534% m2. .550 E. masts ". LIBRARY * Michigan State University \ PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. To AVOID FINES return on or before date due. MAY BE RECALLED with earlier due date if requested. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE 5/08 K:/Proj/Acc&Pres/CIRC/DateDue.indd ELSE—1'1!!! A STUDY OF DAIRY CATTLE BREED ORGANIZATIONS IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES A STUDY OF DAIRY CATTLE BREED ORGANIZATIONS IN VARIOUS COUNTRIES Thesis Respectfully submitted to the Graduate School of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Mester of Science. by Mogens Elum 1952 TH ESJS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The writer of this thesis wishes to acknowledge his appreciation of the help and guidance given during this study by Professor E. L. Anthony, Head of the Department of Dairy Husbandry,,and for the helpful criticism given in preparing this manuscript. The author also wishes to express his appreciation of the valuable aid given by Miss Bertha Beebee during the collection and preparation of the material presented in this manuscript. 103373 TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION General History of Cattle Development Domestication and Economic Development of Cattle Efforts towards Improvement of Dairy Cattle Reasons for Breeders Organizations BREED ORGANIZATIONS United States of America The Holstein Friesian Ass'n of America The American Jersey Cattle Club The American Guernsey Cattle Club Ayrshire Breeders' Ass'n The Brown Swiss Cattle Breeders' Ass'n The Milking Shorthorn Society The Dutch Belted Cattle Ass'n of America Organizations for Dual Purpose Cattle Canada Canadian Live Stock Records Canadian Ayrshire Breeders' Ass'n The Canadian Jersey Cattle Club Canadian Cattle Breeders' Ass'n Other Dairy Breed Associations The Holstein Friesian Ass'n of Canada The Canadian Record of Performance page 1 16 18 19 2O 22 25 24 24 25 29 51 52 52 54 2 page Great Britain.and Ireland 57 Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society 57 Dairy Shorthorn.Association 45 British Friesian Cattle Society 55 English Jersey Cattle Society 55 The English Guernsey Cattle Society 5? Devon Cattle Breeders' Society 57 South Devon Herd Book Society 58 Welsh Black Cattle Society 59 Blue Albion Cattle Society 59 Ireland 60 Other Factors for Cattle Improvement 61 Channel Islands Royal Jersey Agr. and Hort. Society 65 Royal Guernsey Agr. and Hort. Society 66 Holland 70 Germany 82 The Jeverland Herd Book Society 84 The Oldenburg Wesermarsch Herd Book Ass'n 86 East Friesian Cattle Breeders' Ass'n 88 The Herd Book Society for Black and White Lowland Cattle in East Prussia 91 The Herd Book Society for East Prussian.Holland Cows 94 The Union of Breeders' Societies for Brown.Highland Oh i} +1162 95 page Denmark 97 Sueden 105 Nerway 110 Finland 115 Switzerland 116 Italy 122 France 125 Hungary ' 124 Belgium 126 New Zealand ‘ 128 Union of South Africa 152 DISCUSSION 155 SUMMARY 145 LITERATURE CITED 144 INTRODUCTION The world's total cattle population is estimated to be over 600 million head (1). The largest part of these, however, are not used for milk production. On the basis of figures from the United States Depart- ment of Agriculture (1) showing an estimated total of about 90 million head of milk cows in the most important dairy countries, it may safely be estimated that the world's total population of dairy cows is about 100 million head. These dairy cattle belong to many different types or breeds. An estimate of the total number of different cattle breeds in the world is very difficult. In most European countries we find a great number of dif— ferent breeds of cattle. The International Cattle Atlas (2) gives for Germany alone 15 different breeds and Morse (5) mentions 22 different breeds in France. Mbst of these breeds originally developed as a consequence of the different climates and soils where the cattle were raised. .frior to the latter half of the 18th century we can hardly speak of breeds in the pres- ent sense of the word because the modern breeds have had their development from that time on (4). Shortly before the beginning of the 19th century Agricultural Societies were formed in various countries and as one of their main activities took up the improvement of cattle. George Coates published the first cattle herd book in England in 1822 and this marks the beginning of a steadily increasing interest in organized cattle imr provement. One of the factors which to day has the greatest influence on cat- tle development is the Breed Organizations or Breeders Organizations as we in many cases may better call them. These organizations are found in nearly all civilized countries, but unfortunately it is rather difficult to get information.about the activities of these different organizations. There is not available at the present time an organized collection.of in? fermation about the different breed organizations of the world and an attempt was therefore made to collect information.about the dairy cattle breed organizations in the most important dairy countries of the world. An.undertaking of this kind has been rather difficult as so much of the information is only available in scattered publications from the dif- ferent organizations. These publications are not available in the li- braries and it was therefore necessary to send questionnaires to the dif- ferent countries. After communication with the consuls of various coune tries between 60 and 70 breed organizations were finally located and ad- dressed. Much information was secured through direct correspondence and printed material in the language of the countries in Which these organiz— ations were located. However, there was a great variety in the type and completeness of information received. This study is therefore far from being a complete account of the cattle breed organizations of the world. It is our belief, however, that the information which has been.gathered is of such a nature that it is justified in being presented as an.aid to a better understanding of dairy cattle development in many parts of the world. General History of Cattle Devglppment 4444—0—5 Opinions about the origin of domestic cattle vary a great deal. Morse (5) in his study of the ancestry of domesticated cattle gives the different views regarding the development of cattle and the most popular conception seems to be that our present domesticated cattle originated from two types or species, bos primigenius and has sondaicus. Bos primigenius lived during the Pleistocene and recent period in western Asia, northern Africa and Europe. This animal has lived wild in Europe in prehistoric time and was known by the Teutons as the auroch or ur, and is also mentioned by Caesar who called it urus. Several skeletons of bos primigenius have been found in Germany and resemble very much the present Lowland cattle of Europe. There is probably no doubt that the urus has lived in Europe so recently that many European breeds are his im- mediate descendants. Bos sondaicus had its original home in Java and descendants from this type were found in Europe and are often referred to as bos longifrons or Celtic Shorthorn. Bos longifrons was smaller than bos primigenius and had a smaller face, but a longer and wider forehead. Kellers classification of the modern breeds, as given by Morse (5), is probably as accurate as any. According to this the ancestors of the modern breeds are bos primigenius and bos sondaicus. The primigenius type include the English Park Cattle, the North German, Lowland, Dutch, Steppe, Simmentaler and Freiburg breeds. The sondaicus type includes the Asiatic and African zebu, Albanian, Sardinian, Spanish, Polish, Channel Island cattle, Hornless Mountain cattle of Scandinavia and Brown Swiss cattle. Qogestication and Economic Bevelgpnent of Cattle When and where the domestication of cattle took place is not defi- nitely known, but much evidence seems to point to Asia as the place where cattle were first tamed and domesticated. Morse (5) states that deposits in Turkestan in Asia dating back to about 8000 B. C. contain remains of what is believed to be a domesticated form of cattle (bos nomadicus). He also states that the zebu (bos indicus) is known to have been domesticated as early as 4000 B. C. and spread from Asia to Africa (Egypt). It is commonly believed that there was an invasion of Europe by people from Asia at the beginning of the Neolithic period. In southern and middle Europe this period lasted from about 4000 to 2000 B. C. It occurred much later in northern Europe and seems to have been in Denmark from 700 to 200 B. C. Undoubtedly Asiatic domesticated cattle were brought into Europe at this time. The Egyptians considered cattle as sacred and the Greeks and Romans regarded cattle as valuable gifts, the Latin word for money, pecunia, ac~ tually meaning "property of cattle". In the remains of the lake dwellers skeletons have been found that show that these people had domesticated cattle at a time between 4000 and 2000 B. C. While these cattle were mostly used for work there is, however, sufficient evidence to show that the people of these early days likely used cattle for milk production. A primitive butter churn has been found among the remains of the lake dwellers and early Greek and Latin writers tell about the milk giving capacity of their cattle. It is most likely that an independent domestication of cattle occurred in northern Europe during the Neolithic period and it is also quite certain that agriculture was well developed during the following Bronze Age and that cattle breeding was an important factor of this development. The different invasions of northern.Europe before and after the Christian.era also caused a migration of cattle as the different tribes undoubtedly brought cattle with them. During the Roman invasion cattle were brought into England and partly displaced the native cattle. The Friesians and Vends brought cattle to the Netherlands and laid the foundation for the Holland cattle. The Burgundians brought cattle from northern Germany or Sweden down south to southern.Germany and Switzerland where its present day descendants are found in the Simmentaler breed. After the invasions were ended the people settled down and cultivated the land, and cattle became their most valuable animal for work and also as a source of food. Cattle were easily adapted by the help of man to different purposes, such as draft animals, milk cattle or meat producers, and the foundation for the modern cattle breeds was laid. Effogtshzggagds Improveggntflgf,flaigz Cattle Records have been left from the Egyptian civilization showing that cattle were branded for identification. This mayihave been done mainly because cattle were kept in common on pastures, but it was undoubtedly also a means of identifying the animals which were supposed to be the most valuable for breeding purposes (5). In Greece, Pyrrhus selected breeding stock according to strict rules about 500 B. C. (5). The Romans were actual cattle breeders as is seen in the writings which are left. Attention was paid to blood lines and the cattle were branded in order to "mark which you will rear to raise another breed" (6). Regardless of how successful these early breeders may have been, they have undoubtedly had very little influence upon the development of the present modern breeds of dairy cattle which have practically all been developed in northwestern Europe along the English Channel. It is doubt— ful if efforts in breeding had any great influence upon the early develop- ment of cattle in these regions. The greatest improvement probably came through better management and especially a more abundant food supply. Unfortunately very little is known about the efforts for cattle de- velopment during the middle ages, but there was very likely a constant selection of the better animals for breeding purposes. Selection of bulls was probably carried out, and it is interesting to note that the early settlers in New England made attempts for cattle improvement when they required that the towns had to keep a bull selected by a special comp mittee (5). The daixy'cattle of Holland and the Channel Islands had probably reached far in development in the 18th century. The prohibition of imp portation of foreign cattle to the Island of Jersey in 1765 seems to in— dicate that the breeders on Jersey realized that their cattle had reached such a stage of development that nothing could be gained by the introduc— tion of foreign breeds of cattle. At the end of the 18th century cattle development in England reached heights which have probably never been equalled. These results were obtained by a few master breeders, but their influence rapidly expanded when breeding stock from their herds was spread out over the country. The success of such breeders as Bakewell and Bates undoubtedly had a great influence in stimulating the interest for cattle breeding and laid the ground work for much of the organized effort of the last century. geasons for ggeeders Opganizatiogs It is only natural that the breeders on the Island of Jersey wanted to prevent introduction of foreign cattle when they realized that their cattle were superior to any other breed. It was equally natural that the next step towards breed protection was in the Shorthorn.breed which had had such a successful development at the end of the 18th century. There was a desire on the part of the breeders to insure the purity of these cattle in order to distinguish them from inferior breeds, and the devel- opment of the Shorthorn Herd Book was the result. Meet of the other dairy breeds were at this time not so well advanced regarding type, and several of the agricultural societies which were formed in EurOpe at the beginning of the 19th century adopted rules and standards for the various breeds. A real development in breed organizations was not evident, however, before the middle of the century. The great expansion of industry and the deve10pment of better means of communication.were fac- tors of great influence in the dairy industry. The cattle breeders realized the necessity of improvement of the breeds to meet the increasing demand for dairy products. Purebred dairy cattle were in demand and Herd Book Societies as well as Breed Societies were formed, partly in order to pro- tect the purity of the existing breeds and partly to improve native cattle of inferior quality. The development of the modern dairy breeds, as we find them to day, has been within the last 100 years. In some countries the Government has taken an.active part in this work from the very beginning. In.most cases, however, the development has been carried out through breed or- ganizations which have worked for two objects, namely, improvement and subsequent protection of the cattle from infusion of foreign blood. In some localities where natural conditions have helped in protecting the purity of the breeds the methods for cattle improvement have been the most dominating; in other localities the necessity for registration and Herd Book keeping have been of equally great importance. UNITED STATES OF AMERICA Qairy Breeds in the Unitengtates L4 44 A AggJ L A. Several breeds of dairy cattle are found in the United States. In order of importance the five breeds most widely found are: Holstein? Friesian, Jersey, Guernsey, Ayrshire and Brown Swiss cattle. Besides these five major dairy breeds the Canadian, Dutch Belted, Polled Jersey and Kerry cattle are found in insignificant numbers. There are also found some dual purpose cattle such as Milking Shorthorn, Devon and Red Polled cattle. According to the cattle census of 1920 the distribution of purebred cattle was as given in the following table (7). NUmber Per cent Holstein.Friesian 528,621 57.7 Jersey 251,854 25.5 Guernsey 79,446 8.7 Ayrshire 50,509 5.5 Brown Swiss 8,285 .9 Other Breeds 57,909 4.1 Total 916,602 Besides these purebred cattle a great number of grade cattle are found. In fact, they constitute by far the greatest number of cattle found, as 10 only 4 per cent of the dairy cattle in the United States are estimated to be purebred. (8). This is mainly due to the fact that cattle are not native to the United States, but were all imported from abroad. Prior to the establishment of the American.breed organizations in the latter half of the 19th century, there was no attempt to keep these cattle pure and a highly mixed cattle population was the result (8). The activities of the breed associations caused a change in this and as all of the breed organizations have had as their first object the preservation.of the pur~ ity of the imported cattle they have some common features which mey be mentioned before entering into details about the separate associations. Commo eatures o e. can eed ssociations Head Boogs The Herd Books of the American Breed Associations are all closed, i. e. only descendants of previously registered parents or imported animals can.be entered. 0n.the other hand all such descendants are allowed entrance and no selection of the animals is in effect (8). we time limit is set for entrance and animals can.be registered even after death, if necessary to complete pedigrees. Advagped fiegisteg The Advanced Register System is a special Ameri- can feature and was started in the eighties of the last century in order to give recognition to animals of exceptional producing merit. This Ad- vanced Register system has been.ad0pted by all of the breed associations (8). erd ove t Test In recent years it has been realized by all the breed associations that the Advanced Register, although it has pointed out the best animals of the breeds, has not reached the great masses of ll purebred cattle. All of the breed associations have therefore now beside the Advanced Register testing adopted a program of Herd Improvement Test- ing of great masses of cows. In this test all cows in the herd have to be on test and the tests are carried out under normal conditions with no special emphasis on forced feeding or special handling to increase the production. Qgtensiog'Worg The American.breed organizations spend considerable amounts of money every year to popularize the pure breeds and create in, terest for the merits of purebred cattle. This work has become known.as extension work and is at the present time one of the most important func— tions of the breed associations. The Holsteig—EZiesiag Associatiog flog America, Brattleboro, vermont. Secretary: Houghton Seaverns. sto of Cattle in the Unified States Cattle from Holland were first brought into the United States by the early Dutch colonists. There was no attempt, however, to keep trace of the descendants of these cattle until the middle of the 19th century when the herd of Winthrop W. Chenery was established. His work with the Holstein cattle created so much in? terest that animals from Holland were imported in large numbers and the breed spread rapidly over the whole country. Up to 1905 when importations of Holland cattle were finally stopped because of disease restrictions a total of 7,757 animals had been imported from Holland into the United States (9). 12 Eormgtiog of Orgagization In 1871 the "Association of Breeders of Thoroughbred Holstein Cattle" was formed and started to publish the "Hol~ stein Herd Book". In 1877 a rival organization, "The American.Association of Breeders of Pure Bred Friesian or Dutch Friesian Cattle", was started and they also published a Herd Book, "The Dutch Friesian.Herd Book". In 1885 these two organizations were combined and the Holstein.Friesian Association of America was formed (9). This organization has since grown to be the largest breed association in the world (7). Haindling of Agrganizatiog Megbership Any person interested in the breeding of Holstein cattle may apply for membership in the organization and the membership fee is $25. The officers of the Association are: President, Vice President, Secretary, Treasurer, Superintendent of Ad- vanced Registry, and a Board of Sixteen Directors (10). The directors are elected by delegates from the various states, each 200 members having a delegate elected by mail vote (9). The Board of Directors elects comp mittees, such as Extension Committee and Finance Committee to handle the different branches of the work of the Associations. The Association now has over 51,000 members (7). na cial o t The financial support comes from membership fees, registration fees and transfer fees and amounted to almost $500,000 in 1929. Herd egg Breed Idegtification All animals out of previously reg- istered parents can.be entered in the Herd Book. It is, however, the duty of persons who register cattle in the Herd Book to keep a private book with accurate records of service dates and dates of calving as well as sex 15 and color of calves born. Imported animals must pass an inspection be- fore entry, except fer animals which are entered in the Herd.Book of the Holstein.Friesian.Association of Canada. Applications for registration must contain all such infermation.as is necessary to establish a reliable proof of the parentage of the animals and must also contain diagrams of the color markings of the animal. It is not necessary to be a member of the Association in order to register animals, but non members have to pay double fees (10). The total number of cattle registered in the Herd Books of the Association was 1,515,900 cows and 648,400 bulls in September, 1951 when Vblume 69 was published. Advanced Register The Association maintains an.Advanced Register for animals already entered in the Herd Book which have met certain mini— mum requirements for milk and butter fat production. The Advanced Regis- ter system was started by the Dutch Friesian.Association.and became a part of the functions of the new Holstein Friesian Association which was started- in l885.(9) In the beginning this recognition was based upon private rec- ords and the Advanced Register was, therefore, looked upon.with suspicion by many breeders. After the use of the Babcock test was adopted in 1892 and the supervision of the tests was placed in the hands of the Agricul— tural Experiment Stations the system received a much larger support and has had in the fellowing years a great influence upon the development of the breed (8). At the present time the Association has two kinds of tests, a 7-day official test and a long time semi—official test of either 505 or 565 days. The requirements for mature cows for entry in the Advanced Register are at the present time (12) 14 4 time milking 5 time milking 2 time milking 505 days 415 lbs. 565 lbs. 515 lbs. butter- fat 565 days 480 lbs. 420 lbs. 560 lbs. butter fat Bulls are entered in the Advanced Register when they have four or more progeny entered in the Register. Up to December 5lst, 1950 there had been entered in the Advanced Register 118,458 cows and 8,044 bulls. The A. R. records are published every year in the Holstein Friesian Advanced Register Year Book (the "Blue Book") (15). many outstanding production records have been entered in the Advanced Register. The most outstanding American records are the ones of Segis Pietertje Prospect and Daisy Aaggie Ormsby 5rd. The first holds the world record for milk production with 57,581 pounds of milk and 1,158.95 pounds of butter fat. The latter holds the United States butter record with 55,140 pounds of milk and 1,286.25 pounds of butter fat in 565 days (9). Herd Test The Herd Improvement test was put in operation in January, 1928 and the first year 4,854 cows finished records under this test (9). The records obtained under this test are published every year in the H01— stein.Friesian.Herd Improvement Register Year Book (the "Red Book") and the 5rd volume of this appeared in 1952 containing all records completed up to September 50, 1951. (14). figgflhanngu 1 Classification In 1929 the Association started a pro- ject for recognition of proven sires and classification of sires for type. Under this system bulls are awarded Bronze and Silver Medals according to the type of their daughters, especially when compared with their dams. Sil- 15 ver Medal bulls are furthermore eligible for Gold Medal awards if their daughters meet certain requirements for production. Together with this plan is a system of classification of entire herds where all females that have freshened and all bulls over two years of age are scored according to type. The animals are rated as Excellent, Very Good, Good Plus, Good, Fair and Poor. Animals that are classified as Poor have their registra- tion certificate cancelled, and male progeny of females of class Fair rat- ing can.not be registered (9). Extension Work The extension work of the Association was begun in 1895 when the Association appropriated $2,000 for the activities of a Literary Committee. The purpose of the committee was "aiding in the dis— semination of information showing the great value of Holstein Friesian Cattle" (9). This work has been developed tremendously since then and a total of $1,585,458 has been spent during the years for this purpose alone (8). Through the extension service the Association distributes a great number of printed pamphlets and helps support State Breeders Asso— ciations. One of the most important branches of the extension work is carried out in support of boys and girls club work. The Association has over 15,000 junior members, boys and girls in calf club work with Hol- stein Friesian cattle, who after one year of successful work become meme bers of the Holstein.Friesian Calf Club Association and are allowed to register and transfer their animals at membership rates until they are 21 years of age (9). 16 The igerican.Jersex Cattle Cigb, 524 West Twenty—third St., New York City. Secretary: Lewis W. Mbrley. History of Breed in U. S. A. Jersey cattle seem to have been im- ported into the United States at the beginning of the 19th century. Both cattle from the Jersey and Guernsey Islands were, however, at this time commonly known as "Alderney Cattle" so nothing definite is known about the exact time of the first importation of Jersey cattle. At the middle of the century many cattle from the Island of Jersey were imported and the breed was distributed all over the New England States, New York and Penny sylvania (7). The importation of Jersey cattle is still carried on and up to April lst, 1950 a total of 15,018 animals had been imported and entered in the American Herd Book (7). ThgbflkitieLClpb, The American.Jersey Cattle Club was founded in 1868 by 45 breeders of Jersey cattle in the eastern states. They started to publish the Herd Register of Jersey cattle of which the first volume appeared in 1871 (15). The officers of the club are a President and a Board of Twelve Directors, one of whom is elected Vice President (16). The organiza- tion had in 1951, 1094 members who pay an initiation fee of $100 (16). The financial support comes from membership fees and transfer and registration fees, amounting in 1929 to $568,882 (9). Registration The By—Laws of the Club state "that no animal shall be registered until both its sire and dam are registered; and, to preserve the identity of registered animals, all animals offered for registration must be plainly tattooed in the ear in indelible ink" (16). It is not necessary 17 to be a member of the Club in order to register cattle, but non members have to pay double fees. Imported animals can.be registered when they are entered in the Isl- and Herd Book or in the English Herd Book. Animals which are too young to be entered in the Island Herd Book must have a certificate from the Sec— retary of the Island Herd Book to prove their identity. Animals imported from Canada must have been registered in the Canadian Live Stock Records in order to be entered in the American.Jersey Herd Register. Up until December, 1929, 516,000 bulls and 875,000 females had been entered in the Herd Register of the American Jersey Cattle Club of which 117 volumes have been published up to 1951. Recording of Production.Recogds In 1884 there was privately pub- lished butter records of some 1200 Jersey cows having produced more than 14 pounds of butter in 7 days. In 1885 the Club appointed an.official tester to conduct butter tests of Jersey cows. The expenses connected with the operation of the official tester seemed, however, to limit the number of entrances and the Club therefore accepted private tests for pub~ 1ication from 1887. The first volume of “Butter Tests of Registered Jersey Cows" was published in 1889. In 1905 the present "Register of Merit" was established but the Cattle Club continued to accept private records until 19L0 (17). In 1929 the Club accepted the Herd Improvement test (9). The highest production record made by a Jersey cow in the United States is that of Abigail of Hillside 457241 which produced 25,677 pounds of milk with 5.06 per cent of fat and 1,197.51 pounds of butter fat in 565 days. 18 Ritensiq34Wogk The Club carries out a considerable amount of ex- tension work. In 1928—29 alone the Club spent $155,704 for this work (9), and up to that time a total of $1,550,825 or more than 54 per cent of the total revenue of the Club had been spent for this purpose. Malawian ernlxse 9.8.1.1340 e 11.30 13.: Peterboro, New Hampshire. Secretary: Karl B. Musser. As mentioned before cattle from the Channel Islands were imported into the United States as early as the beginning of the 19th century, but the first animals whose progeny was kept pure were imported in 1850 or 1851 (18). From this date a few Guernsey cattle were imported now and then but not until the eighties was there a greater number imported. The importa- tions then.decreased until the beginning of this century. Up to January, 1950 a total of 12,785 head of Guernsey cattle had been imported into the United States (7). The Catt e Club The American Guernsey Cattle Club was formed in 1877 and had at that time 28 members (9). At the present time the Club has 1575 members and the total income for the year ending march 51, 1950 was $558,656 received from membership, registration and transfer fees (8). The officers of the Club consist of a President, Vice President, Secre- tary, Treasurer and an Executive Committee of eleven members (19). Registration The By—Laws of the Club state (19) that "no animals can be recorded unless imported, or traceable through both sires and dams to importation from the Island of Guernsey". Sketches with the animals' color markings are used for identification. 19 The total number of animals registered until July, 1950 was 175,022 bulls and 296,187 cows and altogether 42 volumes of the Guernsey Herd Register have been published up to this date (19). gigLfidyappediRegisgegq of Guernsey cattle was started in 1901 and up to 1950, 28,500 cows had been entered. The requirements for entry in the 565 day division are 290.5 pounds of butter fat plus .1 pound for each day the animal is over 2 years old, making a requirement of 400 pounds of butter fat for a five year old animal (20). Bulls are entered when they have two offspring entered in the Advanced Register (9). The Herd Improvement Test was adopted by the Club in 1950. The highest record made by a Guernsey cow was that of Anesthesia Faith of Hillstead 114554. Her record is 19,741 pounds of milk and 1,115 pounds of fat in 565 days. Extension work is also carried on to a great extent by the Club and a total of $96,025 was spent for this work alone in the year 1929. iygshiie Rreederst.issociatigg, Brandon, Vermont . Secretary: C. T. Conklin. Ayrshire cattle were first imported into the United States about 1850 and importations were made annually into the eastern states for about 50 years thereafter. After this there was a standstill in the importa- tions until 1900 when importations were resumed. The Ayrshire cattle are found mainly in New York, Vermont and Pennsylvania (7); 20 An association of Ayrshire breeders was formed in 1865. This asso- ciation was succeeded in 1875 by the American Ayrshire Breeders Associa— tion. This organization.had 5,064 members in 1929 and the income was $58,585. The total number of cattle registered until 1951 was 172,587 and 45 volumes of the herd book, "The Ayrshire Record", had been published up to 1927. The Association started in 1895 a Home Dairy Test which was changed in 1902 when the Advanced Register was begun (7). The Herd Improvement Test was originated by the Ayrshire Breeders' Association and was first put in operation in 1925. It is now the most popular type of test with Ayrshire breeders (8). The highest producing Ayrshire cow in the United States is Lily of Willowmoor 22269 with a production record of 22,596 pounds of milk and 956 pounds of butter fat (7). The Browndfiwissjg§§§_e4Breaders' ssflciagion Qfdthe4United45tates of America, Beloit, Wisconsin. Secretary: Ira Inman. The first Brown Swiss cattle were imported into the United States in 1869. The next importation was made in 1882 and from then on and until 1906 when the last importation was made. Only 200 head of Brown Swiss cattle have ever been imported. 21 The Brown Swiss Breeders' Association.was formed in 1880 (7) and up to 1927 had published 11 volumes of the herd book, "The Brown Swiss Rec- ord". A total of 58,000 animals have been registered by the Association up to 1951 (8). The "Register of Production" which is the Advanced Register of the organization was started in 1911 (7). Swiss Valley Girl 10th 7887 has the highest production of any Brown Swiss cow in the country with a production of 27,515 pounds of milk and 1,106 pounds of butter fat in a year. The activities of the Brown Swiss Association are very similar to those of the other breed organizations except on a much smaller scale. The Milking Shorthornnggiety, Independence, Iowa . Secretary: Roy A. Cook. When.Shorthorn cattle were first introduced into the United States shortly before 1800 the dual purpose type was very popular.. Later on the beef type of Shorthorn gained more popularity. There were, however, still some breeders who preferred the dual purpose type and from 1885 they be- gan to develop registered herds of Milking Shorthorns. In 1912 the Milk— ing Shorthorn Cattle Club of America was founded and in 1915 the American Milking Shorthorn Breeders' Association was started. In 1920 these two associations were combined and the Milking Shorthorn Society was formed. The Milking Shorthorn is registered in the Herd Books of the American Shorthorn.Breeders' Association where all types of Shorthorn cattle are 22 entered. The Milking Shorthorn Society is active in fixing show classi- fications and other features for development of the Milking Shorthorn. A.Year Book containing a list of Record of Merit cows has been.pub- lished by the American Shorthorn Breeders' Association since 1915 and a total of 4,410 records had been accepted for publication.up to June, 1950 (7). The Dutch Belted Cattle Association of America, Rockville, Connecticut. Secretary: R. J. Leonard. Dutch Belted cattle were first introduced into the United States from.Holland in 1858 and in 1929 there were about 1800 registered cattle of this breed in the country. The Dutch Belted Cattle Association of America was organized in 1886 and had in 1950 76 active members (7). The work of the Association is mainly registration of animals and up to 1924, 12 volumes of the Dutch Belted Herd Book had been.published (15). The Association has carried on advanced registry work since 1912 (7). 25 Or a zatio for Dual se Cattle. The Red Polled Cattle Club of America, Richland Center, Wisconsin. Secretary: H. A. Martin. The Club was organized in 1885 and the first Herd Book was pub— lished in 1891. Up to 1928 there had been published 40 volumes. Since 1911 an Advanced Register system has been in effect and the records have been published in the Herd Book since 1915 (15). The American.Devon Cattle Club, Meredith, New Hampshire. Secretary: W. J. Neal. The Club was formed in 1916 when the American Devon Cattle Breeders' Association, organized in 1905, was reorganized. The main activity of the Club is registration of animals and an advanced register has been maintained since 1921 (7). 24 CANADA Cattle Breeds ig Canada Practically the same dairy breeds common in the United States are found in Canada. Holstein.Friesians are by far the most important dairy cattle and next in importance come the Ayrshires and Jerseys. Guernseys are also found, but in smaller number, and besides these is the only dairy breed which is not found in the United States, the Canadian cattle. Brown Swiss cattle are found in small numbers along with some Red Polled and Dairy Shorthorn cattle. The total number of milk cows in Canada was 5,659,565 head in 1925 (21). A A L_A 1 Ottawa, Canada. In Canada all breed associations except the Holstein Friesian Asso- ciation of Canada are incorporated under the Live Stock Pedigree Act. The associations make their own rules and regulations, but these must be endorsed by the Department of Agriculture. The Canadian.Live Stock Rec- ords is, therefore, the combined central registration office for all breeds, except the Holstein, and carries out the regulations made by the respective breed organizations (22). The dairy breed organizations which belong to the Canadian.Live Stock Records are given in the following table along with the number of members of the different associations, the total number of cattle registered, and the number of cattle registered in 1950 (25). 25 Name of Association No. of No. of Pedi— No. of Members grees Recorded Animals 1950 until Dec. 51, Registered 1950 in 1950 Canadian Ayrshire Breeders Ass'n 1,754. 149,856 9,688 Canadian Brown Swiss Ass'n 28 1,956 59 Canadian Cattle Breeders Ass'n 415 15,858 1,000 Canadian Guernsey Breeders Ass'n 469 9,250 1,122 Canadian Jersey Cattle Club 1,656 56,157 5,088 Canadian Red Poll Ass'n 175 8,586 ‘ 445 Dominion Shorthorn Breeders Ass'n ... ... ... The Shorthorn cattle can, however, not be regarded as a dairy breed in Canada as only a very small number of breeders are interested in the Dual Purpose Shorthorn (24). These breeders have formed their own sub- organization, "The Dual Purpose Shorthorn Club of Canada", with head— quarters in Caledonia, Ontario. The Canadian Live Stock Records collects all fees and handles all transfers and registrations, etc., and deposits these to the credit of the breed association concerned, which, in turn, pays the Canadian Live Stock Records its pro—rata share of the cost of the work. Canadiag Ayrshire_greeder§lhAssppiationu 505—6 Banque Canadienne Nationals B1dg., Ottawa, Canada. Secretary: Frank Napier. ggigin of Bgeed in CanadaAamggfpypdatio §;hgggnizgtigp. The first ¥‘—““ .55 M Ayrshire cattle were brought to Canada early in the 19th century and be— 26 came especially popular among the farmers around Quebec and Montreal, and this part of Canada has ever since been the stronghold of the Canadian Ayrshires (25). The Canadian.Ayrshire Breeders' and Importers' Association was es— tablished in 1870 and embraced breeders in Quebec and part of eastern.0n~ tario. In 1872 the Dominion Ayrshire Breeders' Association was formed. These two associations were, however, joined in 1898 and formed the pres- ent Canadian Ayrshire Breeders' Association, which has members and breed— ers scattered all over Canada. Most of the breeders are, however, found in the eastern provinces, Quebec and Ontario, and fewer in.British Colum- bia, the maritime Provinces, and the Prairie Provinces (22). flandligg of;93gggiggtign The organization is supervised by a Board of Fourteen Directors representing the different sections where Ayrshire cattle are found. An executive committee, consisting of three eastern and three western directors, acts on behalf of the Board during the year. This committee meets periodically while the Board only meets once a year. iject,pf;Organigktign The organization has for its object the ens couragement and development of the breeding of purebred Ayrshire cattle in Canada. This is done by keeping a record of the breeding of pure bred cattle, by publishing an annual Herd Book and by carrying out a system of registration under the Canadian Live Stock Records. ygggggghfigfiggggiglhggppgat_ The total number of members was in.June, 1951, 1,906 of which 1,584 alone lived in Quebec and Ontario. The asso- ciation receives its financial support thru membership fees, registration and transfer fees. The association does not receive any financial aid from - l I " ‘ . . II. . ' . 1 A. . I . . . . . . . . u ' a . " ' ' _ ' ‘ . o ' u’. .‘ I ‘I ‘ . . . A . . , _ . ‘ . ‘1 . _ . . _. . . _._ _ -_ _ t .. ' ' ' z . . > . .. ‘ : I" I '1" ' ~ _ - . I. " I " ‘ - = . -. . h I . ' , u ‘ .__ '__. .. .. ." ._ _ .. . A .1 . ‘. . . ... .. ... _ U I I ‘ "I : . ‘ -. ' : " ' ' ' - ' .r , , .- . . n . , . J ‘ ' . _. | .. _h _ . . .A . ‘ I ' ‘ ll - - ' - ' ‘ I ‘ ., I '. . I . . 27 the Government. There is, however, a special grant by the Dominion De- ‘ partment of Agriculture to the Canadian Livestock Records. This is dis- tributed to the credit of the various breed associations on a pro-rata basis. The Ayrshire work costs the Canadian Live Stock Records 25 cents per operation. The association pays around 21 cents and the Government grant takes care of the balance. The total revenue for the year 1950 was $49,095.94 (22). Herd and Bre§§_Identification All persons registering animals in the Canadian Ayrshire Herd Book must keep a private herd record, furnished by the association. These Herd Books contain the following information (26): "Name of every animal in the herd, registered number and date of birth, an accurate record of all births and service dates, giving name of sire used. All deaths or removals of animals from the herd for any cause shall also be recorded. All such entries must be made within three days of the actual date of birth, service, death or removal and all such en? tries shall be made in ink. This record shall at all times be open to the inspection of officials of the association, officials of the Department of Agriculture for Canada and officials of the Canadian Live Stock Records". Registgatign In making application for the registration of an ani- mal the owner must fill out an application blank. 0n the back of the form are diagrams for sketching the color markings of the animal. A number of breeders have adopted the photographic system of identification, but this is optional. Several use the tattoo system, but this is voluntary, and color marks must still be sketched. (22). 28 Animals in order to be registered must be under 24 months old if born in Canada. Imported animals must be entered in the Ayrshire Herd Book of the country from which they came (27). The registration certificate issued is endorsed by a representative of the Department of Agriculture who is permanently in the Record office and this official also affixes the seal of the Department of Agriculture on each certificate. All subsequent changes of ownership must be recorded on the certificate (22). ygmbggggggggimg1§_5§gistegeg Some 50 per cent of the Ayrshires in Canada are eligible for registration, but not actually recognized as pure breds until they are recorded (22). The number of registrations for the years 1927-1950 is as follows (28): Registered in 1927 7,621 1928 9,850 1929 10,095 1950 9,688 The total number of Ayrshire cattle registered up to December 51, 1950 was 149,856 (25). Ergdggtionzfiepgrds The average production record of 1,429 mature cows tested for entrance in the Canadian Register of Performance, which will be mentioned later, was 11,555 pounds of milk with 456 pounds of fat in 565 days. A yearly average of 9,965 pounds of milk and 405 pounds of fat was made by 1,097 mature cows under test in 505 days with calving with- in 400 days (22). The highest production record obtained with a Canadian.Ayrshire cow is the one of "Nellie Osborne of Elm Shade 16th" 71910, who in 565 days 29 gave 27,198 pounds of milk with 4.62 per cent fat, or 1,257 pounds of butter fat (29). Fieldworkhgggggpblications The Canadian Ayrshire Breeders Asso- ciation employs five fieldmen.whose work consists in visiting breeders, assisting in registration, etc. Furthermore, they assist breeders by arranging field days, demonstrations, etc. The association publishes the Canadian Ayrshire Review, a monthly magazine, edited by the secretary. Besides this the association publishes a Herd Book annually and since 1929 an annual year book, "The Canadian Ayrshire Record", with Record of Performance and Advanced Registry (22). The Canadian ggksey Cattle Club, Frederickton, New Brunswick, Canada. Acting Secretary: James Bremner. Jersey cattle are found mainly in Nova Scotia, eastern Quebec, west- ern Ontario and British Columbia (21). The Canadian Jersey Club was founded June 15, 1901, when a meeting of Jersey breeders was held to form an organization for the encouragement of the Jersey breed. The organization was incorporated under the Live Stock Pedigree Act on February 11, 1905, and is now organized under the Canadian Live Stock Records. The objects of the organization are carried out by the publishing of a Herd Book and donating of prizes to fairs. At the present time the func- tions are mainly publicity, field work, encouragement of Jersey milk sales and the popularization of the Jersey Trade Mark (50). 50 ykgflggmzarfizFinanpia1_Support_ Practically all pe0ple who register Jersey cattle in Canada are members of the organization and the number of members in 1950 was 1,656 (25). In July, 1951 the number was 1,800 (50). The yearly support amounts to from $25,000 to $50,000 and this money comes entirely from registration and membership fees. The Canadian.Jersey Club, as such, does not receive any Government aid, but the Canadian.Live Stock Records does, as previously mentioned, receive: financial support from the Government and the Jersey Club receives part of this money to aid in rec- ord keeping (50). Registration Each herd has a set of tattoo letters allotted which are marked in the left ear. In the right ear is marked the year letter which in 1951 was "J", and following the year letter is the number of the animal. Any animal whose sire and dam are registered in a recognized herd book is eligible for registration, or any animal that comes from the Isl— and of Jersey. The number of animals registered yearly is from 5,000 to 7,000 and the total number registered up to December, 1950 was 56,157 (25). Prpdpptdpmgfiepprds The mature average production record for cows on test in the 505 day division of the Canadian Register of Performance is 7,722 pounds of milk and 417.91 pounds of fat. In the 565 day division the average is 9,001 pounds of milk and 490.61 pounds of fat. To date the highest production record made by a Jersey cow in Canada is 1,042 pounds of fat in 565 days (25). 51 Canadian Cattle ggeeders Association, St. Hyacinthe, Quebec, Canada. Secretary: Adrien.Morin. Practically the only Canadian cattle are found in the province of Quebec. In the first half of the seventeenth century a considerable num— ber of French colonists came to this country from Normandy and Brittany in France and the cattle they brought with them carny much the same blood which in the early days formed the Jersey and Guernsey cattle. No skillful cattle breeding was carried on in the early days and after 1850 there was even an effort to completely discourage the breeding of these cattle. Since 1880 there has, however, been.a marked develop- ment of the breed and the Canadian cattle are now rapidly gaining popular— ity in the province of Quebec. 'Establishment of Organizat on. The French Canadian Cattle Breeders' Association was started in 1895. A Herd Book for Canadian cattle had al- ready been maintained since 1886 by the legislature of Quebec and was taken over by the association. In 1905 the charge of the Herd Book was taken over by the Canadian.Live Stock Records. In 1950 the name of the association was changed to "Canadian Cattle Breeders' Association“ and the name of the cattle changed from French Canadian to Canadian (Canadienne). The organization had in 1950, 415 members and the number of recorded pedigrees until December 51, 1950 was 15,858. Since 1925 the rules for registration have required that birth of calves shall be filed within 50 days of birth and that all calves must be 52 examined and approved between the age of 5 and 12 months and tattooed prior to registration (7). The average production of 21 cows admitted to the 1929 Register of Performance is 9,766 pounds of milk and 440.9 pounds of fat (27). Otheg Qaigy Breed Associations anger the Canadian.Live Stock Eecogds The following list gives the location of the other dairy breed or— ganizations which are incorporated under the Live Stock Pedigree Act (25). Name Address Secretary Canadian.Guernsey Breeders' Ass'n Trure, N. S. E. G. McColough Canadian.Red Poll.Ass'n Annaheim, SaSk. P. J. Hoffmann Canadian.Brown Swiss Ass'n West Shefford, Que. James A. Jolley The Dual Purpose Shorthorn. Caledonia, Ont. Ross Martindale Club of Canada The. Holstein Friesian Association of Canada. Brantford, Ontario, Canada. Secretary: G. M. Clemons. The first Holstein Friesians were introduced into Canada from the United States in 1882. Since then the breed has spread all over Canada and is now the most important dairy breed in the country. In 1885 the foundation of the present Holstein Friesian Association of Canada was laid by a few breeders who came together and formed an organization (9). The Holstein Friesian.Association of Canada has always been in very close 000peration with the Holstein Friesian Association of America and 55 the two organizations fully recognize each other so that registrations in the Herd Books of one of the countries are recognized in the other. Egbersand Finances, The Association had on January 1, 1951, 4,248 members and receives its financial support through membership fees, registration and transfer fees. The total revenue for the 1950 amounted to $82,024.86. flggg‘agfiLBreedLIdentifigafiégg is carried on.according to the same system as is used in the American Association and will, therefore, not be described here (51). The number of cattle registered in the year 1950 was 22,400 which is a slight decline from the preceding year when.the number was 24,000. The total number of cattle registered until June, 1951 was 550,000 head (52). Record EeepiggJanngroductifln_Rewg£g§' Milk tests are conducted by the Dominion Department of Agriculture and animals which meet the entrance requirements are entered in the Canadian Register of Performance. Besides the Register of Performance the association has its own "Register of Merit", corresponding to the Advanced Register of the United States (21). The average yearly record for 256 mature cows entered in the Record of Performance for 1950 was 16,490 pounds of milk with 5.55 per cent of fat or 582 pounds of butter (51). The champion cow "De K01 Plus Segis Dixie" with a Register of Merit record of 55,465 pounds of milk and 1,549 pounds of butter fat was a Canadian cow. Her record in the Canadian.Rec- 0rd of Performance for the same lactation in which she made this record is 1,584 pounds of fat (9). 54 Selective Registrati9n_okaulls_amQLCows In 1925 the association began.a system of selective registration of bulls. By this registration the bulls are entered under three classes, "X", "XX", and "Extra". For entry in class X the bull must be a qualified bull (entered in the Register of Performance or the Register of Merit) and score at least 75 per cent on.type; or he must be out of a record dam, have a sire meet- ing certain requirements, must score at least 75 per cent, and be over 8 months old. For entry in class XX the bull must be qualified and score at least 85 per cent, or be out of a cow with a record one-third above the Register of Performance requirements and a qualified or class XX bull. He must be at least 20 months old. For entrance in class "Extra" the bull must be at least a class XX bull and have at least 60 per cent of his daughters available for inspec- tion graded as excellent in the selective registration of cows, with a minimum of 10 daughters. In 1927 the association ad0pted a similar system for cows. They are classified in.the following classes (55): Gold Medal, Excellent, Extra, Good, Fair and Poor. If a cow is classified as Poor the registration cer- tificate must be returned for cancellation. In Canada the record keeping of the production records for cattle of all breeds is in the hands of the Dominion Department of Agriculture, Branch of the Live Stock Commissioner, which publishes an annual report, "The Canadian.Record of Performance for Purebred Dairy Cattle", (R. 0. P.) (27). 55 The rules for each breed are drawn up by the association concerned and an.annual herd test fee of $5.00 is charged each entrant. A certifi- cate for each cow which qualifies is issued to the-owner. Certificates are also issued to each bull which qualifies as an R. 0. P. sire. The entrance requirements for mature cows in the 565 day division are as follows (27): Holstein Friesian 12,000 lbs. milk 408 lbs. fat Ayrshire 10,000 lbs. " 400 lbs. " Jersey 8,000 lbs. " 400 lbs. " Guernsey 8,000 lbs. " 400 lbs. " Brown Swiss 10,000 lbs. " 400 lbs. " Canadian 7,400 lbs. " 555 lbs. " Red Poll 8,000 lbs. " 520 lbs. " Shorthorn 6,500 lbs. H 247 lbs. " Bulls are entered when they have four progeny in the Register of Performance (Qualified Bulls). The Department of Agriculture also sponsors cow testing association work. In many cases the herd owners themselves weigh the milk and take the samples and thus make it possible for the testers to visit a greater number of herds every day (21). Agyaggeleegister fprgpairy Bglls In addition to the Register of Performance there is an Advanced Register System for dairy bulls (22). This system was inaugurated in the spring of 1925 by the Cattle Commission after the principles of the plan had been fulLy discussed and endorsed by the following breed organizations which have since contributed to the cost of operation: 56 Canadian.Ayrshire Breeders' Association Canadian.Jersey Cattle Club Canadian Cattle Breeders' Association Canadian.Guernsey Breeders' Association Canadian Red Poll Association The purpose of the Advanced Register is to give definite recog- nition to bulls possessing desirable type and production records. At the present time there are two classes for bulls, "AA" and "A". These classes correspond to the classes "XX" and "X" of the Canadian.Holstein bull classification.and the requirements for entry in class "A“ and "AA" are practically the same as the requirements set up by the Holstein Friesian Association of Canada for Holstein Friesian.bulls. By arrangements with the Canadian.Live Stock Records the regular certificate of registration for each bull admitted to Advanced Registra- tion is restamped to indicate his new status. 57 GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND The number of cattle breeders' organizations in Great Britain and Ireland is quite large. This is due to the fact that there are many different breeds in these countries. There are, however, only a few of these breeds which have great economic importance. The most important dairy breed in Great Britain is the Shorthorn breed. Besides these the Ayrshire, Jersey, Guernsey and British Friesian cattle are found numerous enough to be of considerable importance. A number of other breeds are also of some minor importance. Devon, South Devon, Blue Albion, Black Welsh and Kerry cattle are other dairy breeds or dual purpose breeds of minor importance. They will only be mentioned briefly in this paper as the activities of the breeders' associations for these breeds have contributed but little towards improve- ment of dairy cattle. 5 're cage Herd. £93k Sadieitm of Great Britain and Ireland , 58 Alloway Street, Ayr, Scotland. Secretary: Hugh Bone Outline of History of Breed Early writers insist that the cattle which formed the origin of the present Ayrshire cattle were imported from abroad (54). There does not seem to be, however, any evidence of direct importations of foregin cattle into Scotland and most probably the introduction of foreign blood came only at second hand through cattle of the Teeswater or Holderness breed 58 which again is supposed to derive part of its blood from Holland through bulls imported to Yorkshire about 1700 (54). It is interesting to note that the cattle of south western Scotland at the end of the 18th century were black and that the now predominating brown and white color first appears at a later date (54). The breed is now found mainly in.the south western part of Scotland in the counties of Ayr, Dumfries, Kirkcudbright, Wigtown, Lanark, Renfrew and Bute. In late years the breed has also spread to the North, Midlands and South of England as well as to other counties of Scotland than those mentioned above (55). Establishgemqujirst AQIgani zatign One of the first agricultural institutions established in the south west of Scotland was the Kilmarnock Farmers' Club that was established in 1795 (54). Thirteenryears later in 1806 some rules and regulations were drawn.up which show that one of the objects of the club was the improve- ment of the Black Cattle in Ayrshire. The club held shows of cattle from 1808 and onward, often in cooperation with the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland. In.1855 the Ayrshire Agricultural Association was formed and by the sponsoring of cattle shows made great progress for the breed. One of the features which was started by this association is the "Ayrshire Derby" which was first held in 1872 and is a competition between three year olds in Calf or in milk. In 1877 the Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society of Great Britain.and Ireland was established by a few breeders of Ayrshire cattle who saw the 59 necessity of the registration of their animals so as to keep trace of their breeding (55). In.January, 1877 Mr. Thomas Farrel, Aspatria, published the "Ayr- shire Herd Book" containing the pedigrees of 17 bulls and 59 cows. The Herd Book of the new formed Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society appeared with its first volume in 1878 and contained 117 bulls and 446 cows, (54) and has been.published annually since then, Volume 54 being published in 1951. The early functions of the organization seemed entirely to be COD? fined to registration of cattle in the Herd Book. Of late years the So— ciety has, however, developed from one of merely recording pedigrees to one of real live breed interest (55). Handligg of Oggagization The Society is governed by a President, three Vice Presidents and forty-six Members of Council together with a Secretary, Treasurer and Editor, the three last offices being combined in one person. The Council is divided into eight districts, the number of representatives varying with the number of animal members in the dis- trict (55). Objects andgfigggtionsggfuorganiggtiqn According to the "Constitu- tion and Rules" of the Society (56) the objects are to maintain the pur— ity of the breed of cattle known as "Ayrshires", to collect, verify, pre- serve and publish the pedigrees of said cattle, investigate cases of doubt- ful or suspected pedigrees and publish the results of such investigations, correspond with and affiliate societies and persons interested in the ob- jects of the society, accept gifts and donations of all kinds, promote ex- hibitions of cattle and award prizes therefore, give grants of money, gifts, 40 medals, etc. to societies professing objects similar to or connected with the objects of the Society, and "do all such things as are incidental or conducive to the attainment of the above objects or any of them". Extensive propaganda work has been carried on since 1920 and success- ful endeavors have been made to compete with rival breeds at various shows in.Great Britain, particularly the shows of the Royal Agricultural Society of England and the British Dairy Farmers' Association. Sales of pedigree cattle are also supported by the Society. ,Membegsuand4MembeLship There is at the present time (August, 1951) 782 members of the Society (55). There are three classes of members, Life Governors, Life Members, and annual Members, the fees for which are as fol- 1ows;L 10—1o/- (s50), h 10-1o/— ($50), and B 1-10/—($7.oo) for the first year and h l— (35.00) annualLy thereafter. Any person taking an interest in Ayrshire cattle may, subject to his or her application being approved by the Council, become a member of the Society. Einagcial Support The organization is supported entirely by member— ship subscriptions and fees for entering cattle in the herd book. For the year ending Nevember 50, 1950 the amount received for membership subscrip- tions totalled h 661-14-9 ($5200), while the amount received for entry fees came to B 2095-ll/—($l0,000). Other incomes comprising Export Certificates, sale of Herd Books, Dividends and Interests amounted to t 560-18—6 ($1700). The Society does not receive any aid financially or otherwise from State or Government. fiegistratiog.and Breed Identification Registration Entries for registration must be made on the Society's official forms and must be signed by the breeder as well as by the owner of the animal. With~ exception of animals entered in the Appendix B which will be more completely described later, all animals must be entered with in 12 months of date of birth, but animals can be entered after the 12 months on payment of double fees (56). In the case of birth of twins or triplets all the calves must be reported whether they are all going to be registered or not; the sex of the unregistered animals must be given, whether dead or alive. All owners of registered cattle have to report to the Society sales, transfers or deaths of any registered animal. Eligibilitypfpr Registratigp; Cows and heifers can be registered in either the Herd Book (entry with number), the Appendix A or the Appendix B, according to the following rules: (56) A cow or heifer is eligible for entry with a number when both her sire and dam are entered with number, or when the sire is entered with number and the dam is entered in Appendix A. Subject to the approval of the Council cows and heifers are eligible, for entry in Appendix A when their sire is entered with a number and their dam is entered in Appendix B. Subject to the approval of the Council a cow is eligible for entry in Appendix B when her sire is entered with a number. In addition the cow must have calved twice within any one period of 15 months from first calving and must in the case of a cow have yielded during this period an equivalent of 850 gallons (8770 pounds), or in case of the production of 42 a heifer 750 gallons*(7740 pounds), both.yields to be of an.average of 5.5 per cent butter fat. All animals are barred if the fat percentage is below 5.0 per cent. The milk yield must have been controlled under the scheme of the Scottish Milk Records Association or under the scheme adopted by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries for Great Britain. In addition the cow must, for the purpose of identification, be tattooed in both ears in accordance'with the regulations in force. These tattoo markings must at the same time be recorded in the Milk Record Book cone taining the yield of the animal. Bulls must, in order to be entered with a number, be out of a sire and dam both entered with number. No grading-up scheme is in effect for bulls. Idegtification Every animal registered in the Herd Book or the Appendices must be tattooed in both ears. The right ear contains the registered Herd Number of the animal's dam and the left ear the registered number of the calving breeder together with a letter representing the year when the animal was born. For the year 1951 the letter is T, for 1952 the letter is U, and so forth. Number gfgfiegistratiogs The number of registrations in the 55rd Volume (1950) of the Herd Book totalled 6658 animals (55). The number of living registered animals excees 50,000 (54) while at the same time the number of cows of Ayrshire breeding in Scotland is very conservatively es— timated to be about 200,000 head (1920). * l em,. gallon equals 10.52 pounds of milk.. 45 Prrogiuction Renegade and Record. Keeping The Ayrshire Breeders were the first in Great Britain to recognize the importance of milk recording,and systematic record keeping,which was deve10ped by the Highland and Agricultural Society of Scotland, ‘ has been carried on in Scotland since 1905 (54). The Society set aside an? nually a sum of 3‘200 ($960) for the promotion and encouragement of local milk recording societies. In 1907 when 7 local societies were formed with 109 herds and 5951 cows the administration of milk recording was trans- ferred to a special body, the "Ayrshire Cattle Milk Records Committee". The number of milk recording societies increased rapidly up to 1915 when there were 52 societies with 581 herds and 22,816 cows. In 1914, in ac— cordance with the scheme approved of by the Board of Agriculture for Scot— land, an annual grant, not to exceed t 2000 ($9600) was obtained from a special Development Fund. The constitution of the governing body was ex- tended so as to include representatives from Agricultural Colleges, Breed Societies, etc., and the name of the Association was changed to "Scottish Milk Records Association". After this the Association was able to employ more skilled recorders and also make arrangements for checking tests. Egpduction,Recprdsgingthe_Shpwpfiipg_ In order to take the milking records of the female ancestry of bulls and heifers into account when.award- ing prizes in the Show Ring,the Ayrshire Cattle Herd Book Society in 1920 approved the following scales for judging of Ayrshire cattle (54). Form, Symmetry and Constitution......................... 50 points mammary development, to include teats, shape of udder, milk veins, etc. ............................ 55 points Authenticated Milk'Yield, in the case of a cow ......... 55 points or Authenticated Milking Pedigrees, in the case of bulls and heifers ..................,. .,....... 55 points In determining the points for milk yield and milking pedigree a mini- mum and a maximum.yie1d is to be fixed. The minimum for a heifer and a cow is 500 gallons (5160 pounds) and 650 gallons (6700 pounds) respective— ly, and the maximum 850 gallons (8770 pounds) for heifers and 1000 gallons (10520 pounds) for cows, all at 5.8 per cent butter fat test. The points for milk yield and milking pedigree are to progress one point for every 10 gallons (105.2 pounds) of milk over the minimum. A cow is an animal in her second lactation and an animal younger than this is regarded as a heifer, provided she has had a calf and commenced lacta— tion not later than three years and four months from date of birth. The points for milking pedigree are based on the average yield of the animal's dam and sire's dam. All yields must have been obtained in one lactation period, and the animals must have calved again within 15 months of date of first calving. Opening date of calving and next calving must in every case be specified. All milk records must be conducted in accordance with the scheme of the Scottish Milk Records As ociation. 45 ngdpptionLReppgdg The average production of mature Ayrshire cows is given as 950 gallons (9800 pounds) with 4 per cent butter fat (55). The highest individual record for an.Ayrshire cow in.Great Britain.was made by "Auchinbay Meg" No. 68958, who in 1925 - 1924 made 2146 gallons (22150 pounds) of milk with 5.81 per cent butter fat in 50 weeks. Other cows that have yielded over 2000 gallons of milk in a year are: "Syke Topsy Pride" 61815, "Glenshamrock Ellen" 5714A, "Auchenbrain Madge 4th" 57051 and "Hairsham Tosh 5rd" 51052. Auchenbrain Madge 4th is the only Ayrshire cow that has given 2000 gallons in two different lactations. Dairdehortihorn Asseniatiorn; 107 Southampton Row, London T. C. 1. Secretary: Arthur Furneaux. Qutlippkpi;5:§¢L§y of Breed The history of the Shorthorn cattle is so well known that it will not be described in detail in this paper. The stronghold of the Shorthorn breed in the early days was the valley of the river Tees which separates the counties of Yorkshire and Durham and it was here that the breed had its noted early development by the Colling brothers around 1780 (7). Shaw (57) mentions that the cattle of England originate from cattle brought in by Romans, Saxons and Danes and that the valley around the river Tees was exceptionally favorable for the development of cattle. Sanders (58) mene tions that it is claimed that a short horned type of cattle existed 200 years prior to 1780 on the Yorkshire estates of the Earls and Dukes of Northumberland. 46 It is also brought out that Dutch crosses of cattle were introduced about 1640 (57) and that the Colling Brothers introduced a Galloway cross known as the "Alloy" at the end of the eighteenth century (57), Undoubted- ly the Shorthorn had a mixed origin, but the type was quite definitely set by the early breeders of Shorthorn cattle at the end of the eighteenth century. It is worthy of note that at this time the Shorthorn was a dual purpose breed and that the decided beef type of Shorthorn cattle, which gained such a popularity in America, was developed later, especially in Scotland by Amos Cruickshank and others (58). However, the early breeders did not all agree on type, some were inr clined towards the beef type and others towards the dual purpose type. Of these latter especially Thomas Bates has made history for the dairy Short— horn by developing the famous "Duchess" family which descended from the cow "Duchess" Wlich he bought in 1804 (7). Today the dairy Shorthorn is the most important dairy breed in England where cows of Shorthorn type comprise approximately two-thirds of England's dairy herds and about three—quarters of the dairy herds in Ireland (59). Establishmgg1t_£ Egrswggggggbtipg "The Shorthorn Society of Great Britain and Ireland" was founded in 1875 (15). In 1899 this Society insti- tuted prizes for pure bred Shorthorn cows in milk. This was the beginning of a movement in England promoting milk production of show Shorthorns which in 1905 led to the establishment of the "Dairy Shorthorn.Association". This organization promotes breeding of pure bred dairy Shorthorns by the super- vision and publication of official milk records, by the giving of prizes at Shows and other means as might from time to time seemdesirable (40). The 47 Dairy Shorthorn Association does not publish a separate Herd Book, but works in harmony with the Shorthorn Society of Great Britain and Ireland. flaggligg of Orggpgggtign’ The affairs of the organization are gov- erned by a Council consisting of a President, a President-Elect, six Past Presidents and eighteen ordinary members. Objects and EEL__jQL§ of Organizgtion The objects of the organiza- tion are to promote the dairy Shorthorn breed. This is done mainly by stimulating record keeping for milk production. Besides this the organiza- tion gives prizes and recommends judges for Shows and carries out several schemes for the betterment of the breed. Among these are also the Regis— tration of "Noanedigree Dairy Cattle of Shorthorn.Type"; publishing of a list of "Qualified Bull Breeders", and a "Dairy Bull Register". yfiggfigprgggygmbggghip ,At the end of the year 1929 the Association had a little over 1400 members (40). The annual fee for membership is one Guinea ($5.00) or a life membership fee of 15 Guineas ($75) may'be paid once for all. Any person or corporation can be a member when proposed by one member and seconded by another member of the association or by a meme ber of the Shorthorn Society or by the President or Chairman of the candi— dates' local milk recording society, and duly elected by the Council. Eigpncial fiupgort The financial support of the organization is ob- tained from membership fees, registration fees, fees for publishing of milk records in the Year Book and donations. These incomes amounted to h 5456-9-11 ($16,500) for the year ending August 51, 1929. (40). The organization.does not receive any financial aid from the Government. 48 fiegistratipggnd gr ed. Identifigcatipg Registration As mentioned before there is no difference in the registration of dairy Shorthorns and other Shorthorns; they are all ens tered in the same Herd Book (Coates' Herd Book). This Herd Book was es- tablished as a private enterprise in the year 1822 by George Coates and is still called "Coates' herd Book". After the death f George Coates the book was published by other private interests until it was taken over by the Shorthorn Society of Great Britain and Ireland in 1876. Eligibility for Registration In order to be eligible for registra- tion in Coates' Herd Book a cow must have at least four top crosses with pedigree bulls and a bull must have at least five top crosses, i. e., he must be out of a pedigree bull and dam (40). Regi§t§r_offlflgg:ggdigree D»iry_§hgrthorn In order to encourage the breeding up for admission into Coates' Herd Book of Noanedigree Shorthorn cattle and in order to meet the demand for the registration of cows of this type, with certified milk records, the Dairy Shorthorn Association has es- tablished a "Register of Non—Pedigree Dairy Cattle of the Shorthorn Type". This Register contains four different classes, A, B, C and D, and the reg— istration in the different classes takes place according to the following rules (40): Class A: Cows that have been served by a bull registered in Coates' Herd Book Class B: Cows or heifers with one tOp cross of registered Shorthorn blood Class C: Cows or heifers with two top crosses of registered Short- horn blood 49 Class D: Cows or heifers with three top crosses of registered Short- horn blood Cows and heifers can not be recognized as having one or more crosses of registered blood unless exact dates of birth are known and the founda— tion dams are also available for inspection. Heifer calves from animals in class D will be eligible for Coates' Herd Book and must be entered there- in. In order to be eligible for entrance in class C and D of the D. S. A. Grading Register, heifers born on and after January 1, 1955 must be sired by bulls qualified for and entered in the Dairy Shorthorn Associatiorfs "Qualified Bull Register", which will be described later. In order to par- ticipate in this scheme the person must be a member of the Dairy Shorthorn Association. figgégflggjfigngg;§p_hgg_;_;L_pgggjggfl_ A foundation cow in order to be registered must pass inspection by the Inspector of the Dairy Shorthorn Association. She must also have received a milk certificate from the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries, or the annual register must be pro— duced to show that the cow has met the following minimum requirements for entrance: Either 8000 pounds of milk in one control year or one lactation period not exceeding 565 days, or 6,500 pounds of milk on an average of two or more consecutive years of 9 Milk Recording Society's year of Operations. Identificatign All foundation cows must be tattooed when entered in the Hen-Pedigree register. Offspring of registered cows must be tattooed with the identifying mark and number of a Milk Recording Society under the Ministry of Agriculture's calf marking scheme. 50 Bigigrpwaalyss shall be reported to the Association within one month of the date of birth. All female produce must be entered in.the register at a fee of ls. 6d. (55 cents) for each calf. yymbgr of Registrations The number of bulls registered in Coates' Herd Book up to October, 1929 (Vol. 75) is 254,544. Cows were not regis- tered with a number until Volume 66. From Volume 66 to Volume 75 the number of females registered totalled 114,947 (15). In the Register of Non—Pedigree Dairy Shorthorn there has been entered 45,110 females as of December 51, 1929. This register is not open for bulls. BrpdpmfifingfipppgfisLapd_Regg§Q;§g§ping As mentioned before the first milk recording societies were formed in Scotland in the year 1905. From here the movement gradually spread into England and Wales under the leadership of Agricultural Colleges and County Councils (59). In 1907 the Dairy Shorthorn Association inaugurated a milk recording scheme and in 1914 the modern system of milk recording came into being by the movement of the Ministry of Agriculture. A similar scheme is carried out by the Scottish Milk Records Association, the Irish Free State Department of Agriculture and the Northern Ireland Ministry of Agriculture. Since then the system has spread quite rapidly from 16 so- cieties with 506 herds and 7,551 cows in 1914 to 50 societies with 4,862 herds and 149,971 cows in 1928, which, however, is still less than 10 per cent of the estimated 1,600,000 dairy cows in England. The milk record- is carried out by local societies under supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries. 51 Qggtgofuflagordeeeping’ The average cost of testing cows is 65.6d. ($1.60) per cow per annum and of this sum 28. (50 cents) is paid by the Ministry of Agriculture. The Dairy Shorthorn Association publishes the milk records of purebred dairy cattle in the annual Year Book. All rec- ords are for lactation periods of 515 consecutive days and it is indicated whether they are obtained by two or three times a day milkings (40). Qgglification ofpgows,wfigifers and Bulls Cows can be registered by the Dairy Shorthorn Association as qualified cows if they have certain qualifications and have been entered, or accepted for entry in Coatex’ Herd Book (40). The requirements for qualification.have been raised sev- eral times,the last time being in 1925. At the present time the follow- ing requirements are effective: Cows, 4 years and 5 months old and upwards at date of calving ...8000 lbs. Cows, 5 years and 5 months and under 4 years and 5 months ...... ..6500 " Heifers, 5 years and 5 months and under at date of calving .......5500 " If milked three times a day the requirements are raised 15 per cent and if milked four times a day 25 per cent. Cows in this register are described as "Qualified Bull Breeders by Milk Yield" (59) because they may breed bulls that are eligible for the Dairy Shorthorn Association's "Register of Qualified Dairy Bulls", to which Pedigree Dairy Shorthorn bulls are admitted provided both the dam and the sire's dam are qualified under the above conditions. The registration fee is 5 s. ($1.25). Only bulls that are registered here may compete in the Dairy Shorthorn classes at the Royal Agricultural Society's Show and also for prizes offered by the Dairy Shorthorn.Associa- at county shows. 52 ggpdupjionpfiecgrg§_ The aim of the Shorthorn'breeders is generally not for exceptionally high production records, but rather a consistent production from year to year with regular calvings from.year to year. Nevertheless, several remarkable records have been.made of which the fol- lowing should be mentioned (59): "Pencoyd Ringlet 15th" gave 25,056 pounds of milk in 565 days and had three other records over 20,000 pounds of milk in less than.a year. At eleven years of age she had produced with her last seven calves ll9,l95.5 pounds of milk. "Ruby" gave 26,558.25 pounds of milk in 565 days which is the high- est record made by an.English Shorthorn. 0f high daily yields there are the following 24—hours records: "Dumpling" gave 115.25 pounds of milk, "Sowerby Doris" gave 106.75 pounds of milk and "Allington Kirklevington" gave 106 pounds of milk. This cow was later sold to Canada where she holds a Canadian Milking Shorthorn Record with 20,545 pounds of milk and 754 pounds of butter fat in one lac- tation. The dairy Shorthorn cows whose records were taken officially by So- cieties working under the Government's scheme in 1929 numbered 89,609 compared with 55,205 for the ten remaining breeds and cross-bred cattle. Shorthorns were nearly four times as numerous as the next large breed. Fifteen thousand sixty-five cows of all breeds qualified for inclusion in the Government's Register by attaining standard of milk yield fixed for their respective breeds. In the case of Shorthorns the minimum yield is 9,000 pounds. Of these qualified cows 8,922 were Shorthorns, which total exceeds the next numerous breed by 4,922 (59). 55 figitish Eaiesian Cattle Societ , 11 Southampton Row, London, W. C. 1, England. Secretary: George Hobson. Qgélinepgfkflistomy19f Breed in_Englgng, Dutch cattle have been im- ported to England as early as the 17th century, but these cattle have never been.preserved as pure. In modern times Holland cattle have been imported in the latter part of the nineteenth century, but in 1892 all importation from Holland was closed (41) and no Friesian cattle were imported until 1914 when 59 males and 29 females were brought in (42). This last importa— tion.has had a great influence on the British Friesian cattle and practic- ally every purebred cow of British Friesian breed can trace her pedigree back to one or more of these cows or bulls. - The number of British Friesian cattle is not very large, only one per cent of all dairy cows in Great Britain being of this breed (41). Egtablishmdntgofwgrganizatigp' The British Friesian Cattle Society was established in 1909 (45) by breeders who were anxious to preserve and develop the breed in England. MbmbersLanQLmebgrshgp The Society has at the present time (July, 1951) about 1400 members and the annual fee paid is E 1 ($5.00) (44). Besides this the organization receives fees for registration of animals. ngdua d Breededentifiqgtiun In order to be eligibel for regis- tration.an animal must be out of a registered dam and sire. There is, however, a grading-up scheme in effect by which animals of desired type and production can.be entered in Class A of a "Supplementary Register" as foundation cows. Offspring of foundation cows and registered bulls can 54 be entered in class B, and so forth. The scheme works quite similar to that in effect for Ayrshires and Shorthorns. After four top crosses with registered bulls the animals are eligible for entry in the Society's Herd Book if the dam has a milk record of 1000 gallons (10520 pounds) of milk as a cow or 700 (7220 pounds) as a heifer not over three years of age (44). The number of yearly registrations is about 800 males and 5000 fe- males. In order to register cattle in the Herd Book and in the Supple— mentary Register it is necessary to be a member of the British Friesian Cattle Society. ProductiQnLBecordsLand Recgrd Keeping, The milk recording is car— ried out by local societies in the same way as outlined for the Shorthorns and Ayrshires. The Society publishes these records annually. .The average production for the breed is about 11,000 pounds of milk (45). Many out— standing records have, however, been made and the following records may be mentioned: Milk: Findlay Clara 2nd .. ............. 56,120 pounds Dunninsld Daphne . ............ ... 54,785 pounds American Com— putation ButterzFindlay Clara 2nd ............... 1,575 pounds 1,461 pounds Findlay Clara 2nd .... ......... .. 1,542 pounds 1,426 pounds Kirkhill Flo .................... 1,516 pounds 1,598 pounds In fact, the British Friesian cattle have supplied the t0p cows in the Government's annual Register of Dairy Cattle for fourteen consecutive years. The Society also publishes a Register of Merit for cows. In order to enter this Register a cow must have a butter fat test of at least 5.5 per 55 cent. Bulls that have 10 daughters entered in the Register of Merit are called Register of Merit bulls and at the present time there are 12 such bulls of the British Friesian breed. The daughters of these bulls aver- age from 11,055 pounds of milk with 5.65 per cent fat to 15,258 pounds of milk with 5.72 per cent of fat (45). Publicatigpg The Society publishes a monthly paper, "The British Friesian Journal", and has also published "The History of British Friesian Cattle", a book of 552 pages. Egglish Jersey Cattle Society, 19 Bloomsbury Square, London W. C. 1, England. Secretary: Mr.Ashby, Jr. Jersey cattle were first imported into England in 1811 and have been bred in England ever since (7). In 1878 the English Jersey Cattle Society was formed and in 1885 it was incorporated. The number of members in 1929 was 806. The Society registers animals born and sired by registered animals. The number of bulls registered until the end of the year 1929 was 16,702 (46). Cows were not registered with number previous to the 55th volume of the Herd Book, published in 1925 (15). From then on and until 1929 there have been registered 10,565 females. The Society keeps a Register of Merit for cows meeting certain require— ments of production. In the year 1929, 585 animals tried for entry in this register and of thse 161 records pas ed the entrance requirements (46). The Society also registers bulls as Register of Merit bulls when they have three daughters entered in the Regi ter of Merit. 56 The highest record obtained by an.English Jersey cow is the one of “WelleSbourne Violet" which produced 17,006 pounds of milk with 5.44 per cent fat and 925.8 pounds of butter fat in 547 days (47). Besides the annual Herd Book the Society publishes a Journal, “The Jersey Cow". The Egglish Guergsey Cattle Society, 12 Hannover Square, London, W., England. Secretary: Robert J. Ling. There is no conclusive evidence of importation of Guernsey cattle in? to England before the beginning of the eighteenth century when "Alderney" cows, the then common name for cows from the Channel Islands, were intro- ‘ duced into western England (48). In 1884 the Guernsey Cattle Society was formed with a foundation of 42 members (48). Today the number of members amounts to 925 (July, 1951) (49). The early functions of the organization were to publish a Herd.Book and give prize money at leading cattle shows. At the present time the So- ciety publishes a Herd Book, arranges sales and issues a monthly Journal on the breed, "The Dairy Farmer" (49). Animals which are out of a sire and dam already registered in the So- ciety's Herd Book or in the Herd Book of the Royal Guernsey Agricultural Society or the Reyal Alderney Agricultural Society can.be registered in the Herd.Book. In the last volume of the Herd Book there were entered 5,128 animals (49) and it is estimated that altogether 6,800 bulls and 26,000 cows were registered up to 1927 (48). 57 The Society carries on milk recording under the Ministry of Agri— culture's scheme and has besides this a butter fat recording under their own supervision. An "Advanced Register" is also maintained where the entrance require- ments are the same as in the American Guernsey Cattle Club's Advanced Register (290.5 pounds of butter fat plus 0.1 pound for each day the animal is over 2 years old) (50). The average production for the Guernseys in England is estimated to be 7,500 — 8,000 pounds of milk per year, and the highest production record was made by the cow "Tegye Maze" 14842 nhich produced 20,525.5 pounds of milk and 1,089.9 pounds of butter fat which is England's high- est production record (49). "- wiveliscombe, Somerset, England. Secretary: A. E. Gerrard. Devon cattle have from olden times been bred in the South West of England (51). It is a dual purpose breed. The first Herd Book for De— von cattle was published in 1851 and the Devon Cattle Breeders' Society was formed in 1884. The Society maintains a Registe- for cattle of reg— istered ancestry and also a supplementary register for grading—up of ani— mals of Devon breeding. After three top crosses the animals are allowed entrance in the He~d Book, which is published every year (51). 58 The Society has about 450 members (52) and the annual registration amounts to about 450 bulls and lOOO cows. The total number of registra- tions up to July, 1951 amounts to 15,592 bulls and 45,926 cows (55). The average production of the breed is about 800 gallons (8,250 poundsbof milk. The highest record mnde is 15,955 pounds of milk (52). _._.iSouth Rem: mlfihoniéphyiet -. 6 Princess Square, Plymouth, England. Secretary: W. Napier Smith. No definite information is available as to the origin of this breed (54) which is bred in Devon and Cornwall. Undoubtedly it is closely re— lated to the Devon breed and is very similar to this dual purpose breed. In 1891 the South Devon Herd Book Society was established and the first Herd Book published. The Society registers animals on the basis of registered parents and has also a Supplementary Register for grading—up of cattle of South Devon breeding. The Society has about 500 members and from 170 to 200 animals are registered yearly. The average production for the breed is about 800 gellons (8,250 pounds) of milk. Some exceptionally good milk records have been made, however, the hiphest being over 1,900 gallons (19,600 pounds). A cow of the South Devon breed was awarded the Supreme Individual Champions ship at the London Dairy Show in October, 1950 (55). 59 Welsh Elacg Cattle Society, Bangor, N. wales, England. Secretary: G. 0. Thomas. The Welsh Black Cattle (Da Duon Cymru) are found mainly in the north western and western counties of Wales. This breed probably derives at least part of its blood from the black cattle which in earlier times used to be common in many parts of England (56). In 1874 the first Welsh Cattle Herd Book was published. From 1885 to 1905 the north wales breeders published a separate Herd Book of their own. In 1904 the North Wales and the South wales Black Cattle Societies were united and the first joint Herd Book was published in 1905. Up to 1929 seventeen volumes have been published containing 5858 bulls and 10,500 cows (57). The number of members is about 250. Besides the regular Herd Book the Society has a supplementary register for the grading up of cattle of Black Welsh type. The milk production for this breed is not very pro- nounced. Yields of 800 - 1000 gallons (8250 - 10,500 pounds) are the exceptions (57). Ihe glue Albion Cattle Society, Irongate, Derby, England. Secretary: Sydney Clarke. Blue Albion cattle are a comparatively new breed of the dual purpose type. Before the foundation of the Blue Albion Cattle Society in 1921 6 0 the breed was hardly known outside the Haddon Hall country of England (58). It resembles the Shorthorn very much except for the characteristic blue color. The Society has approximately 250 members and registers animals from registered parents in the Herd Book. Previous to January, 1926 the So- ciety had a supplementary register for grading up of cattle of the Blue Albion type. The total number of registrations is about 250 annually and a total of approximately 1000 bulls and 7000 cows have been registered (59). The average milk production of the Albion cattle is from 700 to 1000 gallons (7220 - 10500 pounds) snnualLy with a fat percentage of about 4 per cent (58). Ireland The following four associations, devoted to the improvement of dairy cattle breeds, are found in Ireland (60): Irish Dairy Shorthorn Breeders' Association, Lyre, Banteer, County Cork. Hon. Secretary: P. J. Halliden. Kerry Cattle Society of Ireland, Muckross, Killarney, County Kerry. Hon. Secretary: Major E. .. Phelps. Irish British Friesian Cattle Society, Derrybawn, Glendalough, County Wicklow. Hon. Secretary: R. M. Sweetman. 61 Jersey Cattle Society of Ireland, Rockmount, Dundrum, County Dublin. Hon. Secretary: Alfred Werner. Other Factogs for Caggggjmmrovement Government Register of Milk gepords _.v-H—u—a... In the foregoing frequent reference has been made to the milk record— ing as carried out under the scheme of the Ministry of Agriculture. In 1929, 144,912 cows in England were tested for milk production by the So- cieties working under the Government scheme. Of these 89,609 were dairy Shorthorns while the remaining 55,205 cows belonged to ten different breeds (59). lhgjfiinistgydgfgggrngEQggg‘s Live Stock mprovemept‘gghgmg Bull Scheme The Ministry of Agriculture carries out a Live Stock Improvement plan for which the regulations are cited in the following (59): "Provided a number of farmers in a certain locality are willing to form a Bull Society, the Ministry is prepared to pay grants to such So— cieties if certain regulations are observed. A Society may provide a bull for the use of its members a. By purchasing a bull and placing it in the custody of one of its members. b. By arranging with an owner of a bull to place a bull at the dis- posal of members of the Society. 1. The Ministry makes grants to Societies which have been in exist- ence for less than five years at the rate of one-third of the purchase price, or estimated value of the bull (subject to a maximum grant of 62 t 50 ($144) and to Societies which have been in existence for five years or more at the rate of one-quarter of the purchase price, or estimated value of the bull (subject to a maximum grant of h 20 ($96)). 2. Grants may be renewed annually at the recommendation of the Live Stock Officer. 5. The hull is to be a pedigree, tuberculin-tested animal, ap- proved by the Live Stock officer, and members must guarantee not less ‘ than 55 cows other than those belonging to the owner of the bull during the service year. 4. The Society shall stipulate the service fee, which must not be less than 28. 6d. (60 cents) 65 CHANNEL ISLANDS Jersey Herd goog, Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society, 5 Mulcaster Street, St. Helier, Island of Jersey. Secretary: H. G. Shepard. Outline of fiistggy of greed The Jersey cattle originated from cat- tle from Brittany and NOrmandy (7), probably imported to all of the Chane nel Islands as early as 1000 A. D. (61). The cross of these two breeds proved to be a good dariy animal. In the eighteenth century the superior- ity of these cattle was fully realized by the cattlemen of the Islands and resulted in a law forbidding importation of cattle to the Island ex— cept for immediate slaughter. (7). Similar and more strict laws were passed in succeeding years and for the last 60 years not even Jersey cat- tle sent to England have been allowed to return (62). The Jersey breed is the only breed found on the Island of Jersey and they are all regarded as purebred. Establishment of the Jerseydflgrd Book As early as 1854 the Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society adopted a scale of points for judging males and females. In this scale there were allowed four points for "purity of breed on male and female sides, reputed for having produced rich and yellow butter (65). In January, 1866 it was, however, decided by the Committee of the Agricultural Department of the Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horticultural Society to open a Herd Book "in which the pedigree of Bulls, Cows and Heifers shall be entered for reference to all Members of the So— ciety"(65). It was furthermore decided to keep this "Jersey Herd Book" as a separate enterprise (15). A 64 At the present time the work of the Jersey Herd Book is of course better organized than in the early days, but the basic rules for regis- tration and qualification of stock have not been changed materially (62). Handling, f Qrganizatio__ The functions of the organization are to keep a true and correct register of the breed and to conduct milk and butter fat records (62). Every inhabitant of the Island is entitled to enter cattle in the Jersey Herd Book and there is no actual membership conferred by having cattle so entered, but members of the Royal Jersey Agricultural and Horti— cultural Society, which is the parent body of the Herd Book are allowed to enter at reduced fees. The number of breeders - members and non—mem— bers — with cattle in the Herd Book is approximately 1000 (62). The total revenue for the year ending October 51, 1950 and which was obtained from registration, qualification.and transfer fees, amounted to j; 1,918 ($9,400). Besides this the Herd Book receives annually ($12,275) from the Island legislature towards cost of milk recording (62). 13351ggggfiggfifilldentifiication All the animals on the Island are purebred and the total number of cattle in the year 1950 was 11,928 head, of which only 178 were not registered or qualified in the Herd Book (62). As the Island is only 8 by 12 miles it is a fairly easy matter to detect irregularities and non—compliance with the Herd Book rules. Registratlon_of;3pundation,Stogk After the Jersey Herd Book was started examinations were made for foundation stock every year and animals which qualified for entry were entered as Foundation Stock (F.). In later years animals were entered as Foundation Stock if they were out of unreg~ Pp 65 istered parents, and as Pedigree Stock (P. S.) if they were out of regis— parents (65). As the years went by more and more animals were registered as Pedigree Stock and while females may still be entered as Foundation Stock, bulls have, since 1885, only been entered as Pedigree Stock (7). All animals are still subject to inspection for qualification before they are entered in the Herd Book and the entries are divided into two classes "Highly Commended" (H. C.) and "Commended" (0.). All stock is preliminari— ly entered at birth and females are then inspected after the first calv- ing. If they do not qualify they, as well as their offspring, are debarred from entry in the Herd Book. Bulls are examined at the age of one year and no bull can'be used for service before he is qualified (61). Productflongfigcordsgand,Rggqrdgfieeping Since 1912 the Herd Book has conducted record keeping of milk and butter fat in a way very similar to the Register of Merit System in the United States (7). The average pro- duction for mature cows is about 8,500 pounds of milk and 400 pounds of butter fat. The average production for 415 certificated cows, of all ages, was 7,292 pounds of milk and 448.62 pounds of butter in 1950. The highest production record was made in 1929 by "Nancy's Forward Fern" who produced 1,005 pounds of butter. In the same year the cow, "Harp of Life's Sybil", yielded 14,550 pounds of milk which is believed to be the highest milk record made on the Island of Jersey. cher_Egctgrslf r Breed_Imp§ovemgqt A factor which undoubtedly has had a great influence on the development of the Jerseys, at least so far as type is concerned, is the Parish Shows which are held all over the Isl~ and in great numbers every year since 1854. P~ 66 goyal Guernsey Agricultural and_Horticultural Society, States Arcade, Guernsey. Hon. Secretary: Ernest de Garis. .Qutline of History of Breed Like the Jersey breed the Guernseys originated from Brittany and Normandy. It is quite a well established fact that monks from St. Michell in Brittany when they founded an abbey on the Island of Guernsey shortly before 1000 A. D. imported cattle from their native home, named as "Froment de Leon". Later on other monks from Cherbourg brought cattle known as "Isigny" to the Island (18, 61, 64). The crossing and mixing of these two breeds formed the ancestry for the present Guernsey breed. Guernsey cattle are also found on the Islands of the Channel Island group, Alderney, Sark, Herm, Brechou and Jethou. After ordinances were passed in 1819 and 1824 to that effect that no bulls, cows or heifers could be imported to the Island of Guernsey cattle from these islands are the only ones that can be imported to the Island (7, 64). There is, therefore, only one breed of cattle on the Island and they are all regarded as purebred. Establishment pr Qrganizatign The Royal Agricultural and Horticul— tural Society of Guernsey was founded in 1842 and in the rules of the So- ciety one of the objects is given as "to encourage he breeding of such animals as shall enhance the reputation of the "Guernsey" as a dairy cow" (65). This object is at the present time carried out by registration of animals, publishing of a Herd Book, Sponsoring of cattle shows, and super- vision of milk and butter fat records (65). 67 Handling ofJOrganization The Society has approximately 900 members and the balance sheet for the year 1950 shows an income of B 452 ($2,100). The Society has a President and a Managing Committee of 27 members of which 19 represent Agriculture and the remaining 8 Horticulture and Poultry. (65). The Herd Book is published and sold under the direction of a Herd Book Council consisting of 7 members of the Society (65). Herduapngreed Identifiqatiqn The Herd Book rules (65) state that only qualified or offspring of qualified and pedigree stock may be regis- tered. An official sketcher shall be notified of the birth of calves with— in 48 hours after birth and within the succeeding seven days shall present the owner with an application for the calf with a sketch of the animal. This application must be presented to the Society within 21 days of the birth of the calf. If the dam of the calf is not as yet registered the owner can get the calf registered along with the dam, provided the fore— igoing procedure was followed when the calf was born. In order that a bull may be qualified for service his dam must have qualified for the Advanced Registry and made at least 25 per cent over her entrance requirements. Besides this, she must have been approved on points by the Herd book judgesand have scored not less than 82 points for conformation, including at least 14 points for her udder. No bull will be qualified for public service before he is 5 months old. Local shows with not more than 2 months interval are arranged for qualifying bulls and unregistered cows. The animals are, like Jerseys, divided into Foundation Stock and Pedigree Stock, and the number of ens tries for the year 1950 was as follows: 68 Bulls 155 Cows, Foundation Stock 10 Heifers, Pedigree Stock 1,180 It may be mentioned that owners of qualified bulls must allow these to serve all registered and unregistered cows and heifers and must keep a separate book for each qualified bull where all services shall be reg- istered. Production.fiegords_gggg_gppg;bggepigg In 1887 supervised weekly tests for milk and churned butter were started under the supervision of the Society (7) and the Island of Guernsey can, therefore, justly claim to be the first to have had supervised testing of cows in EurOpe. In 1912 the Advanced Register System from America was adopted by the Societ . The entrance requirements for cows are: 250.5 pounds of butter fat plus .1 pound of fat for each day the animal is over 2 years old. The require- ment for 5 year animals is thus 360 pounds of butter fat. An allowance of tho per cent is made for cows due to calve within 15 months of date of calving and four per cent for cows which.are due with— in 12 months. If calving occurs from 15 to 24 months after previous calv— ing, from 2 to 20 per cent is deducted from the cows' 565-day record (65). Up to 1950, 1,598 cows were entered in the Advanced Pegister of the Isl— and (66). Bulls are entered when they have two daughters in the Advanced Regis— ter of the Society, or the English Guernsey Cattle Society, or the Ameri— can Guernsey Cattle Club. Following are some outs ending production records from the Islands Advanced Register: 69 Primrose du Courtil du Pay 5082 F. 8., 6 years old, 14,420.5 pounds of milk, 6.24 per cent, 899.48 pounds butter fat. Rose of Furze Cottage II 15417 P. 3., 8 years old, 15,779 pounds of milk, 5.55 per cent, 840.54 pounds butter fat. Daisy's Lass of La Genetiere 27919 P. 3., 5 years old, 14,406 pounds of milk, 5.45 per cent, 786.06 pounds butter fat. 70 HOLLAND Qutline of History of Breed L_._A_ The origin of the cattle of Holland is commonly ascribed to the two tribes of Friesians and Batavians who came from Central EurOpe along the River Rhine at or shortly before the Christian era and settled in the Rhine delta. They brought cattle with them. The cattle these people brought with them were white. Later the Vends invaded the country and fought the Friesians. The Vends also brought cattle with them and these cattle were red. The mixing of these tno kinds of cattle caused a red and white breed. The introduction of the black color in the present cattle of Holland is believed to have occurred much later, probably after the thirteenth century (67). From the lowland at the Rhine these cattle spread all over north- western Europe, Germany, Holstein and Denmark. The black and white cattle of these localities are now all said to belong to the black and white low— land cattle although the different provinces and countries maintain special breed names for their particular type. On the fertile soil of Holland and through the understanding of the people the cattle developed into a heavy milk producing breed although at the same time maintaining good meat producing qualities, the wedge shape with abnormally developed hind quarters and slim fore quarters actually being considered as "undesirable" (68). At the present time there are in Holland three distinct breeds of cat- tle, all, however, very closely related, but maintained as different pure breeds (69). 71 1. The Black and White FriesianrHolland cattle (Zwartbonte Friesch-Hollandsche Veeslag) 2. The Red and White Meuse Rhine Yssel cattle (Roodbonte Maas— Rijanjssel Veeslag) 5. The Groningen Cattle (Zwartblaar of ZwartwitkOp Groningsche Veeslag) The Black and White cattle are the predominating breed and also the breed which is of the best dairy type. Expressed in percentage the ratio milk to beef is given as 60 to 40 (70). Others give it as 70 to 50 or even 80 to 20 (71). These cattle are bred all over the Netherlands. For the Red and White cattle the proportions between milk and beef are given as 50 to 50 (69). These cattle are bred in the eastern prov— inces along the Rivers Meuse, Rhine and Yssel and on higher, less fertile soil. For the Groningen breed the ratio is 45 to 55 (70). This breed is, therefore, really more of a beef type than of a dairy type. It is bred particularly in the northwestern district of the province of Groningen and in the northern section of the province of South Holland. Establishment of; First Asgogiptjon It is generally understood that for centuries the farmers of Holland selected bull calves from their best cows while calves from inferior cows were vealed. An organization to promote breeding work was, however, not established until 1874 when the Netherland Cattle Herd Book (Nederlandsch Rundvee Stamboek, N. R. S.) was established (69). 72 After a flourishing period in the eighties and nineties of the last century the organization entered a period of stagnation which led to a complete reorganization in 1906. From this date the organization has made great progress. This reorganization was carried out in cooperation with the Government. The field of the N. R. S. is the whole country with the exception of the province of Friesland. It registers cattle of all three breeds and keeps a different Herd Book for each of them (68). For the breeders of the province of Friesiand only there was or- ganized on July 12, 1879 the Friesian Herd Book Association (Friesch RUN? dvee—Stamboek, F. R. 8.). This organization recognizes and is recognized by the Netherland Herd Book Association. Its field is the province of Friesland only and it only register: cattle of the Black and Thite breed (71). On July 28, 1908 the breeders of white Headed Groningen cattle started an organization of their can in order to promote interest for this breed of cattle. This org nization (GroningeI‘BlaarkOp Rundvee Stam- boek) may, hoaever, only be regarded as an organization to push this par— ticular breed. The registration 13 handled by the N. B. S. (72). Besides tlese three organizations there are numerous local breeders as.ociations actihg as sub—organi7ations and forming a very valuable link between the breedera and N. B. S. and F. R. S. (68). Handlih__prLOrganigation The organizations of the Netherland Herd Book Association :nd the Friesian Herd Book Association are very similar. The only difference occurs in that the Netherland Herd Book Association is a consolidated organization for all the three breeds whereas the Friesian Herd Book Association only morks for one breed and therefore is smaller. The method of handling the organization, registration of animals and so forth, as carried out by the Netherland Ferd Book Association, is therefore, actually standard for the method: used in these respects all over Holland. The Betterland Herd Book As ociation is governed by a Board whose members are selected from and by the breeder , the breeders of the three different breeds selecting their own members for the Board. These lay down the special regulations for the bookkeeping of the Herd Registers of their particular breed, while all members of the Board collectively deter— mine upon matters of a general nature. Representatives of each of the three breeds take part in the daily management and are selected from members of the Board (69). prptgppig f Orgypijytigns The early and present functions of the breed organiyeticns are to preserve and develop the three national breeds of Holland cattle. Thir is done by registrttion of animals, supervision of production records and progeny performance, publishing of a yearly herd book and classification - scoring of animals before entering in the herd books (68). embershin The Netherland Herd Book Association has at the present time (August, 1951) 7,451 members (70). The Friesian Herd Bock Association has (January, 193?) about 3,500 members (71). Anybody interested in the breeding of cattle in the Netherlands can be a member by filing an applica- tion with the Secretary who again submits it to the Board who then judge whether the applicant is worthy of membership or not (71). 74 Einancigltgpppgrt, The membership fee in the Netherland Herd Book Association is 4 Guilder ($1.60) per annum (70), in the Friesian Herd Book Association 2.50 Guilder ($1.00). The organization furthermore receives financial support from registration fees. The fees for registration of a calf are 1.50 Guilder (60 cents), for a bull at 12 months, if entered "provisionally", 10 fl. (B 4. 00), and 2 years after 15 fl. ($6. 00) for defi- nite entrance in the Herd Book proper. For regi str:tion of females at 5 years of age a fee of 5 fl. ($2.00) is charged. In allc ase s it is a rule that there are no fees for rejected animals (71). The N. R. 3. receives in this ways yearly revenue of about 12 5 ,000 Guilder (B50, 000) (70). The orgam ’zation does not receive any direct financial aid from the Government or the provinces. The Gow nment d.oes, Wow~v< , help indirect— 1y by legislative rork and provides funds for cooperative and private or— ganizations established for the purpose of promotion of cattle breedig (75). The distribution of these amount., is determined by special commissions established by a Royal Decree in 1916. These commissions Prant subsidies to local breedin; and dairy testind associations and to associations for maintenance of bulls, and organiwe provincial cattle shows and competitions (75). In addition the Government undertakes the instruction of breeders and iculturu 1 district the experts who advise breeders appoints for each a It". LJI‘ “O with regard to all problems connected with breeCin . Finally the Govern? ment has organized a veterinary police service in order to insure observ— ance of the re ther stringent legislation (63). 75 Herddandgar-e; Ide ;§' ation The procedure of identification and A AAo a re astration of cattle in Hollanr has no doubt had a tremendous influence on the development of the Netherland ca tle breeds and may, therefore, vell be described rather elaborately. floundz- io_1;§j§¥;;g¥;olifi oc__ then the Herd Book Aer.ociations were first started a nunber of animals were selected to form the foundation of the Pedigree-legister (Stamboek). This 1e ister also contained a short he animil et'he time of registration. ci- description and mes sirenents of Cfter some ye re the books were partly closed so that animals, even if they could meet the standard of perfection, could only be registered if their parent: were like ise re'i tered. Animals which could not meet this 14 .C I reguirement rere entered in another sub-1e gister so thct treir01'fs_rin 0'} mi.1t eventuzlly «nter the herd book proper if they reacted the necessary (‘3 stendards. This _dez is still in use in Holland. The herd books are not I closed, but are alt y: open for animals rho give a fair promise of being of value for the breed (71). Eegis“rqtion The Herd Book genociations of Holland require that all animals in order to be re_'1storeu shall come up to a certain standard of perfection. Inspections are periodicslly organized for the purpose of determining whether animels offered €01 re i,tr tion hg v the desired de— rce of excellency. The animals are judged according to a special scale varying for each of the three breeds (88). A report with date necettrry to give a full description of the animal is at the same time made out. The genealogical records not only become a 76 a guide for the selection of those factors which are designated as the improvers of the breed, but they also supply data from which the indi- vidual hereditary breeding qualities may be found (68). The requirements entitling animals to be registered are identical for the three breeds. They differ in that re31ect, however, that the record of an eligible animal nay be assigned either to the Herd Book preper or to the Register. A third volume, the Register of Merit or Register for "preferent" bulls, exists for the registration of such bulls as have proved to possess extraordinary hereditary breeding qualities. The Herd Book prOper as well as the newister have been created for the ‘l stinguisnin; such s>ecinens which nave a controlied pedi— H- purpose of d gree from those uhose ancestry is unknown. The gradinr, Thich is made possible by inserting the Register be— tween the stock with unlnonn pedigree and the pedigree stock entered in the Herd Book proger, 1s found suite necessary; in the first place to U .0 establish the foundation 01 a recorded pedigree for those individuals whose ancestors are unknown, but which nevertheless have attained such a superior degree of perfection as to be regarded Quite suit blc for creat— ing first class offspring. In the second place, grading of the animals was deemed important because the Associations in trying to improve the breeds can only hOpe to attain this by warn; of a ration”l selection of the dams and sires. The Register is, therefore, an auxiliary book only, while the Herd Book )roner alone contains records of nediwree cattle. The Revister of l - . a a "preferent" bull; cont Ins animals nhich excel in conformation as well as 77 production. The certificates issued to the breeders mention into which of the three books registration has taken place. Each of the three breeds are being attended to separately, but a great uniformity is obtained by the establishment of the central office for the Ne herland Heri Boot: Assoc1ation. In its operation the central organization is supported by numerous local breeders societies who supply the most superior animals to be found in the country. This cooperation bet.ieen the central oruanize-tion and the loo 1 breed societies is regarded of the utmozst importance, for the success of the mother organization de— pends upon the material furnished by the local societies (68). _gee edizfi Ce ti ice tea Ehen a cor registered in the Herd Book has A .o—l-‘ub-hbfi—b-o 1 been bred to a sire likewise regimst red, the owner of the dam is obliged to sen} in to the central office within six months after the last service took place a breedin “ certificate, signed by the owner of the sire and the “s owner of the dam. All owners of re wi te cred bulls - ethe required blanks which are is sued bv the central office. These service certificates have to be filled out at the time the service take: place. There '3 much em- pha L3 pl ced on this book. All services have to be recorded in chrono- logical order and in ink vnd Lg :lter tions make the re<:ord uorthle e38 . A strict control is heat with regard to the time allowed for sending; these papers in us well UH pith re pcct to the contents of these papers (68). BirthC mt I'ica tee As soon as a calf is drOpped the breeder fills A in a certif ico.te of birtll which must be in the hands of the prOper official within 72 hours after the birth took place. Delay in this respect renders the statements null and void. This rule is strictly adhered to in order to prevent fraudulent substitution of offspring. After receiving notice of 78 the birth of a calf an inspector is often ordered to go immediately to the breeder to verify the correctness of the statement. The birth certificate specifies the color and marking of the coat, the sex, and gives a sketch of the animal so that it may always be identi- fied. The declarations given in the birth announcement are worthless une less they correspond fully to the breeding certificate. All statements are kept on file at the Head Office where they serve for an eventual veri- fying of the origin of the animals in question. When the preliminary reeuirement: are complied with, the calf is en? tered in the "Register of Young Stock" under the name of its owner. When the animals reach the necessary age and otherwise meet the requirements they are entered in the Register or the Herd Book proper. Bulls are entered "provisionally" at the age of 12 months an. at 2 years of age. Cows murt be 5 years old and have had one calf before they can be entered. All animals that are to be entered in the Herd Book proper must score at least 75 points out of a possible 100 points. They are judged on external points only. For bulte there are certain produc- tion requirements of their dnms which have to be met in order that the bull may be entered (68). flPreferegg" Bulls Bults that are old enough are judged by their progeny performance for both production and type. Bulls that have had a beneficial influence are entered in a register of "preferent" bulls under three classes A, B and C, according to their breeding value, class A be- ing the highest. In the province of Friesland there was from 1910 to 1927 only 45 bulls entered in this register (74). 79 Registration in Local Societies Many animals which do not meet the requirements of the central association would be lost for the breed if it was not for the local breed societies who keep herdbooks of their own. The local Herd Book Associations can be less strict in their re- quirements than the central society and in this manner in the course of time a great many animals are offered and become eligible for registration in the Herd Book proper which otherwise would remain unregistered. The best cows and bulls are thus concentrated by the local societies and in this way a gradual improvement of cattle in such localities is insured. It is for the central association ultimately to complete the work of the local societies by selecting the best out of the specimens thus created (68). flumbeerfpfiegistrations The yearly number of registrations in the Netherland Herd Book Association is approximately as follows (70): Yearly Total number registered (living 1950) Black and fihite Breed 5500 59,055 Red and White Breed 1800 22,964 Groningen Breed 200 1,149 Total all breeds 65,148 head For the Friesian Herd Book Association the figures for animals reg- istered in 1950 - 1951 are as follows (71): Calves 16,198 Bulls 848 Cows (purebred) 5,692 Cows (Help Book or Register) 1,828. 80 Eroduction Records and Eecord Keeoipg Since the beginning of this century the local . societies have carried on milk testing of cows and especially of all registered animals. Of the somewhat more than one mill- ion dairy cows of Holland 245, 971 or 22 per cent are on test for milk pro— duction (1929). The distribution of associations and number of cows tested is given in the table on a later page. The different associations employ their own officials whose work is controlled and supervised by the State Milk Inspector (75). At the close of the lactation period of each registered cow the re— sults of the tests taken during the year are submitted to the State Milk Inspector who on approval of the figures forwards these to the Netherland Herd Book Association or the Friesian Herd Book Association for publica— tion. Official or semi-official tests are not performed in Holland as they are not believed to be of any value in establishing the milk produc— ing value of an animal (68). Production The average production of the cows in Holland is esti— mated to be about 4200 kilograms (9,240 pounds) of milk with 5.55 per cent fat per year (70). The average for cows entered in the Friesian Herd Book was 4,801 kg. (10,562 pounds) of milk with a fat percentage of 5.64 in 1950 (71). In spite of the fact that no official testing is carried on several cows have given very good production records. For example, the cow Sophie 10th, 47667 K. 8., who as a 9—year old, gave 10,609 kg. (25,559.8 pounds) milk with 5.8 per cent fat in 550 days without forcing. The average pro- duction for this cow over a 8fiyear period was 8,015 kg. (17,650 pounds) of milk and 649 pounds of butter fat in 518 days (70). 81 The following high production records are from the Friesian Herd Book ASSociation: No. 44128, Bonkje VI, 7 years old, 12,549 kg. (27,168 pounds) milk, 5.65 per cent fat. No. 42519, v. d. Meer D IV, 9 years old, 10750 kg. (25,650 pounds) milk, 4.02 per cent fat. Table (Figures from Atlas International Zootechnique (75)) Number of Cattle Associations, their Members and Cows Tested in the Different Provinces of Holland No. of No. of No. of No. of No. of Per Service Cattle Mem— Tested Dairy Cent Erovince .1-1-.1§E§EiQQ§1£§§LnS bers _ngs Cows Tested__d_ (l) (l) (l) (l) (2) Groningen 17 45 1,554 16,075 47,219 54.0 Friesland 17 110 ... 156,762 178,656 76.6 Drenthe 67 55 1,741 15,126 55,687 24.4 Overijssel 97 71 2,204 20,402 111,575 18.5 Gelderland 105 146 ‘ 5,027 20,275 129,009 15.7 Utrecht 1 25 227 4,756 77,055 6.2 North Holland 10 52 645 6,260 118,681 5.5 South Holland 11 40 500 12,000 177,755 6.8 Zeeland 52 52 455 2,471 22,158 11.2 North Brabant 171 89 1,207 7,850 115,151 6.8 Limburg 60 51 1,055 5,995 55,029 7.5 EEflfiéLe $33: ‘69“ ... 245,971 1,985,715 22.5 (1) Figures from 1929 (2) Figures from 1921 (last cattle census) GERMANY ggrmgn Cattle Brggds 82 The cattle in Germany are usually divided into two main groups, Lowland Cattle and Highland Cattle. This terminology does not exactly indicate the regions where the breeds are found, but rather indicates the section from which they originated. There is a great variety of cattle breeds in Germany, many of which, however, differ very little from each other. The main groups of cattle breeds are given in the following table A‘AHHJ Black-White Lowland Cattle Die Red—White Lowland Cattle Die Red East Friesian Cattle Das Angeln Cattle Die Shorthorn Cattle Das Highlandggattle Red Spotted Highland Cattle Das Brown Alpine Cattle Das Pinzgau Cattle Die Red Cattle of Central Germany Des Yellow Highland Cattle Das Pale and Spotted Native Breeds Die (2): schwarzbunten Niederungsrinder rotbunten Niederungsrinder rote Niederungsvieh (Ostfriesen) Angler Shorthornrind Hdhenfleckvieh (Simmentaler) graubraune Gebirgsvieh (Allgfluer und Murnau Werdenfelser) Pinzgauer mitteldeutsche Rotvieh gelbe Hdhenvieh Blassen und die scheckigen Landschlége 85 Of the Lowland Cattle the Black and White breeds are the most common as they constitute 80 per cent of all Lowland Cattle and 44 per cent of the total cattle in Germany (75). They are found together with the Red and White and the East Friesian cattle in the northern part of Germany extending from east to rest and towards the south as far as a line from Cologne to Leipzig and from Dresden to Lover Schlesien. The Highland Cattle are found south of this line and occupy the whole southwestern part of Germany. The Red Spotted Cattle or Sinmentaler are the most common breed found here. For further detailed information the reader must be referred to more detailed publications such as the'lnter- national Cattle Atlas" (:2) and "German Breeds of Live Stock" (76). greed Societies In Germany there are found a great number of breed societies. The following table shows the number of active breed societies in 1927 (2). No. of breed No. of registered animals societies male female total Highland Cattle 719 11,850 149,551 161,581 Lowland Cattle 676 25,791 551,214 557,005 Shorthorn 7 428 7,705 8,155 The breed societies are joined together in provincial associations which again are subordinated to the German Agricultural Society (Deutsche Landwirtschafts-Gesellschaft, D. L. G.) in Berlin. Milk control societies are found in great numbers, especially in the northern part of Germany. January, 1950 there were 2,917 control societies tith 1,025,042 cows under control (77). 1‘! The Governments of the different States in.Germany usually have taken.measures fer cattle improvement, primarily through legislation, but also through active extension service by Government officials and .by grants to breed societies. The measures for cattle development vary somewhat from one part of the country to another and are reflected in the mode of operation of the different cattle breed associations (2). Since 1926 the German Agricultural Society has operated an Advanced Register (Deutsche Rinderleistunnguch, D. R. L. B.) for high producing cows meeting certain.requirements (78). The Jeverlggg Herd goog Society, (Jeverlandischer Herdbuchverein.e. V.) Jever in.01denhurg, Germany. flégtggy'og gregg igigrovigpe The cattle in the district of Jever- land belong to the Black and White Lowland Cattle. The breeding district for these cattle is the northwestern.part of the State of Oldenburg in northwestern.Germany. Already in the thirties of the nineteenth century cattle from Holland were imported into this area in order to improve the domestic cattle, and since then the cattle have been.developed fer milk production.and, as is the case in.most countries of continental Europe, at the same time cattle which would serve as desirable meat producers (79). Establishgent of Orgagization In 1861 the State of Oldenburg intro- duced scoring (karung) of all bulls which were used for public service (79). In 1875 several smaller breeders organizations were formed and on the basis of these societies the Jeverland Herd Book Association was formed in 1878. From 1881 the Association has handled the classification of bulls under the supervision of the Ministry of Agriculture, a measure which gave the Asso- ciation much more power in develOping the breeding program. Finally in 1895 the Herd Book Association took over the rest of the duties w‘ich still at that time rested with the State, and became the central organization for promoting breed development in the district. Later on several bull clubs were formed under the Association (79). In 1929 the Association had 1600 members with 15,000 animals in the herd books. The total number of entries in the herd book amounted to 85,000 head (80). Herd Book Eegistratiqn Only animals which are born of previously re 1 tered animals can be entered in the Herd Books of the Association. I}, Animals from other districts where cattle similar to the Jeverland cattle are bred can be entered in the Herd Boon if their ancestors are known for a: .t least two generation1 and ar~ entered in the Herd Books of the district from which these aninals come. The entrance of such animals is, however, almavs subject to the approval of the scorinns commission if it is a bull, and to tie approval of the breed director if a female. .QLassificatignggfigBull As early as 1861 the State of Oldenburg had introduced compulsory classification of bull: in public use. Since June, 1925 this compulsory classification hmr been in effect for bulls used in the Other: own Lard. 'hil- bull: in public use her to be reclassified every year the bulls th'ch are on f'flSEd in the Owners otn herd are not subject to this regulation (81). BegordufieepiniAtnflgProdxctiqn R-cords In 1902 there was an experi- A _A _A .A .4; #4.AJ ment conducted on four herds Lith 62 cows which gave an average production of 4087 kilograms (9000 pounds) of milk with 5.08 per cent fat or 277 pounds of butter fat. This erperiment created much interext and the first 86 two testing societies were started in 1904. The further development was, however, slow and the number of control societies did not increase very much until some years after the norld war. In 1927 there were 56 associa- tions with 848 herds and 8545 cows which is over 50 per cent of the cows in the district. The testing is done according to the rules of the German.Agricultural Society. The value of testing became better appreciated after 1925 when there was passed a regulation to the effect that only bulls out of tested dams could be classified. The average production of the cons in the Association was in 1927 4,055 kg. (8875 pounds) of milk vith 5.08 per cent fat or 124 kg. (275 pounds) of butter fat. In 1927 the first cows were ertered in the German Advanced Register. The highest produciné cop vas "Midha Ic" 57531 who pro- duced 9,17“ k5. (20,185 pourde) of milk rith 3.67 per cent fat or 558.4 kg. (744 pound?) of butter fat in 3:5 dvys (82). The Oldenburg; "_.'_.-_e_5§.-_1_;r_n5.3-;2~c:_h._ REL-5 Boo}: -;5§p+;_i;;+ion, (Oldenburgische Descrmarsch Herdbuchgeeellschaft e.V.) Rodenkirchen in Oldenburg, Germany. The breeding district of this orgnnlzrtion iv the State of Oldenburg and embraces a cattle pOpulation of 100,000 h,ad of Black and White Cattle The Association ta: founded in 1880 erd ted 1100 members in June, 1951 (84). The purpose of tte orgzniyation is to find, breed an? devnlop the most healthy and best producin; strains and families of cattle (84). aegistration of gnimals All breeders of Animals in the breeding distri ct‘ --ave the r1 ght to cle.s1=i their cattle for entrance in the Herd Book or the Register according to the classification rules set up by the German Agricultural Society. Animals must be one and one—half years old before they can be classified. Besides vassing the cla"‘ilic:ticr the L .. animals must have been ear marked, preliminary application have been fileo with the association at time of birth, szfi.their color markings sketched. If this has not been done cons can be entered in a Register (Hilfsbuch) and .hen entered here their offtprinV can be entered in the Herd Book if ' n 1 r they are ear thLGd and application filed .ithiu 61,;‘ntc vs 0- eirt':. Bull-1 can ct 1...- (art-fraud in the- Register ( 85). The same rules i1 meitiored bef001e, govern all bull? in the Free- Stete of Olfenburg. Only 18 per cent of the 100,000 read of cattle in tie district are entered in the herd Looks. T errc rre about 9000 )re —reL1isterad -a1ves and or 113 1 entrv in the Ferd Book. The number of cctlfl e reLu inter d even? year is about 3,200 head and since the Association first be: n there ‘as been entered a total of 155,000 cattle in the Herd Books (83) Yeenin" of Prnnizct j_r,n Iecorns Thc first 000 testi n; ae:ociation was st: rted in 190? and 1925 there were 03 societies with 16,000 cons (82). In 1930 40 oer cent of ml] the coar in the district mcre under retular , a. L I milk control and had an fivera;e production of 4,046 kg. (8,900 pounds) of milk with 3.?5 per cent fat or 152 kg. (293 pounds of butter fat (82). 88 The highest production record obtained in the German.Advanced Regis- ter was by the cow "Pasena" 99149 which produced 11,127 kg. (24,479 pounds) of milk with 5.75 per cent fat, or 416 kg. (915 pounds ) of butter fat in 565 days. Q ast Eriesian Cattle Breeders Association, (verein.Ostfriesischer Stammviehzflchter) Norden (Ostfriesland), Germany. In.East Friesland there are three kinds of cattle which were repre- sented in the following preportions in 1906 (86). Black and White 77.5 per cent Bed and White 14.5 per cent Brown 8.0 per cent In the year 1877 the breeders of this district went together and formed a Herd Book. From this organization originates the East Friesian Cattle Breeders' Association which was formed in 1885 and in 1951 numbered 6574 members representing a cow population of over 100,000 head (87). The object of the organization is to promote and develop the breeding of the three breeds found in East Friesland by selection of typical animals and enter them in the Herd Book for East Friesian Cattle (Stammbuch ost— friesischer Rindviehschlflge) (88). Besides this the Association.supervises tests for production and sponsors the organization of bull clubs and sev; eral other minor activities. The financial support is derived from membership fees and a small Government grant. The budget balances with Rmk. 250,000 ($62,500) every year. P- 89 gerd and Breed Identifiggtign The entering of the animals in the Herd Book is supervised by the Breeding Director, or his assistant, ac- cording to certain.ru1es. Members can only breed animals of one of the three breeds fOund in the district. The entering of the animals in the Herd Book is handled by a "trusty" man who communicates with the Breeding Director and the animals are then entered after the Breeding Director or his assistants have scored the animal and decided whether they are good enough to be entered in the Herd Book. From the month of May until Octo— ber animals are assembled at different places where the Breeding Director visits and scores the animals. In the register there are entered the following facts about the ani— mals: register number and the number of the young animal, name, parentage, owner and breeder, kind of soil the animal was bred and kept on, marks of distinction, birthday and year, total number of points obtained at the classification.and various measurements of the animal. The entering of bulls is done at the request of the inspector of breed- ing, that of cows after their first calf, and that of heifers after they are known to be in calf. Progeny from Herd Book animals can, when.they have reached the proper age and can pass the insPection be entered in the Herd Book (89). Private nggmiabn‘dblgg‘ntifyigg of Offspring All breeders of Herd Book cattle must have their cows bred by Herd Book bulls and must keep a breeding book which is given them.by the "trusty man". Within 48 hours of birth of a calf the breeder must send the trusty man a notice of birth by mailing a post card made out for this purpose. On this card the owner of the bull has already at the time of breeding filled in thedate of breed— 90 ing and signed it with his name. The trusty man.then comes to the breeder and identifies the calf and gives it an ear mark. He also signs t he en? trance of the calf in the private Herd Book and mails a post card to the head office of the breed organization. Calves which are not intended to be used for breeding purpose must also be identified. The breeder then receives a certificate from the head office. Calves from animals which are not as yet entered in the Herd Books of the Asso- ciation, but which are expected to be entered, must be filed under the "calf number" of the dam.and the color markings of the calf must be exact— ly given so that further mistakes are avoided. When.the dam is later en? tered in the Herd Book the Herd Book number of the dam has to be added to the calf certificate (89). Each year 1400 bulls and 11,000 cows and 52,000 calves are entered. Altogether 285,000 animals have been entered (87). fiecord Keepigg In.1950 there were under the Association 170 control societies with a total number of 40,000 cows under regular control (90), which is 40 per cent of the total number of cows in the district. The average production of 26,248 cows was in 1950, 4417 kg. (9700 pounds) of milk with 5.24 per cent fat or 145 kg. (515 pounds) of butter fat (91). Besides the regular cow testing work a number of animals are entered in the German Advanced Register test. The highest record made under this test was made by the East Friesian cow "Gertrud" which produced 15,819 kg. (50,400 pounds) of milk with 4.44 per cent fat or 615 kg. (1,549 pounds) of butter fat in 565 days. This is claimed to be a world record (91). 91 The Herd Book Society fer Black and White Lowland Cattle_in East Prussia, (Herdbuchverein fur das schwarzweisse Tieflandrind in Ostpreussen e.V.) Wilhelmsstrasse 7, Insterburg, Germany. The present Holland cattle in East Prussia probably originated in the middle of the last century through importation of original Holland cows and bulls. From these imperted animals the cattle rapidly spread over the whole province of East Prussia and were crossed with the native cattle as well as with imported cattle of other breeds. figflggflgggmggngfQOrganization The origin of the Herd Book Society was in connection with the control societies, of which the first was fOunded in.Heinrichwalde, Niederung in the year 1905. From this start the develop- ment rapidly spread, and it was soon feund desirable to form a central or— ganization for these control societies. This was accomplished in 1908 When the Union of Control Societies of the province of East Prussia was formed. In 1925 this organization changed its name to the Herd Book So- ciety for Black and White Lowland Cattle in East Prussia (92). Objects and Functiggg The paramount idea of the organization has been and still is, breeding for production and improvement in type (95). The functions of the organization are carried out through four different departments, namely, Administration, Breeding, Testing fer Production.Rec- ords, and Eradication of Tuberculosis. The organization has a staff of 108 control-assistants (testers) and a staff of 25 pe0ple at the office (92). yggumuwsagppjjmgpmial Support The organization had 1,405 members with 1800 breeding bulls, 40,000 cows under control and about 60,000 head 92 of’young cattle on February 1, 1928 (92). The organization is supported by quartereyearly support from the members. The amount of membership fee is determined by the needs of the organization and the members have to pay a fee which is high enough to meet the expenses of the organization. The organization.does not receive any help from the State or Government (95). Head and Breed Identificatiog The cattle in the herds which belong to the organization carry the mark of the organization "H. T. 0." These marks are put in the ears of the calves by the control assistant. On the ear mark is also the barn number of the dam, year of birth and the number of the herd. An ear mark with the marking HTO 24.27.951, for example, means that the animal is from herd No. 951 and from cow No. 24 (the cows must have their number branded in the horn) and born in the year 1927. When the cows and bulls are entered in the Herd Books they furthermore get an "Autokrotal" ear mark which carries the mark of the organization and the number under fihich the animal is entered in the Herd Book. Pre-regis- tered cows and bulls also receive an "Autokrotal" ear mark which besides the marking given above carries the letters V.K. for bulls and v.3. for cows (95). Eligibility fgggfiegistratign from the beginning it has been required that breeders who wanted their animals registered in the Herd Book only used pure bred bulls and have at least 25 per cent of their cows good enough to be recognized by scoring. In 1920 the requirements were raised considerably and at the same time there was started a pre-registration of animals. In 1926 the number of pre-registered animals was 5,552 cows and 565 bulls and for registered animals 4,200 cows and 469 bulls (92). h 95 The total number of animals registered in the Herd Book and the Register was more than.lO0,000 animals in.August, 1951. About 8,000 ani- mals pass the scoring annually (95). BElghjggggggfigjggllggglgfiegister In recent years When the value of good old proven.bulls has been better appreciated, the central organization has started a Bull Exchange where breeders can dispose of their old bulls which have proved valuable breeders. In this way it is hoped that several older bulls can be preserved for the breed. As a valuable help in this effort the "Bull Index" has been developed. It is now in its second volume and is at the disposal of all breeders of the organization. In this index the breeders can find information about the breeding value of a great num~ ber of bulls through the performance records of their daughters (92). Egoduction Haggaistandgnecordgxeepigg As mentioned before the ori- gin of the Society was the control societies or cow testing associations and naturally it may be expected that controlling of production records is the most important part of the organization's work. From one testing asso- ciation in 1905 there are now (1928) 108 associations with 1415 herds and 59,900 cows joined in the Herd Book Society. The control and record keep- ing is carried out according to the rules of the German Agricultural So- ciety (92). The average production of the Herd Book cows in the control societies ‘under the Society was in the year 1950, 4,259 kg. (9500 pounds) of milk with a fat percentage of 5.5 which equals 507 pounds of butter fat (95). The highest 565 day record was completed by the cow "Fortune" which produced 9,625 kg. (21,175 pounds) of milk with 5.15 per cent fat or 494 kg. (1,087 pounds) of butter fat. 94 Eieldwork The members of the organization are visited every year by the "scoring commission" (Karkommission). Besides this they are visited several times during the year by the extension men associated with the Society. The Society keeps four district managers who look after the work of the control assistants and help the breeders with problems of feeding and breeding, selection of breeding stock and disposal of surplus breeding stock. The organization also sponsors public sales which have been very successful. The organization publishes a Journal for its members, "Herdbuchnach— richten des Herdbuchvereins fur das schwarzweisse Tieflandrind in Ost- preussen e.V." with articles of general interest for the breeders. This Journal is published monthly. Besides this there is also published a year— ly summexy'with results from the different control societies (95). The Herd Book Society for East Prussian Holland Cows, (Ostpreussische Hollander Herdbuchgesellschaft) Handelstrasse 2, Kdnigsberg, Preussen, Germany. This organization was started in 1882 when the breeders of pure bred, imported Holland cattle joined together and formed the present Society. In 1908 the milk control work was introduced and in 1915 the milk control be— came compulsory for all herds that were members of the Society. The organization had in August, 1951, 2,114 members with 1420 herds nd 50,000 cows. The objects of the organization and the handling of it are quite sim— i ilar to that of the Herd Book Society for Black and White Cattle in East Prussia. 95 Up to January 1, 1951 there was a total entry of 12,410 bulls and 168,855 cows in the Herd Book of the Association.(94). The average production of 46,489 tested cows in the year 1950—51 was 4,217 kg. of milk (9,270 pounds) with 5.52 per cent fat and 140 kg. (508lpounds) of butter fat. The cow "Brosche" 252568 is entered in the German Advanced Register with a 565 day record of 11,050 kg. (24,250 pounds) of milk with 5.51 per cent fat and 6 08 kg. (15583pounds) of butter fat. Tne Union of Breeders' Societies for Brown Highland Cattle, (Der Arbeitsgemeinschaft der Zuchtverbande fur das graubraune thenvieh Deutschlands) Immenstadt, Bayern (Bavaria) Germany. The German.breeders of Brown Alpine Cattle have organized themselves in a Union which was started in 1926 and embraces the following three breed organizations: Allgauer Herdbubhgesellschaft, Immenstadt founded in 1895 Wflrtembergischer Braunviehzuchtverband, waldsee founded in 1896 Zuchtverband fur einfarbiges Gebirgsvieh in Oberbayern, Weilheim founded in 1901 These three organizations have a total of 5,650 breeders of Brown cattle with 26,500 cows, located in the southern.part of Bavaria. The small holding is the predominating type of farming and milk con— trol is not as yet compulsory. However, almost all of the bigger farms have their cows under regular control. The Allgduer Herd Book Society Ir. 96 had at the end of 1928, 700 herds with 12,000 animals under control and the Weilheimer Breeding Society had at the end of 1928, 500 herds with 5,500 cows under control. The milk production is rather high with an.average of 5,200 kg. (7,000 pounds) per year. The cow "Gretel" 54550 has given.a production of 7,555 kg. of milk (16,200 pounds) with 5.54 per cent fat in.a year. The Allgauer Herd Book Society owns and rents great mountain past- ures in order to promote the grazing of cattle in the mountains. These pastures are located about 2000 meters (6500 feet) above sea level and about 1500 head of'young cattle, belonging to the smaller breeders, are pastured here during the summer (95). 97 DENMARK The Dagsh Cattle Breeds (In Denmark there are two national breeds of cattle, the Red Danish Milk Cattle (Ryfdt Dansk Malkekvg, R. D. M.) and the Black and White Jut- land Milk Cattle (Sortbroget Jydsk Malkekvag, S. J. M.). The Red Danish Milk Cattle are the most important breed in the counr try as they constitute more than 50 per cent of the country's 5,100,000 head of cattle (96). They are especially found on the Danish Islands where 95 per cent of the cattle belong to this breed (97). The origin of the Red Danish Milk Cattle is not even.a hundred years old, but was started about the thirties and forties of the last century when cattle of the Angel, Ballum and Nerth Slesvig breeds were introduced to improve the old native cattle (97). These breeds had their home in the southern part of the Jutland Peninsula and when Denmark in 1864 lost these provinces to Germany the importation of these cattle was brought to an end. It was, therefore, necessary to make the best out of the stock present, and by selecting the best animals for milk production combined with a good ability to put on meat, the Red Danish Cattle were developed, and have since 1878, when the present breed name was adopted, been recognized as an inde- pendent breed of cattle. The Black and White Jutland Cattle are, contrary to the Red Danish, a very old breed which has been in Denmark from the earliest days of cattle history. Without doubt it is closely related to the Black and White Cattle of Holland and northern.Germany (97). It forms about 24 per cent of the 98 total cattle pOpulation.of Denmark and 59 per cent of the cattle in the Jutland Peninsula. In.Jut1and are also found a number of Shorthorn cattle and Shorthorn crosses, most of dairy or dual purpose type. The Shorthorns were first introduced in the fifties of the nineteenth century (97) and cattle of the Shorthorn type now form about 17 per cent of the total number of cat- tle in the country and 28 per cent of the cattle in.Jutland. Jersey cattle have been imported from the end of the last century but they form less than one per cent of the cattle population. Holland cattle are also found, but their number is less than one per cent of the total number of cattle in the country. Breed Organizgtignp 'In Denmark we find breed associations for the Red Danish, Black and White, Shorthorn and Jersey cattle, but they are only of minor importance compared with the system of agricultural societies which is the backbone of Danish agriculture (98). This system is built up in.a pyramidal shape with the bottom formed by the control societies, bull societies and other agricultural societies which confine their activities to a certain locality or parish. These different societies are united in county organizations and these again in joint provincial associations. At the top we have the Cooperative Danish Farmers' Association and the Cooperative Danish Small— holders' Association.which together with the Union of Danish Cooperative Societies and the Royal Agricultural Society are represented by thejAgri— cultural Council (Landbrugsraadet) which thus represents all Danish agri- cultural interests (99). 99 Before 1880 it was mainly the owners of the greater herds which took the initiative in cattle development, but with the beginning of the co- operative movements in.the eighties this condition was gradually changed so that the smaller farms became the mainstay of cattle breeding. The numerous control societies, bull societies and other more or less coopera~ tive activities have had the greatest influence on the Danish cattle de- velopment. ggntrol Societies The first milk control society in the world was started in Denmark in 1895 and at the end of 1950 there were in Denmark 1,517 control societies with 48,025 members and 629,185 cows or close to 59 per cent of the total number of cows in the country (98). The develop— ment of the control societies is best seen by the following table (Computed from data by Olsen and Frederiksen) (96, 100). Nb. of N0. of No. of % tested of Av. production.of Year Societies herds cows all cows tested cows lbs. butter fat 1904 294 6,600 111,900 10.5 251 1910 459 10,255 175,862 15.7 255 1915 610 15,188 206,505 15.8 242 1920 645 14,657 208,694 18.8 222 1924 1,085 50,506 412,022 50.1 282 1950 1,517 48,025 629,185 58.6 504 The main purpose of the control societies is to get information about the food consumption and milk and butter fat production of the individual cows 80 as to make it possible to select the best breeding animals and also to determine the food requirements. The societies receive an annual grant of Kroner 100 ($27) if they have at least 10 members and 200 cows. In order 100 to receive the government grant the control society must be subordinated in one of the provincial agricultural associations and shall every year submit to this association a detailed list giving the individual cows in the society with information about age, date of birth, sire and dam, milk yield and butter fat percentage, sire of calf born, birthday of calf, mark- ing and use (98). Every cow in the herd must have an individual number branded in the born or some other place where it will not disappear, and all calves are at birth marked with the number of the dam. This marking is done by a sys- tem of notches in the ear. In this way the offspring is easily identified and their ancestry can always be traced by means of the control books. Cattle Breeding Sodgeties or Bull Clubs As more than 90 per cent of the Danish herds consist of less than.15 cows, and 78 per cent of the herds have less than 10 cows (96) it is readily seen that it is impossible for the great number of herds to keep good bulls unless the farmers form bull clubs (98). The Live Stock Acts of 1886 and 1927 provide funds for the support of breeding societies when they have at least 10 members. The bull has to be at least one and one-half years old and must before reaching 5 years of age have been scored and classified at one of the classifications sponsored by the provincial cattle associations. After the bull is 5 years old he must have received a prize at one of the leading cattle shows and after he is 6 years old his progeny must have been tested and awarded a certain standing in order to be allowed to be used in a breeding society which receives Government support. The Government grant amounts to 100 Kroner ($27) per year per bull (98). 101 On account of the regulations in the Live Stock Act there are a great number of breeders who keep bulls privately in c00peration when they are not enough to form a bull club of 10 or more members. At the end of the year 1950 there were in.Denmark 1,159 breeding societies with 26,651 members and 1,582 bulls which received a total support from the Government of Kr. 87,895 ($24,000) (98). The bulls in the breeding societies are usually designated a nfigure 4“ bull, that is, a bull whose dam has produced at least 4000 kg. (8800 pounds) of milk with at least 4 per cent fat through several years (101). Cattle gnows The Danish cattle shows,have a ruling that no animal is awarded a prize unless complete milk and butter fat records are avail- able for the animal itself and its female ancestry. Placings of the ani- mals are made according to the conformation, but the milk records are given full recognition'by the amount of prize money awarded. As a rule a yield of less than 9,000 pounds of milk with 4 per cent fat will not be recog- nized at a Danish cattle show (97). There are about 150 cattle shows held throughout the country every year. Mbst of these are small parish shows. The best animals from these shows are gathered and shown in greater county or provincial fairs. The cattle shows are regarded as so important for the development of cattle that the Government grants an amount of Kr. 140,000 ($57,800) annually for prizes at the agricultural societies' cattle shows (98). fiend Books The first Danish Herd Book was published privately in 1864 and contained pedigrees of both cattle and horses. The first Herd Book published by an.agricultural society was published in 1881 and also contained horses as well as cows (96). The different provincial associa- tions then pub— 102‘ lished their separate Herd Books until 1895 when a Herd Book for the bulls of Red Danish Milk Race, embracing bulls from the whole country, was pub— lished by the Cooperative Danish Farmers' Association. A Herd Book for all Danish cows was first published in 1921. Similar Herd Books are published for the Black and White Cattle. The foundation for the Herd Book is the "The Family Herd Book“ which was started in 1891 after the English pattern. These Herd Books are kept on the individual farms and an exact record of the progeny of the founda- tion cows is kept. Besides this there is information relating to the dif- ferent sires used and the production records of all the females. The Fam— ily Herd Book is kept by an official from one of the provincial associa- tions who visits the farm at least every other year and scrutinizes the control books and other available material before he enters the informa- tion in the Book. In this way it is fairly easy to have a pedigree rec- 0rd of all animals in the herd. Besides coming from a herd where.the Family Herd Book has been kept for several generations the animal must meet several other requirements in order to enter the Herd Book. The cows must have production records for at least 5 years and the average for all years under control must be 200 kg. of butter (595 pounds of butter fat) with not less than a 4 per cent fat per centage. The dam or the granddam of the cow shall also have a record for at least two years as shall the dam of the sire of the cows, and besides these they must be of approved type (102). For bulls there are similar stringent requirements in force and the Danish Herd Book is, therefore, more than 6 Register in that the cattle entered therein are absolutely of highest quality. 105 Since 1895 and 1921 there have been entered 2,575 bulls and 5,298 cows respectively in.the Red Danish Herd Books. In the Herd Book for Black and White Cattle there have been entered 5,210 bulls and 1,948 cows. In the Herd Book for Shorthorn cattle there have been entered 405 bulls and 5,595 cows (98). The average production of cows entered in the 10th volume of the Red Danish Herd Book fer cows (1950) was for 552 cows with 1792 annual yields a. 5,016 kg. (11,055 pounds) of milk with 4.51 per cent fat and 245 kg. butter (476 pounds of butter fat) which is far above the requirements (105). figgister and Elite Herd Boon Besides the regular Herd Book there has been.kept since 1921 8 Register for promising young animals meeting certain requirements. In this Register have been entered 4,452 bulls and 1,292 cows and heifers (98). For the very best animals of the breed there is kept an.“Elite-Herd Book" in which outstanding and thoroughly proved animals are entered. gnnggnynggngnnpance Tests One of the features of cattle breeding to which the most attention has been paid during late years is the progeny performance tests for bulls. In the past these tests have been developed mainly with bulls of the Red Danish breed and there are annually collected and worked out data on 500-400 bulls of which 250 are of the Red Danish breed (105). The first of these reports on bull progeny perf0rmance was issued in.l90l by the provincial Association for the Island of Funen (105) and has been.followed by many reports since then (104). I gzpnmgggpggBecord§_ As stated in the previous table the average pro- duction.record of all Danish cows on test was in the year 1950, 504 pounds 104 of butter fat or 5,645 kg. (8000 pounds) of milk with 5.80 per cent fat. The average production of all milk cows in the country, tested and any tested, is somewhat lower, 274 pounds of'butter fat (97). There are some cows in the control societies which have produced over 1100 pounds of butter fat in a year, but no "Register of Merit“ is kept and no special emphasis is laid upon.exceptionally high records (97). Government guppgrt of Cattle Breegigg It has been.aentioned several times in the foregoing that different associations and features for cattle deve10pment receive Government aid. In.the year 1950-51 the different Government grants were as follows (98): Kroner Dollars Prizes at Cattle Shows 140,000 57,800 Cattle Breeding Societies 90,000 24,500 Control Societies 120,000 52,400 Herd Book Keeping 20,000 5,400 Progeny Tests of Bulls (estimated) 15,000 4,050 Study of Milk Records 15,000 4,050 Eradication of Tuberculosis in 480,000 129,600 Cattle and Hogs Total 880,000 257,600 105 SWEDEN The Swedish Cattle Breeds The old native cattle of Sweden belong to the same type as breeds in Nerway and Finland and are still found in the northern part of Sweden. Beginning in the eighteenth century there were, however, imported cattle of both English and Dutch origin (105). Especially in the southern.part of Sweden.was the influence of Holland cattle very marked and in this part of the country Black and White Lowland Cattle are still the predominating breed. Several cows and bulls of the Shorthorn.and especially of the Ayr— shire breed were imported into the country during the nineteenth century and were kept in special Government herds from which improved foundation stock was spread out over the country. These Red and White cattle have fermed the foundation for the present Red and White cattle which are found all over Sweden, but especially in.the middle part of the country. The following four breeds are found in Sweden at the present time: Swedish Red and White Cattle (Svensk rad och vit boskap) Swedish Lowland Cattle (Svensk nglandsras) Mountain Cattle (Fjflllras) Swedish Red Polled Cattle (Rddkullig svensk lantras) measures fer cattle improvement are directed by the Government (Kungl. Lantbruksstyrelsen) and carried out by agricultural societies and breed associations (106). 106 The Swedish Red and White Cattle Breeders' Association, (Avelsfdreningen fdr svensk Rad och Vit Boskap. S. R. B.) Klara Cstre Kyrkogata 12, Stockholm, Sweden. Establishment of Organization As mentioned before, there were im- ported a great number of cattle of the Shorthorn and Ayrshire breeds through out the nineteenth century. Towards the end of the century it was, however, realized by a number of breeders that it was not necessary to import cat- tle any longer and that the cattle present in Sweden were good enough to build up from as foundation without any further importations (105). These breeders formed in 1891 "The Association for Red—mottled Swed- ish Cattle" (Avelsfdreningen fdr Rddbrokig Svensk Boskap). In 1896 an Association of Ayrshire breeders was formed in southern Sweden and in 1899 the "Swedish Ayrshire Association " (Svenska Ayrshirefbreningen) was started (105). As the years went by it was realized, however, that the Red-mottled cattle and the Swedish Ayrshire cattle were much alike and that the two breed societies worked under practically the same principles. In January, 1928 the two societies were, therefore, combined and the "Swedish Red and White Cattle Breeders' Association" was formed (107). Objects and Members The aim of the organization, which is the larg- est breed association in Sweden, is to develop and improve the breeding stock of Red and White cattle already existing in Sweden, especially with regard to uniformity in type combined with milk yield and heavy build. There have, therefore, been no cattle imported from outside for the last 50 years (107). 107 The objects of the Association are carried out by keeping of herd books, extension work, arranging of exhibitions and cattle shows, and the sponsoring of auction sales of breeding animals (108). At the end of the year 1950 the Association had 2,514 members each of whom pays an annual fee of Kroner 10 ($2.70). Besides this the Asso- ciation receives money from entries in the Herd Book, from commissions at sales and grants from the Government and from agricultural societies. These grants amounted to Kroner 19,715 ($5,500) in the year 1950 (107). Herd and greed Identification The most important work of the Asso- ciation consists in the registration of animals in the Herd Book. The Herd Book is divided into six classes, starting with a "collecting" class (S) where females with no recorded ancestry are entered and ending up with a purebred class (E) into which cows with five top crosses with class B sires can be entered. For each class there are certain requirements for production and type that must be met. To enter females in class R, the purebred class, the cows must have a record of at least 110 kg. (242 pounds) of butter fat and a fat percentage of not less than 5.5, or 120 kg. (264 pounds) of butter fat and a fat per- centage of not less than 5.4 for an average of not less than two years. Younger cows, that have not milked for one year can be entered if they have given a fair promise that they will reach the required production. Bulls must have both dam and sire registered in class B in order to be registered and their dams must have produced at least 120 kg. (264 pounds) of butter fat and have not less than 5.6 per cent fat in their milk, or 150 kg. (286 pounds) of butter fat and a fat percentage of not less than 5.5 108 during two consecutive years (107), a requirement which is usually sur- passed by a large margin. Before animals are entered in the Herd Book they are inspected by officials from the Association and a Government official. Upon entry every animal is branded in the left horn with the Association's stamp, a mural crown, and the mark of the class in which the animal is entered. The number of registrations for the year 1950 is as follows: Bulls 951 Cows, in class R 1,919 Cows, in all classes 9,751 Rrodgctior Records erg Record Keerirg The record keeping for milk production is carried out by local milk control societies which are under supervision of the Royal Board of Agriculture. The records are published every year by the Board and are at the same time kept on file by the breed association and used in their research work concerning the transmitting power of bulls. The average production for 28,475 cows of the Red and White breed in the province of deermanland was in the year 1929—50 5,295 kg. (7,245 pounds) of milk with 5.69 per cent of fat. The average of 5,967 Herd Book cows in the same province was during 1929-50 5,758 kg. (8,268 pounds) of milk with 5.69 per cent of fat. The average production of 892 cows, dams to bulls registered in the Herd Book of 1950 was during 5,051 milking years 4,122 kg. (9,068 pounds) of milk with a fat percentage of 5.96 or 559 pounds of butter fat, which is far above the actual requirements as stated before (107). F- 109 Among outstanding records may be mentioned the record of the cow 594 "As15g“ (45054 R) which in 1927 gave 21,415 pounds of milk with 4.04 per cent fat, or 865 pounds of butter fat. In 1924 and 1926 she also gave over 800 pounds of fat (108). Rieldworg erd Erblicatrorg The association has experts to serve the members when they want advice and information in questions regarding breed— ing and selection of animals. Besides this the Association publishes a quarter-yearly Journal which is sent to the members free of charge together with reports on the activities of the Association. 0t e eed 0 a zations The Breed Association for Swedish Lowland Cattle (Avelsfbreningen fdr Svensk Lleandsboskap) Malmb, Sweden. This organization supervises the work for the Black and White Lowland Cattle of mainly Dutch and Friesian origin. These cattle were imported into the southern part of Sweden up to 1907 in large numbers (105). The procedure of supervision, organization and activities are very similar to that of the Red and White Cattle Association and shall, there- fore, not be discussed in detail. Besides these two organizations there are two smaller Associations for the two polled breeds of Sweden both managed in a way similar to the Red and White Cattle Association. 110 NORWAY The Cattle of Rorrgy In Nerway are feund not less than.eight different breeds or types of cattle (109). This is undoubtedly due to the mountains which cover the country from north to south and make transportation from.one part of the country to the other very difficult. Cattle have, therefOre, not'been mixed so much, and different distinct types have developed in.the various districts. According to the location of the breeds they are divided into the following groups: Red polled East-land cattle (Rfldt kollet detlandsfe) Telemark Cattle (l'elemarksfe) Red polled west-land Cattle (Vestlandsk raudkollfe) West-land Fjord Cattle (Vestlandsk fjordfe) Doele Cattle (Ddlefe) Red-sided Troender Cattle (Sidet Trdnderfe) Red Troender Cattle (Rddt Trdnderfe) Nerth-land Cattle (Nerdlandsfe) Host of the native breeds are very small in size and weigh only 500 to 400 kg. (660 to 880 pounds). The fat percentage of the milk is usually high, around 4 per cent, and the average milk production is 2000 to 2500 kg. (4400 to 5500 pounds) per year. Several individuals have produced considerably higher records of production, however. Rreed RssociatROQs Several different breeders associations have been formed during this century, but due to the small number of members I. 111 and consequent lack of funds they have not been able to make any headway, and most of them may at the present time be regarded as discontinued or inactive (109). The Norwegian Government has directed a considerable amount of ef— fort toward the improvement of cattle for many years and a few of the most important features for cattle development will be mentioned briefly (109) . Goverrrent Measgres for Cattle Revelopment The work of the Govern? ment was started in 1855 when the first Government consultant in Animal Husbandry was appointed. At the same time grants of money were given for cattle exhibitions and for importations of foreign cattle which were al- most entirely of the Ayrshire breed. Government aid was also given to a few "pedigree herds" where under official supervision there was bred pure bred cattle of Norwegian as well as foreign origin. In 1890 — 1900 the money for importation of foreign cattle was with drawn, but at the same time grants of money were given to bull societies, and in 1902 to milk control societies. At the present time the Government employs four consultants in Ani— mal Husbandry, each with one or more assistants, and supports the follow; ing features for cattle improvement: RrRiQithrg State exhibitions supported entirely by the Government and managed by the Government officials. One to three exhibitions are held for each breed every year. Besides these there are local shows where the Government pays part of the expenses. erl Associatiogs with one, or in a few cases several bulls, receive help for purchase and keeping of bulls. At the present time there are ap- proximately 2000 bull associations in Norway. 112 RilR Cortrol Associatiors are supported by the Government which pays half of the tester's wages and the results from these are used as a basis for the prizes at cattle shows, entrances into the Herd Books and selection of breeding bulls (109). In 1924 there were 204 milk cone trol associations with 45000 cows or 5.6 per cent of the country's 800,000 cows on test (100). _ Rerd Roogg The work with the Herd Books is carried out by the Government consultants and their assistants. The Herd Books are printed by the Government and sold very cheaply. The Government consultant de- termines which cattle are worthy for entrance and thescoring and classi- fication for entrance in the Herd Book are often.d0ne in connection.with the cattle shows. Cows can be registered in the Herd Books when.they have not more than.ene—eighth of fereign blood, bulls when.they have not more than one—sixteenth of foreign.blood. Besides employing the Government consultants, the Government also. pays half the wages of 56 agricultural agents who are entirely or partly occupied with cattle improvement work (109). 115 FINLAND From the oldest time the majority of the cattle in Finland have been native cattle, closely related to cattle in Norway, Sweden and Nbrth Russia (110). The Finnish native cattle are now divided into three types: East Finnish, West Finnish and Nerth Finnish Cattle*. Besides these three types a considerable number of Ayrshire cattle are found in.Finland, and as there is a separate breed association for each breed we find in Fine land the following four cattle breed organizations (111): East Finnish Cattle Association (Itfl—Suomen.karjanjalostusyhdistys) Kuopio, Finland. Secretary: Tatu Nissinen. West Finnish Cattle Association,(Lanai-Suomen karjanjalostusyhdistys) Tammerfors, Finland. Secretary: Kalle Soini. North Finnish Cattle Association (Pohjois—Suomen karjanjalostusyhdistys) Rovaniemi, Finland. Secretary: V. Hiekka. Finnish Ayrshire Cattle Association (Suomen.Ayrshire yhdistys r.y. Ayrshire— fareningen) Helsingfors, Finland. Breed Consultant: Hj. Sandberg. £§fi§£flé§flg§flfi¢£fiL§g§§g Ogganigatiggs. The breed organizations in Fin- land were started about 50 years ago by the many local agricultural soci- eties who found it advisable to have special organizations to take care of the cattle improvement work. *These cattle are small with a mature average weight of 550 kg. (770 pounds). 114 The East Finnish Cattle Breed Association was started in.1898 and after having obtained a Government grant in 1905 the Association was able to do real work for the improvement of the cattle. The breed associations still receive Government help and besides this several cooperative societies, banks and dairies grant money for the associations. The main.part of the income is from sales of publications and fees for entrance in the Herd Book while actual membership fees only amount to very little (110). This is in spite of the fact that the cattle organizations in Finland have a considerable number of members, the East Finnish Association alone having over 6000 members in.1951 and the Ayrshire Association 5296 members (112). The number of cows and bulls in the breeding district of the East Finnish cattle is about 650,000 and 11,000 respectively. The number of cattle belonging to members of the Ayrshire Cattle Association.amounted to 26,551 in.1926-27. e 00 s The object of the breed associations is to improve the cattle so they can.be entered in the Herd Book eventually. The work with the Herd Book is, therefore, the principal activity of the associations (110). About 500 bulls and 5000 cows are entered annually in.the East Finnish Herd Book, the total number of entries since the beginning being some 6,000 bulls and 25,000 cows. In the Herd Books of the Ayrshire Association.have been entered 6417 bulls and 15079 cows. Besides this over 100,000 head of’young cattle have been entered in the preliminary register of the Association (110). The average production record for 5,475 cows entered in the East Fine nish Herd Book in 1929 was 2,825 kg. (6,211 pounds) of milk, 4.54 per cent fat and 122.2 kg. (268.9 pounds) of butter fat. The average production of 115 26,551 Ayrshire cows in 1926-27 was 5,556 kg. (7,540 pounds) of milk and 128.8 kg. (285 pounds) of fat (115). fiecord Keeping One of the main factors for breed improvement has been the Control Societies of which the first one was formed in 1899. In the district of the East Finnish breed alone there were in 1950 455 control associations with 9,549 members and 95,071 cows, or approximately 15 per cent of all the cows in this district. @311 Associations were started in 1899 also. In 1900 there were already 15 of them and from 1925 the cooperative bullsocieties have spread rapidly. In the East Finnish breeding district alone there were in 1950 605 cooperative bull societies with 7,562 members and 56,058 cows (110). Cattle gzhibitiogs play a very important part in the work of the breed associations. Especially are bull-progeny exhibitions regarded as very important for the valuation of bulls and improvement of the breeding stock. The breeding value of bulls is determined at two different stages. First, when the bull has enough progeny to determine his breeding value from a conformation standpoint, and for this determination at least 50 de— scendants whose dams' exterior type is known.are required. Second, when the bull has enough tested daughters his breeding value from a production standpoint is determined (110). The Finnish Ayrshire Cattle Association.has carried on extensive stud— ies over the progeny performance of Finnish Aryshire bulls from a stand- point of conformation as well as from a production standpoint. The Ayr— shire Association.has published 9 volumes of these investigations of which several have summaries and tables in the English language (115). 116 SWITZERLAND The gages Cattle Breeds In.Switzer1and there are four different breeds of cattle, the Sims mentaler, the Brown Swiss, the Freiburg and the Eringer breed, of which the first two are by far the most important. The Simmentaler cattle (Schweizer Fleckvieh or Simmentaler) is the most important breed in Switzerland and is found in the western.part of the country Where it had its origin in the Simmen.and Sarina valleys (114). It forms about 51 per cent of the cattle in Switzerland. The Brown Swiss cattle (Braunvieh or Schwytzerrind) are found in the eastern.part of the country and have been domesticated in this country since the earliest days, and are generally considered the oldest dairy breed in the world (115). The best cattle of this breed have for many years been bred in the Canton of Schwyz. Both the Simmentaler and the Brown Swiss are triple purpose cattle used for production of meat and milk and also for work in.their homeland. The black spotted Freiburg cattle we only found in the Canton of Freiburg and the Eringer cattle, a smaller mountain.breed, are found in the central part of the Canton of Valais (114). The total number of cattle is, according to the cattle census of Switzerland in 1926, 1,587,599 head of which 875,874 were cows (116). Weed 0 a arises The cattle breeding of Switzerland is characterized by the great number of cooperative Breeding Societies (Viehzuchtgenossenschaften). 117 These are united in Unions or Federations (Verbande) which again are represented through delegates in the "Commission.of Swiss Cattle Breeders' Federations" (Kommission.schweizerischer Viehzucht—Verbande) with head- quarters in Muri bei Bern. In.1925 the number of Unions and affiliated Cattle Breeding Socie— ties which were represented in the Commission of Swiss Cattle Breeders' Federation was as given in the following table (117): Name of Union Union of Swiss Spotted Cattle Breeders Ass'ns (Verband schweizerischer Fleckviehzucht- Genossenschaften) Union of Alpine Simmental Cattle Breeders (Verband fflr Simmentaler Alpfleckviehzucht und Alpwirtschaft) Union of Spotted Cattle Ass'ns of East Switzer- land (Verband ostschweizerischer Fleckvieh- zucht-Genossenschaften) Union of Freiburg Cattle Breeders Ass'ns. (verband schweizerischer Schwarz fleck— viehzucht—Genossenschaften) Union.of Brown Swiss Cattle Ass'ns (verband schweizerischer Braunviehzucht- Genossenschaften) Union of Brown Swiss Cattle Ass'ns of East Switzerland (verband ostschweizerischer Braunviehmcht—Genossenschaften) Union.of Eringer Cattle Ass'ns Verband der Eringerviehzucht-Genossenschaften) Total Date when feund- ed 1890 1898 1897 1911 1917 No. of No.of Nb.of coop. ESE? regis— cattle bers tered breed- breeding ing animals ass'ns affili- ated with it 485 15,671 45,295 45 44 2,285 4,811 55 584 4,774 255 8,710 52,691 105 5,266 11,706 51 911 1,859 994 51,425 101,156 117 These are united in Unions or Federations (Verbdnde) which again are represented through delegates in the "Commission.of Swiss Cattle Breeders' Federations" (Kommission.schweizerischer Viehzucht-Verbande) with head- quarters in.Muri bei Bern. In.1925 the number of Unions and affiliated Cattle Breeding Socie- ties Which were represented in the Commission of Swiss Cattle Breeders' Federation was as given in the following table (117): Name of Union Union of Swiss Spotted Cattle Breeders Ass'ns (Verband schweizerischer Fleckviehzucht— Genossenschaften) Union of Alpine Simmental Cattle Breeders (Verband far Simmentaler Alpfleckviehzucht und Alpwirtschaft) Union of Spotted Cattle Ass'ns of East Switzer- land (Verband ostschweizerischer Fleckvieh- zucht-Genossenschaften) Union of Freiburg Cattle Breeders Ass'ns. (Verband schweizerischer Schwarz fleck— viehzucht—Genossenschaften) Union.of Brown Swiss Cattle Ass'ns (verband schweizerischer Braunviehzucht— Genossenschaften) Union.of Brown Swiss Cattle Ass'ns of East Switzerland (Verband ostschweizerischer Braunviehmcht—Genossenschaften) Union.of Eringer Cattle Ass’ns Nerband der Eringerviehzucht-Genossenschaften) Total Date when feund- ed 1890 1898 1897 1911 1917 No. of coop. cattle breed- ins ass'ns affili- ated with it 485 45 44 55 255 105 51 994 NOoOf NOOOf mem- regis— bers tered breeding animals 15,671 45,295 2,285 4,811 584 4,774 8,710 52,691 5,266 11,706 911 1,859 51,425 101,156 118 The number has, however, increased since thentthe Union of Simmenp taler Breed Associations alone having in 1929, 565 affiliated Breed So- cieties with 16,095 members and 55,440 registered animals (118). Coggissiog of Sgiss Cattle Breeders' Eederatiqgg, (Kommission schweizerischer Viehzucht4Verblnde) Muri bei Bern, Switzerland. manager: G. Lfitby. The Commission.of Swiss Cattle Breeders' Federations was started in 1916, although a similar organization had been in existence since 1906. The original purpose of the Commission was to promote exports of cattle to oversea countries, but it has now developed into an organization Which be- sides exporting promotes different activities for cattle breeding through special committees for Herd Book keeping, milk testing and similar measures (119). Only Swiss Cattle Breeding Societies can.be members of the Commission andare represented hereiany delegates. The Commission is supported by the Federal Government of Switzerland and has besides considerable funds accumulated by organized cattle export during the world war. On the other hand the Commission grants money to the Breed Societies for prizes, herd book keeping and milk recording (119). The Breed §ocieties Breed Societies are very well adapted to the conditions of cattle breeding in Switzerland where the herds usually are small, consisting of five, ten or fifteen.head‘of cattle and, therefore, hardly large enough to carry out a successful breeding program alone. In 119 ferming a breed society a number of breeders — at least seven.- go to- gether and provide money to buy a bull by purchasing shares at 20 to 100 Frc.($4 to $20). They select an "expert commission", a herd book regis- trar and a bull keeper. The expert commission.buys the bull and determines where he is going to be kept and how he is going to be used. It is the aim of the Breeders Unions to concentrate the best breeding bulls and cows in the cooperative societies (117). Head Boogs Another of the activities of the breed societies is to establish reliable information about the breeding of the cattle, their quality and milk production. The first of these things is done by the keeping of Herd Books, which is in the hands of the societies and is car- ried out by the Herd Book Registrar, but is supervised by the Government and the Breeders' Unions (117). The animals are judged according to a special scale of points in.order to select the best fer the Herd Book. Although the procedure differed very much in the beginning, the system.of scoring is now quite uniform, due to the action of the Breeders' Unions which required that a uniform system be ‘used in all breed. societies. When the animals meet the requirements they are entered in the Herd Book of the Society and branded with a number and the mark of the Society (115). The Federal Government issues certificates of covering for the best bulls. 0n.these certificates is given the name and earmark of the bull and there is also room.for the following information.about the females the bull is bred to: name and place of owner, name of cow, age, hornebrand number, metal ear mark number and mark. 0n the other side are placed the breeding dates and signature of the owner of the bull. 120 Under this breeding certificate is a birth certificate. When.the cow is safe in calf the breeding certificate is handed over to the owner of the cow. When.the calf is born it is earmarked by the Herd Book.Reg- istrar. Birth of calves must be witnessed by two men.and the birth certifi- cate signed by them (115). Only 15 per cent of the females are scored and entered in the herd books. For males the percentage is 20. The yearly number of registrations amounts to an.average of 50,000 for the whole country and altogether about 500,000 animals have been registered. Egoduction.Records and Recogg Keepigg The management of dairy cattle in Switzerland has not been.very favorable for conducting milk testing. During the summer months the cattle are grazed on the mountain pastures and during the winter they are fed hay and grain in the barns in the valleys. Hardly any supplementary feed is given so the milk production never reaches exceptionally high figures (117). Besides this the farmers usually have a fairly good idea of the quality of their milk as most of it is used for cheese and butter. There has, however, during late years been quite an improvement in this work, due to the encouragement of the Government and the Commission of Cattle Breeders' Federations (117). The work is carried out by the local breed societies and the records are published for each cow in the annual report of the Cattle Breeders' Unions (118). The average production for tested cows of the different breeds fer the year 1928-29 is as follows: Brown.Swiss Cattle 4,529 kg. (9,524 lbs.) of milk with 5.8 per cent fat Simmentaler Cattle 4,575 kg. (10,065 lbs.) of milk with 5.99 per cent fat Freiburger Cattle 4,789 kg. (10,556 lbs.) of milk with 4.0 per cent fat 121 Higher productions, however, have been made by individual cows. The cow “Voegelin No. 980 of the Simmentaler Breed, gave in the year 1928-29 10,707 kg. (25,555 pounds) of milk with 4.12 per cent fat or 970 pounds of butter fat in 565 days (118). 122 ITALY Several native breeds are found in Italy, but they are of minor im- portance for milk production. The most important dairy breed is the Brown Swiss cattle and besides these Holland cattle are also found (120). Breed societies are organized in a manner very much like those in Switzerland and several of them were started during the decade just prior to the world war. The most important dairy section is found in northern Italy and during the world war most of the cattle in this region were destroyed. After the war . great numbers of Brown Swiss cattle were imported and distributed in this part of the country. Cattle development is odhy in its beginning in Italy, but is rapidly spreading due to the activities of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry. These activities are carried out through provincial organizations “Cattedre Ambulanti di Agricoltura" in cooperation with the farmers' organizations. The Herd Book Society for the Brown Dairy Cattlg, (Societa per il "Libro Genealogico" dei bovini da latte di razza bruna) Palazzo Banca Popolare, Crema, Italy. This organization which is the most important dairy breed organization in Italy was started in 1912. It has 79 members and receives its income from membership fees. The ministry of Agriculture and the Province of Lombardy give financial aid to the milk testing work which is carried on by the So— ciety. In 1950, 2010 cows and 100 bulls were registered in the Society's Herd Book and about 600 animals are registered annually. 125 France has a great number of breeds of cattle. In 1922 it was officially stated that there were between 55 and 40 breeds of cattle in France and that 80 per cent of the cows were kept for milk. Host of these breeds are of native origin, but Friesian, Shorthorn, Jersey, Brown Swiss and Simmentaler cattle have been imported from abroad (5). A great number of breed societies are found in the different comp munities and 14 different Herd Book Societies were in existence in France in 1922. A list of the most important dairy breed associations is given in the following (121): Name HerdéBook Normand Herd-Book Hollandais pie—moire HerdéBook Flamand Herd—Book Tachetée de l'Est Herd—Book Bretonne pie-noire HerdaBook Vendéenne Herd-Book Salers HerdéBook Montbéliard HerdéBook Race Brune des Alpes Herdeook Tarentaise HerdéBook Bordelaise Address Maison de l'Agriculture, Caen,Calvados 8 rue Basse, Lille, Nerd. 74 rue Jacquemars Giélée, Lille, Nerd. Prefecture de Dijon (CBte-d'Or) Quimper, Finistére. 4 Brd. Louis Blane, La Roche—sur4Yon, Vendée. Aurillac, Cantal 5 rue Victor Delavelle, Besancon, Doubs Chatillonesur—Seine, Cate d'Or. 2 Place du Chateau, Chambéry, Savoie. Prefecture de Bordeaux, Gironde 124 HUNGARY The dairy cattle most commonly found in Hungary are of the Simmen- taler type. These cattle have been brought in from Switzerland and are now found pure, as well as in crosses with the native cattle. The native cattle, the Hungarian breed, are mainly used as draft oxen, but are also used for milk and beef production. A few Brown Alpine cows are also found. The distribution of cows in 1929 was as follows (122): No. of cows per cent Hungarian Breed 99,561 10.8 Red Spotted Breed (Simmentaler) 716,555 78.5 Brown Alpine cattle 14,512 1.6 Other Breeds ,85,156 9.1 Buffaloes 1,657 .2 A number of cattle breed organizations are found in Hungary, but cattle breeding is regulated by governmental legislation. The laws con- tain regulations concerning public stock farming, approval of bulls and proportion of the number of cows to the number of bulls. The two main breeds, the Hungarian and the Red Spotted Cattle, are bred in two distinct parts of the country and bulls of one breed are not allowed to be used for service in the districts where the other breed is kept. Bulls must pass an inspection by a committee before being used in service and official reg- ulations require the maintenance of one bull for every 50 to 60 cows. The Stock Farming and the Dairy Division of the Ministry of Agricul- ture supervise improvement of cattle breeding and act through inspectors 125 in the different districts. The National Agricultural Society is very active in cattle development through the distribution of literature and the arrangement of lecture tours. A National Herd Book Committee was established in 1886 by the National Agricultural Society and although the actual herd book registration has later been turned over to the local Cattle Breeding Societies, the Herd Book Committee still maintains a special Herd Book in.which the most outstanding animals are entered. In 1950 there were 62 milk testing stations belonging to the differ— ent agricultural societies and about 50,000 cows were under test. Al- though the average production of the Hungarian cows is between 2000 and 5000 liters (4000 to 6000 pounds) with a fat percentage of from 5.7 to 4.2 per cent, considerably higher production records have been reported for individual cows. A Hungarian cow of the Simmentaler type, "Augusta 26", is claimed to have produced 12,952 kg. (28,500 pounds) of milk cone taining 777.5 kg. (1710 pounds) of butter fat in 415 days. 126 BELGIUM The gghghah Uhgoh of the §yggicates og Stoch Egghers, (Het Algemeen Verbond der Veebonden) linderbroedersstraat, 24, Rue des Récollets, Leuven (Louvain) , Belgium. Four breeds of cattle are found in.Belgium: Red.Breed of West Flanp dern, Red and White Breed of East Flandern, Red and White Breed of De Kempen and the Blue Breed. The two first breeds are found in West Flanders and East Flanders. The Red and White Breed of De Kempen is found in the Provinces of Antwerp and Limburg, and the Blue Breed is found in the Province of Brabant, in the agricultural district "Haspengouw" and in the Provinces of Liege, Hainaut, Namur and Luxemburg. The League of Peasants (Boerenbond) is the central organization of all agricultural societies in Belgium. The local agricultural societies are joined in "syndicates of peasants" (Boerengilden) and "syndicates of stock farmers" (Veebonden), the latter forming the General Union of the Syndicates of Stock Farmers. This organization was formed in 1905 and had 5,804 members in 1952. The financial support is obtained from membership fees and grants from the State and Provincial Governments. In 1951 the income was fr. 267,205 ($51,000). The organization carries on a large amount of extension work and sponsors feed experiments and cow testing work. Financial support is al- 127 so given to the purchasing and keeping of bulls. The best animals are registered in the official Herd Book. The average production of the cattle is given as 5,828 kg. (8,400 pounds) of milk in 500 days, but a production of 8000 kg. (17,600 pounds) has been reported (125). 128 NEW ZEALAND Cattle are not native to New Zealand. The first immigrants came to New Zealand in 1840 and English breeds such as Shorthorn and Ayrshire cat— tle were the first to be introduced. Later on Jersey and Friesian cattle and cattle of other dairy breeds were imported. However, prior to 1880 the dairy industry was of no great importance and first after 1890 to 1900 we find an appreciable number of dairy cattle in the country. In 1924 the number of pure bred dairy cattle was as follows (5): Jersey 28,554 Friesian 8,177 Shorthorn (both beef and dairy) 7,288 Ayrshire 5,852 Red Poll 1,054 Guernsey 56 From this it will be seen that Jersey and Friesian cattle are the two most important breeds. Besides the pure breeds there are a great number of grade cattle, as the total number of dairy cattle in New Zeal- and was estimated to be 1,520,000 head in 1925 (5). New Zealahg Jehsey Cattle Breeders' Association, P. 0. Box 259, Palmerston North, N. Z. Secretary: W. M. Tapp. Jersey cattle are found all over New Zealand, but especially on the North Island. The New Zealand Jersey Battle Breeders' Association was started in 1902. The objects of the organization are to register pure 129 bred Jersey cattle, publish a Herd Book, encourage Certificate of Record testing, promote formation of local Jersey Clubs and finance members in the purchase of pure bred bulls (124). The organization had in 1951, 2100 members and had in that year an income of L 8675 ($45,000) mainly obtained by registration and transfer fees and membership subscriptions (124). hegistratioh ahg Idehtification Only animals out of already reg- istered parents can be entered in the Herd Book of the Association. In 1950 6,524 males and 8,802 females were registered and altogether a total of 56,000 males and 76,400 females had at that time been entered in the Herd Book. All animals are required prior to registration to be branded or tattooed in the ear in order to be identified. Testihg The Dairy Division of the New Zealand Department of Agri- culture supervises "Certificate of Record" Testing and official Herd Test— ing. The results obtained under this test are published by the Dairy Di- vision. The Jersey records obtained under this test are published in a yearly "Advanced Register of Merit" and up to 1951, 5052 cows had been entered with records (126). Private testing is carried on by the Domin- ion Herd Testing Federation which is subsidized by the Government (125). The average production of the 1407 mature cows which have been tested since the commencement of Certificate of Record Testing is 515.59 pounds of butter fat. The highest record has been produced by Holly Oak's Annie with a production of 1056.49 pounds of butter fat (126). 150 New Zealand Eriesiah.Association, 41 Albert Street, Auckland, N. Z. Secretary: J. P. Kalaugher. The first Friesian cattle were brought to New Zealand in 1884 and since then cattle of this breed have been imported from the United States, Canada, Holland, and New South wales in Australia (127). The New Zealand Friesian.Association was formed in 1910. The Asso- ciation had 800 members in 1951 and the income for the year ending March 51, 1951 was L 5500 ($16,500). The income is mainly derived from member— ship fees and registration and transfer fees (125). The Association publishes a Herd Book and only members of the asso- ciation are entitled to register animals herein. During the first three years of the Association's operation there was besides the regular Herd Book an Appendix for grading up of cattle of Friesian.breeding. Since 1915 this Appendix has been closed (125). Right side photographs are used for identification and must be at- tached to the registrations papers as well as to the transfer papers when cattle are sold. Notification of birth must be filed within thirty days of birth and no animal can be registered when over 24 months of age. Up to 1951 a total of 11,665 bulls and 27,861 females had been entered in the Association's Herd Book (125). Testing is carried out by the Dairy Division.of the New Zealand De- partment of Agriculture and the Dominion Herd Testing Federation as men— tioned under the New Zealand Jersey Cattle Breeders' Association. The average of mature Friesian cows under the C. O. F. test is 551.92 pounds 151 of butter fat. The highest record has been obtained by the cow Alcartra Clothilde Pietje with a production of 51,515 pounds of milk and 1,145 pounds of butter fat in 557 days (128). Otheh Daigy_Breed Organizatiohs Besides the above mentioned dairy breed associations the following associations are found in New Zealand (125). Name Secretary Address New Zealand Ayrshire Ass'n R. McCay Box 148, Hawera, N. Z. New Zealand Milking Shorthorn.Ass'n A. W. Green A. M. P. Buildings, Victoria St., Hamilton, N.Z. New Zealand Red Poll Ass'n L. J. Wild Agricultural High School, Fielding, N. Z. 152 UNION OF SOUTH AFRICA In South Africa are found three kinds of cattle, native breeds, Africander cattle which have been developed by selection and breeding of native cattle, and imported pure breeds of dairy \and beef cattle. Be— sides these there are found crosses of pure bred cattle and native stock (5). The first European cattle were imported during the Dutch period of oc- cupation from 1652 to 1806 and were of Friesian breed. (129) In the nine— teenth century Ayrshire, Jersey and Kerry cattle as well as Shorthorn cat— tle were brought in by the British settlers (5). The great bulk of cattle are grades where Friesian and Shorthorn blood predominates, but many herds of pure bred Friesian, Ayrshire, Jersey, Milking Shorthorn, South Devon and Red Polled are found (5). The South hfgicah Stu‘ 90k Association, Queenstown, C. P. South Africa. In 1905 the South African Stud Book Association was established. In the Herd Books of this Society animals of all breeds are entered. (129) At the present time the Breed Associations in South Africa are affiliated with the Stud Book Association and are protected by an act of incorpora- tion known as the "Registration of Pedigree Live Stock Act 1920" (150). zziggla C ttle_§h§edehs' A§§_ciation of South Agrica, Elizabeth—Str. 25, Bloemfontein, O. F. S. South Africa. Secretary: Jelte Hiemstra. 155 The Friesland Cattle Breeders' Association of South Africa was started in 1912. The membership of the Association is not a large one as it is preferred to have only a small selected body of breeders rather than a large number of members consisting of farmers and dairymen (129). The Association issues a Herd Book through the South African Stud Book Association and animals are entered herein according to rules which are very similar to those in effect in.Holland. Testing is done by the Division of Dairying, Department of Agriculture. All records are pub- lished in Breed Association Journals (129). A considerable amount of extension work is carried on by the Asso- ciation. Farmers' Days are arranged where lectures and demonstrations are given by a technical officer of the Association. A "Preferent Bull" scheme similar to the one found in.Holland is carried on.by the Association. The Shogthorg Societyhof South Aggica, Box 175, Queenstown, C. P., South Africa. Secretary: Cuthbert H. Pope. The Shorthorn Society of South Africa was founded in 1912 and is affiliated with the South African Stud Book Association. The Society had in 1951, 400 members and its objects are purely registration and breed promotion (150). The Society publishes a Herd Book of which thirteen.vol- umes have appeared up to 1951. Only offspring of animals previously ens tered in the Herd Book mmy'be entered in this Herd Book. There is, how- ever, a Grading Register in which animals can be entered when they have qualified on milk yield under official pr semi-official testing and have 154 passed an inspection for type (150). In.the South African Shorthorn Herd Book there had been entered 7654 bulls and 9804 females up to 1950. Official and semi-official testing is done by the Division of Dairy— ing, Department of Agriculture and the records are published in "The Shorthorn Dairy Records", South Africa, of which volume 5 appeared in 1951 (150). 155 DISCUSSION During this study which, although not complete, covers most of the important dairy countries in the world, it was found that in the different countries what are commonly called breed organizations, in many cases dif— fer widely from the commonly accepted idea of such organizations here in the United States. The types of organizations vary from one country to another and greatly different types of membership, management and registra- tion are found. A very close cooperation.with the Government has developed in some cases, and in other cases the breed organizations are found to be entirely privately conducted. It may be said, however, that all of the organizations have as their main object the improvement of dairy cattle. However, the measures taken to obtain.this improvement vary widely. It may, therefore, be well worth while to sum up these differences in order to bring out in what respects breed organizations in foreign countries differ from the organizations characteristic of those found in the United States and in what respect similarities exist. Types of Breed Orgapizgtigp§_ In some cases it is to be noted that the breed organizations are simply registry organizations where the main object is registration of cattle in the Herd Books. Most of the breed or— ganizations throughout the world had this as their main Object when they were first started. This was the case with all of the breed associations in the United States when they were started in the nineteenth century. It is interesting to note that the American.breed organizations for regis— tration of animals in many cases were started before similar organizations were begun in the countries in EurOpe from which the breeds originally 156 came. Both= the American Ayrshire Breeders Association and the first Holstein Association in the United States published Herd Books before similar steps were taken in the mother countries of the breeds. '-_ Although all of the American breed associations have later taken on other activities than,registration alone this is still an important part of their activities. In some cases we find, however, that registration is still the main function of the organizations. This is found in many of the smaller British breed organizations. Another type of organization found in many places may be called the Breeders' Crganizations. This type includes the many bull societies and milk control societies and the central organizations of these societies. This type is found in many countries in Europe and has had a great in- fluence upon cattle development in these countries. In Germany most of the breed associations are of this type and originated with the beginning of the regular milk testing of dairy cattle at the end of the nineteenth and the beginning of the twentieth century. This is also the most common form of breed association in Switzerland, Holland, Denmark, Nbrway, Sweden and Finland. Types of Megpgrghip Considerable differences are also found in the different countries in the type of membership. In some cases we find the associations to be quite exclusive organizations with certain restrictions for membership either in the form of a rather high membership fee or other- wise. It is believed by these organizations that it is more desirable to have a selected body of breeders as members than a large number of farmer members. This type of membership is found in most of the American breed 157 associations, in many English breed societies, and also in South Africa. On the other hand we find that German, Dutch, Scandinavian and Swiss breed associations Obtain their strength through the great number of active meme here in the breed societies. Also, the Holstein.Friesian Association of America must be regarded as one of the associations which obtains muCh of its power through the great number of members this association.has enrolled. es 0 . eme t In.most of the European countries the Governp ment plays an important part in the functions of the breed organizations. It is often found that the Government gives considerable financial and legislative help to the associations. This is the case in Germany where in many parts the different State Governments have certain laws and regup lations concerning the activities of breed organizations. The same is the case in Holland where rather strict legiSlation is in force whereby the Government acts for the improvement of dairy cattle. In Great Britain.the Ministry of Agriculture plays an important part in the work of the milk con— trol societies. Similar connections between the Government are found in a number of countries such as Canada, the Scandinavian countries, New Zealand, South Africa and others. In contrast to these Government supported and reg- ulated organizations there are the breed organizations which are entirely private with no Government support and regulations. This is the case with all of the organizations in the United States. Begistgatiogs Perhaps the greatest difference in the breed societies is found in the way the registration of animals takes place. The importance of registration is regarded very differently in the different countries. Selective registration has been developed in most of the countries of cone tinental Europe. In Holland, parts of Germany, the Scandinavian countries 158 and Switzerland this is the common form of registration and only a minor- ity of the purebred cattle are registered and entered in the Herd Books. Registration.does not have the same importance in.many of these countries as in the United States, and many animals are not entered in the Herd Books even though they meet the entrance requirements. 0n the Channel Islands selective registration is also found, but although this is in ef- fect there are very few animals which are not entered in the Herd Books. It is not the aim of the breeders in these countries to get the high- est possible number of cattle entered in the Herd Book. It seems rather to be the aim to get the best class of animals entered in the Herd Books. When progress is made so that.a largernmmber of animals can.neet the en~ trance requirements, these are then raised so that registered animals still continue to bear a certain mark of distinction above the regular run of purebred cattle. The types of Herd Books are also quite different. In the United States there is found only the closed Herd Books, that is, the only animals entered are those born of previously registered animals. In some cases of the coun— tries of EurOpe a similar system is in effect together with selective regis- tration as, for instance, in some of the breed associations in.Germany. In most cases in Eur0pean countries open herd books are in general use where animals meeting certain standards of perfection can be entered regardless of' their parents having been previously entered in the Herd Book. In some cases this is done by having a separate register for these animals. In Holland such a register is in effect and in England there is used the grading reg- ister of the Dairy Shorthorn and the British Friesian cattle. In other 159 countries the proof of pure ancestny is established in.a different way, as in Denmark, by the use of the Family Herd Book which is an officially kept record of each herd. eas es fa Catt e ove e t In the early American breed asso- ciations the main.purpose was registration as it was believed that this measure would serve to improve cattle and create an appreciation of the better value of pure bred animals compared with grades and scrubs. In many of the European countries this has not been of the same importance. In Holland, for instance, the actual preservation of pure bred cattle has not been the same problem as it has been in.the United States and in many other countries the natural conditions have served to protect the purity of the breeds When they were first established. In many European counp tries as Denmark, Sweden, Germany, Holland and Switzerland official Herd Books fiere established relatively late and are not regarded as being of the greatest importance for breed improvement. In many of the German.breed associations the control societies have from the earliest days been of the greatest importance and have formed the basis for breed associations. Bullssocieties have in many countries such as Germany, Denmark and Holland also been regarded as being of great im- portance. The Swiss system of breed associations also has been developed in this direction and seems to indicate that attention has been paid more to selection of good breeding stock than to anything else. In the counp tries of Italy and Belgium and others where measures for breed improvement have been taken up most recently, it is found that control societies and bull societies form the background for the greater central organizations. As a matter of fact these factors are of the greatest importance in the 140 countries where the great body of members is made up of farmers and ac— tive dairymen. Special regulations for selecting the best breeding animals are found in many countries and many breed associations. The prohibition of importa- tion of cattle to the Channel Islands is one of these regulations. In Ger- many in some districts the compulsory scoring and classification of bulls before they can be used for public use and in some instances even before they can be used in the owner's own herd is in common use. Similar meas- ures are also in effect on the Channel Islands. In Denmark certain require— ments are in effect which must be met by all bulls used in breed societies which are supported by the Government. Another requirement for the improvement of breeding stock is the com- pulsory testing of the dams of all bulls which are in service in some of the associations in Germany. The English Shorthorn breeders have a similar , regulation in giving special recognition to cows as “qualified bull breed— ers". The Holland "preferent" bull scheme works in the same direction, and lately the breed associations in Canada and the United States have started a similar system of recognition by their classification of bulls. Progeny performance tests as carried out by the societies in Denmark, Sweden, Fins land, Holland and Germany, with published indexes of the breeding value of bulls, have also served as a measure for breed improvement. Tgeggs in eed ssociatio s This study seems to have brought out the significant fact that breed organizations which confine their activities only to registration of animals are rapidly becoming things of the past. There is a steadily growing appreciation of the fact that in order to ac— 141 complish further improvement of the breeds of dairy cattle it is necessary to sponsor activities which will reach the great majority of cattle breed- ers and not just a selected group. This broadening of the activities of the dairy cattle breed associations has been accomplished in several ways. One of the more important activities is the testing of as many cows as pos- sible for production. This has for a number of years been the main activity of many breed associations of continental Europe and the breed associations of the United States have indicated their appreciation of the value of this measure by the recent adoption of the herd improvement test, which probably in the near future will benefit the dairy breeds as much as any measure. Ans other measure is the recognition of better bulls for breeding purposes. By means of greater development of mass testing of cows it will be possible in the future to get the true information about the breeding value of the sires used. Progeny performance tests have for a number of years shown their use- fulness in several European countries and increasing interest in the United States shows the growing appreciation of the value of determining the breed- ing value of bulls. The activities for extension work and publicity service which have been such an important factor in the breed associations in the United States seem on the other hand to gain appreciation by being adopted by some of the Euro- pean associations. The activities which are carried out through boys and girls club work seem to be one of the things which offer an entirely new field for further development of European breed activities when adopted in the countries of Europe. The fact that the German Agricultural Society re- cently has adopted the advanced register system from the United States may 142 indicate that this measure for breed improvement is not at all a thing of the past. Genetic knowledge has recently brought to light much about the es— sentials for breed improvement. As long as the interest is with milk cattle it seems only natural that the main purpose of the breed organiza- tions should be the establishment and development of facts about the pro- ducing ability of cattle. It is interesting to note that there seems to be a general understanding of this new purpose of the cattle breeding or- ganizations throughout the world at the present time. The recent development of the activities of the breed associations seems to indicate that their work in the future will be carried out on a broader scope than has been the case in many instances in the past. Herd Book registration will of course have to be continued, although there un- doubtedly will be changes in the methods of registration. Advanced regis- ter or production testing without doubt also has its place in the breed association work, mainly perhaps as a stimulus for the interest in breed improvement. The great improvements of the future will, however, come by the broadening of the activities of these organizations through extension work and also through the adoption of methods of general testing of the great masses of cattle that the inferior and unfit may be recognized and removed as future breeding stock. 145 SUMMARY The breed associations have had their development since the mid- dle of the nineteenth century. They have in the different countries adopted different measures for cattle improvement. In some cases the Government has played an important part in dairy cattle development through legislative and financial aid, in other cases the breed associa- tions have been entirely private organizations. The early aim of most breed associations was that of recording an? cestry. The mere recording of the ancestry of cattle in herd books has not served to improve the cattle breeds at large. Constructive measures such as selective registration, classification of bulls and general mass testing have proved to be the real factors by which improvement of breeds has been obtained. At the present time there is a distinct tendency for breed organiza— tions to broaden their activities and to adopt measures which have appeared to be of benefit for breed improvement. The general trend in the activities of the breed associations seems to be towards a broader scope in which the great mass of breeders may be brought under the influence of the associa- tion and where they may play a more active part in the work of these asso- ciations. 12. 144 LITERATURE CITED Pirtle, T. R. 1929 Dairy Statistics U. S. D. A.Statistical Bulletin No. 25 International Institute of Agriculture 1950 German Section International Live Stock Atlas. 1: International Cattle Atlas Bestetti & Tumminelli, Rome, Italy. Morse, E. W. 1910 The Ancestry of Domesticated Cattle Twenty-seventh Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry Wilson, James 1925 The History of Stockbreeding and the Formation of Breeds. Proceedings of the Scottish Cattle Breeding Conference, 17-25 Oliver and Boyd, Edinburgh. Pirtle, T. R. 1926 History of the Dairy Industry, xxii+ 645 Mojonnier Bros., Chicago, Ill. Sanders, Alvin Howard 1925 The Taurine World The National Geographic Magazine, 48(6). 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