Hm I I . I THE RELATIONSHIP OF RATE OF GROWTH IN LAMBS TO BODY MEASUREMENTS AND CARCASS VALUE Thesis for the Degree of M. S. MICHIGAN STATE COLLEGE Harold A. Henneman I942 IHESIS m RELATIONSHIP 0! RATE OF GROWTH IN MES TO BODY MEASUREMENTS AND CARCASS VALUE m BEATIONSHIP 0? RATE OF GROWTH IN LAMBS TO BODY WWWTS AND CARCASS VALUE 4.1/1 by , ,\. Harold A. Benneman Submitted to the Graduate School of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of mm 01' SCIENCE Department of Animal Husbandry 19h2 m. S E H. 0.5. Acknowledgements The author is grateful to all who graciously gave time and thought in connection with this problem. He wishes to express his sincere appreciation .to Professor G. A. Brown and Dr. G. 1.. Cole for their advice \ and constructive criticism in the preparation of this manuscript, as well as guidance concerning the course of study. Appreciation is also due Dr. V. D. Baton, Associate in Mathematics. for his helpful advice in the statistical computations. In; P m (3: «I G‘s I. 11. 111. Table of Contents Introduction Review of Literature Experimental Material Measurements Objectives Results of Emperiment Summary Conclusions Bibl iog raphy Pigures 1. 2. 30 9. Measuring Instruments Measurements Taken for Width of Body Measurements for Depth of Body, Length of’Body, and Length of Leg Photograph Taken between the llth and 12th rib of Rambouillet Lamb Photograph Taken between the of Hampshire Lamb Photograph Taken between the of Two-Breed Lamb Photograph Taken between the of ThreeéBreed.Lamb Photograph Taken between the of Shropshire Lamb Photograph Taken between the of Oxford Lamb llth and 12th 11th and 12th llth and 12th 11th and 12th 11th and 12th rib rib rib rib rib Page 10 21 31 35 3s 11 12 13 1h 1h 1h 15 15 15 .sia . hflJ. XI. Charts 1. Slaughter Lamb Grading Chart 2. Lamb Carcass Grading Chart XII. Tables 1. Correlations between Average Daily Gain and Body Measurements 2. Correlations between Slaughter Grade and Body Measurements 3. Correlations of Body Measurements and Slaughter Grade with Percentage of Wholesale Cuts XIII. Appendix 1. Original Pigures for Veight, Gain, Dressing Per- centage, Grade, Percentage of Wholesale Cuts, and Body Measurements Page 17 18 25 26 1t]. m WNONSHIP OF RATE OF GROWTH IN LAMBS 'I‘O BODY WTS AND CARCASS VALUE Introduction In producing spring lambs for market, a producer is concerned primarily with the return above costs. Black and Knapp (l) in their work with beef cattle ran a multiple correlation showing that average daily gain and slaughter grade account for 87 per cent of the variation in return above feed costs. Winters (22) concluded that for practical purposes in the selection of efficient animals, daily gains and perfection in body form, as reflected in sale value, are the two most important factors to be considered. Breeders for years have been selecting animals for type and body conformation, thinking that these animals were more efficient producers. In our meat animals the consumer has affected type to a certain extent by preferring smaller cuts. As yet, it has not been proved that this type is the most efficient. In this study we have used certain body measurements in trying to predict the performance of the animal. By the use of ratios we have tried to determine whether or not the selected type has any advantage. A part of the study was conducted to determine the percentage of wholesale cuts from body measurements. We know there are several different breeds of sheep each selected on a somewhat different basis. To conclude our work, we have compared the different breeds for efficient production of the carcass most in demand, by use of the analysis of variance. -2- Review of Literature Prom the literature we find that studies of the relationship . of body measurements to average daily gain are limited. Some work has been done with mechanical measurements, but the uses to which they have been put are varied, and the results conflicting. Experiments in this country have been limited primarily to predicting the weight of the animal from some body measurement, or the changes in body shape, due to intensive fattening. Measurements have been taken of draft horses, dairy cattle, and swine, but this review was limited to beef cattle and sheep due to the selection for similar body types. Lush (13) has studied the relationship of body shape of feeder steers to rate of gain, dressing percentage, and value of dressed carcass in range-bred Hereford steers. His correlations indicated that a long- bodied, tall steer with a big paunch, but narrow loin and small flank girth made the best gains. This is somewhat contrary to belief. He explained this by saying that the long-bodied, paunchy steers had a large frame. A narrow loin would indicate a steer in thin condition, and therefore, ready to make rapid gains. A small flank girth would indicate little if any 'fill". Such a steer would be in excellent con- dition to make large gains, especially since non-carcass increases in liveweight play a considerable part in observed gains. Lush states that large, but thin steers tend to gain rapidly, but there is not much other association between conformation and rate of gain. In conclusion, his data indicated that no score card or standard based on conformation could ever be so accurate that the future performance of individual steers could be predicted from it with but few mistakes. Perm and function in these respects were not closely enough correlated. Hultz (9) did not measure any steers mechanically, but rather .. 3 - fitted them into a type series ranging from low-set to very rangy. 'His work substantiates that of Lush. Very rangy calves make more rapid gains than do low-set calves. However, he states, that the rangy calves tend to become more typy on fattening and the low-set calves be- come more rangy. The rangy calves have a lower dressing percentage, and shrink more on their way to market. Vhen he worked with two-year- old steers the low-set, typy cattle made slightly more rapid and more economical gains than either the intermediate or the rang steers. Bankins and Burk (7) state'that feeder grade was closely related with width and depth of body, thickness of finish and shape of the feeder's head, but none of them were reliable indices of the relative rate of gain of the animals in the feed-lot. Black, Knapp and Cook (2) found a negative correlation existing between height at withers and average daily gain, but it was not significant. A significant negative correlation was found between height at withers and efficiency of gain. The taller, rangier type of animal has a tendency to put on gains less economically than the shorter, blockier type. Height at withers had a high negative correlation with percentages of fat and edible meat in the carcass. Length of leg had a negative correlation with the production factors considered. Shorter type steers had a signi- ficantly higher dressing percentage. niese measurements were taken on fifty head of record-of-performance steers. These workers concluded that slaughter grade was a better measure of beef type than any ratios of measurements. Measurements cannot show exactly the symmetry and proportions that should exist in a good beef-type animal. PrOPP (15) obtained results indicating that there is a slight correlation between'the various body measurements and the performance of - h .. the animal in the feed-lot. The animals used in his experiment were of similar type and he states that even though this particular type shows a slight relation to performance, one should not conclude that an improve- ment in type would result in a. corresponding improvement in efficiency. A proportion of measurements was significantly better than any single measurement in predicting feeder grade. Of the single measurements, body length was the most accurate, while foreleg length was second in predicting average daily gain. The average body depth was the least accurate. Milford (21) correlated body measurements to dressing percent- age. Condition had more influence upon dressing percentage than any other factor. Rangy, leggy, coarse-headed animals had a lower dressing percent- age than the short, low-set more compact animals. In beef cattle the results have been obtained by measuring the perfomance of feeder steers in the feed-lot. Primarily, the increase in weight studied has been that of fattening. In raising spring lambs, we are interested in a rapid growth rate of the young lamb including increase of muscle, fat and bone. For a spring lamb to yield a high- quality carcass, he must be an early maturing lamb. Ritzman (17) has divided the first year's growth curve into quarters and gives a percentage of the first year's growth in weight as 50, 20, 15 and 5, for each quarter respectively. He states that early growth rate is an indication of early maturing qualities. Senequier (18) in his work on body develOpment of the sheep claims that at two months of age a lamb has attained one-third its mature weight; at five months of age, a lamb has grown to one-half its mature weight. - 5 .. - Hirsel (8) has made carcass studies of mutton and beef and he makes the statement that muscle development inan animal within a sbreed follows the direction of bone development. Bone represents a direct waste to the consumer and the demand is for light-boned carcasses. Although there may be no actual loss in weight of a particular bone, the shortening and thickening brings with it a shortening and thickening of the muscle covering. This produces a more attractive Joint, allowing for a deeper slice of mutton and a larger area from which slices may be cut. Thus, the shank is shortened. An attenpt might be made to lighten the bone, but too much refinement tends to reduce the thickness of muscle, a factor which has been realized and is being guarded against by suitable breeding. Actually, objection is taken to the long bone rather than the heavy bone. Palsson's (15) work indicates that short-boned breeds are more early developing in muscles at the last rib than long-boned breeds. The bones increase more in weight with growth, than in length. Lush (13) in his work with steers showed a positive correlation between cannon bone circumference and average daily gain. Gartner and Sternberg (1t) concluded that cannon bone circum- ference and weight at one year give a reliable indication of constitution and yield: a conclusion arrived at by practical breeders a number of years ago. Breed differences in lambs have been studied in detail by a few English observers. The only work reported so far in this country is that of crossing different breeds of rams on western ewes. Hirzel (8) compared the carcasses of different breeds to a standard arrived at’by measuring the prise-winning carcasses at the .. 6 .. Smithfield Show. These measurements were based on lambs at nine months of age. He also set up standards for mutton from sheep 21 months of 1 age. He commented on the breeds as follows: Southdown - Outstanding lamb breed with excellent depth of eye, with the fault of being overfat. Suffolk - A well-meated carcass but too heavy and long- shanked. Hampshire - Approaches the Southdown in proportion of depth to width of eye; however, it is too heavy, fat and long in leg. Dorset - Too heavy and fat with a shallow eye. Cheviot - Pattens too slowly to be remunerative and has a shallow eye. In general (8) the breeds lacked little in width of eye muscle, but fell considerablyshort of the standard in depth. Most carcasses : were too fat. Marbling was influenced by fatness, breed and age. Under existing conditions quantity is paying better than quality; but those who produce quality, e.g. How Sealand breeders, obtain an increasing demand for their product instead of a stationary or decreasing one. Palsson (15) in his work with lambs of the same age concludes that width of eye muscle is an early developing character, while depth of eye muscle is a late maturing character; and this explains the higher correlation of width to total muscle weight in lambs rather than depth. There is a tendency for short-boned animals to have a deep eye muscle relative to their width. The difference between any two breeds in width of eye muscle is in no case significant at the one per cent level; however, .. 7 .. there are wide differences between breeds in depth of eye. Hamond (6) reported on the relative growth and develOpment of various breeds and crosses of sheep nine months of age. According to weight and weekly rate of growth the lambs ranked as follows: Lincoln, Cotswold, Suffolk, Hampshire, Oxford, Cheviot, Dorset Horn, Shropshire and Southdown. In carcass percentage the rank was: Southdown, Hampshire, Suffolk, Shropshire, Oxford and Cheviot. In reporting his work, only breeds common in the United States have been listed. Within a breed, the heaviest animals generally have the highest carcass and fat percentages. By crossbreeding, Hamond noted a tendency to increase early maturity. Branaman (3) at Illinois reports that Southdown lambs of choice market finish give higher yields of dressed carcass, boneless meat, and separable lean meat than do Hampshire lambs similar in finish; and thus, are worth a higher price as live lambs, in the carcass and in retail trade. Hell-fed Hampshire single lambs attain choice market finish approximately six weeks younger than Southdown single lambs. Southdowns compared favorably with Hampshires for economical production of market lambs. Miller (1’4) in a crossbreeding investigation in the production of California springdambs, found that lambs sired by Hampshire and Suffolk rams weighed six to eight pounds more than Shropshire and South- down sired lambs. These rams were mated to Rambouillet ewes. In slaughter and carcass grade, selling price per hundredweight and dressing percentage they ranked: Southdown, Shropshire, Hampshire and Suffolk. However, in return per carcass they ranked: Hampshire, Suffolk, Shrop- shire and Southdown. He concluded that the trade did not disciminate sufficiently in weight and quality of carcass to permit the choice Southdown .. 8 - lamb to compete favorably with the larger, coarser Hampshire or Suffolk lambs in terms of gross income. Hultz and Wheeler (11) substantiate the results of Miller on the same type of lambs. They found that lambs sired by Suffolk, Hamp- shire and Southdown rams outsold the lambs sired by Lincoln, Corriedale and Hambouillet rams. Winters (22) in his studies of breeding for increased efficiency states that the two single factors showing the highest correlation with net profit were daily gains and sale price; the correlation coefficients were 0.807 and 0.823 respectively. - 9 .. Experimental Material The five Hampshire, four Oxford and six Rambouillet wethers used in this study were purebreds taken from the Michigan State College flock. Two of the Shropshire wethers were also from the College flock, while the other two were taken from the V. K. Kellogg flock which is bred and operated in conJunction with the College. Thirteen crossbred lambs made up the rest of the study. The seven two-breed lambs were sired by a Cotswold ram and out of Rambouillet ewes. The PI females (Cotswold X Bambouillet) were mated to a Hampshire ram producing the six three-breed lambs (1/1! Cotswold, l/ll Hambouillet and 1/2 Hampshire). The 32 wether lambs were slaughtered when they weighed about 85 pounds. Height was the only criterion of selection. The lambs were born between February 8 and March 22. Only nine lambs were dropped in March. The College lambs were started on creep feed at two to three weeks of age, and received grain until the sheep were turned to pasture on May 16. The first lambs were slaughtered before weaning and these were genuine spring lambs. moss not weighing 85 pounds by weaning time were then placed (about July 20) on clover pasture and were fed grain. These lambs would be slaughtered as spring lambs. The lambs from the Kellogg farm were fed grain only from the first week in October until slaughter time. The first lambs were slaughtered June 21} and the last November 5. The lambs were taken off feed in the afternoon, being weighed, graded, sheared, and measured that evening, and slaughtered the next morning. -10.. Measurements The measurements were read in centimeters and were taken with standard equipment (Figure 1) used by the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. To obtain more accurate measure- ments the lambs were sheared. To study width, five measurements were taken: width of shoulder, width of rack (narrowest point Just back of shoulder), two widths of loin (back of last rib, and front of hooks), and width of I thurls (Figure 2). These were averaged and an average width figure was used in the correlations. An average depth was arrived at by averaging the depth of fore flank and depth of rear flank (Figure 3). The two measurements, floor of chest to ground, and rear flank to ground, were used in determining the average length of leg. Three length measurements were used: Length from pinpoints to base of throat, length from pinpoints to front edge‘of hooks, and length from front edge of hooks to the last rib. I No circumference measurement was taken of the cannon bone. However, in carcass studies of these lambs LJungdahl (12) had measured the length of the tibia and fibula from the patella to the upper break Joint. He also separated this bone from the carcass and weighed it in grams. As a measure of size of bone the grams per centimeter were figured. This gave a figure, similar to a circumference measure, with which to work. As a measure of mscling, the eye muscle was used. A photograph was made of the surface of the hotel rack between the eleventh and twelfth ribs. A planimeter was used to measure the area of the eye muscle on the photograph. The depth of fat was taken over the eye muscle and these two measurements were corrected as to scale (Figures 14-, 5, ... 9). p ‘ M4 nu Figure 1. Measuring Instruments, Standard Equipment Obtained from the Bureau of Animal Industry, United States Department of Agriculture. (A) Measuring rule for height of animal, (B) caliper for width measure- ments, (C) arm used to replace short caliper ams for width measurement of shoulder and thurls, (n) centimeter tape. -12- Figure 2. Measurements Taken for Width of Body (1) Width at shoulders, (2) width at rack (narrowest width Just back of'shoulders), (3) width at loin Just behind the last rib, (1;) width at loin Just ahead of hooks, (5) width at thurls. -13... .. -.- “-4 I. '1 Figure 3. Measurements for Depth of Body, Length of Body, and Length of Leg (1) Length of body (base of throat to pinpoints). (2) length of rump (hooks to pinpoints), (3) length of loin (hooks to last rib), (1t) depth of brisket (top of shoulder to floor of chest between the front legs), (5) depth of fore flank, (6) length of foreleg (floor of chest to the ground), (7) depth of rear flanks, (8) length of rear leg (rear flank to the ground). ' -1h- Pigure 6. Two-breed (Bambouillet I Cotswold) Photographs of the hotel rack of each breed were taken between the eleventh and twelfth rib. -15- 1 figure 9. Oxford Photographs of the hotel rack of each breed were taken between the eleventh and twelfth rib. .. 16 - To insure uniform cutting of wholesale cuts a system of measure-— ments of the carcass was used. The amount of the ribs to be left on the hotel rack was first determined. At the last rib, a point was made one- half the distance from the midpoint of the back to the navel. 0n the fore- rib of the rack, the point was set at two-thirds the distance from the mi®oint of the back to the sternum. The ribs were then sawed on a straight line between these two points, and the shank was cut at right it angles to the shoulder arm. To divide the leg, loin, hotel rack and shoulder from each other, definite articulations of vertebrae were used. { The leg was separated from the loin at the articulation between the last r-.. two lumbar vertebrae. The loin was divided from the hotel rack at the articulation between the last two thoracic vertebrae. This left the thirteenth rib on the loin. To get a nine-rib rack, the next division was made at the articulation between the third and fourth thoracic vertebrae. This left a three-rib chuck. These wholesale cuts were very satisfactory. A chemical analysis. was run on the hotel rack to determine the percentage of ether extract in fat and lean. A figure was obtained for average daily gain. The dressing percentage used in comparing the breeds was derived by dividing the forty-eight hour chilled carcass weight by the enpty body weight. A figure for empty body weight was arrived at by subtracting the weight of the contents of stomach and intestines from the slaughter weight. This eliminated any error in slaughter weight due to ”fill“. In determining slaughter and carcass grade, charts were drawn 13: (Charts 1 and 2) and used by a committee of three to five animal Imsband- men. 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This means that in running correlations those factors which increase an animal's value by their greatness would have a negative correlation with grade. Those factors detracting from an animal's value would have a positive corre1a~ tion with grade. This is rather undesirable and in succeeding eXperiments, it would.be best to reverse the scale, so the high grade has the high score. l. 2. -20.. Objectives To study the relationship between body measurements and average daily gain in spring lambs, to determine whether or not various ratios of these measurements are more accurate in predicting growth rate than single measurements. To study the relationship between body measurements and slaughter grade, using individual measurements and ratios, to determine which individual measure- ments are of more importance in the eyes of the graders. To determine the importance of certain body measure- ments in predicting the percentage of wholesale cuts. To study breed differences in growth rate and carcass value by the use of the analysis of variance. -21.. Results of Experiment From Table I. the measurement giving the highest correlation with averagedaily gain is average width (r =+0.959). This would suggest that the most accurate measurement in predicting average daily gain would be the average width. The fact that thickness of fat over the eye muscle does not have a significant correlation (4- 0.012) with average daily gain indicates that the wider lambs and faster gaining lambs are not necessarily the fattest. The muscular and skeletal growth must be the determining factors in predicting'average daily gain from average width. This fact is partially substantiated by the correlation of+ 0.616 between area of the eye muscle and average daily gain. The faster gaining lambs have the largest eye muscles. Width of rack with a correlation coefficient of +0.60} is more highly correlated with average daily gain than depth of forerib with a coefficient of correlation of+0.’I50. However. both are significant at the one per cent level. This is somewhat contrary to belief. Ritzman (17) and Strett (19) have indicated that depth is the more important. Vhen these two measurements are added together and the sum correlated to growth rate, the correlation coefficient (+0.57% is higher than either measurement correlated individually. 'flie two measurements give an indication of constitutional develOpment. The grams per centimeter of bone gave a correlation of+0.7lh with rate of growth. If width of rack, depth of forerib, and grams per centimeter of bone are added together a correlation of* 0.755 is obtained which is higher than any of the three measurements correlated singly. This is in agreement with the breeders' belief that size of bone and constitutional development are indications -22.. 0 Table I Coefficient of Correlation between Average Daily Gain and: Heart girth“? . .......... . ........................ . + 0.1tl7" Depth of forerib. ........... . ....... . ....... +0.145o" Width of rack.. ....... ...... ...... ..........+o.603" Depth of forerib plus width of rack... ....... .......+o.671w Grams per centimeter of bone (tibia)................ +0.71h" Heart girth plus grams per cm. of bone.............. +0.56 ” Depth of forerib plus width of rack plus grams per cm. of bone...... ...... ........... .+O.756” Average width (V) ............. . ........... ..........+0.959" Averge dwm (D).OOOOO ...... O ......... O...OO..OOO..+ 0.25“ Average width plus average depth.. ............ . .. + 0.595" Length of body (L)...... ..... . ...... . ....... . ..... .. +0515" Average length of‘leg (C)....... ..... . ...... . ...... .+0.05O Length of body plus average length of leg.. ........ . +0.32} Log?)ee eeeeeeeee eee eeeee e eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee c-00u82“ I n+0. eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee .....c-oeh'83'. V Length, hooks to base of throat.... ...... ...........+O.257 Length, hooks to base of threat plus average length of leg... ........ ........... .. ....... .+O.2lO r + mm ....... . ................................... 4.22.3 Vi- D ’ ‘ P+°oeeeeeeeeee eeeeeee e eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee O‘OOMI. ...... Area of eye muscle.............. ..... ............... +0.61%" Thickness of fat over eye muscle... .............. ...-00.012 carcass gradOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO.[OOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00'00171 (l) Carcass measurement; (2) 13.: Length of body; C, 2 Average length of leg: (3) P ‘- Length from hooks to base of throat; I - Average width; D - Average depth. ’Significant at the 5% level. ”"Significant at the 1% level. .. 23 .. of rapid growth. The heart girth measurement with a correlation of+ 0.1+l7 is less significant than either depth of forerib or width of rack, being significant at the five per cent level. When heart girth is added to grams per centimeter of bone and the sum correlated to growth rate, the correlation is intermediate, 4- 0.563. This lower correlation to average daily gain as compared to depth of forerib, plus width of rack, plus bone, may be explained by the fact that in measuring heart girth, Ithe smaller measurement, floor of the chest, is taken into consideration. _ Length of body from pinpoints to base of throat leads to a correlation of+0.515 which is significant at the one per cent level. file long-bodied lambs are large framed and rapid growing. me average length of leg does not have a significant correlation (+ 0.050) and when the average length of leg and length of body are added-together the sum does not have a significant correlation with average daily gain («l-0.323). The average depth of body is not correlated significantly with average daily gain (“2514) and when average width and average depth are added together, the average depth reduces the significance of the correlation of average width 690.595). In Judging for’typs. it is felt that lambs should be short from their hooks to the base of the throat. This individual measurement is also correlated singly with average daily gain and the correlation (+0.25?) is not significant. ' To obtain a measure of type in lambs, a ratio is used. Measures of smallness are called such because the larger they get, the less desirable the lamb from the standpoint of type. The measures of smallness, such as, length from hooks to base of throat and average length of leg, are added -gh- together and used as a numerator. The measures of greatness, such as, average width and average depth are added together and used as the denominator. The larger the denominator and the smaller the numerator, the smaller the figure representing type and also the typier the lamb. Vs would then expect a negative correlation to daily gain if typy lambs are more rapid gainers. In the ratio 1’ + C a correlation of —- 0.243 is obtained '4' D which is not significant; when '1" equals length from hooks to base of throat, 'C', the average length Of leg, 'I' the average width, and 'D“, the average depth. In the correlations using individual measurements, we find that average depth is not significant. If average depth is not used, and the proportion P + C is used, we geta correlation of -- 0.1101, I which is significant at the five per cent level. The length from hooks to base of throat is not significantly correlated with average daily gain, and the correlation with (L) length of body from pinpoints to base of threat is significant. If‘we set up a ratio of L + C we obtain a corre- _. ' lation with average daily gain of - 0A8}. In using the proportion I: I we obtain a correlation coefficient of -- 0.1l82. These correlations are significant at the one per cent level, and indicate that the typy lambs are more rapid gainers. However, some of the single measurements, and sums of single measurements are more highly correlated with average daily gain than the proportions used. There is an indication that faster gaining lambs graded higher in the carcass, but the coefficient of correlation is not large enougl to be significant (- 0.171). Thickness of fat over the eye muscle, or finish, is the most .. 25 - important factor in the eyes of the grading committee in determining slaughter grade. The coefficient of correlation is - 0.673 and is significant at the one per cent level (Table II). Three of the correla- .tions aresignificant at the five per cent level. The proportion {Lg gives a correlation of 4 0.1.21} with slaughter grade. This indicates ' that wide lambs in proportion to the length of leg and length from hooks to base of throat, are graded the highest. The sum of length from hooks to base of throat and average length of leg gives a correlation of 4- CAI-$2; indicating that long-legged, long—bodied lambs grade lower than short- legged, short-bodied lambs. Average depth of body, which in type is a desirable characteristic, seemed to be the reverse when correlated with slaughter grade. The coefficient of correlation is + 0.m+l and is signifi- cant at the five per cent level. In other words, the deeper lambs are criticized and. graded lower than the shallow-bodied lambs. This is probably Table II Coefficient of Correlation between Slmghter Grade and: Thickness of fat over eye muscle. ........ .........-—0.673""'I Average width.................. ...... . ....... .....-O.229 Average depth.+Oll-1tl" Average width plus average depth.. .............. ..+0.l70 Length of body..... ...... .+Ol55 Length, hooks to base of throat...................+0.285 Average length of leg.............................«I-0.3m+ Length, hooks to base of threat plus average length of leg..........................+0.11%?!" P’o... OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO O. 00000000000 0.00.0000...+o.u2h* .. 26 .. due to the Bambouillet and crossbred lambs included in the study. They are deep-ribbed lambs, but tend to be graded lower primarily for their lack of finish. U. S. D. A. workers (20) stated that mutton—type lambs showed slightly closer relationships between measurements and grade than did Bambouillet lambs. The other individual measurements do not give significant correlations. However, there is a tendency toward selecting against long-legged lambs (+ 0.31m and, also, against long-bodied lambs (+0.155). There is an indication that the wider lambs are graded higher than the narrow lambs (“0.229). The'percentages of wholesale cuts are predicted in Table 111, from body measurements and slaughter grade. Table III Predicting Percentage of Wholesale Cuts from Body Measurements and Slaughter Grade Percentage of Leg: Slaughter grade............. ................ .......+0.58}+" Width of thurls... ....... +0.11 Length of pinpoints to hooks.......................-0.h9 " Length from upper breakJoint to twist..............+0.68?" Length from upper breakjoint to lower breakjoint... +0.18? Percentage of Loin: slaughter grade............ .......... ..............—o.61u" Average width of loin..............................—0.051 Length from hooks to last rib......................—0.125 Percentage of Hotel Rack: Slaughter gmdeeeeeeeeeeeeoee oooooooo e ..... eeeeeeeo‘002ho Width Of raCkoeeeeeeee ..... ooeoooooeeoeooooo ..... 00’00279 Percentage of Shoulder: Slaughter grads.+0205 Width of shoulder..... ........ .......... 4-0.395"I Bath Of shoulderOIOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOQOOOOOOOO ~0.011 .. 27 .. This study indicates that the best measurement to use in predicting the percentage of leg is the length from upper breakjoint to twist. These two factors have a correlation coefficient of + 0.687 which is significant at the one per cent level. The length from upper break- Joint to lower breakjoint (cannon) gives a correlation of + 0.185 which is significant at the five per cent level. A correlation of - 0.194 is obtained in predicting percentage of leg from the measurement, length from pinpoints to hooks. from Branamn‘s (3) figures at Illinois, it is shown that from fourteen per cent, in allighter, shorter-boned breed, .to twenty-five per cent, in a longer, coarser-boned breed, of the whole- sale leg cut is bone. These figures might explain why a bone measurement gives such a high correlation. Also, a lamb long in cannon and tibia may be long in the femur, thus increasing the length of the nested area if not the plumpness. In this study, the long-legged, long-shanked lambs are also the shortest in the rump, (Bambouillet and Bambouillet I Cotswold). fllis might explain the negative correlation of the rump measurement. The width of thurls is not significantly correlated with percentage of leg; however, it is positive (+0.119). Slaughter grade and percentage of leg have a correlation coefficient of +0.58%. The higher grading lambs have a lower percentage of leg. However, the lambs grading high have a higher percentage of loin than the lower grading lambs due to the increased fatness. The correlation between slaughter grade and percentage of loin is -- 0.6114, which is significant at the one per cent level. This indicates that in grading, the percentage of loin is important. The average width of loin and length from hooks to last rib do not give significant correlations (- 0.051) and (- 0.125) respectively. .. 28 .. There were no significant correlations between body measure- ments and percentage of hotel rack. The correlation coefficient of - 0.2140 indicates that high grading lambs have a higher percentage of hotel rack, although not significant. The width of the rack gave a negative correlation to percentage of hotel rack (- 0.279). The wider the rack, the wider the shoulder, and. width of shoulder has a significant correlation with percentage of shoulder, thus decreasing the percentage of rack. The coefficient of correlation 4 0.395 between width of shoulder and percentage of shoulder is significant at the five per cent level. Depth of shoulder was not significant with percentage of shoulder (- 0.011). The correlation indicates that high grading lambs have a low percentage ’ of shoulder, but it is not significant. It is felt that more satisfactory correlation coefficients would be obtained if the predictions of percentages of wholesale cuts were made within a breed rather than for a combination of breeds. To study the differences of the breeds in average daily gain, grade, and carcass value, the analysis of variance is used. The total average daily gain of five Hampshire lambs is 2.53 pounds per day; four Oxfords, 2.21% pounds; six three-breeds, 2.76 pounds; seven two-breeds, 3.09 pounds; four Shrapshires, 1.29 pounds; and, six Hambouillets, 2.“ pounds per day. The mean average daily gain for Hamp- shire, Oxford, three-breed, two-breed, Shropshire, and Rambouillet lambs is: 0.506. 0.56, 0.16, 0.1:», 0.32. and 0.1407 pounds per day, respectively. A table of the analysis of variance is included. - 29 - Degrees Sum of Mean Experi- Source of Squares Squares mental Freedom Error Total 31 6.3159 Between.Dreed Means 5 6.1281 1.2256 ‘Within Breed.Means 26 0.1878 0.0072 0.085 The “I" value ( 1.2256 170.2 ) indicates a significant 0.0072 difference between at least two of the means at the one per cent level. The standard deviation of the means and standard deviation of the difference of the means is figured. The “Student t” table is then used to test for the significant difference between the means. The analysis shows that Oxford lambs make significantly higher daily gains than Shropshire and Rambouillet lambs at the one per cent point. Oxfords also gain faster than two-breeds at the five per cent point. Hampshire lambs make significantly higher daily gains than Shrop- shire lambs at the one per cent level. Three-breeds make significantly faster gains than.Shr0pshires at the five per cent level. .An analysis of variance of slaughter grade indicates that Shrop- shires grade significantly higher at slaughter than two-breeds and.Bambouillets at the one per cent level. Three-breed lambs have a significantly higher slaughter grade than two-breed lambs at the one per cent level, and.Ham- bouillets at the five per cent level. Oxford and.Hampshire lambs have a significantly higher slaughter grade than two-breeds at the one per cent point. In analyzing the differences between.breeds in dressing percentage, the RSAhour chilled carcass weight and the empty body weight are used. The results show that Hampshire, Oxford, three-breed, and.Shropshire lambs have a significantly higher dressing percentage than two-breeds and - 3o - Hambouillets at the one per cent level. The breed differences in carcass grade are anaLyzed and the 't' values indicate that three-breed, Shropshire, Hampshire, and Oxford lambs grade significantly higher at the one per cent level than Rambouillet or two-breed lambs. I'The '3' value in the analysis of variance of area of eye muscle indicates there is no significant difference between breed means. Palsson (l5), Hammond (6), and.Hirzel (8) have found a significant difference in the size of the eye muscle. Their work‘was based on older lambs than the maJority of lambs used in this study. Palsson (15) has stated that width of eye muscle is an early deve10ping character, while depth of eye muscle is a late maturing character. The eye muscle of lambs in this study probably had.not matured in depth of eye muscle, because the majority of the lambs were slaughtered before six months of age. The results of the analysis of variance of thickness of fat over the eye muscle show that threeébreed and.Hampshire lambs were signi- ficantly'fatter over the eye muscle than two-breed and Hambouillet lambs at the one per cent level. Oxfords were significantly fatter than.two- breeds at the one per cent point and significant at the five per cent point over Rambouillet lambs. ShrOpshire lambs were significantly fatter over the eye muscle than two-breed.lambs at the five per cent point. An analysis of variance of’percentage of ether extract in the lean of the hotel rack suggests that Shropshire and three-breed lambs have a significantly higher’percentage of ether extract in the lean than Hambouillet and two-breed lambs, at the one per cent level. Hampshires and Oxfords have a significantly higher percentage at the five per cent level than Rambouillet and.two-breed lambs. -31.. M The 32 lambs used in this study were slaughtered weighing approximately 85 pounds. Nineteen of the lambs were purebred Hampshire, Oxford, Shropshire and Rambouillet wethers. There were thirteen cross- bred lambs, seven of which were sired by a Cotswold ram out of Rambouillet ewes. The other six were sired by a Hampshire ram out of the Cotswold X Hambouillst ewes. A definite system of measuring and cutting was used to insure uniformity in the data. The average width of lamb was the measurement having the highest relationship with average daily gain. The muscular growth of the lamb is important in rapid growth. As a measure of constitution and ruggedness“ the depth of forerib, width of rack and grams per centimeter of bone were added and the correlation with daily gain was significant. Practical breeders have for years believed this to be true. Other correlations that were significant at the one per cent level, in the order of their importance are: grams per centimeter of bone, depth of forerib plus width of rack, width of rack, average width plus average depth, heart girth plus grams per centimeter of bone, length of body, the proportion P: the ratio L 4- C, and depth of forerib. At the five per cent level, W W heart girth, and the ratio P «l- C were significant. From the data we W find that although three of the ratios of measurements are significant, some of the individual measurements and sums of individual measurements give higher correlations with daily gain. This indicates that typy lambs tend to gain more rapidly than poor type lambs, but in predicting average daily gain, there are single measurements of more importance. .. 32 .. Those correlations with average daily gain that were not significant were: Length of body plus average length of leg, length from hooks to base of throat, average depth, the ratio 2.12.2- length from hooks to base of throat plus average length of legfczrgass grade, average length of leg, and thickness of fat over the eye muscle. From the data we find that average depth and average length of leg were of little importance in predicting daily gain. Also, when these two measure- ments were added to other measurements with significant correlations, the coefficient between the sum and daily gain was reduced. The more rapid gaining lambs were not necessarily the higher grading lambs. The average daily gain was not dependent upon thickness of fat over the eye muscle. The most important factor in the eyes of the graders influenc- ing slaughter grade was the degree of fatness, e. g. thickness of fat over the eye muscle. The lambs short from the hooks to base of throat and short-legged were graded higher. The ratio of 2.1.9. was significantly correlated with average daily gain and indicates that typy lambs grade higher than poor type lambs. From these data, the deep-ribbed lambs were the low grading lambs. This is probably due to the Hambouillet and two- breed lambs which were deep-bodied, but graded low because they lacked finish. The wider lambs tended to grade higher than narrow lambs, but not significantly higher. The measurements of length of body, and average width plus average depth were unimportant in predicting slaughter grade. The lambs grading high at slaughter were the lambs having a high percentage of loin due to the increased fatness. Low grading lambs had a higher percentage of leg. The length of shank and length of cannon were positively correlated with the percentage of leg. The long-shanked, long-legged lambs probably were correspondingly long in the femur, thus, .. 33 - increasing the length of the meated area. Percentage of leg was negatively correlated with length from pinpoints to hooks. This was pronounced in the Bambouillet and two-breed lambs. The width of thurls had a positive influence on percentage of leg, but it was not significant. Width of loin and length of loin were negatively correlated, but not significant with percentage of loin. Neither slaughter grade or width of rack were correlated with percentage of hotel rack. Slaughter grade and depth of shoulder were not significant in predicting percentage of shoulder. There was an in- dication that higher grading lambs had a higher percentage of rack and lower percentage of shoulder, than low grading lambs. Width of shoulder did influence the percentage of shoulder. The wide-shouldered lambs had a significantly higher percentage of shoulder. Using the analysis of variance, a significant difference was found between breeds in average daily gain. At the one per cent level, Oxfords made higher gains than Shrapshires and Rambouillets; Hampshires made significantly higher gains than Shropshires. At the five per cent level, Oxfords gained significantly faster than twee-breeds, and three-breed lambs gained faster than Shropshire lambs. By the analysis, Shropshire, three-breed, Oxford and Hampshire lambs graded higher at slaughter than two-breeds at the one per cent level. The slaughter grade of Shropshires was also higher than Bambouillets at the one per cent level and three-breeds were graded higher than Hambouillets at the five per cent level. In dressing percentage and carcass grade, Shropshire, three-breed, Oxford and'Hampshire lambs are significantly better than two-breeds and Hambouillets at the one per cent level. -3h- From these young lambs, the data indicated no significant difference in the area of the eye muscles. This is probably due to the late maturity'of the depth of eye muscle. Three-breed.and.Hampshire lambs were significantly fatter over the eye muscle than two-breed and Rambouillet lambs at the one per cent level. Oxfords were significantly fatter than two-breeds at the one per cent point and Rambouillets at the five per cent point. Shrop- shires were fatter than two-breeds at the five per cent point. In ether extract, Shropshire and.three-breed lambs have a significantly higher percentage of ether extract in the lean than Hambouillet and two-breed lambs at the one per cent level. Hampshires and Oxfords have a significantly'higher'percentage at the five per cent level than Rambouillet and two-breed.lambs. l. 2. 3. 5e -35... Conclusions These data indicate that certain body measurements bear a definite relationship to average daily gain. The highest correlation coefficient was between average width and daily gain. The average width was due more to muscular growth than to thickness of fat over the eye muscle, as the area of the eye muscle was significantly correlated with daily gain, and thickness of fat was not. Depth of forerib, plus width of rack, plus grams per .centimeter of bone were used as an indication of constitution and ruggedness and were significantly correlated with growth rate. The ratios: length of body to average width, and length of body plus average length of leg to average width, led to correlations significant at the one per cent level with average daily gain. These correlations indicated that wide lambs in proportion to length gain more rapidly. However, a number of the individual measurements and sums of individual measurements were more highly correlated with daily gain. In these data, gain influenced width of rack more than depth of forerib. Average depth, average length of leg, carcass grade and thickness of fat over the eye muscle were influenced only slightly by average daily gain. None of these independent variables were significantly correlated with the dependent variable. The most important measurement influencing slaughter grade, in the eyes of the grading committee, was thickness of fat over the eye muscle, or finish. .. 36 .. 8. Short-legged lambs that were also short from hooks to base of throat were the higher grading lambs at slaughter. 9. The ratio obtained by dividing the measurement, length from hooks to base of threat plus average length of log, by average width, was correlated with slaughter grade indicating that typy lambs graded higher than poor type lambs. 10. An attempt was made to arrive at a figure for type by the use of ratios. However, many things influence type which cannot be measured in centimeters or pounds. 11. Lambs grading high at slaughter gave a higher percentage of loin due to increased fatness. The lower grading lambs had the higher per- centage of leg. 12. The length of shank (upper breakjoint to twist), also length of cannon (upper breakJoint to lower breakjoint) were the best measurements in predicting percentage of leg. Thefllong-shanked lambs had the higher percentage of leg. A lamb long in cannon and tibia, probably is long in femur, thus increasing the length of the meated area if not the plumpness. l3. Lambs long from the hooks to the pinpoints have a lower percentage of leg. In this study the long-legged, long-shanked lambs were also the shortest in the rump and poorest in finish, (Hambouillet and Rambouillet X Cotswold. 1“. No mechanical measurement was significantly correlated with percentage of loin. Neither slaughter grade or width of rack influenced the percentage of rack. 15. 'nle wider-shouldered lambs had the higher percentage of shoulder. 16. 17s 18. 19. 21. 22. 23. 2h. 25. - 37 - Higher correlations may be received between certain measurements and percentages of wholesale cuts if the breeds of lambs were treated separately. Oxfords made significantly higher daily gains than Shropshire, Hambouillet and two-breed lambs. Hampshires and three-breeds gained significantly faster than Shropshires. Shropshire and three-breed lambs graded significantly higher at slaughter than two-breed and Rambouillet lambs. Oxford and Hamp- shire lambs graded significantly higher than two-breed lambs. Shropshire, three-breed, Oxford and Hampshire lambs have a signifi- cantly higher dressing percentage and carcass grade than two-breed and Hambouillet lambs. There was no significant difference in the area of the eye muscles in these spring lambs. Three-breed, Hampshire and Oxford lambs were significantly fatter over the eye muscle than two-breed and Rambouillet lambs. Shrop— shires were significantly fatter than two-breeds. Shrapshire, three-breed, Oxford and Hampshire lambs had a significantly higher percentage of ether extract in the lean than two-breeds and Bambouillets. 0n the present market, it is questionable whether the high quality Shropshire lambs would return as much profit to the producer as the more rapid gaining Oxford and Hampshire lambs. The three-breed lambs tend to yield a high quality carcass and also gain rapidly. In the production of spring lambs, the two-breed and Hambouillet lambs lacked the quality of carcass and rapidity of growth to compare with the Hampshire, Oxford, Shropshire and three-breed lambs. 1. 2. 3. 9e 10. -38- Bibliography Black, W. H. and B. Knapp, Jr. A Method of Measuring Performance in Beef Cattle. Proc. Am. Soc. of Ani. Prod. 29: 72-77. 1936. Black, W. H., Knapp, B. Jr., and Cook, A. C. Correlation of Body Measurements of Slaughter Steers with Rate and Efficiency of Gain and with Certain Carcass Characteristics. Jour. Agr. Res. 56 : 1465472, 1938. Branaman, George A. Some Factors in Lamb Production Associated with Size and Type in Mutton She . Jour. Agr. Res. 60 8 11-73-1483 1940. Gartner, R. and Ungern-Sternberg. Correlation- of the Most Important Performance Characters in the Mutton Merino. An. Brdg. Abs. 6 x 110, 1938. Hammond, John Growth and the DevelOpment of Mutton Qualities in Sheepe Oliver and Boyd, London, 1932. Hammond, John. , 0n the Relative Growth and DevelOpment of Various Breeds and Crosses of Sheep. Jour. Agr. Sci. 11 : 367-h07, 1921. Hankins, O. G. and Burk, L. B. Relationships Among Production and Grade Factors of Beef. Proc. Am. Soc. Ani. Prod., p. 358, 1932. Hirzel, R. Factors Affecting Quality in Mutton and Beef with Special Reference to the Proportions of Muscle, Fat, and Bone. 0nderstepoort Jour. Vet. Sci. and Ani. Ind. Vol. 12, No. 28 379-55”. 1939. Hultz, Fred 3. Type in Beef Calves. Wye. Exp. Sta. Bul. 153. 1927. Hultz, Fred S. and Wheeler, S. S. Type in Two Year Old Beef Steers. Wye. Agr. Exp. Sta. 3111. 155, 1927. ll. 12. 13. 1h. 15s 16. 17. 18.) 19. 21. -39.. Hultz, Fred S. and Wheeler, S. S. Crossbreeding with Western Ewes. Wyo. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 210, 1935. Idungdahl, V..A. Significant Factors in the Determination of Carcass Quality in Lamb. Unpublished data. Michigan State College, l9u2. Lush, J. L. The Relation of Body Shape of Feeder Steers to Rate of Gain, to Dressing Per Cent, and to Value of Dressed Carcass. Tex. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. h7l, 1932. Miller, Robert F. Crossbreeding Investigation in the Production of California Spring Lambs. Cal. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 598, 1935. Palsson, H. Meat Qualities in the Sheep with Special Reference to Scottish Breeds and Crosses. Jour. Agr. Sci. 29 : 5hh-626, 1939. Propp, George J. The Relationship of Certain Body Measurements of Feeder Calves to Their Performance in the Feed Lot. Thesis for M. S. Degree, Michigan State College, 1937. Ritznan, B. G. Nature and Rate of Growth in Lambs During the First Year. Exp. Sta. Rec. 38 : “72. Senequier, M. R. Investigations on the Bodily Development of Sheep. Exp. Sta. Rec. 7 : 521. watt, '0 we Observations on the Anatomical Differences in Cattle. Proc. Am. Soc. Ani. Prod. 2h : 62-66, 1931. U. S. D. A. Workers. Lamb Carcass Measurements as Related to Grade. Report Rev. Comm., Conf. on Coop. Meat Invest., Vol. 2, Grades and.Measures, Ref. no. 10. Wilford, H. J. Correlation of Body Measurements of Beeves to Dressing Percentage. Proc. Am. Soc. Ani. Prod. 125-126, 1925. '22. Winters, L. M. Studies of Breeding for Increased Efficiency. Proc. Am. Soc. of Ani. Prod. 29 : 263-265, 1936. 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