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C§UPP
MATERIAL

IN BACKOF BOOK

This is to ccrtifg that the
thesis entitled

A Study of the N0 turalist irogram
at thormick's Creek 3t he 1 rk
Spencer, Indiana

presented bq

filliEJfi noy Overlease

has been acreplad towards fullillnwnt

of tlw requirements for

K. S. degnm m Conservation

 

Major prufcswr

Izay 27, 1952

 

 

 

 

' .lll'illltiii

A STUDY OF THE NATURALIST PROGRAM AT
MCCORMICK'S CREEK STATE PARK
SPENCER , INDIANA

BY

William Roy Overlease

A Thesis

Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
-for the degree of

Master Of Science In Conservation

Department of Lands and Waters

1952

Iii
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Q.

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i

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11"”

 

155515

All things by immortal power,
Hear and far,
Hiddenly to each other, connected are,
That thou canst not stir a flower
Without the troubling of a star.

Francis Thompson's
"Hounds of Heaven"

No, our parks and preserves are not merely pic-
nicking places. They are rich storehouses of
memories and reveries. They are guides and
counsels to the weary and faltering in spirit.
They are bearers of wonderful tales to him who
will listen; a solace to the aged and an inspira-
tion to the young.

Richard Lieber, Regional
State Park Conference,
Hinneapolis, Minnesota,
1935

The author wishes to express his gratitude
to Professor Lee Roy A. Schoenmann whose
understanding of the aims of the author
have made this thesis possible.

Also he wishes to acknowledge the advice
and encouragement of Dr. Miles D. Pirnie
and Professor Arthur T. Wilcox.

He is grateful for the assistance and
cooperation shown by members of the faculty
of Indiana University; and Mr. Nelson
Dangremond, Supervisor of Recreation, and
Mr. nax Forsyth, Chief Naturalist, of the
Indiana Division of State Parks, Lands and
Waters; also Mr. Curnal Richardson, Super-
intendent of McCormick's Creek State Park.

The writer wishes to thank the School of
Graduate Studies of Michigan State College
for a graduate scholarship which aided him
substantially in continuing his graduate
work.

Part I.

Part II. A

Part III. A

v.7. e ‘ 1.1. 1540 LA
I. 3 — a.3 J! g»
. t ' fix: ‘1“? F" "‘
.- ~ 1 " I
.- E L ' -
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rr -" 15" ‘

TABLE 09 CONTENTS is EBA

I:ITRODIJCTIO:I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0

GENERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE STAT3 PARK S"ST
A. The Indiana Department of Conservation .
B. The Division of State Parks,

Lands and haters

l. Seneral Administration . . . . . .

.2. Functions of the Division . . . . .

DTSCRIPTIOH OF MCCORHICK'S CREEK STATE PARK

A. Location
1. Geographical Location . . . . . . .
2. Relation to Population Centers . .
3. Relation to Transportation Centers

B. Local History
1. Settlement and Acquisition
of the Park Area . . . . . . . .
2. Local Economics . . . . . . . . . .

C. Hatural History
1. Climate . . .

2. Geology . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Physiography . . . . . . . . . . .
4. Flora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Fauna . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D. The Park Administrative Organization . .

E. Park facilities . . . . . . . . . . . .

Part IV. Tut "ATT ALTI sa :“o~a'* AT :choa: ICK'S CREEK
STA”: PARK as ovLLcinc p;ni"s ass SIEXER
or 1951

A. Aims of the Yataralist Program . . . . .
Naturalist Qualifications . . . . . . .

I:
C. Operation of the Program . . . . . . . .

10
12

13
14

20
22

24

25

34
35
55

 

PART V.

PART VI.

9 rn‘f‘nffto
C01? 4.34;. .t. u

TAELE CF

D. A Description of the Program Activities

1. Definition of Park Visitor Groups
2. Hotel Group . . . . . . . . . . .
5. Group Campers . . . . . . . . . .
4. Resident Campers . . . . . . . .
5. Transient Visitors . . . . . . .

AN AYALYSIS OF THE I TURALIST PR GRAN AT
YcCORNICK'S CREEK TATE PARK AS COTDJCTED
DURIXG THE SUEIER OF 1951, WITH SUGGESTIONS
AID RECOMIENDATIOHS FOR TIE PROGRAM
A. Aims of the Waturalist Program .
B. Taturalist Qualifications . . .
C. Operation of the Program . . . . . . .
D. Park Administration . . . . . .
E. Park Employee—Visitor Relations . . .
F. An Active Year—round Program . . . . .
G. Naturalist Activities ECOIOgy . . . .
I. An Emphasis on Leisure-time Activities
I. Miscellaneous Suggestions
and Recommendations
1. Conservation of
2. Laming of Trails
and Points of Interest . . . .
5. Park Collaborators . . . . . . .

Natural Resources

4. Nature Article in "Outdoor Indiana'

J. Program Activities
1. Hotel Group . . . . . . . . . . .
2. Group Campers . . . . . . . . . .
3. Resident Campers . . . . . . . .
4. Transient Visitors . . . . . . .

S'UI-‘IE EARY O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O, O O O 0
Appendix
Bibliography

‘

57
57
42
44
44

5O
51
51
52
53
54
58
58

61

61
62
62

64
71
79
80

95

 

{Flflrflnx}: Lat I Er v.2

Du. ...

'13 *4.
H Ho H-
(*1. 0; (3-1

*7}

#0310

Jul.

st of Tables,

Plates,

Drawings and Sketches

 

Exposure of Salem Limestone . . . . . . . . . .
The
Orianization Chart, M

8171151018 0 o o o o o o o o o

, .cCormick's
Creek State Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fornation of a

Layout Plan of the Exhibits, Yature Museum,

Climatic
Fig. 5
Pig. 6
Fig. 7
Fig. 8
I918. 9
Plate 1
Plate 2
Plate 5
Plate 4
Plate 5
Plate 6
Plate 7
Plate 8
Phte9
Plate 10
Plate 11

XcCornick's Creek State Park . . . .

Graphs and Tables

 

Records for the McCormick's Creek Area .Appendix
Eotel Guest Nights, 1950 . . . . . . . . . . .
.otal Park Attendance, 1950 . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage of Park Attendance

by days of the week, 1950 . . . . . . . . . .
Tature Huseum Attendance . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage of Park Visitors From

Various Size Cities, 1950 . . . . . . . . . .

Plates

Gatehouse at the Entrance of

IcCormick's Creek State Park . . . . . . . .
The Falls at ficCormick's Creek State Park . .
Swimming Pool at IcCorxfick's Creek State Park
View on Trail 2, IcCormick's Creek State Park
Refreshment Stand, HcCormick's

Creek State Park . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Canyon Inn, HcConnick's Creek State Park . . .
Animal Shelter, XcCormick's Creek State Park .
The Stone Briige, XcCormick's Creek State Park
Stage of the Park Amphitheater,

IcCormick's Creek State Park . . . . . . . .
A Housekeeping Cabin at McCormick's

Creek State Park . . . . . .
Hature Huseum, XcCormick's Creek State Park .

Traphs, Drawings and Charts

17
18

26

II

I

65
59

59
84

84

16
27
30

32
41
47
63

76

82
88

 

 

 

VD. \p

List of Tables, Plates, Graphs, Drawings and Charts

-Continued-

Charts and Naps
Location of IcCormick's Creek State Park,

Organization Chart, Indiana
Department of Conservation . . . . . .Appendix, Chart I

Organization Chart, Division of
State Parks, Lands and Waters . . . . Appendix, Chart II

Trail flap, IcCormick's Creek State Park . . Appendix, Xap I

PART I

INTRODUCTION

INTRODUCTION

The purpose of this thesis is to give a complete picture
of the features of McCormick's Creek State Park that most
pertain to the naturalist program conducted there; to de-
scribe the naturalist program as conducted during the summer
of 1951; and to analyze and make suggestions and recommenda-
tions concerning this program.

McCormick's Creek State Park was chosen for this study
on the advice of the Chief Naturalist of the Indiana State
Park System as an Indiana state park with one of the more
complete and varied naturalist programs.

The summer of 1951, from June 16 to September 9, was
spent by the author as a naturalist at McConnick's Creek
State Park gathering factual information and experience.
Considerable time was spent during the fall of 1951 in going
through literature concerning outdoor and state park pro-
grams. Two trips to gather further information were made to
Indianapolis, Indiana, and the Park during the fall and win-
ter of 1951-52.

It is the sincere hope of the author that this study may
be of value to the naturalist program.of the Indiana State
Park System, and to McCormick's Creek State Park in particu-

lar.

 

 

 

Gatehouse at the entrance of
McCormick's Creek State Park

Plate 1

PART II

A GEI'ERAL DESCRIPTION OF THE
INDIANA STATE PARK SYS 2.1.1

A GENERAL DESCRIPTION

OF THE INDIANA STATE PARK SYSTEM

A. Indiana Department of Conservation

 

The Indiana State Park System is under the supervision
of the Department of Conservation, Division of State Parks,
Lands and Waters. The Department of Conservation is headed
by a director who is appointed, with the approval of the
Governor, by a Conservation Commission of four members who
are in turn appointed for four-year terms by the Governor.
The Division of State Parks, Lands and waters is one of ten
divisions in the Department of Conservation, each of which
has a director who is appointed by the director of the De-
partment. A flow sheet giving a breakdown of the Department
and showing the relationship of the various divisions may be
found in the Appendix, Chart I.

B. Division of State Parks, Lands and Waters

1. General Administration
Under the director of the Division of State Parks,
Lands and Waters and appointed by him are the State Park Su-
perintendents, a Supervisor of Recreation, a Supervisor of
Concessions, and 3 Supervisor of State Memorials. A Chief
Naturalist is appointed by the Supervisor of Recreation and
is responsible for the naturalist programs in the State

Parks, and recommends to the Division the park naturalists

to be hired.

A flow sheet of the Division giving the reaponsibilities
of the more important positions, their relationship to the
Director, and a list of State Parks and memorials may be

found in the Appendix, Chart 11.1

2. Functions of the Division
In regard to the functions of the Division, the following
is quoted from the "Description of Properties and Facilities
Operated by the Indiana Department of Conservation“:2

The chief function of this division is to conserve
for all time to the people of Indiana certain areas
of typical Hoosier scenery in its virgin state.

Such areas of outstanding beauty, unusual farme-
tions, historical settings and places closely re-
lated to early Indiana development were thought
worthy of preservation. In addition to this, it had
long been known that a state, as a unit of govern-
ment, had a definite obligation to its citizens; it
should protect and preserve such areas, and in so
doing provide access to them, provide means for their
fullest and most complete enjoyment by the people,
and also provide, without detracting from their natu-
ral appeal, mich outdoor recreations and facilities
as were compatible with the surroundings.

 

1
In September, 1951, there were sixteen State Parks and
fourteen State Memorials under the jurisdiction of the Divi-
ision, totalling nearly 45,000 acres.

2Description of Properties and Facilities Operated by the
Indiana Department of Conservation, Division of State Parks,
Lands and Waters. Indiana Department of Conservation, 1948.

PART III

A DESCRIPTION OF MCCORMICK'S CREEK STATE PARK

A DESCRIPTION OF

MCCORMICK'S CREEK STATE PARK

A. Location

 

1. Geographical Location
McCormick's Creek State Park is located somewhat south
and west of the central portion of Indiana. It is in the
White River valley in Owen County, Washington Township. The
entrance to the Park is on U. S. Highway 46, fifteen miles
west and north of Bloomington, Indiana, and three miles east

of Spencer, Indiana.1

2. Relation to Population Centers

With respect to population centers, McCormick's Creek is
in an ideal position. It is near the center of a triangle
formed by Indianapolis on the north (Population 436,000--the
largest city in Indiana); Terre Haute on the west (Population
60,000); and Bloomington on the east (Population 20,000).2 A
further idea of the distribution of population surrounding
the Park can be gained from the following figures which are

approximate for the radius listed using the Park as a centerz':5

 

Radius Population included in this radius
10 miles 13,000
25 miles 210,000
50 miles 1,070,000

 

1See map, Fig. 1, p. 9.
2See population triangle, Fig. l, p. 9.

3The figures were compiled from the Sixteenth U. S. Cen-
sus , 1940 o

L DC AT IO N
or:
McCORMICK’S CREEK STATE PARK

Chncago

  
 

"f” Sou'rh Bend.

 

 

'. CIncn'n hath

 

’ -‘R¢‘ V1 TO PopwlofimTF'lAn I;
(get. page. 3) 3

 

 

 

Fig-1

10

5. Relation to Transportation Centers
The Park can be reached from all nearby major cities.
There are good bus connections into both Bloomington and Spen-
cer from the surrounding region, and railroad connections from
Chicago, Illinois, and Louisville, Kentucky, at Bloomington.
Hotel guests arriving in Bloomington or Spencer by train or

bus are picked up by the Hotel station wagon, if requested.

B. Local History

 

l. Settlement and Acquisition of the Park Area
When the first white men arrived in the region of what is
now Owen County, they found the area claimed by the Miami,
Delaware, Potawatomi and Eel River Indians, with the Miami be-

ing the dominant tribe.1

By the fall of 1809 the United
States government had negotiated treaties with these tribes,
opening the area for settlement.2 It was not until 1816 how-
ever, seven years after the treaties were signed, that the
first settlers, Philip Hart and his family, and James Bigger,

arrived and began the task of wresting a living from the wil-

derness.

 

1Two Indian camp grounds have been located in McCormick's
Creek State Park, one in the area near Redbud Shelter and the
other at the mouth of McCormick's Creek. Both are prehistor-
ic as indicated by arrowheads and other primitive tools and
cannot be justifiably attributed to the historic tribes such
as the Miami and Delaware Indians.

2Vernon R. Helman. Archaeological Survey of Owen County,
Indiana Historical Bureau, Indianapolis, 1950, p. 7.

 

11

In 1818 John ficCormick, Sr., a Scotchman who migrated
to Indiana from West Virginia, took up land in Owen County.
The creek that flowed through his land was from then on
known as HcCormick's Creek. It is said that he settled in‘
the IcConnick's Creek area because "it reminded him of the
rock-ribbed hills of his own bonnie Scotland."1

Eventually the land passed from the IcCormicks into the
hands of Philip Killer, and upon his death to his son-in-
law, James A. Lehman. In the fall of 1888 Dr. Frederick W.
Denkewalter, a retired physician from Indianapolis, bought
the land and opened a sanitarium there.2 A great deal of
local legend deveIOped concerning the way Dr. Denkewalter
ran his sanitarium. As one account has it, "Doc ran a sani-
tarium of something--barefoot dancing on the lawn at sun-up,
and that kind of thing....."3

On May 25, 1916, following Dr. Denkewalter's death, an
area of about 400 acres embracing HcCormick's Creek Canyon
was purchased from his estate and surrounding farm land

jointly by the State of Indiana and a group Of public-spir—

ted citizens of Owen County who had raised money to help

Po

0 s A 0 0 O 1
finance the purcnase.* Soon after acquisition, on tne

 

1The Indianapolis News, Vol. XLVII, No. 179, July 1,
1916, p. 15.

2Charles A. Sauers. McCormick's Creek Canyon State ParkL
A H story and Description. Department of Conservation,

1
S ate of Indiana, 1923, p. 9.

5The Indianapolis Star, Vol. 21, we. 19, June 24, 1925,
P. 1.70

4The purchase price was $5,280°

12

Fourth of July, 1915, the area was dedicated as UcCormick's
1 , . , ,
Creek Canyon State Park, tne first of tne many state paras

now in the Indiana State Park System.

2. Local Economics

Farming has been the dominant occupation in the immedi-
ate vicinity of LcCormick's Creek since the area was settled
back in the early 1800's. Outside of a Clothespin factory
in nearby Spencer, Indiana, there is no other major manufac-
turing activity.

During the last seventy years fliere have been several
significant changes in fine local farning picture. Acreages
in some crops such as corn and hay have remained about the
same, but the acreage in vheat has increased over four
times, and cats have decreased to one-third of their forner
acreage. Theinost drastic change may be seen in the raising
of sheep. Zack in 1380 there were over 27,000 sheep grazed
in Owen County, but by 1950 there were only about 5,000.
2033 have taken their place as fiie major meat product, with
nearly 31,000 recorded in the county in 1950.

Due to the rolling nature of much of the land, soil
conservation has been a problem since farming began in the
area. Many farmers have learned through loss of much topsoil
resulting in injury to their land, that certain areas should

not be farmed. In reference to this, the improved land fig-

 

 

——-—- _. .—-...

1The Indianapolis Hews, Vol. XLVII, No. 179, July 1,
1916, p. 15.

15

ures for the county are quite revealing. In 1580 there were
approximately 191,000 acres of improved and out of the
255,000 acres in the county. By 1950 this figure had been
reduced to only 57,000 acres.

The economic future of the eneral area points to a con-

3
tinuation of farming, though in dianged form, as new farming
methods, hybrid crops and more efficient farming machinery

are introduced.1

C. Natural Eistory

 

1. Climate

The HcCormick's Creek region has a moderate climate.
During the months of June, July and August the temperature
averages around 74°F., although the yearly average is 55.60F.
Annual precipitation is approximately 44 inches, March being
the wettest month and Iovember the driest. Snowfall which
averages 25.5 inches is usually heaviest during January.
January is also nornally the coldest month of the year, July
being the warmest. The prevailing wind is from the southwest
twelve months of the year. The average length of the growing
season is 179 days, with average frost dates of April 22 and

October 18.2

 

1This information was obtained from the files of County
Agent Fred I. Hoover at Spencer, Indiana.

2Summary of Climatological Data (to 1950). Bulletin W.,
Third Edition, Vol. II, Sections 51-71, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Weather Division. See Appendix, Table I, p. I,
for more complete weather information.

 

14

2. Geology

Due to the importance of geology in the formation of the
natural features of the Park which resulted in the selection
of the area for a state park, considerable attention is given

to the geological description.

a. The Story of the Area. Over 250 million years ago during

 

what is known as the Mississippian period of geological
time, a large ocean invading northward from the Gulf of
hexico covered the region. Millions of years passed with
layers of sediments being deposited on the bottom of the
ocean.1 Eventually the land uplifted and the ocean re-
ceded. The sediments now hardened by pressure into lime-
stone, sandstone, shale, and coal, were exposed to ero-
sion.2 This erosion continued for many million years,
until the layers of sandstone and coal were worn away,
exposing limestone underneath.

This long period of erosion lasted until recently,
geologically speaking, about 50,000 years ago, when a
period known as the ice age began. The climate of the
Northern Hemisphere had become cooler, resulting in im-

mense quantities of snow piling up in Canada. The tremen—

 

1The remains of many of the animals which formed part of
the sediments were fossilized and can be found throughout the
Park. Sea coral is the commonly found fossil.

20n the south side of the falls, on the cliff face, may

be seen a very good example of shale beds between the layers
of limestone.

15

dous weight of the snow resulted in pressures which caused
it to begin to flow southward into the United States as a
large sheet of ice, where it covered many of the northern
states. here were four periods of advance and retreat of
the ice sheet or glacier due to changes in the climate;

the next to the last, known as the Illinoisan glacier, cov-
ered the McCormick's Creek area.

The melt water from the last glacier, known as the
Wisconsin, formed a large lake just south of the Park,
which eveztually found drainage through McCormick's Creek.
It was the enormous volume of water carried down McCor-
mick's Creek during the draining of this lake, known to
geologists as Lake Flatwoods, which did most of the cutting
of the deep canyon for which the Park is known. he former
bottom of this ancient glacial lake, about 14,000 acres in
extent, boasts some of the better farm land of the area.

The Falls. As water roared down HcCormick's Creek from the

 

glacial Lake Flatwoods, parts of the softer underlying
limestone were eroded away faster than the harder limestone
on the surface, resulting in the formation of a falls about
twelve feet high. (See Plate 2, p. 16). It has been esti—
mated by a geologist that the undercutting by the water is
causing the falls to retreat about five-eighths of an inch
a year, and that in 100,000 years they will be over a mile
upstream from their present location.

Salem or Building Limestone. At a point downstream from

 

the falls there is an apparent change in character of the

 

16

U

 

 

The Falls at McCormick's Creek State
Park showing the layering of St.
Louis limestone and the undercutting
of the Falls due to the softer na-
ture of the underlying limestone.

Plate 2

17

limestone forming the canyon walls. From a much cracked

and layered type known as St. Louis limestone, it abruptly
changes to a massive formation known as Salem or building
limestone. This change is due to a slope in the general
region toward the west, resulting in the higher and more
exposed part of the area being eroded away, uncovering the

more massive layers of limestone present underneath. (See

Figure 2 below). //’ ‘//” ,w'
/ / / / / / / ’/’ 5:1”, "MR 51W!

StLou-U L{m¢5f¢m ended awhg/ / ,figmw wiser-0606 5015‘
I / / / /

aw.“ 7
K / /
/ (“at 5?. Louis / Massive 54'0“
/ Luna “OM / Lime stow:

Mc Cormigkg Creek
Fig. 2

At one time before the period of erosion just mentioned,
McCormick's Creek was covered with layers of sandstone and
coal similar to that of the less eroded areas to the west,
in particular around Turkey Run State Park near Crawfords-
ville, Indiana.

During the late 1870's a stone quarry was Operated in
what is now part of the Park, thus taking advantage of the
high quality, massive, Salem limestone present. Due to
transportation difficulties caused by high water in the
White River, twice washing out a bridge connecting the
quarry to a railroad, the quarry was soon abandoned. Some

of the stone that was taken from the quarry was used in the

foundation of the State Capitol building in Indianapolis.
Sinkholes. The much-layered and cracked St. Louis lime-
stone, sometimes called cave limestone, which underlies
most of the Park area, has led to the formation of many
Sinkholes. These conical depressions are the result of
water seeping through cracks in the limestone. As rainwa-
ter falls it picks up carbon dioxide (002) from the air,
forming a weak carbonic acid. Then as it begins to drain
off through the cracks in the limestone into nearby rivers
and creeks, it dissolves minute quantities of the lime-
stone. (See Figures 5a and 5b.) Eventually cracks become
enlarged into roomlike proportions (See Figures Sc and
3d), which in time become so large that the roof no long-
er has any support and caves in, forming the conical de-

pression commonly known as a sinkhole. (See Figure Se.)

groundlcvu ““‘k "" hmufoht seepage um?"

///// // /// r///
/ / /
”/4 /// ////(/// Z

 

  

 

 

6o

 

 

 

3" Fig.3
Wolf Cave. Another geological formation of much interest in

the Park is Tolf Cave. It is the result of a small, now in-

19

termittent, stream which has formed an underground channel
about sixty feet long through a hill, going in one side and
coming out on the other. The washing and scouring of the
water and sediments as they have flowed through the cave
have produced curves and shapes of unusual and quite artis-
tic prOportions. Small stalactites can be found on the
ceiling as well as other formations resulting from dripping
water. At one end of the cave part of the roof has col-
lapsed, producing two bridgelike formations now known as

Twin Bridges.1

5. Physiography

From the original purchase area of approximately 400
acres, McCormick's Creek State Park has been enlarged to near-
ly 1,230 acres (as of Fall, 1951). It is bounded by rough
rolling land on the north and east, with the bottomlands of
the White River forming the northeast corner, a fertile flat
plan on the south known as the Flatwoods district, and rolling
farm land on the west.

The Park area resembles a square in outline, with McCor—
mick's Creek flowing from the southeast corner to the north-
west corner and into the White River, splitting the Park in
two. The split is further pronounced by a precipitous canyon
over ninety feet deep which has been formed by erosive action

of water in the creek.

1The major portion of the geological information was ob-
tained from conversations with members of the faculty of the
Geology Department of Indiana University.

20

Host of the area is of a clay soil type and of a general
rolling nature, the result of thousands of years of erosion.
The highest point in the Park is near the firetower and is ap-
proximately 750 feet above sea level and about 200 feet above
the lowest point along the White River.

Large cone-shaped depressions or sinkholes, some of Which
are over 100 feet in diameter, are characteristic of the Park

area and are evidence of an underground drainage system.1

4. Flora
The rolling topography, river bottomlands and shaded can-
yons have provided the Park with such varied habitats as to

give it an unusually rich flora.

a. Wildflowers. Over 350 Species of wildflowers have been

 

listed in the Park. The wooded area comprising 400 of the
1,255 acres in the Park is a virtual carpet of blooms in

the spring. Shooting Star (Dodecatheon media), Spring

 

Beauty (Claytonia virginica), Rue Anemone (Anemonella tha-

 

 

lictroides), and Trillium (Trillium sp.) are among the

 

 

more prominent and showy species. The reputation of the
Park as a show place in the spring has spread so that in-
terested groups come even from the northern part of the
state to see the display. The pagaentry of wildflowers
continues through the summer and into the fall, being cli-

maxed by various Species of goldenrod (Solidago sp.) and

 

 

1See Appendix, Map I, for a contour map of the Park area.

 

:. §,l.!rr

b.

21

other members of the sunflower family, also Blue Lobelia(Lo—

belia siphilitica), and Pink Turtlehead (Chelone obligua).

 

 

Ferns. Over thirteen species of ferns occur in the Park,the

"evergreen" Christmas Fern (Polystichum acrostichoides), Eb-

 

ony Spleenwort (Asplenium platyneuron), Broad Beech Fern

 

(Dryopteris hexagpnoptera), and Bulb-bearing Fern (Cystop-

 

teris bulbifera) being among the common species. There are

 

several patches of the delicate New York Fern (Dryopteris

noveboracensis); and the Woodsia (Woodsia obtusa) and Ad-

 

 

der's Tongue Fern (Qphioglossum vulgatum) are also found,

 

though not common.

Forest-types. The 400 acres of wooded area may be divided

 

into three major forest types-~oak-hickory, beech-maple and
sycamore-cottonwood. The oak-hickory type may be found on
the better-drained areas and steeper slopes interspersed
with the beech-maple type on the gentler slepes and less
well-drained areas. 0n the bottomlands near the White River
the sycamore-cottonwood type is dominant, with American Elm
replacing Cottonwood in the better-drained bottomland areas.
Reforestation. Some reforestation was carried on in the
Park by the Civilian Conservation Corps (C.C.C.) during the
middle thirties when they'had a camp in the area. This has
resulted in several excellent stands of White and Red Pine,

Jack Pine and Pitch Pine totalling approximately 55 acres.1

 

1See the Park map in the Appendix, Map I, for location of

plantings.

22

e. Mosses. mosses are very abundant in the Park with many
rocks appearing as if covered with a green carpet. The

beautiful fern.moss (Thuidium delicatulum) may be found in

 

large patches along several of the trails. It has been
estimated that there are over 60 species of moss in the
Park, and this is considered a conservative estimate.

f. Fungi. Many kinds of fungi are noticeable even to the more

unobserving Park visitor. Some, such as the Jack-o-Lantern

 

Fungus (Clitocybe illudens) Which glows at night, are quite
spectacular. The Boletus sp. and Lactarus sp. are two of
the more common fungi of the middle and late summer, with
the Russula sp. among the common earlier species.

g. Algae. The lower plants are represented by the green alga
(Cladophora sp.) which is very abundant in McCormick's
Creek, virtually covering sections of the bottom. The less
common red alga (Lemanea Sp.) is found in the swifter sec-

tions of the creek.

5. Fauna
The animal population of the Park cannot be as readily de-
scribed as the botanical composition, since many of the ani-
mals are quite secretive and active only at night.

a. Mammals. The mammals known to occur in the Park vary from
the large White-tailed Deer to the tiny mouselike shrews.
Gray and Red Fox, raccoon, opossum and Deer Mice are common
mammals but are seldom seen. The most frequently observed

mammals are the chipmunk, common around the picnic grounds,

c.

25

and the Gray Squirrel, often seen in the wooded areas.
Birds. Nearly 150 bird Species have been recorded in the
Park, with.such rarer ones as the Parula Warbler, Prairie
Warbler and Bachman's Sparrow nesting there. The common
summer birds are the Catbird, Robin, Wood Pewee, Cardinal,
Wood Thrush, Blue Jay, English Sparrow and Chipping Spar-
row. Two interesting nesting records for the Park area
are the Pileated Woodpecker, a large woodpecker nearly the
size of a crow, and the Turkey Vulture. The Turkey Vul-
ture's nest is of particular interest because it is usual-
ly quite well hidden and not often found.

Snakes. Not many snakes are seen inside the Park, al-
though there are over ten Species present. The smallest,
about the Size of a large fishworm, is the Ringnecked
Snake, and the largest is the Pilot Blacksnake which may
be over five feet long. The most commonly seen are the
Pilot Blacksnake in the wooded area, and the Common Water
Snake along he Creek and at the old quarry. Copperheads
are occasionally killed, averaging about one a year.
Turtles. Painted Turtles can almost always be found sun-
ning on 10gs at the quarry. Box Turtles are frequently
found in the wooded sections.

Amphibians. Many species of amphibians are distributed

 

throughout the area, the most numerous being the Fowler's
Toad whose tadpoles are found in large numbers in the

quieter pools of the Creek in early summer. Along the

edge of the Creek under flat rocks can be found the Two-

lined Salamander which is often mistaken for a small snake

by many Park visitors. Green FrOgs may be seen along some

of the smaller creeks and at the old quarry.
f. Insects. The more spectacular insects most commonly ob-
served are the beautiful giant night moths, Luna and Ce-

cropia, the large Dobson Flies along the Creek, and the

Buzzing Cicada in late summer. Catalpa Worms that chew up

the foliage of many of the Catalpa Trees in the Park in
late summer are also quite conspicuous. Mosquitoes were

not particularly troublesome during the summer of 1951.

However, chiggers gave considerable trouble to hikers fre-

quenting brushy areas.

D. Administrative Organization

 

The administrative organization of McCormick's Creek

State Park consisted primarily of the Park Superintendent and

his clerk. All state-employed members of the Park organiza-
tion were responsible directly to the Superintendent, except
the lifeguards and bathhouse attendants who were under a wa-
terfront director, who in turn was reSponsible to the Super-
intendent. The naturalists, like other state employees in

the Park, were responsible to the Superintendent. The Chief
Naturalist of the State Park System who had his headquarters
in the Park was responsible to the Supervisor of Recreation

of State Parks.

Employees of the hotel in the Park were not state em-

24

L30

ployees, but were hired by the hotel manager and were respon-
sible to him. The hotel manager operated the hotel as a pri-
vate enterprise on a contract from the State which is renewed
each year. The building and furnishings are state-owned
property. The stables and concessions in the Park were also
operated Similarly to the hotel, on a contract basis.

A flow sheet on the following page gives a breakdown of
the Park organization as it was operated during the summer

months of 1951.

E. Park Facilities

 

IcCormick's Creek had an excellent facility development
for a park of its size. This was due in part to income from
an entrance fee of 12¢ per person, the same as that charged

in other Indiana State Parks.

1. Roads and Trails
There were over five miles of black-topped roads con-
necting major points of interest, nearly twelve miles of bri-
dle paths, and six improved hiking trails totaling about ten
miles. (See Plate 4, p. 30). A fine bridge built by C.C.C.
labor spans the Creek. (See Plate 8, p. 65.)

2. Living Accommodations
The apex of the facility development was a modern GS-room
hotel, Canyon Inn (See Plate 6, p. 41), which was open the
year around. Meals were served on the American plan, with
meal tickets available at the hotel desk for those not staying

at the hotel.

26

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27

 

Swimming Pool
at HcCormick's Creek State Park

Plate 3

Popular among visitors with families were the eleven
housekeeping cabins (See Plate 10, p. 82). These cabins, e-
quipped with cooking facilities and utensils, running water,
modern lavatories and bunk beds, could be rented at the Park
Superintendent's office. Sleeping cabins with bunks and mat-
tresses could also be rented.

Four group camps, Ha-Wa-Kwa, EcCormick, Friendly and
Hillcrest, accommodating 150, 120, 80 and 28 campers respec-
tively, were available for rent. Dunks, mattresses and com-
plete kitchens were furnished. There was a well-equipped
campground with Showers, modern flush toilets, outdoor ovens
and firewood provided by the Park. A small fee was Charged

for the use of the campground.

3. Picnic and General Recreational Facilities

Since a large percentage of Park visitors in the summer
were picnickers, there was an extensive development of picnic
facilities. There were three excellent picnic Shelters of
rustic design with modern restrooms nearby, over 250 picnic
tables, and approximately 30 outdoor ovens.1 Provisions for
drinking water and garbage disposal were available near each
picnic Site.

A pOpular spot in the Park during the hot summer months
was the large outdoor swimming pool, 45 by 135 feet, located

near the hotel (See Plate 5, p. 27). Suits were available

 

lInventory, TcCormick's Creek State ark

P , June 1, 1951.
Available at the Park Superintendent's Office.

..

for rent, and a small entrance fee was cqcrgcd for the use of

the dressing rooms, a towel and the services of a full—tine
life guard.

‘

There were two slack-to ped tennis courts, two softball

'U

dianonds, several horseshoe pits and a snall playground for
children with slides, swings, teeter-totters, etc.

Iorses, bicycles and a mule-drawn hack could be rented

ark. Iagons for hay rides were also

*0

at the stables in the

available.

(0

trategically located near the swinnin; pool, the hotel
and the nuseum, was a well-stocked concession stand (See

Plate 5, p. 52).

4. fature museum, Animal Shelter, and Outdoor Anphitheater

One of the main attractions in the Park was the nature
museum and the animal shelter behind it.(See Plate 11, p. 88).
Open the year around, the museum contained many informative as
well as interesting exhibits on the natural history of the
area. The animal shelter had a collection of some of fize com-
mon animals in the area, including snakes during the summer
season (See Plate 7, p. 47).

Just off the road between the concession stand and Camp
Ya-Wa-Qua was a bowl-like outdoor amphitheater. It was well
lighted for evening prOgrans, had a rustic-type stage and

could seat over 500 (See Plate 9, p. 76).

5. Firetower and Tater System

On a hill.near the entrance of the Park there was a

50

It ‘I‘\

 

n Trail 2

View 0

y
&

tate Parl

k S

s Cree

*cCormick'

T r
L.

Plate 4

firetower approximately ei htv ieet hith. It was manned by an

employee of the State Envision of Borestry during periods of
hi 5n fire dan er.
The excellent water svsten in the Park was developed in

A" 1 q-- Q o Q q 1 v- o
lsoS. Water was oatainea fron a deep well near tne white

River, pumped to a reservoir near the swinning pool, and then
piped tirou; phout the Park. Io chlorine was necessary to as-

sure its purity.

lLeam, Sayes, Hyman, Shaffer, SvenCi and Wilson, An Ana-
lysis of IcCornick's Creek State Pai:' A project report for
Recreation Y.P.:.R. 551,1niiana uni versity. Available at the
Park Superin.cncent's Office.

 

 

‘TT'ZIZTH'F‘NDFIRIujza

 

Refreshment Stand,
KcCormick's Creek State Park

Plate 5

(,4

PO

PART IV

TIE NATURALIST PROGRAM
AT MCCORMICK'S CREEK STATE PARK
AS CONDUCTED DURING THE SUI1‘1ER OF 1951

54

THE NATURALIST PROGRAM
AT MCCORMICK'S CREEK STATE PARK

AS CONDUCTED DURING THE SUMMER OF 1951

A. Aims of the Naturalist Program

 

In the "Description of Properties and Facilities Operated
by the Indiana Department of Conservation, Division of State
Parks, Lands and 1"."aters"1 under "Purpose," are the following
statements:

The chief function of this division is to conserve

for all time to the people of Indiana certain areas

of typical Hoosier scenery in its virgin state. Such

areas of outstanding beauty, unusual formations, his-

torical settings and places closely related to early

Indiana development were thought worthy of preserva-

tion.
and referring to use of Park areas:

.....provide access to them, provide means for their

fullest and most complete enjoyment by the people,

and also provide, without detracting from their nat-

ural appeal such outdoor recreations and facilities

as were compatible with the surroundings.

In following the principles set forth in the purpose of the
Division, the primary aims of the naturalist program at Mo-
Cormick's Creek are to provide and promote outdoor recreation
in.the Park area, and in so doing, promote and help facilitate

the continual preservation of the Park area in its natural

state.

 

1Description of Properties and Facilities Operated by the
Indiana Department of Conservation, Division of State Parks,
Lands and Waters. Indiana Department of Conservation, 1948.

55

B. Naturalist Qualifications

 

The Park naturalists who carry out the summer interpretive
program in the Indiana State Parks are hired before the begin-
ning of each summer season on recomnendation of the Chief Park
Haturalist. In reviewing the qualifications of an individual
aspiring to be a Park naturalist, the Chief Naturalist may use
many criteria. There are, however, three basic qualities which
have proved essential to a successful Park naturalist in the
Indiana State Park System.1 They are listed in the order of
their considered inportance:

l. The aspirant must be well adjusted socially--must like
being around people and working with them.

2. He should have a real, deep-rooted enthusiasm for na-
ture and the out-of-doors.

5. He should have adequate practical experience and/or
training in the natural sciences.

Naturalists who have worked in Indiana State Parks often
return year after year, so that the problem of selecting quali-

fied naturalists is usually not acute.

C. Operation of the Program

 

The naturalist program at HcCormick's Creek was carried on
by three Park naturalists with help and advice from the Chief

Naturalist of the Indiana State Parks who had his headquarters

 

1Information supplied by Max Forsyth, Chief Park Naturalist,
Indiana State Park System.

there. This program was in full Operation during the summer
of 1951, with all three naturalists participating from the
middle of June until early in September. During the off sea—
sons one naturalist visited the Park on weekends, conducting
nature hikes and an evening program at the Park hotel. There
were no year-round, full-time naturalist positions.

The naturalists worked a six-day week, deciding among
themselves which day each would have off. There were no def-
inite hours, though usually the day's activities began at
9:00 A. M. and lasted until the conclusion of the evening ho-
tel program about 9:30 P. M.

The prOgram was carried out on a very democratic basis,
allowing for individual specialties, likes and dislikes. The
three naturalists met at the beginning of each week and de-
cided on the program for the week--who would give the nature
talks, what hikes each would conduct, etc. The assignments
were then posted on a bulletin board in.the naturalist office-
workshop at the nature museum. Since the naturalists ate
their meals together at the hotel, it was a normal procedure
to bring problems needing discussion to the dinner table.

A report of the number and general type of naturalist ac-
tivities and attendance was turned in each week to the Park
Superintendent. Each naturalist also kept a record by two-
week periods of the type, number, and the attendance of the
activities in.which.he participated, Which was turned in to
the Chief Park Naturalist.

36

The male naturalists wore a uniform for the evening hotel
programs and other somewhat formal occasions. It consisted of
a light gray shirt with a dark green tie and dark gray trou-
sers. Each naturalist had a badge with the words "Park Natur-

alist" on it, which was always worn when on duty.

D. A Description of the Naturalist Program Activities

 

1. Definition of Park Visitor Groups
In his description of the activities of the Park natural-

ist program and also in the analysis of these activities, the
author has used various visitor group types as the basis of
his discussion. He has grouped the park visitors into four
types, each of Miich has a distinctive program approach-~the
hotel group, group campers, resident campers, and transient
visitors. The following is a definition of each group:

Hotel Group - those Park visitors who stayed overnight
at Canyon Inn, the hotel in the Park.

Group Campers 4 those Park visitors who stayed in the
Park overnight at one of the group camps.

Resident Campers - all Park visitors who stayed in the
Park overnight, exclusive of the hotel
group and the group campers. This group
included visitors who rented housekeeping
and sleeping cabins, and those with house
trailers and tents.

Transient Visitors - all Park visitors who did not stay
in the Bark overnight. The large majori-
ty were picnickers and sightseers.

2. Hotel Group

The naturalist pregram with.the hotel group at Canyon Inn

 

 

 

 

 

Ll...» ifldnfa. '32” s ..

58

was an active one, with a nature hike each morning at 9:00
A. M., a conducted recreation program each evening except Sun-
day, and an early morning bird hike once a week.

A small chalk blackboard in the lobby of the hotel was
used to keep guests posted on pertinent naturalist activities,
destinations of hikes and other information dealing with the

naturalist program.

a. Nature Hikes. (Average attendance 25) Conducted nature

 

hikes left from.in front of the hotel at 9:00 A. M. daily.
The hikes were to prominent points of interest in the Park
such as "Lower Canyon," "Upper Canyon," "Wolf Cave," and
"Hidden.Canyon," with the naturalist pointing out and dis-
cussing nature objects seen along the way. Usually they
lasted about two hours and covered distances from half a
mile to three miles. Attendance varied from nine to over
fifty. When there were over thirty on a hike, the group
was split, if an extra naturalist was available. The morn-
ing bird hike from 6:15 to 8:00 A. h. drew an average of

about a dozen persons.

The conducted or social recreation program began on Sat-
urday night for the hotel guests, as Saturday was checking-in

time. This program for the week went as follows:

b. Social Dancing. (Average attendance 59) The Saturday eve-
ning program from 8:30 to 11:00 P. M. was held in the lobby

of the hotel and consisted of social dancing to organ music.

d.

59

Generally the naturalists promoted a broom dance, and about
midway in the evening called a Virginia reel, as ice break-
ers. Many times late in the evening several of the hotel
guests gathered around the organ and did some group singing.
Occasionally one of die more talented guests sang for the
entire group. The organist was hired by the hotel manager
and also played dinner music on Sunday afternoon.

Church Rides. An effort was made by the naturalists to

 

find rides for hotel guests who desired to attend church on
Sunday. A form was available at the hotel desk to be
signed by those who wanted rides and by those who had extra
room in their cars. A notice was placed on the bulletin
board concerning this service, and occasionally announce-
ments were made by the naturalists.

Song Fest. (Average Attendance 110) The Monday evening

 

song fest program from.8:30 to 9:50 P. M. took place in the

hotel lounge. The chairs were arranged in a large semicir-
cle around a piano and song books with words of well-known
songs were passed out. A naturalist acted as song leader
and master of ceremonies.1

Hayride and Sguare Dance. (Average Attendance 95) The

 

Tuesday evening program began at 7:50 P. M. When two hay
wagons, or sometimes three if enough people had signed up,

picked up their passengers and.took them to one of the pic-

 

1See Appendix, p. VII, for a typical program outline.

nic shelters where a square dance was held. During inter-
mission a lunch of hot dogs and cold lemonade was served by
the help from the hotel. After the dance the hay wagons
went back to the hotel by a route that gave the guests about
a forty-minute ride. Many who did not care to ride the

l

wagons also attended the dance, driving over in their cars.

Campfire Progpam. (Average attendance 522) On Wednesday

 

evening from 8:00 to 9:50 P. H. a campfire program was con-
ducted in the Park amphitheater. Though a large majority of
those attending were group campers, a goodly representation
from the hotel was usually present. The program consisted
of group singing led by the naturalists, skits, stunts and
camp songs by the group camps, and a nature talk with col-
ored slides by one of the naturalists.2

Game Night. (Average Attendance 60) On Thursday evening

 

from 8:50 to 9:50 P. M. a game night was held in the recre-
ation room in the basement of the hotel. Those participat-
ing were divided into three teams to give a competitive
spirit to the games. Some of the games used were Twenty
Questions, relays, and Up-and-down Jenkins. The younger ho-
tel guests and children made up the largest portion of the
participants, though there was usually an audience of older

guests.3

 

1See Appendix, p. IX, for a typical program outline.

28ee Appendix, p. X, for a typical program outline.

asee Appendix, p. XI, for a typical program outline.

 

Canyon Inn,
McCormick's Creek State Park

Plate 6

 

1"“

41

h. Movies. (Average attendance 101) A color sound movie on
Indiana's state parks was shown on Friday evening, the show
starting at 8:30 P. M. Following the movie, one of the
naturalists gave a fifteen or twenty-minute talk with color
slides on Indiana State Parks and Memorials not covered in
the movie. An opportunity was provided at the end of the
program for the guests to ask questions.

i. Unscheduled Activities. Due tortke close contact between

 

the naturalists and hotel guests (two of the naturalists
lived in the hotel and all of them ate their meals in the
hotel dining room), much informal interpretive work was ac-
complished.

j. A Closed Program. Park visitors outside the hotel were not

 

invited to participate in the hotel evening prOgrams due to
lack of space. Many times it was difficult to find room
for all the hotel guests. However, all Park visitors were
invited to participate in the morning nature hikes which

met at the hotel.

3. Group Campers
Within a short time after a new group arrived in one of
the group camps they'were contacted by one of the naturalists.
He explained to the camp leaders what the Park had to offer--
the naturalist services, nature museum, animal shelter--and
invited the camp to participate irlthe campfire program.held
on wednesday evenings at the Park amphitheater. A schedule of

naturalist services which the camp desired, such as nature

hikes, bird hikes, star talks, etc., was worked out at this
meeting, or as soon afterward as the camp leaders were able to
find out which services their group wanted. With four group
camp programs in operation the scheduling at times became quite

complicated.

a. Nature Hikes. The major naturalist activity with the group

 

 

camps consisted of taking the campers on various kinds of
nature hikes. Host of the hikes were of a general type-~to
the falls, the quarry or some other point in the Park. The
naturalists often told stories and played games with the
hikers, besides pointing out objects of interest. The ap-
proach used depended on.the age and sex of the campers, the
purpose, and tone of the camp-~its discipline and morale.
Specialized.hikes such as bird and rock hikes were occasion-
ally requested. However, When the Girl Scouts were using
the camps most of the hikes and talks were of a specialized
nature. The number of hikers in a group varied from six up
to 155.

b. Star Talks. An often—requested activity with group campers

 

was a star talk usually given about 9:00 P. M. by one of the

naturalists. The talk consisted of the identification of

several common constellations (pointed out with a strong—

beamed flashlight), two or three star legends, and a sprin-

kling of factual information on stars and the solar system.
c. Campfire Program. As was mentioned previously, all group

camps were invited to participate in the Wednesday evening

44

campfire program at the Park amphitheater. The prOgram be-
gan at 8:00 P. M. and usually lasted until 9:50 P. M. It

was opened with the lighting of the campfire and group sing-
ing led by one of the naturalists. This was followed by in-
troduction of the groups present and more group singing.

The group camps then.put on their programs which generally
consisted of camp songs, stunts or skits. A nature talk
with color slides, given by one of the naturalists, completed
the program. Occasionally When the group-camp part of the
program was short and it was not yet dark enough for the

slides, one of the naturalists told a few Indian legends.1

4. Resident Campers

At the beginning of each week one of the naturalists vis-
ited the housekeeping and sleeping cabin areas. He made an ef-
fort to contact each cabin party to give them.information con-
cerning the naturalist program, the nature museum and animal
shelter, and also to invite them to the morning nature hikes
meeting at the hotel and the Wednesday evening campfire pro-
gram. Besides answering any questions about the Park, he en-
couraged them to contact the naturalists at their office-work-

shop in the nature museum if they'had any further questions.

5. Transient Visitors
The naturalist program reached the transient or short-time
visitors mainly through two avenues, the nature museum and the
animal shelter.

1See Appendix, p. X, for a typical program outline

45

a. Nature Museum. The nature museum, open the year around from

 

7:50 A. M. to 8:30 P. H., consisted of a large exhibit room
approximately 30 by 50 feet, with an office-workshop for the
naturalists, and living quarters for the animal keeper in
the rear (See Plate 11, p. 88, also Appendix p. II). A
stove was set up in the museum in the fall to provide heat
during the cooler months. Used gasoline station display
cases provided excellent museum exhibit cases.

The museum exhibits displayed during the summer of 1951
could be divided into three classes-—live exhibits, partici-
pating exhibits and general exhibits.1 Included in the ex-
hibits featuring living material were six aquaria containing
fish and turtles, two terraria featuring mosses, an immature
Pilot Blacksnake, and a display of freshly cut wildflowers.

The exhibits in which the visitor had some active par—
ticipation consisted of three nature games--"flhat is Your
Bird I. Q." on bird identification, "It's Fun to Find Out!"
on identification of common rocks, and "True or False?“ on
general misconceptions about nature. A bulb lit or a buzzer
sounded when the correct answer was selected. The wildflow-
er display was also a participating type of exhibit as it
was necessary to push a button to illumine the label for
each flower. Another display of this type was a peep-hole

exhibit in which.the visitor peered.through a magnifying

 

1See Appendix, pp. II-VI for a floor plan showing location
of the museum.exhibits and a description of each exhibit.

Co

lens into a lighted box to see the object on display.

The rest of the exhibits were of a general and more
passive type covering such areas as mammals, birds, geology,
Indian tools and nature crafts. Exhibits featuring the i-
dentification of local natural material, particularly those
on geolOgy, were a strong point of the museum.

Animal Shelter. The animal shelter which was located just

 

behind the nature museum was an open pavilion-type structure
approximately 25 by 50 feet (See Plate 7, p. 47). The col-
lection consisted of common animals of the Park such as
chipmunk, raccoon and crows, and also Fox Squirrels, Gray
and Red Fox, and a woodchuck. A Great-Horned Owl, a Barred
Owl and several Flying Squirrels were among the more unusual
animals exhibited. During the summer months a collection of
snakes was maintained, and several times reptile demonstra-
tions were given on Sunday afternoon.

The cages were washed down and cleaned each.morning by
the keeper except on holidays when they were cleaned twice
to keep the odor down. The keeper usually fed the animals
twice a day. Visitors also were permitted to feed the ani-
mals, with the exception of the snakes.

"Tree" Nature Trail. Toward the end of the summer season

 

of 1951 a ”tree" nature trail was constructed in back of the
museum near the animal shelter. It made a quarter-mile loop
and ended about twenty feet from where it began. The trail
consisted of interesting information about trees seen along

the way, popularly presented on strategically located la-

 

 

 

 

 

 

Animal Shelter,
McCormick's Creek State Park

Plate 7

47

bels. As it was not Opened until the end of the season, it

was traveled by relatively few visitors.l

d. Bulletin Board. A bulletin board was located near the ani-

 

mal shelter at the terminus of four of the Park trails on
which was posted an artistic trail map showing points of

interest on the Park trails.

 

1See Appendix, p. XII and XIII, for a map of the tree trail
and sample labels.

PART V

AN ANALYSIS OF REE N TURALIST PROGRAL’I
AT L'ICC RMI K'S CPJEEK STATE PARK

AS CONDUCTED DURIZ‘JS TEE SURE-ER OF 1951

WI TH SUGGESTIOITS ALTD RECORTEIILATIOEI

FOR THE PROGRAM

4—9

 

AN ANALYSIS
OF THE KATUHALIST PROGRAM AT XCCCRE‘CK'S CREEK STATE PARK
AS CONDUCTED DURIHG THE SUMHER OF 1951

WITH SUGGESTIONS AND EECOHIEWDATIONS FOR THE PROGRAM

A. Aims of the Naturalist Program

 

An important test of the naturalist program is whether or
not it achieved its aims. In other words, did the visitors
enjoy their stay in the Park more because of the program? Did
they gain sane idea of the purpose and proper use of the Park
area? To tne f rst question the answer is definitely affirma-
tive. The activities and facilities of the naturalist program
reached many thousand Park visitors. Xany began to "see" na-
ture for the first time, and considerable enthusiasm was shown
by the majority of the visitors participating in naturalist
activities.

To the second question concerning the purpose and preper
use of the Park area, the answer is not so definite. Some in-
formation on this subject was given by the naturalists on na-
ture hikes and in nature talks. A trail map given free at the
Park entrance contained some information, and a color movie on
Indiana State Parks was shown to the hotel guests. Consider-
ing the vital importance of this aim, it appears that this
phase of the program could be strengthened. As Hr. Garrett
Eppley, formerly of the National Park Service and now a pro-

fessor at Indiana University, has said, "those people who come

to the parks are more nature minded than those who remain away
from the parks."1 They are therefore a nucleus with Which the
philosophy of the state park idea can be sown, and from whom

it then may radiate.

B. Iaturalist Qualifications

 

The three major criteria used in choosing Park naturalists
for the Indiana State Parks-~social mindedness, enthusiasm for
nature, and subject knowledge-~are standard in the selection of
naturalists for interpretive work. Kr. Reynold Carlson, for-
merly Xature Consultant of th national Recreation Association
and now at Indiana University, sums up the naturalist's quali-
fications in these words:

His main reSponsibility is in relation to people, to
stimulate them in their enjoyment and understanding of
their natural environments, a task which calls for cer-
tain personal qualifications which are difficult to
measure. He must have enthusiasm for his work, he must
himself enjoy nature, and.he must be able to impart his

knowledgg and interest to those with whom he comes in
contact.

C. Operation of the Prggram

 

The democratic method used in carrying out the naturalist
program, in which the three naturalists worked together in the
planning and operation, was highly successful and provided for
individualization. The special talents of each naturalist
were used to good advantage, and tiere was opportunity for de-

velopment of new talents.

 

1Hugo K. M. Vindal. Nature Guide Training Institute Re-
port. hichigan Department of Conservation, 1940.

zfieynold E. Carlson. Enjpying_Nature. National Recreation
Association, 1946, p. 8.

 

 

 

 

 

 

52

Because the Chief Haturalist had his headquarters there,
the Park was frequently used for breaking in naturalists new
to the Indiana State Park system. A short indoctrination
.course might therefore be apprOpriate. The course could be
conducted by the Chief Naturalist and cover such subjects as
the following: State Park philosophy, aims and purpose of the
Indiana State Parks System, and the particular aims at McCor-
mick's Creek State Park; a brief survey of the flora, fauna,
and major points of interest in the Park; a discussion of the
social position of the naturalist in the Park-~his relation-
ship with hotel guests and Park employees; personal experiences
of the Chkaf Naturalist, and general principles concerning in-
terpretive work.

Iaturalists who had previously worked in the Park would
add much to the course. Followin; this point still further,
a state-wide meeting of all State park naturalists at the be-
ginning of the season might bear much fruit in uniformity of

purpose and in exchange of ideas.

D. Park Administration

 

The importance of good park administration for a State
Park and its interpretive program cannot be overemphasized. A
clean park, well kept lawns, good water supply, well designed
picnic sites, clean restroom facilities and well maintained
hiking trails add much to the comfort of park visitors, and
more important, they affect his attitude toward the park area

itself. A well maintained and organized park will promote good

 

55

park use. A leppy park will promote sloppy use.

The general public seems little aware of the amount of
work continually going on to keep the Park in good condition.
The park naturalists could do much informally to make the pub-
lic more aware of and more appreciative of behind-the-scenes
activities. A technique that usually works well on group
hikes is for the naturalist to pick up bits of paper he finds
on the trail but without making any comment. Soon, eSpecially
if there are children along, he will probably find members of
his group also picking up paper, and it isn't long before
someone makes a remark such as "there ought to be a law a-
gainst people throwing away paper on the park trails." This
gives the naturalist an excellent opportunity to tell about

park maintenance.

E. Park Employee-visitor Relations

 

In conjunction with park administration, good relations
between park employees and park visitors are essential. Each
member of the park organization is a representative and sales-
man for the park. In order to sell the park to others they
must be sold on it themselves. Though most of the employees
at McCormick's Creek were in sympathy with the State Park idea,
efforts could be made to give them more information on the
state parks and their programs and to promote their interest.

Talks by the Park Superintendent, Chief Naturalist or an
official in the Division of State Parks might be one approach.

Another could be the use of an employee's handbook which.would

 

54

give information on the purpose and philosophy of the State
Parks and possibly information on the features and history of
he Park itself. Concerning the attitudes to be cultivated in

a park organization, there are these statements in A Study of

 

the Park and Recreation Problem of the United States made by

 

the National Park Service:
To a very large extent, good public relations are de-
pendent upon a prOper attitude on the part of any agen-
cy's employees toward those whom they serve.
Perhaps most important of all, it should see that its
attitude is that of a real service organization, from
the chief down to the rank and file of employees.2
F. An Active Year-round Program
The state park natural area is a possession of the people
of the State that must be preserved near its original condi-
tion, but the area also has its recreational function (See
Functions of the Division of State Parks, p. 6). The harmoni-
ous blending of these two functions, preservation and use,
constitutes one of the more perplexing problems facing park
administrators today. If the park is not used it serves no
real purpose for the majority of the people-~if it is overused
its primitive aspect is destroyed. Er. Richard Lieber, the
founder of the Indiana State Park System, has this to say con-
cerning use vs. preservation:

Parks are the show windows of all conservation. Therefore

 

VIA Study of the Park and Recreation Problem of the United
States. National Park ServiCe, U. S. Government Printing 6?:
fice, Washington, 1941, p. 86.

2Ibid. p. 90.

 

 

55

we must know that to preserve these parks for time to
come and to be of use to unborn generations we, in our
time, must see to it that preservation takes precedence
over use.1
With the vital aim of park area preservation in mind there
are certain principles pertaining to the recreational use that
should be considered. The following are principles formulated
by the National Park Service at the Swift Creek Recreational
Demonstration Area:
1. That the area would render its greatest service if its
activities were thoroughly integrated into the life of

the community surrounding it.

2. That the area and its leadership should render a ser-
vice throughout the whole year.2

The first point is quite dependent on the second. It is
difficult to integrate into a community a three-months natural-
ist program that is running a full and tight schedule. With a
year-round program, planning could be done well in advance and
activities followed up, making the integration of the Park and
its program into the community a genuine possibility.

With an active year-round program the Park would become a
center of nature activities for the area. Community organiza-
tions interested in the out-of-doors, such as Audubon Socie-

ties, garden and conservation clubs, could look to the Park

 

glRichard Lieber. "Nature's Balances in Parks and Elsewhere"
1940 Yearbook, Parks and Recreation Progress. National Park
Service, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1940,
p. 82.

21an Forbes. "The Program Demonstration at the Swift Creek
Recreational Area. 1958 Yearbook, Parks and Recreation Progress,
National Park Service, U. S. Government Printing Office, Wash-
ington, 1938, p. 62.

 

56

for guidance and technical aid. The Park and its program would
also serve to promote and unite these organizations. The Park
naturalist would be a resource person. Nature talks, materials,
mimeographed nature information (such as simple wildflower
keys), general and specialized nature hikes, and the use of the

nature museum for group meetin s, are some of the services that

could be offered.

Hany services could also be offered to the schools of the
community-~activities such as talks and movies for assembly pro-
grams, guided field trips in Hue Park, and aid in helping teach-
ers plan their own outdoor and conservation programs. Kits of
nature materials could be sent to the schools on a loan basis,
for example "The Rocks of McCormick's Creek,“ "Fossils," and
possibly live material such as snakes, chipmunk and squirrels.
It would also seem feasible that the group camps facilities in
the Park might be used for a school camping program in the
fall, spring, and even the winter months.

A folder or mimeographed sheet could be sent to each
school and to each interested organization explaining the ser-
vices provided by the Park naturalist prOgran. Outstanding
off-season events such as fall coloring, spring wildflowers,
the blooming of the dogwood and redbud, could receive particu-
lar publicity. There is even a possibility of developing

"Redbud Time at HcCormick's Creek.“ Winter

special prOgram for
nature hikes, ending at the museum with hot coffee and dough-
nuts and a nature talk with color slides, could be offered to

interested organizations. A National Audubon Society Christmas

57

bird census, with local organizations participating, might also
be worked into the winter program. A nature leader training
course could be given on week ends at the park or in one of the
nearby cities.

many group camp leaders need help in planning their camp
programs before bringing their groups to the Park. A winter
session of group cam leaders might therefore be arranged, or
possibly mimeographed material with suggestions for group camp
prOgrams in the Park could be mailed out.1

If the year-round prOgram was established and active in
the community, there would be a good possibility of a HcCor-
mick's Creek Nature Association being formed by persons inter-
ested in the Park and its program. Some parks in California
and New York have received considerable backing and financial
support through such organizations.2

A year-round program would also facilitate a greater

'7 , 1
spread of park attendance.” As is stated in A Study of the

 

Park and Recreation Problem of the United States,

An obvious opportunity exists for midweek and year around
use of state parks. Contacts with groups and organiza-
tions to encourage such use should greatly expand the ben-
efits of present areas.4

 

1See the Group Camper, Pre-camp Planning, p. 74.

2Examples of such organizations are The Palisades Nature
Association at Palisades Interstate Park, Sew York and New
Jersey, and the Yosemite Natural Iistory Association, Yosemite
Yational Park.

5See Fig. 6 and Fig. 7, p. 59.
4A Study of the Park and Recreation Problem of the United

States. National—Park Service,’U. S. Governméht Printing Of-
fice, Washington, 1941, p. 78.

 

 

 

and also in the same publication, referriig to a complete use
of the park area,
Considering the millions invested in lands and facili-
ties, the additional effort necessary to bring about a
wider, more continuous and fruitful use-of the park

resources is sound business practice as well as good
public service.1

The philos0phy of the year-round program would be to take
the park to the people-~to help them realize that the park be-
longs to then, and that its puroose is to serve them. The

L

peeple come to the park in the summer-~the park would go to

D
l

the people in the winter and off seasons.

3, Naturalist Activities Ecology

 

I! re-

The use of the term "naturalist activities ecology
fers to the necessary interrelatedness of all the naturalist
activities and the components of each activity. The park nat-
uralists should be continually tying their activities togeth-
er in their nature talks, hikes and other contacts with park
visitors. For example, mention of particular exhibits in the
museum could be made during a nature talk. The exhibits in
the museum would be related to points of interest on the park

trails. Exhibits and naturalist activities should not stand

by themselves.

 

H. An Emphasis on Leisure-time Activities

Tith the increased amount of leisure time now available

 

1A Study of the Park and RecreationfiProblem of_the United
States. Iational Park Service, U. S. Government Printing Of-
fice, Tashington, 1941, p. 81.

 

59

‘\

ICE, 1950

TOTAL P ARK ATTENDA

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Au
5
o.
1
rm
m
mm
mi
mu .
T32 B T. 7‘52».
4
.92;. .A
:iso D I r .
.960 H M 4456”
ato_m -
62.3» .1 Maw 1. Pew...“—
r N ..
2.0m W6 A
lass . WW »
Tam m. m a .3.
.23.... w A
4...}. m K 5 14.233
2.3 h m 7
.354. P -
.23.. w _u ”1:3
3:44 E H
69.2 M 2 71.8:
{76¢ T 1.
nu . .,
wow m_ugu r a w w a u h mm m w u m m
30.22” 3003.6!» hp m 2.6 o mom

mvsmndonp a.“ ooswcsoppd

Fig. '7

to most Americans, there is a definite need to promote worth-
while leisure-time activities. This could be accomplished
through the naturalist pregram by the provision of more "self

" by "take-home" material, by an exhibit in the

activities,
nature museum, and by the naturalists promoting such activi-
ties in their nature talks and hikes.

Each visitor in the Park should have the opp rtunity to
become his own naturalist if he desires. Iimeographed mater-
ials that would help him could be available at the museum.
These might include self-conducted nature hikes for each
trail which would locate and give a short description of the
points of interest; check lists of common birds, wildflowers
and trees of the Park; a camera tour pointing out the better
scenic views, and possibly some simple plant and tree keys.

The provision of more "take-home" material would also
aid considerably in the carry-over and recreational value of
the Park program. Check lists might be worked out for the
naturalist-conducted hikes which would have places to check
and add material seen on the hike. Eor exanple, a sheet on
the Bern frail, Trail 4, would have a place to check the
Eern species seen, a description of Sunken Cave, and possibly
information on the firetower and forest plantation nearby.
Popularly written sheets could be mimeographed and made a-
vailable on such subjects as "The founder of the Indiana
State Parks," "A Story in Rocks" (geolOQv), "Animals of Mo-
Cormick's Creek," "Tildflowers of IcCormick's Creek," "John

McCormick, Sr.," and "The Story of the McCormick's Creek Area."

61

I. Iisgellaneous Suggestions apdmflecommendations

 

 

1. Conservation of Hatu al Resources

The preservation of the Park and its features is a con-
servation problen. The providing of leisure-time activities
for the Park visitors is also a conservation problem-~con-
servation of human resources. These are major aims of the
naturalist program, but it is also appropriate that the in-
terpretive program in the Park aid in promoting the conserva-
tion idea in general. The Park naturalists usually did this
unconsciously during their nature talks and on their hikes.
The "true or false" nature game at the museum pointed out
several conservation ideas. In addition, these ideas might
be worked into the museum exhibits on forestry and wildflow-
ers, and into the "tree" nature trail. The usefulness of
predators and snakes is another area of conservation that

could receive emphasis.

2. Taming of Trails and Points of Interest

The giving of names to the Park trails in addition to

‘

numbers and the naminn and publiciz n of points of interest
9 Q a. .L

He

would do much to increase human interest in the Park offer-
ings. Some of the names that were used back in the 1800's

would still be applicable, such as "goat trail" for parts of
Trail 2, and "hell's half-acre" for an area of tumbled rocks

1

along the creek. The appeal of such nanes as "Fern Trail,"

 

‘_11ndianapolis News, Vol. x VII, 30. 179, July 1, 1916,
p. 15.

 

 

52

"Hidden Canyon

"Lower Canyon Trail," "Jpper Canyon Trail" and
Trail," compared with Trails 4, 3, 1 and 7, is apparent. Un-
usual formations like "Turtle Rock," "Llephant's Foot," "Ele-

1- ‘V. ’

phant Rock," "Fat fian's hisery,' all add interest and legend
to the Pa°k. The location of the place where a mad sheep dog
ran a flock of sheep over one of the cliffs,1 the location of
the old village, the old schoolhouse, old railroad bridge,

prave of Oscar Xegashire, age 9, and the sites of the old In-

dian campgrounds would excite the imagination of Park visitors.

5. Park Collaborators
In the Yational Park Service there is a provision for

specialists in various fields of natural history to be invited
to work in a park area with no salary, but with their board

and room furnished. Something similar might be worked out in
those Indiana State Parks having hotels. This would provide a

reliable yet inexpensive method by which technical data on the

natural history of the Indiana-State Parks could be obtained.

4. Iature Article in "Outdoor Indiana"
A continuing nature article written by the Park natural-
ists, with simple line drawings and pictures, for "Outdoor In-

" the publication of the Indiana Department of Conserva-

diana,
tion, might be well received by the public. It would give the
naturalists a very good opportunity to present and publicize

their program and services.

 

1Indianapolis Hews, Vol. XLVII, 30. 179, July 1, 1916,
p. 15.

 

 

 

The Stone Bridge, McCormick's Creek State Park.
The arch is constructed on the principle

used by the Romans, each stone being hand fitted
supporting the arch without other bracing.

Plate 8

65

 

 

J. Program Activities

 

1. Hotel Group

a. The Group Itself. The majority of the hotel guests were

 

from the better income area with many professional peOple.
They were on the whole middle-aged and usually came as
couples. A good number had been coming to the hotel at
McCormick's Creek for many years. The large percentage
stayed at the hotel for a week. As might be inferred from
its composition, the group as a whole was quite receptive
to the naturalist program. The contact between tha.natur-
alists and Park visitors reached its highest level with
this group. This can be attributed to the active natural-
ist prosram carried on at the hotel and also to informal
personal contact between the naturalists and hotel guests.
It is hardly necessary to emphasize the importance of in-
formal contacts in putting across the naturalist prOgram.
They gave the naturalists an exceptional Opportunity to
disseminate some of their inherent enthusiasm for the out-

of-doors and conservation.

The Naturalist-Hotel Hanager Relationship. In the Indiana

 

State Parks with hotels there was an agreement between the
park naturalists and the hotel managers. The naturalists
received their board and room free, for which they carried

on the evening recreation program for the hotel guests.

This arrangement enabled the State to hire more park natur-

alists for a given amount of money, but it had the effect

64

 

3’0!)
9 § 3

3

 

HOTEL GUEST N GETS, 1950

l

 

65

gré'é'i'é'éé ”I. g1 at};

I. 8". 3. :3 ' .

§§<£ 3%.; 8 2 S 8
Two-week periods

1A guest night is one hotel guest for one night.

 

e.

66

of centering the naturalist program at the hotels.

Yature L kes. The conducted morning nature hikes from the

 

hotel were the core of the naturalist hotel program. It
was on these hikes that the naturalists had the opportunity
not only to talk about Yature, but to actually help the
visitors to see, feel and hear Tature for themselves. The
schedule to points of interest in the Park was well

hikin

:9
\J

‘

organized and flexible. The nikes were short at the begin-
ning of the week and got longer as the week progrossed. In
case of weather which made particular trails slippery, a
change in the order of the hikes was made. Iuch can be
said about the prOper conducting of nature hikes, but the
important point is that the hikers enjoy their contact with
the out-of-doors. Concerning the hotel hiking proSram,
more enthusiastic publicity for the nature hikes could be
given by the naturalists at other hotel activities. Check
lists for the nature hikes, and particularly for the bird.
hikes, would be very desirable. If arrangements could be
made, the servixg of hot coffee and doughnuts to the early
morning bird hikers would increase the popularity of the
activity considerably.

Social Dancing. The Saturday night dance was.a flexible

 

activity with dancing mixers, some group singing, and music

for those Mic did not care to dance. The naturalists should
be careful not to push the prOgram-—the hotel guests should

be allowed to participate entirely of their own volition.

Song Fest. The song fest on Monday evening was one of the

 

67

more popular naturalist-conducted activities. It was one in
which all ages could participate and contribute. The use of
songs calling for action on the part of the audience gave
the programs considerable life and helped generate an infor-
mal atmOSphere. One part of the program called for volun-
teers from the audience to contribute talent such as sing-
ing, or telling stories or jokes. Since most of the guests
were just getting acquainted, this part of the program usu-
ally did not bring much response. A genuine talent night
might be tried in conjunction with game night on Thursday
evening. This would give the naturalists a week to solicit
talent, and if there appeared to be little talent available,
more games could be substituted. Talent night has proved
to be quite popular in some of the California State Parks.
If enough song books were available, there is a very
good possibility that they might find a ready market among
the hotel guests. Hany would like then for souvenirs, be-
sides wanting to learn the words to some of the songs.1

Hayride and Square Dance. The square dance as conducted in

 

the Park deserves particular attention, not only because it
was one of the more successful recreational activities, but
for the way it was handled. A large majority of those who

attended the dance had never square-danced before. Also

 

1See Appendix, p. VII, for a typical program outline.

 

t. IE; [335‘

 

O)
(D

the ages of the dancers ranged from seven to over sixty.

It was therefore necessary not only to teach the beginners
and set a pace which they and the older dancers could fol-
low, but also, at the same time, to maintain the interest

‘

of the younger and experienced dancers. This was accom-
plished by beginning with a large circle dance in which
fundamentals were taught, and then dividing the circle in-
to groups of eight and forming the individual squares.
Calls were us d without fancy trimnings, keeping to varia-

q

tions of the fundanentals taught in the large circle
dance. Iany hotel guests performed dances that they would
never have considered possible at the beginning of the

program.1

Camp Fire Program. The Wednesday night camp fire prOgram

 

held in the outdoor amphitheater in the Park was carried

on primarily by the group camps, though all Park visitors
0

were invited. Many hotel guests did attend.“

Game Night. Game night, or fun night as it was sometimes

 

called, was a pOpular activity with the younger hotel
guests and chiLdren. Dividing the group into teams devel-
oped group spirit. As was mentioned previously under the
discussion of the song fests, a talent night might be
tried in conjunction with game night. This would provide

2
a program with.wider appeal for guests of all ages.“

 

and

1See Appendix, p. IX, for a typical program outline.

2For further information see Campfire Program, p. 74,
Appendix, p. X, for a typical program outline.

'7 o
USee Appendix, p. XI, for a typical program outline.

69

Movies. The excellent color movie on Indiana State Parks

 

and the accompanying slide talk by the naturalist made
this probably the most important evening recreation activ-
ity of the week in accomplishing the purpose of the natur-
alist pregram. It was the only direct contact that many
of the hotel guests had with the purpose and aims of the
state parks. Giving the slide talk before the movie would
release one of the naturalists for other evening activi-
ties.

Implications of the gvening Social Recreation Progran.

 

n1]

iae social recreation progran helped considerably in pro-
moting an informal and friendly atmosphere at flue hotel.
It helped to give the hotel guests the feeling of a group
vacation if they did not want to be by themselves. Prob-
ably most important of all, it introduced the naturalist
to the guests, and provided an opportunity for the natur-
alist not only to sell himself, but also to sell other
activities of the naturalist program. The prestige of
the naturalist among the hotel guests was considerable,
and much of it was a result of this program. The natur-
alists were often asked to pose for snapshots, invited to
play cards, offered tips, and asked for personal advice.
At times there was some comment that the naturalists
kept things too active and didn't allow the hotel guests
a chance to relax. However, the only programs which
were not voluntary were the State Parks movie and song

fest. It was necessary to impose on some of the guests

k.

70

in the hotel lounge by turning off the lights for the
movie, and rearranging the chairs for both programs.
Naturalist Activities Ecology. There is a definite need
for more emphasis on the week end pr03ran for transient
visitors (See Wig. 7, p. 59). Certain changes in the
hotel program activities might be made to help meet this
need. The Saturday and Sunday morning nature hikes from
the hotel, which were usually poorly attended due to
checking-out time on Saturday and church services and the
Sunday paper on Sunday, could be changed to afternoon
hikes. They would meet at the hotel, proceed to the na-
ture museum to pick up transient visitors, and then con-
tinue out on the trail. Publicity would be necessary to
inform the transient visitors of the hikes.

Due to the demands of other naturalist activities,
particularly the evening pro;rams of the group camps, it
would seem that the hotel evening program should not use
the services of all the naturalists. At least one natur—

alist should be free every evenin for other activities.

,7-
o

flew Activities and Suggestions. The incorporation of new

 

activities into the hotel program will be dependent upon
how much time the naturalists have available. Possible
new activities which could be scheduled are star talks
and evening nature strolls. both of these activities
might be very pOpular. An evening nature stroll with a

wood thrush caroling in the distance, or the far-away

 

hooting of an owl, would be a never forgotten experience
for nany of the hotel guests. These two activities might
be worked in conjunction with each other, the evening na-
ture stroll ending in a star talk.

An easily accessible bulletin board should be avail-
able in the hotel lobby to post information of continuing
importance pertaininj to the naturalist pro:ran. It
could also be used for poster-type exhibits. A table for
a small nature exhibit which would refer the hotel guests
to the museum might also be used (See Naturalist Activi-
ties Zcology, p. 78).

Iimeographed sheets on subjects such as "The Story

t

of HcCormick's Creek,’ "A Story in Rocks" (the geological

story), and "Wildflowers of thormick's Creek," would
probably go over very well with this group, as a good
number come back to the 13ark many times. The sheets
would be available at the hotel desk for a small charge

to cover printing.
2. Group Campers

The provision or opportunity for nature study is
a Must in all state parks. Adults can best be
served by the use of Nature Museums and a compe-
tent "always in the public eye" Naturalist ser-
vice. Ioung people can also be reached by the
Tature Study and Iaturalist service, but the
preater number can be reached most effectively
through "Youth Group Camps," either period or
overnight or day camp groups. (Erom the Report
of the Committee on State Park Facilities and
Services, American Planning and Civic Annual,
1948-1949, p. 58.)

 

72

a. The Group Itself. The make—up of the various groups us-

 

ing the group camps varied considerably. There were re-
ligious organizations, sororities, 4-H groups, welfare
groups and Girl Scouts, each of which had a particular
purpose for coming to camp. Some wanted just to get out-
of-doors; others had definite planned objectives. The
ages of the campers ranged from around eight up to seven-
teen years. Iost of the camps had both boys and girls.
The majority of the groups had used the camping facili-
ties at IcCormick's Creek before, though particular capp-
ers may not have been with them previously.

The enthusiasm and receptivity of the campers at
naturalist activities was quite dependent on their camp
programs. The morale of those camps which did not keep
their campers active was generally low, and they were
often difficult for the naturalists to work with. A suc-
cessful active camp usually meant successful naturalist

activities with the campers.

b. Indoctrination Talk. many of the camp groups were not

 

fully aware of Park regulations concerning the picking
of wildflowers and the killing of animals such as snakes.
A short indoctrination talk by a naturalist in which he
would green the new campers and tell them about the Park
and its program, vould be helpful. Also a reptile demon-

stration by a naturalist could be recommended for each

camp program.

Yature Hikes. The nature hiking program which was the

 

major naturalist activity with the group camps was on

the whole quite satisfactory. As was mentioned previ-
ously, the success of the hikes as a canper activity de-
pended considerably on the rest of the camp program.

They were more successful when they were one of several
interesting activities in which the campers participated.
When they made up the major portion of the camp program,
they were not always successful. It was also important
that the camp leaders be sold on nature hikes as an in-
teresting and worthwhile activity. The tone of a group
was many times set by the camp leaders before the natur-
alist arrived, some groups being very enthusiastic,
others absolutely cold. If more preparation could be
given to the nature hikes, they would be more meaningful.
A fifteen-minute slide talk the evening before a hike, on
animals and wildflowers that would be seen, might help
considerably. The use of check lists in which the camp-
ers could check off things they had seen, could be tried.
If the canpers went on several hikes, they might be able
to work up a field notebook of check lists and notes as a
camp project.

Star Talks. Star talks were probably the favorite natur-

 

alist activity with the group campers. The beauty and
mystery of the night sky appeared to have a natural at-

traction for them. The interpretive method used, mixing

 

factual information with star legends and the identi-
fication of common star constellations, was also an
important factor to the success of the talks-—informa-
tion, action and drama.

Campfire Programs. The Wednesday evening campfire

 

program was another activity that was generally well

a 9

liked oy the campers. It provided fiaen with an oppor-

H-

tun ty to display some of their talents, and also
gave them a chance to share program.ideas. The camp-
ers particularly enjoyed canpfire songs that called
for some type of action on their part, or that pitted
sections cf the audience against each.ot1er vocally.
The building of the canpfire for the program
could be a camper activity. Also the clean-up of the
amphitheater area before the prOgram might be another
camp project. More publicity cculd be given for the

campfire prosram.

Pre-camp Planning, As is evident in the foregoing dis-

 

cussion concerning the group camp programs, there is a
definite need for better pre-canp planning on the part
of some of the canp leaders (See a. and c.). Their
camp programs should be well established before they
come to the Park. A naturalist should be available be-
fore the camping season to go over their programs with

1"

then and m.ke suggestions, ii they desire it. If such

74

 

75

a meeting could not be arranged, possibly mimeographed
material on nature activities appropriate to the Park,
and other program hints, could be mailed to the camp
leaders. Each canp leader would also be encouraged to
contact the Park naturalists on questions or problems
concerning his canp program.

In-camp Planning; In order to aid the camp leaders with

 

their programs while they were in camp, and to facili-
tate closer coordination between the naturalist services
and the camp pregrams, a naturalist could be assigned to
each group when they arrived. The camp and its program
would be his particular responsibility while the group
was in the Park. Some groups would probably require a
great deal of the naturalist's time-~others very little.
New Activities and Program Suggestions. An explansion
of the type of nature activities provided for the group
campers by the naturalist program would seem desirable.
Nature hikes are probably the important activity of the
naturalist program with file camps, but they should not
be the whole pregram. Such activities as nature crafts,
nature hobbies and nature games could be encouraged.
Himeosraphed informational material on nature crafts and
hobbies could be made available at die museum. Nature
games involving the displays in the museum and animal
shelter could be worked out and promoted by the natural-

ists. An exhibit at the museum on nature hobbies, in

 

 

 

Stage of the
McCormick's

 

Park Amphitheater,
Creek State Park

Plate 9

76

 

77

conjunction with the present exhibit on nature crafts
would be helpful. Also a demonstration exhibit on nature
crafts and hobbies might be loaned to the camps.

Nature projects would go over well with the older
campers. The Park Superintendent could be asked to sup-
ply a list of projects which would be feasible for then,
such as building erosion dams, brushing fire trails, and
improving wildlife habitats. Cookouts and overnight
campouts could also be promoted. Arrangements might be
made to show the color movie on Indiana State Parks at
the Park amphitheater, accompanied by a short introduc-
tory talk by one of the naturalists on the purpose and
aims of the State Parks. Other Park visitors could also
be invited. This would not be in place of the showing
at the hotel, but in supplenent of it.

Promotion of Self-activity. The camp leaders and camp-

 

ers should be encouraged to carry on as much of their

own nature progran as possible. As L. E. Sharp, Director

of Tational Camps, Inc., says, "No matter how well planned

the activity, unless every camper participating has a
hand in the launching of it, the activity will not be as

n1

complete or meaningful an experience as possible. Many

 

1L. B. Sharp. "Basic Considerations in Outdoor and

Camping Education." The Bulletin of the National Associa-
tion of Secondary School Principles. Vol. 31, No. 147, may,

 

 

1947.

£4.

78

of the activities already mentioned could Te carried on
by the campers with some direction from the Park natural-
ist. If sheets with well-written information on Sunken
Cave and Wolf Cave were available, the camp leaders
could conduct these hikin; activities themselves. Self-
conducted nature hikes might provide a challenge for the
campers. Carefully selected color slides on a nature
subject, with a projector and written talk, might be made
available to the camp leaders. Identification kits on
"The Rocks of thormick's Creek" could be loaned from the
museum. A mineographed information map of each group
canp area, which would identify prominent natural fea-
tures such as trees in the canp ground, could be fur-
nished the campers. With such a program the campers
could not only participate in nature activities when a
Park naturalist was available, but their whole canp pro-
gram could be based on nature, their crafts, gates and
hikes.

Iaturalist Activities Zoology. Uith an active nature

 

program in Operation in the group canps, it might be

possible to sponsor a contest for the best nature exhibit

1"

OJ.

1

tae week constricted by a camp or camper. The first

place exhibit would be displayed at the nature museum as

H m

lne exh’bit of the week." The second place exhibit

5

could be displayed in the hotel lobby.

8..

pl

5. Resi ent Campers

The Group Itself. Of all the four visitor groups in the

 

1

Park, tais group seemed to be the best oriented and most
independent. Iany of them had previous experience liv-
ing in state parks or similar areas and tad a very gpod
idea of what they wanted to do while in the Park. They
also appeared to be generally inforned about the purpose
and use of state park areas. The naturalists' personal
calls at the first of file week to inform_this group of
naturalist activities in the Park were greatly appreciat-
ed and promoted public relations.

New Activities and Program Suggestions. Bulletin boards

 

could be placed in the housekeeping cabin area and the
camp ground area to remind the resident canpers of the
naturalist activities, encourage them to use the trails,
and inform then of Park facilities. If a suitable spot

could be found, a small informal evenins canpfire program

U

might be given to help them become better acquainted. An

evening music prosran of phono;raph records at the Park
amph theater-~mineographed outlines for self-conducted
hikes, and sheets givinr information on the trees and
other natural points of interest in their immediate camp
areas--are other possibilities.

Iaturalist Activities Ecology. It was suggested previ-

 

ously that the color movie on Indiana State Parks, and

possibly a short introductory talk by one of the natural-
ists, be given at the P rk anphitheater for the group
canpers. The resident campers and all other Park visitors
could also be encouraged to attend. She music program
mentioned might be given for a half hour preceding the
movie--this type of prosram is used with good effect by
the Uational Park Service at Yosemite National Park.

Many of the suggestions made for fiie other group programs,
such as star hikes, evening nature strolls, etc., could

be applied to this group and would be available to them.
In this discussion only those activities pertaining to

resident campers in particular are mentioned.

4. Transient Visitors

The Group itself. The transient visitors might also be

 

called short-time visitors, as a large percentage were
picnickers and general sightseers. They were mostly week

end visitorsl

interested in seeing a few prominent fea-
tures in the Park such as the falls, the nature museum
and animal shelter, and during the summer months using
the swimming pool. They liked to lounge around on the

grass and visit th concession stand. Kany brought port-

able radios, softball equipment or cards to entertain

 

 

thenselves. A relatively small number got out on the
trails. Over fifty per cent were from cities pith popula-

1 1‘ ‘ J—
pue to their concentrated attend-

tions of over 50,000.
ance and their general attitude toward Kature, they were
best approached by indirect interpretive methods such as

the nature museum, animal shelter and "Tree" Nature Trail.

Transient Visitor Use of the Hature Uuseum. The nature

 

museum was the most important of the interpretive tools
for reaching the transient visitor. In 1950 over thirty-
nine per cent of all the visitors in the Park signed.the

o 1 O O I 0
re ister at the museum.~ This figure 18 quite conserva-

3
tive, since many visitors failed to sign the register on
crowded days.

'-

Tuseum Objectives Suringgthe Summer of 1951. During the

 

1."

summer of 1951 the major portion QL the naturalists' ef-

forts relating to the museum were directed toward improve-
ing the displays already present. This included new la-
beling, greater use of color background, and regrouping
of exhibits. A new exhibit on the identification of star
constellations was planned and work begun. Considerable

time was also spent completing a large topographical

model of the Park area.

lSee “ig. 9, p. 84.
2 . i
See Fig, d, p. 84.

82

 

 

 

A Housekeeping Cabin
at McCormick's Creek State Park

Plate 10

 

Visitor Reaction to Kuseum Exhibits; 0f the many exhib-
its in the museum,1 those that particularly attracted
the average visitor were the three nature games, the a-
quaria, the live blacksnake, the peephole exhibit and a
tree cross-section labeled "180 years old." (The nat-
uralist office-workshOp was situated so that most con-
versations in the museum could be heard, and these ex-

6

hibits exacted the most comment.) 01 the nature games,
the most popular was fine true-and-false game in which a
bulb lit for the correct answer. Kany times a lively
argument occurred between visitors over one of the
questions. It is interesting to note that the partici-
pating and moving type of exhibit attracted the most

attention.

museum Exhibit Ecology. There appears to be a definite

 

need to tie the exhibits t03ether and also to relate
them to natural points of interest on the Park trails.
For example, an exhibit case on birds consisted of one

' another on

shelf on four "Tufted :irds of Indiana,’
bird nests, and on the floor of the case a mount of a
Ringnecked Pheasant. The exhibit could be tied together
more completely by using the four tufted birds, their
particular nests as examples of types of bird nests, and

possibly the food habits of these same four birds in

place of the Ringnecked Pheasant.

1See Appendix, pp. II-VI.

84

ET-TDATICE, 1950

JIUSE UM ATP

‘
a l

NATUR“

 

 

Soon ..
4009 .-
3ooo _
an
“mad

muoaaon moosnoku hp vacancmup<

 

 

Two-week periods

Fig. 8

PERCENTAGE OF PARK VISITORS FROM VARIOUS SIZE CITIES, 1950

 

 

 

WT—

 

 

 

pnoo mom

.0-

com!

coma
.. 00.0

0090.
toému.

00066
I 000.0.

0000.0“

Populations

Fig. 9

Exhibits should also emphasize the connon animals
seen in the Park. As Ir. William Carr, formerly director
of the Trailside museum at Palisades Interstate Park, Yew
York, has said, "The average public is interested, not so
much in fine extraordinary, but rather in the everyday
commonplace events in natural history."1 The present
mammal display of the less commonly seen Red and Fox
Squirrels might therefore be more meaningful if it dis-
played the commonly-seen Chipmunk and Gray Squirrel.

Many of the exhibits could be connected to points of
interest seen along the Park trails. A fossil might re-
fer to the fine bed of fossil sea coral to be seen above
the falls--the "Limestone Castle," a water-worn piece of
limestone, to the water-worn curves and shapes in Wolf
Cave. Photosraphs of related natural features in the
Park could accompany an exhibit. A small note might be
added to each label in the wildflower display which would
enable the visitor to go out and locate die flower for

1
i

himself. The nature hicin; prosran, €13 nature talks,

the campfire pros an, the animal shelter and.the tree

L.)

trail should have some tie-in at the museum. The museum

I

exhibits should not be islands ’entire of themselves,"

but should be used to relate and tie the whole Park pro-

 

1William Carr. "Trailside Euseums and Nature Trails in
Parks." 1940 Yearbook, Park and Recreation Progress, Na-
tional Park Service, U. 8. Government Printing Office, 1940,
p. 79.

CD
0)

gram together.

Recomnendations and Suggestions for museum Exhibits.

 

There are several areas at the museum which could receive
more stress, such as conservation, State Park purpose and
use, the history of KcCormick's Creek tate Park, and
leisure time nature activities. A good possibility for a
conservation exhibit would be "Our Useful Hawks and
Owls." The materials for such an exhibit, a stuffed
Great Iorned Owl and a Red-shouldered Hawk, were availa-
ble at the museum. The two live owls in the animal shel-
ter might also be worked in. Conservation could also be
given stress in a forestry exhicit. The firetower, fire
lanes and forest plantations in the Park would provide
fine relative material.

The "nature craft" exhibit might be changed to "na~
ture hobbies," in Which the crafts would be included as a
hobby. Hature photOgraphy, bird study, rock collections,
and plaster—of—paris track collections are a few of the
nature hobbies that could be presented. This exhibit
would be valuable for activity inspiration for the group
campers. It is important that there be carry-over value
to the naturalist program--the Park visitor must not go
away from the Park with the feeling that nature exists
only in state parks and similar more or less wild areas,
but that it is sanething he may continue to study and en-

joy through nature hobbies and activities even in a large

a

i. Hiring-ulna!

city.

Since the transient visitor had very little opportu-
nity to become acquainted with.the purpose and use of the
State Parks excep fi1rough the trail map, which he may or
may not have obtained at the Park entrance, an attractive
diSplay on this subject at file museum would be a valuable
contact. Photographs or material from other State Parks
might be used.

An exhibit on the founding and story of IcCormick's

Creek State Park, the first of the Indiana State Parks,

 

is a must for the museum. Iaterials and information for
such an exhibit will have to be gathered soon, for many
of the old-timers who are familiar with the personal his-
tory have passed on, and th materials relating to the
Park have become lost.

Some use might be made of a question or suggestion
box near the registration table. At times specialists in
various fields visit the museum and have some very good
suggestions or corrections to make. General Visitors also
make consents that prove quite helpful.

Xuseum Library. It would be most desirable to have a

 

standard textbook in the museum on each of the major areas
of nature study. Host naturalists bring some of their own
books, but few have a complete library, or if they do, can
bring it with then. Possibly a loaning system could also

be arranged to make the books available to the group camps

88

 

 

 

 

Nature Museum showing
the Animal Shelter behind it,
McCormick's Creek State Park

Plate 11

89

or other particularly interested parties. The following

books

1.

12.

15.

14.

15.

are suggested as a nucleus for the library:

Comstock, Anna B. Handbook of Iature_8tudy, Com-
stock Publishing Co., Inc.

 

Beam, Charles C. Flora of Indiana. Indiana De-
partment of Conservation.

 

Sean, Charles C. Shrubs of Indiana. Indiana De-
partnent of Conservation.

 

Harlow, William L. Trees of Eastern_3nited States
anddganadanggeir Woodcraft and Hildlife Uses.
Eciraw-Hill.

 

 

Jaejer, Ellsworth. Wildwood Tisdon. New York,
Iacmillian.

 

Iephart, Horace. Camping and Woodcraft.

 

Loomis, Frederic f. Field Took of Zonmon Rocks
and fiinerals. S. P. Putnam's Sons, New York

1

and London.

 

 

Lutz, Prank E Field Took of Insects. G. P. Put-
nam's Sons, Kew York.

 

Lathews, F. Schuyler. Field book_of Anerican Wild

Flowers. G. P. Putnam's Sons, New York and
London.

 

 

 

Morgan, Ann H. Field Book of Ponds and Streams.

--‘-—-

b. P. Putnam's Sons, New York and London.

 

 

Peterson, ROger Troy. A Field Guide to the Birds.
New York, Houghton-Mifflin.

 

Pettit, T. Book of Nature Hobbies. New York,
Didier Publishers.

 

Pope, Clifford H. Amphibians and Reptiles of the
Chicago Area. Chicago Eatural history museum.

 

Vinal, William 3. Nature Recreation. New York,
thraw-Hill.

 

West, James E. and Iillcourt, W. Scout Field
Book. Boy Scouts of America.

 

h.

so

15. Williams, Lou. A Dipper Full of Stars.

 

17. Lander, Carl E. and Tlusman, Wes. H. Camp Songs
'N' Things. 1940 Addison Street, Berkeley 4,
California.

 

 

Museum Records. Records are an indispensable part of any

 

museum. An interesting and valuable object can become
nearly worthless to those working in the museum who do
not know its background. A file of records on the natu-
ral history of the Park is also an important phase of
museum activities. It is most disheartening, considering
the number of highly skilled naturalists who have been
stationed at EcCormick's Creek, to find so little infor-

mation available on the natural history of the Park.

 

Buseum Euty. It would promote public relations if there
were certain hours each day when a Park visitor would
know definitely that a naturalist was available at the
museum. Even it if was just for an hour, the visitor
would be able to depend on it. Luty hours could be
posted in the museum and on all Park bulletin boards.
Due to the location of the naturalist's office-work-
shop in the museum, and the necessity of having the nat-
uralist available, yet keeping curious visitors out of
the office, a half-door arrangement might be used in
place of the present door. The upper half would remain
open during dity hours, or at other times when the natu-

ralists were in the museus.

j.

(0
F4

Trailside Exhibits. On-the-spot or trailside exhibits

 

would be very useful to supplement the museum exhibits.
An attractive bulletin-board type of display near an
object or area of partioilar interest would probably be
irresistible to the average curious visitor. Park
areas and points of interest where such exhibits might
be used to good effect are Wolf Cave, Sunken Cave, The
Stone Bridge, Beech Grove, the Quarry, the Falls, the
Eiretower, and possibly die sinkhole area of trail five.
A very strategic location for a bulletin board on natu-
ralist activities in the Park would be at the refresh-
ment stand.

Animal Shelter. The animal Shelter was one of the more

 

popular attractions in the Park, eSpecially with chil-
dren. They particularly enjoyed feeding the animals.
The exhibit on snakes maintained during the summer
months received considerable attention.1 Definite ef-
forts should continue to be made by the naturalists to
explode the "snake myth" and to help prevent the present
general slaughter of harmless and beneficial snakes. An
expansion of the Sunday afternoon reptile demonstration
idea to include the group canps and the hotel guests,
would be a genuine step in this direction.

The relations between the animal keeper and the ani-

 

 

u..—

1The snakes were released at the end of the summer.

mals was very good-~a point which is most important to

1 Kore information

successful wild animal confinement.
concerning the diet of each species in captivity should
be obtained and the present diets reviewed. If a def-
inite feeding time for the animals could be established,
it might be an attraction for the Park visitors. A file
card of information on each individual animal in captiv-
ity would be very worthwhile, especially for a new keep-
er. Over the years, a valuable stockpile of information
could be built up.

Some of the cage labels need to be replaced. It is
suggested that more information on the individual animal
be incorporated into each.new label. An animal should
not be just "A Barred Owl," but "Rocky, a Earred Owl,
who was taken from a nest near Spencer and given to the
Park in 1947. He likes to be scratched behind the ears
and enjoys a fresh mouse." The visitor will be more apt
to remember the animals as individuals rather than as a
species, and will develop a more genuine interest in
them. Some mention might also be made on the labels of
the predator-prey relationship among animals. Few of
the visitors appear to realize that predators may be
beneficial.

Xany visitors who have been in the Park in previous

years still ask abdit and remember "Chucky-Lou," a wood-

 

1Dr. I. Hediger. Wild Animals in Captivity. Butter-
worths Scientific Publication, London, 1950, p. 162.

 

 

. .. 4,41%; . WM

95

chuck trained by one of the naturalists. They also re-
member a live Screech Owl that used to perch on the man-
tle above the fireplace in the museum. Though these
animals are now gone, the lasting impression they made
on the Park visitors is significant. This might be a
lead to new kinds of activities to be worked out in con-
junction with the aninal shelter. Several animals might
be trained or tamed for use in talks to schools or other
groups during the off seasons, and for Sunday afternoon
shows in the amphitheater during the summer.

1. "Tree" Nature Trail. As the "tree" nature trail was not

 

ready for use until the end of the 1951 season, little
comment seems justified until visitor reactions can be
observed. The idea is excellent, and the trail appears
to be well organized and laid out. The labels, however,
have weathered considerably since being put up.1 A most
important part of the trail yet to be constructed is a
satisfactory entrance. Once a visitor starts on the
trail, it is very likely he will continue--the problem
is to get him to start. This sign appears at the en-
trance of the nature trail at Bear Hountain, Palisades
Park in New York to help accomplish this purpose:

How many of us are able to read unaided the signs

of nature? Let the guiding labels take the place
of a naturalist friend who has an interesting

 

1See Appendix, pp. XII and XIII for map and sample la-
bels of tree trail.

m.

94

story to tell you as you follow the trail.1

vyos

Hature LlieS. Though most of the emphasis of the natu-

 

ralist program pertaining to the transient visitor is
of an indirect type, an Opportunity should be available
to them to participate in more direct naturalist activ-
ities. As was mentioned under the discussion of the
hotel group program, the Saturday and Sunday morning
hikes from the hotel could be given in the afternoon,

stOpping at the museum to pick up any transient visitors

no. The main problem would be to inform

K;

who cared to
the transient visitors of the hikes. Bulletin boards,
and notices at the museum, could be used, and possibly

some means of informing them at the Park entrance.

 

lOrth, J. C. The Trailside Nuseum and Nature Trails at

Bear Mountain, Palisades Interstate Park, Hew York. From a
report presented to 44th Annual meeting of the American As-
sociation of Museums, May, 1949, p. 4.

PART VI

SUIIITAHY

95

at

Q .n7 ‘v'
I.) :L.~-AR.L

1
*0

Though the naturalist program was described and ana-
lyzed by using visitor type groups, it is imperative that
the reader does not gain the impression that the prOgram
was made up of, or should be made up of, four distinct nat-
uralist programs, one for each group. Though certain ac-
tivities were aimed at a particular group, the program was
Operated as a whole, the hotel guests using the museum and
other facilities discussed under transient visitors, the
resident canpers attending the nature hikes from the hotel,
and so on throughout the program. A particular activity
was discussed under the group it most vitally concerned.

The following is a summary of the major points brought

out in the analysis.

97

SUIHARY

General Program

 

The recreational aim of the naturalist program was ade-
quately met. Powever, there is need for more emphasis

on park use and preservation.

The essential qualifications for an Indiana State Park
Naturalist, in fine order of their importance,are: social-

mindedness, enthusiasm for Hature, and subject knowledge.

Th democratic operation of the naturalist program pro-
moted a harmonious working relationship among the natur-
alists and a quite smoothly operated program. Also it
provided for individualization concerning naturalist ac-

tivities.

Park employee-visitor relations could be promoted through
the use of a Park employee handbook and/or lectures for

the employees by members of the Division of State Parks.
I .. .1

An active year-round naturalist program is recommended as
rendering the greatest service to the community surround-
ing the Park, and as providing the greatest return on the

Park investment.

A continuing effort is necessary on fine part of the nat-

uralists to relate the activities and facilities of the

program--"?atura1ist Activities Ecology."

7. With the increased amount of leisure time available to
most Americans, there is a definite need to promote worth-
while leisure-time activities. The naturalist program

should pronote leisure-time nature activities and hobbies.

(D

t in file Park could be increased by the giv-

i...

8. Public 'ntere
ing and publicizins of names to many of the naturel fea-

tures in fine Park.

9. Park Collaborators, working with no salary, but with board
and room free, are suggested as a means of obtaining tech-
nical information on the natural history of state park

areas where park hotels are located.

10. A continuing nature article in "Outdoor Indiana" by the
Park naturalists is suggested as a means of presenting

and publicizing naturalist activities in the State Parks.

Hotel Group

 

1. The naturalist-hotel manager relationship, by whhzh the
naturalists received board and room free and in return
conducted a recreation.program for the hotel guests, made
it possible for more state park naturalists to be hired
for a given amount of money; but it tended to center the

naturalist prOgram at the hotel.

99

2. The evening social recreation program helped considerably
in promoting a friendly infornal atmosphere at the hotel,
and in selling the naturalists ani the rest of fine natur-

alist program to the hotel glests.

3. It is suggested that file Saturday and Sunday morning na-
ture hikes from the hotel be changed to Saturday and Sun-
day afternoon for the benefit of the weekend transient

visitors.

4. Scheduled star talks and evening nature strolls are pos-

sible new hotel activities.

Group Campers

 

l. The success of the naturalist progran with a group camp
was considerably dependent upon the success of the camp

itself.

2. Kore pre-hike preparation is suggested as a means of mak-

ing the nature hikes more successful.

5. Kore pre-camp planning is recommended as a means of im-

proving canp programs.

4. The assignment of a naturalist to a group When it arrives
in the Park is suggested as another means of aiding camp

leaders with their programs.

100

An expansion of the types of naturalist activities of-
fered to the group camps is recommended to supplement the

present prosran in which nature hikes predominate.

In order to wake the nature program more meaningful to
the campers, it is recommended that the program be car-
ried on as much as possible by the camp leaders and camp-

ers themselves.

Resident Campers

 

The personal contact information service offered to the
resident campers at the first of each week promoted

public relations.

Bulletin boards, a small informal evening campfire pro—
gram, an evening “usic program, self-guiding nature ac-
tivities, and the State Parks movie, are new activities

suggested for this group.

Transient Visitors

 

The most practical way to reach the transient visitor is
through indirect interpretive methods--the nature museum,
animal shelter, "tree" nature trail, and trailside ex-

hibits.

The most important interpretive tool for reaching fine

transient visitor was the nature museum.

3. The moving and participating types of exhibits attracted

the most attention from museum Visitors.

4. There is a need to relate the various museum exhibits
with points of interest on the Park trails, and with the

naturalist activities.

5. Areas recommended for more emphasis in the nature museum
are conservation, State Park purpose and use, history of

McCormick's Creek State Park, and leisure-time activities.

6. A museum library of standard textbooks on the various ma-

jor areas of nature study is recommended.

7. It is recommended that records be kept on museum acces-

sions and Park natural history.

8. In order to promote public relations, it is suggested that
there be definite hours when a naturalist is available at

the mus eum .

9. Trailside exhibits are recommended as a supplement to the

nature museum.

10. New and more complete labels, possible animal diet im-
provements, a trained or tamed animal show, continuing
"snake education," and file cards for each animal, are

suggestions for the animal shelter.

11. The construction of an enticing entrance to the "tree"

lOl

102

nature trail will be a decisive factor in its use.

q
'4

U
3
sh
C: \
do
a.
at:

It is not necessarily attendance at the naturalist ac-
tivities that will indicate the value and effect of the
naturalist program, but the last inspiration and carry-over

value of the various activities.

APPENDIX

TABLE I

CLIMATIC RECORDS FOR THE
McCORMICK'S CREEK AREAl

 

 

-.-

 

 

Average Average Average

Month Precipitation Temperature Snowfall
January 5.79 (inches) 29.80F. 7.8 (inches)
February 5.04 51.2 6.4
March 4.76 42.8 5.5
April 5.74 52.2 0.5
May 4.12 65.4 trace
June 5.96 71.8 —-
July 5.95 76.2 -—
August 5.85 74.5 -—
September 5.22 68.2 -—
October 5.25 56.4 0.1
November 5.15 45.7 0.6
December 5.49 52.6 4.7

Totals 44.55 56.5 25.6

 

lSumnary of Climatological Data (to 1950). Bulletin W.,
Third Edition, Vol. II, Sections 54-71, U. S. Department of
Agriculture, Weather Division.

 

II

APPENDIX

General Layout Plan of Exhibits at the Nature Museum,
McCormick's Creek State Park, Summer, 1951'

 

 

  

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III

APPENDIX

General Layout Plan of Exhibits at the Nature Museum,

(1)

(2)

(5b)

(5e)

(5e)
(6)

(7)

(Ba)
(8b)
(80)
(8d)
(8e)
(8f)

McCormick's Creek State Park, Summer, 1951

"Development of a Hog-nosed Snake": Preserved specimen
6, 5, 4, 5, 2 and 1 weeks before birth and at birth.

"Campground Visitors": A habitat group which included
a baby Skunk, a Chipmunk and a Deer Mouse.

"Food Habits of Mammals": Several types of skulls to
point out teeth adaptations for eating.

"The Bat Our Only Flying Mammal": mounted skeleton of
a bat and two stuffed bats.

Lifelike mounts of a Red and a Fox Squirrel.
Lifelike mount of a Golden Eagle perched on a stump.

"Tufted Birds of Indiana": Cardinal, Titmouse, Bluejay
and Cedar Waxwing.

"Bird Builders": Examples of various types of bird
nests.

Lifelike mount of a Ring-necked Pheasant.
"Butterfly Botanist": Several species of butterflies
mounted lifelike on a background of their preferred
fOOd plant a

"Tree of Plant Life": A treelike flat wall display
showing the evolutionary relationship of the major
plant groups.

Moss terrarium.

Moss terrarium.

Aquarium, "Turtle Eggs."

Aquarium, "Darters?

Aquarium, "Catfish."

Aquarium, "Minnows."

(83)
(sh)

(10)
(11)

(12)
(15)
(14)
(15)

(16)

(17)

(18a)
(18b)

(18c)

(19)

(20)

(21)

(22)

IV

APPENDIX

Aquarium, "Box Turtles."

Aquarium, "Musk Turtle" and "Painted Turtle"

"What is Your Bird I. Q.?": Nature game on the common
birds of the Park, which sounded a buzzer When the
correct nane of a bird was matched with its picture.
Cage containing a live immature Pilot Blacksnake.

"Do You Know These Plants?": Wildflower exhibit in
which fourteen fresh cut flowers were placed in mount-

ed bottles. It was necessary to push a button to il-
luminate the label of each flower.

Plank cut from Tulip Tree that was nine feet in diame-
ter.

Peephole exhibit with a Bird Nest Fungus on display.
Bulletin board on door of office-workshop with a map
of the Park and a scratch pad to leave notes for the
naturalists.

Cross-section of a giant grapevine stem.

Cross-section of a Basswood log labeled "180 years
old."

Arrowheads, spear points and other Indian tools.
Indian Bannerstone, Bird Points.

”Indian Tools":
tle.

Awl, scraper, knife, mortar and pes-

Display on how an Indian tomahawk was made.

A vase of "weed" stems which were coated with various
colors of paint.

Three picture-frame mounts hung above the fireplace:
a Prairie Chicken, a Common flack Duck and a Ruffed
Grouse 0

Half of a large geode with a light bulb mounted in it.

A painted woodland scene that features mushrooms.

(23a)
(25b)

(24)

(25)

(26a)
.(26b)

(26c)

(27)

V7

APPENDIX

An exhibit on the major parts of a twig: lenticles,
terminal bud, lateral bud, bud scales, etc.

"How a Tree Grows": Showing growth rings, spring and
summer wood.

"True or False?" Nature Game: A bulb lit when the
correct "true" or "false" button was pushed. The fol-
lowing were the statements used, True or False?:

1. Poison Ivy has three leaflets.
2. Milk Snakes milk cows.
5. The Blue Racer is a poisonous snake.
4. The Water Snake found in Indiana is the poisonous
Water Moccasin or Cotton Mouth.
5. Cowbirds lay their eggs in the nests of other
birds.
6. Sunfish build nests and the males guard the eggs.
7. Owls can see during the day.
8. Handling toads will cause warts.
9. You can be poisoned by touching a poisonous mush-
room.
10. A horse hair placed in water will turn into a
Horse Hair Snake.
11. Host hawks are destructive around a farm.
12. A modern farmer who wants wildlife on his farm
will have clean-cut fence rows.
15. A snake smells with his tongue.
14. Orchids grow wild in Indiana woodlands.
15. The "Milky Way" is composed of millions of stars.
16. Indiana was once covered by an ocean.

A large bulletin board: Posters mounted were "Smoky
says, Use it, Crush it, Break it, Drown it," and
"what We Get From Trees."

"Hother-of—Pearl Buttons": Tow Hother-of—Pearl but-
tons are obtained from mussel shells.

How to make leaf prints, splatter prints, roller oil
prints and ozalid prints.

"Outdoor Aids": An exhibit on the pamphlets for sale
at the museum, "Birds of Indiana" and "Fifty Common
Trees."

Tall plaques in which cones and needles of several
species of "evergreens" had been mounted in plaster-
of-paris: Canadian Hemlock, Pitch Pine, Red Pine, etc.

(31)
(51a)

(51b)

(51c)
(51d)

(51c)

(52)

(:55)

VI

APPENDIX
Yature crafts: How to make animals and figures out of
natural materials, "Woodland Pixies."

Camp craft materials: Use of walnut shells and whit-
tling.

How to weave a basket.

Registration Desk: "Please Register. Help us Keep a
Record of Daily Attendance. Thanks."

"Rocks of IcCormick's Creek," displayed on an easel-
type mount: Fossils, chert, limestone.

"A Story In Books."

I. The Ocean Age: Fossils of Brachiopods and Sea
Coral.

II. Coal Forming Age: Fossils of Fern Tree, Calamite
and Club Moss.

(Displays of the Mississippian, Silurian
and Ordovician ages were used as a
background for 51a and 51b.)

III. Age of mammals: Mastodon tusk, Musk 0x skull.

Concretions, geodes, "Limestone Castle" (a water-worn
piece of limestone of unusual shape).

"It's Fun to Find Out," nature game on rocks. A buz-
zer sounded when the correct answer and rock were
matched.

"Exhibit of the Week."

An exhibit showing the contents of some owl pellets,
and a mounted Screech Owl.

VII

APPEYLIK

Typical Program for a Song Fest
As Conducted by the fiaturalists at fioCormick's Creek
State Park During the Summer of 1951

f h."

Honday evening, 8:30 P. h. to approximately s.oO P. 1., held
in the hotel lounge. Songbooks with words only were passed
out and chairs arranged in a semicircle around a piano. A
naturalist acted as master of ceremonies and song leader.

Greeting

Songs:
"Smiles"

"When You "ore a Tulip"
"I Want a Girl"

Announcements:

Announcements were made pertaining to other hotel and
naturalist activities.

Introductions:

The hotel manager, piano player and the other natural-
ists were introduced to the hotel guests. This was
followed by having the hotel guests stand up by their
home states and each give his name and home town. Af-
ter a group from a particular state finished giving
their names, a song was dedicated to that state:

Kentucky - "My Old Kentucky Home"

Chio - "Beautiful Ohio"

Illinois - University of Illinois Fight Son

Iissouri - "Iissouri Waltz"

Indiana - "Back Home Again in Indiana"

(H

Songs:

Usually these were songs that required physical action
on the part of the audience, and a round or two, to
loosen them.up for the following activities.

"My Eonnie Lies Over the Ocean"
"Row, Row, ROW YOUI‘ Boat"
"Sweetly Sings the Donkey"

VIII

APPEHBIX

Song Fest, Cont'd

Talent:
Members of the audience were asked for contributions
of talent to the program, such as singing, leading
songs, telling jokes or stories, etc. If no one vol-
unteered, one of the naturalists took the children
out into the hotel lobby and taught them a simple
song such as "Bentsy Teentsy Spider" which they gave
for the group. In the meantime one of the other nat-
uralists led the rest of the group in one or two
songs.

Songs:
"There is a Tavern in the Town"
"Hhen It's Springtime in the Rockies"
"On TOp of Old Smoky"
"Reuben and Rachel"
"Casey"
"Let Me Call You Sweetheart"
"Evening by the moonlight"

Hokey-Kokey:
The prOgram was ended with a reminder of the other
naturalist activities, and by having all the people
in the audience push their chairs toward the center
of the room, join hands and form a large circle around
the outside of the room. A singing action song called
the "Hokey-Kokey" similar to a round dance, then
closed the program.

IX

AP ENDI"

A Typical PrOgram for a Square Dance
as Conducted by the Naturalists at McCormick's Creek
State Park During the Summer of 1951

Tuesday evening, 8:15 P. H. to approximately 9:45 P. M. Most
of the guests arrived on hay wagons. The dance was held at
Redbud Picnic Shelter.

Greeting

Circle fiance:
A large circle was formed y all those who cared to
dance. Eundamentals such as the swing and promenade
were taught. This was followed by a simple circle
dance--"Gents to the center and Ladies all cheer,
swing that lady on your left, promenade." The circle
was then divided into groups of eight and the individ-
ual squares formed.

Square Dances:
"Right Hand Star and How Do Eou Bo"
"Lady Around Lady and Gent Around Gent"
"You Swing Your Gal and I'll Swing Mine"

Short Intermission:
Waltzes, Polkas or Schottishes were played.

Square Dances:
"Around That Couple and Take a Little Peek"
"Forward Six and Fall Tack Six"

"Birdie in the Cage and Six Hands 'Round

Intermission:

Pefreshments of lemonade and hotdogs were served by the
help from the hotel. Usually one of the naturalists
led the Shall children in a very imple round dance,
"Bluebird, Bluebird on Ky Shoulder."

Circle Lance:
"Skip to My Lou."

APPEHEIX

A Typical Campfire Program
As Conducted by the Jaturalists at McCormick's Creek
State Park During the Summer of 195

"fledneSd 2f evening, 8:00 P. II. to approx-131813313. 9:30 P0 110
Held at the Park outdoor anphitheater.

Greeting and lighting of campfire

Songs:
"The Iore Te Get TOgether
"When You Wore a Tulip"
"Push the Damper In"

Introductions:
Introduction of the other naturalists, the camp groups
and their leaders, and other groups such as hotel
guests and resident campers.

Songs:
"Do Your Ears Hang Low"
"Yhite Coral Bells," a round
"On Top of Old Smoky"
"Yolf Hunt" (a story told by a naturalist which called
for action on the part of the audience)

The Group-camp PrOgrams:
Camp Ya-Wa-Qua sang camp songs
Camp IcCormick put on an old-fashioned melodrama
Camp Eriendly put on a little skit, "The Devil in
Church," and three of the talented campers played
musical instruments

Indian Legend (optional)
If it was not dark enough to show slides, one of the
naturalists told an Indian Legend.

Iature talk with color slides

 

XI

APPEYD f

A Typical Program for Game Night
As Conducted by the Jaturalists at IcCormick's Creek
State Park During the Summer of 1951

Thursday evening, 8:30 P. I. to approxinately 9:50 P. i., held
in the recreation room of the hotel.

Up—and-down Jenkins:
A game played with a coin arou-d a ping pong table, in
which one side tried to guess which member of the Oppos-
ing team had the coin. A newcomer could enter the game
inmediately on arriving in the recreation room.

Form Teams:

Usually everyone was given the name of either "cow,"
"pig" or "sheep," while playing Up-and-down Jenkins, and
after the ping pong tables were pushed out of the way,
they were told find their kind. This resulted in a bed-
lam of "mooing," "baaing" and "oinking."

Relays:
Pass the Lifesaver
Pack to Pack
Cracker-whistle

Alphabet Game:
Each player on a teen had a card, or possibly two, with
a large letter of the alphabet on it. A word was an-
nounced by the naturalist, and the first team to line up
their players to flora the word won.

Artist Tear-out:

Each tean selected an artist and a judge to represent
them. The judges were sent out of the room and the art-
ists were asked to tear the shape of a giraffe out of a
newspaper behind their backs. Kembers of the team could
give verbal instructions but no physical aid. A time
limit was set and the judges then called in to choose
the winners.

Twenty Questions:

Each team sent a member to the naturalist who whispered
to them the name of a person, place or thing. They then
went back to their groups, but could only answer "yes"
or "no" to the questions the group asked. The first
team to arrive at the correct answer won.

run-‘2

AP PEND IX

"Tree" Nature Trail
McCormick's Creek State Park

 

/

Placement e G
label:

Ammo!
Shelter

 

 

 

Length ) “PP'°’WM afielg I700 Gut

 

 

 

 

 

 

XII

 

XIII

APPEHDIX

Typical Labels From the "Tree" Nature Trail,
McCormick's Creek State Park

Passwood

The Indians called this tree the string tree because
its bark is strong and used in making rope. The wood
is a favorite among wood carvers. Watch for its heart-
shaped lopsided leaves.

Shagbark Hickory

my bark is untidy,
It twists and it bends.
Though its middle stays fastened
It's loose at both ends.

Sycamore

The smooth, light bark which peels, revealing White
patches, and the broad maple-like leaves are character-
istics by which.you can tell this tree.

Black Walnut

Hy leaves are long,

My leaflets small.

Black is my bark,

I'm furrowed and tall.
Squirrels eat my nuts,
People do too:

Hy wood is in.fine furniture
Roth old and new.

Look for a crooked White Ash on the left. This one
has a shelf fungi growing on the trunk-~a sign that the
tree is probably hollow.

Tap on the trunk-~does it sound hollow?

Iou can tell from its leaves that this tree is a
maple. The sap from this kind of maple is used in syrup
for your pancakes. Can you guess that this is a
Q P if 9
U L 114'. o

10.

11.

12.

DIELIOGRAPHY

Annual Report 1950, Oglebay Institute, Wheeling, Test Vir-
Sinia 0

Bean, Hayes, Ryman, Shaffer, Swendes and Wilson. An anal-
ysis of McCormick's Creek State Park. An unpublished re-
port for Outdoor Recreation, I.P.E.R. 551, Indiana Uni-
versity. Available at the Superintendent's Office, IcCor-
mick's Creek State Park.

 

V'f

Eryant, d. C. and Atwood, Jr., T. u. Research and Educa-
tion in fine Iational Parks. 1. S. Government Printing
Office, Washington, D. 0., 1956, 66 pp.

 

 

Camnerer, Arno B. Hational Parks and flew World Idealism.
Anerican Planning and Civic Annual, American Planning and
Civic Association, Yashington, D. 0., 1948, pp. 43-47.

 

Camping and Outdoor Education. The Bulletin of the Nation-

 

al Association of Secondary-School Principals. Vol: 31,
number 147, Kay, 1947.

 

Carlson, Reynold E. Enjoying Hature, Hational Recreation
Association, R. Y., 1945, 40 pp. (Has a very good bibli-
o:raphy on nature trails and nature museums.)

 

Carr, William. Trailside Museums and Hature Trails in
Parks. 1940 Yearbook, Park and Recreation Prosress, Na-
tional Park Service, a. S. Jovernnent Printing Office,
Washington, 1941, pp. 77-79.

 

Chase, Pearl. Public Participation in Park Work. 1938
Yearbook Parks and necreation Proiress,_fiational Park
Service, U. o. @overnnent Printing Office, Tashington,
1959, pp. 13—22.

 

Cornell Rural School Leaflet. Nature Tritinjs, Vol. 44,
3o. 1. September 1950, 65 pp. '

 

Dangremond, Ielson. Recreation Leadership in State Parks.
Recreation. Vol. XLV, Ho. 9, pp. 495-497 (Pebruary,1952L

 

Description of Properties and facilities Operated by the
Indiana Department of Conservation, Division of State
Parks, Lands and Waters. Indiana Department of Conserva-
tion, 1948. Unnumbered pages.

Eppley, Garrett 3. State Parks--3enters for Nature Recre-
ation. Recreation. Vol. XXKIV, No. 1, pp. 23-27; 58.
(April, 1940).

 

BIBLIOGRAPHY

15. Forbes, Ian. The Program Demonstration at the Swift Creek
Recreational Area. 1958 Yearbook, Parks and Recreation
Progress. TTational Park Service. U. S. Government
Printing Office, Washington, 1939, pp. 62-65.

 

 

14. Hediger, Dr. H. Translated by 3. Sircon. Wild Animals in
Captivity. Butterwortli's Scientific Puolications, Lon-
don, 1950: 207 pp.

 

 

15. helman, Vernon R. M.rc1aeolo3ical Survey of Owen County,
Indiana. Indiana Historical Pureau. Indianapolis, Indi-
.ana, 1950, 49 pp.

 

16. Hi3h1ijits of State Park Philosophy. American Plannin3
and Civic Annual,_ American Plannin: and Civic Associa-

’1

tion, nashin3ton, D. 0., 1948, pp. 43-47.

 

 

17. Horney, Robert L. Public Relations As I See It Tonay.
Recreation. Vol. 42, pp. 12-15 (April, 1948).

 

18. Howe, 3. X. Educational Opportunities Actual and Poten-
tial Afforded by the State Parks of New York. Unpub-
lished P.H.D. Thesis. Cornell University, 1948.

 

 

l9. Kunkel, Kenneth H. The Indiana State Park System. Ameri-
can Planning and Civic Annual. American Planning and
Civic Association, 1940, pp. 149-154.

 

20. Leadership and PrOgrams on State Parks. 1937 Yearbook,
Parks and Recreation Progress. Rational—Park Service,
;. S. .overnnent Printin3 Office, hashington, 1958, pp.
01-05
A: (a Q

 

 

 

 

21. Lieber, Richard. Hature's Balances in Parks and ElseWhere.
1940 Yearbook,_Parks and Recreation Progress. Rational
Park Service, U. S} Governnent Printing ‘ffice, 1941, pp.
82-85.

 

ID
to

. Hann, Roberts. Outdoor Eduzation in Parks. Parks and Re:
creation. Vol. XXI, 30. 1, pp. 5-6 (January, 1948).

 

 

 

23. Moses, Robert. Philosophy of a Park System. Recreation.
Vol. 42, pp. 506-509 (October, 1948).
24. Orth, J. C. The Trailside museum and Yature Trails at Bear

Mountain, Palisades Interstate Park, New York. From a
talk given at the 44th annual meetings of the American As-
sociation of museums, Chica3o, Illinois. Hay 19-21, 1944.
10 pp.

 

25.

27.

28.

31.

C)!
m
.

55.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

7v '.~‘.'

Pangburn, a. u. Nature Center for Hitchell Woods at New
London. Parks and Recreation. Vol. XXXII, No. 6, pp.
531-534, (dune, 1949).

 

Price, Betty. Adventurin'T in Hature. National Recreation

Association. Jew York, 1958, 96 pp.

 

Report of the Board of Park COmmissiqners of The Cleveland
Ietropdlitan Park District. 1948, 99 pp.

 

 

Report of the Committee on State Park Facilities and Ser-
vices. American Planning and Civic Annual. Anerican
Planning and Civic Association, 1948, pp. 38-42.

 

Russel, Carl P. Perspective in Iational Park Affairs.
Recreation. Vol. KKKIV, To. 1, pp. 7-11; 60 (April,
1940).

 

Sauers, Charles A. HcCormickLs Creek Canyon State Park, A
History and Description. The Department of Conservation,
State of Indiana, Division of Lands and Waters. Publica-
tion Ho. 38, 1925. 24 pp.

 

 

 

Schwob, F. T. Parks and Recreation From the State's Point
of View. American Planning and Civic Annual. American
Planning and Civic ssociation, 1945, pp. 135-139.

 

Studies of the Park and Recreation Problem of the United
States. Rational Park Service, U. 3. Government Printing
Office, 1941, 279 pp.

 

Summary of Climatological Data. (To 1950). Bulletin W,

 

Third Edition, Vol. 11, Sections 84-71, U. S. Department

of Agriculture, Heather Division.

The Indianapolis News, Vol. XLVII, No. 179, July 1, 1916,
p. 15.

The Indianapolis Star, Vol. 21, No. 19, June 24, 1925, p.
17.

Vinal, William G. Eature Recreation. HcCraw-Hill Book
Company, Yew York and London, 1940, 522 pp.

 

7r

Vindal, Ku3o A. I. Nature Guide Trainina Institute Report.

 

Hichigan‘Departnent of Conservation, 1940, unnumbered
pages. ‘*

BIBLIOGRAPHY

38. Tirth, Conrad L. 'he Meaning of Parks and Recreation.
1940 Yearbook, Parks and Recreation Progress. National
Park Service, U. S. Government Printing Office, 1941,
p. VI.

 

 

 

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McCORMICK'S CREEK
STATE PARK

Established 1916 Area, 1055 Acres

Located on Road 46, near Spencer
*

This, park, located in the White River valley
in Owen County, has within its boundary some
of the most majestic scenery to be found in
the state. It is at the edge of the stone belt
and is noted for the quarry from which some
of the foundation stone of Indiana’s state
capitol was taken. Ravines, sink holes, and
wooded slopes with the falls of McCormick’s
Creek are among the attractions.

FOur organized group camps make this park
popular for youth groups during all seasons of
the year. Each camp is provided with dining
lodge, kitchen, sleeping quarters and other
buildings. A natural history museum displays
the characteristic flora and fauna of the park
and many of the birds and small mammals of the
area are exhibited adjacent to the museum.

A modern out-door swimming pool and bath-
house is another of the attractions of the park.
Experienced lifeguards are on duty at all times
and the water in the pool meets every require-
ment for health.

 

 

 

 

I N N
McCORMICK’S CREEK STATE PARK
Open All Year

CANYON

Canyon Inn offers the park guest overnight and vaca—
tion accommodations at all seasons of the year. It provides
modern accommodations and excellent dining room serv-
ice with characteristic Hoosier hospitality. ln harmony
with the natural surroundings the Inn affords a quiet
atmosphere for those who choose to spend a few days or
a week in one of Indiana’s most popular state parks.

Arrangements can be made in advance for accommo—
dating group meetings and banquets, particularly during
the Fall, Winter and Spring months.

As in all Indiana State Park Inns, the rates have pur-
posely been kept low to encourage use by family groups
Reservation and rate information requests should be ad-
dressed tO the “Reservation Clerk,” Canyon Inn, McCor-
mick’s Creek State Park, Spencer, Indiana.

THIS IS YOUR PARK

All visitors are expected to observe the following rules
which are designed to fulfill the purpose for which state
parks were established, namely, to preserve a primitive
landscape in its natural condition for the use and enjoy-
ment of the people.

I Do not injure or damage any structure, rock, tree,
flower, bird or wild animal within the park.

2. Firearms are prohibited at all times.

3. Dogs must be kept on leash while in the park.

4. There shall be no vending or advertising without
permission of the Department of Conservation.

5. Camping areas are provided at a fee of twenty-five
cents per car or tent for each 24 hours or fraction
thereof.

6. Fires shall be built only in places provided. Visitors
must put waste in receptacles provided for that
purpose.

7. Motorists will observe speed limits as posted in the
park and park in designated areas.

8. Bathing is limited to such places and times as des—

ignated by the Department of Conservation.

9. Drinking water should be taken only from pumps,
hydrantsor fountains provided for that purpose.
This water supply is tested regularly for purity.

CONSIDER THE RESULTS IF OTHER VISITORS
USE THE PARK AS YOU DO

*

HELP PREVENT FOREST FIRES

Build fires only in designated places.

Be sure that cigars or cigarettes are extinguished before
they are thrown away.

Break your match before you drOp it.

Report any violation of fire regulations to park officials
at once.

Fire Is the Greatest Threat to Our Parks
and Forests

INDIANA DEPARTMENT OF CONSERVATION
Division of State Parks, Lands and Waters

EACH INDIANA STATE PARK is fully equipped with all facilities for picnic
parties or campers. The water is tested regularly throughout the season by the
State Board of Health. Shelter houses and refreshment stands provide rest and
comfort. Hotel reservations should be made by mail direct to the Inns.

TURKEY RUN STATE PARK in Parke County includes the finest of that interest-
ing landscape for which Sugar Creek is famous. Here are the most spectacular
gorges of the midwest, cut in sandstone by the action of glacial streams. Here
also is an area of two hundred and eighty—five acres of virgin timber, including
wonderful specimens of tulip, poplar, walnut, oak, cherry, hemlock, sycamore
and maple.

The heavy timber growth and the cool canyons decorated with lace-like ferns,
moss and vines, provide a never ending thrill to nature lover and hiker.

Turkey Run lnn‘provides modern hotel quarters and meals. Shelter houses and
refreshment stands are located in the picnic area.

CLIFTY FALLS STATE PARK comprises a portion of the rugged, majestic land—
scape of historic Jefferson County near Madison, where the beautiful Ohio Valley
is finest. The outstanding feature of this park is the water-worn gorge where
Clifty Creek drops seventy feet from a stone ledge. Trails wind through the arealL
hollow and along the sides of precipitous vine and fern—covered cliffs, giving access
to wooded ravines and lesser waterfalls. V

Clifty Inn is on the crest of a steep slope, four hundred feet above the Ohio
River. The sweeping curves of the river, Kentucky hills far distant, and the pan-
orama of Madison are unsurpassed when viewed from the Inn veranda. The Inn
provides comfortable beds, and well-cooked food in abundance.

SPRING MILL STATE PARK of thirteen hundred and eighty-four acres in Law-
rence County, is perhaps the most unique of the state parks. Here in a beautiful
little valley among heavily forested hills is the restored pioneer village of Spring
Mill with its massive stone grist mill operated by a flume and overshot wafer
wheel. The post office, general store, apothecary, nursery, distillery, saw mill and
numerous residences all furnished completely in the period of our forefathers,
provide a never ending delight to.park guests.
Caves and subterranean streams are added natural attractions.

VERSAILLES STATE PARK on U. S. 50 near Versailles, is the second area given
to Indiana by the federal goverment and boasts the same facilities as Tippecanoe
River State Park. The park includes more than 5.000 acres. The Laughery Creek
area, so typical of southeastern Indiana, is considered by experts one of the finest
locations in the middle west for field trials.

INDIANA DUNES STATE PARK comprises twenty-two hundred acres of primi—
tive, beautiful, historical and amazingly unique Hoosier landscape. It lies in Porter
County and includes three miles of Lake Michigan's south shore, all of which pro—
_ vides a magnificent beach capable of accommodating many thousands of bathers.
A three-story pavilion on the beach provides shelter, bath houses, and locker
room, and houses cafeteria, complete restaurant and dining room service. The
Dunes Hotel, overlooking the lake, contains fifty sleeping rooms. Limited American
plan service is available at Duneside Inn, the park‘s second hotel.

SHADES STATE PARK was acquired in I948 as the result of a state wide public
subscription campaign. Located ten miles east of Turkey Run State Park, its 1,952

 

 

THE INTELLIGENT USE OF
LEISURE TIME

This trail map is given to you with the compli-
ments of the State of Indiana through its De-
partment of Conservation in the hope that it
will direct your attention to the primary pur-
pose for which the state park system has been
established. -

These recreational areas are parts of “origi—
nal America,” preserving for posterity typical
primitive landscapes of scenic grandeur and
rugged beauty.

Along the quiet trails through these reserva-
tions, it is to be expected that the average citi-
zen will find release from the tension of his
overcrowded daily existence; that the contact
with nature will re—focus with a clearer lens his
perspective on life’s values and that he may
here take counsel with himself to the end that
his strength and confidence are renewed.

Division of
STATE PARKS, LANDS AND WATERS

 

 

 

3-51—80M F”

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WAN STATE WW
gmweme. Mica “out”

acres of rugged Sugar Creek terrain have long been famous for its appeal to the
hiker who seeks to explore the deep sandstone gorges and quiet trails through
virgin timber. Shades Inn offers the state park visitor overnight vacation accom—

modations from late Spring to early Fall.

SHAKAMAK STATE PARK lies in a triangle of Clay, Greene and Sullivan Counties,
offering the recreational features of rugged and wooded country. Outstanding
features of the park are two beautiful, meandering lakes totalling eighty—five
acres, affording boating and supervised swimming. Shakamak ls equipped with
bunk houses and mess halls to accommodate organized camping groups.

MUSCATATUCK STATE PARK in Jennings County, embraces the finest scenery,
gorges and timbered slopes of the beautiful Muscatatuck River. This section of
Jennings County long has been known for fine hunting and excellent fishing.
Muscatatuck Inn, with its cottages, provides delightful lodging and wholesome
food for those seeking quiet and restful surroundings, and enjoys a wide reputation

among motorists as a stop—over point.

TIPPECANOE RIVER STATE PARK embraces more than six thousand acres near
Winamac, including eight miles of the river itself. This is one of two "Recrea—
tional Demonstration Areas” purchased by the federal government in the thirties,
and ten years later turned over to the Indiana Department of Conservation.
LOCated on U. S. Highway 35 and state road 29, the park offers group camp build—
ings, roads, trails, picnic areas and camp grounds,

LINCOLN STATE PARK helps express the love which every Hoosier has for the
memory of Abraham Lincoln. Adjacent is the beautiful Nancy Hanks Lincoln
Memorial, which with Lincoln State Park comprises over I500 acres. The park is
found on road 162, just off road 45, near Lincoln City.

POKAGON STATE PARK comprises one thousand and forty acres of the lovely,
peactful rolling landscape in Steuben County, two miles of which front on Lake
James. There are four hundred acres of deep woods. The big lake is a fisher-
man’s paradise. Buffalo, elk and deer in their native habitat, but within strong
corrals, represent the larger species of wild life once native to the widwest. Ex-
cellent boating and swimming facilities, and tennis courts, offer wholesome recrea-
tion. Saddle horses are also available. This park is noted for its winter sports.
Potawatomi Inn’s dining room seats three hundred persons. Excellent cooking
and modern hotel and cabin guest rooms make this an unusually popular lake park.

BROWN COUNTY STATE PARK in the heart of the mOuntainous hills of Brown
County, has that spectacular topography of dense woods and wide, sweeping
valleys, all readily accessible over modern, all—weather roads. »

The Kin Hubbard Ridge development consists of a group of delightful and fully
equipped cottages serviced by the Abe Martin Lodge. This community group
nestles in the forest fringe atop a promontory and commands an unsurpassed view
of the area. All meals are served at the Lodge. The cottages may be rented by the

day or week upon application to the Lodge.

MOUNDS STATE PARK in Madison County, on the bluffs of White River, is set
aside for outdoor recreation, and the preservation of a group of earthwork monu-
ments constructed by that vanished prehistoric race known as Mound Builders.
These mounds represent one of the largest and best preserved groups in Indiana
and are of great interest to laymen as well as archaeologists. Excellent picnic
facilities are available and refreshments can be obtained in the pavilion.

 
  

 

”lllllllljljlljllljljllllljllIllES —————
THIS IS YOUR MAP OF THE

TRAILS

IN

McCormick's Creek
State Park

~(NEAR SPENCER)

WWFEW

‘A'

WE HOPE THAT YOU MAY WISH TO KEEP
THIS FOLDER AS A REMINDER OF
PLEASANT HOURS SPENT IN ONE OF
INDIANA’S STATE PARKS

*

INDIANA DEPARTMENT.
OF CONSERVATION
Division of
State Parks, Lands and Waters

 

 

 

 

Map I

Accommodations and Activities Available at State Parks

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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BASS LAKE X X X
BROWN COUNTY X X X X X X X X X X
CLIFTY FALLS XX X X X X X
DUNES X X X X X X X X
LINCOLN X X X X X
MCCORMICK’S CREEK XX X X X X X X X X X
MOUNDS X X X X X
MUSCATATUCK XX X X X X
POKAGON XX X X X X X X X X X X X X
SHADES X X X X X X
SHAKAMAK X X X X X X X X X X
SPRING MILL XX X X X X X X X
TIPPECANOE RIVER il‘ X X X X
TURKEY RUN XX X X X X X X X
lERSAlLLES * X X X X X

 

* Pool for group camp use only. XX Inn accommodations year 'round.
** Operated on American Plan only. No facilities for housekeeping.

CHARGES AND FEES AT THE STATE PARKS

Gate Admission—10c per person plus 2c Federal tax; no charge under 8 years.
IOc per automobile in addition.

_a

Camp Ground—25c per camp site per day. Includes water, tables, laundry.
toilets and wood (when available).

2"

Trailers—25c per camp site per day; with electricity, 50:.

E"

Swimm
In pools-i5c per person on week days; 25c on Saturday afternoons,
Sundays and holidays.

b. Beaches—no charge for swimming; 15c and 25c for bath house privileges.

. Saddle Horses—$1.00 to $1.50 per hour.

Group Campy-25c to 35: per day per person, Accommodations consist of a
dining room, kitchen with all equipment, table service and cooking utensils; a
toilet and shower building, and bunk houses. Make reservations with Park
Superintendent. Rates for the Shakamak family cabins are $2I.OO to $35.00
per week. Make reservations with Park Superintendent.

:5

pt“

7'

Cave Trips, Spring Mill—IOC and I5c per person.
Hotel Rates—$Wer day, including meals. Reservations made with
Inn Managers.

Boat Rental—week days, 25c per hour, $1.50 per day. Sundays and holidays.
35: per hour, $2.00 per day

9"

2°

Receipts from admission and service charges are used to defray the operation
and maintenance costs of the parks.

 

 

 

 

 

 
       

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DRINKING

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McCORMICK’S CREEK STATE PARK FACILITIES

CANYON INNVCentrally lo cated, Canyon Inn provides ready aeccess to the
park‘s varied outdoo or recreation facilities every mo nth of they ar. See

reverse side of this trail map for rmore detailed description of accom mmodations.
FAMILY HOUSEKEEPINfG CAB lNS-Eleven modern housekeeping cabins are
available to the publict rom April through Octobe er. Thy are equipped with

\.
lXPlR/HINMILI comple ete electric kitchen, toilet facilities, a living room an one edroom

fontsrar an s r rc o utenSIls and Ilve ware are VIded but
pLANr/NG ‘ oc up nt st p Ide their ow dshes, linens, blank ts, pillows d al
vi): consumable pr cts. T e | In roo is equipp I h a he Ing stove for
1' use on cool a 3 Although designed to four persons, the c In Will om-
modate I Rates are er night 0 OO er ee for to four
In number. additional rcharge 0 $1 00 er night Is 'e f a person
r four in number. I requests for informatio nand reservations should be
|addressed to the Park Superintendent, McCor mickr1 s Creek State Park Spencer.
n I

 
 

0 '- INK/N
-UN747N/: SLEEPING CABINS—A limited numbe er of one room sleeping cabins are
./ / available during the summer mont s for those who wish to cook over an nuo t-
' door grifl and use adj cent comfort station facilities. There isr a minimum
charge of $1.00 per night based on the ra ate of SOC pe rperson pe night. This
rate includes double deck bunks with mattress pads. Reservatiorns are made
with the Park Superintenden
GROUP CAMPwFour grruo p camps are completely oequipped to serve Youth
Groups u to ISO in number during the summerm nths. imited accommo-
dations are also availablet to outdoor organized grouops during the fall. winter
and sprin mon s or wee ek- end and vacation periods Rates are 35c peer
person per night with a minimum charge during the winte er months. eserva—
tions for summer use of group camps are emade prior to the first of the year
by written application to the Park Superintendent
HORSEBACK RIDING—-The saddle barn is located adiacent to Canyon In
and is open from April to November for those who choose to see the park over

    
   

 

 

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BICY CLES—Bicycles for use in the park may be rented on an hourly basis at

the saddle

BUGGY RIDES—A horse and buggy is available at the saddle barn for those

who wish to drive leisurely over the par rrk oas.d

FISHING——White River serves as sthe eew eest ern boundary to the park and alon

with McCormick's Cre offers opportunity ifor bank fishermen to try their

luck. These waters area not suitable for boa

NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM and ANIMAL gSHELTER —— This facility is
nthe ear 'around deh Ips interpret some of thae natural flora and taun

to be found by par guests in their trips over the my foot trails through out

the park. Trmailsse numbe er I 2 3 and 7 start at the animal shelter immediately

behind the.

POINTS OFm IN:TEREST—Trips to McCormick‘s Creek Falls and through Mc-

Cormick' s Cre eke Canyon on traiol 3 aret the most popu ular trips in thep ark Th

fire tower on trail 4 an nd ”Loo Out" point on trail 1 provi e an opportunity to

 

 
 

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RECREATION FACILITIES—Two hard surface tennis courts and a variety of
children’s playground equi ment are located adjacent to the recreation area.
Horseshoe courts are available across the par road from the saddle am. The
swirmming pool Is open to the public from Memorial Day through Labor Day
eac e
PICNIC SHELTERS—Two large shelter houses are located at the Beech Grove
andR Redbud picnic areas. Echo Canyon, adjacent to the Redbu d area provides
a small shelter h_ us . These shelter houses are available to all parkg uests
n

 

 

intendent or permiSSIon to (use shelter house facilities. The shelter houses
are public areas and are avaxlable for use at all times particularly in case of
Inclement weather.

 

 

 

 

 

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