5. Oct. 15 I 5:29
6. Oct. 17 II 5:25
7. Oct. 19 III 5:45:2
8. Oct. 22 IV 5:24:1
9. Oct. 29 IV 5:27;?
10. Oct. 51 I 5:52:9
11. Nev. 2 II 5:25:8
12. Nov. 5 IV 5:2l:9
15. Nev. 19 1V 5:20:4
14. Nev. 21 I 5:21
15. Nov. 26 IV 5:29
16. Dec. 5 IV 5:25:2
17. Dec. 5 III 3:51
18. Dec. 8 II 5:28
19. Dec. 12 III 5:59
20. Dec. 15 I 5:55:4
21. Dec. 17 IV 5:17:4
22. Dec. 18 II 3:15:6
25. Dec. 19 III 5:15:2
24. Jan. 7 '58 I 5:15:5
25. Jan. 8 II 5:16:8
26. Jan. 9 III 5:14:9
27. Jan. 10 III 3:11
28. Jan. 12 II 5:12
29. Jan. 51 I 5:21:4
50. Feb. 4 IV 5:28:5
51. Feb. 6 II 5:09:1
320 Fab. 9 III 3:1235

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G.N. Running 4 Mile

(D

 

Run Date Recovery lst 2nd.
no. 1958 Technigue Time Time
1. Feb. 10 I 2:56 2:45
2. Feb. 15 I 2:42 2:55
5. Feb. 17 II 2:47 2:57
4. Feb. 19 II 2:44 2:56
50 Febe 21. I 2339 3:10
60 m. 3 II 2:46 2:58
7. Mar. 5 III 2:49 5:02
8. Mar. 7 IV 2:45 2:59
9. Ear. 11 IV 2:42 5:00
10. Mar. 12 III 2:40 5:00
11. Mar. 14 I 2:55 2:50
12. Apr. 2 III 2:51 5:06
13. Apr. 7 III 2:56 2:54
14. Apr. 9 III 2:44 2:54
15. Apr. 11 III 2:52 2:59
16. Apr. 12 I 2:55 5:11
17. Apr. 14 II 2:58 2:48
18. Apr. 16 I 2:55 2:56
19. Apr. 22 II 2:42 5:02
20. Apr. 27 IV 2:55 2:50
21. Apr. 50 IV 2:54 2:57
22. May 2 II 2:56 2:55
25. any 6 I 2:47 2:57
24. hey 8 IV 2:28 2:40
25. May 12 II 2:56 2:55
26. May 16 III 2:59 2:41
27. May 18 IV 2:55 2:52
28. May 20 IV 2:58 5:01
29. May 21 I 2:56 2:55
30. May 22 II 2:57 2:47
31. May 25 III 2:59 2:41
32. Hay 24 IV 2:55 2:56

B.H. Running 4 M110

 

 

 

Run Date Recovery lat
No. 1958 Technique Time
1. Peb.15 I 2=54
2. Feb.15 I 5:14
3. Feb.25 II 2=51
4. Feb.26 III 3:01
5. Feb.27 I 3=06
6. Feb.28 III 3‘25
7. Mar.1 II 5‘11
s. Mar.3 III 3:13
9. Mer.4 II 3‘01
10. Mar.5 I 3=57
11. Mar.6 III 3=05
12. Mar.10 IV 3‘52
15. Mar.11 II 3=01
14. Mar.12 IV 3‘10
15. Mar.l4 I 3‘11
16. Msr.l5 II 3‘09
17. Mar.16 III 3:15
18. Msr.17 IV 3=09
19. Mar.19 III 3:21
zo. Mar.21 II 3=13
21. Msr.22 I 3:10
22. Mar.25 II 3‘13
23. Mar.51 III 3:09
24. Apr.1 IV 3‘01
25. Apr.22 1V 2‘54
as. Apr.23 I 3‘55
27. Apr.29 III 3‘00
28. Apr.50 I 3‘03
29. May 1 IV 5‘03
31. lay 8 III 8:59
32. May 19 III 2:44

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