ABSTRACT

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF
EXHIBITIONISM AND SCOPTOPHILIA
Paul B. Keene, Jr.

This study was undarteben as the initial stage in the empirical
investigation of the psychososlytio concepts of the psychosexusl impulses
of exhibitionism and scoptophilia. Both impulses ere given the status
of components of me some] impulse by Freud (1938); exhibitionism is

defined as taking pleasure in the display of the genitals, seoptopliilie is
defined asthe sexualisstion of the sense of sight. A review of the litera-
tut‘e indicates that, while these two impulses have been used in the dynamic
explanation oi a wide variety of behaviors both normal and neurotic, there
have been no experimental studies to support the several, and often con-
tredictory concepmslizetions of the two impulses.

A modification of mum's 0954) design for producing perceptual
vigilance and defense was employed to test the laypotheees tliet the presence
in the environment of cues suggestive of the impulses o! exhibitionism and
scoptophilia would arouse vigilant end defensive behavior depending on the
level at awareness at which the ones were presented.

Pour groups at ten subjects under the conditions: Vigilance oexhibi-
tienism, Vigilm-aeoptophilia, Defense-exhibitionism, and Defense-
seoptophilis, were presented with a series of critical and neutral stimulus
pictures techietoecopically.

The results clearly confirm the hypotheses. Additional data wee
oolbcned in the attempt to isolate the specific stimulus factors involved.

 

Abstract - Paul B. bone, 1:. 2.

The data from a control group narrowed the {actors to the verbal statements

used to sensitize the subject to the visually presented cues. Two timber

control groups were employed in an attempt to determine which aspects

oi the verbal statements were crucial in the confirmation of the hypotheses.
The results were interpreted as lending support to a preliminary

operational definition of exhibitionism and scoptophiiia. A more complete

definition was entered as the iomdstloa for a program 0! future research

on these concepts.

References:

film, 0. 8. An experilnental reunion of psychoanalytic theory with per-
ceptual vigilance and defense. L abnorm. soc. Psychol., 1954,
49, 9448.

Freud, S. Monouflmtione to the theory of sex. (Brill translation)
New York: Modern Library, 1938.

APPROVED:

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Date 7

AN EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION OF
EXHIBITIONISM AND SCOPTOPHILIA

Paul B. linens, Jr.

A Thesis

Preaentcd m the School for Advanced Graduate Studies of
Michigan State Univeraity of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of

Doctor of Philosophy

prarmient cl Paychology
1950

one for hob
and

two for bobble

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

TheauthoriaindebeedtonnniemheraoihiathdanceCom-
mime. Preheat Abert l. Rabin, Professor Louie l... McQuitty,
Preheat M. Key Danny, and Associate Professor Paul Bokan, for
mmmmmm. liiacoaunuingeppreciation ia
erpreaaedalsolortllespecialatimuladonandchamdxateachol
them hes contrflmad throughout the anthr'a atmliee.

To Wear Albert 1. Rabin eemcially,who aoltindly eemd
aechalrmad ihecommitueanddirectedtheamhor'aprogramo!
Wendy, dleanthorwaaadecpdebtdgratitude.

Theverymaterielcontrihutioea etPi-oi’eoeor S. flown-rim
aad Mien Deena Diamondare gratefully acknowledged.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LISTOFTABLES. . . . . . . . . . .

Chapter

1. MT R0 wCTXON I I I O O . O O O . 0 C U C O 0

Definition of the concepts
Direct expressions
Sublimatione

Rfsnses against exhibitionism and sceptophilia

I O O O O O O I

Lb’TOFILLUSTPmTIONSeeeeeOeeeeeeeee

Disguised expressions of endiibitionism and

ecopmphilis
Hypermthexes
Summary
Interim. statement of the problem
The experimental method
Perceptual vigilance
Percepmsl defense
Summary
Statement of the problem
l'lypotheses
n.5r5m"lOD..c.ooe.o...
Apparatus
subjects
Experimmml cbslgn
Properties of the stimulus
Procedure

11!. RESULTS............
IV. DISCUSSION...........
V.SUMMARY............
REFERENCES .............
APPENDIXI..............
APPENLXXH..............

Fa 32

vi

LIST 0 F TABLES

TiblO Page
1. Pattern of Rotation of the Four Stimulus Ficmrea . . 27
2.ExperimenmlConditions.............. 30

3. AnalysildtheFirltSetOIBZ'h-inhofEach Group
and for Groups Tested Under Similar Conditions
combmd-oiioooo‘0000000000 31

4. Comparison of the First Set of 32 Trials wait the
Second Set of 3?. Trials for Emir Experimental
Group for the Stimulus Home To-Be-Sensitized . . 33

5. Comparison Between the Baseline and the Post-eon.-
sitizationfieriesdT‘riah............ 40

6. Comparison Between the Experimental and Control
Groups for the Baseline and Post-Sensitization Sets
Of Trhh 6 O O D O O O O O O O O O O O C O O O O 4‘4

7. Comparison Betweentlm Dafonoc Series ofthe Vigi-
lance Groups nndthe Baselineotthe CombinedDe-
femGrOUPI.................. ‘16

LIST 0 F ILLUSTRATIONS

Figure

1.

0' t.“ to N
e

The exhibitionism stimulus . . .
Theemxmxmflnunhmnma. .. .
Thenmnnu-IJNMane . .. .
Themutral-Zatimulus .....

The Itimulus card for the tachiomscope .

vi

INTRODUCTION

In the development of psychoanalytic theory Freud (103-32) denomi-

nated as .ertiel or camp, onent asmcts of the sexual impulse 1‘ the liiritiinal

 

energies proceeding; from the crogzeuic zones of the body: oral, anal, ure-
thral and genital. In psychosexual development each of these zones becomes
sensitized in progeseion, and beconws, for a time , the outlet for the dis-
cimrge of sexual excitadon. In normal development, the genital zone finally
achieves primacy in this function, concentrating excitation and discharging
it, regardieau of the erogeuic zone in which excitation has orignated.

Thane zones of the body are, however, not the only sourceo of ero-
genous stimulation. The entire surface of the skin, the mucous membranes,
the kinestltetic, vestibular and cutaneous senses and the senses of sight and
hearing can also serve both sexual arousal and tiiucharge functions. Im-
pulsee arising; from 34:38 sources are subsumed wider the partial impulses
fireud, 1938). For example, pleasure aroused by painful stimulation of the
skin is felt to be the erogenic basis of all types of masochism (Fenichel,
191.16). "5009109111118" .618). . .the scxuolization of the sense of looking. . .

a sexual impulse of looking..." (Fenichel, 1946, p. 71): "...the looking

 

l. in German: Trieb, translated in earlier psychoanalytic works as in--
etinct. 1“;me or drive, seems more consistent with general psy-
chological theory, however. Accordingly, imp-nine will be the trans-
lated meaning employed in the present study.

perversion may attain great importance for the sexual life. . .(and). . .
furnishes the strongest morive power for the formation of syrnptorns"
(Freud, 1938, p. 593). The counterpart to scopmpiiilia is exhibitionism:
it . .hss the charscrcr of a partial instinct: any child derives pleasure
from the display of his genitals, and, in pregcnital times, of the other
erogenous zones and their functions“ (Fenichcl, 1946-, p. 3-4.5: Freud, 1938).
Further, bath impsises have a common precursor in the erogeniety of
viewing my (Freud, 193-8): according to Penichel (1944?) this is an
attempt to increase the self esteem. It is to the investigation of the im-
pulses of exhibitionism and scoptophilia that this paper is devoted.
According to P's-niche] (194.6), a leading exponent of orthodox
psychoanalytic fineory, the unpulsers of exhibitionism and scopmpbilia are
subject to all the vicissitudes suffered by the Other components of the
sexual drive: sublimation, repression, displacement and hypercathexis.
I difficulty arises, however, in the precise determination of which behaviors
result from some ego process mediating or inhibiting the expression of
exhibitionism and scoptophilis rather than some other sexual lit-pulse. As
a result the vicissitudes of the exhibitionis tic and scoptophilic impulses
have been used to explain a variety of behaviors with no empirical foun-
dation for their use in this manner. We turn now to an examination of

some of these behaviors .

iirec: onset-swings: A few authors report that the direct, unal-

 

tered expression of both impulses is to be found in normal belmvior in
adulthood (fmrgler, F949: Berghsr, 1954; Pdckles, 19530: Stekel, 1957).

Uncl'iangcd exhibitionis tic behaviors are recognized by these authors in:

interests in physical qualities and sports (Ziclmeicier, 19230); and clothing
(Fenichel, 194(3). Eickels (1950) states that social nudism is a non-patho-
logical form of exhibitionism, though Karpman c1954) qmstions this pro-
nomacemem that such cultists are "normal” exhibitionism . However,
London and Caprio (1950) support the View that exhibitionism finds normal
expression in nudist activities, as well u in burlesque shows. thalamus,
they feel, gratifics the exhibitionism erodsm of the performer as well as
providing scoptophilic satisfactions for the spectator. On the other hand,
Lorand (1950) concludes on the basis of the analysis of five nudism that

the practice of nudmm has a neuron: coloring. Flugel (1950) in one of the
few theoretical papers on nudism, however, postulates beneficial Mucus-es
stemming from nudism. Modesty, according to Flugel (1950) is an inhibition,
or reaction formation against the primitive joy in seeing and exhibiting the
naked body. It may also be a symbolic rebellion against home and societal
restrictions and artificialities. Testimonials of nudism are considered to
corroborate this analysis but Flugel (1950) cites no dam.

DitSflr, cigars-Balms of scoptophilia are intermingled with the above
expressions of nudism and also in the attendance at burlesque shows. How-
ever, comnnrcial exhibition: of female nudity (mater, night club, bur-
lesqm, and privata club or party) are legally prohibited, in the U. S. ,
from permitting genital display (Klarpman, 1951i). Unclothed sports settings,
such as the “VEGA, the gymnasium, and often the dressing room provide
Other Opportunities for the gratification of scopmphilia (Feniahol, 194$:
Foremozi, 1950: Kinsey, 1953: lam-and, 1950).

Many males exhibit their genitalia to tie female or male partner in

semi activity (Kinsey, l9533). The Kinsey report (1953) suggest; that the

major unwrl‘yhg factor is erotic orowsol stemming from the anticipation

that such genital display Jill arouse the 211.21- pcrson. Fmfimr, some

women will exhibit their gmxitalia to the Hole parole): dzn‘ing coitus, but

only a few of them report being aromaed by the action. Normally "many“

males are aroused by seeing female gerdtalia; fewer females (4333.?) in the:
study reporaed being aroused by seeing male genitalia (Kinsey, 1951.4). The
data of this report also gives some indication that tendencies toward eidiibition-
istic and scopwphilic behaviors are greater in oven.

Other writers, not-ably arpnon (19-54.), and Shekel (1952) indicate that
the ciiroct emrcssion of both Exhibitions :31 and scoptophilia may serve an
arousal function in the preparation for sexual intercourse, where genital
maturity has been achieved. A3 Fenichel (19413») points out:

"The more or less complete achievement of . . . (genital primacy). . .

is the prerequisite for a successful sublimation of that part of pre-

gonitality. . . (Le. , the partial invokes). . .which is not used sexually
in {he tore -pleasure mechanisms" (p. 1-133).

.Stfialimatioog: At the some time that direct expressions of progenital

 

impulses are to be found in normal genital somlizy, a number of subli-
mations are aloe possible, as the preceding quotation indicates. Sublima-
tion, according to orthodox psychoanalytic theory, represents a change in
both the aim and object of an impuloo while permitting full discharge of the
excitation in a non-sexual context (Fenichel, 19-46). Change in aim would
then involve a displacement of the impulse strong? to some other, non -oexual
behavior: change in object would involve selecting a non-sexual instrument
{tom the environment on which to discharge the impulse iamrgy. For ex-
ample, oublhnationo of oxhli'fifjsmism are felt to underlj such behaviors as:

acting (Borg-hr, 1949: Feoidwi, i246), writing (Fenifti-Isl, 19-44.; zarzhneider,

1950), painting (Foremi, 1950), and oratory (Ferdchel, 19-16; Perenczi,
1950'). In these behaviors the sexual object of the impulse has been replaced
by a non-sexual one, Le. , rather than the exhibition of the genitals more

is an exhibition of more corrzplox charms such as a pointing, a 13mm, 3
speech, or simply talent in general.

In the caoo of one man, becoming a dealer in optical monuments
was felt by Schneider (1956) to be the oublimntion d a compulsive scopin-
philia which had, in turn, been the defense against exhibitionism .. This
Schneider (1950) interprets as a Lw form of sublimation in that the orig-gi—

nal impulse can be traced in current behavior, 11111201131 the activity has
clmnged to a pro-locum concern with non-sexual objects. A higher level of
sublimation, in which the original impul-aa is more masked, is to he found
1.“: o productive creativity (Sclmeider, 953), or a real iomrest in research
(Brew-:1, 193:0).

Abrasion: (1949) distingoiehes two forms of su‘olimation of the scop-
tophilic unwise. in one form the original impulsse is readilty apparent,
though diverted from original genial aim and object, to an active interest
in the search for knowledm, or in the mvesdgatiooo of the scientist. to one
of Abraham‘s (1949) cases, a student was preoccupied in his scientific research
with problems related to the origin of filings . This was felt to represent the
sublimation oi the student's childhood interest in birth and procreation. In
the other form- at sublimation, according to Abraham (1949), the scoptophilic
llrpume is not apparent. In this second form the aim is transferred from
the momentous, which one 11.11.315-39} see, to the intangible, which one 991.3993.
see. 'l‘hls,then, provides the impulse energy, and hence the motivation,

for philosoPhic and theoretical thinking (Abraham, 194.9).

The only era}; :in-c ml smiles on direct exorosoiono of or xhi'oilioo-
ism and scoptogahilio in the psychological literatmre are to he found in the
observational data of the Kinsey report (1953). Fm'fl-ier, no Blum (1953)
points out:

It is no accident that tho nechan 3m of .3 53113311011 ron: gins
virtually marketed from a research man 1:10:22 1:. The elm; ive
nature of the concept itself malt-«33 any operational demotion ex‘
ceodin-gly tenuous. Its differentiation froo: dithLJce. meat :1: 1d re-
action formation hinges upon me experimen or s ability to do toot
the amen-co of coontorcatheflo . For example, overtly similar be-
havior may reflect the Operation of either sublimation or reaction
formation, ciepending upon the state of emrgy discharge. A further
complication is troy-1113c! by the fact that the term sublimation,

according to the Emory, does not designate a specific mechanism,
but rams-3r a class of mechanisms (9. 120).

{Homo-3 against ez-zhihitiofiiom arr-:1 scoptogh E: To continue with
the anal' .113 of the vicissitudes of the impulses of exhibitioniom and scop-
togixilia, cowgirjorotion must now be given to the pathogzrdc defer-.3133 against
their express ion. As has been pointed out here, and elsewhere (Slum, 19’s;
Eeoichel, 191’s), sublim 3210115 are characterized by a do sexualization of the

impulse, a cor: plots discha or 3.. of the impu- no energy, and an alteration
within the eon. T3113 is only moo-11:13 when there has teen no warding off

of the im also lz'y VLIL Jot of a counterc athe .13. Whore such
warding off has occurred the impuloe is blocked from discharge, loses
cormoction '3. 1th the total mroonolity , and term ins unc..o.n-: ed in the uncon-
scious. A3 a result the worded off impulse: continueo to exert a conotont
prooome toward disschargo; it uses any 0;. porno-lit}; for indirect expression,
displacing its emrgy to any who: mlmvior even remotely associawd. Such
behavior, inclznling rename neurotic symptoms, is termed derivative

(Fooichel, 19,35»).

aflzfiJitionmm and acoptophilia are com idered to be the hazpulses
umrlfirg a variety of ésrivative behaviors that represent defensive
attempts to deal with these impulses. Shame, as a motive for defense,
moreover, is felt to be mainly directed against exhibitionism and scopto-
philia (Fenichel, 194.13); either of them two impulses may serve as the
specific defense against the other (Freud, 1955b).

Stekel (195’) classifies as neurotic. disguises of exhibitionism
such sweptom dilate behaviors as: morbid. bashfulness, fear of blushing,
sensitivity to light, am self-cons.ciousness regarding the act of dressing
or undressing.

A fear of open stream may often he a @fense against exhibitionism
(or scoptophilia) according to Fenichel (1946), and both impulses are promi-
nent factors in the phobias connected with appearing in public. The feared
ammrance may be simply being in a crowd (crowd phobia), or it may be
more specifically delimited, as in a fear of being looked at (stage fright)
(Fenichel, 1945-). The analysts of three cases of agoraphobia in female
patients (Ber-glen, 1954: Fenichel, 1945.»: London and Caprio, 1950) inter-
pret the behavior as both a defense against exhibitionistic impulses and a
disguised ascent; of expressing them . A leabian patient discussed by London
and Caprio (1950) feared Open country, deserted streets, crowded street-
cars, crowded rooms, walking across a room in front of people, and per-
sonal ugliness: these were interpreted as specific defenses against ex-
hibitlonism .

Social im‘iibition and erythrophobia, or the morbid fear of blushing
(accompanied by severe blushing; on the slightest pretext), have exhibitionism

as a major determinant, according to Fenichel 091:3). Severely socially

inhibited minimalist may resemble the paranoia in tho extent of their
withdrawal from all social contacts . The paranoid component, however,
is not a firm belief beople are against me”) but a possibility (they might
be against 1113'). Further, Fem-ohm (13334.6) feels that specific social in-
hfiwitions may be based on smcific reproosions of exhibitionism, referring
to ”.IfgiiLigggggfl” as illustrative. Lombn 33;}; Corrie (1956)::umn'1ari'ae
the literamre on enfixroplwhia, and mes-eat the major findings of the pay--
choanalysis of a male patient with this problum. Three inter ~related ele-
memo in the man's conflict: exhi‘fiz‘imdam, latent homosemlity, and
narcioois v“ unzkarlay his arymrogfliobia, coprolalia, irritability and anger.
Cm the basis of this case, they interpret both their nodular: and the prior
litzzrature concluding that blushing is a symptom and not a disoaoe entity.

A fear of being ugly or repuloive in some other way is a fear of
case's own exi'tmitionioxii, and of the possibility of being rejected or pun-
lobed for aidiibitionistic behavior according to Fenichel (1940. He atoms
further, that, the fear may be of blush W, or cxuéing a bad orlor, or, in
women it may also be a fear of belt-i; gis’iysicall; ..s....-1i;led or unable no bear
children.

The relationship between stuttering and ambition indicates that it
is a neurotic defense against exhibitionism, according to Fenichel (194$).
Stuttering only when speaking in public rosemhkes the neuroses of erythro-
phobia, stage fright, and other social fears . An exhimtionistic component
also underlies the pregamital conversion of 314.5.

The exhibitionism is directed toward gaining. . .reasourance,

this intention may fail and end in a new. . .hurt. There is a

definite relation between tic and children's (and actor's) play

with their facial emit—5510133 (Fenlchel, 194%, p. 2319).

Abraham (19-49) considers spasmodic twitchmg of the eyelid as a defense

against scoping-1 “11113. There would seem, however, to be an 3311113130313 tic
elem 1eot preacm as well, accoréhzg to the {‘Moelim M13 hols of tie.

Goodman 9-53), Levin (1953), and limker (1915.13) 311 11333 that lo-
M1 1130113 of literary and at tlstic creatmity represent specific inhbltlons
of exhibltlords tic lmwlses . Schneider (1950) also describes tot/3.1 inhi-
bitions in creative workers, calling; this the "neurotic block and blank
syndromo“. This is seen as €113 result of conflict Mormon the Sublimated
dose: 31311233 desire and infantile exhibitionism 393113.1t may also r133tzlt
from identifications bemoon personal sexual pm: lems and 13.3 3: 3331-131
being worked on. End: osmotic conflict might be fomnx‘l in the cimotlc. d13-
organlzatlon of some public speakers , lo conversatiom and in some of the
current literam e(cf. especially the modern imitators of James Joyce
and "beatnik writing ). In parallel, Abraham (191-1?) discussea a "brood-
i113 and 30111111113" syndrome as a defense against acoptophilla . Here the
irullvidual L3 11331 13 to n‘: 31:51 (1111112101113 333. " eons llterally' 11331313 to see
his way clearly".

1. 91331333 to consifla; red to be this: srmcific dcfeme agahmt scopto-
philia by Fool-chel (194371.), while blushing and the fear of blushing are the
overt manifestations of 11113 acclal inhibition . Memo-var, repression of
the scoptophlllc impulse may result in inhibitions of locum": the person
may turn away from seeing 11 3:331:13] class of objecto (related for emmple
to castratlon anxiety), or, to arm—ewe come he may live only in abstrac-
tioxw and actually be mflisole to look at things (Fenichal, 1941’). 11.11 119 the
11131301111: brooding and doubting eynirom e cons i" zed earlier would appear
to be similar, this syndrome mob-12311; represenm a more active defensive

manaformatlon into tmprodnczivo curiosity; certainly more active than in

10.

on Mon of looking.

Abraham (1949) discusses three cases of neurotic photopihoinia and
interprets this condition as a defense against sceptophilia. There was no
physical basis in any of these patients for the increased sensitivity to light,
and Abraham (1949) conclwzies that neurotic fear of blindness is an upward
displacement of castration anxiety (the eye symbolizing the penis). The
fear of heir“ ::‘.'iscove:-<~-:-:r. ..'-'atching parental sexual intercourse is comfor-
med into a desire to avoid light and prevent any pooafl.2ility of one'a being
observed by others .

Exhibitions in motility nay often mean that the individual is literally
paralyzed by a sight too frightenimj‘, such a sight is understood by the in-
dividual to be a portent of death or castration (Femcbel, 1946). Sym-
bolicolly, petrification, according to Fenichel (1946), is a specific punish-
ment for sceptogsiiilia and signifies the bodily feeling of immobility (motor
inhibition) resulting from severe fright: this symbol is used extensively in
myths, fairy tales, dreams, and neurotic symptoms. For example: Lot's
wife turned to salt for looking back; "I was rooted to the spot"; and the
dream experience of running throng) syrup rezoned by so many neurones .
Ferenczi (1950), however, disagrees and considers motor inhibition 3 de-
fense against exhibitions; tic and aggressive impulses.

h-Eentz-l inhibitions may result from a combination of a sexualization
of the intellectual function and a repression of sexual curiosity according
to Fenichel (19%). The resultant stupidizy is both dcfens ive and potentially
gratifying. Perenczi (1950) considers visuo-smtinl learning difficulties
the resultant of an over -iniiil:~ition of scootop-hilia.

Depersonelizetion, as an inhibition of emotions, may express a de-

11.

fame 81311131 intense curiosity: along with such Lrihi’tz- Lion of fwlings or
other intorual percemloma there is a lwigi'z' med self-observe. :ion accorciiv .3
to Fenialnl (17-2413). Lem-Eon ani Caprio (19.33) report each 1.. Luxuonsiizaiion
in a man who as loin-mi}: hor .ose. 1.3311. ”more was a com'iict over scepte-
philia, a varLty of fantasies, repress .sion of menial 13:33. 303 in 1% “mt-
coital fantasies and 3931in 211331441 This 13:33:! 33mm; much of his
time searching out burlesque shows .
Hystsrical dlsnxbances of VB 1031 reveal a repressed impulse to

look and to exhibit occor ding to Freud (195‘ 6a). For enczi (19 SD) map-1:313:33
the hysteric'a characteris tic-ally co isolated visual [is 1.1 as 133311136333 to
this 33:. me readily as mii'fld path. hero! visual {Jul-J (since this area has
L3 3 sigulficnnce for the ego). Feuicbel (134' ) States that finalization
of vision razay refer to pros-331.1 a1 crow- Viaous zones 33-1: 3011123113, and may
pg} always; be due to simple scoptophilia or genital symbolism such as

hraham (19-49) discusses in cormction with his lum'rprctation of neurotic

.

photo'shobia. T1118 conversion 53% gptoms of vision such as 13: icropz-zia and
neurotic reading difficulties may he (biomass against oral-incorporadve and
oral-sadistic conflicts rathe' than a :ainst smpmfil ta. lio»-:::wur, he also
con: menu ii; at 3.13113 1:! e ori in of 73' yopia is 1333391913 132.1137 30:: .3 ‘ 33' ' . . .37.:43!
sometimes be due to the aims-31:33 to incorporate 012332023 at the hiddlng of
scoptophilic trpulseo" (5' mile 114‘- .:,I 19-19, p. ..:’3E). 0112 of Amaimn's (1949)
cases would seem to hear this analysis out: a patient 0017‘1‘21‘31111313 of visual
difficulty foumi objects appeared to be blurred and ltiilifitli‘lCt much of the
time. This lack of visual acuity was innerpreoad as a defense against scep-
tophilia. In another case the patient reported a consiant flickering effect,

diuuoing of vision, seeing 21,; 23;;- lines before his eyes, and aoeing as if

12. '

wrong-fit a veil. This visual disturbance was also hzterpreted by Abraham
(1949') as a means of defending againot scoptophilic impulses.

R1131 (1950) cites a case of myopia; thin symptom was interpreted
as a defense against the patient's seeing his mother, and his "own ugly
face in the mirror". The symptoms of stabbing or boring pains in the eye:
may sigrdiy, however, a (imp-lacenent of genial sensation according to

Abraham (1949).

Qisguised egregious of criai‘oitionism and scoptophjlig : The be-

 

haviors discussed above represent outcomes of neurotic conflict: visible
evidence in behavior of the struggle between the impulse and the warding
oft forces. There is another class of behaviors, however, that may be
consitbred to he simply disguised expressions of the exhibitionistic and
acoptoPhilic impulses. In this type of expression the aim and the object
my be changed, but tin desemliiation, characteristic of a sublimation,
is absent. These behovioro, than resemble direct expressions, yet there
lo deefiee of displacement away from the original object. Qgggigggi
expressions, dierefore, seems a more apt classification taking cognizance
of the degree of displacement and the lack of neurotic conflict.

For example: the exhibitioniatic impulse may be displaced to ofiwr
parts of the body or to bodily adornment (Ricks-ls, 1950; Stehel, 195?).
Thus we may see the 'Charles AtIu' flaring hie muscles on almost any
beach, the Bridgitm i‘ordot type cumming on many a city street, and the
Hedda Hopper hat everywhere. Moreover, in females the home may rep-
resent an extension d the self with tin exhibitionistic impulse continually
being gratified through maintaining a 'show place" (Refit, 1953). Other

overproduefive distortions Eekavier, such as harr- aetisg (tielztici ier,

US$35), and. pleasure in takin- 521125.513; ht or be£255.; i re life of the party
(Fel‘ericzi, 193' J) are ’33. csemt (2135353133? .5353 ex‘. 531.: kiwi-31:75.. James" 361' 635““ 3.3

belies s that tie is: k of persisuzz cc, or mahiiity to com; icte tasks,
maintsin nob-t iii-3:53, or com acre in sports also reflects sue-ii Ciisylscemcnm.
Lac k of persistence 5.1”(5‘3rs from 5 the 'Lloelc and blank" awnirome dis-
missed ear lice: in that -.:‘ .5. :5 039311011 is no smug" in me activi 55y as a dis-
placement of 5.“.- 2: 0.25113915153351st impulse; cospletion of use task is not
essential to inipadse gratification. In the "blink and blank" synJrome
there is me: 5311.51 y no lack of nuotivsfien to con 531cm;- tie task, $0525. 11 co :1-
pletion ism sea 11:: 55.5035 ibis. Taking pleasure in obscenity a 2151 o rsceoe
.5it, timreby shocking others , is also attributed to a displaced exhibition-
isdc impulse acconiing to Pei-cocci (193533).

Fenicbel (194-5725) relates the enjoyment and gratification thrived
from reading pornography to both esi'iibitionism and seoptopifiiis. In the
former impulse the gatiflcatien is through vicarious evpathy with the
actors in the pox-negraplzic material 3 in the latter impulse tile gratification
is, obviously, direct though displaced to the printed- page.

Just as for the exhibitionis tic impulse, the scoptOp-Eiilic impulse
may be disgzlsoed to other parts at the body. Here would be classified
behaviors clmracterized by a compulsion to my particular attention, for
ermmple, to the feet, head, eyes, face, or buttocks (Abraham, 194-9); or
almost any part of the body ( 5cniciiel, 195153: Stem-l, 195?). A compulsive
scaptophilia in disguised form may be typified in a case of Abraham 3 091—“).
This 553mm found it necessary slwa 15s to look at the backs of things he

meets».- or passed.

l4.

Compulsive curiosity as a disguised form of sceptopiiilin may re-
sult from the merger of orality with the scoptotfiiilic impilne. A3 Fenicml
0.94:1.) states:

. . .by displacement of the constellation 'htmgrer' to the mental ’

field curiosity may become an oral trait of character, and uncle-r

certain conditions assume all the veracity of the original oral
impulne. . . .Linking the itieatioml fields of 'looidng‘ and 'enting'
may often be due to some historically important incident such as

a child having seen a younger sibling being nursed. (2:). 4331).

According-3 to Abraham 0949), a further displacement of scapto-
philia may be found in the hiddt‘idwzl who fixxis it necessary to devote an
inordimte amount of otn-zntion to the ordinary details of daily life . This

would seen no be roughly awilopus to Schneider's (1950) lack of persist-once.

fihwgggthgjng A special case of the direct orpression of exhibi-
tionism and sceptopiiilia has been reserved until tins point. This classi-
fication seems to the writer to represent hypermthaxis of them impulses,
characterized by either direct genital exposure to Others or directly view-
ing the nude bodies or sexual activities of others . Such behavior forms a
rather large preportlon of 6630131 03311868 (liarpman, 1954), yet little is
known 01’ the dynamics of tho oifemiers. Currently there seem to be almost
as many theories as there are theorists regarding the dynamic aspecm of
such hypercathexio (or overtietormination) of these impulses. Further,
the large body of clinical data. For example: camiity is attributed to a
precipitating emotional trauma such as a broken engagement or the death
of the mother in some (Karol-nan, 1954), or all (Rickels, 1950) cages of
genital exhibitionism. On the other hand, Stekel (195‘?) consicbrs that the

inhibition of genital sexuality underlies the onset. Gunman (1953) stresses

biologic and emiocrinologic factors interacting with pa 3x11121119 :icril factors
in accovmting for compulsive eximiiiionism: Karpnzan (19311) minim .1233
Organic wfoccs. Pickols (195 0) Giro-1" 1533 p1. yciolooic factors, including
a caotration complex stemming from a fcar of the domimtirg marker; the
act of exposure room eats a prometive o .ech 211113111 3 111mm ca» attration anx-
iety, as dwell as a rebellion agamst the mother. Others micrpzet 391111111
dis-play a3: a paooive form of voyeurism (Kinsey, b.3133): Lon-ion and Coptic
(1952) also Stress passive scoptopmlia; displacement of smote-1111113 through
identification with the oi'ioorvcr (Fenichel, 1911-51.; thprrron, 1934’): a sub-
stitute for masturbation (ifarpman, 19:34); or compeooation for real or
fancied sexual inimiority (1111;111:3113, 1-9:: 0). It should be pointed out here
that genital exhibition seems to be reouictcd to males, and, indeed,
Feniciiel (19-16) stones that such behavior iii never found in the female since
they have no need for reassurance agakist castration. Karpman (19" 12-4)
concurs with this point of View. However:
New York - (AP) - Patrons of at 51113121: east side mfg-'11: spot
were amaze-2i early 3311 day to non: two ladies 111-111-1111;; at
a talle while barefoot - virtually up to their chins .
Custom er's bolted from the uptown cofo when the ladies
refused to put on time. 11' 1210111139. . . The mono ger 81. Li he beg-1.111311
the la dog to p.11t301' 1111. 11:13 or: 1 at t1 next they replic ~11 12 erely'
Get away". . . . The ladies c 3:111. med. . .to remain bare. . . do-
Spite policooron's efforts to cover then” on the way to he
81312111111101.1113. . . .They were convicted of disorderly conduct
and sentence-d to 30 dam in for: workhouse. ( 111111—011 Free
i-“ross, 1131:. r1211 30, 1}“?1).
C-ne '11'oodcrs how many such cases go unreported, and 11019 n any others
are classified as 'dioorderly cooduct', rather than 'indocent exposure’.
Shekel (1951.) reports one case of a woman who 12011211111131.1111 of hy-
sterical spells} in which she exposed her genitalia. The analyot felt, how-

mu, that the eLXILiIJiOI ism was not the domir inant factor in this wo111an's

neurosis. Fenichel (1946) explains away such 0615583 of female erezliihition-
ism as a form of sadistic abstraction of the viewer, i.e., the sight of the
"castrated" female in turn castratea the viewer. For Fenichel, and for
psychoanalytic theory in toto, such an combination is necessary in order to
maintain the internal consistency of the theory.

The theoretical position regarding hypercadiectcd sceptophilia is
certainly no clearer. Stehel (1952) and Karpman (1954) consider that this
behavior can be found to some extent in everyone. This, of course, then
does not differ from the direct expressions considered earlier. Fenichel
(194-6) feels that scoPtophilia represents a need for reassurance agzamst
castration anxiety: viewing female urination, for example, in the attempt
to see I female penis. 0n the Other hand he also states that looking as a
passive act resolves conflict about following an in-ipulse, thus avoiding the
guilt and responsibility attendant upon the express ion of an erdzihitionistic
or sadistic in'1pulee. In this analysis, scoptophilin seems to be considered
a mechanism rather than a component impulse.

To further cloud the issue Schmaltz (1953) states that the exhibi-
tionist in I scaptophiliac in reverse: similarly Karpnmn (1954) considers
that the exhibitionist idendfies himself with the observer, while the ammo-
philiac identifies with the object viewed. The writer here notes that the
ideal situation for optimal total gratification for all concerned might be,

than, an exhibitionist exhibiting to a ocoptophiliac.

Summary: The theoretical aituation regarding defensive and dis-
guised expressions of exhibitionism and sceptophilia seems, then, no
better than that regarding the definition of these impulses. While there

l"
I.

certainly oeem to be no lack of clinical data, as the minister of books and
articles attests, there certainly seems to ho a oeriouo lack of cloar con-
cise tincretical formulations .

hibernatiit‘gtgpenggt the moolggi: In lids review of the literature

 

the am of experimental amdirzo of exhibitionism and scoptophilia

is glaringly apparent. While various approaches, such as studies with the
Bucky Tent (Elam, 1950), have given empirical support to the conceptuali-
zation of the impulses represented in the psychosexuol levels of developn‘ent ,
no support has yet been offered for the existence of exhibitionism and scop-
tophilia as components of the sexual impulse.

It would seem appropriate, as a first step in tin empirical inves-
tigatim od’ those impulses, to dcmrmim if, in fact, their behavioral ex-
proaoiom do exist as universally as the psychoanalytic theory of the com-
pomnt impulses poomiatoo, and no universally as their widespread we as
dynamic concepm would imply.

The Stagnation of a possible means of ogroaching this protlom
throng: the operation of ego defenses in to be found in Feniciael (194’ ):

...overy peraon ha- . certain amount of worded ofl' instinctual

energies which are b}! from being discharged by defensive-

torcaa (in the ego) and which try to break through neverthe-

less...(p. 121),

and

. ..tho repressed components of infantile sexuality continue on
amt in the momcious, “11¢!an . ..(p. 57).

Bio Experimental 5:731:72ng As has been pointed out earlier, pre-

 

genital impulooo undergo many viciositudes, once granite-1 sexuality is

18.

achieved. Theoretically only the ego is capable of origimting overt be-
havior thus providing mechanisms for the sublimation, repreaaion and
expression of progenital atriva . Such overt behavior would seem to be
the only point of attack for detecting the presence of these in' pulses. In
Other words, the impulse itseit is not directly observable: rather it is
inferred frorn some change in behavior in the presence of stimulation
from the environment. The problem, then, is to ciemrmine if a particular
kind of behavioral sequence, amenable to observation in a controlled
laboratory setting, exists: if :50, would it then reflect impulse arousal
and the ego mechanisms airfarding aggriatct such arousal and against ex-
preseion.

Recent work by Blum (1954, 1955, 1957) and others (Nehon, 1955;
Smock, 1956) suggests a behavioral sequence that seems appropriate and
seems to fulfill the conditions set forth above. in thia work an unconscious
oaychoaexual impulse has been inferred to have been aroused; the arousal
detected, it is felt by the experimenters, by measurable changes in per-
ceptual behavior. This inference appears justifiable in the context of the
following statement by Fenichel (194.6):

There are defensive attitudes against painful perceptions

just as there are defenses against any pain. Nevertheless

. ..defenses against perceptions seem to be performed first

and foremost in the service of defenses against instincts (p. 134).

Within this theoretical setting Blum 0954) suggests that there are
two Opposing ego processes in perception. kn one process the ego displays
differential sensitivity to those environmental cues suggestive of uncon-
Icioua impulses: it is ready, timrciore, to invoke defensive measurea

should such impulses, or the environmental cues, approach awaremas.

19.

The amend proccsu: a shutth; off, or reg-action of fix: timeamuing par-
ccr‘stlon (i .e . , the environmenml cue) occurs when the: stimulus va lue of the
one becomes sufficiently intense as to approach awarcmss.

Them processes have been labelled perceptual vigilance (Blum, 195?.) A
or scleative vigilance Glruncr and Postman, 1947), and perccpnial defense
(Postman, Bruner and McGinnies, 1943), respectively, and have been the
subject of ore of the most intensive series: of investigaucms in recent
years. It is our purpose here to indicate our justification for selecting
these perceptual processes as the behavioral sequences umich might pro-
viso, through the analysis of behavioral clunges, the data for making in-
fereuoes regarding the experimental arousal of exhibitioniam and coop-to-
phllla. The literature on these processes is extensive; only that which
is pertinent to the illustration of the processes and the demonstration of
the method will be reviewed. ‘

Percepmalivigflaugg: Under the heading of perceptual vigilance or

 

sensitization, there have been a number of studies utilizing the tachisto-
scoplc presentation of affect-laden and neutral word atimuli. These
studies, generally, demonstrated a heightened awareness, in the subject,
of the affect-laden stimulus, but the memodolog'y was often confounded
by variables relative; to word “greasy, sex of emerimcnter, absence
of conflict centered around the words chosen, and the irirlbition of verbal
report by the suMect of the "taboo“ words, among otlgrs (use, for ex-
ample, Goldiamond, 1958).

thing an autonomic resmnue (Cg-LR) conditioned to nonsense syl-

lables paired with shock and prewnmd below recOgHiflon tin-cuboid,

2.0.

Lazarus and McCleary (1951) found that there was an anticipatory C3353
response to the shocked nonsense syllables even after shock was omitted.
The authors termed this "subception" and defend it so a process of dis-
crlntination without conscious awareness. I

Elum (0541) presented, mchlstoscoplcally, {our reproductions of
the Blacky plctures (Slum, 1930): two dlotractoro, one conflictocritical,
and one neutral. These were arranged on cards so that each picture
appeared an equal number of times in each. goaition on the card (top,
bottom, right, and left); all four pictures appeared on each card. After
a baseline series of trials at speeds below awareness the confllct card
was sensitized and the neutral card was neutralized by verbal hastructlon.
Then a vigilance series of trials was presented. The subject was required,
on each trlol, to merely call on; position that stood out the most. It was
found that the position of the conflict-critical stimulus was called more
frequently after sensitization, even thong}; subjects reported no awareness
of the content of the stimulus picmres. Note that this methodology avoids
many of the Whom noted shove with this type of instrumentation.

Nelson 0955), using mum's (1954) design, classified subjects as
113an high or low conflict on the psychosexual dimensions of the Blacky
Test 0311mm , 195-4). He found that subjects using projection as a thiense
tended to call more often the position of the stimulus related to their own
paychosexual conflicts. These results were confirm in a olmllar study
by Blum (I955). .

Smock (1955s) replicated the Slum (1954) stuoy, confirming the
findings on perceptual vigilance, though he rejects an moerpretatlon of

these findings as the defense agaimt the emergence of repressed impulses.

21.

It should be pointed out that Smock is somewhat in error here, since the
repressed impulse is, in (not, only inferred; what is defended against by
perceptual vigilance is the possibility of the arozrsal of a repressed unpulee
by environmental cues .

Sumo-3.- From the foregoing analysis it seems apparent that per-

   

cepmal vigilance might well be employed as an indicator of defenses against
the affects aroused by conflict-centered environmental nth-null. Thus it
should lend itself well to the inventigntion oi‘ exhibitionistic and scoptophiliac
impulses.

Perceptual defense: As with perceptual vigilance, the early studies
were concerned with the tachistoscopic preeentation of affect-laden word
stimuli, and were subject to the same confounding (see, for example,
Goldiamond, 1958).

Lazarus (i953) and Eriksen (1951, 1952, 1956) among Others, on
the other hand, demonstrated that when stimuli were anxiety-producing for
a particular subject he would tend to avoid the perception of environmental
cues suggestive of such stimuli. Chodorkoi'f (1954), using similar proce-
dures confirmed these findings. I

In the study reportéd previously, Blum (1954) followed the vigilance
series of trials with a series at a speed of presentation closer to
awareness. The subject's task, in this series, was to locate the critical
card half of the time and to locate during the other half of the time the
neutral card. Blum (1954) found that a significant number of subjects
shifted from the earlier vigilant behavior to a significant avoidance of
the conflict-critical card, selecting the neutral card more often. Blum

concluded that such perceptual defense behavior provided an excellent

22.

setting for the eurerimental examination of poychosexual impulses. Nelson's
(1953) study, reported above, tooled to confirm- this conclusion, as did
also other Blum studies (1055, 1957).

Smock (1-956) in the study reviewed above, howewr, failed to ob-
tain a significant defense effect in his replication. His reoults indicated
that the original method did not offer sufficient control of stimulus factors
when the shift in speed of exposure was effected between the vigilance and
defense series. This, it was felt, cast doubt on I perceptual defense inter-
pretation of the Blum (1954) results. Smock (195(3) prefers an interpreta-
tion based on a gradient of gemralization of anxiety aromal to account for
perceptual mien» phenomena. No data, however, is presented no support
such an interpretation: the WEE. results of the study would seem to
be regarding the methodology.

imzmagy: Prom he work on perceptual defense it seems that the
conditions favorable to the prooluction of avoidant behavior are somewhat
more difficult to replicate, though such replication may tie-perm largely
on introducing apmopriute controls for stimulus factors at each Speed of
exposure. With modification, the Elm (1954) design should provide a
means of detacting defenses against the oerwptions of environmental cues

where such cues might stimulate the arousal of exhibitionlstic and scepte-

phlllac impulses .

Statement of tbefigroblegn: The foregoing review of the literature
relating to the concept. 0! cadubltioniom and scaptophma as components
of the psychooexual drive points up a lack of systematic emerimenul

l‘J
f.)

studies. Tait-3 paper prognscs to initiate a program of syatczzaatic inves-
tigation of those concepts, utilizing the perceptual nicchmiirmza of vigilcncc
and defame.

Argument: If exhibitionism and scopoophilia as pregcnital compon-
ents of mentality do, in fact, suffer the diree concurrent fates of repression,
displacement and sublimation, then regardless of the extent of sublimation
or gratin; “.tff‘n some portion of these impmea must have been repressed
and be con aziuously striving for expression, and just as continuously be
held in check by ego-defensive processes .

Argument: If environmental cues suggestive of the pregcmml in.-
pulsca of exhiiaitionism and scaptophilia are presented in such a way as to
stimulate ego-defenses, than tho operation of these defenses should be re-
flccizd in changes in perceptual behavior.

From this argumcnt four specific hypotheses may be formulated
as Operational definitions of exhibitionism and scaptophilia:

The Vigilance Hypotheses:

i-Zmofltcoiswl: If, after an initial series of prosecution's at a low

 

level of awareness, a stimulus picture depicting the act of looking is asso-
ciated with verbal statements reflecting the psychosemal content of this

act of looking, then, the frequency with which this stimulus picture is chose-n
a. standing out the most clearly should increase in a subsequent series of

presentatimxs at the same level of awareness.

{inmthcs is 2.1!, after an initial sex-lea of presentations at a low
levol of awareness, a stimulus picture depicting the act of exhibiting is

associated with verbal statements reflecting the psychosexual content

24..

of this: act of exhibiting, than, the frequency with which 6:18 stimulua pic-
ture is chosen as standing out the most clearly should inc'masse in a subse-

quent series of presentations at the same level of awareness.

The Defense Hypotheses:

Hygotlxasis 3. if, after an initial sex-be of presentations at a high

 

lewl of awaremss, I stimulus picture depicting the act of looking is asso-
ciated with verbal statements reflecting the psychoaeml content of this

act of looking, than, the frequency with which this stimulus picture is chosen
a standing out me most clearly should decreasg in a subseqwnt series of

presentations at the same level of awareness.

Hypothesis 1. If, after an initial series of presentations at a high

 

level of awaremss, a stinmlu-a picture depicting the act of exhibiting is
emaciated with verbal statements feflecting the psychosexual content of
this act of exhibiting, then, the fretriency with which this stimulus pic-
ture is choscn as standing out the most clearly should decreasg in a sub-

sequent aeries of presentations at the some level of awareness.

It is to the iiivczstigation of tinge hypotheses that the present study

is directed.

METHOD

The procedure employed to tom the stated hymtheoes was adapted
from that developed by Blum 0.934). Modifications, as indicated below,
were necessary to insure that control over stimulus factors was consistent

in both the vigilance and defense parts of the experiment.

Armenia: "the apparatus employed was a mirror tachlstoscopa,
deslgmd by R. Gerbranda of Arlington; Mesoachusetts for use with mom-
dual subjects. The stimuli were presented at one of two speeds of ex-
posure, cielxndlng on the experimental group to which the subject belonged.
For one group (vigilance) the stimuli were presented at an exposure speed
of .03 seconds, found by Blum 0954) cud others (Nelson, 1955: Smock, 19%)
to represent a low level of awarenesa: for the other group (defense) the
stimuli were presented at a speed of .20 seconds , form! to represent a higher
level of awareness. Illumination d the adopting,r and viewing fields were
adjusted to initial lllmnlnancea of .58 foot lamberts and .73 foot lamberts
respectively, after‘Neleon (1955). Those ummioances were choaen to per-
mlt‘aome adaptation to a less bright surface between exposures in order to
insure that the individual'e perception of the test field was not contaminated
by the physiologically based dark adaptation plenomenon. The lllunrinances
of the fields were checked twice during the experiment to assure constGDCY
for all subjects: no change from the initial to the terminal readings was de-
ma.“

—_.

l. Initial and terminal Mme-manta were made by Hofcesor 3. iii. Bartley,
who is experbnced in the use of the MacBeth Illumlnometer.

Q
. .0
It ,

26.

l

The stimulus materials were redrawn ' from the Black; Pictures

Test (Elam, 1950), as follows (see Appendix 1.):

Ezmfiitionism (8): Based on card IV (CR-1113211 intensity), with the

Scootophilia (.5):

Neutral CN-i):

Neutral (N-z):

following alterations: changing Bucky's ex-
pression to that on the frontispieco (a presuma-
bly mutt-31 one), reversing the positions of the
figures on the card (Le. , mirror image), re-

. moving the 'hearta', putting Mama and Papa's

paws on the gratmd, turning their heads to look
at Biacky, and removing the bush in the fore-
ground.

Based on card W (Oeejipal intensity), with the
following alterations: changing Biaclcy's ex-
pression to that on the frontispiece as above,
removing the 'hearts', and removing the bush
in the foregromd.

Card X (Ego-ideal - love objet..3 .rith Elacky
reduced in size and the dream fign‘e drawn in.
outline.

Card XI (Ego-ideal - love object) with Blacky
reduced in size, the dream figure drawn in
outline and the entire card reversed (1.6. ,
prinmd in mirror image).

The four pictures were printed on white , glossy {motograpitic paper

in order to obtain the sharpest images possible: the glosa then was reduced

by on application of "matte” spray homer. All four pictures were moor-”4

on I series of eigixt, dull white poster boards (3 1/2 x 11"), so that the posi-

tion of each picture relative to the positions of the other pictures on the cards

was systematically varied from card to card. Table l. amnmarizes this pat-

tern a! rotation of the pictures.

 

l. The original drawmgs of the otimulm pictures were made by
Miss {loom Diamond, Instructor in Art at iviichigan State University
and a profess ional artist.

27.

TABLE 1.

PATTERN 0P ROTATIGN OF 'THTS FOUR STEVE-LBS HC'IURES

 

 

 

 

 

 

_ _. A y L 5333. ‘ . 4; i . fl?4.--.4.._w-.-.. RM“
Card Top Bottom ' R1 gm h Left _

1. E N-l 3 N-?

2 . N '1 3 N-Z E

3 . S N-Z E N-l

4 . N-Z E NJ 5

5 . S N-l N42 8

6 . N-l N-Z ' E 3

7 . N'Z B 3 NJ

28.

:“f-Wfs' The suicjucts were urmrgadwoe students solicitoti from
the introductory course in psychology. {ale 311%.}on only were med since,
according to both theory (Fonichcl, 194(3) and clinical omen-2.: (Karyman,
1954; Kinsey, et 81., 195:3), sex differences are h3motluasiwtui to exist in the
functioning of the manages under observation. Only volunteers who were
between 13 and 22 years of age, unmarried, and with 20/20 vision in both
eyes were used. Vision of each subject was decked by means of a Snollcn
chart. The restriction on viuion seemed warranted since viuual disturb-
ances are felt to be one of the Memes against scoptophilia (Abraham ,
1949; 138131, 1950; Fenichel, 1946; Freud, 1953); such defames, if present,
might well contaminate the dam obtained from the visual perceptual moon-

anisms. 'l‘ne restriction on marital status was imposed since the marital

relationship affords ample opportunity for viewing and display (Kinsey, 1953-).

LXEIEEPEQEE‘EEE: Forty est-£3380 9 were divided randomly in‘o
four groups: randomization was accomplished by wait-311mg each succeeding
subject into a different group. Two groups were used to test the Vigilance
(V) hypotheses, and two to test the Defense (D) hwotheses. All trials for
the V groups were given at .03 sec.: all trials for the D groups were given
at .20 sec.

The design lilVOlVSB an initial set (set I.) of 32 trials as a baseline,
followed by showing the subject one of the stimulus cards use-d in the tachis-
tau-scope for 30 sec. A second set of 32 trials (set 2.) was then given to de-
termine whether any measurable change resulted from the exposure of the
stimuli to the subject. This aspect of the procedure was arraigned to de-

tect whether, as a result of interpretation by the subject :25 one content

29.

area of the otimuiue, a measurable clmnge in response tendency occurred.

Following set 2, inotructions , chsigoed to arouse either the exhibi-
tionis tic or the scoptOp-hiliac impulses , were given to the subject; at the
some time he was given a 6" x 9" photographic or armament, mounted on
poster board, 0! the opproyriate stimulus picture to study. A final set of
32 trials (set 3) was then given.

Tina weig'n of the study is summarized in Table 2.

{fiyflcoflgsgflgg It might be pain ed out: here that the
results of set 1 were deoigmd to be used as a check on the [sensibility that
the physical prooerties of a given stimulus picture or pictures, from among
the set of four, n'ozight exert a differential "pull" in terms of the response
tendency. Smock (1956) attriimtcd such a problem to the discrepancies he
found in his replication of the Flow. (1954) study. If a differential poll had
been present in one, or any, of the stimulus picmres they would have had
to have been modified before condoning.

In Table 3 are set forth the analysis of the data for the first set of
32 trials for the four groups: vigilance sooptophilia (VS), vigilance exhi-
bitionism (VB), defense scopnophilia (DS), and defense exhibitionism (335),
as well u for four control groups added after the main experiment had
been completed and for all V groups combined and all D groom con'zbined.
As the table indicates, there were no aignii’ioam differences in frequency
of choice of the various stimulus pictures found in any of the four main
groups: V5, V3, 03, and DE. When groups were combined the results
were similar. T we of the four control groups showed significant differences

in frequency of choice; however, as the table indicates, this difference

TABLE 2.

EXPERIMWFAL CONIXTDNS

...—.1.- ._k__ 4-—
“ w
*—

30..

 

 

 

 

summ-
Chvup Sal at: 2 “Emma an I
with".
l. .08 .08 E .03
2. 0m 0% .03
Duo".
3. .20 .20 B .20
4. .10 .20 .20

32.

arose from. a difference betwen the two neutral pictures: these- picon'es
serve only as distractors and are not crucial in the dot-arm tuition of the
main effects of E and .3. The statistic used to test for differences was
x‘r: the Freedman two-way analysis of variance by ranks for related
sompleo. This smtistic was chosen since it makes no assumptions regar-
ding the distribution of sample scores, and provides for a test between
related samples (Sioml, 1955»). On the basis of the foregoing analysis of
the set 1 data continuation of the otudy using these particular stimuli was
felt to be warranted.

The results of set 2., when compared with those of set 1, were used
to check on the psychological pmperties of tho stimulus before any inter-
pretation of a m-ba-senoitized stimulus was offered to the subjeot by the
experimenter. In other words , H the subjects react to some psychological
content inherent in the admulus tlmn either the data of set 2 would be used
as a baseline, or the "offending" stimulus would have to be modified.
This is a built-in check on whether the subject "guesses" the content of
a stimulus and react: to it, even mough the stimuli were designed to ap-
pear irmocuous. l

Tabb 4 sets forth the comparison between the first and second sets
of trials. The four main groups (V3, V8, {'36, DE.) show 11qu change
from one set to the other: the Wilcoxon ranking best for matched pairs of
signed‘ ranks (Siogel, 1956) confirms the absence of significance. Of the
four control groups, one (C5D) showo n sigfificam change in the direc-
tion of more frequent choice in set 2. 'i‘his change lo significant beyond
the 5% level for a two-tailed test. Amrdhgly, for thio group the baaeline

a
é-c

established to test the effects of sensitization was changed to be set 2.

33.

TABLE 4.

COMPARISON OF THE FIRST SET OF 32 TRIALS WITH THE SECOND
SET OF 82 TRIALS FOR EACH EDERIMENTAL GROUP FOR THE

STIMULUS PICTURE TO-BB»SEN$TEED

 

 

 

 

 

 

Group r 3:: 9- 1 Sat 2. 1‘2. M." p"
Vigilance .
s a. 1 7.6 13.5 9 >435
a m 7.6 ~ 5.0 9 >.os
m 7.1 7.; t.’ 1 3.05
EM 1.1 . 7. t 9.5 , 8 >33
CS 7.4 7.8 13.0 8 p.03
Defence
3 9.7 ‘ 9.1 12.8 a no:
a ‘ 7.5 1.4 - “.0 3 mos
cs 1.1 - "3.5. 6.3 to .mupm '
Man A _
1. Mann W in: com - W only.
2. 'n ansuumauw W-m,md-nnhm.

8. meamemmm-m-dm.
II. WWWam-Wmddm.

34.

Modification of the stimulus pictures was not felt to be necessary on this
basis, however.

0n the basis of these {indulge continuation of the study with the
present stimuli was felt to be justifiable.

Egggurg: The specific procedure for all subjects was as follows.
The tachictosmpe was eztplaimd to the subject, after which he was given
the following instructions:

1 want you to look into the eyepiece and focus on the black
dotyouwill see inthe centeroftho field. Whenwebegme
series of trials 1 want you to continue to fixate on the dot at
all times. 00 not move away from the eyepiece until you are
told to do so. I am going to flash some pictures very cptickly
at a fraction of a second. There will be four pictures shown
simultaneously at each flash - one at the Left, Right, Tap and
Battom. YMint lwnnt you to do is simply to say which one of the
[our gtands out the most . Obviously with the very fast speeds
we are going to use yo'fi'probably won‘t be able to get any real
idea of what the pictures are , so you may feel quite uncertain
of your judgements. But in awry cane make a guess. All I
am interested in is your 1 mediate insi'aression. You will see
different patterns or CO‘o:;:-i::§ti0n8 of ,1. sures during the series
of flanhciz . Remember to say just Left, Right, Top or Bottom,
according; to which picture appears to you to stand out the most.
When I say Ready, focus on the dark spot in the center of the ’
screen. ”mat will give you the best chance to see all {our pic-
tures a once. [will flash the pictures right after w ready
signal. ‘

 

The first set of 3?. trials was then begin.

Before each set of trials the reflect we: ellowed 45 sec. to adapt
to the illuminance oi the adaptation field. A 30 sec. rest was given after
each block of 16 trials.

After the first act of trials the subject was handed one of the stimulus

 

.7— WV *—

l. Adapted from Slum (1954).

9'.)
(“'1
0

cards , randomly selected from those being presenuaci in the tachistoscope.
lie was tolcl:

"Here is one of the cards you have been looking at."

After 30 sec. the card was wimdrawn and the subject was told:

"We will now repeat the same process. Remember to keep your
eye focussed on the black dot. Ready?"

After this set of 32 trials the instructions, desigred to sensitize
one of the stimulus cards, were handed to the subject to read silently.
The instructions were typed on 8 1/2" 1:11" white paper and enclosed in
a plastic envelope. At the some time the subject was handed the large
print, mentioned earlier, of the stimulus being sensitized. 'l‘oe instruc-
tions were given in this manner to minimize experimenter-subject inter-
action during this crucial plmso of the experiment (after Smock, 1956).

The instructions related to the exhibitionism stimulus were as
follows:

You are holding on of the pictures from among the several
which you just saw at fast speeds . It belongs to a psychological-
test which consists of a series of cartoons portraying the adven-
tures of a clog named Blacky. In this picture Blacky is showing
off in front of Mama and Papa. Blacky really enjoys showing him-
self off like that to Mama, especially because he knows that Mama
appreciates his doing so.

Now, without saying anything out loud, look at the picture and
try to recall when u might have felt the way Blacky does here.
Just think to yourse about similar experiences of your own. I
will not ask you afterwards about your thoughts .L
The imtructiona related to the acopmphilia stimulus were as

follows:

You are holding one of tire pictures from among the several

 

1. Adapted [com Blum (195-!- .

 

 

I!!!“ .Il‘lll Ill.

36.

which you just saw at fast speeds. It belongs to a pa rchclogrical
test which consists of a series of cartoons portraying the acts/“en-
tures of a dog named Blacky. in this picture Blacky gene a lot of
fun watching Mama and Papa making love, even Enough he knows
it is not nice.

Now, without saying anything out loud, look at the picture and
try to recall when mg m ight have felt the way Blacky does here.
Just think to yoursellf about similar experiences 1)! your own. I
will go} ask you afterwards about your moughts . °

'l‘ho 611.1ch was given two minutes to read the semitt-.:.tian instruc-
tions and meditate upon them . Presumably the time 33:33 spent in the latter
activity.

The next phase of the procedure consisted of another set of 32 Main.
The instructions to the ewaject were given orally, as follows:

We will now hey?“- a new norms of trials. Remember to any
just Left, Eli-fit, 'I'o;:.- or Bottom, according to which picture ap-
pears to yes to stow-.3. w t the moat. V‘sheo I say "Ready", focus
on the dark spot in the center of the screen. That will give you
the beat chance to see all four pictures at once. Iwill flash the
pictures right after the reacly 313ml.
htertrial intervals were approximately 5 sec. , or, only so long as

was mocssary to change Miami-1.13 cards in the mchisuoacotc.

The data yielded by the fore going procedure was the frequency,

set by set, of position (stimulus) choice. See Appendix .2.

 

v—uo- w—v—

l. Adapted from Blum (1954).

RESULTS

The findings, previously reported, relating;r to the properties of
the stimulus now permit the evaluation of the experimental finding, . The
data analysis will be presented in the order of the hypotheses aimed ear-
lier.

The statistical test utilized in this analysis of the data was the
it"ilcoxon matchedepairs, sighted ranks nest (:iiegel, 19:36). This test was
chosen because it considers both the direction and the magnitude of the
differences in samples where each subject serves as his own control,
without requiring that the data meet the assumptions of the t test. In
other words, this test merely requires ordered metric scaling, and makes
no assumptions about continuity of measurement or normality of the dis-
tribution of scores in the populotiont The data of this study make such

assumptions difficult to defend.

The Vigilance Hypotheses:
I-ijgpomesis i. if, after an initial series of presentations at a low

 

level of awareness, a stimulus picture depicting the act of looking in as-
sociated with verbal statements refhcting the psychoeexual content of
this act of looking, then, the frequency with which dais stin‘zulus picture
is chosen as standing out most clecrly should 139333.? in a subsequent
series of presentations at the same level of awareness.

On line 1 of Table 5 is presented the analysis of the data relative
to this hypothesis. As is indicated, there is a significant shift in the di-
rection of more frequent recognition of the critical stimulus in set 3, when
compared with set 1 (.0735>p>.01). That is, for the scopwphilia stimulus,

aftcr sensitization it is seen more frequently than it was before sensitiza-
tion. It can be concluded that, for the sample entitled, hypothesis 1 is con-
firmed.

Hmmthesis a. If, after an initial series of presentations at a low

 

level of awaremss, a stimulus picture depicting the act of exhibiting is
associated with verbal statements reflecdng the paychooexual content of
this act of exhibiting, then, the [regiency with which this stimulus pic-
turn it ...-{moan as zit-2:11:13 out most clearly should $313333 in a subse-
qmnt series of picssentationa at the some level of aweremaa.

On line 2 of Table 5 is presented the analysis of the data. relevant
to this hypomu. ea in inflected, flare is a shift in the direction of
more We: recognition of the critical :3de in not 3 compared with
the frequency of recognition at this stimuhm in set 1 (p<.005). That is,
the exhibitionism stimulus under these conditions is seen more frequently
other sensitization than before censitizadon. it can be conchxled that, for
the oomph studied, hypothesis 2 is confirmed.

The Defense li'ypotEmees:

lgrpcmeais 3: it, after an initial series of presentations at a high

 

level of awareness, a stirs-miles picture depicting the act of looking is
associated with verbal stereo-gents reflecting the psychosezcnl content of
this act at looking, then , the frequency with which this stimulus picture
is chosen as :1ng out moat clearly should 211321.393 in a subsequent
series of presentations at flue some level of awareness.

On line 6 of Table 5 is presented the analysis of the data relative
to this hypoxhesis. J‘s is unlimited, here is a significant shift in {he d1-

4
rection of less frequen: choice of the critical Stimulus in act 3 when com-

JZ; 9.

pared with the frequency of choice of this stimulus in set 1 (1342.005). That
is, the scoptophilia stinmlus is seen less frequently after semsitization than
it was hafore sensitization. it can be concussed that, for the sample studied,
hypothesis 3 is confirmed.

figpofioeis 5. If, after an initial series of presentations at a high
level of awareneso, a stimulus picture depicting the act of exhibitmg is
associated with verbal statenmta reflecting the psychosexuai content of
this act of exhibiting, than, fit. fromncy with which this sthtzulu-s picture
is chosen as standing out most clearly ohms}? deggggg in a subseq-Jout
series 01 presentations at the smite have! of got-aromas.

On lion 7 of Table 5 is presented the analysis of the atom relative
to this hypodwais. As is indicated, there is a significant shift in tho di-
rection of less frequent choice of this stimuli») in set 3, when contzpareti
with the frequency of choice 04' this stimulus in not] (p<.005). That is,
the exhibitionism stimulus under these conditions is seen less frequently
after sensitization than it was before sensitization. It can be conciut‘aed that,
for the oomph studied, hypothesis 4 is confirmed.

At thin point evaluation of the methodology wee attempted in order
to identify, it poosible, the specific factors msponsible for the positive
results. The first, and most obvious step was to omit the sensitization
iii-traction: tor at least one of the stimuli under each comiition of exposure.
if tho some perceptual reopen-o proceosea could be produced without the
sensitization mm the data might very readily be explained without
reference to peroeptml vigiknoo and defense. Under the condition of a
low have! of awareness familiarity with the critical stimulus, and, War
the condition of I high level of awareness , satiation with the critical stimu-

TABLE 5.

comm BETWEEN THE MSEWB AND
THE MST-mm?! SERIES OF TRIALS

 

A.

w“. W

 

'7

Post
Group m- Mun

 

 

.

T2‘ 6. 1.3‘ p
Vigilance
s 9.1 11.1 6.8 10 magma!“ 0‘
B 1.8 II.’ 0.0 0 «out “
an 1.: 99.1 9.9 :9 «.915. a
m 9.1 99.9 1.9 9 «.913- ~
cs 7.4 6.9 19.9 9 men’-
Diana.
3 9.7 4.9 9.9 19 «.9954- u
s 7.6 3.3 9.9 9 «995‘-
cs 9.6 9.5 12.9 s >.OSS'
m ‘
.1. Mmmudbrmwhum, only.~
I. 1‘: a. m In an wanna laud-pun,» 9mm but.
8.. mgr-u ofh'udomcmhxdo M am: «no.
:. WW will: a Mil-d m m FM-

MWMom—Wm Wham.

41.

loss (since this is the stimulus exposed to the subject beta-mar. sets 2 and

3) could well account for lite positive results obtained earlier. Both
familiarity ..ni satiation, no response processes underlying perceptual
behavior, have been moroughly explored (See, for emmple, Osgood, 1953),
and would offer a more parsimonious explanation than that suggested by
psychoanalytic theory.

Wenty additional subjects were randomly assigned to either the
vigilance or the defense condition, using the ecoptophilin Stimulus . The
only modification of the design was the animation of the writuen sensitiza-
tion instructions: the subject was handed the enlargement of the critical
picture with the request that he "study it carefully".

The data from the first set of 32 trials was analyzed to determine
if a response preference was present. As can be seen from Table 3 sub-
Jects in both the Vigilance C3 (scapoophilia control) and Defense CS
groups tended to choose the N-l stimulus more frequently and the N-Z
stimulus less frequently. ”the differences among the stimuli in signifi-
cent (.05 >p>.03). When the data of the second act of 33?. trials was com-
pared with that of the first 32 trials (T able 4) no significant change was
noted for the vigilance group (p>.05), though the defense group did show
a significant-shift (.05>p>. 2.) toward a more frequent selection of the
stimulus «mine-salami This significant change occurring between
sets for the defense group required the data of the second set to be used
as the baseline in testing the data of set 3. Of course, from the standpoint
of nxmdmizmg differences this is an advantage, since any potential effect
would be magnified when compared with the more freqmnt choice of set 2

(because the defense effect promote a less freqwznt choice).

4?

As can be seen from Table 5, no defenne (avoidance -aatintion) ef-
fect was apparent; the change amounted to .1 mean choices of the critical
stimulus less than in set 2 (3)).05). For the vigilance group a change in
direction opposite from that expected occurred, i.e . , a shift away from the
critical stimulus, though this woo not significant (p>.05)1' . At this point
me conclusion may safely be drawn that some factor in the sensitization in-
structions was apparently responsible for the. significant vigilance and de-
fense effects noted earlier .

Since the effect seemed to be a function of the sensitization merma-
tions these were re-evalunted. On closer examination there appeared to be
two possibilities that might have been contaminating factors: in the ammo-
philia instructions the statement ". . .even though he knows it is not nice. . . "
seemed to carry an implication of more! condemnation: in the exhibitionism
instructions the statement ". . .especially incense he knows um Mama op-

reclates his doing so. . seemed to carry an implication of a motive for

approval. This raised the question as to whether or not the significant vigi-
lance and defense effects produced earlier were the result of these factors
rather than the operating of the impulses of exhibitionism and acopmphilia.
Accordingly 20 additional subjects were solicited and divided randomly into
vigilance B and vigilance 3 groups. The decision to use the vigilance tech-
nique was based on the oteorvation mat significant defense effects were pro-

duced following the test set of vigilance trials (see below and Table 7).

l. A two tailed test was employed here since the direction of the differences
was not predicted in advance .

The procedure used with the original sample was employed with the
semiitizotion instructions modified by the omission of the mxstionable
phrases discussed above. Then, following the last, or test set of 3.2 trails
the following additional procedure was introduced. Each subject was hand-
ed the critical stimulus picture and told to: ”Study this picture again and
try to recall to yourself what you were thinking of when you looked at it be-
fore." After the subject had viewed the picture for approximately one min-
ute, presumably thinking, another set of 33 trials was given with the speed
of orposure changed to .20 sec.

As Tables 3 and 4 indicate, there were no significant tendencies to
choose any particular stilt-.ulus in either of the pro-sensitization sets of
trials.

Table 5 reports the comparisons between the first set of 32 trials
and the post:sonsitization sot (groups SM and EN). The vigilance effect
is again quite clear (p<.01)l° for both groups thus apparently ruling out the
question of any perceived moral throat or approval motive implied in tho
sensitization instructions being responsible for the significant effects pro-
duced earlier.

A further comparison of the foregoing results was attempmd and is
presented in Table 6. Each group was mated against the apprOpriate con-
trol group. As expected, there were highly simificant differences between
the control group and the experimental and modified groups, and non-sig-

nificant differences between the experimental and modified groups. The

W — W W

1. See footnote, pg. 41.

TABLE 6.

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE EHERNENTAL AND CONTROL GROUPS
FOR THE BASELINE AND {031' -SENSITTZATUN SETS OF TRIALS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Hannah: Poot-oemttlzadaa Set
Group I" [13‘ 93' x U p

“slime. S 8.! 11.1

39.0 >.m 11.5 .mp.0014°
W CS 1.4 6.9
Datum S 9.7 4.9 _

20.0 .osapm 19 o .o :4-
m OS ,.I 8.5
Vim 8 8.! 11.7 ~

. 30.0 >40 42.0 >.103'

Vim SM 7.! 11.1
W n 1.3 f 10.9

47.0 >.m 48.5 >.103'
Vishnu EM 1.? ‘- 10.3
W SM 7.! 11.7

44.0 >40 1.5 «.0023
W (:8 1.4 6 9

 

flow

I. “Whammmody.

2. U: bond-dentin Mann-Whitney not.

8.. WMMam-nmmflmmmd).
4. MmuMam-muummmm

4-5.

conclusion may be drawn from these results that the semiitizntion instruc-
tions are instrumental in producing vigilance and defense effects.

Since the defense effect produced by this methodology has been
challenged (Smock, 1936) one further analyoie was attempted with data
obtained on the defense effect following yiyilance. Since no baseline series
at .20 sec. was available for the vigilance subjects (who were tested at
.03 sec. throughout), the data of the first set of 32 trials for all defense
groups was combined to approximate the most stable toselire obtainable.
Vigilance groom sensitized to E were thus compared with the combined
set 1 E data from the defense groups and the vigilance groups sensitized to
S were compared with the combined Bet l 3 data from the defense groups.
The instructions and procedure were as noted earlier.

As can be seen in Table 7, all moupo sensitized to a particular
stimulus (E or S) tended to perceive this stimulus significantly less often
under conditions of relatively more exposure even though they had, just
previously, tended to perceive the same stimulus more often. For the
one control group no significant change in yerceptual behavior was noted.
These results tend to support thoee rs: ported by Blum (1954) who found a
defense effect following vigilance and contrast with the findings of “Smock
(1956) who failed to replicate Elmo’s (1954) study. The findings also lend
support to the confirmtion of the hypotheses moor conoideration in the
present study. The stimulation provided by the oemitization instructions
was apparently sufficiently strong as to produce, in tin saute subject, both

the approach and avoidance behavior represented by vigilance and defezwe.

TABLE 7.

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE DEFENSE SERIES OF THE. VIGILANCS
GROUPS AND THE BASELINE OF THE. COMBINED DEFENSE GROUPS

 

 

 

 

U2. p30
Vigiknou S 5.9 67.0 .lO>p>.05
W SM 3.9 . 48.5 .05>p>.02
“gone- cs 3.2 75.0 >.io
CombinodEhhnIe-E 7.8
W a . 5.5 40.0 .02....002
Vigilan- EM 6.5 53.0 .05>p>.02

Nam: '

1. Moon- W in comparison purposes only.
2. U: the sud-tic m an Mann-Whitney test.

3. Militia «anointed with a two tailed test.

DISCUSSION

The results reported in the preceding section clearly support both
the vigilance and Mouse hmaothoaes. This finding is in accord with the
emcmtions of Smock (1953101: 3 modified design, and the results tend,
also, to support the position taken by Blum (1954) noted earlier.

The results of this study might be offered, also, in support of on
Operational definition of the concepts of exhibitionism nod acoptophilia. in
this manmr, exhibitionism is defined as the act of presenting to the View
of odor: ones own body: scoptophilia is defined as the act of covertly view-
ing others in the act of making love. Both behaviors are, for the principal
actor, subject to social disapproval and when they or. suggested in a social
setting, they are Imxicty producing and are subseqmotly reacted to by do-
fenaoa mating through the perceptual mechanisms . Here perceptual
vigilance as a defame follows tho formulation: of Carponoor et al. (1955:)
and Clam (1959). Readout for such a strictly medndologically based
Operational definition is found in the presantntion of operationalism by
Bridgman @945).

Unfortumvely, such a dotinltion does not yet allow for the use of
these concepts in the mom:- in which they previomly have been employed.
Ellis 0956), in an attempt to formulate operationally certain psychoanalytic
prmciplea, macs:

. "psychoanalytic principles should he stated in terms so that

they are, in some final analysis, in principle oonfirmable in
mm: at some ultimate observables (p.137).

Such statements of psychoanalytic priociplua Ellis (1956) fools
should avoid tho m at tho hypothoticol mm and the higher-order

The roe-suits reported in the preceding section clearly support both
the vigilance and defense hypotheses . This finding is in accord with the
expectations of Smock (1953) for a modified deaign, and the results tend,
also, to support the position taken by 131nm (1954) noted earmr.

The results of this study digit he offered , also, in support of an
Operational definition of the concepts of ex’z'lihiiionio m and acoptophilia. In
this manner , exhltitim'xism is defined as the act of presenting to the View
of others ones own body: acomophilia is defined as the act of covertly idea'-
ing others in the act of making love. Both behaviors are, for the principal

weaned in a social

k‘)

acmr, subject to social disapproval and when they are on
setting, they are anxiety producing and are subsequently reacted to by de-
fenses oporating flirough the perceptual mechanm ms . Here perccpmal
vigilance as a defense follows the formuladona of Carpenter et al. (1933)
and Clauaman (1959). Precedent for such a strictly medzodologically based
Operational definition is found in the presentation of operationalism b
Bridgman 0945).

Unfortunately, such a tbfinition does not yet allow for the use of
these concepts in the warmer in which they previously have been employed.
Ellis 0956), in an attempt to formulate Operationally certain psychoanalytic

principlea, atom:

...psychoanalytic principles should be stated in terms so that
they are, in some final analysis, in principle confirmable in
arms of some ultimate observables (p.137).

m statements of psychoanalytic principles Ellis (1936) feels

should avoid til use at the hypothetical construct and the nigger-order

48.

abstraction, and remain, instead, on the intervening variable level of theor-
izing. Since the present study seems to offer some confirmation of an inter-
vening variable interpretation of ozdmaitionism and scaptopldlia in tern-as of
observables, a broader operational definition will he attentpued, mgedier
with some indications as w how the problem: of additional continuation my
be approachod.

It is necessary, first, to define some basic principles: those pre-
sented by Ellis (1956) will be utilized. The two observation, to which all
Other principles are anchored, are perception and response. As Ellis
states, these

. . .would nope-or to he basic, unarguable characteristics of living

organisms because, fir-t, they are intrinsic to the definition of

life (an organism that in some way did not perceive and respond

could hardly be called living); and, second, perceiving and re-

sponding to stimuli can be as directly observed as almost any-

thing also in this world (p. 137).

To duo. are tied states if melanomas, thinking and learning,
and evaluating, coasting and desiring. Of tho latter, the most important
evolution for our purposes is defined as follows:

[an individual] . . . geodo (has a drive award) something when

be strongly evalmtesit in a positive manner - perceives it as

being vitally important or necessary to him (Ellis, 1956, p. 139).

Two additional operational definitions of psychoanalytic principles
are masonry homo-e attempting to flormulnto operational definitions of ex-
hibitionism and Icoptophilia. Ellis 0956) defines the sexual life:

Since the word “canal" normally connotes "genital" in our

culture, it is . . . best to use it as a synonym for "genital" and

to use another word, "semual" no describe the function of ob-

taining pleasures from all zones of the body, genital and non-

gonital. Sensual life, especially that comprising oral and anal

sensations, begin: soon after an infant’s birth. Sexual or geni-
al activity also to some agree begins in infancy (p. 142.).

4‘9.

and sexual excitation:

...so-znzs from (3) our biolofical drives, which appear to be

hormonally activated; and (b) our social learning or condition-

ing. Sexual impulses seem to be clooely-relomd to, and in

part compounded of, sensual excitations - e.g., oral, anal,

urethral, and other tactile sensations . In some instances,

lunmm beings nomr clearly differentiate their sex-ml or genio

ml sensations from some of their sewml senoatimw: or they

becon'te sexually fixated on an oral, anal, or urethral level

becausemrigmally, there was a clogs association between

their @mtol and oral, anal, or urethral sensations (p. 147).

Operational formulation of exhibitionism: Rhea, in the course of
tho development of the sensual life, sexual excitation or gratification is
obtained concurrently with the display a! the genitals to another, or is
initiated by I display of the genitals to another such display will become
a part of the sensual life. If tho-so events are retreated, ouch display
may take on the status of a need and this need may have important in—
fluences on adult sex and other behavior.

Operational formulation of oooptophllia: The Clevelapment of the
sensual life is, in part, dependent on lemming to discriminant between the
sexes and between the genitals oi the adult and the child. The sense of
sight is vitally important in learning to mob ouch diocriminatiom . if
in the prom" at such leamhg semi excitation or gratification occurs
concurrently with visual summation such stimulation may become part
of tho «mud life. I these mm: are repeaoad, visual stimulation may
Bhonfllotatuo danced, andthilnoedmayhavo unpomntinflmnces
moduli IOX and athcr bohavior.

Tho-o Emulation: abould permit that: derivation of all of the forms
of exprmion #0le indicated: direct, displaced, sublimomd, dis-

gmud and hypercnmocmd. Homver, each of these modes of emeosmn

must also be Operationally formulated if theoretical consistoncy to to be
maintained.

As was indicated earlier, this study tends to confirm parts of moss
hwotheocs. Further confirmation, however, must be sought in a systema‘
tic program of reswch. Some of the stages in such a program have been
planmd, and may now be stated:

l. Cross validation of the results of the present study by sensitiz-
ing an unrelated picture using the some verbal instructions as
were employed in this study.

z. Cross validation of the results of this study by demrmining
psychosexual conflict scores and typical defense patterns
(Goldstein, 1953) from the Biacky Home Test (mum, 1?:30)
and attempting to tietemzino if there is a relationship between
poychosexml conflict, pattern of defense, and the phenomena
of perceptual vigilance and defense stimulated by eidiibitionistic
or scoptophiliac stimuli.

3. The development of a scale of exhibitionism and scoptophilia;
validating this scale on lumwn groups of direct expressora
(nudists), sublimated exhibitionism (actors) and sublimaoed
scoptophilincs (possibly philosophers or gynecologists).

4. Cross validation oi the scale using extreme scorers in a replica-
tion at the vigilance and defame emerhnonm .

5. lbtmmination of the efficiency of the scale in predicting; the

hypercathexia of exhibitionism and scopwphilia manifesto-:1 by
individuals convicted of "indecent exposure" and "window-

peeping"-
Stages 1 and 2, of course, are primarily designed to yield valida-
tion of the present study; with stage 3 new Operational formulations be- .
come necessary. At that time, however, if the results of this study are
confirmed, such formulationo, as hypotheses, might he stated in a manner
more confidant with that proposed by Ellis (1956) and noted above.
The writer tools that only by utilizing such principles of scientific

methodology as outlined here can‘the concepts of exhibitionism and

51.

sceptuphflia becom useful in the unwmmnding and prediction of behwiur

from a paychodymm to point of View.

S UM MA RY

This study was undertaken as an initial stage in an empirical
ixweaugation of the mychoenalyflc concepts of the psychosexaal irxzptmsee
of eflzlbiticmiam and scaptophflia. A modification of Blum’s (195-4) design
for producing perceptual vigilance and deferme- was employed to host the
hypothem that 833 presence, in the environment, of cues; suggestive of
tho impulses of exhibitionism and scoptoghflia would aroma fi-gilant and
defensive behavior depending on the level of awareness at which the cues
were presented.

The results clearly confirm the hypotheses . Additional dam was
collected in an attempt to isolate the specific stimulus factors involved.
The crucial factors were seen to be the verbal statements used to teens!-
tizo the subject to the visually presented was .

The results were interpreted as landing summt to a pre :rimry
Operational definition of ambitions—m and scoptoghflia. A more complete
definition was offered as the foundation for a program of fixture research

on these concepts.

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52, 380-383.

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L; abnornkgoc. Psycip}.,l954, 49, 508-512.

Clausman, R. A study of perceptual defense as avoidance and vigilance
behavior. Ph.D. maceration, in progress. Michigan State
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Ehrenzweig, A. Uncommon form creation in art. Pam Ill and IV.
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ofpsychoanalyois. in: H. Feigllnd M. Scriven brim),
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foundations of science and the concepts of psychology anipsycho-
analfiis. Minneapolis: Univ. of Minn. Press, 1956, 131-154.

Erikoen, C. W. Emmi defense as a function of unacceptable needs.
Laboorm. soc: Psycl’nl., 1951, 46, 557-334.

Erik-en, C. W. Mose asphalt ego threat in mei'nory and perception.
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1956, 69, 625-634.

 

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1946.

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55.

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Freud, S. hatincta and their vicissitudes. Collected Papers, Vol. 1V.,

 

London: Hogarth, 1956(1)).

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1954.
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APPENDIX II

The follotdng pages are the data sheets used for each subject.
Original data was recorded from the subject's staoement as: T (tap),
B Gyottom), R (right), or L (left), and transcribed to the coded sheet

after all data for the subject had been collected.

L Hun“ “do
_ ...

7-.

 

“H -un.__u
"'l