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................................ ................................ .............. viii ............................... ................................ ................................ ........ ix x xi xii 1 Chapter 1 Introduction 1.1. 2 3 4 1.2. 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Chapter 2 Urbanization on the Mongolian Plateau after economic reform: Changes and causes 1 1 The following chapter contains material reproduced from an article published in the Applied Geography with the citation: [Park, H., Fan, P., John, R., & Chen, J. (2017). Urbanization on the Mongolian Plateau after economic reform: Changes and causes. Applied Geography, 86 , 118 - 127.] 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 Chapter 3 Deciphering the complexity of rural - to - urban migration in a transitional economy 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 1) Where does your family live now? Which düüreg [ ] and Khoroo [ ] 2) Did your family moved to Ulaanbaatar from the other Aimag during 1990 to 2017? 1 = Yes 2 = No 3) Year moved to Ulaanbaatar [ ] 4) Where did you live prior to Ulaanbaatar? Previous Aimag [ ] and Soum [ ] 5) Why did your family move from your former location? Of all the reasons, could you please measure them corresponding to the importance? Please circle it. Not at all influential Slightly influential Somewhat influential Very influential Extremely Influential Not at all influential Slightly i nfluential Somewhat influential Very influential Extremely Influential Not at all influential Slightly influential Somewhat influential Very influential Extremely Influential Not at all influential Slightly influential Somewhat influential Very influential Extremely Influential 57 6) Could you tell us which was your (household) main source(s) of income in your former location? 1 = Agriculture/Farm / fishing income 2 = Herder (livestock) 3 = Shop/business owner 4 = Civil servant salary 5 = Salary from industry (firm, factory, corporation) 6 = Salary from labor (handicrafts, construction) 7 = Day Labor - Temporary 8 = Artisanal Mining 9 = Remittances 10 = Other ( ) 7) Please describe your households 8) Could you tell us how was your household status in your former residence regarding your economic activity? Please circle it. 9) What was the main reason why your household chose your current location? 1 = I knew people here 2 = I had information about the place 3 = I had a job offer here 4 = Better wages here 5 = Better job opportunities here 6 = More/better land here 7 = Better quality of life here 8 = Better education opportunities here 9 = Better climate 10 = Better medical care 11 = Close to family, friend 12 = Cost of moving is low 10) Have you observed any changes in climate in the last 15 - 20 years? 1 = Yes 2 = No 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 Usually they (migrants) come to the khoroo (sub - district) through families and relatives. Since most of the lands that are close to the city center or main road are ta ken , they settle wherever they can find land . - Anonymous khoroo coordinator from Bayangol district, Ulaanbaatar, July - August 2015 76 ike to build a better - Anonymous interviewee from Bayanzurkh district, Ulaanbaatar, July - August 2015 - Anonymous interviewee from Bayanzurkh district, Ulaanbaatar, July - August 2015 77 really want to move there because of the air pollution and constant car - Anonymous interviewee from Khanuul district, Ulaanbaatar, July - August 2015 Main reason for the growth is for better economic opportunities. The khoroo has a relatively large marketplace, which provides jobs, and easy access for shopping for the residents. - Anonymous khoroo coordinator from Sukhbaatar district, Ulaanbaatar, July - August 2015 78 79 80 81 82 83 1) General Introduction - Please introduce yourself, and how long have you been in this town? During your sta y, did you rent a house or hold an o wnership of the land? - If you are not from Ulaanbaatar, where is your previous living places, and when you moved to Ulaanbaatar? What is the primary reason for you to settle down in Ulaanbaatar? - Why you choose this specific places? 2) History of town - Could you tell us about history about this town? Please describe the neighborhoods when you settled down. - When and why the town is becoming bigger? - What is the biggest challenge in your neighborhoods? 3) Housing status - Please describe your housing when you move to this town. - Did you fix or upgrade housings? If yes, which part did you fix/upgrade? - Do you have any plan to fix/upgrade some part of your housing? 4) Current status of living - How many family members do you have? - Do they have a job? If yes, what kind of jobs they have? Whether is full - time, part - time, or seasonal employment? And where are their employment locations? - What is the main income source of your household? 5) Plan for relocation - If you want to move to the ot her location shortly? Where do you consider? What factors may affect you decide? 84 85 86 Chapter 5 Conclusions 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109