EFFECTS OF STEEDING RATE. ROW SPACING,
RATES AND METHODS OF APPLICATION
OF FERTILIZER MATERIALS AND SOIL
MOISTURE ON SMALL GRAIN PERFORMANCE

TI‘IesIs for I’Iuc Degree oI pI1. D.
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

Kundan LaII Kinra
1960

This is to certify that the
thesis entitled

Effects of seeding rate, row spacing, rates and
methods of application of fertilizer materials
and soil moisture on small grain performance

presented by

Kundan Lall Kinra

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

Ph.D. degree in Soil Science

14/ %J%

/ Major professor

Date M

0-169

   
  

  
 
     

LIBRARY

Michigan State
1 University

 

 

 

 

 

 

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EFFECTS OF SEEDING RATE, ROW SPACING, RATES AND
METHODS OF APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER MATERIALS
AND SOIL MOISTURE ON SMALL GRAIN PERFORMANCE

BY

Kundan Lall Kinra

AN ABSTRACT

Submitted to the School of Advanced Graduate Studies of
Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied
Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Soil Science
Field of Agronomy

1960
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ABSTRACT

Four field experiments were carried out with winter wheat,
during 1957-59, to study the effects of seed rate, row Spacing,
fertilizer rate, placement of fertilizer and their two-factor inter-
actions on culm count, culm height, vigor score, lodging score, yield,
test weight, and protein content of grain and to study the interrelation-
ships between several of these characteristics.

Laboratory studies were carried out, during 1958-60, to study
the effects of different moisture levels and types of soil on the
emergence of wheat, oat and barley seedlings when different rates and
types of fertilizer were placed with the seed and to study the differential
effects of two ordinary superphosPhates.

Increasing seed rate gave an increase in fall culms per square
foot, in height and vigor of plants, in yield and test weight, a decrease
in theatpercent of protein in grain, and no specific trend in summer
culms per square foot and in lodging.

Increasing row spacing gave an increase in percent of protein in
grain, a decrease in fall and summer culms per square foot, height
and vigor of plants, and no specific trend for lodging score and test
weight. . Seven-inch spacing gave practically the same yield as 11-inch
spaving but 14-inch spacing gave about 5 bushels per acre less yield
than 7-inch spacing.

Fertilizer applied at 300 pounds per acre gave more fall culms,
taller and more vigorous plants, less lodging and grain with a lower
percent of protein than did 600 pounds per acre. Practically no dif-
ferences existed in summer culm count, yield or test weight between

the two levels of fertilizer.

ii

Side placement gave a greater number of fall and summer culms,
taller, more vigorous plants, greater lodging, greater yield, higher
test weight, and grain with a lower percent of protein than did contact
placement.

Increasing seed rate gave an increase in number of fall culms
per square foot, taller and more vigorous plants, higher yield and
lower protein content in grain, regardless of row Spacing, fertilizer
rate or placement.

Increasing row Spacing gave a decrease in number of fall and
summer culms per square foot, shorter and less vigorous plants,
lower yields, and higher protein content in the grain, regardless of
seed rate, fertilizer rate or placement.

The higher rate of fertilizer gave a decrease in number of fall
culms per square foot, shorter, less vigorous plants less subject to
lodging, and grain higher in protein content, regardless of seed rate,
row Spacing or placement.

Side placement of fertilizer gave more fall and summer culms
per square foot, taller and more vigorous plants more subject to
lodging, higher yield and test weight, and lower protein content in
grain than contact placement, regardless of seed rate, row Spacing
or fertilizer rate.

There were indications of significant (at the 1% level) positive
associations between fall culm count and height of plants, between
fall culm count and vigor of plants and between height and vigor of

plant S .

Fall culm count gave stronger relationships with yield and test

weight than did summer culm count.

iii

No consistent relationships were obtained between fall culm
count and summer culm count, lodging score and yield, summer culm
count and test weight, yield and test weight.

Emergence data indicated that nitrogen was more detrimental
per unit than potash, and potash than phosPhate.

Ammonium sulphate was more toxic than ammonium chloride,
potassium sulphate more toxic than potassium chloride, and the latter
more toxic than potassium nitrate.

When the same amount of fertilizer was placed in contact with
the wheat seed, greater toxicity occurred in sandy (Oshtemo sand) than
in soil rich in organic matter (Granby loamy Sand).

Fertilizer placed in contact with wheat had a greater effect on
delaying or reducing emergence as the moisture level was reduced
below field capacity.

The detrimental effects of nitrogen increased at a much faster
rate than the effects of potash or phosPhate as the soil moisture was
reduced.

As the moisture level of Plainfield sand was reduced from 8. 0
to 7.6 per cent, the emergence of wheat seedlings was somewhat
reduced (1 week counts) but the final emergence percentages (3 week

counts) were the same for the 2. levels of soil moisture.

Oats and barley were less susceptible to injury (3 weeks count)

than was wheat from contact placement of fertilizer when equal amounts

were applied.

In general, the emergence of oats at the end of 1 week was much

lower than that of wheat or barley. By the end of 3 weeks there

iv

was not much difference between oats and barley in percent emergence.
The higher water soluble fluorine content of superphOSphate Fl,
as compared to superphosphate F2, was considered the major factor

in causing superphosPhate F1 to be more detrimental than superphos-

phate F2 on the emergence of wheat seedlings.

EFFECTS OF SEEDING RATE, ROW SPACING, RATES AND
METHODS OF APPLICATION OF FERTILIZER MATERIALS
AND SOIL MOISTURE ON SMALL GRAIN PERFORMANCE

BY

Kundan Lall Kinra

A THESIS

Submitted to the School of Advanced Graduate Studies of
Michigan State University of Agriculture and Applied
Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOC TOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Soil Science
Field of Agronomy

1960

Dedicated to my Mother
and

In memory of my Father

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The author wishes to acknowledge the help and guidance of
Dr. H. D. Foth and Professor H. M. Brown during the course of
this study and in the preparation of this manuscript.

Thanks are extended to Drs. R. L. Cook and J. F. Davis
for their interest in this research work.

Sincere appreciation is expressed to Dr. E. J. Benne for
his guidance in the fluorine determination.

Acknowledgment is extended to the Planting and Fertilizer
Equipment and Practices Section, Agricultural Engineering
Laboratory, Agricultural Research Section, Beltsl‘yv‘elle, Maryland
for the fertilizer placement drill used in these field experiments,
and to the department of Agricultural Engineering, Michigan State
University for cooPeration in operating this equipment.

The financial assistance of the American Potash Institute,
Inc. , Lafayette, Indiana, is hereby gratefully acknowledged.

I
************g

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
I. INTRODUCTION ....................... 1
11. REVIEW OF LITERATURE . ................ 2
Effect of cultural practices and fertilizer on culm

count of wheat . . . . . . ............. . 2

Effect of seed rate on yield and test weight of winter
wheat ........................ 3
Effect of row spacing on yield of wheat ........ . 5
Effect of fertilizer on yield of wheat ......... . 6
Effect of fertilizer on test weight of wheat grain . . . 8
Effect of fertilizer on protein content of wheat grain . . 9
Relationships between wheat plant characteristics . . . 11
Effect of fertilizer placement on seedling emergence . . 12
Effect of fluorine on seedling emergence ...... . . 15
III. METHODS AND MATERIALS .............. . . 18
1. Field experiments ................... 18
A. Fall culm count ............... 18, 20., 21, 22
B. Height of plants ............. . . . . . 19
C. Vigor estimation of plants .......... . . 19
D. Summer culm count ............... . 19, 20
E. Lodging score ................... 19
F. Yield of wheat . ........ . ..... 19,, 20., 21, 22
G. Test weight of wheat grain ......... 19, 20,21, 22
H. Protein content of wheat grain ........... 20
2. Laboratory experiments ................ 22
A. Emergence study .................. 22

B. Differential effects of two ordinary superphos-
phates ...................... 24
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................. 28
1. Field experiments ................... 28
A. Fall culm count ................ . . 28
B. Summer culm count .............. . . 36

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS - Continued

Page
C. Height of plants ...... ‘. ........... 42
D. Vigor of plants .................. 46
E. Lodging score .................. 49
F. Yield in bushels per acre ............. 51
G. Test weight of wheat grain ............ 55
H. Protein content of wheat grain .......... 61

I . Interrelationships between various characters of
winter wheat .................. 68.
2. Laboratory experiments ............... 73
A. Emergence study ..... . . .......... 73

B. Differential effects of two ordinary superphos-

phates ..... . ............... 90
V. SUMMARY ...................... 95
VI. LITERATURE CITED ................ 101
APPENDIX ........................... 107

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE

1. 1 Fall culm count of wheat per square foot basis, ob-
tained on Kleis and Ferden farms, 1957-58, and on
Fick and Ferden farms, 1958-59 ............

l. 1. a Fall culm count of wheat, per square foot basis, at
four locations as affected by seed rate and row Spac-
ing ................... . . ..... '. .

1. Lb Fall culm count of wheat, per square foot basis, at
four locations as affected by seed rate and fertilizer
rate ..........................

l. 1. c Fall culm count of wheat, per square foot basis, at
four locations as affected by seed rate and placement .

l. l. d Fall culm count of wheat, per square foot basis, at
four locations as affected by row spacing and ferti-
lizer rate ........................

1. 1. e Fall culm count of wheat, per square foot basis, at
four locations as affected by row spacing and place-
ment .......................... '

1. 1.f Fall culm count of wheat, per square fobt basis, at
four locations as affected by fertilizer rate and
placement . . . . ...................

l. 2 Summer culm count of wheat,per square foot basis,
obtained on Kleis and Ferden farms, 1957-58 . . . .

1. 2. a Summer culm count of wheat, per square foot basis,
at two locations as affected by seed rate and row
Spacing, seed rate and fertilizer rate, 1958 .....

l. 2.b Summer culm count of wheat, per square foot basis,
at two locations as affected by seed rate and place-
ment, row spacing and fertilizer rate, 1958 . . . . .

Page

29

33

33

35

35

37

37

39

40

40

LIST OF TABLES - Continued
TABLE Page

1. 2. c Summer culm count of wheat, per square foot basis,
at two locations as affected by row spacing and place-

ment, fertilizer rate and placement, 1958 ....... 41
l. 3 Height of plants in inches, vigor estimation and lodg-
ing score of wheat obtained on Kleis farm, 1957-58 . . 43

1. 3. a Height of wheat plants in inches on Kleis farm as
affected by seed rate and row spacing, seed rate and
fertilizer rate, seed rate and placement, row spacing
and fertilizer rate, row spacing and placement,
fertilizer and placement, 1957 ............. 45

1. 3. b Vigor score of wheat plants on Kleis farm as affected
by seed rate and row Spacing, seed rate and fertilizer
rate, seed rate and placement, row spacing and
fertilizer rate. row spacing and placement, fertilizer
rate and placement, 1957 ................ 48

l. 3. c Lodging score of wheat on Kleis farm as affected by
seed rate and row Spacing, seed rate and fertilizer
rate, seed rate and placement, row spacing and
fertilizer rate, row spacing and placement, fertilizer

rate and placement, 1958 ............... . 50
1. 4 Yield in bushels per acre of wheat obtained on Kleis

and Ferden farms, 1958, Fick and Ferden farms,

1959 ........................... 52

1.4. a Yield in bushels per acre of wheat at four locations as
affected by seed rate and row spacing ....... . . 56

l. 4. b Yield in bushels per acre of wheat at four locations as
affected by seed rate and fertilizer rate ...... . 56

1. 4. c Yield in bushels per acre of wheat at four locations as
affected by seed rate and placement .......... 57

xii

LIST OF TABLES - Continued
TABLE Page

1.4. d Yield in bushels per acre of wheat at four locations as
affected by row spacing and fertilizer rate ....... 57

1.4. e Yield in bushels per acre of wheat at four locations as
affected by row spacing and placement ........ . 58

1.4. f Yield in bushels per acre of wheat at four locations as
affected by fertilizer rate and placement ........ 58

l. 5 Test weight in pounds per bushel of wheat obtained on
Kleis and Ferden farms, 1958, andon Fick and Ferden
farms, 1959 ....................... 59

l. 5. a Test weight in pounds per bushel of wheat at four 10-
cations as affected by seed rate and row spacing . . . 62

l. 5. b Test weight in pounds per bushel of wheat at four
locations as affected by seed rate and fertilizer rate . 62

1. 5. c Test weight in pounds per bushel of wheat at four
locations as affected by seed rate and placement . . . 63

1. 5. d Test weight in pounds per bushel of wheat at four
locations as affected by row Spacing and fertilizer

rate ........................... 63

l. 5. e Test weight in pounds per bushel of wheat at four
locations as affected by row Spacing and placement . . 64

l. 5.f Test weight in pounds per bushel of wheat at four

locations as affected by fertilizer rate and placement . 64
1. 6 Percenttof protein content of wheat grain obtained on
Ferden farm, 1958 . . . . ............... 65

1. 6. a Percent of protein content of wheat grain as affected
by seed rate and row Spacing, seed rate and fertilizer
rate, seed rate and placement, row spacing and ferti-
lizer rate, row spacing and placement, fertilizer rate
and placement at Ferden farm, 1958 .......... 67

xiii

LIST OF TABLES - Continued

TABLE Page
1. 7 Simple correlation coefficients showing relationships

between various variables of winter wheat using

treatment average values . ......... . . . . . . 69
2.1 Percent emergence of wheat 1, 2 and 3 weeks after

planting in contact with various fertilizers, using

Oshtemo sand at field capacity . . . . ....... . . 74
2. 2 Percent emergence of wheat 1, 2 and 3 weeks after

planting in contact with two ordinary superphosphate
fertilizers F1 and F2, using Granby loamy sand at
field capacity ....... . . ......... . . . . 78

2. 3 Percent emergence of wheat l, 2 and 3 weeks after
planting in contact with various fertilizers and at
several rates, using Oshtemo sand at field capacity . 80

2.4 Percent emergence of wheat 1, 2 and 3 weeks after
planting in contact with various fertilizers at several
rates, using Granby loamy sand at field capacity . . 81

2. 5 Percent emergence of wheat 1, 2 and 3 weeks after
planting in contact with various fertilizers, using
Plainfield sand at 8. 0 percent moisture level . . . . 82

2.6 Percent emergence of wheat l, 2 and 3 weeks after
planting in contact with various fertilizers, using
Plainfield Sand at 6. 7 percent moisture level . . . . 84

2. 7 Percent emergence of wheat 1, 2 and 3 weeks after
planting in contact with various fertilizers, using
Plainfield sand at 5. 6 percent moisture level . . . . 85

2. 8 Percent emergence of oats 1, 2 and 3 weeks after

planting in contact with various fertilizers, using
Plainfield sand at 7. 6 percent moisture level . . . . 87

xiv

LIST OF TABLES - Continued

TABLE

2.9

Percent emergence of barley l, 2 and 3 weeks after
planting in contact with various fertilizers, using
Plainfield sand at 8. 0 percent moisture level .....

Percent emergence, as a percent of check, of wheat,
oats and barley 1, 2, and 3 weeks after planting in
contact with 7 fertilizers, using Plainfield sand at
field capacity moisture level . . . . .........

Hydrogen ion concentration of two ordinary superphos-
phates fertilizers, F1 and F2, at various dilutions

with distilled water ...................
Total fluorine in superphosphates, F1 and F2 .....

Water soluble fluorine in superphosphates F1 and F2 .

Average values of the various characters as affected
by different treatments, wheat 1957-58, Kleis farm . .

Average values, of various characters as affected
by different treatments wheat 1957-58, Ferden farm . .

Average values of fall culm count, yield and test
weight of wheat 1958-59 as affected by various treat-

ments, as obtained on Fick and Ferden farms . . . .

Inches of recorded rainfall at East Lansing for the
crop year 1957-58 ....................

Inches of recorded rainfall at Ferden farm for the crop
year 1957-58 .......................

Inches of recorded rainfall at Ferden farm for the crop
year 1958-59 .......................

XV

Page

88

89

91

93

94

107

108

109

110

111

112

I. INTRODUCTION

As early as 1733 Jethro Tull (59) noted that "too much nitre
corrodes a plant. " During the past 2 or 3 decades, important
deve10pments in the chemical fertilizer industry have resulted in the
production of higher analysis fertilizers. Increased rates of appli-
cation of these more concentrated fertilizers have made it necessary
to restudy the effects of fertilizer placement for small grain crops,
because all too frequently the comment of Jethro Tull seemed to apply
to the conditions at hand.

Recent research investigations at Michigan State University
clearly indicated the need for further studies regarding the use of
these more concentrated fertilizers at greater than traditional rates
of application. In addition, a need existed for studying the effects of
seeding rate, row spacing, fertilizer rate, placement of fertilizer
and their two-factor interactions on various characters.

The purposes of present research were:

1. To study the effects of seed rate, row spacing, fertilizer
rate, placement of fertilizer and their two-factor interactions on
culm count, culm height, lodging score, yield, test weight, and
protein content of wheat.

2. To study the interrelationships between various characters
of winter wheat.

3. To study the effects of different moisture levels and types
of soil on emergence of wheat, oat, and barley seedlings when
different rates and types of fertilizers are placed with the seed.

4. To study the differential effects of two ordinary super-

phosphates .

II. REVIEW OF LITERATURE

Effect of Cultural Practices and Fertilizer
on Culm Count of Wheat

Comparatively little has been published dealing with the subject
of culm count of winter wheat. The amount of tillering or stooling
which gives the number of culms for each plant is affected by moisture,
fertility, and physical conditions of the soil. Contradictory conclu-
sions have been reported in the literature by the several investigators.

Buffum (10) planted Spring wheat seeds 1, 2, 4, and 14 inches
apart in 36 inch rows and found that the number of culms increased
when planted a wide distance apart.

Grantham (18) found that early seeding of winter wheat was
accompanied by a higher tillering. He used 4 and 8 pecks of seed per
acre in his study and found that the thicker seeding produced fewer
tillers per plant. Nitrogen and phosphate seemed to stimulate the
production of tillers but potash had little or no effect.

Harris and Maughan (24) studied the effects of soil moisture
during various stages of wheat growth and found that the soil moisture
during the early stages in the growth of plant determined largely the
number of culms sent up by each plant. In general, tillering increased
with an increase in the soil moisture level until very high saturations
were reached.

Luginbill and McNeal (37) found that phOSphorus applied alone
or in combination with nitrogen and/or potash fertilizer significantly

increased the number of culms at harvest time in winter wheat.

Neither nitrogen nor potash when applied alone or in a mixture of
the two showed significant differences in the numbers of culms.
Olson and Dreier (43) reported that "damage to germination
under critical soil moisture is apparent at 10 pounds N per acre,
increasing to the point of stand elimination with 160 pounds N per
acre. Potash with the seed at 30 pounds K20 per acre commonly
reduced stand, but losses were not of the magnitude occasioned by

40 pounds N per acre. "

Effect of Seed Rate on Yield and Test Weight
of Winter Wheat

Percival (45) reported that "the number of straws or ears and
the average weight of the ears are the factors controlling the yield
per acre. " Under thick sowing conditions the number of ears per
acre is increased, but the weight of an individual ear is decreased.
A thinly sown crop gives more tillers per plant bearing a higher
average weight of ear.

Nevertheless, if the seed rate was much less, the greater tiller-
ing and weight of each ear did not compensate for the loss of plants
incurred by thin sowing.

Percival further reported that in countries where the rainfall
is low, a seed rate of less than 4 pecks was used. Such condition
existed in Australia and many drier parts of the United States.

In western Eur0pe, with its higher rainfall, the seed rate varied
between 8 and 16 pecks per acre.

Coffrnan (13) seeded wheat at the rate of l, 2, 3, 4,5 and 6 pecks
per acre over a period of six years, 1913-1918. The maximum

average yield was obtained at 6 peck rate, having gradually risen to

23.6 bushels from 14.7 bushels for 1 peck rate. No Specific trend
was noted for test weight in relation to seeding rate, although
maximum text weight occurred at the heaviest rate.

Coffman also reported the average yields of wheat for a period
of 3 years, 1920-1922. A gradual increase of 6. 9 bushels in yield
was obtained as the rate of seeding was increased from 1 to 5 pecks
per acre. A gradual increase in test weight was reported with
increase in seeding rate. Five peck rate gave 1 pound per bushel
higher test weight as compared to l peck rate.

Kiesselbach (29) seeded wheat at Nebraska Station at the rate
of 3, 4, 5, 6 and 8 pecks per acre for a period of 5 years, 1919-1923.
He found a gradual increase in yield up to 6 pecks seed rate. This
was followed by a decline in yield at 8 peck rate. Test weight was not
affected by seeding rate.

Brown and Down (9) reported in 1937 the results obtained from
6 rates of planting conducted by F. A. Spragg and E. E. Down at
East Lansing for a period of 3 years, 1919-1921. The seed rates
used were 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 and 8 pecks per acre. A gradual increase of
5. 03 bushels in yield was obtained as the seed rate was increased
from 3 to 7 pecks per acre. This was followed by a decrease in yield
from 20. 53 to 19.88 bushels per acre when seeding rate was increased
from 7 to 8 pecks per acre.

Pendleton and Dungan (44) planted wheat in Illinois at 3, 6., 9, 12,
15 and 18 pecks per acre. When all 6 rates of seeding were compared
on a net yield basis, the 6 pecks per acre gave the highest yield.
The test weight increased from 57. 2 to 57. 3 as seed rate was increased
from 3 to 6 pecks per acre. This was followed by a gradual decrease
in test weight from 57. 3 to 56. 7 pounds per bushel as seeding rate

was increased from 6 to 18 pecks per acre.

Effect of Row Spacing on Yield of Wheat

Salmon (53) planted wheat in Kansas in rows varying from 8 to
16 inches apart at seeding rates of 3, 4, and 6 pecks per acre.
Over a period of four years there was very little tendency towards a
falling off in yield with an increase in distance between rows until
a distance of 14 inches was reached.

Kiesselbach :3} £341. (30) seeded wheat in 4-, 7-, and l4-inch
rows in Nebraska. Over a period of three years, the yield of grain
was 4 percent lower at the 4- than at the 7-inch spacing, the yield of
grain was 10. 2 percent lower at the 14- than at the 7-inch Spacing.

Thatcher and Lewis (57) reported that 7-inch row spacings gave a
mean average yield of 34.4 bushels per acre, while 14-inch Spacings
yielded only 31. 7 bushels per acre.

Harrington (22) studied small grains with drill rows 6-, 12-,
and 18-inches apart. He found that with wheat there was a definite
downward trend in yields as the distance between rows increased.

Locke and Mathews (35) reported that wheat seeded with 7-inch
spacings gave only slightly better yields than when seeded with l4-inch
spacings.

Blackman and Snell (5) found that an alternate spacing of 7- and
l4-inches between winter wheat resulted in a 7. 1 percent higher
yield over a uniform spacing of 7 inches, and 22. 9 percent higher yield
as compared to 14 inch spacings.

Cook et ail. (14) working with different fertilizer materials,
rates and placement on winter wheat performance reported that 7-inch
row Spacings gave a mean average yield of 35 bushels per acre, while

l4-inch spacings yielded only 31 bushels per acre.

Effect of Fertilizer on Yield of Wheat

Murphy (42) reported that neither nitrogen nor potash nor their
combinations increased the yield of wheat. These fertilizers singly
or together in various combinations yielded less than unfertilized
plots. As soon as phosPhate was introduced into the fertilizer, the
yield was increased. PhosPhate and potash combinations gave
larger yields than phosphate and nitrogen or a combination of all the
three elements.

Black e_t 5:1. (4) reported that nitrogen increased the yield in 12
of 15 experiments conducted over a three-year period. The efficiency
of nitrogen utilization declined with increasing rate of nitrogen appli-
cation, averaging 3. 7 pounds of nitrogen per bushel of wheat where
the rate of nitrogen application was 20 to 40 pounds per acre and 6. 5
pounds where the rate of nitrogen application exceeded 40 pounds per
acre.

Smith (56) reported that application of 25 pounds each of nitrogen
and phosPhate per acre gave highly significant increases in yield when
both of these were placed with the seed or nitrogen was utilized as
spring top dressing. The use of potassium bearing fertilizer in addi-
tion to nitrogen plus phOSphate did not cause an additional increase in
the yield of wheat. Application of 50 pounds of nitrogen per acre with
the seed did not give as good‘yields as did the 25 pounds of nitrogen
when applied with the seed or as Spring top dressing.

Bains (2) reported that application of 60 pounds of nitrogen per
acre; 25 pounds of phosphate per acre; and 60 pounds of nitrogen plus
25 pounds of phosphate per acre increased wheat yields approximately

30, 49, and 40 percent, respectively, over the check plots.

 

‘55

H.

M

'Q

.5

:51

‘s

Gingrich and Smith (17) established 4 wheat experiments at
various locations in the eastern part of Kansas for the crop year
1950-1951. Rates of nitrogen were 0, 25, 50, and 100 pounds per
acre; rates of phOSphate and of potash were 0, and 25 pounds per acre.
Greatest increase in yield of wheat accompanied the heaviest appli-
cation of nitrogen, with single exception of one location which recently
had been in alfalfa. The application of potash plus phosPhorus in-
creased the yield of wheat at this location, mostly due to phosPhorus.
The application of potash increased the yield appreciably where no
nitrogen was added.

Williams and Smith (61) conducted experiments at 4 locations in
Kansas. Rates of nitrogen used were 0, 25, 50, and 100 pounds per
acre; rates of phosphate were 0, 50 and 100 pounds per acre; and rates
of potash were 0, 25, and 100 pounds per acre. These materials were
used alone and 3p combinations. Increases in yield were obtained by
the application/nitrogen at all the locations. Increases in yield were
noted when phosphate was included in the treatment, whereas potash
had no effect.

McNeal and Davis (40) found that application of up to 100 pounds
of nitrogen per acre at seeding time increased the wheat yields.

Olson and Dreier (43) reported that application of 10 pounds of
nitrogen per acre with the seed occasionally caused reductions in yield.
Thirty pounds of potash per acre with the seed commonly reduced yield
but losses were not of the magnitude occasioned by 40 pounds nitrogen
per acre. The above results were in comparison with placement of
fertilizer not in contact with the seed. It was also reported that
neither of these losses occurred every year, nor were they uniform

across the state during the period the experiment was conducted.

Ramdn and Laird (50) grew wheat on soil irrigated to 1, 40, 55,
and 67 percent available moisture. Applications of 45, 90, and 135
pounds of nitrogen per acre increased grain yields at a gradually
diminishing rate. The effects of applied nitrogen on grain yields
were very largely dependent on soil moisture conditions. Grain yields
were increased from 10. 2 to 66. 5 bushels per acre in the optimum
soil moisture treatment and from 9. 7 to 35. 9 bushels per acre in the
driest treatment by the application of 135 pounds of nitrogen per acre.

Carter and Foth; (11) reported that an application of 20, 40, or
80 pounds of nitrogen per acre on wheat at planting time gave a signifi-

cant increase in yield over the check plots in four of the six blocks.

Effect of Fertilizer on Test Weight
of Wheat Grain

Murphy (42) reported that there was no effect of superphosPhate
(16% P205); or nitrate of soda (16. 5% nitrogen), or kainite (12.4% K20)
on test weight of wheat, when applied alone or in combination.

McNeal and Davis (40) and Carter and Foth (11) found that appli-
cations up to 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre did not affect the test
weight of wheat, and P0pe (49) found similar results with applications
up to 150 pounds of nitrogen per acre.

Smith (56) worked with the effect of time, and method of appli-
cation of 0, 25, 50, and 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre; 0, 25, and
50 pounds of phosPhate per acre alone or in combination with nitrogen;
and 25 pounds of phosPhate in combination with 25 pounds of nitrogen
plus 25 pounds of potash per acre. He reported that none of the ferti-
lizer treatments produced a significant increase in the test weight of

wheat over that of no treatment. However, test weight was significantly

1“ .

.I'U.

,:;

r
’O.

pp

lob -

.s,

.L.

reduced at 1% level in two treatments. These were the application
of 25 pounds of nitrogen plus 25 pounds of phosPhate per acre in
plowsole, and the application of 100 pounds of nitrogen per acre with
the seed. A significant decrease at 5% level was observed in another
two treatments: the application of 100 pounds nitrogen per acre as
Spring top dressing, and the application of 50 pounds of nitrogen plus
50 pounds of phOSphate per acre with the seed.

Williams and Smith (61) applied the same treatments at 4 loca-
tions in Kansas. At 2 locations (Goddard and Thayer), there was no
effect due to treatment. At the Belleville location, "the 100 pound
and 50 pound rates of nit rogen decreased the test weight significantly.
The reduction in test weight was greatest for the 50 pound rate of
nitrogen when applied alone. " At Manhattan a decrease in test weight
for the following treatments was observed: a) 100 pounds of nitrogen
plus 50 pounds of phosphate plus 25 pounds of potash per acre; b) 25
pounds of nitrogen per acre; c) 50 pounds of nitrogen plus 50 pounds

of phOSphate per acre.

Effect of Fertilizer on Protein Content
of Wheat Grain

The effects of fertilizers at seeding time on the protein content
of wheat grain is a controversial matter.

Murphy (42) used superphOSphate (16% P205), nitrate of soda,
and kainite in a study in which the total fertilizer applied was 300
pounds per acre. He reported that the application of nitrogen at the
rates of 12.4, 24.8, 37. 2, and 49. 5 pounds per acre increased the
protein content Over the check plots, but with the introduction of phos-
phate in the fertilizer, by itself or with potash, the protein content

decreased.

10

Bains (3) reported that application of 60 pounds of nitrogen per
acre increased the protein content and the application of 25 pounds
of phosPhate per acre decreased the protein content over check.
However, the application’of 60 pounds of nitrogen plus 25 pounds of
phosphate per acre restored the protein content to that of the control.

Williams and Smith (61) found that protein content was increased
by nitrogen fertilizer alone or in combination with phosphorus and/or
potash fertilizer,

P0pe (49) found that protein content was not affected by the
application of 50 pounds of nitrogen per acre over check, but was
affected by the larger rates of application, 100 - 150 pounds of nitrogen
per acre.

Peterson (46) and Carter and Foth (11) reported that applications
of 20, and 40 pounds of nitrogen per acre increased the protein con-
tent over check.

Ramdn and Laird (50) found that protein content decreased with
the application of 45 pounds of nitrogen per acre. With the application
of 90 pounds of nitrogen per acre, the protein content was equal to
that of the treatment without applied nitrogen. The application of
135 pounds of nitrogen per acre produced greatest increase in protein
content.

‘In contrast to the previous mentioned findings, Smith (56) re-
ported that application of 25, 50, and 100 pounds of nitrogen per
acre; 50 pounds of phosPhate, or phosPhate and nitrogen each at the
rate of 25 or 50 pounds per acre; or a combination of 25 pounds each
of nitrogen, phOSphate and potash per acre did not significantly influ-
ence the protein content.

Petrosini and Leone (47) reported a similar lack of effectiveness

with either nitrogen or phosphate fertilization on the protein content.

if "an

no (if:

pare

11:3:

. M.
«if.

11

McNeal and Davis (40) and Rennie (51) found that application
of up to 100 and 192 pounds of nitrogen per acre, respectively, had

no effect on the protein content.

Relationships Between Wheat Plant
Characteristics

Grantham (18) reported an increase in yield per head accom-
panied the increase in the number of tillers per plant up to 4 or 5
tillers; beyond that yield per head was more or less uniform.

Buffum (10) reported that the late-formed secondary stems
were barren or produced lower yields of grain per head or were later
in maturity than the primary stems in the case of excessive tillering.

Laude (31) at Kansas State College found a close correlation
between yield and number of heads per unit area during 1932, 1934,
1935, and 1937 for winter wheat seeded at different dates. "The
best three ecological conditions in 1933 when yields were about 45
bushels indicate an inverse relation for both number of heads and test
weight when compared with yield. " Relationship between test weight
and yield was studied during 1932 and 1933. In 1932, yield was
positively associated with test weight five out of six cases and negatively
associated in sixth case. In 1933, yield was positively correlated
with test weight in four cases and negatively correlated in three cases.
Correlation coefficients were not reported in the paper.

Locke (it a_._l. (34) reported the results of studies made at the I
Southern Great Plains Field Station, Woodward, Oklahoma, from 1929
to 1934. He concluded that neither the number of plants per unit area
nor the number of heads per plant greatly explained the differences in

yield, as these characters tended to compensate for each other.

12

Welton and Morris (60) reported that early lodging reduced
grain yields more than late lodging.

Eldredge (16) reported that straws broken over as the heads
were beginning to emerge resulted in reduction of yields about 50 per-
cent. A gradual decrease in injury at succeeding weekly intervals
occurred until just before ripening time when there was reduction of
approximately 10 percent. Protein content was higher in lodged than
in the non-lodged grain. Test weight was affected less by lodging in
the 5—day period just before heading than later or earlier.

Laude and Pauli (32) reported a yield reduction equal to about
one third due to lodging 1 - 2 weeks before heading and l - 2 weeks
after heading. When lodging took place 2 - 3 weeks after heading,
reduction in yield was about one fourth. The damage continued to
decrease as lodging occurred later until the binder ripe stage, after

which lodging caused no decrease in yield of grain.

Effect of Fertilizer Placement on
Seedling Emergence

Truog (58) compiled about 200 references dealing with the method
of applying fertilizer and made available in a condensed form most of
the work done on the subject up to 1928. He pointed out that serious
injury to germination, when fertilizer was placed with the seed, was
less to small grains than to corn, owing to a much lower concentration
of fertilizer per linear foot.

During the past 20 - 30 years, important deve10pments in the
chemical fertilizer industries have resulted in the production of higher
analysis fertilizers. Increased rates of application of these more con-
centrated fertilizers have made it necessary to restudy the effects of

fertilizer placement for small grain crops.

 

 

13

Harris (23) reported the toxicity of 13 salts on wheat germination
in three soils. The most toxic is given first and the least last in any
series. The order of toxicity in Greenville loam was: NaCl, CaClz,
KNO3, (N11,)2CO3, NaNO3, KCl, Mg(NO3)2, MgClz, NazCO3, MgSO4, K2804,
NaZSO4, KzCO3, The order of toxicity in College loam was: NaCl,
CaClz, NaNO3, KCl, MgClZ, KNO3, Mg(NO3)2, (NI-I4)2CO3, MgSO4,
NazCO3, K2504, KzCO3. The order of toxicity in sand was: (NI-I4)ZCO3,
NaCl, KZCO3, NaNO3=KCl, CaClz, MgClz, NazCO3, KNO3, Mg(NO3)z,
K2504, NaZSO4, MgSO4. In general the order of detrimental effects of
anions were in the following order: chloride, nitrate, carbonate and
sulphate.

Allison (1) reported that concentration of salt, irreSpective of
kind,is.th‘e primary cause of injury to germination and seedling growth.
He obtained similar effects from ammonium nitrate, sulphate and
phosphate.

Salter (54) reported the anions commonly found in fertilizers in
the following decreasing order of toxicity: nitrate, chloride, sulphate,
and phOSphate. He also reported a greater degree of toxicity in sandy
soils than in clay or muck soils.

Olson and Dreier (43) in 1954 reviewed 24 articles related to
the subject of fertilizer placement. He found that, in both field and
laboratory, it was at a low moisture level at which the most serious
damage of fertilizer salts to germination occurred, but full germi-
nation was not assured at any soil moisture level without a surface
increment of moisture sufficient to leach fertilizer away from the seed.
Emergence loss from nitrogen adjacent to the seed at low moisture
level was in direct pr0portion to the time interval before rain or

irrigation raised the level. In general, nitrogen materials were more

1..

14

detrimental per unit than potash, and potash more than phOSphate.
Damage to germination was apparent at the rate of 10 pounds of
nitrogen per acre, increasing to the point of stand elimination with
160 pounds of nitrogen per acre. "Straight carriers of phOSphate
cause little damage, but ammonium phosPhates of 1: 1:0 ratio are
harmful when placed with the seed under conditions of limited moisture. "
Guttay (19) found 100 pounds or more of nutrients per acre in
contact with wheat seed seriously reduced germination and emergence.
Phosphate was as injurious as nitrogen and potash. Fertilizer placed
in contact with wheat had greater effect in delaying and reducing emerg-
ence under dry than under moist conditions. Oats were less susceptible
to injury from contact placement of fertilizer than wheat.
Chapin (12) in 1959 found ZOto 100 pounds of nitrogen and 20 to
100 pounds of potash per acre in contact with wheat at planting time
in soil at or near field capacity had little effect upon final germination.
Delay in seedling emergence was observed with the heavier rate caus-
ing the greater delay. Fertilizers placed with the wheat, at or near
the permanent wilting point, greatly reduced germination and even
prevented germination with the higher rates of fertilizer application.
Nitrogen at rates comparable to amounts of potash, caused greater
delay in germination and greater final reductions than did potash.
Lawton and Davis (33) reported on the influence of application of
500 pounds per acre of 2 fertilizers, 5-20-0 and 5-20-20 in the green-
house on emergence of wheat seedlings, under optimum moisture
conditions. The fertilizer was applied by five different methods:
liquid spray on the soil surface; contact with the seed; 1 1/2 inches
directly below the seed; 1 1/2 inches below and to the side of the
seed; and 1 1/2 inches below and 3 1/2 inches to the side of the seed.

an] ..'
1.3L

HA.

15

No significant differences were reported in the rate of emergence
for any fertilizer placement except that of in contact with the seed.
In the case of 5-20-0 applied in contact with the seed, the emergence
was delayed for about 3 days and total emergence was 99% at the end
of 8 days after planting. In the case of 5-20-20 in contact with the
seed, seedlings started to emerge on the 7th day and at the end of

2 weeks after planting, only 62% emergence was observed.

Brage it a_1. (8), investigating applications of equal pounds of
nutrients per acre with winter wheat, report ed higher stand reduction
by application of ammonium nitrate than superphOSphate. He also
observed higher emergence of wheat by application of ammonium
nitrate than ammonium sulphate when equal amounts of nitrogen from
both sources were applied with the seed. The decreasing order of
toxicity reported for various anions were sulphate, nitrate and
phosphate. Barley gave better stand count than wheat when equal

amounts of ammonium nitrate applied in both the cases.

Effect of Fluorine on Seedling Emergence

Hendricks 3t a_1. (25) and Jacob 3t a_1. (27) have shown that
fluorine is, generally, a part of the raw mineral phosPhate in all
deposits.

Marshall e_t a_1. (39) Jacob e_t 31' (28) and Hill at 31. (26) reported
that rock phOSphate contains more than 3 but usually less than 4 per-
cent fluorine. Moreover, the second mentioned of the investigators
reported that in the production of ordinary superphosphate about 11
to 42 percent of fluorine in phOSphate rock is volatilized during the

mixing and denning process.

16

Jacob (it a_1. (28) reported that small quantities are also lost
during the subsequent handling of fresh superphOSphate. He reported
that the values of total fluorine of den superphosPhate from Florida
pebble varies between 1.49 and 2. 01 percent; and of granulated super-
phosPhate varies between 1. 63 and 1. 66. The values of total fluorine
in superphosPhate varies from manufacturing plant to plant and the
source of rock phOSphate used in its production.

Blanck (6) reported an average value of 1.64 percent fluorine
for normal superphosphate and l. 56 percent fluorine for concentrated
superphOSphate.

No data have been published as to what amount of fluorine in
superphosphate is water soluble.

Sigmund (55) working with peas, corn, and rape seeds found that
a 0. 5% solution of KF entirely prevented germination.

Bokorny (7) found that a 0. 1% solution of NaF was very injurious
to cress seedlings and that a 0. 1% solution of HF completely prevented
the germination of cress, barley, peas, flax, and bean seeds.

He attributed the toxicity to the passage of fluorine into the seed where
it is united with the calcium present to form calcium fluoride.

Allison (1) found that heavy application of 18% superphosPhate
greatly reduced the germination of wheat grown in tumblers.

Rost (52) in greenhouse and field trials found that both 16 and 46%
superphosphate Were injurious to corn at heavy rates of application.
The 46% superphosPhate was more toxic in equivalent amount than the
16% superphosphate. Contact with the soil for one month before
planting largely overcame the toxicity of both fertilizers.

Morse (41) placed corn seeds for 24 hours in pastes made by
moistening with distilled water superphosphates with 20% and 44% P205

and monocalciurn phosPhate. Seeds were also placed in 0. 1 M

17

phosphoric acid, rock phoSphate plus water (5 gm./100 cc.), 0. 143N
sulfuric acid, and rock phosPhate plus 0. 143N sulfuric acid (5 grn/
100cc.) for 24 hours. After 24 hours, the seeds were recovered and
washed with distilled wat er and tested for germination by "rag doll"
method. No germination occurred in the seeds subjected to either of
the superphosphates or rock phosphate plus sulfuric acid treatment.
The pH of sulfuric acid, phosPhoric acid and monocalcium phOSphate
were much lower than the treatments which showed complete toxicity.
He concluded that acidity was not re3ponsible for the toxicity.

Morse, in another experiment, found the major reason for
toxicity in superphOSphate was the amount of water soluble fluorine
present, but toxicity was modified by higher osmotic concentration
and higher acidity. It was also reported that superphosPhate with a
high amount of soluble fluorine was more toxic than the one having a
lower amount of soluble fluorine. Hydrogen fluoride was more toxic
than NaF. The addition of soil to the superphosphate solution caused
a marked reduction in the soluble fluorine content and in the acidity.
More than 12 times as much superphOSphate with soil added was
required to produce the same degree of toxicity obtained when super-

phosphate was used without soil.

III. METHODS AND MATERIALS

Field Experiments

 

a) Kleis Farm, Ingham County, 1957-58

Genesee wheat was planted from September 18 through 20,

1957, in plots 6 feet wide and 68 feet long on Conover silt loam soil.
The soil is an imperfectly drained Gray-Brown Podzolic deve10ped in
calcareous, non-stratified, medium-textured, glacial till. No drainage
problem was observed during the period the experiment was conducted.

A total of 48 treatments was used consisting of: 3 seed rates --
2, 4, and 6 pecks per acre; 4 row Spacings -- 7, 9, 11, and 14 inches;
2 fertilizer rates -- 300 and 600 pounds of 8-20-20 per acre; 2 place-
ments -- contact and 2-inch below and l-inch to the side of the seed.
The 8-20-20 fertilizer was obtained by mixing at rate of 114. 3 pounds
diammoniurn phOSphate (21-53-0) to 100 pounds of muriate of potash
(0-0-60). The mixture was prepared shortly before planting.

The field experiment was a complete randomized block design,
replicated 5 times. All 5 replications were used for yield and test
weight determinations. The first four replications were used for fall
culm count, vigor, and height readings. Replications 2, 3, and 4 were
used for summer culm count (near-harvest time). Replication l was
not included for the summer culm count as it showed greater lodging
than the other replications.

Fall culm counts were made on 3-foot sections of row from the
second, middle, and next to the last row. They were taken from 192

plots on October 5, 1957. The sample from the second row was taken

18

19

from a distance of about 3 feet from the northern end of the plot; the
sample from the middle row was taken from near the middle of the
plot; and the sample from the next to the last row was taken from a
distance of about 3 feet from southern end of that plot.

Height of the plants was also actually measured at 5 randomly
chosen locations in each plot on October 5, 1957. Height was
measured, to the nearest inch, from the base of the plant to the tip
of the leaf when stretched upward.

Growth, fall stand, and height of the plants Were considered
as the main factors affecting vigor, which was estimated on October 5,
1957. The best plots were rated as 10, the poorest as 2 and the others
in between.

Summer culm count was made on July 11, 1958 from the second
row and next to the last row in each plot at approximately the same
location as that of the fall culm counts. All tillers were counted pro-

_ vided they were taller than about 8 inches and regardless of presence or
absence of head.

Lodging score observations were taken on July 22, 1958. Plots
showing no lodging were graded as zero, a little as one, flat ones as
9, and other in between.

Grain was harvested with a self-pr0pelled combine. The grain
was weighed to the nearest half-pound and then converted to bushels
per acre; Plots 1 - 20 regardless of treatment, in each of firSt four
replications were harvested on July 26, 1958. Rains caused a delay
in the harvesting of the remaining (plots until August 4 and 5. The test
weight of grain was determined by the number of grams per quart and

converting to pounds per bushel.

C855

20

b) Ferden Farm, Saginaw County, 1957-58

Dual wheat was planted in plots 6 feet wide and 68 feet long on
Sims clay loam soil on September 24 and 25, 1957. The Sims is a
poorly drained Humic Gley developed in moderately fine-textured,
calcareous, lacustrine deposits. The field had both tile and Open
ditch drains, but the slowly permeable subsoil impeded the rate of
water removal.

The experiment consisted of the same 48 treatments as in the
case of the Kleis farm experiment and the order of planting was also
kept the same. The field experiment was a complete randomized
block design with 4 replications. All replications were used for yield
and test weight determinations. Replications l and 2 were used for
fall and summer culm count.

For fall culm count, samples from 3-foot sections from second
and next to the last rows were taken on November 12, 1957. The
samples from these rows were taken in a manner similar to the
previous experiment. Summer culm count was made on July 18, 1958,
in each plot at approximately the same locations as of the fall culm
count.

The plots were harvested on July 23, 1958. Test weight was
determined by standard procedure.

Samples from each plot were saved for total nitrogen determin-
ation. The 4 replications of a treatment were composited to give one
sample per treatment for chemical analysis. Though the analyses
were run in duplicate, only the averages were used in the analysis of
variance. Total nitrogen determinations were made by the Kjeldahl
method with certain modifications as described by Pierce and Haenisch
(48). The percentage protein was calculated by multiplying the total

nitrogen content by the factor 6. 25.

5-1. .
Last

Time
9.:
has

21

c) Fick Farm, Calhoun County, 1958-59'

Genesee wheat was planted on September 26, 1958, in plots
6 feet wide and 50 feet long on Kalamazoo sandy loam soil. This soil
is a well drained Gray-Brown Podzolic developed on coarse textured
outwash material. The soil is naturally low in organic matter and is
one of the more droughty agricultural soils in the vicinity. A total of
16 treatments were used consisting of: 2 seed rates, 4 and 6 pecks per
acre; 2 row SpacingS--7 and 11 inches; 2 fertilizer rates--300 and
600 pounds of 8-20- 20 per acre; 2 placements--contact and 2 inch below
and 1 inch to the side of the seed. The field experiment was a complete
randomized block design, replicated 4 times. All of the replications
were used for culm count, yield, and test weight determinations.

For fall culm count four 50-inch sections from each plot were
taken at random on October 16, 1958.

The cr0p was harvested on July 10-11, 1959. Yield in bushels per
acre and test weight in pounds per bushel were determined by standard

procedures.

(1) Ferden farm, Saginaw County, 1958-59

Dual wheat was planted on September 25, 1958 in plots 6 feet
wide and 50 feet long on Sims clay loam soil. The characteristics of
this soil type have already been described in) connection with field
experiment b, Ferden Farm, 1957-58 wheat crop. The experiment
consisted of the same 16 treatments as that of the Fick Farm experiment.
The order of planting was also kept the same as that of the Fick Farm
experiment. The experiment was a complete randomized block design
replicated 4 times. All replications were used for culm count, yield,

and test weight determinations.

 

22

For fall culm count two 50-inch sections from each plot were
taken at random on October 28, 1958.

The crop was harvested on July 12, 1959. Yield in bushels per
acre and test weight in pounds per bushels were determined by

standard proc edur es .

Planting Machine

 

An experimental grain drill designed by the AERD, ARS, USDA
was used in these field experiments. Special features of this drill
as reported by Hansen et a_1. (21) are:
(i) TOp delivery fertilizer h0ppers for precision calibration of
fertilizer rate.
(ii) Micrometer adjustment facilities for seed boxes.
(iii) Fertilizer placement components which Operate independently
of seed placement mechanism.
(iv) Fertilizer placement mechanism which is adjustable in both
vertical and horizontal directions.
(v) Seed placement mechanism with both vertical and horizontal
adjustments.
(vi) Row Spacing variations from 7 to 60 inches.

(vii) Presswheels following single disc Openers for seed.

Laboratory Experiments

 

a) Em ergenc e Study

Three soils used in this study were the Oshtemo sand and Plain-
field sand from the Rose Lake Conservation Area, Clinton County and
the Granby loamy sand from the University Farm, Ingham County.

Soil was collected down to a depth of about 7 inches. The soil was then

23

air dried and passed through a quarter inch mesh screen. The
screening served the purpose of removing trash and other coarse
materials.

The three soils were brought to field capacity moisture level.

As determined by the tension table procedure, they were weighed daily
for one week and distilled water was added to maintain the condition.

Plainfield sand was also brought to 5. 6, 6. 7, 7. 6, and 8. 0
percent moisture levels. The soil was kept in air-tight containers
for a period of one week for the soil-moisture to come to equilibrium.

Plastic boxes, having an inside area 3 1/2 inches x 7 1/2 inches
and a depth of 3 inches, were filled to a depth of 1 inch with soil.

The soil was levelled and packed lightly with a plastic plate slightly
narrower than the box. Twenty-four seeds were placed at equal
distances in a continuous line approximately 5 / 8 inch in from the sides
of the box, giving a length of row of 17 inches. Fertilizer was placed

in a narrow band on top of the seeds. Another 1 inch of soil was then
added and packed lightly. The containers were covered and kept at room
temperature for a period of 21 days for emergence study. Each treat-
ment was replicated 3 times.

The emergence of wheat (Seneca), oats (Gary), and barley (Hudson)
was counted after removing the cover every second or third day until
the count became constant. The cover was put back immediately after
counting. Laboratory treatments and materials used are Shown in
Tables 2. 1 to 2. 10.

Calculation of the amount of fertilizer to apply was based upon an
area equal to the linear length (17 inches) times 7 inches (the usual
distance between grain rows in the field).

An acre, on basis of rows 7 inches apart, would give an effective

43560 x 12

linear length of 7 or 74674 feet.

 

24

For example, at the rate of 100 pounds per acre the material
17 x 100 x 453.6
12 x 74674

 

required for 17 inches linear length would be

.86 gms.

b) Differential Effects of Two Ordinary SuperphOSphates
Three methods of approach were used in this study:
a) Hydrogen ion concentration--Dilutions of superphosPhate
with distilled water, varying in ratio from 1:2 to 1:35 were used in
measuring pH with a glass electrode assembly.
b) Total acidity--A standard procedure was us ed.
c) Fluorine content
i) Qualitative test--A standard method of testing was used.
ii) Total and water soluble fluorine content--The method
of analysis. used for total and water soluble fluorine was a combi-
nation of the following two methods with certain modifications:
Method 1. Method of determination of fluorine in soils as is given
by the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists (1955) page 39.
Method 2. Method of determination of fluorine in insecticides
containing no organic matter as is given by the Association of Official
Agricultural Chemists (1955) page 54-55.
The procedure us ed is given below:
1. Preparation of Standard Curve
(a) Dilute portions of the standard NaF solution, containing from
0-200 mmg. in 20 mmg increments, respectively, to 100 ml.
in 250 ml. beaker.
(b) Add 2 ml. of the alizarin indicator.
(c) Neutralize to faint pink with 0. 05 N and 0. 01 N NaOH.
(d) Adjust to pH 3. 0 with buffer solution.

25

(e) Titrate to faint pink end point by addition of 0. 01 N Th(NO3)4
solution from the microburet graduated in 0. 01 ml.
(f) Plot the curve using F as the abscissa and ml. Th(NO3)4 as

the ordinate. In plotting curve, correct for titration blank.

11. Determination of Total Fluorine

(a) Weigh 1 gm. of fertilizer and with aid of little water transfer
to 250 ml. claisen distilling flask containing 12 glass beads
and adjust to 30 ml. with distilled HZO.

(b) Connect to condenser.

(c) Close flask with a 2-hole rubber stOpper, through which pass
thermometer and steam in-let tube, both of which extend into
solution.

(d) Bring water in steam generating flask to boiling point.

(e) Add 25 m1. of cone. H2504 through the side arm of claisen
flask. Close the Side arm with a rubber stopper.

(f) Connect steam inlet tube with the steam generator.

(g) Light burner under claisen flask.

(h) Regulate flow of steam by adjusting burner flames so that
volume of solution is held constant and temperature of 145-1500
C. is maintained in distilling flask.

(i) Continue distillation until about 400 ml. distillate is collected
in 500 volumetric flask.

(j) Dilute to 500 ml. with distilled water.

(k) Transfer 2. 5 m1. aliquot to 250 m1. beaker and dilute to 100
m1.

(1) Proceed as in I, b-e.

(m) Read the value from the standard curve.

(n) Calculate the per cent of fluorine from the following equation:

mmg as read from curve x 500 x 100

2.5 x 106

 

%F=

26

III. Determination of Water Soluble Fluorine

(a) Weigh 2 gm. of sample and transfer to a 250 ml. erlenmeyer
flask.

(b) Add 100 ml. of H20 and close with a rubber stOpper.

(c) Shake for 4 hours on a gyrotory shaker.

(d) Filter through double filter paper (#41).

(e) Transfer 50 ml. of solution to 250 m1. claisen flask containing
12 glass beads.

(f) Proceed as II, b-j.

(g) Transfer 10 ml. aliquot to 250 ml. beaker and dilute to 100 m1.

(h) Proceed as II, l-m.

(i) Calculate the per cent of fluorine from the following equation:

mmg read from curve x 500 x 100

10 x 106

701?:

 

IV. Notes

1. In step .I-c--Use .05 N NaOH till the color becomes orange
and then add . 01 N NaOH to get faint pink end-point. If one
uses . 05 NaOH all the way, the change of color is so sudden
that one might miss the desired point. If one uses only . 01 N
NaOH, the quantity needed would be greater than is convenient.

2. In step 'I-d- -Add buffer drop by drop to adjust to pH 3. 0. If
pH goes below 3. 0, one can raise it by addition of NaOH solu-
tion, but it has usually given lower values.

3. In step 111- c--Shaking for a period of 2 hours, 4 hours or 6
hours does not make any difference in results.

4. In step III-d--Use double filter paper #41 as single filter paper

does not give clear solution.

27

5. In step III-e--It is necessary to distill the solution obtained
in III-d, in order to eliminate the interference of phOSphorus
as that interferes with the titration.

6. It is desirable to use a white background to compare the end-

point with blank.

C omputation

 

Statistical Significance was determined by analysis of variance
and use of Duncan's Significant Studentized Range Test (15). Any dif-
ference greater than the corresponding R. E. value was considered
significant at that level. The R. E. (20) value is the range of equality
which is obtained when using the maximum number of means being com-
pared.

To determine whether two coefficients of correlation differ

significantly from one another, the Love (36) procedure was followed.

:—‘
I ’11

and

pres

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

I. Field Experiments

 

Due to the fact that the 2 bushel seed rate and 9- and l4-inch
row Spacings were omitted in 1958, not all of the comparisons made

on the 1957 crop can be made on the 1958 data.

A. Fall Culm Count

Average values, with respective ranges of equality (R.E.), and
analysis of variance of fall culm count of wheat per square foot are
presented in Table l. 1.

Single Factors

(i) Seed rate: On the average, the plots seeded at 6 pecks per
acre gave the greatest number of culms per square foot. This was
true at all 4 locations. The increase was highly signifiCant over
plots seeded at the rate of 4 pecks per acre and the 4 peck rate gave
a highly significantly greater number of culms than 2 peck rate at
both locations.

One would expect the number of culms to increase with increase
in seeding rate, but at a diminishing rate. The expected trend was
true in all 4 cases. Similar findings have been reported by earlier
investigators (8, 16).

(ii) Row Spacing: Seven- and 9-inch row Spacing did not behave
in the same manner in 1957. Seven-inch row Spacing gave a highly
significantly greater number of culms over ll-inch row Spacing at 3
out of the 4 locations. In the 4th location, Fick farm, the findings

were just the reverse.

28

 

full—1 r—«Il

ml

r—ral

ml

29

Table 1. 1 Fall culrn count of wheat, per square foot basis, obtained

on Kleis and Ferden farms,

1957-58, and on Fick and

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Ferden farms, 1958-59.
Location Kleis Ferden Fick Ferden
Date Oct. 5, 57 Nov. 12,57 Oct. 16,58 Oct. 28, 58
A. Average values with respective ranges of equality (R. E.)
General 12.5 24.6 5.1 31.6
Seed rate, 2 pks7A 6.8 13.8 - -
4pks/A 11.5 25.5 4.3 27.2
6 pks/A 19.2 34.6 5.9 35.9
R.E. 5% level 1.0 1.6 0.5 2.3
1% level 1.4 2.1 0.6 3.1
Row Spacing, 7 inches 13.3 28.2 4.2 35.7
9 inches 14. 0 25. 3 - -
11 inches 11.9 20.6 6.0 27.4
14 inches 10.7 24.6 - -
R. E. 5% level 1.2 1.9 0.5 2.3
1% level 1.6 2.4 0.6 3.1
Rate of fert. 300 lbs/A 13.4 26.7 5. 3 33.1
600 lbs/A 11.5 22.6 4.9 30.1
R.E. 5% level 0.8 1.2 N.S. 2.3
1% level 1.1 1.6 3.1
Placement “contact 1 1. 0 19. 9 l. 3 27. 9
side 13.9 29.3 8.8 35.2
R.E. 5% level 0.8 1.2 0.5 2.3
1% level 1.1 1.6 0.6 3.1
B. Analyses of variance
C. V. % 20.2 12.2 18.6 14.7
Source Df.M.Sq. Df.M.Sq. Df.. M.Sq. Df. M.Sq.
Error 117 6.4 70 9.1 50 0.92 50 21.5
Replicates 2 1 3 3
F F F F
Seed rate (S) 2 298. 5** 2 283. 9** l 43. 6** 1 56. 0**
Row Spacing (R) 3 ll. 9** 3 25. 9=i==l= 1 53. 3** 1 50. 7**
Rate of fert. (F) l 19. 2** l 44. 6*9c= 1 3. 0 l 6. 9’:<
Placement (P) l 46. 0** l 234. 196* 1 980. 5>I<>i= l 39. 6**
SxR 6 1.7 A - 6 14.8** 1 l4.6** l 4.0
SxF 2 l. 2 2 6. 4** 1 <1 1 < l
SxP 2 23. 8** 2 l3. 120's 1 22. 4** l 2. 5
RxF 3 1.9- 3 1.6 1 5.7*1 l 1.7
EX? 3 10. 1=i<*3 11.9** 1 31.99.01< 1 1.8
FxP l 9. 7>:<='.< 1 16. 3** 1 14.1*=!< l 39. 7**

 

:Significant at 5% level
_ Significant at 1% level

30

At Fick farm, the soil was acid (pH 5. 5) in nature. In acid
soils, the fixation of added phosphate is great. Fertilizer rate on an
acre basis was kept constant. Hence, in the wider spaced rows, more
fertilizer down the row was used, so that, if the same amount of
fixation took place, there would be more phOSphate available in the
wider spaced rows. This might result in having more culms per square
foot in plots with 1 1—inch row spacings than in plots with 7-inch row
spacings.

It was expected that there would be more culms in close rows
than wide rows because all had been seeded at the same rate per square
foot and not linear foot. Grantham (l6) and Buffum (8) reported thicker
seeding produced fewer tillers per plant. The results given in Table l. l
are not completely in accordance with these expectations. This is
seen in the 1957 Ferden farm 11- and l4-inch row spacings and in the
1958 Fick farm 7- and ll-inch row spacing. The reason for reverse
results at Fick farm have been given in the previous paragraph.

(iii) Rate of fertilizer: Fertilizer applied at 300 pounds per acre
gave more culms than did 600 pounds at all the 4 locations.

With higher fertilizer rate, there would be more detrimental
effect of soluble salt on emergence as compared to lower rate. The
retarding and the inhibiting actions of excess soluble salts on seed
germination have long been known and reported by many investigators
(12, 19, 33,,43,.58)L-

(iv) Placement of fertilizer: Placing the fertilizer 2 inches
below and 1 inch to the side of the seeds gave greater number of culms
per square foot than did contact placement at all the 4 locations. This
was what was expected from the work of previous investigators

(12, 19, 33,,43’,_.58),..

31

Where fertilizer is placed with the seed, the salt concentration
and the osmotic pressure of the area immediately surrounding the
seed is increased. Seeds cannot get adequate amounts of moisture
due to this raised osmotic pressure. The toxicity of certain ions and
the inhibiting action of soluble excess salts on seed germination have
been reported by many investigators (7, 12, 19, 41, 52, 55, 58).

Interactions

The discussion thus far has been concerned with the average
reaction which may be attributed to each of the factors--rate of seeding,
row spacing, rate of fertilizer, and placement of fertilizer--by itself.
But these averages involve many effects due to the interactions of the
above four factors with each other and with other factors which could
not be evaluated.

Some of these interaction effects may be considered as due to
two factors, some due to three factors, and some due to the four
factors operating Simultaneously. By the analysis of variance method
these several types of interaction effects may be isolated statistically.
The evaluation of the meaning of a three-factor interaction, which
interaction is similar to a fourth dimensional figure, is rather difficult
to explain. For this reason, the discussion on interaction effects is
limited to two-factor (three dimensional) interactions. The third
dimension is the magnitude of the character being measured.

In discussing interactions it must be borne in mind that an inter-
action mean-square tends to measure the failure of similar increase,
or decrease, in the numerical magnitude of the successive levels of
one factor, say S, as one progresses from one level to the successive
level of the other factor, say R. For there to be no interaction in the
analysis of variance table, the arithmetic change from R1 to R; will be

exactly the same in both 81 and 82. If it is not exactly the same, then

the:

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the interaction mean square is not zero. The greater the failure
of these differences to be the same, the greater the mean square.
Whether the interaction mean square is due primarily to a true
organic interaction between the two factors concerned or whether it
is due to other causes cannot be determined by mere inspection of
either the interaction mean square or its F-value.

In Table 1. 1 are shown the fall culm count F-values for each of
the six two-factor interactions in each of the four experiments. The
two-way tables for all the interactions are presented in Tables 1. 1. a
to 1. 1. f. S

(a) Seed rate x row spacing, Table l. 1. a. With an increase in
row Spacing and a constant rate of seeding in bushels per acre, the
number of seeds per linear foot would increase. Likewise increasing
the seed rate for a constant width of row would also cause an increase
in number of seeds per linear foot. This over-crOwding of seeds
might be expected to have detrimental effects upon the number of culms
present after emergence. The two-way tables tend to indicate that
the detrimental effect of increasing the number of seeds per linear
foot of row did enter into at least 3 of the experiments. In 4th experi-
ment, Fick farm, the findings were just the reverse. Possible reasons
could be the same as already stated under seed rate, namely, the acid
nature of the soil.

It is interesting to note that where this interaction was not signifi-
cant, some rainfall occurred within a week after seeding. The rains
might have lowered the osmotic pressure and salt concentration, and,
hence, might have provided better emergence conditions.

(b) Seed rate x fertilizer rate, Table 1. l.b. We would expect an
interaction between these two factors, if no rainfall occurred for a

considerable period after seeding. Under dry conditions the higher

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fertilizer rate and higher seeding rate would be more detrimental
than lower rate of fertilizer and higher seeding rate. The two-way
tables indicate the detrimental effect of increased seed rate and
fertilizer rate. In general, 300 pounds of fertilizer was less detri-
mental than 600 pounds. Increase in seed rate did not give increase
in number of culms to the same proportion.

The interaction was highly significant in only 1 (Ferden farm,
'57) of 4 cases reported. Table 3. 5 indicates that no rainfall occurred
at Ferden farm for a period of about 3 weeks after seeding, whereas,
such a long dry period did not occur in 2 other cases, see Table 3.4
and 3.6. In the 4th case, Fick farm, no rainfall data were recorded.

(c) Seed rate x placement, Table l. l. c. AS seeding rate was
increased, the number of seeds per linear foot was increased which
would lead to a crowding condition. Contact placement would be more
detrimental at higher seeding rate than side placement because of
increased detrimental effects of close contact of seeds with the
fertilizer and crowding condition. This would lead to an interaction.
The interaction was highly significant in 3 out of 4 cases. In the 4th
case, Ferden farm, (58), the trend was in the same direction as
evident from Table 1. l. c. The lack of significance is due to big
error line (Table 1. 1).

(d) Row Spacing x fertilizer rate, Table l. l.d. As the fertilizer
rate was increaaed, the amount of fertilizer per linear foot was in-
creased which would lead to a higher salt concentration and hence
greater detrimental effects on germination. Withincrease in row
spacing, it would be expected that detrimental effects of higher rate
would increase at a much faster rate than with the lower rate of ferti-
lizer. The two-way tables indicate the expected trend in 3 out of 4
cases. In the 4th case, Fick farm, the interaction was due to incon-

sistent- results.

 

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(e) Row Spacing x placement, Table 1. 1. e. With an increase in
row spacing, the number of seeds, as well as amount of fertilizer,
per linear foot of row, was increased, because seed rate and ferti-
lizer rate, on an acre basis,were kept constant. In general, the
differences between contact and side placement became much greater
with increased row spacing. This differential action and lack of
consistency in data caused the interactions. The interaction was con-
siderable in 3 out of 4 cases. In the 4th case, Ferden farm, 58, the
trend was in the same direction.

(f) Fertilizer rate x placement, Table 1. 1.f. The detrimental
effects of increased fertilizer rate and contact placement have been
discussed separately. Table 1. Li shows the differential action on
fall culm count which occurs when fertilizer and placement are con-
sidered together. This differential response was great enough to

cause the interactions to be highly significant in all 4 cases.

B. Summer Culm Count

Average values, with reSpective ranges of equality (R.E.), and
analyses of variance for summer culm count of wheat per square foot

area are presented in Table l. 2.

Single Factors

(i) Seed rate: The 2 cases studied Show inconsistent results.
No significant differences occurred as to culm count at Kleis farm
location. At Ferden Farm location 4 pecks seed rate gave the highest
culm count followed by 2 peck and then 6 pecks seed rate. No reason-
able explanation can be attributed for such inconsistent behavior.

(ii) Row Spacing: Both cases studied show a consistent decrease

in number of culms per square foot with increase in row Spacings.

 

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The results are similar to that found by Buffum (8). The trend is
similar to that reported for fall culm count.

(iii) Rate of fertilizer: Fall culm count results indicated that
fertilizer applied at 300 pounds per acre gave more culms than did
600. No such differences existed in summer culm counts. Probably
it could be said that more late tillers are formed where higher rate
of fertilizer was applied. Luginbill (31: a1. (37)) reported an increase
in summer cuhns where phosphorus was applied alone or in combi-
nation with nitrogen and/ or potash. I

(iv) Placement of fertilizer: Side placement gave greater number
of culms than did contact placement, although significant differences
existed at only 1 of the 2 locations.

Fall data (Table 1. 1) indicate damage by contact placement was
much greater at Ferden farm as compared to Kleis farm. The greater
amount of injury due to contact placement at Ferden farm might have

been compensated for by subsequent stooling.

Interactions

Although the interactions were not statistically significant, the
two-way tables indicated the following trends:

(a) Seed rate x row Spacing, Table 1. 2. a. At both locations the
nurnber of culms per square foot decreased with increase of row Spacing
regardless of seed rate. Similar results were observed by Buffum (8).
The trend within seed rate was similar to that reported for fall culm
COunt. Although fall culm count also indicated an increase in number
0f culms with an increase in seed rate, there was no similar trend
Present in summer culm count.

(b) Seed rate x fertilizer rate, Table 1. 2.a. No trend was present.

(c) Seed rate x placement, Table 1. 2.b. In 5 of the 6 comparisons,

Side placement of fertilizer gave the greater culm count.

Iabl

R

Re

a P

-— ( CH

39

Table 1. 2 Summer culm count of wheat, per square foot basis,
obtained on Kleis and Ferden farms, 1957-58.

 

Location Kleis Ferden
Date July 11, 58 July 18, 58

 

A. Average values with respective ranges of equality (R.E.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

General 41. 9 39.1
Seed rate, 2 pks7A 41. 8 36. 3
4pks/A 41.6 41.0
6 pks/A 42. 1 33. 9
R. E. 5% level N. S. 3. 0
1% level 3. 9
Row spacing 7 inches 50. 1 45. 3
9inches 44. 8 39. 0
11inches 38.7 38.2
14inches 33.8 34.1
R.E. 5% level 3.8 3.6
1% level 5.0 4.7
Rate of fert. 300 lbs/A 42. 2 38. 9
600 lbs/A 41.6 39. 3
R.E. 5% level N.S N.S.
Placement contact 41. 6 37.4
side 42. 1 40. 8
R.E. 5% level N.S. 2. 3
1% level 3.1
B. Analysis of variance
C. V. % 17. 8 14. 7
Source
Df. M.Sq. Df. M.Sq.
Error 117 55.7 70 33. l
Replicates 2 2 2
F F
Seed rate (S) 2 < 1 2 6. 196*
Row Spacing (R) 3 32. 5** 3 15.4**
Rate of Fert. (F) l < l t 1 < l
Placement (P) l < l l 8.4*>i<
SxR 6 < 1 6 l. 7
SxF 2 < 1 2 < 1
SxP 2 l. 3 2 2. 2
RxF 3 l. 7 3 < 1
RxP 3 < l 3 < 1
FxP l < 1 1 < 1

 

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((1) Row Spacing x fertilizer rate, Table 1. 2.b. The number of
culms per square foot decreased with increase of row spacing,
regardless of fertilizer rate. This was true at both locations.
Although fall culm count (Table l. l.d) indicated greater number of
culms at lower fertilizer rate, at both locations there was no such
definite trend present in summer culm counts.

(e) Row Spacing x placement, Table 1. 2. c. The number of culms
per square foot decreased with increase in row Spacing, regardless
of placement. This was true at both locations. In general, a similar
trend was observed for fall culm count. Contact placement gave
lower number of culms as compared to side placement in 7 out of 8
comparisons. Similar trends were observed for fall culm count
(Table 1. 1. e).

(f) Fertilizer rate x placement, Table 1. 2. c. At both locations,
side placement gave greater number of culms than contact placement
regardless of the rate of fertilizer. Similar observations were true
for fall culm count (Table 1. 1.f). The differences were of much
greater magnitude in fall than in summer. Although the fall culm
counts at the Kleis and Ferden farms had a reduced number of culms
for the higher rate of fertilizer (Table 1. 1.f), no such definite trend.

was present in summer count.

C. Height of Plants

Average values, with respective ranges of equality (R. E. ),
and analysis of variance of height of plants are presented in Table l. 3.
Single plants may have no competition for light, moisture and
nutrients. However, plants close together do exert competitive
influences on one another for light and other factors. Hence, if there

are more plants per unit area, the plants would be taller.

43

Table 1. 3 Height of plants in inches, vigor estimation and lodging
score of wheat obtained on Kleis farm, 1957-58.

 

Character studied Height Vigor Lodging
Date Oct. 5, 57 Oct. 5, 57 July 22, 58

 

A. Average values with reSpective ranges of equality (R.E.)

 

 

 

 

General 4. 5 6. 6 2. 8
Seed rate, 2 pksz 4. 3 5.4 2.8
4 pks/A 4.6 6.5 2.6
6 pks/A 4.7 7.7 3.0
R.E. 5% level 0. l 0. 2 0.4
1% level 0.2 0.3 0.5
Row Spacing 7 inches 4. 7 6.8 2. 9
9inches 4.6 6.8 2.6
11 inches 4.2 6.4 2.9
14 inches 4.6 6.2 2.7
R.E. 5% level 0.1 0. 2 N.S.
1% level 0.2 0.3
Rate of fert. 300 lbs/A 4. 6 7. z 2.7
p 600 lbs/A 4.4 5.9 2.9
R.E. 1% level 0. 1 0.2 N.S
Placement contact 4. 3 5. 2 2.6
Side 4.8 7.9 3.0
R.E. 1% level 0. l 0. 2 0. 3

 

B. Analysis of variance

 

C.V.% 7.4 8.8 30.6
Source

Df. M.Sq. M.Sq. M.Sq.
Error 164 0.11 0.34 0.73
Replicates 3

F F F

Seed rate (S) 2 22. 0** 266. 2=l==i< 4. 2*
Row spacing (R) 3 26. 294* 13. 9** 1. 5 '
Rate of fert. (F) 1 15. 6** 220. 2** 2. 6
Placement (P) 1 86. 4401‘ 1, 059. 1** 7. 8*“
SXR 6 2. 5* 6. 7""? < 1 ~
SxF 2 2. 2 3. 0 < 1
SXP 2 2. 7 27. 4** < 1
RxF 3 1 . 4 3. 3 “ 1. 8
RxP 3 2. 2 23. 3*“? 1. 6
FxP 1 1 1. 74* 198. 3=:=‘>:= 6. 0*

 

* Significant at 5% level
** Significant at 1% level

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Single Factors

(1) Seed rate: On the average, the plots seeded at 6 pecks per
acre gave the tallest plants. This increase was nearly significant
over plots seeded at 4 pecks per acre. The 4 peck rate gave highly
significantly taller plants than the 2 peck rate.

(ii) Row Spacing: In Table l. 1 it was observed that the number
of culms decreased with wider row Spacing. Since that was the case,
one would expect fall height to behave in the same manner, Table 1. 3.
The expected trend was there except for 14-inch rows.

(iii) Rate of fertilizer: Fertilizer applied at 300 pounds per acre
gave taller plants than did 600 pounds. This was what was expected
from the fall culm count information (Table 1. 1).

(iv) Placement of fertilizer: The side placement of fertilizer
gave taller plants than did contact placement of fertilizer. This was

what was expected from the culm count information (Table 1. l).

Interactions

In Table l. 3 are shown the height d plant F-values for each of
the six two-factor interactions. The two-way tables for all the inter-
actions are presented in Table l. 3.a. ‘

Although only two out of six two-factor interactions were statis-
tically significant, the two-way tables indicated the following trends:

(a) Seed rate x row Spacing, Table 1. 3. a. The height of plants
increased with increase of seeding rate regardless of row Spacing.
Similar behavior was noted for fall culm count, Table 1. La. With ‘
increase in row Spacing from 7 to 9 to 11 inches, there was a tendency
for reduction in height regardless of seed rate. Such a trend was
exPected on account of fall culm count information, Table 1. 1. a.

(b) Seed rate x fertilizer rate: The increase in seed rate from

2 t0 4 pecks per acre resulted in an increase in height regardless of

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fertilizer rate. Further increase in seeding rate from 4 to 6 peck

resulted in an increase in height only at lower rate of fertilizer.

No further increase in height was observed at higher rate of fertilizer.
Increase in fertilizer rate gave reduction in height regardless of seed
rate. The above tendencies were expected, in general, on account of
fall culm count information Table l. l.b.

(c) Seed rate x placement: Increase in seed rate from Z to 4
pecks per acre resulted in an increase in height regardless of place-
ment. Further increase in seed rate from 4 to 6 peck, resulted in
an increase in height only with placement of fertilizer with the seed.
No further increase in height was obtained with side placement.

(d) Row Spacing x fertilizer rate: Higher fertilizer rate gave
Shorter plants regardless of row Spacing. This would be expected
due to delay in emergence at higher fertilizer rate.

(e) Row spacing x placement: Side placement gave taller plants
regardless of row spacing. In general, the difference between contact
and side placement became much greater with increased row Spacing.
With increase in row Spacing from 7 to 9 to 11 inches there was a
reduction in height regardless of placement.

(1') Fertilizer rate x placement. The trend was similar as

already reported for fall culm count, Table 1. 1.f.

D. Vigor of Plants

Average values, with respective ranges of equality (R.E. ), and

analysis of variance of vigor of plants are presented in Table l. 3.

Single Factors
(i) Seed rate: On the average, the plots seeded at 6 pecks per

acre gave the most vigorous plants. This difference in vigor of plants

47

was highly significant over plots seeded at 4 pecks per acre, and 4
peck rate gave highly significantly more vigorous plants than the 2
peck rate.

(ii) Row Spacing: In Table l. 1 it was observed that the 7-inch
and 9-inch row spacings gave statistically the same number of plants
per square foot. Table 1. 3 indicates that ’7-inch Spacings barely gave
significantly taller plants than 9-inch row Spacings. From such
trends in number of plants and height of plants, one would expect the
plants of same vigor in both row spacings. The expected trend was
there. In general, the number of fall culms per square foot and height
of plants decreased with wider row spacings as shown in Table l. l
and Table 1. 3 reSpectively. Since that was the case, one would expect
vigor of the plants to behave in the same manner, Table 1. 3. This
was true.

(iii) Rate of fertilizer: Fertilizer 33h applied at 300 pounds
per acre gave more culms and taller plants than did the 600 pounds,
as indicated in Table 1. l and Table l. 3, reSpectively. Since that
was the case, one would expect more vigorous plants where fertilizer
was applied at the lower rate than at the higher rate. The expected
differences were there.

(iv) Placement of fertilizer: The side placement of fertilizer
gave more vigorous plants over contact placement of fertilizer.

This was similar to what was expected from the fall culm count,

Table 1. 1 and height of the plants Table l. 3.

Interactions
In Table 1. 3 are Shown the vigor of plants F-values for each of
the six two-factor interactions. The two-way tables for all the inter-

actions are presented in Table l. 3.b.

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There were five out of six interactions statistically significant,
the two-way tables (Table 1. 3.b) indicated in general similar trends

as reported for fall culm count Tables 1. La to 1. 1.f.

E. Lodging Score

Average values, with respective ranges of equality (R.E.), and
analysis of variance of lodging score of plants are presented in
Table l. 3.

Single Factors

(i) Seed rate: Although there was a significant difference in lodg-
ing score between plots planted at 4 pecks per acre and those planted
at 6 pecks per acre, the results were not consistent.

(ii) Row Spacing: The four row Spacings used apparently had
little effect on lodging score. No specific trend was present.

(iii) Rate of fertilizer: No significant difference in lodging score
occurred between 300 and 600 pounds per acre of fertilizer. The
heavier rate, on the average, was associated with the higher lodging
score.

(iv) Placement of fertilizer: Placing the fertilizer 2 inches below
and 1 inch to the side of the seeds was associated with the higher
lodging .score. The difference in score between the two placements
was highly significant.

Interactions

In Table 1. 3 are shown the lodging score F-values for each of
the six two-factor interactions. The two-way tables for all the inter-
actions are presented in Table l. 3. c.

(a) Seed rate x row Spacing. No Specific trend was present,
although within arow Spacing the 6 peck seed rate was associated

with heavier lodging in 3 out of 4 comparisons.

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(b) Seed rate x fertilizer rate: The heavier fertilizer rate
gave the greater score regardless of seed rate.

(c) Seed rate x placement. Side placement gave the greater
score regardless of seed rate.

(d) Row Spacing x fertilizer rate. In 3 of the 4 comparisons
heavier rate was associated with greater lodging.

(e) Row Spacing x placement. For the three wider row Spacings
side placement gave the greater score and the differences in these
widths were practically the same.

(f) Fertilizer x placement. Side placement gave the greater
score regardless of fertilizer rate. This was especially true in the
heavier rate of application and sufficient to make the interaction

significant.

F. Yield in Bushels Per Acre

Average values, with reSpective ranges of equality (R.E.),
and analysis of variance of yield of wheat are presented in Table l. 4.

Single Factors

(i) Seed rate: On the average, the plots seeded at 6 pecks per
acre gave the greatest yield in 2 of 4 cases. The increase was highly
significant over plots seeded at the rate of 4 pecks per acre. In the
3rd case, Kleis farm, the plots seeded at 4 pecks per acre gave highly
significantly higher yields over plots seeded at 6 peck rate. In the
4th case, Ferden farm, 59, the plots either seeded at 6 peck or 4
peck rate gave the same yield.

Percival (45) reported that a higher seed rate could be used more
profitably at places receiving higher rainfall. It was probable that
lower rainfall in June (Table 3.4) was a factor reducing yields after

4 peck rate at Kleis farm.

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52

Table 1. 4 Yield in bushels per acre of wheat obtained on Kleis and
Ferden farms, 1958, and on Fick and Ferden farms, 1959.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Location Kleis Ferden Fick Ferden
Date July, 58 July, 58 July, 59 July, 59
A. Average values with reSpective ranges of equality (R.E.)
General 58.0 52.9 30.6 60.1
Seed rate, 2 pksz 57.4 46.6 — .-
4 pks/A. 59.6 53.8 26.5 60.1
6pks/A 57.0 58.3 34.7 60.1
R.E. 5% level 1.5 1.6 3.2 N.S.
1% level 1.9 2.1 4.2
Row Spacing, 7 inches 58. 9 55.0 30. 2 62.5
9 inches 59. 2 54.9 - -
11 inches 58.5 53.4 31 0 57.7
14 inches 55.6 48.4 - -
R.E. 5% level 1.7 1.9 N.S. 1.4
u%16ve1 2.3 2.4 1.9
Rate of fert. 3001bs7A 58. 3 52.9 31.7 57.8
6001bs/A 57.7 52.9 29.5 62.4
R.E. 5% level N S N.S. N S. 1.4
1% level 1.9
Placement contact 57. 3 50.7 19.0 59.7
side 58.7 55. 1 42. 2 60.5
R.E. 5% level 1.1 1.2 3 2 N.S.
1%level 1.5 1.6 4 2
B. Analysis of variance
C.V. % 7.7 8.2 20.5 4.7
Source
Df. M.Sq. Df. M.Sq. Df. M.Sq. Df. M.Sq.
Error 211 19.8 164 18.7 50 39.4 50 7. 96
Replicates 4 3 3 3
F F F F
Seed rate (S) 2 8.0** 2 120.8%":< 1 27.6** 1 < 1
Row Spacing (R) 3 8. 2** 3 Z4.6>:<>:: 1 <1 1 47. 0**
Rate of fert.(F) 1 1.0 l < l l 1.8 1 43.0**
Placement (P) l 6. 1* 1 50.7** 1 218. 2>i<>=< 1 1.2 »
SxR 6 <1 6 1.2 - . 1 8.6% 1 13.2*=:=
SxF 2 <1 2 2.3 1 2.0~ l<1
SxP Z 2. 0 2 < 1 1 < 1 1 < 1
RxF 3 <1 3 l. 5 1 <1 1 < 1
RxP 3 1.0 3 2.3 l 6.3%< 1 <1
FxP 1 < 1 l 5. 3* 1 1 <1

 

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**Significant at 1% level

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Coffman (13) reported maximum average yields from seed
rates of 6 pecks and 5 pecks per acre for the studies conducted from
1913-18, and from 1920-22, respectively. Kiesselbach (29) and
Pendleton and Dungan (44) reported a gradual increase in yield up to
6 peck rate followed by a decrease in yield when seed rate was
increased any further. Brown and Down (9) reported increase in
yields up to 7 peck seed rate followed by a decrease when seed rate
was increased beyond 7 peck rate.

The present data indicate that 2 peck rate is too low a seed
rate. Averaging all the 4 experiments, the 6 peck rate gave the maxi-
mum yield, 2. 5 bushels higher than 4 peck rate. These results are
in agreement with workers cited in the previous paragraph.

(ii) Row Spacing. Seven-, 9- and ll-inch row Spacings gave
practically the same yield per acre during 1957-58 crop year. The
yields of 7-, 9-, and 11-inch row Spacings were significantly (at 1
percent level) greater than 14-inch row Spacings. During 1958-59
crop: at one location, Fick farm, 7- and ll-inch spacings gave
practically the same yield; at the other locations, Ferden farm, 7-
inch Spacings gave highly significantly greater yield than the ll-inch
Spacings.

Previous investigations (5, 14, 30, 35, 53 and 58) have reported
that 7-inch spacings gave a higher yield than 14-inch Spacings. Also
Harrington (22) found a definite downward trend in yields as the dis-
tance between rows increased from 6 to 12 to 18 inches. Fourteen-
inch Spacings seems to be too wide a distance apart between the rows
for wheat. On the average of 1957-58 crop year, the 14-inch spacings
gave 5 bushels per acre less yield than 7-inch spacings.

(iii) Rate of fertilizer: No Significant differences in yield

occurred between 300 pounds and 600 pounds of fertilizer in 3 out of

4e)

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4 experiments. In the 4th case, Ferden farm 59, the higher rate
gave higher yields. Average of all the 4 experiments gave a yield
of 50. 2 bushels per acre in case of lower rate of fertilizer and 50.6
bushels in case of higher fertilizer rate. This indicates that on the
average, the application of 600 pounds of 8-20-20 per acre fertilizer
did not give any better yields than 300 pounds.

(iv) Placement of fertilizer: Placing the fertilizer 2-inches
below and l-inch to the Side gave higher yields in all the 4 experiments,
but significant differences occurred in only 3 of the 4 cases. On the
average of all the 4 experiments side placement gave 7.4 bushels per
acre greater yield than placement with the seed. Olson (43) reported
similar findings.

Interactions

In Table 1. 4 are shown the yield F-values for each of the 4 experi-
ments. The two-way tables for all the interactions are presented in
Tables 1.4.a to 1.4.f.

(a) Seed rate x row Spacing, Table 1. 4. a. The data were not
cnn'sistent. However, in general a tendency for the yields to decrease
was observed as distance between rows increased, regardless of seed
rate. The greatest fall off in yield was observed as the distance
between rows became 14-inches.

Previous investigations (5, 14, 22, 30, 35, 53 and 58) have
reported similar findings. In 2 of 4 cases studied increase in seeding
rate resulted in increased yields regardless of row spacing. In the
3rd case, Kleis farm 58, increase in yield was obtained up to 4 pecks
seed rate regardless of row Spacing. This was followed by a decrease
in yield when seeding rate was increased from 4 to 6 pecks per acre.
In the 4th case, Ferden 59, increase in seeding rate resulted in

increased yield at 7-inch spacing and decreased yield at ll-inch spacing.

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(b) Seed rate x fertilizer rate, Table 1.4.b. In 3 of 4 cases a
definite increase in yield was obtained as the seed rate increased
regardless of fertilizer rate. In the 4th case, Kleis farm 58,
increase in yield was obtained up to 4 pecks seed rate. This was
followed by a decrease in yield when seeding rate was increased from
4 to 6 pecks per acre.

(c) Seed rate x placement, Table 1.4. c. In 8 of the 10 compari-
sons side placement of fertilizer gave higher yields regardless of
seeding rate. In 1 of the other 2 cases, yields were equal and in the
other the yield for contact was slightly higher.

(d) Row Spacing x fertilizer rate, Table 1.4. d. The data were
not consistent. In general, with a few exceptions, there was a down-
ward trend in yields as distance between rows increased, regardless
of fertilizer rate. The greatest fall off in yield was noted as the
distance between rows became 14 inches apart.

(e) Row Spacing x placement, Table 1.4. e. In 11 of 12 compari-
sons side placement gave higher yields, regardless of row Spacing.

In general, with a few exceptions, there was a downward trend in yields
as the distance between rows increased, regardless of placement.

(f) Fertilizer rate x placement, Table 1.4.f. In all of the 8
comparisons side placement gave higher yields, regardless of fertilizer
rate. Under side placement, the higher rate of fertilizer increased
yields in 3 of 4 cases, but under contact placement, the higher rate of
fertilizer reduced yields in 3 of 4 cases. This differential action
between fertilizer rates and placement effects on yields were great

enough in 2 of 4 cases to cause the interaction to be significant.

G. Test Weight of Wheat Grain
Average values, with reSpective ranges of equality (R.E.), and
analysis of variance of test weight in pounds per bushel are presented

in Table 1. 5.

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Table l. 5 Test weight in pounds per bushel of wheat obtained on
Kleis and Ferden farms, 1958, and on Fick and Ferden
farms, 1959.
Location Kleis Ferden Fick Ferden
Date July, 58 July, 58 July, 59 July, 59
A. Average values with reSpective ranges of equality (R.E.)
General 58.1 60.4 55. 9 59.7
Seed rate 2 pks/A 58. 0 59. 9 - -
4 pks/A 58.2 60.6 55. 5 59.6
6 pks/A 58.0 60.7 56.2 59.7
R. E. 5% level N.S. 0. 2 0.4 N. S.
1% level 0. 3 0. 5
Row spacing 7 inches 58. 2 60. 5 55. 7 59.6
9 inches 58. 1 60. 5 - -
11 inches 58.0 60.3 56.0 59.7
14 inches 58. 1 60. 3 - -
R. E. 5% level N. S. N. S. N. S. N. SL
Rate of fert. 300 lbs/A 58. o 60.4 56. o 59.6
600 lbs/A 58. 1 60.4 55.8 59.8
R.E. 5% level N.S. N.S. N.S. N.S.
Placement contact 58. l 60. 3 55. 3 59. 7
side 58. 1 60. 5 56.4 59.6
R.E. 5% level N.S. 0.2 0.4 N.S.
1% level 0. 3 0. 5
B. Analysis of variance
C.V. % 1.24 0.91 1.24 0.80
Source Df. M.Sq. Df. M.Sq. Df. M.Sq. Df. M.Sq.
Error 211 0.52 164 0. 29 50 0.48 50 0. 23
Replicates 4 3 3 3
F F F F
Seed Rate (S) 2 1. 7 2 40. 9M 1 17. 5=:=~:< 1 1.4
Row spacing (R) 3 <1 3 1.9 . l 2.6 ~ 1 1.4
Rate offert (F) l 2.4 1 <1 1 2.3 l 1.7
Placement (P) 1 <1 1 4.4»< 1 39.9 1 <1
SXR 6 <1 6 4.0** l 1.7 l 2.8
SxF 2<l 2 3.3* l<1 13.0
SxP 2<1 2<1 1 <1 11.7
RXF 3 <1 3 1.7 1 6.0 1<1
RxP 3 <1 3 2.9* 1 <1 l'<l
FXP 1 1.5 l<l 1 <1 l<l

 

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Single Factors

(i) Seed rate: On the average, in 3 of 4 experiments the test
weight increased as the seed rate increased. In the 4th case, Kleis
farm, the test weight increased from 58. 0 to 58. 2 as seed rate was
increased from 2 to 4 pecks per acre. This was followed by a decrease
in test weight as seeding rate was increased from 4 to 6 pecks per
acre.

Kiesselbach (29) reported that test weight was not affected by
seeding rate. Coffinan (13) on the basis of . 6-year results, 1913-
1918, reported no Specific trend in relation to seeding rate. He
further reported on the basis of 3dyear: results, 1920-1922 a gradual
increase in test weight with increase in seeding rate. Pendleton and
Dungan (44) reported an increase in test weight as seed rate was
increased from 3 to 6 pecks per acre. This was followed by a gradual
decrease as seeding rate was increased from 6 to 18 pecks per acre.

(ii) Row spacing: The row widths resulted in essentially the
same test weight of grain.

(iii) Fertilizer rate: On the average, no differences in test
weight occurred with 300 pounds and 600 pounds of 8-20-20 fertilizer
per acre. Previous investigators (ll, 40, 42, 49, 56 and 61) have
reported similar results.

(iv) Placement of fertilizer: On the average, in 2 of 4 cases

contact placement of fertilizer gave grains with heavier test weight.
In other 2 cases there was no difference in test weight due to placement.
Similar lack of consistent findings have been reported by other. workers
(56 and 62).

Interactions

In Table 1. 5 are shown the test weight F-values for each of the

six two-factor interactions in each of the four experiments. The two-way

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61

tables for all the interactions are presented in Table l. 5. a to
1. 5. f.

(a) Seed rate x row Spacing, Table 1. 5.a. No specific trend
was preSent.

(b) Seed rate x fertilizer rate, Table 1. 5.b. No Specific trend
was present.

(c) Seed rate x placement, Table l. 5. c. In general, test weight
increased with increase in seed rate regardless of the placement of
fertilizer.

(d) Row Spacing x fertilizer rate, Table 1.5.d. In 8 of 12 com-
parisons, higher fertilizer rate gave grains higher in test weight
regardless of row spacing.

(e) Row Spacing x placement, Table l. 5. e. In 6 of 12 compari-
sons side placement gave grain of higher test weight regardless of row
width. In 2 comparisons both placements gave grains of same test
weight.

(f) Fertilizer rate x placement, Table 1. 5.f. In 6 of 8 compari-
sons side placement gave grains of higher test weight regardless of

fertilizer rate.

H. Protein Content of Wheat Grain

Average values, with respective ranges of equality (R. E.) and
analysis of variance, of wheat grain are presented in Table 1. 6.

Single Factors

(i) Seed rate: With increase in seed rate fall culm count increased
at a diminishing rate (Table 1. 1). With more culms, there would be
less availability of nutrients per culm at higher seeding rate. This
probably would result in reduction of protein content in grain with in-

crease in seeding rate. The present data represent this trend.

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Table l. 6 Percent of protein content of wheat grain obtained on
Ferden farm, 1958.

 

 

A. Average values with respective ranges of equality (R.E.)

 

 

 

 

 

 

General 12. 3
Seed rate, 2 pks/A 13. o
4 pks/A 12. 1
6 pks/A 12. O
R.E. 5% level 0. 2
1% level 0. 3
Row spacing 7 inches 12. 1
9 inches 12. 3
11inches 12.4
14 inches 12. 5
R. E. 5% level 0. 3
1% level 0. 4
Rate of fert. 300 lbs/A 12. 2
600 lbs/A 12. 5
R.E. 1 level 0.2
Placement contact 12.5
side 12. 2
R.E. 1% level 0. 2
B. Analysis of Variance
C. V. ‘70 2. 3
Source Df. M. Sq.
Error 23 0. 08
Replicates 2
F .
Seed rate (S) 2 58. 5*:
Row Spacing (R) 3 4, 5:30
Rate of fert.,(F) 1 1 1. 30*
Placement (P) l 8, 7**
SxR 6 2. l
SxF 2 <1
SxP 2 2. O
RxF 3 l. 4
RxP 3 <1
FxP l 0. O

 

*Significant at 5% level
**Significant at 1% level

66

(ii) Row spacing: Fall culm count per unit area decreased with
increase in row spacing. Because of this protein content of grain
would be expected to increase with row spacing. The expected trend
was there.

(iii) Rate of fertilizer: With higher fertilizer rate the plants
had a greater amount of fertilizer available and hence produced grain
with higher protein content.

It has been pointed out in review of literature that the effect of
fertilizers at seeding time on the protein content is a controversial
matter. Several investigators (40, 47, 51 and.56) have reported
that fertilization at seeding time did not significantly influence the
protein content. While others (3, ll, 46, 49, 50 and 61) reported that
fertilizer did increase the protein content of wheat.

(iv) Placement: Contact placement reduced number of fall culms
per unit area and hence more fertilizer per culm was available. This
resulted in the production of grains with higher protein content where
fertilizer was placed with the seed.

Interactions

In Table 1. 6 are shown the protein content of grain F-values for
each of the six two-factor interactions. The two-way tables for all
the interactions are presented in Table 1. 6. a.

(a) Seed rate x row spacing. In general a tendency for the protein
to decrease was observed as seed rate increased regardless of row
Spacing. Protein content of the grain Showed a tendency to increase
as distance between rows increased regardless of seed rate. The
difference between protein content of grain became much greater between
7-inch and 14-inch spacings as seed rate increased.

(b) Seed rate x fertilizer rate. Protein content decreased as the

seed rate increased at a diminishing rate regardless of fertilizer rate.

67

 

 

 

 

 

 

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68

Protein content increased as the fertilizer rate increased regardless
of seed rate.

(c) Seed rate x placement. Protein content decreased as the
seed rate increased at a diminishing rate, regardless of placement.
Protein content decreased with side placement of fertilizer irre-
spective of seed rate. .

(d) Row Spacing x fertilizer rate. Protein content increased as
the row Spacing increased. regardless of fertilizer rate, The higher
fertilizer rate resulted in the production of grain with higher protein
content regardless of row spacing.

(e) Row spacing x placement. Side placement gave grain low in
protein content regardless of row Spacing. Increase in row spacing
resulted in production of grain high in protein content irrespective of
placement.

(f) Fertilizer rate x placement. Application of higher fertilizer
rate resulted in the production of grain with higher protein content
irrespective of placement. Side placement gave grain low in protein

content irrespective of fertilizer rate.

I. Interrelationships Between Various Characters of Winter Wheat

Simple correlation coefficients are presented in Table l. 7.

Many of the correlation coefficients are relatively low in value
despite the fact that they are statistically Significant. Such a Situation
would suggest a relationship between the two characters considered but that
the relationship was affected also by factors other than those indicated.

a. Fall Culm Count and Height of the Plants

A coefficient of correlation of 0.491** was obtained for fall culm
count and height of plants. Such a relationship was expected because
with more plants, the plants are expected to be taller due to greater

competition for light.

69

Table 1. 7 Simple correlation coefficients showing relationships
between various variables of winter wheat using treat—
ment average values (Table 3. 1-3. 3).

 

 

 

 

CrOp year: 1957-1958 1958-1959
Location: .No. Kleis Ferden Fick Ferden
Variables pairs farm farm farm farm
(a) Fall culm count:
height of plants 48 O. 49l=i=>l=
(b) Fall culm count:
vigor of plants 48 O. 735%“?
(c) Height of plants:
vigor of plants 48 0. 720**
(d) Fall culm count:
Summer culm count248 O. 202 0.464=§<=:<
(e) Fall culm Count: 48 0. 365* 0. 716**
yield 16 -0. 073T 0. 570*T- 0. 935i0k 0. 262

(f) Summer culm count:
yield 48 0.248 0. 282*

(g) Lodging score:

yield 48 0.124
(h) Fall culm count: 48 0. 315>z< 0. 70320:.
test weight 16 0.303T O.510*T 0.852* 0.067

(i) Summer culm count:

teSt weight 48 O. 090 0. 418:}::}:
(j) Yield: test weight 48 0. 195 0, 674m:
16 -0.173T 0.460T - 0.560%“ 0.127

 

'Significant at 5% level.

Significant at 1% level.
1.

Based on the same treatments as 1958-1959.

70

b. Fall Culm Count and Vigor of Plants

A correlation coefficient of 0.735** was obtained. It might be
pointed out that culm count indicated a better association with vigor
than with height of plants.

c. Height and Vigor of Plants

The coefficient of correlation between these two characters was
0. 720**, a fair degree of positive association. Vigor of the plants
was an estimation, whereas height of the plants was an actual measure-
ment to the nearest inch.

Vigor estimation is much less time consuming than taking height
measurements. The relationship suggests that one could estimate
vigor, which is a quicker process, rather than actually measuring the
height of the plants.

d. Fall Culm Count and Summer Culm Count

Among the two cases studied, the respective correlation co-
efficients were 0. 202 and 0.464**. These two coefficients of correla-
tion did not differ Significantly from one another, even though one is
highly Significant while the other is non-Significant. Differences in
summer culm count due to treatments were not as wide as the fall
culm count differences because of the ability of wheat to compensate
for stand by tillering.

e. Fall Culm Count and Yield

1957-58 data (n = 48) indicated that correlations of 0. 365*< and
0. 716** were present at Kleis farm and Ferden farm, reSpectively.

It may-be recalled from methods and materials that the that the
experiment was reduced for the crop year 1958-59. Correlation studies
were also made for treatments (11 = 16) which appeared in the 1958-59
crop. The relationship became much weaker with the smaller number

of items as shown by the correlation coefficients, -0. 073 and 0. 570*,

71

respectively. This suggests the omitted treatments caused the rela-
tionship to be greater when they were included. However, statis-
tically the r values obtained by using 11 = 48 were not different from
the r values obtained by using n = 16.

1958-59 data indicated that a correlation of O. 935*”:< existed at
Fick farm and that a correlation of O. 262 existed at the Ferden farm.

In general, there was a positive association between the fall
culm count and yield.

f. Summer Culm Count and Yield

A positive association was observed at both the locations.
Correlations of 0. 248 and 0. 282* were found at Kleis farm and the
Ferden Farm, reSpectively. These two coefficients of correlation
did not differ Significantly from one another.

Comparing with the correlation coefficients obtained between
fall culm count and yield, one could point out that better relationship
existed between fall culm count and yield than between summer culm
count and yield.

g. Lodging score and Yield

Statistically, lodging score had no effect on yield. Such a relation
was expected because lodging occurred late after head formation.
Further, there was no difficulty in harvesting and combining in the
lodged plots. Similar results have been reported by other workers
(13, 27, 52).

h. Fall Culm Count and Test Weight

1957-58 data (n = 48) gave correlations of 0.315%< and O.703** at
Kleis farm and Ferden Farm, reSpectively. When correlations were
run between those treatments which appeared during 1958-59 crop,

the relationship became much weaker 0. 303 and 0. 510*, respectively.

72

Statistically, the correlation values obtained by using n = 48. were
not different from those obtained by using n = 16.

1958-59 data gave correlations of 0.852=‘-==i= and 0.067 at the Fick
farm and Ferden farm, respectively. I

In general, there was a positive association between fall culm
count and test weight.

i. Summer Culm Count and Test Weight

Correlation values of 0. 090 and 0.418%“:< at Kleis farm and
Ferden farm, respectively, were found. TheSe two coefficients of
correlation did not differ significantly from one another. The rela-
tionship for fall culm count and test weight was comparatively
stronger, 0.315* and 0.703**, respectively. Statistically, correlation
coefficient 0. 090was not different from 0. 315 nor was 0.418 different
from 0. 703.

j. Yield and Test Weight

The correlation coefficients between yield and test weight for
1957-58 data (n = 48) were 0. 195 and 0.674** at Kleis farm and Ferden
farm, reSpectively. Correlation studies were also made for treat-
ments (n = 16) which appeared in the 1958-59 crop. The relationship
became much weaker as Shown by the correlation coefficients, -0. 173
and 0.460, reSpectively. Statistically, the r values obtained by using
n = 48 were not different from the r values obtained by using n = 16.
The correlation coefficients for 1957-58 data (11 = 16) were 0.560*
and o. 127 at the Fick farm and Ferden farm, respectively. Laude (3 1)
reported positive as well as negative relationships between test weight
and yield. Laude reported a negative correlation under 3 best eco-
logical conditions during 1933. The present data also Showed lower

relationships where yields were greater.

73

2 . Laboratory Experiments

 

A. Emergence study

Data on the emergence of wheat seedlings using Oshtemo sand
at field capacity moisture level are given in Table 2. 1. Various rates
of 7 commercial fertilizers, 8 chemically pure salts and 3 mixtures of
commercial fertilizers with chemically pure salts were used.

Nitrogen was more detrimental per unit'than potash, and potash
more than phOSphate. Delay in emergence was increased while final
emergence was reduced greatly at higher rates. Some investigators
(8, 12, 19, and 43) have reported similar results.

The nature of the fertilizer material is not without importance,
as it may produce excessive local acidity or alkalinity, or it‘may be
such as to produce excessive toxic action on germination and emergence
(8, 23, and 54).

AS noted in the literature references, there is some disagree-
ment among investigators as to the damage caused by various fertilizer
components. .

The data in Table 2. 1 indicated that ammonium sulphate was
more toxic than ammonium chloride, potassium sulphate more toxic
than potassium chloride, and the latter more toxic than potassium
nitrate. Brage (8) reported that sulphate anions are more toxic than
nitrate which is in agreement with what has been said above that
potassium sulphate was more damaging than potassium nitrate.
Comparing the effects of potassium chloride, potassium sulphate and
potassium nitrate on emergence, the toxic effects of anions agree to

the following extent with Harris (23) that chloride anions are more

toxic than nitrate anions.

74

Table 2. 1 Percent emergence of wheat 1, 2 and 3 weeks after
planting in contact with various fertilizers, using
Oshtemo sand at field capacity. 1

 

 

Pounds per acre Percent emergence Materials used
N'PzOs-Kzo 1 Wk. 2 Wks. 3 WkS.
0-0-0 89 92 93
2100 31 5o 53 Ammonium sulphate-’-
31.5-0-0 0 ll 22
42-0-0 0 3 3
26-0-0 51 82 83 Ammonium chloridez
52-0-0 13 18
78-0-0 0 0 0
0-45-0 81 83 83 Con. superphosphate3
0-90-0 81 83 83
0-135-0 24 74 74
0-180-0 17 54 57
0-270-0 4 18 24
0-315-0 4 17 19
0-45-0 82 87 87 Ordinary superphosphate3
0-80-0 66 81 81
0-90-0 56 72 72
0-180-0 18 62 64
0-270-0 0 24 31
0-38-0 90 90 90 Dicalciurn phosphate
0. 190-0 90 90 9o dihydratez
0-570-0 90 90 90
0-48-0 88 88 88 Dicalcium phOSphatez
0-192-0 93 93 93
0-720-0 88 g 88 88
0-62-0 89 89 89 Calcium metaphosphate
0-186-0 92 92 92 conditioned with lime-
0-930-0 89 89 89 stone2

 

lOshtemo sand contains 10% moisture at field capacity.
2Chemically pure salt.

3Commercial fertilizer . Continued

 

75

Table 2.1 - Continued

 

 

 

Pounds per acre Percent emergence Materials used
N-ons-KZO 1 wk. 2 wkS. 3 wkS.
0-0-27 14 58 81 Potassium sulphateZ
0-0-40.5 o 37 61
0-0-54 0 28 81
0-0-67.5 o o o
0-0-60 8 58 69 Potassium chloridez
0-0-90 0 14 36
0-0—120 o 6 14
11-48-0 69 71 71 11-48-03
22-96-0 19 28 28
33-144-0 8 14 14
44-192-0 o o o
21-53-0 4 68 68 Diammonium phosphate3
42-106-0 o o 21
63-159-0 o o o
84-212-0 o o o
7-0-23. 2 81 83 83 Potassium nitrate?-
14-0-46.5 64 75 75
21-0-69.7 11 75 75
28-0-93 8 38 58
35-0-116.2 o 20 42
42-0-139.5 o 19 33
49-0-162.7 o o 8
0-25-25 81 86 86 0.25.253
0-50-50 56 82 85
0-75-75 21 76 78
0-100-100 3 47 56
0-125-125 o 10 28
11-28-28 81 92 92 11.28.284
22-56-56 0 56 78
27.5-70-70 o 31 47
33-84-84 0 17 19

 

ZChemically pure salt.

3Commercial fertilizer.

4Prepared by mixing muriate of potash (60 percent K20) and dicalcium
phosphate (21-53-0) fertilizer.

76

Table 2.1 - Continued

 

 

 

Pounds per acre Percent emergence Materials used
N-ons-KZO 1 wk. 2 wks. 3 wks.
5-20-20 83 9o 90 5-20-203
7.5-30-30 57 77 79
10-40-40 30 68 75
15-60-60 10 28 33
20-80-80 0 8 14
12—12-12 87 9o 90 12.12.123
24-24-24 48 90 90
36-36-36 0 4o 68
48-48—48 0 7 17
12-24-24 47 68 68 6-12-125
18-36-36 19 58 6o '
24-48-48 0 29 32
30-60-60 0 6 10
12—24—24 47 69 69 6—12—126
18-36-36 21 51 58
24-48-48 0 36 58
30-60—60 0 11 18

 

3Commercial fertilizer

5Prepared by mixing ammonium chloride (26 percent N), super-
phosphate (45 percent P205). muriate of potash (60 percent K20).

6Prepared by mixing ammonium sulphate (21 percent N), super-
phOSphate (45 percent P205), muriate of potash (60 percent K20).

77

Harris (23) reported that potassium carbonate was least toxic
out of the 13 treatments used in Greenville and College loam, but it
was the third most toxic treatment in sand. The disagreement in
results from other investigators could be due to soil differences.

Concentrated superphOSphate was slightly more toxic to emerg-
ence of seedlings than ordinary superphOSphate when equal amounts
of phOSphates were applied. Rost (52) reported similar results.

Dicalcium phOSphate dihydrate, dicalcium phOSphate and calcium
metaphOSphate conditioned with limestone were not at'all injurious to
emergence even when applied at high rates.

One hundred pounds of diammonium phosphate (21-53-0) was
more detrimental than 150 pounds of potassium nitrate (21-0-69. 7).
Earlier it was pointed out that potash was more detrimental per unit
than phosphate. The present discrepancy might be due to different
sources of nitrogen used. However, these materials need a further study.

A fertilizer having the analysis of 6-12-12 was prepared by mix-
ing ammonium chloride with superphOSphate and muriate of potash
and was found to be more detrimental than a 6-12-12 prepared by
mixing ammonium sulphate with superphosPhate and muriate of potash
to the emergence of wheat seedlings. Earlier it was noted that ammon-
imn sulphate was more toxic than ammonium chloride. This change of
Situation might be attributed to the combination effects. This suggested
that ammonium chloride was more detrimental in the mixture than
ammonium sulphate. At lower rates both were equally toxic and this
agrees with findings reported by Allison (1).

In general, as the fertilizer rate was increased, the detrimental
effects increased at a much faster rate.

Data on the emergence of wheat seedlings using Granby loamy

sand at field moisture level are given in Table 2. 2. Three rates of

78

Table 2. 2 Percent emergence of wheat 1, 2 and 3 weeks after
planting in contact with two ordinary superphosphate
fertilizers, F1 and F2, using Granby loamy sand at
field capacity. 1

 

 

Pounds per acre

Percent emergence
Fertilizer Fl Fertilizer F2

 

N-PZOS-KZO 1 wk. '2 wks. 3 wks. 1 wk. 2 wks. 3 wks.
0-80-0 54 64 64 78 83 83
0-180-0 20 36 37 51 71 71
0-270-0 8 17 17 23 54 54

 

lGranby loamy sand contains 22. 0% moisture at field capacity.

79

2 superphosphates, labelled as 20% phOSphates, collected from two
different sources. Fertilizer F1 was more toxic than F2 when equal
amounts of fertilizer from both sources were applied. The reasons
for such differential action will be discussed later under "Differential
effects of two ordinary superphosphates. "

Data on the emergence of wheat seedlings in Oshtemo sand at
field capacity using 3 fertilizers at various rates are given in
Table 2. 3. The most toxic was 6-12-12 the least toxic was 6-12-0. The
6-0-12 was more toxic to emergence than the 6-12-0, indicating the
greater degree of toxicity due to potash than phOSphate.

As the fertilizer rate was increased, the detrimental effects
increased at a much faster rate.

Data on the emergence of wheat seedlings using Granby loamy
sand at field capacity moisture level, and 4 materials at various rates
are given in Table 2. 4. The materials tested were found in the follow-
ing order of decreasing toxicity: 6-12-12, 6-0-12, 0-12-12 and
6-12-0. As the fertilizer rate increased the injury increased at a
much faster rate. Comparing the results reported in Table 2. 3, it
may be noted that the order of toxicity remained the same in both the
soils and the treatments were less damaging in Granby loamy sand
than Oshtemo sand. This was due to the presence of greater amounts
of organic matter in the Granby loamy sand. Salter (54) reported the
greater degree of toxicity in sandy soils than in clay or muck soils.
The injury increased at a much faster rate with increase of fertilizer
rate.

Data on the emergence of wheat seedlings using Plainfield sand
at 8. 0 percent moisture level with 5 fertilizer materials are given in

Table 2. 5.

8O

.AONM 000000000 on: 0.0000000

00 000005000 .AmONnH 000000n0 mi 00000000000090.0000 .070 00000000 m .mmv 0000000 0050000000000 00 00.: 000000 0000000000

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00 oo o 040 m0 0 m0 em 0 coo
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mo mo mq mo mo mo m0 m0 mm o
.903 m .0003 N .03 0 .303 m .003 m .03 0 .903 m .303 m .03 0
0000m000000 000000n0 0000w000000 000000n0 0on0w0080 000000n0 0000 009 0000000
0.0070 00-0010 N0toto
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81

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6000000000 00000 00 00000 00000000 >00000 000005 .00000 0000>0m 00
.00000000000 050000.» 00003 0000000 000 90000000 00000 0000? m 00:00 N .0 000003 00 0000w000000 000000n0 0nd 00000.0.

0”"

 

82

Table 2. 5 Percent emergence of wheat 1, 2 and 3 weeks after
planting in contact with various fertilizers, using
Plainfield sand at 8. 0 percent moisture level. 1

 

 

Pounds per acre Percent emergence Material used
N-PZOS-KZO 1 wk. 2 wks. 3 wks.
0-0-0 88 88 88
26.0.0 0 o ’ 15 Ammonium chloride;
0-0-60 24 64 67 Muriate of potash3
21—53-0 o 46 53 Diammonium phosphate3
14-0-46. 5 46 67 67 Potassium nitratez
5-20-20 65 76 76 5-20-203
7. 5-30-30 29 64 64

 

1The soil contains 10% moisture at field capacity.

zChemically pure salt.

3Commercial fertilizer.

83

Plainfield sand and Oshtemo sand are soils very alike in nature,
hence one could compare the results obtained with the results pre-
sented in Table 2. 1. A glance at both tables would indicate the greater
reduction at lower moisture level. Twenty- six pounds per acre of
nitrogen reduced the emergence at the end of 3 weeks, from 83 to 15
percent as the moisture was reduced from 10 to 8 percent level.
Reduction with other materials were also noted, but not to the same
degree indicating that the detrimental effects of nitrogen increases at
a much faster rate than potash or phOSphate as soil moisture was
reduced.

Data on the emergence of wheat seedlings using Plainfield sand
at 6. 7 moisture level, using 8 materials at various rates are given in
Table 2.6. Comparisons common to Tables 2. 5 and 2.6, namely
0-0-60, 14-0-46. 5 and 7. 5-30-30, indicated greatly reduced numbers
of seedlings at the end of one week as moisture level was reduced
from 8 to 6. 7 percent. At the end of 3 weeks there was not much
difference in number of seedlings obtained at these two moisture levels.
The reduction in moisture level from 8. 0 to 6. 7 percent delayed emerg-
ence, but not the final emergence percentage.

Data on the emergence of wheat seedlings using Plainfield sand
at 5. 6 percent moisture level with 2 fertilizers at various rates are
given in Table 2. 7. Under no fertilizer treatment, the emergence at the
end of 1 week or 3 weeks were not much different from the results
obtained at higher moisture levels, Tables 2. l, 2. 5 and 2. 6. Twenty-
one pounds of nitrogen reduced the emergence at the end of 3 weeks
from 53 to 17 percent as moisture was reduced from 10.0 to 5.6 per-
cent. The 100 pounds of diammonium phosphate (21-53-0) reduced
the emergence from 68 to 53 to 31 percent as moisture level was reduced

from 10. 0 to 8.0 to 5.6 percent, reSpectively. The 200 pounds of

84

Table 2. 6 Precent emergence of wheat 1, 2 and 3 weeks after
planting in contact with various fertilizers, using
Plainfield sand at 6. 7 percent moisture level. 1

 

 

Pounds per acre

Percent emergence

Material used

 

N" P205“ K20 1 Wk. 2 WkS . 3 WkS 0
0.0.0 90 92 92
o—2o-o 78 79 79 0-20-0 (F2)3
0-30-0 81 82 82
0-40-0 79 81 81
0-80-0 23 29 39
o-2o—o 86 86 86 o-2o—o (F1)3
0-30-0 83 85 85
0-40-0 58 63 63
0-80-0 20 32 32
0.0.27 43 57 58 Potassium sulphatez
0.0—40.5 37 45 46
0-0—63 3 42 50 Potassium chloridez
0.0—94.5 0 3 3
0-0-60 6 52 62 Muriate of potash3
14—0-46. 5 14 60 61 Potassium nitratez
28-0-93.0 o 4 7
5-20-20 66 77 78 5.20.203
7.5-30-30 36 61 64
10-40-40 8 16 25
15-60-60 0 o 0
11-28-28 32 52 53 11-28-284

 

1The soil contains 10 percent moisture at field capacity.

2Chemically pure salt.
3Commercial fertilizer.

4Prepared by mixing muriate of potash (60 percent K20), and
dicalcium phosphate (21-53-0) fertilizer.

85

Table 2. 7 Percent emergence of wheat 1, 2 and 3 weeks after
planting in contact with various fertilizers, using
Plainfield sand at 5. 6 percent moisture level. 1

 

 

 

Pounds per acre Percent emergence Material used
N'ons-sz 1 W, 2 Wks. 3 WkS.

0—0-0 83 86 86

21-0-0 0 12 17 Ammonium sulphate:-
33-0-0 0 0 0

21-53—0 3 20 31 Diammonium phosphate3
31. 5-79. 5-0 0 4 6

42-106-0 0 0 0

 

1The soil contains 10 percent moisture at field capacity.
2Chemically pure salt.
3Commercial fertilizer.

86

diammonium phosphate (42-103-0) reduced the final emergence from
21 to 0 as moisture was reduced from 10.0 to 5. 6 percent level.

Data on the emergence of oats seedlings using Plainfield sand
at 7. 6 percent moisture level with 7 materials at various rates are
given in Table 2. 8. The decreasing order of harmfulness of 3
potassium materials used were: potassium sulphate, potassium nitrate
and potassium chloride. Comparing with the emergence values with
wheat study at 8. 0 percent moisture level (Table 2. 5), it may be noted
that oats are less susceptible to injury than wheat from contact place-
ment of fertilizer. Guttay (19) reported similar findings.

Data on the emergence of barley seedlings using Plainfield sand
at 8. 0 percent moisture level are given in Table 2. 9. The treatments
were the same as tested for wheat in Table 2. 5. In all cases studied,
wheat gave much lower emergence as compared to barley. The data
indicated that barley was less susceptible than wheat to injury from
contact placement of fertilizer, when equal amounts of fertilizer were
applied in both cases. Brage (8) found Similar results.

Data on the percent emergence, as a percent of check, of wheat,
oats and barley using Plainfield sand at field capacity are given in
Table 2. 10. The data indicate that wheat is more injured, by contact
placement of fertilizer than oats or barley. In the case of oats in
general, emergence at the end of 1 week much Slower than that of wheat
or barley. By the end of 2 or 3 weeks there was not much difference

between oats and barley in percent emergence.

87

Table 2.8 Percent emergence of oats 1, 2 and 3 weeks after
planting in contact with various fertilizers, using
Plainfield sand at 7. 6 percent moisture level. 1

 

 

Pounds per acre

Percent emergence

Mate rial us ed

 

N-PZOS-KZO 1 w, . 2 wks. 3 wks.
o-o—o 100 100 100
040-0 90 97 97 o-2o-o (132)3
0-60-0 69 93 93
o-eo-o 33 92 92
0—40-0 82 92 92 0-20-0(51)3
0-60-0 43 94 94
0-80-0 17 93 93
0-0-27 17 53 56 Potassium sulphate2
0-0-40.5 3 18 22
0-0-54 0 4 4
0-0-60 0 6o 81 Muriate of potash3
0-0—120 o o 0
28-0-93 0 7 24 Potassium nitrate2
5-20-20 24 97 97 5-20-203
7.5-30-30 . o 85 92
10—40—40 0 42 81
11-28-28 3 96 96 11-28-28
22456-56 o 15 47

 

1The soil contains 10 percent moisture at field capacity.

zChemically pure salt.
3Commercial fertilizer.

4Made up of muriate of potash (60 percent K20), and diammonium
phosphate (21-53-0) fertilizer.

88

Table 2. 9 Percent emergence of barley 1, 2 and 3 weeks after
planting in contact with various fertilizers, using
Plainfield sand at 8. 0 percent moisture level.

 

 

Pounds per acre

Percent emergence

Material used

 

2

N-PZOS-KZO 1 wk. 2 wks. 3 wks.
0-0-0 96 99 99
26-0-0 6 3'9 49 Ammonium chloridel
0-0-60 17 81 82 Muriate of potashZ
21-53-0 0 49 68 Diammonium phosphate
14—0—46. 5 68 93 94 Potassium nitratel
5—20-20 81 9o 90 5.20—20z
7. 5-30—30 36 85 85

 

1Chemically pure salt.
2Commercial fertilizer.

89

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90000000 00000 000003 m 0000 N .0 000000r 00000 0000 .000003 00 00000.00 00 00000000 0 m0 0000w000000 000000000 2 :0 0000.0.

90

Differential Effects of Two Ordinary SuperphOSphates

Differential effects of two superphosPhate fertilizers, F1 and
F2, on delaying and/or reducing the final emergence of wheat at
field capacity moisture level, of wheat at 6. 7 percent moisture level,
and oats at 7. 6 percent moisture level are presented in Tables 2. 2,

2. 6 and 2. 8, respectively. A glance at these tables is sufficient to
conclude that superphOSphate F1 was more toxic than F2.

A study was made of three of the possible causes for this dif-
ference in reSponse, namely a) total acidity, b) hydrogen ion concen-
tration, and c) fluorine content.

a) Total acidity

It was found that total acidity of superphOSphate F1 was 24. 07
me/lOO gms. and F2 was 19. 16 me/100 gms. No work has been
published pertaining to total acidity of superphOSphate and its toxic
effect on germination. While total acidity could be a factor for a
superphosphate to be toxic, it is more important to know the active
acidity}. e. hydrogen ion concentration.

b) Hydrogen ion concentration, Table 2. 11.

It was observed that the hydrogen ion concentration of super-
phosphate F1 was approximately twice that of F2. Morse (141) reported
that acidity was not the main reason for toxicity of superphOSphate,
but that toxicity was modified by higher acidity. Morse also reported
that free acid present would increase fluorine solubility and also the
amount of hydrogen fluoride. Bokorny (7) and Morse (41) reported
that hydrogen fluoride exerted toxic effects on germination of seeds.

c) Fluorine content

1) Qualitative test. Glass etchings were observedfor both ferti-
lizers, a positive proof of fluorine, although the test did not reveal

which one had the greater amount.

91

Table 2. 11 Hydrogen ion concentration of two ordinary superphos-

phate fertilizers, F1 and F2, at various dilutions with
distilled water.

 

 

[H] concentration [H] concentration [H] conc. of F1

 

 

Fert.:HZO of F1 of F2 [H] conc. of F2
1:2 25.1 x 10414 12.60 x 10-4M 1.99
1:4 15.8 x " 7.95 x " 1.99
1:5 15.8 x " 7.95 x " 1.99
1:6 15.8 x ” 7.95 x ” 1.99
1:7 12.6 x ” 6.31 x ” 1.99
1:8 12.6 x " 6.31 x ” 1.99
1:9 12.6 x " 6.31 x " 1.99
1:10 12.6 x " 6.31 x ” ' 1.99
1:15 10.0 x " 5.02 x " 1.99
1:20 7.95 x ” 3599 x " 1.99
1:25 6. 31 x " 3.16 x " 1.99
1:30 6.31 x .. ' 3.16 x .. 1.99
1:35 6.31): " 3.16x ” 1.99

 

92

2) Quantitative test. Total fluorine, Table 2. 12‘. The values
found were very close to what have been reported by Blanck (6) and
Jacob e_t '11. (27). Analysis of variance indicated that superphosphate
F1 contained a Significantly greater percent of total fluorine than F2.
Investigators (22, 24, and 32) have reported that rock phosphate
contains more than 3 but usually less than 4 percent fluorine. Morse
(41) reported that rock phOSphate was not toxic to germination of corn.
So toxicity might not be completely attributed to the total fluorine
content.

Water soluble fluorine, Table 2. 13. Many investigators (7, 41,
52 and 55) have reported the injurious effect of water soluble fluorine
in reducing and even preventing germination. The more toxic super-
phosphate, Fl, contained about 3 times the amount of water soluble
fluorine contained by the less toxic superphOSphate, F2.

SuperphOSphate F1 had 1. 25 times greater total acidity, 1. 99
times greater H-ion concentration, 1. 14 times greater total fluorine
and 2. 93 times greater water soluble fluorine content than superphos-
phate F2. Water soluble fluorine content was considered the most
important in being the cause for the greater harmful effects of super-

phosphate Fl .

 

FR. 1?

93

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 2. 12 Total fluorine in superphosphates, F1 and F2.
Distillation % Fluorine
Fertilizer n'urnber quadruplicate results Average
Superphosphate 1 1. 67 1. 67 1. 47 1. 53 1. 58
F1 2 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53 1.53
3 1.60 1.63 1.63 1.81 1.68
4 1.88 1.88 1.75 1.65 1.79
5 1.55 1.75 1.53 1.72 1.64
6 1.63 1.70 1.75 1.72 1.70
Grand average 1.65 ‘
Supe rpho S phat e
F2 1 1.37 1.50 1.47 1.42 1.44
2 1.53 1.50 1.38 1.37 1.44
3 1.38 1.42 1.53 1.38 1.43
4 1.50 1.50 1.38 1.53 1.48
5 1.48 1.33 1.48 1.43 1.43
6 1.37 1.42 1.42 1.50 1.43
Grand average 1.44
L. s. D. 1% 0.14

94

Table 2. 13 Water soluble fluorine in superphosphates F1 and F2.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Distillation % Fluorine
Fertilizer number quadruplicate results Average
Superphosphate 1 . 48 . 48 . 45 . 48 . 47
F1 2 .40 .41 .42 .44 .42
3 .48 .46 .42 .44 .45
4 .46 .42 .42 .46 .44
5 .46 .43 .40 .47 .44
6 .44 .46 .40 .42 .43
Grand average .44
Superphosphate 1 . 15 . 16 . 15 .17 . 16
F2 2 .15 .12 .16 .16 .15
3 .14 . 16 . 15 . 16 . 15
4 .14 . 16 .14 . 14 .14
5 . 15 . 16 .14 . 15 . 15
6 . 15 . 15 . 16 .14 . 15
Grand average . 15

 

L. S. D. 1% .02

V. SUMMARY

Field Experiments

Effect of seed rate

The number of fall culms per square foot in winter wheat in-
creased in all 4 experiments with an increase in seeding rate.

No specific trend was noted for summer culms in relation to
seeding rate.

Gradual increases in height and in vigor of plants were noted
with an increase in seeding rate.

No Specific trend was noted for the lodging score in relation to
seeding rate, although maximum lodging occurred at the heaviest
rate. The present data indicated that the 2 peck rate is too low a seed
rate for t0p yields. Averaging all the experiments, the 6 peck rate
gave the maximum yield, 2. 5 bushels higher than the 4 peck rate.

In 3 out of the 4 experiments test weight increased as seed rate
increased. The percentage of protein in the grain decreased with an

increase in seeding rate.

Effect of row Spacing

Seven-inch row Spacing gave a highly significantly greater number
of fall culms per square foot than did the 11-inch row Spacing at 3 of the
4 locations. The reverse results obtained at the 4th location were
probably due to the acidic nature of the soil.

A gradual decrease in the summer culm count per square foot

was obtained with an increase in row Spacing.

95

96

Height of plants decreased with an increase in row Spacing up
to 11 inches.

Vigor of plants gradually decreased with an increase in row
Spacing.

All row Spacings gave practically the same amount of lodging.

In 3 of the 4 experiments, 7-inch Spacing gave statistically the
same yield as ll-inch Spacing. On the average of the 1957-58 crop
year, the 14-inch Spacing gave about 5 bushels per acre less yield
than the 7-inch Spacing. The 14-inch Spacing proved to be too far
apart for top yields.

All row spacings resulted in the production of grain having
practically the same test weight.

The percentage of protein in the grain increased with an increase

in row Spacing.

Effect of the rate of the fertilizer

Fertilizer applied at 300 pounds per acre gave more fall culms
than 600 pounds at all 4 locations, although significant differences
existed at only 3 locations.

No such differences existed in the number of summer culms.

The lower rate of fertilizer gave the taller and more vigorous
plants.

The heavier rate of fertilizer was associated with more lodging.

On the average, no differences in yield and test weight occurred
between 300 pounds and 600 pounds of 8-20-20 fertilizer per acre.

The higher rate of fertilizer resulted in the production of grain

with a greater percent of protein.

97

Effect of fertilizer placement

Side placement of fertilizer gave a significantly (at the 1% level)
greater number of fall culms per square foot than did contact place-
ment at all 4 locations.

Side placement was associated with a greater summer culm
count at both locations, although significant differences existed in
only one case.

Side placement of fertilizer was associated with taller, more
vigorous plants and with greater lodging. The differences in these
three types of scores due to the two placements were highly Significant.

On) the average of all 4 experiments, Side placement gave 7.4
bushels per acre more yield and 0. 3 pounds per bushel higher test
weight than did the contact placement.

Side placement gave grain with significantly (at the 1% level)

lower percent protein content than contact placement of fertilizer.

The two-factor interactions

An increase in seeding rate gave an increase in the number of
fall culms per square foot, taller and more vigorous plants, a higher
yield and lower protein content in the grain, regardless of the row 1
Spacing, fertilizer rate or placement.

An increase in row Spacing gave a decrease in the number of
fall and summer culms per square foot, Shorter and less vigorous
plants, lower yields, and ailiigher protein content in the grain, regard-
less of seed rates, fertilizer rates or placement.

The higher rate of fertilizer gave a decrease in the number of
fall culms per square foot, Shorter, less vigorous plants less subject
to lodging, and grains higher in protein content, regardless of the

seed rate, row Spacing or placement.

98

Side placement of fertilizer gave an increase in the number of
fall and summer culrnS per square foot, taller and more vigorous
plants more subject to lodging, a higher yield and test weight, and a
lower protein content in the grain, regardless of the seed rate, row

Spacing or fertilizer rate when compared with contact placement.

Interrelationships between various characteristics

There were indications of significant (at the 1% level) positive
associations between fall culm count and the height of plants, between
fall culm count and vigor of plants and between height and vigor of
plants.

The fall culm count gave stronger relationships with yield and
test weight than did the summer culm count.

No consistent relationships were obtained between fall culm
count and summer culm count, lodging score and yield, summer culm

count and test weight, yield and test weight.
Laboratory EXperiments

Emergence data indicated that nitrogen was more detrimental per
unit than potash, and potash more than phOSphate.

Ammonium sulphate was more toxic than ammonium chloride,
potassium sulphate more toxic than potassium chloride, and the
latter more toxic than potassium nitrate.

A fertilizer having the analysis of 6-12-12 prepared by mixing

ammonium chloride with superphosphate and muriate of potash was

.99

more detrimental to the emergence of wheat seedlings than a 6-12-12
prepared by mixing ammonium sulphate with the same superphosphate
and muriate of potash.

The decreasing order of toxicity of 6-12-12, 6-0-12 and 6-12-0
at various rates was noted in Oshtemo sand as well as in Granby
loamysand at field capacity moisture levels.

When the same amount of fertilizer was placed in contact with
the wheat seed, greater toxicity occurred in sandy (Oshtemo sand)
than in soil rich in organic matter (Granby loamy sand).

In general, as the fertilizer rate was increased, the detrimental
effects increased at a much faster rate.

Fertilizer placed in contact with wheat had a greater effect on
delaying or reducing emergence as the moisture level was reduced
below field capacity.

The detrimental effects of nitrogen increased at a much faster
rate than the effects of potash or phosphate as the soil moisture was
reduced. .

As the moisture level of Plainfield sand was reduced from 8. 0
to 7.6 per cent, the emergence of wheat seedlings was somewhat
reduced (1 week counts) but the final emergence percentages (3 week
counts) were the same for the 2 levels of soil moisture.

Oats and barley were less susceptible to injury (3 weeks count)
than was wheat from contact placement of fertilizer when equal amounts
were applied.

In general, the emergence of oats at the end of 1 week was much
lower than that of wheat or barley. By the end of 3 weeks there was

not much difference between oats and barley in the percent emergence.

100

Superphosphate F1 had 1. 25 times greater total acidity, 1. 99
times greater H-ion concentration, 1. 14 times greater total fluorine
and 2. 93 times greater water soluble fluorine content than super-
phosphate F2. Water soluble fluorine content was considered the

most important in being the cause for the greater harmful effects of

superphosphate F1 .

1.

LITERATURE CITED

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Chapin, J. S. "Seed germination as affected by fertilizer applica-
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Coffman, F. A. Experiments with cereals at the Akron (Colo.)
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1959.

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Gingrich, J. R., and F. W. Smith. Investigation of small grain
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on certain factors in wheat production. Utah Agr. Expt. Sta. Bull.

152, 1917.

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Structural characteristics of apatite-like substances and composition
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, H. L. Marshall, D. s. Reynolds, and T. H. Tremearne.

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286, 1934.

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Lawton, K. , and J. F. Davis. Influence of fertilizer analysis and
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58.

59.

60.

61.

106

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Sci. Soc.AIner. Proc. 18:56-60, 1954.

APPENDIX

E . r-d

 

Table 3. 1 Average values of the various characters as affected by different treatments, wheat 1957-58, Kleis farm.

 

 

 

Fert. Fall‘2 Fall3 Height‘2 Summer3
Treat. Row Seed rate Place—1 culm culm of Vigor2 culm Lodging3 Yield3 Test3
No. spacing rate 8-20—20 ment count/ count/ plants of count/ score (bu/a) weight
(inches) (peeks) (lbs/a) sq. ft. sq. ft (inches) plants sq.'ft. (lbs/bu)
1 7 2 300 C 6.2 6.4 4.3 5.0 46.4 2.0 52.2 57.8
2 7 2 300 S 7.7 7.8 4.5 6.3 50.1 1.0 57.3 58.4
3 7 2 600 C 6.0 6.0 3.7 3.5 51.5 2.3 59.3 58.0
4 7 2 600 S 7.1 7.4 4.8 6.0 45.5 1.3 54.1 58.5
5 9 2 300 C 7.0 7.2 4.3 5.7 42.3 1.7 56.2 57.8
6 9 2 300 S 8.6 9.1 4.6 7.3 43.6 1.7 59.2 58.5
7 9 2 600 C 6.7 6.0 4.1 3.3 46.0 1.3 55.2 58.5
8 9 2 600 S 7.8 8.5 4.9 7.0 50.1 1.3 59.0 58.1
9 11 2 300 C 6.9 6.8 4.0 4.7 41.5 1.3 54.1 57.8
10 11 2 300 S 10.0 9.9 4.0 7.7 37.1 1.7 60.1 58.0
11 11 2 600 C 4.7 4.2 3.5 3.0 34.0 1.7 56.0 58.0
12 11 2 600 S 9.3 9.3 4.3 7.5 44.4 3.0 57.3 57.6
13 14 2 300 C 4.7 4.2 4.5 4.5 34.3 1.7 53.7 57.6
14 14 2 300 S 5.8 6.4 4.9 6.3 35.9 2.7 53.7 57.9
15 14 2 600 C 3.1 2.8 3.9 2.5 30.7 2.0 53.1 58.2
16 14 2 600 S 6.0 6.3 5.0 7.0 36.1 2.3 53.5 57.6
17 7 4 300 C 14.1 13.9 4.8 7.5 50.7 2.3 56.0 58.5
18 7 4 300 S 10.3 10.5 5.0 7.3 56.0 2.0 59.4 57.8
19 7 4 600 C 12.9 12.6 4.7 5.5 51.9 1.7 55.2 58.2
20 7 4 600 S 10.9 10.7 4.9 7.3 51.8 3.0 60.3 58.6
21 9 4 300 C 13.3 13.6' 4.5 6.7 43.2 0.7 59.2 58.3
22 9 4 300 S 14.7 14.8 4.7 8.5 47.9 0.3 59.7 58.6
23 9 4 600 C 9.7 9.2 4.2 4.0 50.1 1.7 58.6 58.6
24 9 4 600 S 15.6 16.8 4.7 8.0 38.7 3.0 58.8 58.5
25 11 4 300 C 10.1 10.3 4.1 6.3 42.3 2.0 57.3 57.5
26 11 4 300 S 13.2 13.6 4.6 8.0 32.2 1.7 58.2 58.0
27 11 4 600 C 8.1 8.5 3.8 3.5 34.2 1.7 57.7 57.7
28 11 4 600 S 12.8 9.8 4.5 7.3 37.0 2.3 58.6 58.0
29 14 4 300 C 16.9 17.5 4.4 7.3 35.8 2.3 56.1 58.6
30 14 4 300 S 6.0 6.3 4.9 6.3 32.8 1.7 59.2 58.2
31 14 4 600 C 9.9 8.5 4.0 3.5 34.2 1.3 56.5 59.3
32 14 4 600 S 6.6 6.8 4.9 7.0 27.5 1.7 58.6 58.1
33 7 6 300 C 22.7 22.5 4.9 8.0 48.4 1.7 60.1 58.6
34 7 6 300 S 22.2 21.7 5.3 9.5 58.4 1.7 61.1 58.0
35 7 6 600 C 20.2 19.4 4.8 6.7 45.5 2.7 57.5 58.7
36 7 6 600 S 21.7 20.5 4.9 9.3 44.7 2.7 57.9 58.5
37 9 6 300 C 19.4 18.5 4.8 7.3 40.4 1.3 51.6 58.3
38 9 6 300 S 22.1 22.5 4.7 9.3 39.4 1.3 59.9 57.8
39 9 6 600 C 17.8 17.3 4.6 5.0 46.3 1.3 56.0 58.3
40 9 6 600 S 24.0 24.1 4.8 9.5 50.1 2.7 61.4 58.7
41 11 6 300 C 16.1 16.4 4.4 7.3 38.5 2.0 60.9 58.4
42 11 6 300 S 24.6 25.1 4.9 9.3 43.6 2.0 56.6 58.0
43 11 6 600 C 9.7 9.3 3.8 3.7 40.2 2.0 58.2 59.0
44 11 6 600 S 20.7 21.1 4.1 8.7 39.7 2.0 54.1 59.1
45 14 6 300 C 17.1 15.8 4.9 6.5 38.4 2.0 55.8 57.7
46 14 6 300 S 22.0 22.1 5.1 9.7 32.4 2.3 54.8 58.3
47 14 6 600 C 10.8 9.8 4.3 3.5 31.8 1.3 54.1 58.4
48 14 6 600 S 21.8 22.1 5.0 10.0 35.9 3.0 61.8 58.6

 

1C (contact) placement refers to the placing of seed and fertilizer together. S (side) placement refers to placing of
fertilizer Z-inch below and 1-inch to the side of the seed.

2Refers to average values of replications 1 to 4.

3Refers to average values of replications 2 to 4.

1..
O
\]

 

 

 

Table 3. 2 Average values, 1 of various characters as affected by different treatments,
wheat 1957—58, Ferden farm.

 

 

 

Fert. Fall Summer
Row Seed rate calm culm Test
Treat. spacing rate 8—20-20 Place—2 count/ count/ Yield Weight
No. (inches) (pecks) (lbs/a) ment sq. ft. sq. ft. (bu/a) (lbs/bu)
1 7 2 300 C 18.4 40.0 45.1 60.2
2 7 2 300 S 18.6 46.6 46.0 60.2
3 7 2 600 C V9.4 38.4 48.0 59.8
4 7 2 600 S 21.6 43.8 45.6 59.8
5 9 2 300 C 14.9 32.3 46.7 60.0
6 9 2 300 S 16.0 39.6 49.2 60.2
7 9 2 600 C 11.9 35.4 49.6 59.8
8 9 2 600 S 19.4 43.3 49.4 59.8
9 11 2 300 C 10.8 37.8 45.1 60.0
10 11 2 300 S 14.4 39.6 48.4 59.5
11 11 2 600 C 8.4 29.8 42.6 60.2
12 11 2 600 S 14.6 42.8 49.2 59.2
13 14 2 300 C 6.7 23.6 40.8 58.5
14 14 2 300 S 16.2 29.0 43.0 59.5
15 14 2 600 C 4.6 25.3 36.6 58.8
16 14 2 600 S 14.9 33.0 46.4 59.3
17 7 4 300 C 33.9 49.1 53.8 60.2
18 7 4 300 S 36.1 48.6 56.2 60.8
19 7 4 600 C 24.4 52.2 55.9 60.2
20 7 4 600 S 29.8 46.7 61.3 60.2
21 9 4 300 C 20.6 39.2 54.4 60.8
22 9 4 300 S 26.0 40.8 55.4 61.0
23 9 4 600 C 17.0 37.0 52.8 59.8
24 9 4 600 S 24.4 40.1 56.4 60.0
25 11 4 300 C 12.8 33.0 50.9 60.2
26 11 4 300 S 27.3 38.9 51.7 60.2
27 11 4 600 C 11.3 41.4 53.4 60.2
28 11 4 600 S 20.8 37.0 52.0 60.2
29 14 4 300 C 32.8 34.8 41.2 60.0
30 14 4 300 S 41.9 38.7 51.1 61.0
31 14 4 600 C 18.5 36.0 45.0 60.0
32 14 4 600 S 31.0 42.0 53.0 60.5
33 7 6 300 C 37.8 38.8 57.2 60.8
34 7 6 300 S 36.2 49.0 55.0 60.2
35 7 6 600 C 29.3 47.7 58.0 60.2
36 7 6 600 S 42.4 42.2 61.3 61.0
37 9 6 300 C 39.9 41.0 53.2 60.8
38 9 6 300 S 41.7 39.2 60.1 60.5
39 9 6 600 C 28.4 38.6 59.1 60.5
40 9 6 600 S 43.1 41.0 65.4 60.5
41 11 6 300 C 23.8 36.6 58.9 60.0
42 11 6 300 S 45.5 40.0 61.2 60.8
43 11 6 600 C 18.4 37.1 57.7 61.0
44 11 6 600 S 38.9 43.9 58.6 60.8
45 14 6 300 C 26.2 36.6 52.7 61.0
46' 14 6 300 S 42.2 40.9 57.0 60.8
47 14 6 600 C 18.1 36.4 49.0 60.2
48 14 6 600 S 41.6 33.0 57.0 60.8

 

1Refers to average values of replications 1 and 2.

2C (contact) placement refers to the placing of seed and fertilizer together.
S (side) placement refers to placing of fertilizer 2-inch below and 1—inch to the side
of the seed.

 

801

 

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110

Table 3. 4 Inches of recorded rainfall at East Lansing for the crop

year 1957-58.

 

 

 

 

 

Year: 1957 1958
Month: Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June' July
Date
1 .05 T
2 .12 .09 T .02 .12
3 T T .08 T 1.61
4 . 16 T .07 .48
5 T T . 12 .64 .10
6 .21 .04 .05 .01 .69
7 .50 .01
8 .54 T .07 .23
9 .12 T .52
10 . 12 .08 .04
11 .07 T .20
12 .21 T .03 .29
13 .30 T .22
14 1.07 04 T .06
15 . 16 .01 .02 31 T T .23
16 1.31 25 T
17 . 19 ' .02 T T .02 T
18 T .21 .34 . T .03
19 T .09 .03 T T T
20 . .01 .02 .59 .03 T T .21 T
21 .31 .05 .08 .57 T
22 T . 19 T .05 . 13 . 10
23 .02 1.76 .03
24 .24 .35 .22 T .08
25 .01 .35 .21 .34 .03
26 T
27 .07 T .05 T .05
28 .13 . 14 . 13 .02 .95
29 .05 T .07
30 .02 T .07 .10 T
31 .36 T
Total 1.23 3.83 2.43 2.86 1.57 0.78 0.27 1.56 1.07 2.32 4.31

 

T = Trace

Date planted - Sept. 18-20, 1957.
Date harvested - July 26, August 4, 5, 1958.

111

 

 

 

 

 

Table 3. 5 Inches of recorded rainfall at Ferden farm for the crOp
year 1957-58.
Year: #1957 1958
Month: Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July
Date
1 .01 .28 .06 1.88
2 .11 .08
3 .08 .04 .07 .30
4 .08 .27
5 .28
6 . 12 . 12 .57
7 .09 .59
8 .45 .05 .04
9 .01 .06
10 .55 T .05 T
11 .02 .21
12 .45 . 10
13 .11 .19 T . 24
14 .75
15 .44 .31 .03 .06 .01
16 .81 T .08 T
17 .24 T .03
18 .05 .22 . 12 T .03
19 . 16 . 17 . . 02 . 15
20 .32 .04 .45 .20 T .57 .26
21 .71 .01 .19 T
22 T .04 .25T .35 .55
23 .07 1.06
24 .97 .01 . 37 .80
25 T .21 .21 T .38
26 .05 . 13 T
27 .02 .03 . 14
28 . 10 .18 . 31
29 .01 T
30 .26 .02 .05 .01
31 .06 .34 .26

 

Total 2.95 3.51 2.32 1.88

T = Trace

Date planted - Sept. 24, 25, 1957.
Date harvested - July 23, 1958.

1.18 .59 .31 2.77 .99 3.86 .85

112

Table 3. 6 Inches of recorded rainfall at Ferden farm for the crop

year 1958-59.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Year: 1958 1959
Month: Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Jan. Feb. Mar. Apr. May June July
Date
1 .07 .37 .37
2 .02 T 1.26
3 T .01 .11 T .55
4 .04 .01 .02 .07
5 T .01
6 .11 .50 .
7 .02 .08
8 .25 .12 .11 .07 T .13 T
9 .08 .62 .12 .10 .20 .08 T
10 .10 .07 .69 .02 .02
11 .06 T .26 .45 .01
12 .01 T
13 .20
14 .14 T .33 T
15 .50 .06 T .49 .02
16 .06 .06 T
17 1.18 T .26 .06 T
18 .21 .02 .52
19 T .08 .18
20 T .49
21 .04 T .60 .55
22 .10 .17
23 .24 .02 .36 1.15 1.02
24 .25 .01 .01 .01 .09 .20 .18 .07
25 .35 .15 .04 .26 .44
26 .02 .11 T .09 .53 .14
27 .15 .07 .23 .23
28 .74
29 .15 .07 .04
3O .32 T .16 .03 .1311.23
31 .01 .65 .06
Total 2.72 1.40 1.80 .22 1.851.73 2.35 3.48 3.43 2.64 4.06

 

T = Trace

Date planted - Sept. 25, 1958

Date harvested - July 13, 1959

_L__-_.

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