PCSTURAL SWAY AND MYEROPOSYERZQR
ALIGNMENT DURfiéG ORE MENU‘fE ERECT S‘E‘ANDENG

'e’hesis for the Degree of M. A
{sEiC-HEGAN STATE UMVERSWY
Betty Ann Haynes
1955

{THESIS
LIBRARY

Michigan Stall
Univ«nty

   

POSTURAL SWAY AND ANTEROPOSTERIOR ALIGNMENT

DURING ONE MINUTE ERECT STANDING

By

Betty Ann Haynes

AN ABSTRACT OF

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation

1966

UJE;; 61(/L)L£MLOQ

A

 

Approved

ABSTRACT

POSTURAL SWAY AND ANTEROPOSTERIOR ALIGNMENT
DURING ONE MINUTE ERECT STANDING

by Betty Ann Haynes

Statement of the Problem

 

The purpose of this study was to investigate (l)
the constancy of body sway during one minute standing
and (2) the relationship of body sway to postural align-

ment.

Procedure

 

The Massey technique was employed to assess body
alignment and the method described by Williams and
Lissner to determine center of gravity.

Nineteen senior college women, all physical edu-
cation maJors, comprised the sample. The range, mean
and standard deviation were obtained for all variables.
The Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation was
employed to determine correlations between all variables

and reliability coefficients for test-retest scores.

Conclusions

 

Within the limits of this study postural alignment
was highly similar regardless of the time it was taken

during the one minute of erect standing. In addition,

Betty Ann Haynes

Angle III appeared to be the more important body segment

in postural adjustment to body sway. It is also evident

that the longer the subject stands the more nearly she

assumed her habitual standing posture or more stable

postural position.

1.

Statistically significant correlations were
found for each postural variable between ex-
posure times (5) during one minute of stand—
ing. The high correlations found seem to
indicate that the body sway during one minute
of erect standing had little influence on
postural alignment.

Angle III, the hip—knee segment was found to
be significantly positively related to the
gravital line, i.e., the greater the distance
anteriorly to the center of the lateral
malleolus the greater the degrees.

Total posture was significantly positively
related to the gravital line during the last
three exposure times.

The gravital line was found to intersect the
foot at a mean distance of ”.52 centimeters
anteriorly to the center of the lateral
malleolus during one minute of erect standing
posture.

Test-retest correlations showed greater re-

liability the closer the subjects came to a

Betty Ann Haynes

full minute of standing. Although the re-
liability coefficients were in general low,

the qualitative grades awarded total posture
were identical. No significant mean differences
were found for the mean values of each exposure

time.

Recommendations

 

Repeat the study with large sample randomly
selected.

Standardize the time of each exposure time in
five or ten second intervals using a continuous
photographic procedure to assess postural sway.

Body type all subjects.

POSTURAL SWAY AND ANTEROPOSTERIOR ALIGNMENT

DURING ONE MINUTE ERECT STANDING
By

Betty Ann Haynes

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS
Department of Health, Physical Education and Recreation

1966

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The writer would like to express her appreciation
to Dr. Janet A. Wessel for her guidance and the oppor-
tunity to complete this thesis under her direction.

The assistance of Lenore Kalenda, DeAnn LeBeau

and Anita Small is also appreciated.

ii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES

LIST OF APPENDICES

Chapter
I. INTRODUCTION. . . . . . . .
Statement of the Problem.
Limitations of the Study.
Definition of Terms
II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . .
III. METHODOLOGY
Subjects .
General Procedure
Specific Measurement Procedures
IV. ANALYSIS OF DATA . . . . . .
Description of Subjects
Results .
Intercorrelations
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
Summary . . . . . . .
Conclusions . . . . . . .
Recommendations. . . . . . . .
BIBLIOGRAPHY . .

REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . .

iii

Page
ii

iv

vi

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LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
1. Description of Subjects (N = l9) . . . . 19

2. Reliability Coefficients on Variables
Used in This Study (N = ll). . . . . 20

3. Ranges, Means and Standard Deviations of
Exposure Times (N = ll) . . . . . . 21

A. Ranges, Means and Standard Deviations of
Exposure Times (N = 19) . . . . . . 2l

5. Total Posture Means, Standard Deviation
and Correlations for Test—Retest
(N = ll) . . . . . . . . . . . 22

6. The Ranges, Means, and Standard Deviations
of the Gravital Line, Angle Formed From
Center of Gravity and Malleolus, Seg-
mental Angles and Total Posture for the
Five Exposures (N = 19) . . . . . . 2A

7. Correlations Between Exposure Times for
Each Postural Variable (N = 19)

[‘3
\JW

8. Variables Significantly Correlated with
Gravital Line in Relation to the Ankle
Joint Anteriorly to Center of Lateral
Malleolus at Different Exposure Times
(N 8 l9) . . . . . . . . . . . 27

iv

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure Page
1. Apparatus for Obtaining Center of Gravity . ll
2. Posture Technique . . . . . . . . . l3
3. Apparatus to Project Gravital Line . . . 15-

LIST OF APPENDICES

Appendix Page
A. Raw Data on Measurements . . . . . . 36
B. Intercorrelation Matrix of All Variables. A0

vi

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Numerous publications contain illustrations of
sideviews of erect standing posture with a plumbline
passing through the lobe of the ear, the tip of the
acromion process, middle of the trochanter, head of the
fibula, and lateral malleolus (1:335, 6:365). Further-
more, it has often been stated that in good standing pos-
ture all the above points should be aligned vertically
(1:334-5, 2:319). This "perpindicular" posture standard,
although without scientific basis, has been widely ac-
cepted and taught (5, 7, lo, 17).

Hellebrandt and co-workers have made extensive
studies on the location of the center of gravity line in
relation to the base of support in erect standing pos—
ture (13). They found that in erect standing posture
the body sways continually and suggest that posture in
reality is "movement upon a stationary base." Helle-
brandt, g£_al., found that anteroposterior oscillations
were of larger amplitude than lateral ones, and that
individuals displayed a very definite and constant

pattern of sway (19). Such evidence seems to indicate

that it might be fallacious to judge standing posture

in terms of the relation of certain anatomic landmarks

to the body's gravitational line. It would seem worth-
while to investigate the relationship of postural sway to
the "perpindicular" posture standard. In a recent study
Kalenda (2U) found a significant negative correlation
between the Massey Posture Test and center of gravity in
college women. That is, the better the posture grade,
the more likelihood the gravital line fell anteriorly to

the ankle joint.

Statement of the Problem

 

The purpose of this study was to investigate (l)
the constancy of body sway during one minute standing
and (2) the relationship of body sway to postural align-

ment .

Limitations of the Study

 

1. Size and_selection of sample.

2. There was possible error, due to visceral shift,
in determining the center of gravity in the
supine position and assuming this to be the
same in the vertical stance.

3. The scales were calibrated but were not cali-
brated from the angle of the camera for read-
ing of weight from posture picture.

A. Measurement error in assessing angles for Massey
technique and other body landmarks on photo-

graphs.

Accuracy of determining times of pronounced

body sway.

Definition of Terms

 

"Perpindicular" or vertical standing posture

as defined by Massey (a) descriptively, "The
principal segments of the body should be
balanced evenly over the base of support”
(21:3) and (b) anatomically, "is character-
istically described in terms of the relation-
ships of the body and its parts to the line

of gravity” (2lzu).

Postural or body sway is defined as the antero-
posterior oscillations of the center of gravity
in relation to the base of support in erect
standing.

Center of gravity is defined by Cureton and
Wickens as the "theoretical point which repre-
sents the center of weight" (11:93).

Line of gravity or gravital line is also de-
fined by Cureton and Wickens as the "theoretical
line erected vertically through the center of
gravity" (11:95).

Angle formed by the gravital line was the angle
layed down by a line projected upward through
the center of weight from a point on the base

of support where the gravital line intersected

the foot and a line from the center of the

lateral malleolus to the center of weight.

CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

In 1909 Reynolds and Lovett (22:86, 87) devised a
method for determining the center of gravity of the body
in the upright stance. This method was based on an
earlier experiment by Borelli which determined the center
of gravity in the horizontal position. Reynolds and
Lovett corrected possible error caused by anteroposterior
sway by steadying the subject by use of a back support.
Calculation of the gravital perpendicular was made from
the formula presented and in relation to the perpindicular
arm used in the experiment, then transferred to the graphic
form. This made it possible to place the gravital line in
accord with the length of the foot.

Cureton and Wickens (11:97) improved the method of
calculating the gravital line placement, but it could not
be determined what allowance was made for sway. The
gravital line was placed in relation to the internal
malleoli, then calculation was made to convert this to
percentile scores to set norms for college men. Cureton
and Wickens conclude that lean forward from the ankles
is determined by this test, and this is indicative of

better stance, and the lean forward reduces kyphosis.

Fox and Young (12:282) in a study of 66 college
women found the gravital line to be located a mean dis—
tance of 5.36 centimeters from the posterior border of
the lateral malleolus. A paper on which outlines of the
feet were traced was placed on the board on which the
frontal and sagital planes of the gravital line was lo-
cated. At the same instance the reading was taken, a
single photographic exposure was made of the side and
back views. The gravital line on the photograph was
located to be approximately 0.95 centimeters anteriorly
to the anterior border of the tibia, close enough to be
considered on line with it.

Hellebrandt, Kelso and Fries (17 la) in devising
equipment for locating biplane shifts in the center of
gravity, allowed for sway by calculating averages from
each five second observation during a minimum period of
one minute of standing. Hellebrandt and Fries (lu:23)
reported that the center of gravity is in constant motion
even in the most rigid persons, and moves through a
comparatively large area, and the oscillations are
rhythmic. In another study by Hellebrandt, Riddle and
Fries (18:96), single instantaneous observations of
posture were found to be of limited diagnostic value
due to shifts in the center of gravity. In a further
study by Hellebrandt, Riddle, Larsen and Fries (20:149)

no relationship was found between the Wellesley posture

score and the anteroposterior eccentricity of the center
of gravity.

Brunnstrom (10:11A) concluded the gravital line
should fall anteriorly to the ankle joint.

Kalenda (24:32) found a relationship between the
Massey Technique and center of gravity with total posture
correlating -.305, Angle II -.279 and Angle III —.257.

In conclusion (24:38, 39) the better the posture, the
more likelihood of the gravital line passing through the

foot anterior to the malleoli.

CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY

Subjects
Nineteen senior college women comprised the sample.
The subjects were volunteers majoring in physical edu-

cation.

General Procedure

 

All testing was done from 12:00 to 5:30 in the
afternoon. Measurements were taken by three investi—
gators. Each investigator was responsible for a specific
measurement on each subject. Retests were taken two days
later on eleven subjects. Each subject was retested at
the same time of day as the initial test.

Upon reporting for the study, the subject's name
and age were recorded and a number assigned to her. The
subject was then weighed. Height and foot length were
then measured and recorded. Markings for the Massey
Technique were applied with the exception of the lumbar
marker. The subject then mounted the center of gravity
apparatus, and the scale reading was recorded. This
measurement was used to calculate the center of gravity.

The lumbar marker was applied. The subject then mounted

the board for anteroposterior posture pictures. Time
of each exposure was recorded during the one minute of
stance. These procedures took approximately ten minutes

per subject.

Specific Procedures

 

Measurement Procedures

 

Age.--Date of birth, month, day and year was re-
corded and later converted to age in months to the near-
est one-half month. Fifteen days was used to denote one—
half month. If this number occurred in the subject's age,
the age was carried to a whole month. Age was recorded
in years and months.

Weight.--The subject was weighed barefooted with
underclothing, on a calibrated Toledo human weight scale.
The reading was recorded to the nearest one—quarter pound.

Height.--A wall at 90 degrees to the footboard was
measured and notated in centimeters. Metric paper was
placed and secured on the footboard with the paper edge
against the wall at zero centimeters. The subject stood
as tall as possible with feet together, heels, hips,
shoulders and head touching the wall. A wooden square
was placed against the wall touching the subject's head.
The designated reading was recorded to the nearest one—
quarter centimeter.

Length of foot.-—Immediately after recording height

 

the subject was told to take all weight off one foot,

10

leaving the remaining foot with the heel against the
wall. A straight edge was placed against the distal end
of the greater toe of the foot on which the subject was
standing on the above mentioned metric paper. The
designated reading was recorded to the nearest one-tenth
centimeter. The same procedure was followed to measure
the other foot.

Center of gravity.--Apparatus similar to that

 

described by Williams and Lissner (9:57) was used to ob-
tain the center of gravity (Figure l). The subject was
asked to lie on the board in supine position with arms,
hips and knees extended. The investigator aligned the
crown of the subject's head, using a straight edge, with
the line drawn across the board which designated the
position of the fulcrum. The scale reading was recorded
to the nearest one-quarter pound. The location of the
center of gravity was later calculated from the following
formula presented by Williams and Lissner (9:57).
(Total Weight of Subject x X) — (Distance Between Board

Supports x Scale Reading) = 0.

Gravital Line

 

Anteroposterior oscillations of the center of gravity

was related to the base of support in erect standing.

ll

 

(A)

 

 

““‘- (E)
E13)- _ A r .. 7E " “ (D)
l (o) . (F) (B)

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure l.-—Apparatus similar to that described by Williams
and Lissner (5:57) for obtaining the center of gravity.
Board can be leveled by varying the height of the knife

(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)

(F)

edges.

Toledo human weight scale.

Scale platform.

Wooden block.

Wooden knife edge.

Line representing knife edge, continues across face
of board and other edge.

Board, width - 2A", length 8 79%?, thickness = l l/A".

l2

Angle Formed by Gravital Line,
Center of Weight and Lateral
Malleolus

 

 

 

This was an angle formed by the gravital line and
a line from the center of gravity to the point of the
marker of the center of the lateral malleolus.

Massey Posture Technique
(Figure 2)

 

 

Massey (21) used the total of four angles which
deviated from a straight line, totaled these and then

converted the total to a letter grade as follows:

Sum of Angles I-IV Grades
8° - 22° A
23° - 36° B
37° - 51° C
52° - 65° D
66° - 78° E
79° - 93° F

The landmarks of the body used were (a) tragus of
the ear, (b) suprasternal, (c) fourth lumbar, (d) upper
tip of the greater trochanter, (e) center of the knee
joint, and (f) the external malleolus:

(a) Angle I was formed by lines drawn from the
tragus of the ear to the mid-point of horizontal line
from the suprasternal to the spine and the mid-point
bisecting a horizontal line drawn from fourth lumbar to

abdomen.

 

 

IOOOOOOOOQPOOOO coco-coo
Plumb Line I.—
/ \' l “2;
Massey Technique <2 l~ \
..I_.._.._ .3 . =
Gravital Line \. La ’1 \- j/
'- - - - - - - Io J- \\ "|\ “/
Angle formed by '0‘ ( $‘LK/
Gravital Line an? I:\l I -—‘— — -4'
Lateral Malleolu ‘. ' i '
‘0 a | '
..__....._._.. .__........_._. .\ y '
I. I
’ I" I I '
'3‘?!" I '
.\ y
..'<]\ ' '
.\ y
:| y I
:‘flv 4a . I
.‘|<LH | I
Z I I '
.l 1" y |
2'. I . '
”1;! I '
o’f' 3 n | I
(_-I’\.g-’ J. L I
----------------------- - -— -—'
'C:::':‘:Z':‘:::':‘::‘:::l I|
.l- m- ------------------------ 7%-“...
F ' ' ‘ 7 I I
l _____ I '__ _ _'

 

Figure 2.—-Posture Technique (Dotted lines indicate subject
and apparatus superimposed for descriptive purpose, but not
traced in actuality).

IA

(b) Angle II was formed by lines connecting mid-
points of suprasternal—spine line, mid—point of lumbar—
abdominal line, and the upper tip of the greater trochanter.

(0) Angle III was formed by lines connecting the
mid-point of the lumbar—abdominal line, the upper tip of
the greater trochanter, and the center of the knee joint.

(d) Angle IV was formed by lines connecting the
upper tip of the greater trochanter, the mid-point of the
knee, and the lowest point of the external malleolus.
(This was altered to the center of the external malleolus

in this study.)

Photographic Technique

 

The subject was marked for the Massey technique by
applying triangular pieces of adhesive tape with the point
of the marker at the landmark. Exception to this was two
rods attached by adhesive tape to mark suprasternal and
fourth lumbar. The subject then mounted the board of
the apparatus (Figure 3) similar to that described by
Williams and Lissner (9:58).

The centers of the lateral malleoli were aligned in
the center of the board by use of a perpendicular rod
which was not attached to the board. (It was decided
this would reduce possible parallax error by placing the
rod immediately beside the foot for alignment with the

pointer of the marker and center of the board.)

15

(J)-"

(H)

 

 

 

 

 

 

v A"
Figure 3.--Apparatus similar to that used by
Williams and Lissner (5:58) to project gravi-
ltal line.
Toledo human weight scale.
Scale platform.
Wooden block.
Knife edge. .
Board, width = 9 l/2 ", length = A3", thickness = l 26?.
1

Line in center of board.

Rod for projection of exposure, known to be 9.3 cm
in length.

Meter stick.

Blackboard for subject number.

Plumb line.

16

The 35 mm camera on tripod was placed at a distance
of approximately eleven feet from the scale dial and in
profile position to the subject. The camera was adjusted
to proper setting of light for the flourescent lights and
focused for light and distance on the dial of the left
side of the scale. (For correct light meter reading the
camera with light meter was held approximately six inches
in front of the left side of the dial of the scale.) The
distance setting was made from the tripod. Pre-test
showed this to be the best procedure to expose film for
showing scale gradations. The shutter time of exposure
was one-sixtieth second. Kodak, plus X, black and white
35 mm film was used. Thirty-six exposure film prevented
frequent reloading. A chain release was attached to the
camera to eliminate possible blurr of exposures due to
the movement of the camera by pressing the button with the
finger.

One investigator focused the camera on the subject
and wound the film; the second investigator recorded the
time the exposures were made (how many seconds had lapsed)
by use of a split second stop watch, while the third
investigator watched the scale dial and pointer in an
effort to obtain ranges of anteroposterior sway and
also made the exposures at the time when the pointer
was varying.

Five exposures were taken in a period of one minute

.for each subject. Negative slides were made of each

17

exposure for all subjects. The slides were then pro-
jected one-third actual size on drawing paper. This
was done by projecting one-third the size of the known
length of the rod shown in Figure 3.

Scale readings were obtained from the projections
to calculate the distance the gravital line fell from
the fulcrum (wooden block, Figures 1 and 3-C) forward
of the subject. The following formula was used for this
calculation.

(Scale Reading - Board Weight) x (Board Length) % Weight
of Subject

The scale was not returned to zero holding the weight of
the board, which was five pounds, but the board supported
by the scale was leveled. This figure was subtracted from
the weight shown on the scale supporting the subject.

The board length was 42 inches. The inches were converted
to centimeters for use of the meter stick located in
Figure 3-H.

The percent of the height of the subject from the
heels to the center of gravity was also calculated then
converted to one-third of the height in centimeters for
later use. The following formula was used to locate
percent height of center of gravity. Distance from heels
Where center of gravity is located % Height of subject.

Different colored pencils were used to prevent
confusion in marking and constructing various lines on

the drawing paper. Dots were made on the drawing paper,

18

in blue pencil, at the point on the projection designated
by the Massey Technique to determine angles. The point
on the meter stick was marked, in red pencil, in accord-
ance with the calculated results of the projection of

the gravital line. The plumb line was traced, in black
pencil, and used to construct perpindicular and parallel
lines. On each photograph the gravital line was projected
upward in red pencil; the center of-gravity was marked in
green pencil, by the measured one-third percent height of
this point. The line from the center of gravity to the
center of the lateral malleolus was made in green pencil.
All angles were then measured and recorded. See Figure 2

for above explanation.

Statistical Method

 

The Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Corre-
lation was used to determine all relationships and

reliability of measurements used in this study.

 

CHAPTER IV

ANALYSIS OF DATA

Description of Subjects

 

A description of the nineteen subjects partici-

pating in this study is presented in Table l.

 

 

 

TABLE 1
DESCRIPTION OF SUBJECTS
(N = 19)
Standard
Characteristics Range Mean Deviation
Age (yrs. & mos.) 20 - 29.11 22 2.7
Weight (lbs) 102 - 160.50 127.736 16.886
Height (cm.) 156 — 172 165.486 u.761
Length left ft.
(cm.) 22.2 - 27.0 24.621 1.255
Length right ft.
(cm.) 22.3 - 27.0 24.552 1.208
Center of gravity
in % height 53.39-56.52 55.020 0.874
Results

The reliabilities of each measurement used in the
Study was determined by test-retest scores for eleven

ESubjects randomly selected. The results are presented in

19

20

Table 2. It is readily apparent that reliability on all
the variables was greater the closer the subjects came

to a full minute of standing. The only exception was for
Angle II where low reliabilities were found for all ex-
posures. Perhaps, the longer the subject stood the more
nearly she assumed her habitual standing posture. It is
difficult to interpret the low reliability found for
Angle II which represents the alignment of the trunk to

pelvic region.

TABLE 2

RELIABILITY COEFFICIENTS ON VARIABLES
USED IN THIS STUDY
(N = 11)

 

 

Exposures

Variables l 2 3 4 5

 

Gravital line anterior ,
to lateral malleolus .209 .321 .419 .697 .669

Angle formed by gravi-
tal line and center
of gravity to center

of malleolus .296 .388 .327 .670 .709
Angle I .834 .902 .869 .895 .928
Angle II .333 .435 .297 .385 .149
Angle III .507 .511 .643 .544 .647
Angle IV .560 .441 .523 .603 .531

:Total Posture .287 .390 .232 .361 .344

 

21

The ranges, means and standard deviations of the
time of each exposure for the eleven subjects are given

in Table 3, and for the nineteen subjects in Table 4.

TABLE 3

RANGES, MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS
OF EXPOSURE TIMES

 

 

 

(N = 11)
Time in
Seconds Test Retest
Exposures R M SD R M SD
1 0 0 0 0 0 0
2 9.0-26.0 15.67 6.02 6.0-21.5 10.91 5.64
3 18.2—36.5 30.61 6.25 19.0—35.0 27.77 5.10
4 35.2-46.0 43.09 3.75 29.0-51.5 39.95 7.93
5 55.2-60.0 58.00 1.72 49.0-60.0 56.00 3.71
TABLE 4

RANGES, MEANS AND STANDARD DEVIATIONS
OF EXPOSURE TIMES

 

 

(N = 19)

Time in Seconds Standard
Exposures Range Mean Deviation
1 0 O 0
2 5.1—28.4 15.32 6.48
3 13.4-37.0 29.58 6.75
4 18.0-48.8 42.10 6.94
5 45.0-60.0 57.52 3.41

 

 

! .‘lhl m -II.-n(

22_

It would appear that the subjects displayed a very
definite and constant pattern of sway. This is similar
to the rhythmic oscillations found by Hellebrandt and
Fries (14). The means of test and retest differ five
seconds at the greatest and are quite similar in time
lapse.

A t-test of the null hypothesis that there was no
difference between means of all five exposures was made
with the critical region to reject the null hypothesis
for a t greater than +3.17 or less than —3.17 at .01.

The null hypothesis was accepted on each exposure, 1-5,
from the following respective results; -l.78, -1.60, —1.24,
-l.57, —.95. The means, standard deviations and corre—

lations of test-retest for the five eXposures for total

posture are given in Table 5.

TABLE 5

TOTAL POSTURE MEANS, STANDARD DEVIATION AND
CORRELATIONS FOR TEST—RETEST

 

 

(N = 11)
Test Retest
Exposures M S ‘ r M S
1 49.77 9.98 .29 44.0 6.68
47.55 8.48 .39 43.27 6.49
3 48.55 10.10 .23 44.41 6.16
4 48.50 10.70 .36 43.36 6.21
5 46.18 8.59 .16 43.18 6.98

 

23

The ranges, means, and standard deviations of the
gravital line, angle formed from center of gravity and
malleolus, segmental angles and total posture for the
five exposures are given in Table 6. The mean of each of
the five posture observations for total body alignment was
equivalent to a 9 rating. The greatest deviations in seg-
mental angulations were found to be Angles II and III in
each of the five observations. These findings are similar
to results obtained by a previous investigator (19).

The mean location of the gravital line anterior to
the center of the lateral malleolus for all five obser-
vations was found to be 4.52 centimeters. This finding
is comparable to the results by Fox and Young (12) who
found the location of the gravital line to be 5.36 centi-
meters anterior to the posterior border of the lateral

malleolus.

Intercorrelations

 

The total correlation matrix for all variables is
given in the appendix. In Table 7 the correlations between
exposure times for each postural variable is presented.

The high correlations found seem to indicate that the
time the measurement was taken in this study had little
influence. The scores were highly consistent throughout
the one minute period regardless of the time taken.

The postural variables significantly related to the

location of the gravital line at the five exposure times

24

 

 

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26

are presented in Table 8. Since the vertical projection
of the center of gravity is also a contributor to the
angle formed by this gravital line, it is not difficult
to understand the very high correlations presented in
Table 8. It should be noted that these were positive
correlations. That is, the greater the distance the
gravital line fell anteriorly to the center of the
lateral malleolus the greater the number of degrees of
the angle, and the lesser the distance the lesser the

angle.

 

Angle III correlated significantly in relation to r»
the gravital line with the exception of the second expos—
ure. It is difficult to interpret the lack of significant
correlations for the other posture angles although these
fell just below the significance level. Perhaps, Angle
III, the hip-knee segment, was the more important body
segment in postural adjustment to body sway.

Total posture correlated significantly positively
as the subject came closer to the full minute of standing.
These results do not compare with the results of a pre-
vious investigator. Kalenda (14) found total posture
correlation -.305 in relation to the location of the
gravital line. This might have been due to differences
of methodology in obtaining these scores, i.e., in the
previous investigation it was taken once the first 10

seconds of erect standing.

TABLE 8

VARIABLES SIGNIFICANTLY CORRELATED WITH GRAVITAL

LINE IN RELATION TO THE ANKLE JOINT ANTERIORLY

TO CENTER OF LATERAL MALLEOLUS AT

(N

DIFFERENT EXPOSURE TIMES
19)

 

Exposure Times

 

 

Variables 1 2 3 4 5
Angle formed 1 .974 .831 .905 .750 .828
vertical pro- 2 .841 .892 .875 .782 .827
jection and 3 .919 .797 .963 .771 .847
malleolus 4 .838 .824 .910 .920 .913

5 .843 .768 .860 .711 .952
Angle I
Angle II
Angle III 1 .494
2 .463 .452 .462
3 .511 .524 .496 .584
4 .471 .479 .453 .545
5 .483 .469 .489 .594
Angle IV
Total Posture l
2
3 .478
4
5 .446 .522
P = .561 at .01 level of significance

.444 at

.05 level of significance

 

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Summary

The purpose of this study was to investigate (l) r”

the constancy of body sway and postural alignment in

. - uF‘IJ‘Han“:

erect standing, and (2) the relationship of body sway

to postural alignment.

 

Nineteen senior college women volunteered as sub-
jects for the study. All subjects were physical education
majors. The Massey Technique was the method used as a
test of posture. The Williams and Lissner method was
used to obtain the center of gravity. Five anteroposterior
profile posture pictures were taken of each subject during
one minute of standing.

The Pearson Product Moment Coefficient of Correlation
was the statistical technique employed. The test-retest

technique was employed for reliability.

Conclusions

 

Within the limits of this study postural alignment
was highly similar regardless of the time it was taken
during the one minute of erect standing. In addition,

Angle III appeared to be the more important body segment

28

29

in postural adjustment to body sway. It is also evident

that the longer the subject stands the more nearly she

assumed her habitual standing posture or more stable

postural position.

1.

Statistically significant correlations were

found for each postural variable between ex-
posure times (5) during one minute of stand- I?
ing. The high correlations found seem to I
indicate that the body sway during one minute

of erect standing had little influence on

 

postural alignment.

Angle III, the hip-knee segment was found to be
significantly positively related to the gravital
line, i.e., the greater the distance anteriorly
to the center of the lateral malleolus the
greater the degrees.

Total posture was significantly positively re—
lated to the gravital line during the last
three exposure times.

The gravital line was found to intersect the
foot at a mean distance of 4.52 centimeters
anteriorly to the center of the lateral
malleolus during one minute of erect standing
posture.

Test-retest correlations showed greater relia—
bility the closer the subjects came to a full

minute of standing. Although the reliability

3O

coefficients were in general
grades awarded total posture
significant mean differences

mean values of each exposure

Recommendations

 

low,
were

were

time.

the qualitative
identical. No

found for the

Repeat the study with large sample randomly

selected.

Standardize the time of each exposure time al-
though using a continuous photographic procedure

to assess pronounced body or postural sway.

Body type all subjects.

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

31

 

A‘ » ' ,0.

IO.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books

Amar, J. The Human Motor. N. Y. E. P.: DUtton and
Co., 1920.

 

Daniels, Arthus S. Adapted Physical Education.
New York: Harper and Brothers, 1954.

 

Kendall, Henry 0., Kendall, Florence P., and Boynton,
Dorothy A. Posture and Pain. Baltimore: The
Williams and Wilkins Company, 1952.

 

Lowman, Charles G., and Young, C. H. Postural Fitness.

 

Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1960.

Morton, D., and Fuller._ Human Locomotion and Body
Form in Man. Baltimore: The Williams and Wilkens
Company, 1952.

 

 

Rasch, Philip J., and Burke, Roger K. Kinesiology
and Applied Anatomy: The Science of Human Movement.
Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger, 1963.

 

 

Steindler, A. Kinesiology of the Human Body.
Springfield, Illinois: Charles C. Thomas, 1955.

 

Stone, Eleanor B., and Deyton, John W. Corrective
Therapy for the Handicapped Child. New York:
Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1953.

 

 

Williams, Marion, and Lissner, Herbert R. Biomechanics

 

 

of Human Motion. Philadelphia and London: W. B.
Saunders Company, 1962.

 

Periodicals

 

Brunnstrom, Signe. "Center of Gravity Line in Relation

to Ankle Joint in Erect Standing," The Physical
Therapy Review, 34:109-115, March, 1954.

 

 

32~

 

T..- -

ll.

l3.

l4.

15.

l6.

170

18.

19.

20.

21.

33

Cureton, Thomas Kirk, Jr., and Wickens, J. Stuart.
"The Center of Gravity of the Human Body in the
Antero-Posterior Plane and Its Relation to Pos-
ture, Physical Fitness, and Athletic Ability,"
Supplement to the Research Quarterly, 6:93—105,
May, 1935.

 

Fox, Margaret G., and Young, Olive G. "Placement
of the Gravital Line in Antero-Posterior Standing
Posture," Research Quarterly, 25:277-285, October,
1954.

 

 

 

Hellebrandt, F. A., and Franseen, Elizabeth Brogdon. E
"Physiological Study of the Vertical Stance of
Man," Physiological Review, 23:220-249, 1943.
Hellebrandt, F. A., and Fries, E. Corinne. "The
Constancy of Oscillographic Stance Patterns,"
Physiotherapy Review, 22:17-23, 1942.
Hellebrandt, F. A., and Fries, E. Corinne. "The e

 

Eccentricity of the Mean Vertical Projection of
the Center of Gravity During Standing,"
Physiotherapy Review, 22:186-192, 1942.

 

Hellebrandt, F. A., and Kelso, L. E. A. "Synchroniz—
ing Biplane Stance Photography with Center of
Gravity Observations," Physiotherapy Review,
22:83-87, 1942.

 

Hellebrandt, F. A., Kelso, L. E. A., and Fries, E.
Corinne. "Devices Useful to the Physiological
Study of Posture," Physiotherapy Review, 22:10-16,
1942.

 

Hellebrandt, F. A., Riddle, Kathryn S., and Fries,
E. Corinne. "The Influence of Postural Sway on
Stance Photography," Physiotherapy Review,
22:88-96, 1942.

 

Hellebrandt, F. A. "The Influence of Sex and Age
in the Postural Sway in Man," American Journal
of Physiology and Anthropology, 24:347-360, 1939.

 

 

Hellebrandt, F. A., Riddle, Kathryn S., Larsen,
Eleanor M., and Fries, E. Corinne. "Gravitational
Influences on Postural Alighment," Physiotherapy
Review, 22:143—149, 1942.

 

Massey, Wayne W. "A Critical Study of Objective
Methods for Measuring Anterior Posterior Posture
with a Simplified Technique," Research Quarterly,
14:3—22, March, 1943.

 

34

22. Reynolds, Edward, and Lovett, Robert W. "A Method
of Determining the Position of the Centre of
Gravity in Its Relation to Certain Bony Landmarks
in the Erect Position," American Journal of
Physiology, 24:286—293, 1909.

 

 

23. Wells, Katherine F. "What We Don't Know About
Posture," Journal of Health, Physical Education
and Recreation, 29:31-32, May-June, 1958.

Unpublished Materials

24. Kalenda, Lenore May. "Relationships of Body Align-
ment with Somatotype and Center of Gravity in
College Women: A Pilot Study." Unpublished
Master's Thesis, Michigan State University,
East Lansing, Michigan, 1964.

 

APPENDICES

 

35

TABLE A

RAW DATA ON MEASUREMENTS

36

 

37

 

 

 

 

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TABLE B

INTERCORRELATION MATRIX

OF ALL VARIABLES

140

 

 

 

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