‘}V1£3‘_) BEIURNING MATERIAL§3 P1ace in book drop to uaamugs remove this checkout from “—— your record. FINES win be charged if book is returned after the date stamped below. TEMPORAL CHANGES IN RELATIVE ABUNDANCE, DISTRIBUTION AND FOOD HABITS OF FISH COLLECTED IN SHORELINE WATERS OF EAST CENTRAL LAKE MICHIGAN, NEAR LUDINGTON, MICHIGAN By Robert C. Anderson A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Fisheries and Wildlife 1984 ABSTRACT TEMPORAL CHANCES IN RELATIVE ABUNDANCE, DISTRIBUTION AND FOOD HABITS OF FISH COLLECTED IN SHORELINE WATERS OF EAST CENTRAL LAKE MICHIGAN, NEAR LUDINGTON, MICHIGAN By Robert C. Anderson The shoreline waters of east-central Lake Michigan, near Ludington, Michigan, were intensively sampled with gill nets, seines, and sieve nets from April through November during 1976 and 1977. Comparison of catch near the Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant (LPSPP) and a con- trol site 4.8 km to the south were made. Food habits of adult salmonids, spottail shiner, longnose dace as well as young-of—the-year alewives and spottail shiner were determined. Available food resources were sampled as well. Thirty-five species of fish were caught in shoreline waters. Seasonal changes in species composition were mainly related to spawning activity and subsequent hatching of eggs. Rainbow trout were most abundant in May as they moved along shore searching for an appropriate tributary in which to Spawn. Spottail shiner and alewives were most abundant in late spring and summer as these species spawned along shore. The major fall spawner was lake trout in October. Alewife and spottail shiner adults remained nearshore through summer and early fall. Alewife took advantage of abundant zooplankton popula- tions and emerging fish larvae for food. Spottail shiner consumed mainly terrestrial insects blown into the lake and concentrated near Robert C. Anderson shore. Both species were somewhat protected from predators since the warm water near shore acted as a barrier to large salmonids. Alewife and spottail shiner YOY remained near shore through the summer and early fall also. Alewife YOY ate mainly pelagic zooplankton such as Bosmina and Czclogs. Spottail shiner YOY ate epibenthic zoo— plankton such as Chydorus and Algna_as well as Chironomidae larvae. No consistent pattern was seen comparing sampling sites due to the dynamic nature of the fish community. The general patterns of fish movement to and from the shoreline waters derived from this study may, however, be used to modify operating modes of the LPSPP to lessen potential entrainment of fish. DEDICATION This dissertation is dedicated to Phyllis A. Anderson and our children Brian, Emily, and Becky who have shared their time and patiently provided support throughout this program. ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I thank Dr. Charles Liston, my graduate committee chairman, for providing the Opportunity, support, and thoughtful guidance for this project. This research was funded by Consumers Power Company for which I am very grateful. A special thanks is due to the Project Field Director and fellow graduate student, Dan Brazo, for his enthusiastic assistance and guidance. Completion of this program would not have been possible with- out the assistance of the following fellow graduate students and under- grad assistants: Joe Bohr, Steve Caddell, Dan Duffield, Joan Duffy, Bob Grahm, John Gulvas, Dave Hintze, Fred Koehler, Rick Ligman, Greg Peterson, and Fred Serchuck. Techniques of gill netting in Lake Michigan require years of experience and a great deal of ingenuity. This was provided by Mr. Leo Yeck whose patience in training a greenhorn is greatly appreciated. I also thank the members of my graduate committee: Dr. H. E. Johnson, Dr. T. W. Porter, and Dr. E. E. Werner. Finally, I thank Jo Ann Kiernan for her special efforts in typing this manuscript. iii LIST OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES INTRODUCTION DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLING AREA METHODS AND MATERIALS Gill Nets Beach Seine Sieve Nets Dredging Stomach Analysis Statistical Methods RESULTS Gill Net collections Spottail Shiner Alewife Rainbow Trout Lake Trout White Sucker Brown Trout Redhorse Rainbow Smelt Longnose Dace Longnose Sucker Yellow Perch Coho Salmon Chinook Salmon Seine Collections Alewife Spottail Shiner Rainbow Smelt Longnose Dace Chinook Salmon Lake'Whitefish TABLE OF CONTENTS iv vi 10 10 11 12 12 14 14 28 39 41 44 45 48 51 55 56 58 61 61 66 66 75 75 76 76 76 Sieve Net Collections Young-Of-The-Year Fish Macroinvertebrates Zooplankton Ekman Dredge Collections Food Habit Studies Alewife and Spottail Shiner Young-Of-The-Year Adult Salmonid DISCUSSION SUMMARY LITERATURE CITED APPENDIX A APPENDIX B 77 77 77 83 86 86 86 92 103‘ 107 108 112 129 Table 10 11 12 LIST OF TABLES A list of the common and scientific names of all fish collected in shoreline waters of east-central Lake Michigan, near Ludington, Michigan in order of abundance. Total number (TN), catch per effort (CPE), standard error (SE), and total weight (TW) of each fish species captured in gill nets during April - November, 1976 and 1977. Monthly gill net catch per effort (CPE) and standard error (SE) from April - November, 1976. Monthly gill net catch per effort (CPE) and standard error (SE) from April — November, 1977. Gill net catch per effort (CPE) and standard error (SE) at sunrise, midday, sunset, and midnight during April - November, 1976. Gill net catch per effort (CPE) and standard error (SE) at sunrise, midday, sunset, and midnight during April - November, 1977. Gill net catch per effort (CPE) and standard error (SE) by season during 1976 at stations 1 and 8. Gill net catch per effort (CPE) and standard error (SE) by season during 1977 at stations 1, 5, and 8 (control). Length-age frequencies of spottail shiner captured in gill nets during April - November, 1976. Length-age frequencies of spottail shiner captured in gill nets during April - November, 1977. Length-age frequencies of alewife captured in gill nets during April - November, 1976. Length-age frequencies of alewife captured in gill nets during April - November, 1977. vi Page 15 17 18 20 22 23 24 25 37 37 40 4O Table Page 13 Length - age frequencies of rainbow trout captured 42 in gill nets during April - November, 1976. 14 Length - age frequencies of rainbow trout captured 43 in gill nets during April — November, 1977. 15 Length frequency of white suckers captured in gill 46 nets during April - November, 1976 and 1977. 16 Sex ratio of each fish species captured in gill 47 nets during April - November, 1976 and 1977. 17 Length - age frequencies of brown trout captured 49 in gill nets during April - November, 1976. 18 Length - age frequencies of brown trout captured in 50 gill nets during April - November, 1977. 19 Length frequency of redhorse captured in gill nets 52 during April - November, 1976 and 1977. 20 Length - age frequencies of rainbow smelt captured 53 in gill nets during April - November, 1976. 21 Length — age frequencies of rainbow smelt captured 54 in gill nets during April - November, 1977. 22 Length frequency of longnose suckers captured in 57 gill nets during April - November, 1976 and 1977. 23 Length - age frequencies of gizzard shad captured S9 in gill nets during April - November, 1976. 24 Length - age frequencies of gizzard shad captured 60 in gill nets during April — November, 1977. 25 Length - age frequencies of coho salmon captured 62 in gill nets during April - November, 1976. 26 Length - age frequencies of coho salmon captured in 63 gill nets during April - November, 1977. 27 Length - age frequencies of Chinook salmon cap- 64 tured in gill nets during April - November, 1976. 28 Length - age frequencies of Chinook salmon cap- 65 tured in gill nets during April - November, 1977. 29 Total number (TN), catch per effort (CPE), standard 67 error (SE), and total weight (TW) of each fish species captured in beach seines during April - November, 1976 and 1977. vii Table Page 30 Monthly catch per effort (CPE) and standard error (SE) 68 for beach seines from April - September, 1976. 31 Monthly catch per effort (CPE) and standard error (SE) 69 for beach seines from April - October, 1977. 32 Diurnal catch per effort (CPE) and standard error (SE) 71 for beach seines from April - November, 1976. 33 Diurnal catch per effort (CPE) and standard error (SE) 72 for beach seines from April - November, 1977. 34 Catch per effort (CPE) and standard error (SE) for 73 beach seines at station 1 and station 8 (control) from April - October, 1976. 35 Catch per effort (CPE) and standard error (SE) for 74 beach seines at station 1, station 5, and station 8 (control) from April - October, 1977. 36 Density (number/m3) of young-of-the-year fish at all 73 stations combined on each sampling date during 1977. 37 Mean total length of young-of-the-year fish captured 79 in sieve nets on each sampling date during 1977. 38 Density cur/m3)of young-of-the—year captured in 30 sieve nets by station during 1977. 39 Seasonal abundance (number/1000 m3) of Lake 82 Michigan's shoreline drift invertebrates near Ludington, Michigan during 1977. 40 Monthly density (nr/m3) of the major zooplankton 84 species caught in sieve nets in shoreline waters during May through November, 1977. 41 Zooplankton density (nr/m3) by station and date in 85 shoreline waters during 1977. 42 Seasonal abundance (mean number/m2) of Lake Michigan's 87 shoreline benthic invertebrates near Ludington, Michigan, during 1977. 43 Monthly frequency of occurrence (F0), percent total 88 number (ZTN), and percent total volume (ZTV) of food consumed by young-of-the-year alewives during July — October, 1977. 44 Monthly frequency of occurrence (F0), percent total 90 number (ZTN), and percent total volume (ZTV) of food consumed by young-of—the-year spottail shiners during July - October, 1977. viii Table 45 46 Page Diet overlap and breadth, by taxonomic category, 93 for young-of-the-year spottail shiner and alewife in Lake Michigan's shoreline waters. Frequency of occurrence (FO), percent total number 101 (ZTN), and percent total volume (ZTV) of food organ- isms consumed by large salmonids ( 450 mm) captured in shoreline gill nets during 1976 through 1977. ix Figure LIST OF FIGURES Generalized Lake Michigan shoreline profile depict- ing four nearshore sandbars (derived from Hands 1970). Diagram of the Ludington Pumped Storage Project show- ing shoreline sampling sites 1, 5, and 8 (control) and offshore protective rock jetties and break wall. Daily variation in gill net collections of spot- tail shiner and alewife in shoreline waters with respect to variations in water temperature, baro- metric pressure, wave height, and turbidity during June and July, 1976. Daily variation in gill net collections of spot- tail shiner and alewife in shoreline waters with respect to variations in water temperature, baro- metric pressure, wave height, and turbidity during June and July, 1977. Percent total number of food items arranged by size groups, consumed by young-of-the-year alewife and spottail shiner on July 27, 1977. Percent total number of food items consumed by spottail shiner (SS) and alewife (AL) on sample dates in July and August, 1977. Percent total number of major zooplankton species collected in shoreline waters on sample dates during July and August, 1977. Page 29 33 94 96 98 INTRODUCTION During the past 120 years, the fish community of Lake Michigan has been changed through a series of man-induced perturbations. Formerly, a diverse system comprised of two large piscivores, a number of large plankton and macrobenthos feeders and a wide variety of small forage species, Lake Michigan is now dominated by five large piscivores and one small planktivorous forage species. This dramatic change occurred due to a series of events associated with man's use of the natural resources in the Great Lakes and their drainage basin. Heavy fishing pressure by a fast growing commercial fishery in concert with the success of invading species such as rainbow smelt (Osmerus mordax), sea lamprey (Petromyaon marinus), and alewife (Alosa pseudoharengus) were major factors contributing to the decline in native species populations. Deterioration of water quality due to rapid industrial development and deforestation in the Lake Michigan drainage basin also contributed to this decline. Populations of the five piscivores which dominate the food chain today are maintained through federal and state stocking programs (Christie 1974, Wells and McLain 1973, Smith 1972). Rainbow smelt were introduced and became abundant in Lake Michigan in the 19203 and 308. The diet of young rainbow smelt, mainly inverte- brates, placed them in competition with the lake herring (Coregonus artedii), a shallow water planktivore, resulting in a decline in herring stocks during the rainbow smelt population increase (Christie 1974). The parasitic sea lamprey spread to Lake Michigan in 1936 causing drastic reductions in two large piscivores, lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) 1 2 and burbot (Lota lota), and later reduced numbers of lake whitefish (Coregonus clupeaformis), deep-water ciscoe (Coregonus johannae), lake herring, sucker (Catostomus spp.), walleye (Stizostedion vitreum), yellow perch (Perca flavescens), and carp (Ciprinus carpio)(Wells and McLain 1973). Alewives entered the system in 1949 following this decline in the large native predator populations. The alewife, through competition for food, increased pressure on lake herring and the deep-water ciscoe group (Moffett 1956). A drastic decline in abundance of the emerald shiner (Notrgpis athernoides), an abundant nearshore cyprinid has also been related to alewife competition (Wells and McLain 1973). A large scale rehabilitation program for the lake trout population in Lake Michigan coordinated by the Great Lake Fishery Commission, began in 1965. An average of 2 million yearlings have been planted each year, but significant natural reproduction has not been observed. A program for the introduction of pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus £22,) into Lake Michigan began in 1966. Prior to 1970, 10.3 million coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and 4.1 million chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tschagytscha) young had been released. Since 1970, 2 to 3 million coho and l to 2 million chinook have been released annually providing a successful sport fishery. Rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri)and brown trout (Salmo trutta) have been stocked regularly since 1960 and signi- ficant natural reproduction has occurred (Wells and McLain 1973). These stocking programs have produced a fish community with five major piscivorous species depending mainly on the alewife as a forage base. Alewife populations, despite heavy predation, have not declined greatly in abundance and are currently suspected of causing fluctuations in the yellow perch populations through displacement from preferred spawning sites and competition for food, during early development (Wells 1977). Aspects of the aquatic community of Lake Michigan have been studied through analysis of commercial fish catches, surveys by the 0.5. Fish and Wildlife Service and investigations by local universities (Wells and McLain 1973). Recently several Lake Michigan studies have been funded by utilities which own and operate power plants on the shoreline of Lake Michigan. These studies are providing further information about Lake Michigan's aquatic community (CDM Limnetics 1976). Several of these studies focus on the nearshore zone (< 10 m deep) which comprises only 0.4% of the total volume of Lake Michigan yet it is the richest zone of aquatic plankton production (Beeton and Edmonson 1972). This zone also receives the majority of the domestic and industrial wastes introduced into the lake and receives the most recreational use (Smith 1970). The objective of the present study is to provide baseline data on major fish species in the shoreline waters (0-3 m deep) portion of the nearshore zone. Temporal changes in species composition, relative abundance, distribution and food habits of fish in the shoreline waters (0—3 m deep) during 1976 and 1977 are described. This report is supplemental to investigations of the effects of installing and operating a large pumped storage project on the shores of Lake Michigan (Liston and Tack 1975; Brazo and Liston 1979). Catch near the Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant (LPSPP) is compared to the CPE at a control site in order to detect any consistent patters which may indicate avoidance of or attraction to the LPSPP. DESCRIPTION OF THE SAMPLING AREA The physical aspects of shoreline waters of large lakes are often extremely dynamic. Energy of wind generated waves released in this zone is partially absorbed by the substrate and partially transferred to turbulent alongshore currents which stir up and transport large quantities of sediment (Duane et al. 1975). Waves and alongshore current have produced a series of four persistent sandbars parallel to shore in Lake Michigan near Ludington (Hands 1970). These sandbars (Figure l) are transported toward and away from shore as lake level and seasonal weather patterns change. Transport of sand by alongshore currents constantly covers and exposes submerged rock outcroppings, one of the few stable nearshore habitats available for colonization by benthic macroinvertebrates. This zone has high plankton production due to continual recycling of nutrients from the bottom into the water column, light penetration to the substrate and influx of nitrogen and phosphorous from the watershed (Smith 1970). Sampling for this study was restricted to the trough on the inshore side of the sandbar nearest shore. This trough fluctuated from 1—3 m in depth and usually was located 60 m from shore. Two permanent sampling sites were established for the 1976 sampling season (Figure 2), station 1 located 180 m south of the LPSPP intake channel, and station 8 located 4.8 km south of the LPSPP. During 1977, another site (station 5) located 180 m north of the LPSPP intake channel was added. Substrates at stations 1 and 8 included sand and frequently exposed rock and gravel areas whereas the substrate at station 5 was sandy throughout the study. Figure l. Generalized Lake Michigan shoreline profile depicting four nearshore sandbars (derived from Hands 1970). T: .\n. .3. «x . Figure 2. Diagram of the Ludington Pumped Storage Project showing shoreline sampling sites 1, 5, and 8 (control) and off— shore protective rock jetties and break wall. SAMPLING STATIONS SMV'l W//// LUDINGT Ludington Pumped / Storage Project Per. Marque". Lake 0 1 MILES 3 ._ Sand ‘ — Sand RESEVOIR and C) Gravel 7 Z 69 ~\. Sand. . l Gravel ° and c Pebble o .9 '5 S .3 -.- 3 Bass Lake METHODS AND MATERIALS Adult and juvenile fish were sampled from April through November during 1976 and 1977. Larval fish, zooplankton, and macroinvertebrates were sampled during 1977 only. Physical parameters including water temperature, turbidity, current direction, and wave height were mea- sured at each station prior to sampling. Climatic parameters including wind direction and barometric pressure were obtained for each sample date and time from the 0.8. Coast Guard Station at Ludington. Gill Nets Variable mesh gill nets comprising seven 7.6 x 1.8 m panels of 25—, 51-, 64-, 76-, 102-, 114-, and 178-mm stretched mesh for a total length of 106.7 m were used to capture adult and juvenile fish. ‘On each sample date, one net was set perpendicular to shore at each station. The net was attached to a stationary object on the beach, pulled out by a swimmer and anchored. Nets were set twice a week for four hours at either sunrise, midday, sunset, or midnight which was randomized using latin squares to prevent a repeating pattern. Nets were retrieved from shore and large fish (particularly catostomids and salmonids) which were still alive were immediately removed, weighed (3), measured (mm), and sexed (based on external characteristics) when possible. Scale samples were also taken and the fish were tagged with a floy tag and released. Each tag had an identification number and the address of the Ludington Laboratory printed on it so that upon recapture the tag could be returned and pertinent data added to the record for that fish. Other fish were taken to the laboratory where total length (mm), weight (g), lO gonadal condition, and age (scale method) were determined for up to twenty individuals of each species captured at each station. Sub- samples of each species were preserved for verification and possible future analysis. Stomachs were removed from the large () 450 mm) salmonids, wrapped in cheesecloth, and preserved in a 10% formalin solution. Beach Seine Seine samples were taken monthly with a 3.1-mm square mesh, 15.2 x 1.8-m bag seine. On each sample date, 60-m seine hauls were made parallel to shore once every four hours at each station. Fish captured during seining were taken to the lab and processed in the same manner as fish captured in gill nets. Sieve Nets Three 30-m hauls were made shortly after sunset at each station with sieve nets twice each month to sample larval and juvenile fish. Drifting macroinvertebrates and zooplankton were sampled at the same time. Larval fish and macroinvertebrates were collected with a l-mm mesh meter net with a calibrated Rigosha flow meter attached to the center of the net. A 64 micron mesh plankton net was pulled with the meter net to collect zooplankton. Nets were pulled by hand and 1/4 of the mouth of the meter net was kept above water to collect floating invertebrates. Meter net samples were fixed in 10% formalin and preserved in 70% isopropyl alcohol. Larval fish and macroinvertebrates were later sorted from samples under a lighted magnifying lens, 11 identified and counted. The number of these organisms per 1113 of water sampled was determined using the following formula: Volume sampled = 0.757rr2d where 0.75 is a correction factor for the mouth of the net held out of the water, r is the radius of the mouth of the net, and d is the distance towed. Distance towed was calculated by multiplying the number of revolutions recorded by the flow meter times the number of revolutions per meter. Calibration of the flow meter was done in a current-free indoor swimming pool. For each meter pulled, 7.57 revolutions were recorded. Larvae were examined with a binocular microscope (20—80 x mag— nification) and identifications were based on descriptions and keys by Lippson and Moran (1974), Nelson and Cole (1975), Rogue et a1. (1976), and Bart et al. (1976). Macroinvertebrates were examined similarly and identifications were based on keys by Usinger (1956) and Borror and DeLong (1976). Zooplankton were examined with a compound microsc0pe (100 x magnification) and identifications were made based on keys by Pennak (1978) and Torke (1974). Plankton were subsampled until at least 100 individuals of common genera were counted. Zooplankton densities were determined by the same formula used for macroinvertebrate and larval fish density determinations and dividing volumes by 9 to account for the 1/3 meter diameter of the mouth of the plankton net. Dredging Triplicate substrate samples were taken monthly at each station with an Ekman dredge (24 cm2 area sampled) at the l-m depth contour. Each sample was placed directly into a plastic bag, taken to the 12 laboratory, and gently washed through a 0.6-mm mesh sieve. Organisms were removed from the remaining debris and preserved in 70% isopropyl alcohol. Identifications were made with a binocular microsc0pe (20-80 x magnification) and keys by Pennak (1978), Usinger (1956), and Borror and DeLong (1976). All taxa were counted and the number per 1112 of substrate calculated. Stomach Analysis Stomach contents of large salmonids ()>450 mm) were identified, counted, and assigned a volume based on water displacement. The entire alimentary canal of young-of-the-year (YOY) spottail shiners and alewives were removed for gut analysis. Microdissecting needles were used under 40-80 x magnification to open the gut and tease out food organisms. Organisms were identified to genera when possible and enumerated. If the number of items in the gut was large, contents were subsampled by mixing in a known volume of water (usually 10 ml) and removing 1 m1 samples. Volumes of small food items such as zooplankton were estimated by entering length, width, and depth measurements into formulas for geometric configurations that approxi- mate the shape of each taxanomic group (Kenega 1975). Length-width measurements were made with an ocular micrometer and depth was cal- culated as a proportion of the length from ratios derived by Kenega. Statistical Methods A three-way analysis of variance was used to test for significant differences GKI- 0.1) among time (sunrise, midday, sunset, and midnight), 13 season (spring, summer, and fall) and station (1, 5, and 8) for catch per unit effort (CPE) of major fish species in gill nets. Prior to applying this test, raw data were tested for normality using a Kolmagorov-Simirnov goodness—of—fit test on the residuals (Sokal and Rohlf 1969). The data were found to be non-normally distributed and log (X + 1) transformation was found best for approaching nor- mality. A priori contrasts were performed to determine where signi- ficant differences occurred. Beach seine catches were not able to be normalized due to large numbers of zeros in the data. Therefore, the nonparametric Kruskal- Wallis Distribution—free test (Hollander and Wolfe 1973) was used to test for significant differences Gx== 0.1) in CPE of the major fish species captured between stations 1, 5, and 8. A partial correlation analysis (Sokal and Rohlf 1969) was per- formed to assess the relative importance of the climatic and water condition parameters in explaining changes in CPE of the major fish species captured in gill nets. RESULTS Thirty-five Species of fish were collected in the shoreline waters during this study (Table 1). Of the commonly occurring near- shore fish species in the Ludington area (Brazo and Liston 1979), only the burbot was not collected in shoreline waters. The burbot, however, does spawn along shore under the ice when sampling was not possible (Scott and Crossman 1973). Gill Net Collections During April - November, 1976 and 1977, 59 and 67 gill net sets, respectively, were made at each station. During both years, spottail shiners and alewives were the most abundant species collected; however, lake trout comprised the greatest biomass (Table 2). Total catch per effort (CPE) was greatest in June and least during April and November (Tables 3 and 4). Increased CPE during late spring and early summer corresponds with reported spawning migrations of alewives, spottail shiners, trout-perch, and yellow perch (Brazo et al. 1975; Wells 1968; Reigle 1969). On a diel basis, gill net CPE was greatest at sunrise and sunset during both years of the study (Tables 5 and 6). The effect of the Ludington Pumped Storage Project on shoreline fishes is inferred from catch comparisons between the control site (station 8) and the impact sites (stations 1 and 5) for each major species (Tables 7 and 8). 14 Table 1. A list of the common and scientific names of all fish collected in shoreline waters of east-central Lake Michi- gan, near Ludington, Michigan in order of abundance.1 Common Names Alewife Spottail shiner Rainbow smelt Lake trout White sucker Rainbow trout Longnose dace Brown trout Lake whitefish Redhorse Yellow perch Longnose sucker Gizzard shad Chinook salmon Coho salmon Trout—perch Carp Johnny darter Round whitefish Emerald shiner Mottled sculpin Lake chub Northern pike Fathead minnow Scientific Names Alosa pseudoharengus Notrgpis hudsonius Osmerus mordax Salvelinus namaycush Catostomus commersoni Salmo gairdneri Rhinichthys cataractae Salmo trutta fario Coregonus clupeaformis Moxostoma (spp.) Perca flavescens Catostomus catostomus Dorosoma cepedianum Oncorhynchus tsghawytscha Oncorhynchus kisutch Percopsis omiscomaycus Cyprinus caLgio Etheostoma nigrum Prosopium_gylindraceum Notropis atherinoides Cottus bairdii Hybopsis plumbea Esox lucius Pimephales promelas Table 1. (cont'd.). Common Names Ninespine stickleback Sand shiner Pumpkinseed Bowfin Bloater Golden shiner Longnose gar Channel catfish Smallmouth bass Largemouth bass Black crappie 1. Common and scientific names follow that of Bailey et a1. 1970. 16 Scientific Names Pungitius pungitius Notropis stramineus Lepomis gibbosus Amea calva Coreggnus hoyi Notemigonus grysoleucas Lepisosteus osseus Ictalurus punctatus Micropterus dolomieui Micropterus salmoides Pomoxis nigiomaculatus l7 wmqowom Ho.m0 «0.0m mcmm aoqmqwm A0.0Hv c~.wq mmmm meuoH o Ac.o0 o.o o omm HHo.o0 Ho.o H «Saunas xumHm 0HmH AH0.0V H0.0 H 0 A0.0v 0.0 0 amps cusoaHHmam 0H AH0.0V H0.0 H 0 H0.0v 0.0 0 youCOHm 0~mH AH0.00 H0.0 H 0 A0.00 0.0 0 :mHmumo Hmacmcu oqem HHo.o0 Ho.o H o Ho.ov o.o 0 saw amocwaoq 0qu AH0.0V H0.0 N 0 H0.0v 0.0 0 :Hmzom o Ho.ov o.o o «Hm HHo.ov Ho.o H mama guacamwuma o Ho.ov o.o o HMH HHo.o0 ~o.o N eaomaqxaasm 0MNNH HH0.0V No.0 0 00mm AH0.0V No.0 N mxHa cumnuuoz mmm AH0.0V No.0 q 0Hm Hm0.0v c0.0 m @350 mme qum AN0.0V 00.0 HH 0-m AN0.0V «0.0 m HmHmmana waned oas Hmo.oV ~.o an «no HH.ov m.o Hm :uumauuaoue mmmmHH H00.0v m.0 Hm Mmmmo AH.0V “.0 an soaHmm xoocHnu SHAHSN Hoo.ov m.o am omosmH HH.ov m.o mm some mommoH AH.0V «.0 no cmmme Am.0v 0.0 00 :oEHmm onoo 0~HH AH.0V «.0 m0 NaoH Am.0v 0.H 00H Comm mmocchH qum Au.0v m.0 m0 NmmmH Aq.00 m.H 0QH :ouoa 8OHHmw cummq A~.0v m.0 mm memos Am.0v ~.H qu Comm vumuuHo ammno A~.0v 0.0 00H 000H0 Am.0v 0.0 HOH uwxonm «mocwcoq 000m Am.0v 5.0 «NH Homm Aq.0v 0.H «NH uHoam BOECHma waomcm AH.0V 5.0 mmH 00000m Hm.0v m.H 00H uaouu caoum 0~000H Am.0v 0.0 05H umoon HH.0V 0.0 on mmuocwom NHonH A~.0v q.H nmm 00mQH~ Ac.0v m.~ mum Moxosm CUan 00m0m0H Hm.0v 0.H mum m0000~H A0.0v w.~ mHm usouu ome oqomau Am.0v ~.H «mm 00mmmm Am.0v m.H mmH usouu zonchm 00N0~ Am.0v o.~ «on m000H Am.HV 0.5 055 owwst< ocwmm Aw.~0 0.0H Hmmm NSqu A0.¢v 0.m~ whom umaHnm HHmuuoum vaze Ammv mmu 2H vazh Ammv mmu 29 moHuwmm nan ean .nnaH was cmmH .umnam>oz l HHun< meusv mum: HHHw cw communes mmHumam :me comm mo H390 usmHms Hmuou 0cm .Ammv uouum cumEGMum .Hmmov uuowum you cause .AZHV Hones: Hmuos .N oHamH wH A0.0HV Ho.ov Ho.o0 Ho.o0 Ho.ov Ho.o0 Ho.ov HH.ov Hm.ov H~.ov Heo.ov HS.H0 Hm.~0 As.ov Aa.o0 Hoo.o0 Am.ov as.o0 Ho.Hv Hm.ov HH.ov HA.~0 Hm.aV Hmmv .0N0H .uwnam>oz I HHum< Scum Ammv uouum quCCMum was Ammov uuowmm you nuumu um: HHHw thuaoz HHam Nq.H0 wwNMHONONwOO‘OMONOOOOOO NOOHMHOONOOHOONOOOOOOO \D \D mmu Hm.mmV Ho.o0 Ho.o0 Ho.ov Hoo.ov Ho.o0 Ho.ov Ha.ov Hm.ov as.ov H~.ov Aa.ov As.ov as.ov H~.ov HH.ov Aa.o0 A~.ov He.ov Am.ov A~.ov Ho.s0 H0.q~v Ammv 0H mash 0N.0~H v-l HNQMMQ’MHfi'OHONOOOOOOOOO OQOOHOHOOHHNOHOHOOOOOO Oh man mH Am.mH0 Ho.o0 Ho.ov Ho.ov Hao.ov H~.c0 Ho.00 An.ov HmH.o0 Ho.o0 H~.o0 H~.H0 Ho.o0 Am.ov Ac.ov A~.~0 H~.H0 Aao.ov Aa.ov as.o0 HS.OV H~.N0 Aw.s0 Ammv %mz NH.qm IN HO‘N‘WNHQMGHOU‘QCNWOMOCOO NNHHNOMMOHOHOOOOOOOOOO an E3 Ha.ov Amo.ov Hmo.ov Hmo.o0 Hmo.oV Ho.00 Hmo.o0 Hao.o0 Hao.o0 Hmo.o0 Hao.ov Hmo.ov Hao.00 Ho.H0 Am.00 Ho.H0 Ac.00 Hmo.ov Hm.o0 Hao.o0 A~.Hv Hm.oV H~.o0 Hmmv 0H mm.mH In In QOHHO‘OMQNOHOHNHHOOOOOO OOMOHOHNOHOOOOOOOOCOOO mmo Haua< monamm mo nonanz mHMuoy mHanmuo HomHm mama nusoaowuwH commcHxnaam man auonuuoz pans oxma :memuHsa vcsom nuummlusoua coaHmm xoocHno ammo soaHmm 0:00 Comm mmo¢md0H :uuma 30HHmw vm£m vumNNHu Moxonm mmo:m:0H uHoem zonchm usouu nsoum mmuonvmm noxuzm manz usouu mme uzouu aoncwmm owH3mH< umcHnm HHmuuomm mmHomnm .m oHama l9 Ho.o0 o.~H Ho.ov o.o Ho.o0 o.o Ho.o0 o.o Ho.ov o.o Ho.ov o.o Ho.ov o.o Ho.ov o.o Ho.ov o.o Ho.o0 o.o Ho.ov o.~ Ho.ov o.o Ho.ov o.o Ho.ov o.o Ho.ov o.o Ho.ov o.o Ho.ov o.o Ho.ov o.o Ho.o0 o.o Ho.ov o.o Ho.o0 o.OH Ho.ov o.o Ho.ov o.o Hmmv mac H0£EO>OZ Hw.mv A0.00 Ho.00 H0.ov A0.0v H0.00 A50.00 H~0.00 Am0.0v Ho.ov Aw.ov Hm.ov Ho.ov as.ov H~.o0 Ho.Hv H~.o0 HH.oV As.ov Ho.~v Hm.ov HH.ov Hm.HV Hmmv 0H q.HN N MHO¢©NQHM®OWNOOOOOOOOO MOHO‘OOOHOOOONOOOOOOOOO N N o 0 mac “uncuuo Hm.HHO aa.m~ Ho.o0 o.o Ho.ov o.o Ho.ov o.o Ho.o0 o.o Ho.ov o.o HH.oV H.o An.ov s.o As.o0 s.H Ho.o0 o.o Ho.o0 c.~ HH.oV H.o Hao.o0 o.o Ho.ov o.H H~.o0 m.o Ha.o0 m.H Hm.ov ~.H Hq.ov “.0 As.o0 m.H Am.~0 e.m as.o0 s.H Ha.c0 m.o HH.SV a.a Hmmv mmo nonamuamm A~.HMV Ho.ov Ho.o0 Ho.o0 Ho.o0 Ho.o0 An0.0v AH.ov HH.o0 Hm.o0 A~.oV A~.o0 Aa.o0 H~.H0 H~.o0 As.o0 Ho.HV Hw.oV HS.HV Am.Hv H~.o0 HA.HHO HS.OH0 Hmmv 50.0m QMMO\O\ON\DmMMU\QLfiHr-IOOOCOO G¢OMMNHOHNHOOCOOOOOOOO Flt-l mmo umnwo< moHnamm mo nonasz mHmUOH mHammuu xumHm moan susoaowumq vmmmcHxaabm oxHa suonuuoz papa ome :meoan3 usnom nuuomlusoua coaHMm xooano numo coaHmw ocoo moon mmoawcoq nuumn 3OHHmw vwsm vumwuHo noxonm omoawcoq uHoam aonchm usouu szoum mmuosvom umxoam oanz usouu CHMH usouu aonchm meond umcHzm HHmuuomm mmHomqm .A.e.ucoov.n oHaay u. l~ .~E..~. 20 em Ho.mH0 Ho.ov Ase.00 Aso.ov Ho.ov Aso.ov Ho.00 Ho.o0 Ho.ov Ho.cv AH.oV Am.ov A~.ov Ho.ov HH.o0 Am.H0 Am.ov As.ov Ho.o0 A~.o0 As.o0 Ho.ov He.ov Ho.ov Am.o0 Ho.av Ammv .man .u0:am>oz I HHHQ< aouw Ammv uouum 0um0cmum 0cm Ammov uuomwm you :uumu um: HHHw hH:ucox HHaa NH.0¢ QQ MMOQNMWONNCNOMWNOOOOOOOOO NNOONHOOOONOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Q E”; 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C2 SE HE 8: n: d. 28 Spottail Shiner Spottail shiners were the most frequently caught fish species in the shoreline zone. They were most abundant in late spring with peak CPE occurring during June, 1976 and 1977 (Tables 3 and 4). This monthly pattern of abundance was similar to the pattern of monthly abundance of spawning spottail shiners (Appendix A, Tables 1 and 2). Thus, the seasonal pattern of gill net CPE reflects a shoreward spawning migration. A few individuals spawning in August and September indicated an extended spawning period. ANOVA across season, time of day, and sample site indicated no significant differences in diel CPE (Table 5 and 6); however, signifi- cant differences in monthly CPE (the pattern noted above) and among sampling sites (Tables 7 and 8) were noted. During 1976 and 1977, CPE was significantly greater at the control site than near the LPSPP. Spottail shiners were collected exclusively in the 25-mm mesh of the net. Since no smaller mesh was used, the age-length analysis (Tables 9 and 10) is truncated at the low end (age I, 90 mm). Largest spottail shiners were age IV and 149 mm total length. During 1976, most spottail shiners were 120-129 mm while in 1977, the majority were 110- 119 mm. Potential relationships between changes in CPE and physical para- meters such as water temperature, barometric pressure, wave height, and turbidity were addressed with a partial correlation analysis (Figures 3 and 4). This analysis can detect concurrent patterns of variation between the dependent variable (CPE and one of the independent variables while the others are held constant. A significant positive or negative correlation does not by itself indicate a cause and effect relationship 29 Figure 3. Daily variation in gill net collections of spottail shiner and alewife in shoreline waters with respect to variations in water temperature, barometric pressure, wave height, and turbidity during June and July, 1976. 30 42500333 19 mono-.550 382.3 125 AK” 3) Spottail Shiner - - — Alewife ‘20 Ru 1 ul 0 1 d (513) 4°°f 320 - 240 > 160'- 80 * O 400 b 320 - 20:00 2036.305 .0 500:5,— .39.. 240 '- 160- flxwo Q\NN ann N\Md Nxao N\¢N . fl\0 N\O . fix» . O\»O Oxwu O\NN . O\Nd Oxna . O\‘» . Oxo ax» Figure 3. (cont'd.). 31 32 $23 20.0... .03. 4:35:14...» 0 0 2 m 0 w m o 1 u q u q q i «x». anu S .n. m u w m m S A _ _ . _ 1‘ m a . If or .0 m m . b . . b L O 0 O O 0 O O O O 2 4 6 4 3 2 1 8 m ”u M W 8 «£0.50 0.0—5.23.... «0 hon—8:2 .305. 33 Figure 4. Daily variation in gill net collections of Spottail shiner and alewife in shoreline waters with respect to variations in water temperature, barometric pressure, wave height, and turbidity during June and July, 1977. 34 42.60333 .00. w25 ‘20 ~15 ~10 02033...." 332.3 n3020 ~2990 -2960 -——— Spottail Shiner --- Alewife -2930 40°F 320- 240* 160~ 400* 320- 240- 2950 0.055.206. .0 son—:52 3%.... 160- 80 .— ax“. . «\NN . NxNO fix». N\.O N\.fl . Nxdo . fix. qu Oxoo . Oxnfl Oxun Oxnfi ¢\.N ¢\.b O\N O\O Figure 4. (cont'd.). 35 36 £23 .363 .2... .2355 3...: T20 -100 ‘50 O 0 1 a «\u. NxNN «\NO fix». Nxdo N\.N N\.9 “\O N\G Oxflo Oxufl Oxnn O\NO ¢\.N a\.b O\N Spottail Shiner - - — Alewife Oxo 400 r 320 - 240 - 160 - 400* 320- 240 - 160 - «p.950 225.39.. .0 500532 .oao... Table 9. Total length (mm) 90 - 99 100 - 109 110 - 119 120 - 129 130 - 139 Totals Percent Table 10. Total length (mm) 90 100 110 120 130 Totals Percent - 99 - 109 - 119 - 129 — 139 37 I I l. 5 0.8 II 11 155 201 367 43.4 II 10 239 392 643 58.3 III 1 36 252 138 434 51.3 III 18 234 172 13 437 39.7 IV 35 45 5.3 IV 13 1.2 Length—age frequencies of spottail shiner captured in gill nets during April - November, 1976. Total 12 191 454 173 16 846 Length-age frequencies of spottail shiner captured in gill nets during April - November, 1977. Total 14 262 626 182 18 1102 38 however, it does indicate which physical parameters are associated with changes in CPE. Spottail shiner CPE had a significant positive correlation to turbidity in 1976 and 1977 (°<= 0.05, r = 0.67 and 0.55, respectively). This may indicate spottail shiners detected the nets more readily in clear water and avoided them or may have been attracted to the shoreline waters when wave action churned up benthic material. A positive, nearly significant relationship between temperature and catch (r = 0.46) was noted in 1976. Shoreline water temperature occasionally cooled rapidly when strong east winds pushed warm surface waters away from shore and cool hypolimnetic waters upwelled. CPE during upwellings dropped substantially, indicating spottail shiners may move offshore with warmer water masses. A particularly striking example of this phenomenon was observed on July 2, 1976 (Figure 3) when shoreline water temperature was 7°C and spottail shiner total catch was 100 individuals while 300 individuals were caught on June 28 when the water temperature was 20°C. Temperature and catch were again positively correlated in 1977 but not as strongly as in 1976 (r = 0.12)(Figure 4). No major upwellings occurred in 1977 during peak spottail shiner abundance; thus, the relationship between spottail shiner CPE and temperature was not as striking as in 1976. A strong inverse relationship between wave height and catch was noted in 1977 but not seen in 1976. Collections in 1976 were not made when wave heights exceeded 12 cm. In 1977, however, several collections were made when wave heights were over 15 cm. The inverse relationship between catch and wave height indicate spottail shiners may move off- shore when wave heights are over 12-15 cm or that the gear fished less efficiently. 39 Alewife Alewives were the second most abundant species collected in shore- line gill nets. Catches were low in April and May; highest in June, July, and August; and decreased in September, October, and November (Tables 3 and 4). Increased alewife CPE in June and July appear to reflect a shoreward spawning migration since they coincide with peak spawning period (Appendix A, Tables 1 and 2). Diel collections (Tables 5 and 6) revealed low midday CPE except for one collection in August, 1976, when 161 alewives were collected in one net at midday. Most alewives were collected during sunset and midnight in 1977 but in 1976 sunrise collections were also high. An ANOVA of alewife gill net collections across season, time of day, and sample site revealed signi- ficant differences in all variables through 1976 and 1977. In 1976 CPE was much higher at the control site (station 8) than near the LPSPP (Tables 7 and 8). In 1977, CPE at station 5 and station 8 (control site) was higher than station 1. Alewives collected in shoreline gill nets ranged in age from I to V and from 80 to 225 mm in total length. Age I individuals (120-129 mm) were most abundant while age II alewives were nearly absent from shore- line collections (Tables 11 and 12). Second peaks were also noted for age III and IV individuals in the 140-189 mm and 200-209 mm length range. To investigate causes for daily variation, alewife catches were compared to water temperature, barometric pressure, wave height, and turbidity (Figures 3 and 4). A partial correlation analysis between catch and these physical parameters indicated wave height (r = 0.58) was the only physical factor judged significant and then only in 1976. Table 11. during April - November, 1976. Total length (mm) 1 II III 80 - 89 l 90 - 99 2 100 - 109 40 110 - 119 39 4 120 - 129 15 8 130 - 139 4 140 - 149 3 1 150 - 159 7 160 - 169 9 170 - 179 13 180 - 189 6 190 - 199 8 200 - 219 l 220 - 229 230 - 239 240 - 249 250 - 259 Totals 97 19 45 Percent 39.0 7.6 18.1 Table 12. during April - November, 1977. Total length (mm) I II III 70 — 79 l 80 - 89 8 90 - 99 51 l 100 - 109 37 l 110 - 119 10 5 120 - 129 1 3 l 130 - 139 3 1 140 - 149 1 15 150 - 159 21 160 - 169 21 170 - 179 5 180 - 189 190 - 199 200 - 219 220 - 229 Totals 108 14 64 Percent 30.9 4.0 18.3 40 Length-age frequencies of alewife captured in gill nets IV HN HMJ-‘OO‘UJV 63 25.3 IV 10 29 61 37 147 42.1 V Total 1 2 40 43 23 4 4 7 9 20 29 27 i-‘NJ-‘J-‘l—‘UJ 21 8 7 3 1 25 249 10.0 Length-age frequencies of alewife captured in gill nets V Total 1 8 52 38 15 5 4 16 21 23 15 29 10 71 6 43 8 16 349 4.6 41 Rainbow Trout In shoreline waters near Ludington, rainbow trout were caught in gill nets throughout the sample season. Rainbow trout were the sixth most abundant species in gill net collections in 1976 and third in 1977. Over 70% of the rainbow trout caught in 1977 were ages III to V, and 450~649 mm in total length (Table 13). During 1976, 56% were in the same category (III-V) while 23.4% were age II (Table 14). CPE was highest in April, decreased somewhat in May, was very low during June- August, increased again in September and October and reached a second peak in November during 1977 (Table 4). A similar pattern was seen in 1976; however, the greatest CPE occurred in November rather than April (Table 3). Gonadal condition of rainbow trout caught in gill nets (Appendix A, Tables 1 and 2) during periods of peak CPE indicated that a high percentage of these fish were either spawning or about to spawn. Thus, the seasonal pattern seen in rainbow trout catch in the gill nets reflects their Spawning migrations along the shoreline. No significant difference in gill net collections of rainbow trout was found among stations during 1976 and 1977 (Tables 7 and 8); however, catch near an outfall stream at station 1 was somewhat higher during spring 1976. Rainbow trout captured in gill nets did not demonstrate strong diel trends. A slightly lower CPE did occur at sunrise and midday than sunset and midnight in 1976 (Table 5). In 1977 (Table 6) midday CPE was again lowest while midnight was highest. 42 N.N N.N N.NN e.NN N.NN e.NN N.NN ucooumm NN N e «N Na NN NH N mNauoH N N New 1 com N N NNN u oNN e N N NeN . ooN N N N N mac . one N N N New . coo NH N o N man u on N N N men u com N N N Nae u one N N N Nee . ooe man I own N N N NeN . oON NN N e NNN u oNN N N N NeN . ooN Nance HN> H> > >N HHN NH N Naav numcma Nmuoe ow< .NNNN .umnam>oz I Haua< wcausw mums HHNm aw vmuauamo uoouu Bonchu mo mmfioconvmuw own I Suwamq .ma manna 43 «.0 m.H m.HH 0.HN N.¢H 0.00 0.0 0.N ucuuumm NNN H e HN oN NN NNH NN N NHouoa N H N NNN I ooN N N NNN I NNN NH N NH N NNN I ooN NH N N N NNN a oNN Ne N NN NH N NNN I NNN NN NH N NN N NNN I NNN «N N N He N NNN I NNN HH H N N N NNN I oNe NH N NH e Nee I Noe N H N N NNN I NNN e e NNN I ooN N N NNN I oNN HH N N NNN I NNN N N NNH I NNH Hmuoe HHH> HH> H> > >H HHH HH H Naav cuNeoH Hauoe mm< .NNNH .umnam>oz I kua< wcfiusv mums HHNw cw wmusuamo uaouu sonogmu mo mmaocosuoum own I nuwcoq .aa manmy 44 Lake Trout Annual CPE of lake trout in shoreline gill nets at Ludington ranked third in 1976 and fourth in 1977 (Table 2). Lake trout catch was very low in April through July during 1976 and 1977. 1976 lake trout collections increased in August and reached peak abundances in September and October. During 1977, the increase was seen in September and October only (Tables 3 and 4). Lake trout moved into shoreline waters during the summer only when upwellings cooled water temperatures to near 10°C. Water temperature during the early part of their spawning migration in September ranged from 18.5 to 8.50C in 1976 and 19.0 to 14.00C in 1977. But in October, during peak spawning activity, shore- line temperatures ranged from 16.0 to 6.50C in 1976 and 12.0 to 8.00C in 1977 (Appendix B, Tables 1 and 2). The major diel trend noted for lake trout was their near absence in midday collections (Tables 5 and 6). CPE at sunrise, sunset, and midnight were nearly equal during both years. Station differences were not found in shoreline gill net collections of lake trout during Spring, summer, or fall (Tables 7 and 8). White Sucker In shoreline waters near Ludington, white suckers (Catostomus commersoni) ranked fourth and fifth in CPE in gill nets during 1976 and 1977, respectively. Seasonal trends were not evident based on monthly gill net CPE (Tables 3 and 4) though summer CPE tended to be higher, especially in 1976. Diel analysis (Tables 5 and 6) revealed a notable decline in catch during midday collections. Gill net catches were 45 significantly greater at the control station than the impact station (Tables 7 and 8) possibly indicating a preference for the slightly more heterogenous substrate at the control site or perhaps avoidance of LPSPP generated currents in the impact area. The predominant size class in shoreline nets was 420-439 mm (Table 15). Sex ratios (Table 16) in the shoreline waters favored female white suckers to a small degree in 1976 and 1977. Monthly gonadal condition (Appendix A, Tables 1 and 2) indicated spawning activity occurred, possibly along the shoreline, in April during both years when water temperatures ranged from 2.0 to 9.000. Both ripe and spent white suckers were collected during April but only green and spent fish were collected in May indicating termination of spawning. Brown Trout Brown trout ranked sixth in CPE in shoreline gill nets during 1976 and seventh in 1977. Monthly CPE during 1976 (Table 3) was highest in May when water temperatures ranged from 4.0 to 10.20C and lowest catches occurred during spawning in October and November, primarily because brown trout had entered rivers and tributaries to spawn. During 1977, CPE was lower and seasonal trends were not evident (Table 4). Diel analysis of the gill net catch of brown trout revealed no pattern in 1976 (Table 5) but in 1977 (Table 6) CPE at sunset was high while midday CPE was low. Brown trout feeding activity generally reaches a peak at sunset (Scott and Crossman 1973) which may explain the peaks. CPE was significantly greater at the control site than the impact 46 Table 15. Length frequency of white suckers captured in gill nets during April - November, 1976 and 1977. Number Captured Total length (mm) 1976 1977 180 - 199 4 1 200 - 219 16 220 - 239 15 240 - 259 2 6 260 - 279 5 9 280 - 299 8 10 300 - 319 . 11 20 320 - 339 10 12 340 - 359 ll 7 360 - 379 11 7 380 - 399 8 10 400 - 419 6 20 420 - 439 17 33 440 - 459 7 32 460 - 479 9 22 480 — 499 7 16 500 - 519 4 9 520 - 539 l 3 Totals 117 248 47 NOOQOHOOOHOHr—I I—ioz I Haua< wcausw mums HHNw cw nounuamo wmwooam swam some mo ONumu xom .0H manna 48 area only during spring of 1977 (Tables 7 and 8). Age-length frequency analysis of brown trout caught in shoreline gill nets in 1976 indicated age classes III and IV and length class 550-599 mm were predominant (Table 17). This is probably a result of high stocking rates in 1973 in Lake Michigan overall and local stocking in 1973 and 1974 (Brazo and Liston 1979). In 1977 (Table 18), length class 550-599 mm was again predominant, but age classes II and III occurred most frequently. Lengths ranged from 124-749 mm and ages from I to VII during 1976 and from 200-749 mm (ages II-VI) in 1977. During 1976, 15.1% of the fish collected were age I. The sex ratio was nearly 1:2, males to females in 1976 and 1:1 in 1977 (Table 16). Approximately 20% of brown trout caught in shoreline gill nets were immature. During July and August, 1976, juveniles com- prised the majority of brown trout captured. Ripe brown trout were caught in October and November, 1977; however, during 1976 all mature individuals collected were green during the fall (Appendix A, Tables 1 and 2). Redhorse During 1976 and 1977, 240 redhorse (moxostoma 522,) were collected in shoreline gill nets (Table 2). Shoreline CPE was 0.6 in 1976 and 0.9 in 1977. This compares to a CPE of 0.07 over a six year period, 1972- 1977, at the 6-12 m depth (Brazo and Liston 1979). Thus, redhorse were most abundant in shoreline waters of the nearshore area. Monthly catch analyses (Table 3 and 4) indicate increased abundance during late summer and early fall when shoreline water temperatures ranged from 8.0 - 19.000. Diel activity was greatest at sunset and midnight in 1977 and sunset and 49 «.H H.« 0.0 H.0m «.5N H.mH H.mH unmouom 05 H m m NN 0N HH HH mHMuOH m H H H 0«5 I 005 m N H N 000 I one m N N H 0«0 I 000 «H H 0 « 0am I 0mm 0 m « 0«m I 00m 0H « 0 00« I 0m« 0 N H 0«« I 00« « m H 000 I own N H H 0«m I 000 HH m 0 mmN I omN m « H 0«N I 00N H H 00H I omH H H 0«H I 00H Hmuoe HH> H> > >H HHH HH H A880 nuwcmH Hmuoy 60¢ .050H .uonao>oz I HHua< wcHusv mum: HHHw cH wousuamo usouu naoun mo moHocmavoum own I nuwcmH .NH oHNmN 50 m0H NN mH mH «H QRO‘O HmuoN .umnao>oz I HHua< wcHusv mum: HHHw :H cmusuamo uaouu csoun mo mmHoamaumum own I camcog 0.N H> 0.0 m.«H N.«m 0.0N 0 mH 5m HN m m m H m mH m 0H H 0H H H NH H m m « m 5 « > >H HHH HH H mw< .550H 0«5 000 0«0 00m 0«m 00« 0«« 000 0«m 00N 0«N 00H 0«H unmouom mHMuoy 005 one 000 0mm 00m 0m« 00« 0mm 000 0mN 00N 0mH 00H Has. NUNcNH Hmuoe .NH NHNNN 51 sunrise in 1976 (Tables 5 and 6). Significantly greater numbers of redhorse were collected at the control site than near the LPSPP during all seasons in both years, possibly indicating avoidance of increased currents near the plant (Tables 7 and 8). Redhorse collected in gill nets along shore ranged from 222- 755 mm in length (Table 19). The upper end of this range was 84 mm greater than the largest of either golden or shorthead redhorse reported by Trautman (1957) from Lake Erie. Sex ratios were nearly even during both years and nearly 88% of the redhorse examined were mature . Rainbow Smelt Monthly summaries of rainbow smelt gill net collections (Tables 3 and 4) indicated that adults were more abundant along the shoreline in April and May and during September and October. The spring CPE was much higher in 1976 and 1977. Since high monthly collections were mainly due to a single high catch, it is possible that the shoreward migration of rainbow smelt was missed in 1977. Rainbow smelt are spring spawners which accounts for high CPE in April and May. During summer, elevated shoreline water temperatures presented a barrier to rainbow smelt since their preferred temperature is about 7.2°C (Scott and Crossman 1973). In September and October, water temperature ranged from 8.0 - 19.00C and rainbow smelt again utilized shoreline waters. Diel analysis of the gill net catch indicated lowest shoreline CPE of rainbow smelt occurred at midday and highest CPE was at midnight (Tables 5 and 6). Jude et al. (1975) also found a tendency for onshore 52 Table 19. Length frequency of redhorse captured in gill nets during April - November, 1976 and 1977. Number Captured Total length (mm) 1976 1977 220 - 239 3 240 - 259 1 260 - 279 O 280 - 299 3 300 — 319 5 320 - 339 11 340 — 359 l 3 260 - 379 l 7 380 - 399 3 14 400 - 419 0 17 420 - 439 l 19 440 - 459 2 29 460 - 479 4 17 480 - 499 1 12 500 - 519 1 5 520 - 539 0 2 540 - 559 0 O 560 - 579 0 0 580 - 599 l 0 600 - 619 0 1 620 - 639 l H 0‘ H b \0 Totals Table 20. nets during April — November, 1976. Total length (mm) I 110 - 119 1 120 - 129 130 - 139 4 140 - 149 9 150 - 159 160 - 169 170 - 179 180 - 189 190 - 199 200 — 219 Totals 14 Percent 10.4 53 Length — age frequencies of rainbow smelt captured in gill II 25 49 12 95 70.4 Age 111 IV 2 1 l4 4 1 3 1 24 2 17.8 1.5 Total 10 36 50 26 135 54 50 H HNNON H.N H.N >H mw< m.0H 0H LhNNr-i HHH m.m5 05 HH mm HN HH n.0H 0H r-Ir-ir-‘IN 05N 00N 00N 0«N 0MN 0NN 0HN 00H 00H 05H 00H mmH 0«H 00H 0NH 0HH 00H unmoumm mHmuoe I 05N I 00N I 0mN I 0«N I 0MN I 0NN I 00N I 00H I 00H I 05H I 00H I omH I 0«H I 00H I 0NH I 0HH I 00H Naav NuNamH Hmuoe .550H .u6080>oz I HHN0< wcHuav mum: HHHw :H 0mu=HQMU uHoEm aonchu mo mmHucmsvoum mwm I 500064 .HN mHan 55 movement of adult rainbow smelt at night. Rainbow smelt CPE differed significantly only in the fall (Tables 7 and 8) when CPE at the control station was greater than at impact stations. Age-length frequencies of rainbow smelt in gill net collections (Tables 20 and 21) indicated that over 70% were age II and the dominant size class was 150-159 mm during 1976 and 1977. Ages ranged from I to V and lengths from 111-276 mm. Brazo and Liston (1979) reported similar dominant age-length classes for rainbow smelt in gill nets fished at 6 to 24-m depth during 1972 through 1977. The sex ratio during 1976 was nearly 1:1 in gill net catches; however, in 1977, males outnumbered females 2:1 (Table 16). Longnose Dace Longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) were also collected in gill nets with peak CPE occurring during May through July in 1976 and in August during 1977 (Tables 3 and 4). Catch was greatest at sunrise and sunset (Tables 5 and 6) and was significantly less at the control area than the impact site during the summer of 1976 (Tables 7 and 8). Nearly all longnose dace caught in gill nets were females, indi- cating greater activity by females. Monthly gonadal condition of long- nose dace caught in gill nets and seines (Appendix A, Tables 1 and 2) indicated an extended spawning season from May through September. Investigations of longnose dace by Brazo et al. (1978) revealed extended spawning, however, only through July. i .I.‘ Io O... 56 Longnose Sucker Longnose suckers (Catostomus catostomus) were collected in low numbers during 1976 and 1977. Catch was lowest during September through November in both years and except for a peak in July, 1976, greatest numbers were caught during the spring (Tables 3 and 4). This is the reverse of patterns found by Koehler (1979) and Brazo and Liston (1979) at 6-12-m contours. This disparity was probably due to onshore move- ment of spawning adults in early spring and a preference for deeper and cooler waters (6-12 m) during the remainder of the year. Gonadal data (Appendix A, Tables 1 and 2) provided evidence for this since during April nearly all longnose suckers collected were mature and many were in spawning condition. The greatest numbers of longnose suckers were collected during midnight and sunrise along the shoreline (Tables 5 and 6) and very few were captured during midday. Catch per unit effort was significantly greater at the control site than the impact area during spring and summer of both years (Tables 7 and 8). The majority of longnose suckers caught in 1976 were length class 220-239 mm while in 1977, length class 380-399 mm dominated the sample (lengths ranged from 115-527 mm) for both years (Table 22 ). Gizzard Shad Shoreline collections of gizzard shad (Dorosoma cepedianum) were restricted to gill nets. A total of 134 gizzard shad was collected in 1976 and 93 in 1977 (Table 2). These fish ranged from age 0 to VI and 80-559 mm in length. Age III and IV and length class 300-459 mm 57 Table 22, Length frequency of longnose suckers captured in gill nets during April - November, 1976 and 1977. Number Captured Total length (mm) 1976 1977 100 - 119 l 120 - 139 1 140 - 159 160 - 179 180 - 199 200 - 219 2 4 220 - 239 10 10 240 - 259 5 3 260 - 279 3 1 280 - 299 2 3 300 - 319 l 7 320 - 339 2 5 340 - 359 4 5 360 - 379 7 3 380 - 399 5 17 400 - 419 2 12 420 - 439 10 440 — 459 l 10 460 — 479 l 9 480 - 499 l 2 Totals 46 103 58 dominated samples (Tables 23 and 24) except for a pulse of YOY caught in August, 1977. The age III through VI gizzard shad in these collec- tions tended to be larger than those reported by Bodola (1966) for Lake (Erie. Gizzard shad were most abundant in July and August (Tables 3 and 4) along the shoreline which coincides with seasonal abundances at the 6-m depth contour reported by Brazo and Liston (1979). Greatest numbers were caught at sunset and midnight in 1976 and at midnight and sunrise in 1977 (Tables 5 and 6), indicating increased nocturnal activity. CPE at the control site was greater than at the impact area during both years and all seasons except spring, 1977 (Tables 7 and 8). This may indicate avoidance of the power plant and associated water currents. Nearly equal numbers of males and females were collected and, based on gonadal conditions (Appendix A, Tables 1 and 2), Spawning may have taken place along the shoreline in June of 1976 when two partially spent males, and Six spent females were collected. Each year one ripe male specimen was captured in April. Yellow Perch Shoreline collections of yellow perch were sparse compared to those at the 6-24-m depths reported by Brazo and Liston (1979). Only 231 speci- mens were collected in gill nets and nine in seines during 1976 and 1977. Greatest numbers were taken in July (Tables 3 and 4) during both years. Greater numbers of yellow perch were collected at sunrise and sunset than midday and midnight (Tables 5 and 6) reflecting their crepuscular feeding activity (Scott and Crossman 1973). During 1976, CPE was signi- ficantly higher at the control area for all seasons while in 1977 no significant differences were found (Tables 7 and 8). Most of the yellow 59 N.H H.NH N.NN N.HN N.NH N.N ucooumm NNH N NH N« N« NH HH NHNuoN H H NNN I o«N H H NNN I ONN H H NHN I NNN N H N NN« I NN« « N N NN« I NN« N H H NN« I o«« NH N HH N NN« I NN« NH N « NH« I oo« «N N oH HH NNN I NNN NH H 0 NH N5m I 00m oH H N N NNN I o«N N N N NNN I 0NN N N H NHN I ooN NNN I NNN N N NNN I NNN N N H NNN I o«N NH N N NNN I oNN N N N NHN I ooN H H NNH I NNH H H NNH I NNH Hmuoe H> > >H HHH HH H Haav :uNamH Hmuoe mw< .NNNH .uwnao>oz I HHHO< wcHuau mum: HHHw SH wounuamo 0m£m wumNNHw mo mmHocmsvmum own I nuwcmH .MN mHan 6O H.0 H.«m 00 m on m m 0 « N 0 H 5 0H 0H m m « 0 HH N H H N N 0N Hmuoe > >H .umsam>oz I HHua< wcHusv N.NH «.N N.NN ucmoumm 0H m Hm mHmuOH NN« oN« Nm« 0«« NN« 0N« N NH« 00« NNN 0mm H NNN 0NN N NNN o«N NNN 0NN H NHN ooN NNN 0NN N5N 00N NNN 0«N H NNN NNN N NHN 00N N 0HH 00H NN NN 0N HHH HH H 0 Has. :uwcoH HouoH mw< .55NH mum: HHHm SH cmNSuamo vacm vumNNHm mo mmHocmsvmuw own I :uwcmH .«N anmH 61 perch taken in July during 1976 were spent (Appendix A, Table 1), indicating Spawning was over. In 1977, however, most yellow perch were partially spent in July, indicating Spawning was Still in progress (Appendix A, Table 2). Female yellow perch were over twice as abundant as males in these samples (Table 16). Coho Salmon Only 149 coho salmon were collected in gill nets during 1976 and 1977 along the shoreline. Most were taken during fall (Tables 3 and 4) and little difference in diel collections was noted (Tables 9 and 10). CPE was nearly equal at all stations for all seasons (Tables 7 and 8). Sex ratio was 2:1 males to females in 1976 and 1:1 in 1977. Ripe coho salmon were first noted in September during 1976 (Appendix A, Table l) and October in 1977 (Appendix A, Table 2). The predominant age-length class along shore was age III and length class 600-649 mm in 1976 and age 11 and length class 550-599 mm in 1977 (Tables 25 and 26). Ages ranged from I to IV and lengths from 129-755 mm. Chinook Salmon Shoreline gill net collections of chinook salmon were dominated by age I, 75% and 69% in 1976 and 1977, respectively (Tables 27 and 28). Yearlings were mainly collected in June and July in gill nets and adults in September. No diel pattern was noted (Tables 5 and 6) and similar numbers were collected at each station (Tables 7 and 8). Most mature adults were males during both years though few were in spawning condition (Appendix A, Tables 1 and 2). Chinook salmon 62 Table 25. Length - age frequencies of coho salmon captured in gill nets during April - November, 1976. Age Total length (mm) I II III IV Total 200 - 249 l 1 250 - 299 1 l 2 300 - 349 ll 3 14 350 - 399 7 1 8 400 - 449 2 2 450 - 499 5 4 9 500 - 549 4 3 7 550 - 599 3 2 5 600 - 649 2 10 12 650 - 699 8 1 9 700 - 749 2 2 Totals 20 21 29 l 71 Percent 27.1 30.0 41.4 1.4 63 Table 26. Length - age frequencies of coho salmon captured in gill nets during April - November, 1977. Age Total length (mm) 1 II III IV Total 100 - 149 1 1 150 - 199 l l 200 - 249 l l 250 - 299 2 2 300 - 349 2 3 5 350 - 399 4 2 6 400 — 449 2 3 5 450 - 499 2 2 500 - 549 4 4 550 - 599 9 9 600 - 649 5 7 l 13 650 — 699 2 3 5 700 - 749 750 - 799 1 1 Totals 13 30 ll 1 55 Percents 23.6 54.5 20.0 1.8 64 Length - age frequencies of chinook salmon captured in gill Table 27. nets during April - November, 1976. Total length (mm) I II 100 - 149 47 150 - 199 l 200 - 249 1 250 - 299 300 - 349 2 350 - 399 400 - 449 450 - 499 4 500 - 549 3 550 - 599 600 - 649 650 - 699 700 - 749 750 - 799 800 - 849 850 - 899 900 - 949 950 - 999 1000 -1049 1050 -1099 1100 -ll49 Totals 49 9 Percent 75.4 13.8 Age III F‘F‘F‘ 4.6 IV Total 47 l l 2 4 3 1 1 1 2 2 1 1 l 1 4 65 6.1 65 Length - age frequencies of chinook salmon captured in gill Age 11 III IV Total 1 26 5 5 1 1 3 3 l 1 l l 2 6 4 2 39 15.3 10.3 5.1 Table 28. nets during April - November, 1977. Total length (mm) I 80 - 99 l 100 - 149 26 150 - 199 200 - 249 250 - 299 300 - 349 350 - 399 400 - 449 450 - 499 500 - 549 550 - 599 600 - 649 650 - 699 700 — 749 750 - 799 800 - 849 850 - 899 Totals 27 Percent 69.2 66 collected in gill nets ranged up to age IV and 1,030 mm in length. Seine Collections During April through October, 1976 and 1977, 42 seine hauls were made at each station. Alewives and spottail shiners, mainly YOY, were the most abundant species collected (Table 29). Total catch per effort (CPE) was much higher in August and September than other months during both years (Tables 30 and 31). The high numbers in August and Septem- ber mainly represent recruitment of YOY alewives and spottail shiners to seine collections. Diel collections (Tables 32 and 33) fluctuated greatly but generally catches were lower during darkness. CPE was greatest at the control Site in 1976 but in 1977 larger catches occurred near the LPSPP (Tables 34 and 35). The following comprises brief descriptions of seasonal and diel patterns, station differences, and biological characteristics for commonly occurring species. Alewife The alewife catch in shoreline seines was comprised mainly of YOY in 1976 and 1977. In 1976, adults dominated collections during June and July while exclusively YOY were collected during August and Septem- ber (Table 30). A similar pattern was seen in 1977, however, some YOY were recruited to the seines as early as July (Table 31). The high number of YOY alewife collected in October, 1977, indicated they stay near shore even after the lake cools down in the fall. YOY alewives were most abundant in shoreline waters early in the morning and late in 67 M5«0m «0H HmH 0«H mm Hmo 05 00 ««N «HH wNHo NONH 0NMH H55H HNwm 00Nm« Hmvza comm No Naev HN.NNH0 HNo.ov HNo.ov HNo.oV HHo.o0 HNo.o0 HN.HV HNc.o0 Ho.ov HNo.ov HHo.oV HN.ov Ho.ov HNo.oV HNo.ov HNo.NV Heo.ov H«.ov HN.NV HN.H0 NH.NNV N«.oNHV NNNV 550H mm.H0m \onwht‘v-iONOOl-fiOOOOO‘OOOOO mQNr-JOOOOOOOOOOOHOOOOO N In 0 o o o o o o o mmo H«NH5 O‘QNOMMHONOMMQHM NO mr-i «NN 05m wa0 00000 29 HMHmH HMOHNOOMOOO NNN mH mm on mNmm 0H0 «MN mNoH 000m 00N0 Hsza H«.NNV No.00 Ho.o0 Ho.o0 HHo.ov No.00 Ho.o0 NNN.ov HHo.o0 Ho.ov HHo.ov HHo.ov H«o.ov HNo.ov HNo.o0 H«o.ov HN.oV HN.o0 HN.o0 NN.NV HN.N0 NN.HNO NNNV 050H 5m.55 r-i \OWOO‘HNOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO \‘l‘LfilfiOr-iOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO \OQMOHr—i mmv M O \O m QMNQHHOHMOOHOOO mHMuoH coaHmm 0:00 uucHzm amvHoo umcHnm 0cmm umxo:m uuH£3 SoSSHa vaunumm nnHmmans ome aHaHsom vauuoz usouu oxMH umxosm omocwcoH somanonum maHmmIa umuumv m=c500 uaouu caoum Sousa SOHHmw noanIuaouH nocHnm 0Hmuoam cumsHmmum coaHmm JOOdHno menu mmoawcoH uHmEm aonchm umcH:m HHmuuoam owHaoH< moHooam .550H 0cm 050H .uoaam>oz I HHu0< wcHusv mmchm Lumen SH 0mu=u0mo moHomam :mHm uanma Hauou 0cm .Hmmv uouuw wumwcmum .Ammov uuommm awn soumo .szv Mugabe Hmuoa .mN OHQMH 8 6 .HmmAImnuIMOIwcdom HH< .H NN.NNV NN.NNN NN.HNO NN.N«H NN.NV NN.N NN.NHV NN.NN H«.«v NN.N H«.HV NN.N NHauoN HNo.oV NN.N NN.N. o.o NN.NV N.N NN.NV N.N No.00 N.N NN.NV N.N umxoam uqus AH.oV N.N NN.NV N.N NN.NV N.N Ho.ov N.N HNo.ov NN.N NN.N. 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N.N NNHawH< NNNV NNN NNNV NNN NNNV NNN NNNV NNN NNNV NNN NNNV NNu mmHuaNN umafiouaom unaws< mHsh m::0 hm: HHHO< .050H .uonamuaom I HHH0< Scum monmm comma you Ammv uouum wumvamum 0cm Ammov uuommm pom noumo thucoz .00 mHnmy 69 NN.NNV NN.NN Ho.«N0 No.N« NN.«V NN.N NN.NV NN.N NHmuoN NN.NV N.N HNo.ov NN.N No.00 N.N No.00 N.N coaHmN onou NN.N. N.N NN.NV N.N NN.N. N.N H«o.ov «N.N umaHsm aoNHoo A0.0v 0.0 A0.0v 0.0 50.0V 0.0 50.0v 0.0 Hmaflnm 06mm A00.0V 00.0 H0.0v 0.0 A0.0v 0.0 A«0.0v «0.0 uuxoan oanz Ao0.0v 00.0 H0.0v 0.0 H0.0v 0.0 A0.0v 0.0 soccHa voonumm NN.HV N.H NN.NV N.HH NN.NV N.N NN.NV N.N NNHquHns «NNH A0.0v 0.0 H0.0v 0.0 H00.0v H.0 A0.0v 0.0 cHaHaom quuuoz A0.0V 0.0 A0.0v 0.0 A0.0v 0.0 A«0.0v «0.0 umxo=m mmocwdoa NN.N. N.N HNo.o0 NN.N HNo.o0 NN.N NN.N. 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NNN m COHumum 0cm .0 coHumum .H SOHumum um NO.NONV HN0.00 N0.0. N0.00 HN0.0V HN0.00 HH.«O HN0.00 N0.00 N0.0V HN.OO HNO.OV HN0.00 HNO.OO N0.00 HH.HV HN.OO HN.NO HN.NHV A«.055v HNNO N OOHNNNN mmcHom comma 000 A000 uouum vumvcmum 0cm A0000 uuowmm Hum naumo In USN N0.«55H FiOJFiC>C>C>Fi CDU5C>C>C>OC> F4C>C> US¢>¢)F-<'C>C>C>Fi GDC>€>C>PIC>C>C>C> m 05H mmo HN.NNONO NN.H««N N0.0V O.O N0.00 O.O NO.OO O.O N0.0V 0.0 N0.00 0.0 HN.O0 N.O HN0.00 NO.O N0.0V 0.0 H«0.0V NO.O HH.OO H.O HN0.0V N0.0 HN0.00 N0.0 NN0.00 N0.0 HN0.00 H.O HN0.00 N0.0 HN.OO O.H HN.O0 N.O N«.ONNV N.ONN HH.H«NNO N.NONN HNNO NNN H cONuMum mHmuOH coaHmm onoo umcHnm :mvHoo umcHsm 0cmm umxosm manz soccHa vmmsumh :memuH33 oMMH cHaHaom vauuox usouu mJMH umxoam mmocwcoq xomanJOHum wchmIm umuuww 06:500 uaouu =3ou0 noumn aoHHmw nonmaIuaouH umaHnm 0Hmumam usouu 3onchm coaHmm xooaHso mowv mmocmcoq uHmam aonchm umcHsm HHMuuonm mmHzde meomam .550H .umnouoo I HHNQ< aoum AHouucoov 0 GOHumum .00 «Hana 75 the afternoon (Tables 32 and 33) prior to sunset. No Significant difference between Sites was noted in 1976 and 1977 (Tables 34 and 35). Spottail Shiner Seine collections of spottail shiners were much lower during 1976 than 1977 (Table 29). During 1976, the majority of Spottail shiners collected were yearlings and older with peak numbers occurring in June (Table 30). In 1977, the number of yearling and older Spottail shiners collected was similar to 1976; however, large numbers of YOY were collected in August and September (Table 31). In 1976, adult spottail shiners were collected mainly after dark (Table 32), while in 1977, YOY were collected close to shore primarily during daylight hours (Table 33). Spottail shiners did not demonstrate a significant preference for the control site or the impact Sites (Tables 34 and 35). Rainbow Smelt Rainbow smelt were the third most abundant species in seine collections. Adults were collected mainly in the spring during their spawning run while YOY were recruited to the seine in August and remained near shore through October (Tables 30 and 31). Rainbow smelt were caught mainly after dark with greatest numbers collected near midnight (Tables 32 and 33). During 1976 and 1977, significantly more rainbow smelt were collected at the control site than the impact site just south of the plant (Tables 34 and 35). During 1977, however, the impact station north of the plant yielded more rainbow smelt than the 76 control Site (Table 36). Nearly equal numbers of males and females were collected each year, however, the majority of the rainbow smelt collected were YOY. Longnose Dace Longnose dace was the fifth most abundant species collected in Shoreline seine in 1976 and 1977. Peak numbers occurred in the spring during spawning (Tables 30 and 31). As with rainbow smelt, longnose dace were collected mainly after dark and were most abundant around midnight (Tables 32 and 33). A similar pattern of abundance between collections at the control Site was significantly greater than the southern impact site (Tables 34 and 35). However, in 1977, more long- nose dace were collected at the northern impact site than the other sites combined. Chinook Salmon Juvenile chinook salmon, the next most abundant species in Shoreline seine collections, were collected in June shortly after being planted (Tables 30 and 31). Collections were greatest at night (Tables 32 and 33) and little difference between sites was noted (Tables 34 and 35). Lake Whitefish In 1977, a large number of YOY lake whitefish was collected in June and July at the impact site just north of the plant (Table 35) 77 possibly indicating this area is a spawning site for this species. Sieve Net Collections Young-Of-The-Year Fish Utilization of Shoreline waters as a nursery area for larval and post larval stages of several fish species is demonstrated by sieve net collections (Table 36). Lake whitefish, the first Species collected were seen exclusively in May. Yellow perch followed in mid-May through mid-June. Rainbow smelt were first noted in mid-May but were not seen again until mid-June and were collected in sieve nets until late August. Longnose dace were seen in one collection in August while spottail shiners and alewives were collected from mid-July through September. Sufficiently consistent samples of alewife, spottail shiner, and rainbow smelt were collected to demonstrate mean growth of these YOY fish (Table 37). Each of these Species reached nearly the same Size (alewives 27 mm and spottail shiners 34.3 mm) by late August. Greater numbers of alewife and spottail shiner were collected at the control site (station 8) than either of the impact sites (Table 38). Lake whitefish and yellow perch, however, were most abundant at the north impact Site. Macroinvertebrates In an offshoot of this thesis research, the food habits of spottail shiner and longnose dace collected in Lake Michigan shoreline during 1975 were assessed (Anderson and Brazo 1978). The major food of both 78 sz huHmawa 0.0 O.O O.O O.O O.O O.O 0.0 HHO N0.0 HOHO NH.O H«O «0.0 HNV H.O mm>pmH .chD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 HOHV 0N.0 sz NuHmcma mmeaoumoumu .0HCD 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 HNV H0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 HHV H0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 H000 0.0 0.0 HHV N0.0 0.0 0.0 sz NuHmcmn sz huHmcmn mono . noumm mmo:0:OH onHmw O.O O.O 0.0 O.O O.O O.O O.O 0.0 NNO N0.0 HOHO NH.O HNNO NN.O sz NuHmcmO smemana mxmq O.O 0.0 0.0 HHV H0.0 HNHV HH.O HNNHV NN.O H«O NO.O HNV NO.O HHO H0.0 HNHHV NN.O HHV H0.0 HNNV NN.O 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 HHO N0.0 O.O 0.0 0.0 sz hufimcmo sz Nuncwn uHmaN umaHNN soachN HHuuuoNN HNNNO HNNV HNNO NNN. NNN. HNNHO 00.H 0H.0 «0.0 «0.0 0«.0 00.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 mmHsmH< .NNNH NaHuaN oumv wcHHQENm comm co vocHnaoo mcoHumum HHm um :mHm ammNImcquoncno> Ho H08\umna:av huHmcwa 0N\00 «H\00 «N500 NHN00 5N\50 0H\50 0N\00 NHN00 0N\00 0H\00 N0\00 sz huHmcmo mmumo .NN NHNNN 79 I 0.0H I 0N. 0.« AN V «.H 0.0 A00 0 «.N 0.0N AHm v .>mn cuwcmH Hcv .>m0 nuwcmH Acv .>00 nuwamH Adv .mum .0um .0um momw mmodeOH canon aoHHmw anwmans mme mumv wcHHQEMm comm co mum: m>mHm 6H wmusummo 0.H 0.H0 AmH V 0.0 0.0N A« v I N.0N HH 0 m.« 0.0H AH v .>m0 nuwcmH Acv .0um uHmam :oNNHmN H.0 0.0 0.N 0.H .>m0 numcmH Adv .0um 0.« 0.0« AH v 0.0 0.«0 HomHv 0.« «.0 A0 0 N.« N.0 ANHHV «.0 0.5 A00 0 «.0 umcHzm HHmuuoNN .NNN 0.H0 0.N0 0.5N 0.0H 0.0H m5.5:. .NNNH NOHNNO :mHm ummalmnquonczoh wo nuwcwH Hmuou cum: HON 0 NNNNO A«N v «HNNO HHN V «NNNO NNN 0 NHNNO NNN O NNNNO HNNHV NHNNO 0N\00 NHNNO mN\00 .>00 nuwamq Adv mmumo .50 GHDMH 80 Table 38. Density (nr/m3) of young-of—the-year captured in Sieve nets by station during 1977. Station Species 8 l 5 Alewife 0.50 0.17 0.29 Spottail shiner 0.45 0.05 0.02 Rainbow smelt 0.02 0.01 0.02 Lake whitefish 0.01 0.02 0.04 Yellow perch 0.02 0.02 0.13 Longnose dace 0.002 0.0 0.0 Unid sucker 0.0 0.0 0.01 Unid larvae 0.05 0.03 0.11 81 species was terrestrial insects which had probably been blown into the lake and been entrained in the alongshore current. The diet overlap of these fish decreased Significantly from Spring to fall as did the diet breadth of the longnose dace. Anderson and Brazo (1978) attributed these results to decreased availability of common food types in the fall. In 1977, seasonal changes in composition and density of shoreline macro- invertebrates in the alongshore drift and benthos were assessed to determine if macroinvertebrate density decreased in the fall as pre- dicted from but analysis. Invertebrate species from nineteen orders were collected in shore- line waters. Terrestrial insects comprised nearly 90% of invertebrate drift (Table 39). Major taxa collected were terrestrial Diptera (24.0%), terrestrial Coleoptera (9.0%), and Chironomidae adults (7.6%). Terrestrial insect parts were partially decomposed and could not be further identified. Density of drifting invertebrates was similar during spring (2706/1000 m3) and summer (2815/1000 m3), but declined in fall (630/1000 m3). Composition of drift fauna was similar throughout the year. During Spring, terrestrial insect parts, Diptera, Hymenoptera, and Chironomidae comprised 96.3% of invertebrate drift. During summer, Coleoptera became important in the drift. Fall drift samples contained mainly terrestrial insect parts, Diptera, Homoptera, and Hymenoptera. Assuming that 1977 macroinvertebrate densities and composition were representative of conditions in 1975, the prediction based on food habit analysis was correct, shoreline macroinvertebrates were less abundant during fall. The source of terrestrial insects in drift in diets of shoreline fish was not directly traced. However, a phenomenon described for Swedish lakes by Norlin (1967) may apply to Lake Michigan. He found some 82 Table 39. Seasonal abundance (number/1000 m3) of Lake Michigan's Shoreline drift invertebrates near Ludington, Michigan during 1977. Spring (%) Summer (%) Fall (%) Mean (%) 5/2-6/15 6/20-8/24 9/14-11/8 Total n=36 n=45 n=36 Aquatic Invertebrates *Chironomidae 147 (5.4) 303 (10.8) - - 162 (7.6) *Trichoptera 13 (0.5) 85 (3.1) - - 37 (1.7) Ephemeroptera larvae - - 29 (1.0) 3 (0.5) 12 (0.6) Hydracarina 8 (0.3) 3 (0.1) - - 4 (0.2) Amphipoda 7 (0.3) 53 (1.9) 21 (3.3) 29 (1.4) Pelecypoda 2 (0.1) 1 ( .1) - - l (0.1) **Diptera larvae 3 (0.1) - — 2 (0.3) 2 (0.1) Coleoptera larvae 4 (0.2) - — - - l (0.1) Odonata - - l ( .1) - - l ( .1) Terrestrial Invertebrates Terrestrial insect parts 1293 (47.8) 1351 (48.0) 407 (64.6) 1043 (49.1) Diptera 1005 (37.1) 467 (16.6) 47 (10.6) 509 (24.0) Coleoptera 37 ( 1.4) 416 (14.8) 24 ( 3.8) 192 ( 9.0) Hymenoptera 161 ( 6.0) 25 ( 0.9) 47 ( 7.5) 74 ( 3.5) Homoptera 12 ( 0.4) 39 ( 1.4) 54 ( 8.6) 35 ( 1.7) Hemiptera 5 ( 0.2) 5 ( 0.2) - - 4 ( 0.2) Psocoptera - - 6 ( 0.2) - - 2 ( 0.1) Neuroptera - — 27 ( 1.0) - - 10 ( 0.5) Siphonoptera 4 ( 0.2) - — - - l ( 0.1) Araneae 5 ( 0.2) 4 ( 0.1) 3 ( 0.5) 4 ( 0.2) Orthoptera - - - - 2 ( 0.3) l ( 0.1) Totals 2706 2815 630 2123 * Includes immature and mature life stages. ** Excluding Chironomidae 83 terrestrial insects in the alongshore drift were washed in from shore by waves; however, the majority were blown in from upland areas. These insects were entrained in warm air currents rising from fields then released into nearby lakes as the warm air cooled near the lake creating a downdraft. Insects were then concentrated along the windward shore and entrained in the alongshore current. Thus, when lake water tempera— ture is significantly lower than the surrounding air temperature, the lake may act as a collecting basin for airborn insects. The "collec- tion basin" phenomenon also explains the decrease in terrestrial insects in fall compared to Spring and summer. In spring, air tempera- ture increases faster than water temperature and the lake water is colder than surrounding air, resulting in downdrafts and insect deposition. This phenomenon is generally true in summer, but not to as great a degree. During fall, however, the reverse situation occurs and lake water is warmer than the surrounding air creating updrafts rather than downdrafts. In these situations, no insect deposition may occur. Terrestrial insect density in Lake Michigan Shoreline waters was much lower in the fall than in spring and summer. ZOOpIankton Zooplankton catch was dominated by Bosmina and Cyclops (Table 40). Bosmina were most abundant in May, July, and November. Cyclops reached its highest density in November. Diaptomus density was greatest during September through November while Daphnia density peaked in May. Chydorus, Alone, and Ceriodaphnia were most abundant during July. Comparison of total zooplankton density among stations (Table 41) Showed that similar densities occurred at each station. 84 0000 0«0 NH 00 NNN 00H 00« HNOH «500 Hmuoe «NmN 00 0H 5« 0NH 000H mm0H >02 00N 50 N0 N0 00 Sue HmN 00 OH 50H N0 HN Sam «00 00 H« 0H HN m0 000 09¢ N000 5«H 0H N0 H«H 0 0« mNH NmmN mst 0«5 NON HH 0 0N 0« NN« mSSH ««0H 50N «H H0 0« 0NN «00H 00: meuoa HHHmsmz NHNHNNNOHSNO NNNHH NNMNNNmm Hmmmmmmm mmmmmmmmm mNmHmNm .mmHmmmm moHomam .550H .umnam>oz swaounu Na: 0SHuav mumumz mSHHouonm SH mum: m>mHm SH unwsmo mmHomam SouxSmHaoou Hohma onu Ho a0a\uSv NuHmva thuSoz .O« NHNNN 85 Table 41. ZOOpIankton density (nr/m3) by station and date in shoreline waters during 1977. Date Station 8 Station 1 Station 5 05/18 267 636 190 05/25 374 953 970 06/15 250 156 192 06/20 296 196 410 07/13 1356 1788 1497 07/27 332 399 839 08/13 374 307 175 08/24 66 108 127 09/14 22 47 13 09/28 827 146 193 10/22 70 108 116 11/08 2058 302 566 Totals 5548 5146 5287 86 Ekman Dredge Collections The major categories of invertebrates found in dredge samples (Table 42) were Oligocheata (37.8%), Chironomidae (33.4%), and terres- trial insect parts (13.5%). Invertebrate density decreased steadily from a spring high of 480.4/m2 to a low of 99.4/m2 in the fall. The composition of the benthic fauna changed from predominantly aquatic species in Spring to terrestrial in the fall. Chironomidae and Oligocheata, the major aquatic invertebrates throughout the year, comprised 98.6% of spring, 42.9% of summer, and 16.3% of fall benthic invertebrates. The major terrestrial invertebrate groups, insect parts, and homoptera reached their greatest densities in the summer. Food Habit Studies Alewife and Spottail Shiner Young-Of-The-Year Since young-of-the-year alewife and Spottail shiner were the most abundant shoreline inhabitants, their food habits were studied to en- hance our understanding of this zone. During 1977, in Lake Michigan shoreline waters near Ludington, Michigan, alewife YOY fed mainly on Cyclogs in July, Bosmina, Cyclops, and Diaptomus in August and September. In October, Cyclops, Bosmina, and Daphnia were the major food items (Table 43). Spottail shiner consumed mainly Chydorus, Alone, and Bosmina in July, included Chironimid larvae in August, and fed almost exclusively on Bosmina during September and October (Table 44). The degree to which alewife and spottail shiner ate similar food was determined through calculation of diet overlap and breadth indices Table 42. 87 Seasonal abundance (mean number/m2) of Lake Michigan's Shoreline benthic invertebrates near Ludington, Michigan, during 1977. Spring (%) 4/29, 5/19 Aquatic Invertebrates *Chironomidae Oligocheata Hydracarina - Trichoptera larvae - Coleoptera larvae 2. Amphipoda - Ostracoda - Pelecypoda - ISOpoda - Terrestrial Invertebrates Terrestrial insect parts - **Diptera - Coleoptera - Homoptera - Hymenoptera 2. Araneae 2 Thysanoptera - Neuroptera - Totals 480. n=18 231.9 (48 241.5 (50 Summer (%) 6/24, 8/12 8/31, 9/30, 10/38 n=27 n=18 .3) 57.1 (24.1) (26.0) .3) .5) 61.7 i-‘CD F‘P‘h‘h‘¢~P‘U1h‘ UIUIMUIGUIJ-‘m N U \l N 2.0) 0.7) 0.7) 0.7) * Includes immature and mature life stages ** Excluding Chironomidae Fall (%) 16.2 INOI WU) l-‘N O \Ol-‘O‘O‘H N INI 0‘00wa M 99.4 (23.2) (11.6) ( 4.7) (23.3) ( 7.0) (5.3) Mean (%) Total 82.6 (33.4) 93.6 (37.8) 1.3 ( 0.5) 0.4 ( 0.2) 0.7 ( 0.3) 0.4 ( 0.2) 4.0 ( 1.6) 1.0 ( 0.4) 0.4 ( 0.2) 33.3 (13.5) 9.4 ( 3.8) 2.4 ( 1.0) 11.2 ( 4.5) 4.0 ( 1.6) 1.1 ( 0.4) 1.4 ( 0.6) 0.4 ( 0.2) 247.6 88 m EE«.NH \D N O r-i meMQNNMNQOONN \OOOGONHOOO‘OOHO \TOMO‘NO\LfiNI—IMOOO\N OOOHHNMOOO‘OOOCD 0 Q m \‘I’ I3 N ZHN 000004 [5 N OHHQHHWQ’QNOOQN MHHQHHwNNOOONM O In 8600.0 HQOOOO‘HOSDHOMOO GHOGOQNOONOOOO > H N 5H «0N [\NOWOO‘COHNOOOO HQQOOHQONQOQOO ZEN hHSH O \D H In NMMMONNOOOONOO HQMQOHHOWMOHOO v-i 8 05008000 00050 00 000602 0NH0 0H0300 H0009 a3 HHHusmS 00000000 0H00Huommw0m muo0mSH .u0u .0HS0 3030mm m=a0nthom 00% a qumumoo .0HSO .umH 0HaoSouH£0 mag N.NNIHN g .mmmmmmm amHSmwuo 0000 .550H .0000000 I >H=0 0SH000 00>H30H0 um0zI0£uI00I0S000 >0 00aSmSoo 0000 Ho A>HNV 0ESH0> Hmuou 0000000 0S0 .Azan 00080: Hmuou 0000000 .Homv 0000000000 00 00S0000um mHnuSoz .0« 0H009 (cont'd.). Table 43. October September TN TV F0 TN ATV F0 Food organism 72.2 54.6 70.0 40.3 27.7 83.3 Bosmina 0.0 0.0 0.0 20.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 30.9 0.0 0.0 63.3 Ch dorus Alona 3.7 19.3 3.5 14.4 0.0 37.7 80.0 C clo s 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Chironomid lar. CO‘ Ox‘f NM HR 06") r-iN 13. 10. Da hnia Unid. Copepoda 10.0 1.2 20.0 10.0 Bubosmina 0.1 1.9 0.2 1.6 10.0 CO 05'? Dia tomus Polyphemus Unid. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.7 20.0 0.7 0.0 0.1 insects ter. Herpacticoid 89 1.9 0.0 1.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Copepoda nauplii Le todora 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 13.47mm3 1291 10 2305 26.43mm3 30 Total sample size Number of empty stomachs 90 EE0H.H OOO LI \TNHOQOONOOUOOO r—i Ln H H [\O‘NOOOOOOO > E-‘ N « [5 N r-‘l o N QONOMOOQOONOOO QMOOGOOMOONOOO N Z [-4 o\° 00000< N H MMMOOOOMOOMOOO wMMOOOOQOOWOOO 0 L1... aE«0.0 OQMOWHOOOOOOCO HMQ’ Q‘MNNQOONNNOCOO > E-* N 0N0 MMONQMNNNOOOOO MMOOHHOOOOCODO ZHN NHSh HQQ O‘ \O «»5.NIuI-IOIvIVIVIc>c>c>c>c> CQGHONHr—ir—ICCOCO 0 [LI 00003000 Nuaa0 00 000302 0NH0 0H0800 H0009 mmdwdmmwm 3033 0H00Huumdu0m 0mmwmmfl nmwm .0HSO mmmmmmmflm 0% .mmflmmmmmw 03.3 .00000000 .0HS0 .3300 300 Mdmflfl mmmmmwa .mmflmmmm achmwuo 0000 .550H .0000000 I NHah 0SH000 mu0SH£m HHmuuoam 000>I050I00I0S000 >0 00800S00 0000 no A>HNV 080Ho> H0000 uS0oS00 0S0 .AZHNV H0080S H0000 uS0ou00 .Homv 0000000000 00 NoS0sv0uH thuSoz .«« 0H009 (cont'd.). Table 44. October September ZTN ZTV F0 TV ZTN F0 Food organism 75.0 80.0 100.0 94.1 89.5 100.0 Bosmina 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 0.0 0.0 1.2 9.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Ch dorus Alona 0.0 25.0 0.0 20.0 1.0 1.9 0.0 0.0 C 010 s 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 Chironomid lar. 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Unid. Copepoda Da hnia 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Eubosmina Polyphemus 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 2.9 tr 0.0 0.0 0.0 100.0 insects Dia tomus Unid. ter. 91 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 Henpacticoid 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 COpepoda nauplii Le todora 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.04mm3 0.361103 103 Total sample size Number of empty stomachs 92 (Colwell and Futuyma 1971). Two overlap indices were calculated, one based on taxonomic categories of food consumed (Table 45) and another based on size of food items (Figure 5). Taxonomic overlap indices were relatively low, 0.1 through 0.34, (total possible range is 0 through 1) with higher values in August than July. Low overlap of food resulted from spottail shiners and alewife mainly consuming cladocerans and copepods, respectively (Figure 6). During August alewives ate more Bosmina than in July resulting in a greater degree of overlap. Diet overlap based on food size (0.61) was higher than diet overlap based on taxonomic category (0.1 through 0.34). There was still a marked degree of difference in food size consumed with alewives using a greater proportion of larger food items (Figure 6). Diet breadth of the spottail shiner increased faster than for alewives (Table 44) due to incorporation of benthic food items into their diet (Figure 6). Changes in composition of major zooplankton species in the near- shore waters of Lake Michigan (Figure 7) seemed to have no impact on the composition of zooplankton species consumed by alewives or spottail shiners suggesting some degree of food selection. It is probable, however, that the decline in density of plankton late in August was partly responsible for increased overlap and diet breadth. Adult Salmonid Many fish which occur along shore are potential forage for large salmonids which move into shore mainly during spring and fall. Stomach contents of brown trout, lake trout, rainbow trout, and coho salmon collected in shoreline gill nets were examined seasonally to determine diet in this zone of Lake Michigan. Table 45. 93 Diet overlap and breadth, by taxonomic category, for young-of-the-year spottail shiner and alewife in Lake Michigan's shoreline waters. Diet overlap* Diet breadth** Spottail shiner Alewife Mean length (mm) Spottail shiner Alewife * Diet overlap ** Diet breadth July 13 July 27 0.18 0.11 1.58 2.36 1.75 1.70 8.80 10.20 13.60 20.90 1 - 1/2 2 ATNAL - ZTNSS 100 1/ 2 (%TN 100 1 / 2 Aug 13 0.34 12.50 20.80 Aug 24 0.28 34.60 26.80 94 Figure 5. Percent total number of food items arranged by size groups, consumed by young-of-the—year alewife and spottail shiner on July 27, 1977. 95 00000000 .20: 0.30de 253220 0.0030003 «0.00303 «Edmund 00300050000000 Ann—Ev mN_m Em: GOO“. mmofhoo. 02.0... E Fodua<4mm>0 800 u .082. woo... .3232 .20.: mmzim 0200000 I .03" 25: noon. 30:52 .200. 00:50.2 Wm.” Fro. A at‘ yfiybf '3. ‘0 ‘4 ‘ 0’ egg! J. 14:." ' A. \ IA 7 ‘V l??‘ ‘7' c O ‘0 .- «w; ‘7“? 1.’ “1 ‘0 EM A ,v°vv7 0‘ 0:. “.z£ 7 V o ".95.". o. .3. V A. v90 A." It: 1' A 'Q '%f .030 v v 9 11‘ O ska? Mr. Izflé '0: 'YA :v* I moormoo. @ add—0.8.0 Mag 1 ON .9? 00 on .OOF UBSWHN 1VlOl lNBOHEd 96 Figure 6. Percent total number of food items consumed by spottail shiner (SS) and alewife (AL) on sample dates in July and August, 1977. 97 4< mm .2 mm .2 mm .2 mm 034 cu OD< or .5... mu .5... mp 9.050. 00:00 0.50:0. 32.2.00 3:05.020. 3200.0. :0. ON O? 00 on on: HSSWDN 'IVlOJ. lNSOUBd 98 Figure 7. Percent total number of major zooplankton species collected in shoreline waters on sample dates during July and August, 1977. 99 -C clo s .91 .0 0.0 ) ( i K. .325 .. r u 34:.) 03‘. pl m. 40.1 o .I an.» i o. I .»~m. 9.0. a p $ 0 4003? 030“.“ . <>H> . . 3s}. u 1.92;!” 4.34.; h 3 >5? .3: In. N a :‘10. a ‘P '4 o... .3101: firnnvmumH 9.003.... p .fl...+wz » . .. . 4.. .«.......»....+..n.na.+ a. r (“hubbkb . 5 . o .p r: . 4 F<§ \ ‘ 043 .fibfibvun 6.9.3.4.» 4.3%: t 0H!- 0 .10» <0. .0 . ...r>...Hs 0.0% r... r .. a .m m s O B (.0 .4. < a! . 4 90. . H». 34“”qu >. 430.0)? . but . #3..le «aficmmnva. .. «.«wmpnu. «s 3‘. s .a..')rrrr( $40,660! 4.0... 0.9.. s.<.r4~>\:> .fi. . >0.» 4' - (0...... 5.0 5%.“, c... . . a» 0.0.0..» » [:IDia tomus 0 O 8 6 4. 2 1 mmmmEDz .._<.FO._. hzmommm 24 AUG n=290/m3 13 AUG n=843/m3 27 JUL n=1661/m3 13 JUL n:4635/m3 100 From the perspective of volume of food consumed, alewives repre- sented the largest percentage of the identifiable food items found for all adult salmonids examined (Table 46). Rainbow smelt were found in brown trout and rainbow trout stomachs during Spring and in lake trout stomachs during the fall. Sculpin appeared during spring in brown trout and rainbow trout stomachs and during summer in brown trout stomachs only. Terrestrial insects were noted mainly in brown trout and rain- bow trout stomachs along with several aquatic invertebrates. It is surprising that no spottail shiners were found in the large salmonid stomachs examined since spottail shiner appear to be nearly as abundant as alewives near shore. 101 >HN ZEN 00 H m 0.00H 0.00H 0.00 >HN ZEN 60 008H00 0000 00 A>HNV 000H0> H0000 0000000 000 .AZHNV 000800 H0000 0000000 .Ao0v 0000000000 00 000000000 00') 00000 0000 0.0m o0 00EE0m m.m~ m.wm O0 w0H00m NH 0H o.m~ m.Hm «.mH m.H m.H0 0.0H >HN ZHN wH 0N 0.H 0.0 m.m N.m 0.H H.0H N.m0 N.00 >HN ZEN 00000 3000H00 mH 00008000 00000 00 000002 00000000 00 000002 0.0 000000H .0009 w.m 00Hw .0H0D 0.m 0000300 m.HH 00H30H< O0 80H00w0o 0000 0 00000000 00000 00 000002 00 0.0 m.¢0 ~.~0 0.00 N.NH 0.00 0.00 0.00 >00 200 mm 00 m.m 0.0 0.00 0.0 s.m H.N w.m 0.00 m.om >00 sz 00000 03000 mfiugOum MO HUfiE—Jz 0.m 000000H .000H e.w~ 0000 .000: 0.0 00000 0.0 0000000 m.~s 0003000 00 a0H00w00 0000 .han 0020000 00a0 w0H000 0000 HHHw 00HH00000 0H 00000000 A08 oquv 00H000H00 0w00H 00 00800000 000H00w00 0000 .00 0H00H 102 .00 0.00 >9N 000000 0000 am mm 29N 0.N 00 NN O0 00 0N 00000 0000 HH00 0N 00H 00 m.~ 00 0.0 0.0 0.00 00 o.~ 0.0 N.O H.0 0.NH 0.0 N.O 0.00 0.00 >9N 29N 00000 3000000 0.00 0.00 >9N 00 00000000 00000 00 000002 00 00000000 00 000002 .000 00000000009 .000 0000000000 0.00 0.00 0000000 .0009 mwoa0naa< 00000000 0ww0 0000 0000 .000: 0000m 0.00 0.N0 00>H30H¢ 29N O0 00000w00 0000 00000 03000 .A.0.00000.00 00000 DISCUSSION The shoreline waters zone of Lake Michigan does not represent an isolated portion of Lake Michigan that harbors a unique community of fish. This zone is open to emigration and immigration of many fish species. Therefore, a sampling of this zone to determine fish Species composition provides merely a snapshot of a constantly changing community. The results of this study provide a series of snapshots in time and space that reveal changes in the shoreline waters fish community by season, time of day, and sample site. Concurrent monitoring of physical para- meters, investigation of food habits, sampling available food resources, and determination of age structure, maturity, sex ratios and gonadal condition together allow formulation of theories to explain major changes in shoreline waters fish species composition. Seasonal changes in shoreline fish species composition seem to be mainly associated with spawning activity and subsequent hatching of the eggs. Most species moved near shore to spawn in a serial manner, i.e., rainbow trout and rainbow smelt in early spring, longnose dace in mid-spring, spottail shiner and alewife in late spring-summer, and lake trout, brown trout, and salmon during fall. Of these species, rainbow smelt, longnose dace, spottail shiner, alewife, and lake trout actually spawn in shoreline waters. The remaining species spawn in tributaries to the lake. 0f the shoreline spawners, alewife and spottail shiner spawn at nearly the same time and their young coexist in this zone through late summer and early fall. In some lakes the fish community has evolved such that YOY of each species using shoreline waters are at different developmental stages (Keast 1978). Since YOY fish tend to change food habits frequently as they grow, diet overlap is reduced. Thus, diet overlap and 103 104 competition for food is reduced via temporal segregation. Spottail shiner and alewife caught in this study, however, seemed to have reduced competition for food through spatial segregation. Spottail shiner YOY tended to consume more benthic zooplankton and aquatic insect larvae while alewife YOY ate zooplankton found higher in the water column. A previously abundant shoreline species, emerald shiner, which spawned in the same time period but was more palagic in nature than spottail shiners, has declined drastically since alewives entered Lake Michigan. Thus, alewife and emerald shiner were probably in direct competition for food during early development stages. Alewives were probably able to outcompete emerald shiners because they are capable of filter feeding as well as making individual strikes (Janssen 1976). Predation by adult alewife on YOY emerald shiners and on the pelagic emerald shiner eggs (Crowder 1980) probably contributed to emerald shiner decline also. Despite free access to deeper waters, the YOY alewives and spottail shiners remained in shoreline waters through summer and into fall. Particle size of the food resource may be a factor in YOY remaining near shore. Smaller zooplankton such as Bosmina and nauplii are predominant near shore in Lake Michigan while larger zooplankton such as Diaptomus predominate offshore (Evans and Hawkins 1977; Roth and Steward 1973). Zooplankton sampled during the present study were consistent with these findings as was zooplankton found in YOY alewife and spottail shiner gut analysis. It is possible, the mouth size of YOY alewife and spottail shiner prevent efficient feeding on the larger zooplankton. A second factor which may also cause most YOY to remain near shore is the warm shoreline water temperature during August and early September. This factor was substantiated by declines in YOY abundance when upwellings 105 caused warm water masses to move away from shore. Alewife and spottail shiner YOY fish did not, however, remain in shoreline waters after dark to the extent they did during daylight hours. Low CPE after dark indicated that many YOY moved to deeper water. Janssen (1976 and 1978) reported that adult alewives dispersed after dark in nearshore waters to feed. It is possible that their young followed the same pattern and dispersed throughout the nearShore zone at night resulting in a lower CPE in shoreline waters. Keast (1978), Helfman (1978), and Werner et al. (1977) also found that YOY fish tend to remain in shallow water in temperate freshwater lakes. They hypothesized this behavior functioned in reducing predation and intraspecific competition. In Lake Michigan, as is discussed in the next paragraph, adult alewife and spottail shiner do not move offshore until fall; thus, the potential for intraspecific competition and predation still exists. Alewife age structure, however, did indicate that few age II individuals used shallow waters; thus, possibly reducing intraspecific competition somewhat. Mid and late spring spawning adults remained abundant in shoreline waters through the summer probably for similar reasons as the YOY (food availability and preferred water temperature). Wells (1968) reported that spottail shiner and alewife moved shoreward in spring as water temperature near shore increased and remained near shore until nearshore water temperature declined in fall. Alewife adults were found to feed heavily on YOY fish in August and September (Webb and McComish 1974) while spottail shiner and longnose dace adults fed extensively on terrestrial insects which accummulated along shore during summer. The warm waters nearshore also may have provided a barrier to major shore- ward movements of piscivores; thus, to some degree, protecting adult 106 alewives, spottail shiners, and longnose dace from predation. Lake trout was the only abundant fall shoreline spawner. These fish moved shoreward in September and October after the majority of alewives and spottail shiners had moved offshore. Most individuals were caught after sunset when wave action was minimal. No consistent pattern was seen in comparing the control station to the impact stations. The dynamic nature of the fish community near- shore makes assessment of the impact of a facility such as the LPSPP by comparing stations very difficult. A better approach may be to use the general patterns of fish movements into the shoreline waters derived from this study to alter water intake periods. For example, fewer lake trout may be entrained in the LPSPP reservoir if water in- take were curtailed on calm nights in September and October. Pumping could also be curtailed during peak rainbow trout spawning times in the spring to decrease entrainment of this species. During August, daytime pumping should be avoided to decrease entrainment of large numbers of YOY that are concentrated nearshore. Further studies of the shoreline waters would allow better defini- tion of behavior patterns and their relation to physical parameters. Predictive models could then be formulated to allow shoreline facilities such as the LPSPP to reduce entrainment of fish with minimal reduction in operating time. SUMMARY The shoreline waters (0—3 m) of Lake Michigan near Ludington, Michigan, were sampled with variable mesh gill nets, seines, and sieve nets to obtain a representation of the fish species composition during spring, summer, and fall. Food resources were sampled and gut analysis performed to understand how fish use this zone. Thirty-five species of fish were caught during April through November, 1976 and 1977. Spottail shiner and alewife dominated the catch from late May through early September. Rainbow trout were the most abundant species caught in April and November while lake trout were the most abundant in October. Gonadal condition of these fish revealed that many adults of each species were in spawning condition. Alewife and spottail shiner young-of—the-year (YOY) were initially caught in sieve nets in mid-July and dominated seine collections in August and September. Food habit studies of YOY alewife and spottail shiner indicated that spottail shiner ate epibenthic foods such as Chydorus, Alone, and Chironomidae larvae. Alewife ate more pelagic foods such as Bosmina and Cyclops. Adult alewife food habits were not studied; however, spottail shiner and longnose dace adults were both found to eat terrestrial insects which accummulate in the shoreline waters. Adult salmonid sto- maches were examined to determine which shoreline species were most susceptible to predation. Alewives were by far the most frequently consumed prey by salmonids. Comparison of fish catch near the Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant and a control site 4.8 km to the south did not reveal any consist- ent patterns. 107 LITERATURE CITED Anderson, R. C. and D. Brazo. 1978. Abundance, feeding habits and degree of segregation of the spottail shiner (Notropis hudsonius) and longnose dace (Rhinichthys cataractae) in a Lake Michigan surge-zone near Ludington, Michigan. Mich. Academician 10:337-346. Baily, R. M., Je. E. Fitch, E. S. Herald, E. A. Lachner, C. C. Lindsey, C. R. Robins and W. B. Scott. 1970. A list of common and scientific names of fishes from the United States and Canada. (3rd ed.) Amer. Fish. Soc., Spec. Pub. No. 6. Beeton, A. M. and W. T. Edmonson. 1972. The eutrophication problem. J. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada 29:673-682. Bodola A. 1966. Life history of the gizzard shad, Dorosoma cepedianum (LeSueur), in western Lake Erie. U. 8. Fish. Wildl. Serv. Fish. Bull. 69:391—425. Borror, D. J. and D. M. DeLong. 1976. An introduction to the study of insects. Revised edition. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. New York. 819 pp. Brazo, D. C., P. I. Tack and C. R. Liston. 1975. Age growth and fecundity of yellow perch, Perca flavescens (Mitchill), in Lake Michigan near Ludington, Michigan. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 104(4):726-730. Brazo, D. C., C. R. Liston and R. C. Anderson. 1978. Life history of the longnose dace, Rhinichthys cataractae, in the surge zone of eastern Lake Michigan near Ludington, Michigan. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 107(4):550-556. and C. R. Liston. 1979. A study of the effects of installing and operating a large pumped storage project on the shores of Lake Michigan, near Ludington, Michigan. The effects of five years of Operation of the Ludington Pumped Storage Power Plant on the fishery resources of Lake Michigan (1972—1977). 1977 Annual Rep., Ludington Proj. Vol. II, No. 1, Fisheries Res. Submitted to Consumers Power Co. Michigan State Univ. Dept. Fish. & Wildl. 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Army Corps on Engineers. Coastal Eng. Res. Cent. Fort Belvoir, Va. Evans, M. S. and B. E. Hawkins. 1977. A multi-year comparison of summer 200p1ankton distributions in Southeastern Lake Michi- gan. Presentation to the 1977 International Meeting of the Association for Great Lakes Research, Ann Arbor, Michigan. Hands, E. B. 1970. A geomorphic map of Lake Michigan shoreline. Proceedings of the 13th Conference of Great Lakes Research, Vol. I, 1970, pp. 250-265. Helfman, G. S. 1978. Patterns of community structure in fishes: Summary and overview. Env. Biol. Fish. 3(1):129-l48. Hollander, M. and D. A. Wolfe. 1973. Nonparametric statistical methods. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. New York, New York. 503 pp. Hogue, J. J., Jr., R. Wallus, and L. K. Kay. 1976. Preliminary guide to the identification of larval fishes in the Tennessee River. TVA Div. of Forestry, Fisheries and Wildl. Development. 66 pp. Janssen, J. 1976. Feeding modes and pey size selection in the alewife (Alosa pseudoherangus). J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 33:1972- 1975. 1978. Will alewives (Alosa pseudoherangus) feed in the dark? Env. Biol. Fish. 3(2):239-240. ~Jude, D. J., F. J. Tesar, J. A. Dorr III, T. J. Miller, P.J. Rago and D. J. Stewart. 1975. Inshore Lake Michigan fish populations near the Donald C. Cook Nuclear Power Plant, 1973. Special Report No. 52 of the Great Lakes Research Div., Univ. of Michigan. Ann Arbor. 267 pp. llO Keast, A. 1978. Trophic and spatial interrelationships in the fish species of an Ontario temperate lake. Env. Biol. Fish. 3 Kenega, D. E. 1975. Food selection and feeding relationships of yellow perch Perca flavescens (mitchill), white bass Morone chrysqps (Rafinesque), fresh water drum Aplodinotus grunniens (Rafinesque), and goldfish Carassius auratus (Linneaus) in western Lake Erie. M. S. Thesis, Mich. State Univ. 50 pp. Koehler, F. E. 1979. Life history studies of the longnose sucker, Catostomus catostomus and the white sucker, Catostomus commersoni, in nearshore eastern Lake Michigan. M. S. Thesis. Michigan State Univ. 56 pp. Lippson, A. J. and R. L. Moran. 1974. Manual for identification of early developmental stages of fishes of the Potomac River estuary. Maryland DNR. PPSP-MP-l3:282 pp. Liston, C. R. and P. I. Tack. 1975. A study of the effects of installing and operating a large pumped storage project on the shores of Lake Michigan. 1973. Annl. Rep. to Consumers Power Co. Dept. Fish. and Wildl., Mich. State Univ. 113 pp. Moffett, J. W. 1956. Recent changes in the deep-water fish populations of Lake Michigan. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 86:393—408. Nelson, D. D. and R. A. Cole. 1975. The distribution of larval fishes along the western shore of Lake Erie at Monroe, Michigan. Mich. State Univ. Institute of Water Research Technical Rep. No. 32.4:66 pp. Norlin, A. 1967. Terrestrial insects in lake surfaces. Their availability and importance as fish food. Rep. Inst. Freshw. Res. Drottningholm 47:39-55. Pennak, R. W. 1978. Fresh-water invertebrates of the United States, 2nd Ed. John Wiley and Sons, New York, New York, 803 pp. Reigle, N. J., Jr. 1969. Bottom trawl explorations in Green Bay of Lake Michigan, 1963-1965. U. S. Dept. Int. Bur. Com. Fish. Circ. No. 297. 14 pp. Roth, J. C. and J. A. Stewart. 1973. Nearshore zooplankton of south- eastern Lake Michigan, 1972. Proc. 16th Conf. Great Lakes Res., Int. Assoc. Great Lakes Res., 1973:132-142. Scott, W. B. and E. J. Crossman. 1973. Freshwater fishes of Canada. Fisheries Res. Bd. of Canada, Ottawa. Bull. 184. 966 pp. Snfith, S. H. 1970. Species interactions of the alewife in the Great Lakes. Trans. Am. Fish. Soc. 99:754-765. 111 1972. Factors of ecological succession in oligotrophic fish communities of the Laurentian Great Lakes. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 29:717—730. Sokal, R. R. and F. J. Rohlf. 1969. Biometry. The principles and practice of statistics in biological research. W. H. Freeman and Co., San Francisco, California. 776 pp. Torke, B. G. 1974. An illustrated guide to the identification of the plankton crustacea of Lake Michigan with notes on their ecology. Center for Great Lakes Studies, The University of Wisconsin, Milwaukee Press. 65 pp. Trautman, M. B. 1957. The fishes of Ohio. Ohio State Univ. Press, Columbus. 683 pp. Usinger, R. L. 1956. Aquatic insects of California. University of California Press. Los Angeles. 508 pp. Webb, D. A. and T. S. McComish. 1974. Food habits of adult alewives in Lake Michigan near Michigan City, Indiana in 1971 and 1972. Ind. Acad. Sci. 33:179-184. Wells, L. 1968. Seasonal depth distribution of fish in southeastern Lake Michigan. Fish. Bull. 67(1):1-15. 1977. Changes in yellow perch populations of Lake Michigan, 1954-1975. Great Lakes Fish. Lab., U. S. Fish. and Wildl. Serv. Unpublished manuscript. 27 pp. and A. L. McLain. 1973. Lake Michigan. Man's effects on native fish stocks and other biota. Great Lakes Fishery Comm. Tech. Rep. No. 20. 55 pp. Werner, E. E. 1977. Species packing and niche complementarity in three sunfishes. Amer. Natur. 111:553-578. APPENDIX A 112 o o o o H o o o o H o o o o H o o o H o o o o o o o o o o H o o o o N o o o o N o o o H m o o o o N o o o o H o o o o N o o o H on o o o H N o H o mm m o o o o mN o o o o H H m o OH ON 0 o o c N o q n om cc 0 o o o mH o o o o N Hmsuocn< ucmam ucmam mmHm compo NHuumm :OHqucoo Hmvmcoo Huua< NHOd‘NNNOHHHv-l Hm MH Nm «N H Hm N NN 0H N mason: ONOOMOMOHOOONOOOOOOOOO musumaEH NuHusumz meamuo xumHm moms guacamwumH voomcHxaasm mme duonuuoz £30 33.— :mHuoans bosom noumdlusoua coaHmm xoocHno ammo coaHmm osoo oomv mmocmGOH souon 30HHow vwnm vumano umeSm omoawaoq uHoam Bonchm usouu ssoum mmuosvmm umxosm muHsz usouu oxmq usouu aonchm ostmH< uwcHnm HHmuuonm meooam .onH mcHusv mum: HHHw cH wousuamo mmHooam :me some mo coHuncoo Hmwmcow can NuHusuma NHnucoZ .H oHan 113 OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Hmsuocn< HOQOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOOO OOOOOOOHOOOOOOOOOOOOOO ucmmm ucwmm NHuumm :OHqucoo Hmvwcou [\OHOOOONOOOOOOOUWONHOOO mafia H H NNOO‘JOOU‘OOMBOMOOOO In GO‘M HN «N No compo hm: H MOONOMHOOO mH 0 0H m Hm 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Table 1. Wave Crnt. Water Temp. (C) 24 Hr. Baro. Pres. W Dir. Wind Dir. 8 Ht. (cm) 1 Turb. Dir. 8 1 Station Date 29.96 29.98 29.89 29.79 SW SW 13 13 6.7 54.0 19.0 18.5 07/06 07/09 07/12 07/15 S NE 5.0 16.0 4.6 14.0 13.0 9.0 18.0 12.0 SW NE SW NE 5.0 1.5 2.4 3.2 2.3 26.0 13.0 17.5 30.06 18.0 16.0 17.0 07/21 07/22 07/26 30.01 29.93 29.78 NE 8.9 14.0 18.5 18.0 SW 21.0 21.0 E N NE 11 4.2 11.2 19.0 19.5 07/28 08/02 30.20 10.0 10.0 129 30.10 29.90 30.08 NE 7.8 9.3 75.0 13.2 14.0 13.0 08/06 08/14 08/15 10 1.8 4.2 4.4 16.0 17.0 NE 13.0 14.9 30.18 30.20 30.15 S S NE SE SE SW SW 4.9 2.3 12.0 13.0 08/16 08/18 2.1 37.0 13.0 13.0 14 17 6.8 5.3 2.5 13.5 14.0 08/31 30.13 30.24 30.02 SW NE NE 14 74.0 18.5 18.0 09/08 09/16 10 2.8 7.7 20.0 14.0 13.0 9.8 4.9 8.0 16.0 8.5 16.0 09/26 09/30 30.78 29.90 29.88 30.22 N SE 18 22 4.5 88.0 57.0 16.0 16.0 10/04 10/05 N NE 15 10 13 15.0 14.0 11.5 NE 5.6 9.6 6.5 2.0 2.8 4.5 4.3 4.5 15.0 10.0 10/07 30.08 30.38 30.17 SE 11 12.5 13.5 10/11 N NE 9.5 8.0 9.0 10/18 NE 10 6.5 10/26 29.92 3.0 4.0 11/10 Water condition parameters at stations 1 and 8 (control) and climatic parameters for the sample area on each sample date from April - November, 1977. Table 2. Wave Crnt. Water Temp. (C) 24 Hr. Baro. Pres. W Dir. Wind Dir. 8 Ht (cm) Turb. Dir. 8 1 1 Station Date 30.17 N N S E N 6.0 19.0 1.0 2.0 3.0 04/01 04/03 29.80 30.03 NE 2.8 35.0 18.0 3.0 10.0 17 12 18.0 9.0 04/13 04/15 30.10 29.92 29.92 9.5 4.5 3.9 28.0 10.0 2.0 8.5 12.0 160.0 1.0 1.6 7.0 04/18 04/20 04/26 9.0 29.81 N 8.0 12.0 5.5 5.0 10.0 6.0 30.18 30.19 38.0 4.0 10.0 04/29 05/02 130 S 10 5.4 4.0 37.0 16.0 29.90 29.64 30.04 29.92 N N N S S S 4.0 5.2 9.0 8.0 7.0 11.0 05/04 05/09 7.0 10.0 SW 12.0 2.0 05/10 05/15 05/16 2.6 4.6 74.0 15.0 15.0 30.00 30.01 10 4.6 13.0 15.0 SW 7.5 17.0 13.0 16.0 16.0 05/24 05/25 29.98 N 7.7 5.0 4.4 1.7 2.2 17.0 14.0 29.70 29.69 29.78 E N N 5.0 3.9 13.0 11.5 10.0 05/31 06/06 06/07 06/13 06/17 13.5 12.0 11.0 13.0 30.11 29.74 29.78 N S S 4.3 8.0 20.0 8.0 20.0 7.3 7.5 3.3 4.3 13.0 15 15.0 16.0 06/20 06/22 30.00 29.68 N S 2.3 1.3 68.0 13.0 13.0 1.5 8.4 4.2 45.5 18.0 19.0 06/27 06/30 07/05 07/07 29.39 29.84 S S 20 13 15.0 17.0 54.0 25.0 21.0 29.84 S 3.5 21.0 21.0 (cont'd.). Table 2. Wave Crnt. Water Baro. Pres. 24 Hr. W Dir. Wind Dir. 8 Ht. (cm) 1 Dir. Turb. Temp. (C) 1 Station Date 30.05 29.93 29.88 5.0 6.0 31.0 3.2 26.0 17.0 17.0 07/13 07/17 S S S SW SW 20.0 20.0 20 12 44.0 19.0 20.0 07/18 30.07 6.3 3.4 8.1 23.0 24.0 07/21 30.17 N 15 3.1 94.0 10.0 12.0 07/26 07/31 08/07 29.64 29.82 12 20 5.5 17.0 18.0 S W SW 2.1 9.0 34.0 20.0 19.0 29.86 29.78 6.6 3.1 19.0 19.0 08/10 08/13 18 12 10 10 16.0 18.0 18.0 131 29.80 30.00 W NW 2.4 17.0 42.0 19.0 17.0 08/16 SW NE 1.6 3.7 18.0 18.0 08/18 29.90 30.18 N N S S 4.4 16.0 16.0 08/23 08/25 08/29 8.0 1.2 1.6 37.0 18.0 8.0 17.0 20.16 30.02 30.02 SE 2.2 22.0 17 15 4.5 18.0 15.0 19.0 09/06 09/08 09/13 09/22 09/23 09/27 N E E E SE NE 6.8 6.9 8.7 51.0 2.6 2.7 16.0 29.82 12 16.0 15.0 30.04 29.92 3.9 5.2 14.0 14.0 12 15.0 14.0 29.78 30.23 W N W W 12 1.9 21.0 4.1 2.8 5.9 36.0 15.0 15.0 25 10 9.0 10.0 8.0 10.0 10/03 29.96 30.02 43.0 10/05 10/13 13 30.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 30.04 29.96 N N 43.0 54.0 9.0 9.0 10/17 22 27.0 16.0 9.0 9.0 12.0 10/19 30.11 NW 12 25.0 17.0 9.0 12.0 10/20 29.96 S S 15 13 15.0 15.0 10/25 30.00 SW 20 9.2 9.9 11.0 11.0 10/26 132 «H.OM OM.ON MM.OM N0.0M MN.mN .moem .oemm n1 uluau: z;§ e3e12:3tn OIUSOJOJ z z:m:z:z .eHQ .eeeo 2:2:MIZIZ .sese M Nov .mEmH ememz H .A.v.eeoov omNee woNHe NONHH NoNHH HoNHH meme eOHumem .N mHan