(THE-Sh} 5mlllllll’lllllmlllllllllll i 3 1293 00109 5219 i H"— LIBRARY ' i Michigan State University This is to certify that the thesis entitled Alterations in Body Composition, Anthropometric Measurements, and Diet of High-Ability Female Collegiate Dancers , presented by Brandy J. Narcy has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for M.A. degree in the School of Health Education, Counseling Psychology and Human Performance 7,414.» MW Major professor Date November 9, 1987 0-7639 MS U is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution MSU RETURNING MATERIALS: Place in book drop to remove this checkout from LIBRARIES —_ your record. FINES will be charged if book is returned after the date stamped below. rFEB 3 41991 ALTERATIONS IN BODY COMPOSITION, ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS, AND DIET OF HIGH-ABILITY FEMALE COLLEGIATE DANCERS Submitted to the Thesis Committee: Dr. William w. Heusner, Advisor Dr. John Haubenstricker Professor Dixie Durr in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the School of Health Education, Counseling Psychology, and Human Performance HCP 899 - 9 Credits June 1987 BY BRANDY-J. NARCY MSU # 878543 4302 Gunn Hwy # 913 Tampa, FL 33624 (813) 960-8755 ABSTRACT ALTERATIONS IN BODY COMPOSITION, ANTHROPOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS, AND DIET OF HIGH-ABILITY FEMALE COLLEGIATE DANCERS BY Brandy J. Narcy The purpose of the study was to observe alterations in body composition, anthropometric measurements, and diet in a group of female college repertory dancers. Six dancers and six non-dancers served as available subjects in the study. The dancers were expected to decrease their percentage of body fat, girth and skinfold measurements, and caloric intake after 14 weeks of training. They also were expected to increase their caloric expenditure. The tests used included Activity and Food Frequency Questionnaires, anthropometric measurements, and hy- drostatic weighing. The subjects were tested prior to rehearsals and were retested immediately following a dance production. The dancers compared favorably to college and profes- sional dancers from previous studies. Suggested research on college dancers includes ongoing studies of repertory dancers, further investigations on training effects, extensive dietary evaluations, and cor- recting the absence of research on male dancers. Copyright by Brandy J. Narcy 1987 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am indebted to the following persons for their encouragement, advice, and support of the research presented. Professor Dixie Durr Dr. John Haubenstricker Dr. William W. Heusner John Narcy Patricia Jeanne Narcy Chet Zelasko iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES. Chapter I. II. INTRODUCTION The Problem. Need for the Study Purpose of the Study Research Hypotheses. Research Plan. Assumptions. Limitations. Significance Definitions. REVIEW OF LITERATURE Dancers. Diet. Anthropometry and Body Composition. Training Effects. Summary. ‘1 Page vii @mfiflmmmspip H O [.4 O III. METHODOLOGY. Sample. Research Design Variables Extraneous Factors. Methods Test Procedures Treatment of Data IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Results Discussion. V. CONCLUSIONS. Summary Suggested Research. APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX APPENDIX "INC 001? APPENDIX APPENDIX C. LIST OF REFERENCES. vi 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 20 23 23 32 38 38 39 41 42 43 46 51 53 66 95 LIST OF TABLES Table Page 1. Anthropometric Measurements . . . . . . . . . . 19 2. Dancers Observed Seasonal Differences . . . . . 24 3. Controls Observed Seasonal Differences. . . . . 25 4. Pretest Only Anthropometric Measurements: Dances and Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 5. Off - Season Measurements: Dancers and Controls 28 6. On - Season Measurements: Dancers and Controls 29 7. Differences from Off - Season to On - Season: Dancers and Controls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 8. Comparison of This Investigations Measurements on Dancers to Previous Study's Measurements. . . 33-34 vii CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION The arts and sciences have long been dichotomies in educational and professional institutions. In particular, the art of dance and the science of physiological research are rarely, if ever, approached simultaneously. "Considering America's obsession with health and fitness, it seems paradoxical that dancers - who, of all people, have such a sharply developed in- herent 'feel' for the control and limitations of their bodies and are so dependent on sound health - often have only a vague, if not completely ignorant, conception of their bodily workings (1)." Recently, scientists have begun to enter the world of dance. Dancers themselves have become an operative force initiating research in dance. By working together towards a common goal, dancers are realizing their strengths and weaknesses, and scientists are discovering that dance presents a viable and significant area for physiological research. The Problem Female dancers, as a group, are greatly concerned about how their bodies look. Dancers are often judged on bodily appearance as well as technique and performance quality for specific dance roles. This concern may lead to eating disorders which, when added to the dancer's extensive phys- ical training, can result in health problems. Some of these health problems have been documented as 2 anorexia nervosa (2, 3), bulimia (4, 5), low caloric intake (6), and poor eating habits (7). These conditions can fur- ther lead to weak and/or injury-prone dancers (8). When dancers and their mentors are able to diagnose and under- stand these problems, appropriate steps can be taken to diminish their severity. Need for the Study Repertory dancers at the college level, opposed to professional dancers, are faced with limitations of the educational institution. Financial obstacles and lack of facilities go hand in hand at institutions which place the arts last on their priority list. The most notable limitation in an educational atmosphere, in relation to this investigation, is the oc- currence of a large turnover of dancers. Individual dancers have an average of only four years to gain ex- perience and 'make their mark' in a University company. This situation can increase competition for dance roles and may magnify the problems discussed earlier. Many college athletic teams participate in seasonal as- sessments of percentage of body fat. Similar assessments of body composition with concurrent records of an- thropometric measurements and a determination of dietary habits would benefit a University dance company. By measuring these variables and their changes before, during, and after dance season, the trends of a company could be discovered and individual changes monitored. Healthy dietary programs would be easier to establish when a dancer's physiological status is known. Purpose Of The Study The purpose of this study was to observe alterations in body composition and nutritional habits of high-ability female dancers during the Michigan State University Repertory Dance Company's 1986-87 season. This included measuring body composition, collecting anthropometric data, and estimating the daily average caloric intake and expen- diture before and during the dancer's season. The data ob- tained from the dancers were analyzed and compared with the data from a control group of six non-dancers. The dancers' on-season measurements were compared with those obtained on dancers in other studies. Research Hypotheses The hypotheses tested in this study are: 1. The experimental subjects (dancers) will show a significant decrease in their percentage of body fat from off-season to on-season. 2. The dancers will have a significantly greater change in percentage of body fat, than will a group of non-dancers, from off-season to on- season. 3. The dancers will have significantly larger dif- ferences in girth and skinfold anthropometric measurements, than will a group of non-dancers, from off-season to on-season. 4 4. The dancers will show a significant decrease in caloric intake from off-season to on-season. 5. The dancers will show a significant increase in caloric expenditure from off-season to on-season. Research Plan The sample size was determined by the availability of high-ability female dancers within the population of the Michigan State University Repertory Dance Company during its 1986-87 season. The study contained six dancers. The dancers were designated as the experimental group. Their treatment consisted of the dance classes and rehearsals required of members in the company. A control group of six volunteer non-dancers participated in the testing procedures with no treatment given. Both groups participated in before-season and during- season testing. These tests included anthropometric measurements, hydrostatic weighing, and Activity and Food Frequency Questionnaires. The subjects also kept an Activity Journal for the 14-week duration of the study. Assumptions The following assumptions were necessary for the con- duct of the research plan and the conclusions drawn from the results of this study. 1. It was assumed that the experimental subjects were high-ability dancers. This assumption was based on their status in the company, the number of pieces (dances) in which they were participating, as well as the demands of those pieces. It was assumed that all subjects were honest and consistent when completing any journals and/or questionnaires. It was assumed that all subjects averaged 8 hours of sleep per 24 hours for the calculation concern- ing energy expenditure. Limitations The following difficulties and limitations were in- herent in this study. 1. There was an inability to obtain a sample of adequate size that was representative of a meaningful population. Generalizations drawn from the results of this study are limited to high-ability female dancers similar to those used as subjects from the Michigan State University Repertory Dance Company during the 1986-87 season. The accuracy of the information obtained from sub- jective forms of data collection (i.e., journals and questionnaires) is limited to the honesty and objectivity of the subjects. Significance Consistent use of observational techniques to describe a population of dancers and their physical and phys- iological aspects may eventually lead to a range of 'norm' 6 values for that population. This is greatly needed in dance. Not only will it bring dancers a level of knowledge equal to most athletic teams, but it may be possible to discover or prevent health problems and physical injuries before they develop. Definitions Anthropometry - The science which deals with measurements of the human body including heights, breadths, lengths, widths, girths, weights, and skinfolds. Barre - A dancer's barre exercise is usually performed at the beginning of class. The dancers use a bar made of wood or fiberglass to help maintain balance when needed. Center Floor - A dancer's center floor exercise is usually performed towards the end of class. It may consist of adagio (slow) and allegro (fast) combinations. Hydrostatic Weighing - A method of estimating body density, percentage of fat and percentage of lean body mass by weighing the subject underwater, measuring lung volume, and estimating gas in the intestinal tract. Labanotation - A form of dance notation developed by Rudolf Laban. It is used to record and preserve dance movements and choreographic works. CHAPTER II REVIEW OF LITERATURE Numerous studies have been done involving an- thropometric measurements, hydrostatic weighing, and body composition of men and women. (9-19) Evaluations concerning energy intake, expenditure, and diet in general (20-22) also have become commonplace as society becomes more aware of health and fitness. During the past few decades, women have become a focus of research. It generally is agreed that the average woman is shorter, physically weaker in the upper body, and has a greater percentage of fat than her male counterpart. In particular, athletes have been studied due to their intensive training regimes and selective eating habits. Women athletes have moderate to low percentages of fat depending on their sport. Swimmers (23) and Volleyball players (24) tend to have more fat than gymnasts (25) and marathon runners (26). Studies of the diet and body composition of women have involved college students (27, 28), the obese (29) and ath- letes (30) as well as other groups concerned about their energy requirements for various activities. Dancers There is a population segment of technically proficient women which has been neglected in anthropometric and 8 physiological research until lately. Only in the last decade have dancers been studied by research scientists and educators. However, recently an increasing number of studies have been undertaken to assess the body composition and diet of dancers. Descriptive research now is available on college and professional dancers. These studies include research on anorexia nervosa, bulimia (31) and menstrual abnormalities (32). [Net Nutritional factors also have been approached by some scientists. Calabrese and Kirkendall (33) estimate the professional ballerina's mean caloric intake to be 1358 kcal per day. They also discovered a significant amount of food faddism within this group. Peterson (34) discusses case reports of professional dancers succumbing to bazaar diet strategies and suggests a healthy professional dancer should consume approximately 2,000 kcal per day. Later she compared the dietary habits of dancers with those of athletes. Her study suggests that dancers exhibit poor dietary habits and low caloric consumption. (BODY WEIGHT lb.) X (15) + (200 kcal/DANCE CLASS/DAY) (35) e.g. (110) X (15) + (400 kcal) = 2,050 kcal/day These observations coincide with those of Cohen, Potosnak, Frank, and Baker (36) who suggest 2,000 through 2,200 kcal per day for women. They studied 22 professional male and female dancers. Daily caloric intake for women was estimated at 1,673 kcal, with 50% carbohydrate 9 consumption. Mostardi (37) reported an average of 1,200 kcal per day for female ballet dancers. There also has been some cardiopulmonary and car- diorespiratory research on dancers. (38-43). Cohen, Segal, Witrol, and McArdle (44) used fifteen dancers as subjects from the American Ballet Theatre and estimated caloric ex- penditures from VO2 measurements. For women: 0.08 kcal per min per kg of body weight during barre work and 0.10 kcal per min per kg of body weight during center floor exercises. Men averaged slightly higher caloric expenditures. Anthropometry and Body Composition Due to the demand for linearity and leanness in the dance world (45), many dancers, females in particular, are on a "relentless pursuit of thinness" (46). This concern for thinness has lead to several studies involving an- thropometric measurements and body composition of female college dancers. The results are somewhat inconsistent. Evans, Tiburzi, and Norton (47) studied 15 dance majors and found a mean of 22.4% body fat using hydrostatic weighing. Novak, Magill, and Schuette (48) estimated 20.5% using the Sloan-Weir (49) formula for obtaining body fat from an- thropometric measurements. Chambers (50) used the hy- drostatic weighing technique of Consolazio (51) on 5 dancers and reported a mean of 12.7% body fat. Dolgner, Spasoff, and St. John (52) studied college as well as professional dancers and used Wilmore and Behnke's (53) 10 formula to estimate a mean of 22.1% body fat from an- thropometric measurements. Micheli, Gillespie, and Walaszek (54) found professional ballerinas to have 15.3% body fat using the formula of Sinning (55) which was designed for female gymnasts. Calabrese et al. (56) showed pre-season body fat to be 16.9% for professional dancers. Cohen et al. (57) reported 12.8% body fat for twelve ball- erinas using the regression equations from Jackson, Pollack, and Ward (58). Training Effects Research concerning the effects of training on body composition in athletes and laymen are prevalent (59-65). However, only a few studies exist at this time relating the effects of training on body composition of dancers. Lavoie and Lebe-Neron (66) studied six professional and eight re- creational female jazz dancers. The professionals had 15.5% body fat and the recreational dancers 21.4% using Zwiren's (67) modification of Allen's (68) formula. The recreational dancers decreased to 20.4% body fat after twice weekly dance sessions lasting eight weeks. Kirkendall and Calabrese, using hydrostatic weighing tech- niques (69) reported a group of professional dancer's off- season body fat to be 13.4% and their peak season body fat to be 13.8%. Summary A female dancer should consume approximately 2,000 kcal per day to be a healthy, performing , and hopefully injury- 11 free dancer. Dancers are reported to consume 1,200 through 1,673 kcal per day, well below the recommended amount. Standard, universally accepted values of ideal weight and ideal percentage of body fat for a dancer have yet to be determined. Their physical appearance is subject to the opinions of their instructors, directors, and dance masters -— not to mention their often ill-perceived body self-image (70). The body weight, percentage of body fat, and lean body mass of dancers have all been found to be lower than corresponding values for non-dancers (71). Percentage of body fat has been reported with a relatively large range from 12.7% through 22.4%. Except from the lowest percen- tage of fat reported, college dancers averaged above 20% where as the professional dancers averaged below 17%. CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY The experimental subjects were observed for seasonal changes in girth and skinfold measurements, percentage of body fat, body weight, and diet. The majority of the dependent variables were expected to decrease for the dancers and to stay the same for the non-dancers. Data were obtained Via questionnaires, journals, anthropometric measurements, and hydrostatic weighing. Sample Six high-ability female dancers from the Michigan State University Repertory Dance Company participated in the study. These experimental subjects ranged from sophomores to seniors and were 19 through 22 years of age at the start of the dance season. All subjects were returning members of the Company except for one transfer student with previous dance experience at another school. Six control subjects also participated in the study. They were selected on a volunteer basis and were students at Michigan State University who were similar in body build to the dancers. Out of 16 female dancers in the Repertory Company, and 8 returning members, 6 dancers participated in this study. All subjects performed two to four pieces in their annual dance concert. This concert marked their peak performance 12 13 period and the end of the study. The "treatment" conducted on the experimental subjects consisted of their dance classes and rehearsals as members of the Michigan State University Repertory Dance Company. All twelve subjects signed an informed consent form (Appendix A) which explained the conditions under which the subjects participated in this study and guaranteed con- fidentiality of data. Approval of the study was received from the University Committee For Research Involving Human Subjects. Sample size was determined by the number of high- ability female dancers available. Statistical significance was set at the .05 level for all analyses. The relatively small samples prohibited the establishment of a maximum a1- lowable type II error; and, unfortunately, statistical power was reduced to a substantially low level. Research Design The study used a quasi-experimental design and had an available sample from two selected populations (female col- lege dancers and female college non-dancers). Pretests and posttests were obtained on both groups. The dancers par- ticipated in dance classes and rehearsals. Standard t- tests were conducted on all variables to test the research hypotheses. Variables Anthropometric measurements, percentage of body fat (determined by hydrostatic weighing, Durnin, and Sloan-Weir 14 regression equations), caloric intake and expenditure, and percentages of protein, carboyhydrate, fat, and alcohol present in the diet served as dependent variables. T-tests were used within groups to analyze off-season and on-season changes as well as to evaluate differences between groups. Extraneous Factors Extraneous factors present in this study include the following: 1. A few subjects, due to scheduling difficulties, needed to be tested on different days or at diff- erent times of the day. This should have had a minimal effect, if any, on the data obtained. 2. The study took place during a seasonal temperature change (Fall to Winter). This may have affected opportunities and/or desires for caloric intake and expenditure. Methods Measuring the energy balance of individuals may be done in several ways. One of the most popular methods is to have subjects keep journals in which they record their ac- tivity and diet (72). This method is an inexpensive, es- sentially simple means to gain information concerning caloric intake and expenditure. Problems inherent in this type of data collection are the lack of subject knowledge for identifying amount of food portions and for judging the intensity of activity. These problems are magnified when the length of the study extends for a long period of time. 15 Measuring and weighing food can become a tedious respon- sibility as can recording all activities day and night. Subjects often begin to neglect daily recording and try to 'remember' and fill in values at a later date. Some sub- jects begin to habitually eat the same foods in the same portions in order to make the recording process easier. This practice destroys their normal dietary variety. Due to these difficulties, another method has been introduced (73). The Frequency Questionnaire requires subjects to complete an extensive questionnaire covering what types of food are eaten and what activities are performed and how often. In 1984, Mullen, Krantzler, Grivette, Shutz, and Meiselman (74) showed the questionnaire to be an effective means for estimating the average daily intake of calories for groups of individuals. The Frequency Questionnaire was used in this study for data collection regarding diet and activity. A journal also was used for collecting data concerning activity. Test Procedures The data were collected in the Center for the Study of Human Performance at Michigan State University. The ballet class for the experimental subjects took place in Studio 34 at the Intramural Sports Circle Building on the University's campus. The dancers were scheduled to be tested on the day rehearsals began for their annual dance concert prior to their first rehearsal. The control subjects were scheduled 16 to be tested two weeks later. The dancers were scheduled again on the day following their final performance in the annual dance concert. This was considered the peak of their season. The controls again were scheduled two weeks later. Due to time commitments and scheduling difficulties, two experimental subjects were tested one week later than scheduled both before and after the dance season. Two con- trol subjects were tested one and one-half weeks later than scheduled both before and after the study. Michigan State University Repertory Dance Company has a widely varied rehearsal schedule. Rehearsal time and in- tensity are dependent upon the number of pieces a dancer participates in, the length of the pieces, the idiom and style inherent in a particular dance, and the complexity of the movements and movement patterns within each choreo- graphic work. Each dancer was asked to keep an Activity Journal and to record on a weekly basis the amount of time spent rehearsing and participating in dance classes as well as the intensity of the dancing (High, Moderate, Low). To narrow the margin of subjectivity applied to decisions of intensity, an hour ballet class was given prior to the onset of the season in which the barre was defined as moderate intensity and center floor as high intensity. Any dancing below moderate was classified to be low intensity. 17 The ballet class was first taught at American Ballet Theatre in 1982 during a study by Cohen et al. (75) to determine a dancers' energy expenditure. The ballet class was recorded to document the specific steps used and the time elapsed for each exercise (Appendix B). Professor Dixie Durr, Dance Coordinator in the Department of Theatre at Michigan State University, reconstructed and taught the ballet class to the six experimental subjects (Appendix C). All exercises were conducted for time periods that were within two and one-half minutes of those used in the initial class. This slight time variation was due to am- biguous phrases and lack of specificity in the initial recording. It is suggested for future studies a form of notation be used, such as Labanotation, to ensure proper duplication of the class. Daily caloric expenditure due to dancing was estimated for the experimental subjects by keeping daily Activity Journals. The Journals included dance classes and rehear- sals with their respective intensities. Each subject also recorded any physically exerting activity on a daily basis in her Activity Journal. For example: walking, cycling, swimming, heavy cleaning, etc. A sample of the Activity Journal can be found in Appendix D. In addition to the daily journal, all subjects com- pleted two identical Activity Frequency Questionnaires (Appendix E). The first was completed in October 1986, just prior to the beginning of the dance season. The sub- jects were instructed to indicate their activity frequency 18 over the previous 14 weeks which included some summer activities. The second questionnaire was completed at the end of the 14-week dance season. The subjects were in- structed to indicate their activity frequency during the 14 weeks of the study. Daily caloric intake for all subjects was estimated from the Food Frequency Questionnaire (Appendix F). The instructions were similar to those given for the Activity Frequency Questionnaire. The subjects were instructed to indicate their food frequency with regards to the previous 14 weeks before the dance season and again during the dance season. The questionnaire was used and validated by Mullen et al. (76) in 1984. Forty-three anthropometric measurements were used (see Table 1). The measurements were taken just prior to the onset of the dance season. Twenty—four measurements were repeated at the end of the season. Skeletal measurements of heights, breadths, widths and lengths were not repeated as all subjects had completed their growth. All anthropometric measurements were taken by Dr. John Haubenstricker, Professor and Coordinator of the Motor Performance Study at Michigan State University. The measurements were taken in one session. A Lange skinfold caliper was used for skinfold measurements; a bow caliper and short anthropometer were used for breadths, widths, and lengths; a long anthropometer was used for heights; and a steel tape was used for girths. The equipment was cali- brated prior to testing. All measurements are defined 19 within the protocols established for use in the Center for the Study of Human Performance at Michigan State University. The subjects were measured in shorts and T- shirts. The variety of shorts worn may have effected the hip girth measurement, as some of the shorts were made of thinner material than others. I“! I - We": Mal-um. 8122!. MM. ".0" Tacit-acorn nu” ' .ltt'm In!" m .tmtol M Inuu M Duran-acorn km Duo-Q If...” It lull-u- Inspiration Duct M at but” hair-Non um: ‘ Irochluu km lore-r- km '00. km ‘l'hl'o 'Iw LC. km w liar-luv Lm LO. LN" mun m man *IOI '00!“ I" mm In” I!” “I. man 9.1m Inch GUI-tn Ila-u." um ”Cm! mm - I ”in. mm - I I". I'm “‘0'! It?“ In. Ctr-tn ecu out-in Add. 00'!!! out.“ mm Diem mm (Clu- In...» New. mm (CI..- Ila-o.) Oar-u- mm but mm m MIC? “00'... Trim ”Info“ Item IMO-hid 0003 III"... ”will” flint-IO min-c mum“ ”Nil “I"... he." timid III-O “MIDI. “If IIOMOOdi 20 For measurements of body composition, all subjects wore a light-weight one-piece bathing suit. The subjects were weighed on a balance beam scale to the nearest .Olkg. They were then weighed in an underwater weighing tank where body density was measured. Underwater weight was measured with a strain gauge. The signal from the strain gauge was sent to a Wheatstone bridge and then to a graphic recorder. Lung volume was measured underwater at the same time as the underwater weight using a closed-circuit, nitrogen dilution method. Three trials were executed. Percent fat was cal- culated and averaged from the three trials. The equipment was calibrated prior to testing. The protocol used has a coefficient of reliability of .99. Lastly, the experimental subjects completed a Weight Control Survey (Appendix G) which initially was used for athletes at Michigan State University and was revised for this study on dancers. The survey addresses methods of weight control as well as self-image and perspectives of weight in general. Treatment of Data Except for the data collected from the Weight Control Survey, all data were gathered, analyzed, and presented in interval form. Nutritional data were coded from the Food Frequency Questionnaires according to instructions of the Nutritionist III computer program (77). Foods then were analyzed according to estimated intake for one day by dividing the sum of 98. Daily kcal, and percent protein, m carbohydrate, fat, and alcohol intake were obtained. The procedure was repeated for each questionnaire, two questionnaires per subject, which provided off-season and on-season values. Data regarding caloric expenditure were taken from the Activity Journals and Activity Frequency Questionnaires. The Activity caloric expenditure was derived from energy expenditure tables derived by Cotterman (78) and Williams (79). Dance class and rehearsal times were separated by intensity level and energy expenditures were calculated using the Cohen et al. equations (80). Activity totals were divided by 98 days which determined energy expenditure per day. The subjects were assumed to sleep an average of eight hours per day. The resting metablic rate (RMR) was calculated from the tables of Williams (81). The remainder of the time not spent sleeping, dancing, or doing iden- tified physical activities was assumed to be spent in light activity; and energy expenditure was calculated from tables by Williams (82). The daily sum of activities, dance, and RMR from the Activity Journal and the daily sum from the Activity Frequency Questionnaire were averaged to represent the estimated average kcal expenditure per day for on- season. For off-season, only the Activity Frequency Questionnaire was used to estimate average kcal expenditure per day. Five out of the six control subjects did not keep adequate Activity Journals. Weeks were missing, or they filled out nothing at all. In these cases the Activity 22 Frequency Questionnaire was used alone for determining both on and off-season estimates. Raw interval data obtained from the Nutritionist III program (83) (daily estimations of kcal intake, and percent proten, carbohydrate, fat, and alcohol), the energy expen- diture tables (daily estimations of kcal expenditure), an- thropometric measurements, calculations of percentage of body fat (hydrostatic weighing as well as Sloan-Weir (84) and Durnin-Wormersley (85) calculations based upon specific anthropometric measurements), and body weight deter- minations were analyzed using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) computer system (86). Analyses included Condescriptive T-test (Groups), and T-test (Pairs). All interval data were distributed normally, skewness being >-2.0 and < +2.2. All variables were tested in each subprogram. CHAPTER IV RESULTS AND DISCUSSION The general objective of the study was to determine whether or not any changes occur in body composition, diet and activity habits of female college repertory dancers during their dance season. The differences recorded were compared to differences observed in a control group of non- dancers. Three methods of determining percent body fat were used, providing data comparable to that of other studies. Results Characteristics of the dancers and their observed seasonal differences are presented in Table 2. Statistically significant differences at the p-<.05 level are indicated in the far right column by an asterisk. The most notable decreases occurred in abdominal girth and fat, percentage of body fat, and caloric intake and expenditure. Presented in Table 3 are the corresponding charac- teristics of the control subjects and their observed changes during the study. Important, statistically sig- nificant decreases occurred in caloric intake and expenditure. Increases in the calf and abdominal region also were significant. A comparison of Table 2 and 3 can be made. 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Heights, breadths, lengths, and widths were taken during the pretest only (before the dance season) and are presented in Table 4 for both dancers and controls. There were no significant differences between groups in any of these measurements at the p <.05 level. This tends to sug- gest that no preselection in body type occurred in this group of dancers. Presented in Table 5 are measurements for both groups of subjects taken before the dance season. The only sig- nificant differences were in the subscapular and chest skinfolds. Dancers had significantly less subcutaneous fat in these areas prior to the dance season then did the controls. The measurements taken immediately after the dance concert are presented in Table 6. Two girth measurements, abdominal 2 and deltoid, show a significant difference between groups. Four skinfold measurements, chest, midauxillary, suprailiac, and abdominal, also are sig- nificantly different. Percentage of body fat, determined by hydrostatic weighing, is significantly different with the dancers having less fat than the controls. All of the differences observed show that after training, dancers have smaller measurements and less per- centage of body fat than do control subjects. 27 Tabie 4 - Pretest Only Anthropometric Dancers 8 Controls heasurements: Dancers Controls .3. ..s. .35.. .2. Height (inches) 63.7 3.41 62.9 2.28 Trochanteric Height 83.6 6.11 80.7 4.78 Sitting Height 86.5 3.55 85.6 1.27 Biacroniai Breadth 35.7 1.18 35.2 1.08 8iiiiac 8readth 26.3 1.43 26.6 1.05 Bitrochanteric Breadth 30.2 1.79 31.3 1.75 Chest Breadth at Haximun Inspiration 25.9 0.76 25.7 0.94 Cheat Breadth at Haximum Expiration 23.1 0.59 23.4 0.86 Brachiua Length 31.6 1.10 31.0 1.95 Forearm Length 26.3 1.26 26.6 i. 18 Foot Length 23.8 1.12 23.0 1.11 Thigh + Leg Length 78.7 5.94 75.9 4.62 Upper Extrendty Length 69.2 2.87 69.4 2.92 Leg Length 37.9 2.20 37.2 2.02 Humerue width 5.8 0.35 6.1 0.28 wrist Hidth 4.5 0.29 4.7 0.15 Fenur Hidth 8.4 0.67 8.9 0.34 Knee Width 8.4 0.82 8.5 0.38 ankle width 6.3 0.42 6.2 0.16 ...o.n o.«. 2.. ..«. . .3853 ...-u 28 « oo.« .... 3.. «.o 28......» 2.5. . «o.n a.nN an.» a..« u.o\c.xu ce.zh .a.v a n. on.« «... e.otc.xa .ac.¢uen< nu.n «.o. ««.« e.o u.oec.:a ue.r.ete:u no.. o.» oo.. «.8 n.0tc.xm xuo...xneo.x .«.. n.. no.» a." .o:ou.< « . . .a.« v.e no.9 «.v u.oec.xm noose op.o «.a« .«.o «..n yet a no.“ n.h no." h.¢ upocc.xu eaeo.a mo.o. n.»m no.» n.«m onetoxcooteu « .v.n ..v. vo.v a.v. u.otc.xm snoo.tr oo.« o.«. a... «.n. c.ouoLe « o «n.« a... he.. a.» n.0ec.xm Le.:eeoanam eon. v.a« a.o. v.»« soo\otau.ncooxu o.Lo.eu o«.e n.v. ap.o ..«. cuL.e a...) «no. «.on ova ..nn unaxoxeuc. u.Lo.-u ill on.e n.«« on.. a..« caL.e Inc-Lo. wo.|d|u awn. .m nul x i u oe.. ..o« oo.« a.m« .x... zuL.e oaou.a 9.0Lucou eLeuceo .m.. p.n« .e.~ n.n~ .vxu. tuL.o aeeu.a .co-eea tea. ua.p . op.. o.on .u.. a.a« cuL.e e.ou.oa «v.. n.e« «6.. ~.o« :uL.o o.x¢< aw.n a.n« n... «.n« .c.c.ao. us. soon « 0a.. m.nn o«.« ..vn cuL.o e.eu a... o.a. m... a... ...-x leo.m. ueu >000 « eo._ h.Vn oe.n o.vn :vL.u eetx no.1 p.0N «a.« n.u~ was soon a n..n a.~n an.e a..n :vL.e £0.3r 0... ..mn an.» e.nu .ax. uco.oa .e.v «.ee np.v «.oa 29L.o e.: wad-dd In: ......u le lim «a... ...... ..«.n «.3 5...... «a .2389. e.ecucou aLeoceo no.» e.no «o.« a.ne cuL.o . i .ec.loone 01.1 e.«e «0.. e..a :UL.o Leo.:ecn .caaeea eeov veg need n It. at...) a... ..on ma.- a.an 50L.o xoez 3134M: 4.1.... e.ocucou eLeocea eposucou ace eLeoceo .aucelesaeee: canoe» i tea i n e.AIh 29 pe.. n.. no.. o.« .ocou.< « an.» «.9» an.o o.«n at. a on... a.en on.v 0.0! euILoxconLlu fl oo.v n.e. on.» «.m. c.euOLe a ma« vow. new con. aeaxotav.ucenxu u.Lo.eu moo. on»« auo .on. xeoxoxeuc. u..¢.eu manna: .....Imn n.0Lucou eLeuceo acne-60 to. ue.o v0.0. o.O- GO.N H.3— e no.N n.0N Nh.e o.hm .wmdldlu lul iml a.0Lutou «.0 «.o. 0.04 e» 0.04..e>< yen to you find; w on.. o.«« .c.ctaa. as. soon a ho.- n.h_ .L.03 neo.m. ueu xuoa « «a.« a.«« vet >000 a NM.F «.mm .01. 9:0.e3 ....m. eLIQCIO .ceaeea co. «as head a ate at...) an.» ..«. ««.n ..«. emotc.1u t.-u no.n ... «n.« «.a e.eto.xn oocx no.» «.n« no.n a... u.oeu.xu.ra.gp . ««.n «.m. an.« a.o n.occ.xn .cc.uuou< . as.» «... on.« n.e e.occ.xw «......nam . un.« ... «a.a o.n o.o.c.xu xL-...x:ou.x . c«.« a.» «4.. o.' u.oxc.xu uoogu oo.« «.u ««.« o.o o.occ.xo oauo.a 00cm Mo‘s VO.‘ ‘0'. U.O$C¢¥fl 00.0.LP «..n «... oo.. o.o o.o;c.xn ...:oounoam u..o c... ‘¢.o ..«. cuu.u u...a 4... s.«« o..« «.o« cu..o scooto. na.. o..« s... n.»« .x... cu..o anon.- oo.. u..« p:.. o.n« .uxu. :u..o .nou.o . «o.. «..n n«.. c..« :u..u u.ou..o no.. n.o« «n.. q.o« :u..o o.s¢< a... ...n no.« ~.nn cu..u ..cu oa.o eumn o..n o.nn cu..o oocx up." p.vm o«.n ...» cu..o co.z» «o.v n.oo .... “.6. .r»..o u.x . on.» ..«. «q.» o.vo cu..u « . .-¢.¢uoa< cu.“ u.mo «n.« o..o cu..o . i .uc.¢oon< «n.n o.na no.« n..o :a..u ..o.ao:u oo.. o.on $9.. q.on cuu.o zoo; #41444.” e_oLucou aLeuced e.oLucou uce eLeoceo .auceeetaeie: toeeen i to i o e.neh 30 Also presented in Table 6 is "percentage lost fat of fat available to lose". This was determined by the subject's initial percentage of body fat (hydrostatic weighing) minus their posttested percentage of body fat to establish the percentage of body fat lost. It has been determined that a healthy woman's minimum percent body fat is approximately 12% (87). Therefore, each subject's initial percentage of fat minus 12% became the percentage of fat available to lose. The dancers in this study lost 18.7% of their body fat available to lose. The controls lost 0% of that fat available to lose. This difference between controls and dancers was significant. A primary purpose of this investigation was to evaluate differences in measurements of dancers from off-season to on-season. Dancer's differences in the sum of girths and in the sum of skinfolds were compared to those of the controls. The dancer's girths decreased 9.5 cm while con- trols increased 14.0 cm. The dancer's skinfolds decreased 9.2 mm while controls increased 9.9 mm. Both of these com- parisons are statistically significant (p < .05) as well as practically important. The specific anthropometric measurements are presented in Table 7. Seven out of fourteen girth differences between the dancers and controls were statistically significant. The abdominal girths show the greatest difference. Four out of ten skinfold differences were significant. These were mostly measurements from the trunk as opposed to the limbs. 31 Table 7 - Differences from Off - Season to On - Season. Dancers and Controls Dancers Controls .3. .5. .3. .1. .L>-.2§ Neck Girth 0.33 0.29 0.66 0.54 Shoulder Girth 0.03 1.24 1.56 2.00 Abdominal GIrth - 1 -2.01 0.76 1.91 1.94 ' Abdooinel Girth - 2 -2.92 1.99 2.80 1.98 ’ Nip Girth -0.72 2.28 0.82 2.20 Thigh Girth -0.28 1.74 2.70 1.63 ° Knee Oirth -0.30 0.40 0.65 0.47 ' Calf Girth ' -0.42 0.36 0.58 0.36 ' Ankle Glrth 0.02 0.72 -0.03 0.70 0eitoid Girth -0.53 1.00 0.53 0.87 810090 Glrth (Ext.1 -0.42 0.87 0.98 0.88 ' 8iceps Oirth (fix.l -0.42 0.68 0.46 0.53 ° Forearn Girth -1.76 4.09 0.38 0.36 wrist Girth -0.15 0.24 0.05 0.08 Sobscepuiar Skinfold 0.25 1.08 0.16 1.32 Triceps Skinfold -0.42 3.08 0.00 4.56 Biceps Sklnfold -0.16 0.82 -0.33 0.88 Chest Sklnfold ~0.16 1.36 0.66 1.40 HldaUXIIIery 5k1nfo|d -1.16 1.43 1.75 1.75 ' Suprailiac Skinfold -3.16 1.08 1.58 1.77 0 Abdonlnel Sklnfold -2.25 1.36 2.00 1.87 ' Thigh Skinfold -3.33 3.38 0.25 4.70 Knee Skinfoid 1:00 1.87 1.58 2.26 Calf Skinfold 0.25 1.36 2.25 1.72 ' Height -1.50 0.82 1.86 0.95 ' 5 Body fat (Hydrostatic Ueighing) -2.43 0.78 -0.35 3.30 5 Protein 2.50 3.39 2.33 2.50 5 Carbohydrate -3.33 3.88 -3.50 7.84 ; (gt 1.5 3.56 1.33 6.05 Caloric intake ~1550 565 ~1136 664 Calorie Expenditure -829 711 -1409 1100 32 The difference in body weight also was significant at the p < .05 level. Percentage of body fat in both groups decreased, al- though only a minimal amount in the control group. Both groups showed almost identical diet and activity patterns. Protein and fat consumption increased slightly, while car- bohydrate consumption showed a moderate decrease. Both groups had a decrease in their caloric intake by over 1,000 kcal. Surprisingly, both groups also decreased their activity levels which shows that dancers as well as controls expended more energy during the warmer months and suggests that dancers may be more active when they are not dancing. When they danced, they did not expend as much energy as they did in their non-dancing activities. This probably was affected by the seasonal factor previously mentioned. People tend to participate in more physical ac- tivities during the summer than the winter. The classes and rehearsals did not make up for the dancer's winter ac- tivity deficit. Discussion All measurements compare favorably with those obtained in previous studies as is outlined in Table 8 which presents the dancer's on-season measurements other than their anthropometric measurements which were taken only during the pretest. The on-season measurements are likely to be most representative of the dancers in this study when 33 Table 6 - Cowperlson of This Investigations heesurenente on Dancers to Previous Studys Heesureoents Anthems" e lessor—ate V . .~ ~ . i .- i 7 Q «I ‘5 .i' v’ I «"3 9‘ .r g * a“ ‘ . ~ " . ‘9 v f I' t Li.2.2’_" " '1 I“ 02 u u a) murmur.) 01.7 ...; ,' “_ 54.11 “q“JI‘L' “J “,5 lacronlel Ireeath )5.) 31.6 . 81111ac 8 eadth 28.3 23., litreem- tori: Dru-em 78.2 ll.1 humerus “‘0‘“ 5.0 6.4 Urlst Ildtn 4.5 4.6 lines View. 0.: s.0 Ankle 81°18 6.3 6.4 Neck Glrth 20.4 29.2 Shoulder Glrlh 81.6 82.6 Abdominal 1 Olrlh 61.9 62.7 thou-Ina! 1 017271 64.8 08.6 NI. Glrth 86.6 86.2 rung. Gllth 31.4 50.2 Knee Glrth 31.8 33.1 Calf Ollth 33.7 )4.) sum :01: 20.: 8011078 Olrth 28.4 28.4 Diese- 18-61 23.0 22.2 Disses 171-1 28.5 24.6 forser- Blrth 28.2 71.7 Irltl Dlrtn 13.11 14.3 510009. Silnleld 8.0 8.8 10.2 7.8 10.) Trice a thin old 14.4 13.8 5.6 12.2 lhlnleld 8.8 18.6 Ildeun. “Inleld 0.0 6.2 Ivare- Ill-e 5elnlele 8.3 7.0 8.) 8.7 17.8 8hlnla18 8.5 8.1 14., IM'. . Ihlnleld 18.5 18.7 21.8 14.4 17.3 Knee IhlnIOIG 8.! 8.2 8.1! Ihlnlald _ 12.J 14. [2.0 Table 0 - Comparison of This investigations on Dancers to Previous Studys heasurementa songs: «a s soay'ru J" j 6" 4' 3"? O (9” Measurements '5? 82 4sfi?’ 4P ‘ .‘§§" 4? JP 3° *sffiogf'g’ <7 7 . 80 '85 8 85 '86 84 [86 83 I weigh: L l l (lug) 52.3 51.8 53.5 54.5 48.4 50.0147.6 48. 50.5 5 fat (Hydro) 22.91 22.4 16.9 12.7 13. 5 fat (Sloan) 17.6 20.5 5 fat (Durnlnl 22.0I 5 fat (Sinninol 15.3 5 fat (Zwiren) 15.5 5 fat (Jackson) 12.8 5 fat (wllnore) 22.1L Diet . ' 8’ s Q Q. - .99 <~ ~> 3' :1” 9' .9 ~ .o .9 .~ + .9 w’ .7 9 4v 6’ 9 31 as 02 04 as an as kcal/day 1761 1200 5 Pro 15.6 5 C80 49.0 5 fat 32.6 35 compared to the data collected on other college and profes- sional dancers. The mean body weights of dancers in previous studies ranged from 47.6 kg to 54.5 kg. The dancers in this study had an average body weight of 52.3 kg which places them in the upper half of the range of body weights for dancers. Percentage of body fat is determined using a variety of methods, hydrostatic weighing being the most valid and reliable. The dancers in this study were estimated to have 22.9% body fat, the highest value shown in Table 8. Consideration should be given to the variations and validities of the various methods used. The reported mean height for the dancers in this study was 5' 3.7". They were among the shortest dancers that have been measured. The tallest dancers were reported by Peterson (88) at an average height of 5' 6.1". Note that although the experimental subjects could be considered short, the average difference between the shortest and tal- lest groups of dancers is only about 3 inches. 'Anthropometric measurements across groups of dancers are very consistent in almost all instances. Skinfold measurements demonstrated the greatest variance. The dancers in this study had relatively small skinfold measurements at the subscapular, biceps, suprailiac, and calf skinfold sites. Relatively large measurements were obtained at the triceps and knee. Measurements of the dancer's diets also compare favora- bly with the results obtained in the few other studies that 36 exist. Daily caloric intake was estimated at 1761 kcal for the experimental subjects; whereas, 1673, 1358, and 1200 kcal per day are reported for studies by Cohen et al. (89), Calabrese et al. (90), and Mostardi (91), respectively. Daily percentages of protein and carbohydrate intakes reported in this study and by Cohen et al. (92) are within 2% of each other. Daily percentage of fat intake was 32.6% for the experimental subjects in this study and 38.0% for Cohen's (93) dancers. As stated previously, the experimental subjects' caloric intake was 1761 kcal per day. This is slightly below their calculated energy needs when Peterson's (94) equations are applied: (Body Weight lb.) x (15) + (200 kcal/DANCE CLASS/DAY) Experimental subjects: (115) x (15) + (400 kcal) = 2125 kcal/day This assumes that the dancers participated in the equivalent of two classes per day, a suitable estimate when taking rehearsals into consideration. The dancers appear to have been deficient 364 kcal/day. The experimental subjects completed a Weight Control Survey at the end of the dance season. Only one subject reported bulimic practices and the use of laxatives to lose or maintain weight. The most popular choices for weight reduction or maintenance include exercising more, cutting down on snacks, cutting down on junk food, and eating smaller meals without counting calories. These are all logical and accepted procedures to reduce excess body 37 weight or to maintain body weight. In general, the dancers in this study appeared to be weight conscious, although not obsessive in nature. CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS This investigation was designed to evaluate changes in six female dancers during a season of training for a col- lege repertory dance company. Five hypotheses were tested, and three were accepted at the p <.05 level. Summary The first hypothesis stated that dancers would show a significant decrease in their percentage of body fat from off-season to on-season. The dancers began with 25.3% fat and ended with 22.9%. The first hypothesis was accepted at the p ‘<.05 level. The second hypothesis Stated that dancers will have a significantly greater change in percentage of body fat, then will a group of non-dancers, from off-season to on- season. Although the dancers percentage of body fat de- creased over 2%, the controls also decreased from 28.7% to 28.3%, and the difference between groups was not statistically significant (p >.05). Therefore, the second hypothesis was rejected. (Kirkendall and Calabrese (95) reported that body fat in professional dancers changed from 13.4% to 13.8% from pre to peak season which contradicts the finding of this investigation.) The third hypothesis stated that dancers would have significantly larger differences in girth and skinfold 39 measurements, from off-season to on-season, than would a group of control subjects. Changes in the sum of girth measurements as well as in the sum of skinfold measurements were significantly different at the p <.05 level. Specifically, abdominal, thigh, knee, calf, and biceps girths as well as midauxillary, suprailiac, abdominal, and calf skinfolds showed signficance. The third hypothesis was accepted. The fourth hypothesis stated that the dancers would significantly decrease their caloric intake from off-season to on-season. In fact, the dancers went from 3311 to 1761 kcal per day. This is significant at the p <.05 level and the hypothesis is accepted. However, it should be noted that when the changes in caloric intakes of the dancers were compared with those of the controls, there was no sig- nificant difference. The Control subjects also decreased their caloric intake during the course of the study. The last hypothesis stated that the dancers would show a significant increase in caloric expenditure from off— season to on-season. This hypothesis was rejected. The dancers decreased their average caloric expenditure by 829 kcal per day, a finding contradictory to what one might expect. Suggested Research Following is a list of suggested research to further knowledge of the physiological effects of dance in college repertory dancers. 4O 1. An ongoing investigation should be conducted using an entire college repertory company in an attempt to establish norm values and trends of seasonal differences for this type of subject. 2. Many more studies are needed comparing off-season and on-season measurements to determine the ef- fects of dance training in college-level dancers. 3. An extensive dietary evaluation is needed which will take dormitory food into consideration for its effect on changing dietary habits from off- season to on-season. 4. Investigations involving male dancers are more scarce than those involving females, this should be corrected. Research on dance is still in its infancy. Educators and their institutions have a responsibility to nurture this up and coming movement so that the art of dance and the science of dance may grow together. APPENDICES APPENDIX A CONSENT FORM 43 APPENDIX A CONSENT FORM HICBIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF HUMAN PERFORMANCE mm; The exercise test(s) and procedure(s) to be used in the study of have been explained to me. I agree to serve voluntarily as a subject in the research described. I understand that this research is being undertaken to further knowledge “concerning”the'féspOnses of Individuals to exercise regimens. I understand that some physical discomfort may be experienced and that no beneficial effects are guaranteed. I have had an opportunity to ask questions regarding the test(s) and procedure(s) to be used and have been informed that I am free to withdraw my consent and to discontinue my participation at any time. I understand that the results may be used in scientific publication(s) with anonymity assured, that the data of individuals will be treated in strict confidence, and that within these restrictions my results will be made available to me upon my request. I understand that if I an injured as a result of my participation in this research project, Michigan State University will provide emergency medical care, if necessary. but these and any other medical expenses must be paid from my own health insurance program. Subject Signature Investigator Signature Date Date APPENDIX B BALLET CLASS ~ AMERICAN BALLET TNEATRE 45 APPENDIX B BALLET CLASS - AMERICAN BALLET THEATRE Iarre Ixereises Adagio 3/4 (4 min): demi and grand plié} port de corps: balance soussus. Hoderato 4/4 (4 min): battement tendu with plié'and flex: turn-in. turn-out. Allegro 4/4 (1 min 55 s): battement dégagéz pas de chevai. Allegro 3/4 (5 min): rond de jambe b terre. grand rond de Jambe. retire’to arabesoue (flat and en relevél: circular port de corps: relevé'passefi Allegro 3/4 (1 min 45 s); battement double frappeg balance passe to attitude to arabesoue. Adagio 4/4 (6 min): developpé to grand rond de jambe to arabesque penche: retire to passe: developpe’to 2nd: port de bras: repeat en relevé: lunge then to arabesque. balance en releve. Allegro 4/4 (1 min 15 5): grand battement (pointed. flexed. developpe. retire): balance (passe). Center Floor cxereises Hoderato 4/4 (1 min 20 s): dégagez coupe’ballonnéi pas de bourree: pirouettes en dehors and en dedans. Adagio 3/4 (2 min): walk phrase: pioué'arabesque and an event: grand rond de Jambe. pas de bourree en tournant. Hoderato 3/4 (1 min 25 s): waltz phrase: arabesque and attitude turns: balancé'en tournant; pirouettes en dedans and en dehors. "Petlt Allegro" 4/4 (1 min): entrechat quatres entrechat royale: changement: echappéfl ”Grand Allegro” 3/4 (1 min 10 s): temps do flochel piouar arabesquez cabriolei balance'en tournants grand iota? run. APPENDIX C BALLET CLASS - MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY REPERTORY DANCE COMPANY 47 APPENDIX C BALLET CLASS — MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY REPERTORY DANCE COMPANY Barre Exercises Adagio 3/4 (3 min 58 s): 1 grand pliec 2 demi plié’s with port de bras: first. second. fourth. and fifth positions: and soussus. Moderato 4/4 (2 min 45 s): tendu plié’en croix: tendu flex and point close fifth encroix: tendu rotate in and out close fifth en croix. Allegro 4/4 (’1 mi’n 10 s): 7 de’gage”s first. close fifth dessuos: 7 degage's first close fifth dessus: pas de cheval en croix. 4 ala seconde close fifth: repeat. Allegro 3/4 (4 min 36 s): Rond de Jambe 3 terre - 8 endehors and 8 endedans: Crand rond de Jambe en l’air endehors and endedans: retire. arabesque and fondu: relevefi retire:and soussus: full cambré toward the barre and away: passe relevéz balance. Allegro 3/4 (2 min 12 3): Preparation. double frappé en croix. and 4 Ala seconde: repeat 4 times: releve passé'to attitude and arabesque. balance. / Adagio 4/4 (4 min 5 s):"Developpe’grand rond de Jampe I endedans: penche: retire developpe} repeat on releve: retire and lunge: arabesoue fondu: releve. balance. Allegro 4/4 (3 min 25 5): Grand battement encroix pointed: repeat’flexed: repeat developpe: repeat enveloppe: passé' releve. balance. Center Floor Exercises Moderato 4/4 (1 min 2 s): Degagé: coupe ballonnék pas de bourree dessuos to fourth position: pirouette endehors. pirouette endedans. close fifth dessuos: repeat reversed. Adagip 3/4 (3 min): Walk a circular path for 4 phrases: pique arabesoue. hold: retiré'to en face: developpé'a 1a quatrieme devant: grand rond de Jambe to arabeque: pas de bourree en tournant endehor: repeat reversed. 48 Hoderatp 3/4 (1 min 48 5): Begin facing corner 1. Balancéz balance: piaue’arabesoue entournant: attitude relevé’ entournant: balancé’entournant: lunge. prepare for pirouette: pirouette endedans: repeat reversed. Petite Allegro (1 min 28 s): Entrechat duatre: royale. 2 changements. 2 échappe saute’changes: repeat reversed. Grand Allegro 3/4 (approximately 2 min): Step left. temps do fléche to corner 2: pique arabesque: step ri ht. cabriole to corner 4: balancé entournant: run grand Jete: run off: repeat reversed. APPENDIX D ACTIVITY JOURNAL 5() APPENDIX 0 ACTIVITY JOURNAL \ V . . a .w e \ e a s ,. H H a....\\. 5955.». :3: ions—=8. #33ng ramps 5029. :95.» En» Bank w... h. -.. : .--. .- .... -11.. .Il. . --.-...-.i- . l 33:20. newton-e3 . -- u . co ...: II\ III-1‘ ... I. . . l .11... .1 ....I. Id§8n1n~>nltIT‘I 11.1.111' III. 51 w n p . _ . .. _ . _ n _ . . . . . _. .. . _ . . n m . . . . . _ u u . u . . . . n u .. m . _ . . _ u .. a m . u . . .. -. 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Coo.- ~ I .89 ewe-H nosey unstressed 355... o. «o mouse one due: uppe— nub—Nu Aasvcsm «succuuonv _ . . x x no see... daze as asoacssus as rhumzuhz~ Sou: mumm<4u mundn a mg-‘--h—J dd-I Cakes: any fruit cake variety ----—-—-—-~ Cookies: 32":35133E with fruit as an —-.-4' “Wm" ‘ix.'::*::n::::n::i“ b“- M Cookies: any ygiigayegith oataeal as --- Cookies: any other variety -- Bresklaat cereal: hot. oat-eel type Breakiast cereal: hot. wheat type Breaktaat cereal: cglg‘ any high fiber -— Breakfast cereal: cggg‘ ‘38 gag.‘iber ....n D Breakfast cereal: cgig‘ 32¥n12:.II”" -—--q Breakfast cereal: cold. granola ----—--—-~ "‘" 0 "hole grains: bulgar I. "hole grains: corn. on cob/whole kernel - "hole grains: corn. hoeiny/grits --..-...-. 61 h 4 ' - sanvmosut ---- -~ - ----— RARELY 0 KEVER DAILY HEEKLY HDNTNLY YEARLY Hbole grains: rice. brown varieties --—--—« "hole grains: rice. white polished ----- . Uhole grains: rice. instant/ninute ..---_.+ "hole grains: triticala "hole grains: wild rice Pasta: rice. rice noodles db— Pasta: spinach. spinach noodles -------+ 9.0“...“ s d ‘ Pasta: wheat. any stuffed variety - Pasta: wheat. any “string/noodle" variety Dinner Starch: potato. baked in skin --—‘ I Dinner Starch: potato. french fries ---+ Dinner Starch: potato. lashed with nilk -£ Dinner Starch: 333358.98gyt8tgfiiFSorn -- Dinner Starch: sweet potato -- Dinner Starch: yana. baked --—------- Dinner Starch: yans. candied Dinner Starch: yucca/maniac 0thfisnE51§nsIStarches Eaten at Least [please identify] ‘— Ipleaae identity] .. [please identify] VICEIABLIS Artichoke Asparagus. Banbeo shoots Beets Bok Choy Broccoli a“. Brussels Sprouts Cabbage: Anerican variety [red or greenI -' Cabbage: Chinese variety Carrots Cauliflower Celery Chives rune-abhor --«-—-..-------—“-—_—-—---———-—-I ' '0-” -- o-o- -Q r 62 -. s . -' '- ”rm... _ ._._,_-____rntwcpw._... SERVING SIZE ' RARELY 0‘ DAILY HEERLY MONTHLY YEARLY NEVER Eggplant Carlie Greens: any for. of vegetable green ——---- Sale Iohlrabi Leeks Lettuce Hushroons Okra Onions: green Onions: nature [brown or white] ‘—?lfiiiy ‘ Parship Peppers: any hot torn Peppers: any sweet for: Prickly Peer Leaves Punpkin laddishes Rhubarb Rutsbaga Seaweed: any tors Shallots Spinach Sprouts: any for. of vegetable sprout ---- Squash: any tors of squash Tonatoca: any fresh fore Tonatoes: paste or sauce Toeatillos Turnips Hater chestnuts Hater crass “ESLX‘fl‘t‘éifl listens“: 1'3““) [[please identify) ...4 [please identify) ---1 [please identify) --d LECUHES Beans: black-eye peas Beans: any red torn 623 TYPICAL SERVING SIZE FREQUENCY DAILY NEERLY MONTHLY YEARLY RAFELY' NEVER Beans: any white for- Beans: any yellow Porn Beans: fresh string beans [snap beans) ...-o.» Carbonaos [chickpeas] Lentils Peas Peas: snow peas Soybean: any far-sated torn Other Leguns Baten at Least Monthly: [please identify] -—- [please identify) -- [please identify] -—- NUTS AND SEEDS Alsonds Peanuts: oil roasted Peanuts: dry-roasted walnuts Squash Seeds Sunflower Seeds Other Nuts/Seeds Eaten at Least Monthly [please identify] ...- [please identity] ..-- [please identify) -——— BtlllES. rauxrs. nun anons Cranberries: whole or crushed Strawberries Other Berries Eaten at Least Monthly [please identify] ---4 [please identify] ... [please identify] -.. Apples [any torn) 64 ”NHL SERVING SIZE Apricots Avocado Bannana Cherries: trash Cherries: naraschino Dates ... ,_ f MW‘IO‘ I DAILY MEERLY HDNYMLY YEARLY RARELY C NEVER Pigs Orapeiruit: pink or white Grapes: fresh . Crepes: dried [raisins] 0' F kiwi Litchi Mango Olives: green ' P- Olives: ripe [black] Oranges [any for-I Peaches Pineapple [any torn] Pluns: fresh .~ Pluns: dried [prunes] Ponegranste Prickly Pear Fruit tangerinea Other Pruits Eaten at Least Monthly [please identify] [please identify) [please identify) Centaloupe Casaha Melon honeydew nelon Haternslon Other Melons Baten at Least Monthly [please identify] [please identify] [please identify) BEVERAGES Not: Bouillon 65 TYPICAL SERVING SIZE ---~ "“thEODENCY' DAILY NEEKLY MONTHLY YEARLY RAFELY ( NEVER Hot: Chocolate [nilk + syrup/powder] ...... Not: Chocolate [water + syrup/powder) Not: Cofiee [groundlpowdered/instantl ---..-. Mot: Cofiee [flavored types] Mot: Tea [teabaglleai types) llot: res [instant. sugar added] Mot: Tea [instant. dietetic with lenon) ...—.- llot: ‘rca [herb teas] Otnsgtni§ Beverages Consuned at Least -——--—.i [please identify) .... .-—__‘-__._.__._...__. [please identify] .... [please identity] I Alcoholic: ale/beer [any variety) --—--—-——[ Alcoholic: liqueurs [any variety] “s:':::::: trials: In: zaaf-sxamh- ~' Alcoholic: wines [dessert/apgritif] Alcsnglicé.g =e3.[dggngr: any red. rose. Carbonated: cola-like with sugar Carbonated: cola-like. dietetic Carbonated: 7-up like. with sugar -—---—--l Carbonated: 7—up like. dietetic Carbonated: any other variety. with sugar -- Carbonated: any other variety. dietetic Pruit Juices: apple Pruit Juices: coconut silk Fruit Juices: cranberry Fruit Juices: grapefruit Pruit Juices: grape Pruit Juices: lenonade Pruit Juices: orange Pruit Juices: pineapple fruit Juices: prune Vegetable Juices: carrot Vegetable Juices: tonato-----------l Vegetable Juices: V-B like ‘WM—~O_~n. ...“ “‘ 66 TYPICAL SERVING SIZE ~ FREQUENCY instant Mines: kool-aid type RARELY I DAILY MEERLY MONTMLY YEARLY ‘ NEVER Instant Mines: tang type °I§§s 553w °1¢ Eitfififi :I::5‘33"'““' ____-__. ..-..- __l __ PO." -..“, [please identify) ...... [please identity) -—--. [please identify] -—-—1 SNACIS AND DESSERTS Candy: any caranel type Candy: any chocolate type Candy: any hard type W . Chewing gun: any type uith sugar ---------7 Chewing gun: any non-sugar type - --------- ... Pies: any crean type Pies: any fruit type Pies: any out type Pies: any punpkin type Puddings: any custard type Puddings: any rice type Puddings: any tapioca type ’“d‘1n30:'any jello type dessert ---......... Miscellaneous sweets: fruit cocktail ----~ Miscellaneous sweets: popsicklea -----—---« Chips: any cheese type Chips: any corn type Chips: any potato type Crackers: any cheese type Crackers: any Crahan cracker type --------- Crackers: anytgggslwheat thin/triscuit ---- Crackers: any saltine [node] type -------u Pretzels: any type Miscellaneous “°“""§iu snacks: onion ---—-~ “licel I‘m m*.n.t gngcufl. ° --—-—----e...¢v P°P° °&::: 5' ':;°£.I::‘fi::::1§"‘c*' [please identify) -.... [please identity] ....i [please identify) (37 IO CONDINEIITS AND FLAVOIIIB AGENTS Dried herbs/spices: leaves [any variety] --.4 TYPICAL SERVING SIZE I FREQUENCY LARELY DAILY arm: mm EARLY hEVEI Dried herbs/spices: seeds [any variety! -..... MSG Pepper: black Pepper: red [chili-pepper types] Salt: Salt: Salt: not iodited iodized flavored types [garlic salt. ctc.] lce crsan toppings [any variety] -—-----—. ..-—----- .lm : nnv variety Jellies: any variety ~.J. ' 57t0ps: pancake iruit/naple types ---—...__.. Syrups: sorghun [nolasses] -O‘ Barbecue sauce: any variety Catsup: any variety Cheese: grated. ahake—on-types ---------—--1 Chill sauce: chunky-salsa types ............. Chili sauce: rabasco/Louisiana hot types -- _-we' 'nw—‘I Horseradish Mustard Peanut butter: chunky/snooth types ...-......, Pickles: relish Pores Pickles: --—---—---4| whole or chips [dill] Pickles: Soy sauce whole or chips [sweet] -------- Tahina [sesane paste] Tartar sauce Teriyaki sauce Vinegar Ubrcestershire sauce °'ES£.5323‘RY‘ESnSB‘nSIIYY§‘"‘ *¢*"‘= [please identify] nan-4 [please identify] [please identify] -..J II SUGAR AID SHEETENINC AGENTS Honey [any torn] I l i I L a f 68 TYPICAL SERVING SIZE FREQUENCY DAILY HEEKLY MONTHLY YEARLY RAFELY C NEVER Sugar: brown 5088': Powdered/granulated forns ---- Sugar substitute: saccharin ........ 'H suCar substitute: any other torn --- °‘ESR:§3§3'.2'L§¥33‘fiSIER19“““ [please identify] nun—..-‘oq [please identify] [please identify] APPENDIX G WEIGHT CONTROL SURVEY 70 APPENDIX G WEIGHT CONTROL SURVEY lnstrgctions Do not write your name on this questionnaire. Answer questions honestly. IF you need to understand a question. please ask For help. Personal Backround 1. Type of subject: Dancer _ Non-dancer 2. How old are you: years and months. 3. What is your race? (Check One) Ill Hispanic Oriental Other (describe) 4. What is your marital status? (Check One) Never Married Married Separated or divorced Widowed 5. How tall are you? feet and inches. 6. How much do you weigh? pounds. 7. what do you think about your weight? I am more than IO pounds underweight. I am 5 to IO pounds ____ underweight. I am Just about the right weight. ____ I am 5 to IO pounds overweight. I am more than IO pounds overweight. 8. Please indicate whether you have had any of these illnesses For six months or more at any time during your life. (Check all that apply) Diabetes ____,Asthma 71 Honomucleosis (Mono) __m_ Anemia (low blood count) Stomach or bowel problems Epilepsy Allergies Other (describe) 9. What is the most you ever weighed? pounds. 10. Do you worry about your weight? (Check one) Almost never Once in a while Often _u__ Almost always II. During the season while you age agtuallx in rehearsals for dance. does your weight go up or down often? (Check One) Yes. if I am not careful. I gain weight. Yes. if I am not careful. I lose weight. No. I stay at about the same weight without much effort. I2. During the off-season while you are 993 rehearsing for dance. does your weight go up or down often? (Check One) Yes. if I am not careful. I gain weight. Yes. if I am not careful. I lose weight. No. I stay at about the same weight without much effort. 13. During the off-season. are you usually involved in the following? (Check all that apply) Dance classes Rehearsals for a different production involving dance. I dance on my own. I am involved in a physical activity other 72 than dance. I am not involved in any physical activity. )4. How often do you go on eating binges? Binging means eating so much that you feel physically uncomfortable. When people binge. they are eating out of control (for example. eating a half-gallon of ice cream at on time). (Check one) Never Less than once a week More than once a week Almost every day w.‘ .75. ..‘I'f'r .. P4“; ‘- ‘- 15. In the past year has anyone told you that you are underweight? Yes No (if no. skip to question I7.) 16. Who told you that you are underweight? (Check all that apply) Dance teacher/Director Fellow dancer Friend. other than a dancer. Parent (or step’ parent or foster parent) Husband or wife Sister or brother (or step-sister or step- brother) Doctor Your child(or step- child or foster child) Other (describe) I7. In the past year. has anyone told you that you are overweight? Yes No (if no. skip to Question I9.) I8. Who told you that you are overweight? (Check all that apply) 73 Dance teacher/Director Fellow Dancer “nu“ Friend. other than a dancer. Parent (or step- parent of foster parent) Husband or wife Doctor Your child (or step- child or foster child) Other (describe) I9. In the past year. have you tried to lose weight? Yes No (if no. skip to Question 21.) 20. Why did you want to lose weight? (Check all that apply) To look better To improve my health To perform better in dance To get or keep a role in dance company To get smaller muscles To please or satisfy other people Some other reason (describe) 21. In the past year. have you tried to gain weight? Yes No (If no. skip to question 23.) 22. Why did you want to gain weight? (Check all that apply) To look better To improve my health To perform better in dance To get or keep a role in dance company To get stronger To get bigger muscles To please or satisfy other people .... “l1 H"I‘.I;l 74 Some other reason (describe) Have you ever had a menstrual period? Yes - No (if no. skip to Question 34.) 24. How old were you when you had your first menstrual period? years and months 25. Are your menstrual periods: (Check one) Regular (about the same number of days between periods) Unpredictable Haven’t had enough periods to tell yet. (if you checked this box. skip to question 33.) 26. Do your menstrual periods usually occur (Check one) Every 2-3 weeks About once a month Every 5-7 weeks More than 2 month between periods. 27. Do you usually gain weight during the two weeks Just before your period starts? Yes No (if no. skip to Question 29.) 28. How much weight do you usually gain during the two weeks Just before you period starts? 1-2 pounds 3-5 pounds 6-9 pounds 10 or more pounds 29. Do your eating habits change during the two weeks Just before your period starts? No (if no. skip to Question 31.) -.-rm .. A 75 Yes. I eat less Yes. 1 eat more 30. Depending on your answer to Question 29.. Which types of food do you eat less. or more. (Check all that apply) Breads and cereals Sugar and sweets Heat Dairy products Butter and fats llil 31. How do you feel about yourself during the two weeks Just before your period starts? I feel the same as usual I feel thinner or lighter than usual I feel fatter or heavier than usual 32. After several months of having menstrual periods. have your periods ever stopped occurring (for reasons other than pregnancy. menopause. or hysterectomy)? Yes No (if no. skip to Question 35.) 33. How old were you when your periods stopped occurring? (Most recently)? years and months. 34. Why do you think your periods stopped occurring? (Check all that apply) Dancing Exercise Underweight _ Overweight Other (describe) 35. Are you presently using any form of birth control pills? Yes No (if no. skip to Question 38.) 36. How long have you been taking birth control pills? less than 6 months 6 months to 1 year .76 1-2 years 2-5 years 5-10 years over 10 years 37. Do you feel birth control pills affect your performance as a dancer? Yes. I perform better Yes. I perform worse No. they have no affect on my performance. DANCE BACKROUND. The next four questions are about the one dance teacher/director who influences you the most. 38. is your teacher/director a man or a woman? (the one who influences you the most) Man Woman 39. About how old is your teacher/director? less than 30 years old 30-50 years old More than 50 years ...-...— old Don’t know 40. Is your teacher/director concerned about how much dancers should weigh? (Check one) Yes. for all the dancers Yes. but only for the best dancers ___“ Yes. but only for the poorest dancers Yes. but only for the dancers who have weight problems. No Don’t Know 41. Is your teacher/director strict about how much dancers should weigh? For example. does he/she say how much you should weigh? Yes. for all the dancers Yes. but only for the best dancers Yes. but only for the zanmvz ' FAMILY BACKROUND poorest dancers Yes. but only for the dancers who have weight problems No ____ Don't Know 42. In your opinion. are any of your BLOOD RELATIVES very overweight? An example of a blood relative is a natural or biological parent instead of a step-parent. Yes No (if no. skip to Question 44.) I don't know any of my blood relatives. (if you checked this box. skip to Question 46.) 43. In dicate which BLOOD RELATIVES you think are very overweight. (Check all that apply) Sister or brother Mother Father Grandparent Aunt Uncle Your child 44. In your Opinion. are any of your BLOOD RELATIVES very underweight? Yes No (If no. skip to Question 46.) 45. Indicate which BLOOD RELATIVES you think are very underweight. (Check all that apply) Sister or brother Mother Father Grandparent Aunt Uncle Your child lllllll 78 46. How are the following persons concerned about your weight? (Check all that apply) Dance Spouse Other Family Teacher] Fellow or Eggggt Member Friends Director Dancer Mate Tease me about my weight.... ~_ Remind me about my weight (negative) Remind me about my weight (positive) Help me to develop a plan for weight control... Help me to control the amount of food I eat Prepare or cook foods which are good for me Give me Information about weight ‘ control... Thank you for answering the questions in the first part of this questionnaire honestly. If you have NEVER TRIED WEIGHT LOSS OR WEIGHT GAIN METHODS. you have finished the questionnaire. If you have tried to LOSE WEIGHT OR TRIED TO MAINTAIN WEIGHT WITH WEIGHT LOSS METHODS. please answer the questions in the second part of this questionnaire. (Page 18.) If you have tried to GAIN WEIGHT OR TRIED TO MAINTAIN WEIGHT WITH WEIGHT GAIN METHODS. please answer the questions in the third part of this questionnaire. (Page 29.) ' ... "“‘r 79 WEIGHT CONTROL SURVEY PART II Questions About Losing Weight Before you answer the questions in Part Two. tear off Page 37 of this questionnaire. This page has information which will help you to answer the questions in Part Two. 47. Indicate if you have tried any of the following methods of losing or maintaining weight. Tried and Tried but lost or didn’t lose Never maintained or maintain tried weight weight Exercising more............... Cutting down on snacks........ Cutting down on Junk food..... -——* W Skipping meals more than once or tWiceaweak-......OOOIOOOO Eating smaller meals without counting calories............. Using low—calorie or diet FOOds and dr‘nRSOOOOOOOIOOOOO. Using special diets which involve eating mostly~one kind of food. such as grapefruit or high protein diets ..... .... Counting calories............. Drinking less water or other liquids.............. Using sauna or steambaths..... Fasting....................... Spitting...................... Using diet pills.............. Using diuretic pills.......... NV - v. «in, run-‘ga- . 80 Using laxatives............... vom‘ting...IOOOOQOOOOOOOOOOOOO Other ...... 48. If you have tried any of these methods of losing or maintaining weight. indicate whether it helped or hurt your dance performance. (Skip any method which you have not tried) Didn't Helped Hurt affect gerformance gerformance performance Exercising more.......... Cutting down on snacks... Cutting down on Junk food Skipping meals more than once or twice a week..... Eating smaller meals with outcounting calories..... Using low-calorie or diet foods and drinks......... Using special diets which involve eating mostly one kind of food. such as grapefruit or high protein diets.................... Counting calories... ..... \ Drinking less water or other liquids......... Using sauna or steambaths Fasting.................._______ Spitting................. Using diet pills......... Using diuretic pills..... Using laxatives.......... Vomiting................. Other . 81 49. ELQQEQQ - Answer parts a through c of this question if you ever go on eating binges. Binging means eating so much that you feel physically uncomfortable. When people binge. they are eating out of control (for example. eating a half- gallon of ice cream at one time). If you never go on eating binges. skip to Question 50. a. How often do you go on eating binges? (Check one) Less than once a week More than once a week _ Almost every day b. After a binge. how often do you make yourself vomit? (Check one) Never vomit After only a few binges After about half of the binges After most binges c. After pinging. do you usually increase your exercise level? Yes No 50. Dancing Morg - If you have ever tried dancing more to lose or maintain weight. please indicate how you danced more (Check all that apply). If you never tried this method of weight loss. go to Question SI. - Increase the amount of time you dance each day Increase the number of days you dance each week Increase the intensity of dancing which you do (work harder when you dance) Increase the amount of dancing or the number of repetitions you usually do for each exercise. Add different idioms of dance 51. Skigging Meals - Answer parts a through d of this question if you have ever tried skipping meals to lose or maintain weight. If you never tried this method of weight ..L [7 82 loss. 90 to Question 52. a. When you try to lose or maintain weight. how many days a week do you usually skip meals? (Check one) one two three four five six seven b. When you try to lose ar maintain weight. how many meals do you usually skip each day? (Check one) one two three other c. When you try to lose or maintain weight. which meal do you skip most often? (Check all that apply) Snacks Breakfast Lunch Dinner d. How old were you when you started to skip meals to lose or maintain weight? years old. 52. Using Sggcial Qigtg - answer parts a through d of this question if you have ever tried special diets to lose or maintain weight. If you have never tried this method of weight loss. skip to‘Question 54. a. Describe the special diet(s) which you have used: Tyges gf Foods Used b. When you try to lose or maintain weight. how many days a week do you usually use this special diet? (Check one) One Two Three Four Five Six 7" 1‘. JGLL .4 J‘ 83 Seven c. What is the longest number of consecutive days a week do you usually use this special diet? days. d. How old were you when you started to use special diets to lose or maintain weight? years old. 53. Counting Calories - Answer parts a through d of this question if you have ever tried counting calories to lose or maintain weight. If you never tried this method. skip to question 54. a. When you try to lose or maintain weight. how many calories do you usually eat each day? (Check the answer which is nearest to the correct number of calories) less than 500 500 750 1000 1250 1500 I750 2000 2250 2500 2750 3000 3250 3500 more than 3500 b. When you try to lose or maintain weight. how many days a week do you usually count calories? (Check one) One Two Three Four Five Six Seven llllll c. What is the longest number of consecutive days you have counted calories? days. ‘ d. How old were you when you started to count calories to lose or maintain weight? years old. 54. Saunas g5 Steam Baths - Answer parts a through d of these question if you have ever tried saunas or steam baths to lose or maintain weight. If you never tried this method of weight loss. skip to question 55. a. When you try to lose or maintain weight. how many days a week do you use a steam bath? (Check one) One Two Three Four Five Six Seven 84 b. Have you ever used a sauna or steam bath more than once a day? (Check one) Yes. often Yes. once or twice No c. How long are each of your saunas or steam baths? (Check one) - 10 minutes or less 11-15 minutes 16-20 minutes More than 20 minutes 0 d. How old were you when you starte to use saunas or steam baths to lose or maintain weight? years old. 55. Fasting - Answer parts a through d of this question if you have ever tried fasting to lose or maintain weight. If you never tried this method of weight loss. skip to Question 57. a. Which liquids do you usually drink when you are fasting? (Check all that apply) Water Fruit Juices Soft drinks or colas Teas or coffee Milk Alcoholic Beverages Other ~ (describe) lllll b. When you try to lose or maintain weight. how many days a week do you usually fast? One Two Three four Five Six Seven llllH c. What is the longest number of consecutive days you have fasted? days. d. How old were you when you started to fast to lose or maintain weight? years old. fl“: “7. 'vri‘fldi'J: "ta-ref \— i a g i 85 56. Vomtging - Answer parts a through c of this question if you have ever tried vomiting to lose or maintain weight. If you never tried this method of weight loss. skip to Question 57. a. When you try to lose or maintain weight. how many days do you usually make yourself vomit? (Check one) One Two Three Four Five Six Seven b. Have you ever made yourself vomit more than once a day? (Check one) Yes. often Yes. once or twice No c. How old were you when you started to vomit to lose weight? years old. 57. Laxatives - Answer parts a through d of this question if you have ever used laxatives to lose or maintain weight. If you never tried this method of weight loss. skip to Question 58. a. When you try to lose or maintain weight. how many days a week do you usually use laxatives? (Check one) One Two Three Four Five Six Seven b. How many laxatives do you take each day? pills ____ teaspoonfuls tablespoonfuls c. What is the name of the laxative you use? d. How old were you when you started using laxatives to lose or maintain weight? years old. 58. Diuretig Pills - Answer parts a through d of this question if you have ever used diuretics to lose or maintain I’m" 86 weight. If you never tried this method of weight loss. skip to Question 59. a. When you try to lose or maintain weight. how many days a week do you usually use diuretic pills? (Check one) One Two Three Four Five Six Seven F IO-flm (a. .-. z b. How many diuretic pills do you take each day? pills. Ce" II c. What is the name of the diuretic pill that you use to lose or maintain weight? d. How old were you when you started using diuretic pills? years old. 59. Diet Pills - Answer parts a through d of this question if you have ever used diet pills to lose or maintain weight. If you never tried this method of weight loss. skip to Question 60. a. When you try to lose or maintain weight. how many days a week do you usually use diet pills? (Check one) One Two Three Four Five Six Seven b. How many diet pills do you take (I O O 3 day? pills. c. What is the name of the diet pills that you use to lose or maintain weight? d. How old were you when you started using diet pills? years old. WEIGHT CONTROL 60. At what age did you start using weight loss methods? years old. 61. What is the usual duration of your weight loss methods? 87 (Check one) Less than one week 1-2 weeks 3-4 weeks 1-6 months More than six months 62. How often do you use weight loss methods? (Check one) Once a year Twice a year 3-4 times a year 5—6 times a year Almost constantly 63. Did you ever continue to use weight loss methods because you were afraid that you would gain too much weight if you Yes No (if no. skip to Question 66.) 0) 4. If you answered yes to Question 63. which weight loss method(s) did you use when you were afraid of gaining too much weight? (Check all that apply) Exercising more Cutting down on snacks Cutting down on Junk food Skipping Meals Eating smaller meals without counting calories Using low—calorie or diet foods and drinks Using special diets which involve eating mostly one kind of food Counting Calories Drinking less water or other liquids Using saunas or steam baths fasting Spitting Using diet pills Using diuretic pills Using laxatives Vomiting Other (describe) i 65. Were you ever afraid that you would lose too much weight if you continued to use weight loss methods? Yes No 66. Did you ever lose more weight than you wanted to lose? _____NO V“ ‘ 3‘.) Tit—1; AW... My" 88 67. Did you ever decide to lose a certain number of pounds and then change your mind and try to lose more than that amount? Yes No 68. Did you ever decide to lose a certain number of pounds. achieve your goal. and then gain most or all of the weight right back? Yes No 69. Have you ever been told that you have anorexia nervosa? __Yes No 70. Have you ever been told that you have bulimia? Yes No 71. Did anyone tell you (or did you ever read) that diet pills, vomiting. laxatives. diuretic pills. fasting. or drinking less. are dangerous methods of losing weight? Yes No 72. If you wanted to lose weight at some time in the future. which weightloss methods would you use? (Check all that Dangerous Thank you for answering the questions in Part Two of this questionnaire honestly. If you have ever TRIED TO GAIN WEIGHT OR MAINTAIN WEIGHT USING WEIGHT GAIN METHODS. please answer the questions in Part Three. 89 WEIGHT CONTROL SURVEY PART III Questions about Gaining Weigflt Before you answer the questions in Part Three. tear off Page 38 of this questionnaire. This page has information which will help you to answer the questions in Part Three. 73. Indicate if you have ever tried any of these methods of gaining or maintaining weight. (Check one box in each row) Tried and Tried and gained or didn't gain Never maintained or maintain tried weight weight Adding meals or snacks......... Eating larger meals without counting calories.............. 90 Using high-calorie or high- fat FOCUS or drinKSeeee‘eeeeeeee Using special diets which involve eating mostly one kind of food. such as high protein diets.................. Counting calories.............. Using liquid supplements such as Nutrament or Tiger’s Milk... Using weight gain pills or other medications. such as Weight Gain Tablets....... ..... Using anabolic steroids........ Using weight training for the purpose of gaining weight or b°dy SiZEeeeeeeseeeeeeeeeeeeeee Cutting back on the amount of exercise you do................ Other 74. If you have tried any of these methods of gaining of maintaining weight. indicate whether it helped or hurt your performance in dance. (Skip any methods which you have not tried) Didn't Helped Hurt affect gerformangg r ormance eggfiggggggg Adding meals or snacks......... Eating larger meals without counting calories.............. Using high-calorie or high- fat foods or drinks............ Using special diets which involve eating mostly one frr" Km~.a:hz' . T 91 kind of food. such as high protein diets.................. Counting calories.............._ Using liquid supplements such as Nutrament or Tiger's Milk... Using weight gain pills or other medications. such as weight 66‘“ TabletSOOOOOOOOOOOO Using anabolic steroids........ Using weight training for the purpose of gaining weight or DOdy s‘ze.‘......OOOOOOOOOOOOOO Cutting back on the amount of exercise you do................ Other __ ...... 75. Using Special Diets - Answer parts a through d of this question if you have ever tried special diets to gain or maintain weight. If you never tried this method of weight gain. skip to Question 76. a. Describe the special diet(s) which you have used: Tyges gfi foods used b. When you try to gain or maintain weight. how many days a week do you usually use this special diet? (Check one) One Two Three Four Five Six Seven c. What is the longest number of consecutive days you have used this special diet? days. _Il--. — 92 d. How old were you when you started to use special diets to gain or maintain weight? m_ years old. question if you have ever tried counting calories to gain or maintain weight. If you never tried this method of weight gain. skip to Question 78. a. When you try to gain or maintain weight. how many calories do you usually eat each day? (Check the answer which is nearest to the correct number of calories) 1000 1500 2000 3000 3500 4000 4500 5000 5500 6000 over 6000 b. When you try to gain or maintain weight. how many days a week do you usually count calories to gain or maintain weight? (Check one) One Two Three Four Five Six Seven Hll c. What is the longest number of consecutive days you have counted calories to gain or maintain weight? days. d. How old were you when you started to count calories to gain or maintain weight? years old. 78. Liquid SUPPlemeQFS - Answer parts a through d of this question if you have ever used liquid supplements such a Nutrament or Tiger‘s Milk to gain or maintain weight. If you never tried this method of weight gain. skip to Question 79. a. When you try to gain or maintain weight. how many days a week do you usually use liquid supplements? (Check one) One Two Three Four Five Six Seven HHHI b. How many liquid supplements do you take each day? cups 93 other (describe) c. What is the name of the liquid supplement that you use to gain or maintain weight? d. How old were you when you started using liquid supplements to gain or maintain weight? years old 79. Food Supplements - Answer parts a through d of this question if you have ever used food supplements such as Mus- l-on or Protein Powder to gain or maintain weight. If you never tried this method of gaining weight. skip to Question 80. a. When you try to gain or maintain weight. how many days a week do you usually use food supplements? (Check one) One Two Three Four Five Six Seven b. How many food supplements do you usually take each day? cups teaspoonfuls other c. What is the name of the food supplement that you use to gain or maintain weight? d. How old were you whén you started using food supplements to gain or maintain weight? years old. 80. Weight Gain Pills g; Medications - Answer parts a through d of this question if you have ever used weight gain pills or medications to gain or maintain weight. If you never tried this method of gaining weight. skip to Question 81. a. When you try to gain or maintain weight. how many days a week do you usually use weight gain pills or medications? (Check one) One Two Three Four Five Six 94 Seven b. How many weight gain pills or medications do you take each time? pills other (describe) c. What is the name of the weight gain pills or medication that you use? d. How old were you when you started using weight gain pills or medications? years old. 81. Anabglig Steroids - Answer parts a through d of this question if you have ever used anabolic steroids. If you never used anabolic steroids. skip to Question 82. a. When you try to gain or maintain weight. how many days ) week do you use anabolic steroids? ‘7 I One Two Three Four Five Six Seven b. How many anabolic steroids (pills. tablets. etc.) do you take each day? pills other (describe) c. What is the name of the anabolic steroid that you use? \ d. How old were you when you started using anabolic steroids? years old. 82- 3.9.1.13 1.2.1.9112 3.9. 9.219. 19.1.2111; - Answer parts a and b of this question if you have ever tried weight training to gain or maintain weight. If you have never tried this method. skip to Question 83. a. Do you do weight training when you are ggt trying to gain or maintain weight? yes "0 b. If you use weight training to gain or maintain weight. do you: (Check all that apply) Add new or different exercises to the weight training which you already do? 95 Do more repeats of the same exercises which you already do? - Lift heavier weights? Use weight training more days per week. 83. Cutting Back 9g Dance - If you have ever cut back on dancing to gain or maintain weight. please indicate how you cut back on dancing. (Check all that apply) If you have never tried this method. skip to Question 85. Cut back on the total amount of time you danced each day? Cut back on the number of days you danced each week? ._ Cut back on the intensity of the dancing which you do (don’t work as hard when you dance)? Cut back on the amount of dancing that you usually do? 84. Cuttigg Back 9g Exercise -‘If you have ever cut back on exercise to gain or maintain weight. please indicate how you cut back on exercise. (Check all that apply) If you have never tried this method. skip to Question 85. Cut back on the total amount of time you exercise each day? Cut back on the number of days you exercise each week? Cut back on the intensity of the exercise which you do (don't work as hard when you exercise)? Cut back on the amount of exercise that you usually do? WEIGHT CONTRQE 85. At what age did you start using weight gain methods? years old. \ 86. What is the usual duration of each of your weight gain methods? . less than one week 1-2 weeks 3-4 weeks 1-6 months more than six months 87. How often do you use weight gain methods? (Check one) Once a year or less Twice a year Three or four times a year Five or six times a year Almost constantly 96 88. Did anyone tell you (or did you ever read) that weight gain pills. weight gain medicines. liquid supplements. food supplements. or anabolic steroids are dangerous methods of gaining weight? yes no we.“ 89. If you wanted to gain weight at some time in the future. which weight-gain methods would you use? (Check all that apply) Safe Dangerous Thank you for answering the questions in Part Three of this questionnaire honestly. 97 Weight Control Survey Tear this page off the questionnaire. Use the definitions on this page to help you answer the questions in Part Two and Part Three of this questionnaire. ' DEFINITIONS METHODS OF LOSING WEIGHT Anorexia nervosa means being so afraid of gaining weight that you starve yourself or eat very little. Most people with anorexia nervosa are very thin. Bulimia means several different things. It can mean eating until you cannot eat any more or until you feel very uncomfortable (such as eatingoa half-gallon of ice cream at one time). Bulimia can also mean overeating followed by vomiting to get rid of the food. Diet pills mean pills such as Dexatrim, Prolamine, Acutrim, Dex- a-diet, Dietcap, Dietac, or Slim-fast which you can buy at a drugstore or grocery store. Diuretics mean pills which make you lose water by urinating (peeing, pissing). Examples are Diurex, Aqua-ban, Odrinal, Diuril, or Hydro Tabs. Fasting means eating no food for a day or more at a time. People who fast usually drink water or juice. Laxatives are pills, tablets, or liquids such as Correctol, Ex Lax, Feen-a-mint, Nature's Remedy, Dulcolax, or Milk of Magnesia which make you lose food by defecating (shitting, having a bowel movement). METHODS OF GAINING WEIGHT Anabolic steroids are drugs such as Dianabol which are supposed to help you gain muscle size. Anabolic steroids are usually prescription drugs. Food supplements refer to products such as Mus-l-on, Naturade Protein Powder, Naturade Muscle Builder, or Body Plus Weight Gain Formula which are supposed to help you gain weight. Liquid supplements mean special drinks such as Nutrament, Nutracal, Dynamite Milk. Shake, Tiger's Milk, or Ensure Liquid Supplement which are supposed to help you gain weight. Weight gain pills or other medications refer to medicine-like products sold as pills, tablets, or liquids. Examples are Joe Weider's Crash Weight Gain Tablets or Joe Weider's Anabolic Mega-Paks. LIST OF REFERENCES 10. 11. 12. 13. 99 LIST OF REFERENCES Vincent, L.M., M.D., The Dancers Book of Health, Andrew and McMeel, Inc., 1978, p. 12. Pierpont, Margaret, "Why Thinner is Not Always Better. An interview with L.M. Vincent, M.D.," Dance Magazine, 8, 1979, p. 100, 102. Maloney, Michael J., M.D., "Anorexia Nervosa and Bulimia in Dancers," Clin Sports Med, 2;3, 1983, p. 549-555. 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Maloney, p. 549-555. Calabreses, Leonard H., D.0., Donald T. Kirkendall, Ph.D., Mary Floyd, R.D., Susan Rapoport, M.S., R.D., George W. Williams, Ph.D., Garron G. Weiker, M.D., and John Bergfeld, M.D., "Menstrual Abnormalities, Nutritional Patterns and Body Composition in Female Classical Ballet Dancers," Phys Sports Med, 11;2, 1983, p. 86-98. Calabrese, Leonard H., D.0., and Donald T. Kirkendall, Ph.D., "Nutritional and Medical Considerations in Dancers," 2;3, 1983 p. 539-548. Peterson, 1982, p. 137-143. Peterson, Marilyn S., "A Comparison of Nutrient Needs Between Dancers and Other Athletes," Dancer As Athlete, Caroline G. Snell (Ed.), The 1984 Olympic Scientific Congress Proceedings, V0. 8, Human Kinetics Publishers, Inc., Champaign Illinois, 1986, p. 117-121. Cohen, Jerald L., M.D., Lisa Potosnak, R.D., Oscar Frank, Ph.D., and Herman Baker, Ph.D., "A Nutritional and Hematologic Assessment of Elite Ballet Dancers," Phys Sports Med, 13;5, 1985, p. 43-54. Mostardi, p. 101-107. Calabrese and Kirkendall, p. 539-548. _ Jl—_...__ ____I 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48. 49. 50. 51. 102 Clarkson, Priscilla M., Patty S. Freedson, Betsy Keller, David Carney, and Margaret Skrinar, "Maximal Oxygen Uptake, Nutritional Patterns and Body Composition of Adolescent Female Ballet Dancers," Res 9, 56:2, 1985, p. 180-185. Cohen, Jerald, L., M.D., Karen R. Segal, Ph.D., and William D. McArdle, Ph.D., "Heart Response of Ballet Stage Performance," Phy Sports Med, 10;11, 1982, p. 120-133. Micheli, Lyle J., M.D., W.J. Gillespie, Ed.D., and Arleen Walaszek, R.P.T., "Physiological Profiles of Female Professional Ballerinas," Clin Sports Mpg, 3;1, 1984, p. 199-209. Mostardi, p. 101-107. Novak, L.P., L.A. Magill, and J.E. Schutte, "Maximal Oxygen Intake and Body Composition of Female Dancers," Europ J Appl Physiol, 39;4, 1978, p. 277-282. Cohen, Jerald L., Karen R. Segal, Ira Witriol, and William D. McArdle, "Cardiorespiratory Responses to Ballet Exercise and the V02 max of Elite Ballet Dancers," Med Sci Sports Exerc, 14;3, 1982, p. 212-217. Gordon, Suzanne, "The Demand of Dance Training," The Medical Aspects of Dance, Donna Peterson, Garry Lapenskie, and Albert W. Taylor (Eds.), Sports Dynamics, 1986, p. 5-13. Pierpont, p. 100-102. Evans, Bianche W., Antoinette Tiburzi, and Candace J. Norton, "Body Composition and Body Type of Female Dance Majors," Dan Res J, 17:1, 1985, p. 17-20. Novak, et al., p. 277-282. Sloan, et al., p. 967-970. Chambers, Blaine, "Fitness of Dancers and Varsity Athletes," JOPERD, May, 1981, p. 46, 49. Consolazio, C. Frank, "Physiological Measurements of Metabolic Functions in Man," New York: McGraw- Hill Book Co., 1963. . t. AA.'..I.I‘ b '_i 'l J: ..K 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 103 Dolgner, Forrest A., Thomas C. Spasoff, and Wendy E. St. John, "Body Build and Body Composition of High Ability Female Dancers," Res 9, 51:12, 1980, p. 599-607. Wilmore and Behnke, p. 267-274. Micheli, et al., p. 199-209. Sinning, Wayne E., "Anthropometric Estimate of Body Density, Fat, and Lean Body Weight in Women Gymnasts," Med Sci Sports, 10, 1978, p. 243-249. Calabrese, et al., p. 86-98. Cohen, et al., 1985, p. 43-54. Jackson, A.S., M.L. Pollack, and A. Ward, "Generalized Equations for Predicting Body Density of Women," Med Sci Sports Exerc, 12;3, 1980, p. 175-182. Girandola, Robert N., Ed.D., "Body Composition Changes in Women: Effects of High and Low Exercise Intensity," Arch Phys Med Rehab, 57, 1976, p. 297- 300. Katch, et al., p. 99-104. Moody, et al., p. 75-80. Oscai, Lawrence B., "The Role of Exercise in Weight Control," Exercise and Sport Sciences Reviews, Jack H. Wilmore (Ed.), New York Academic Press, 1, 1973, p. 103-123. Wilmore, Jack H., Ph.D., J. Royce, Robert N. Girandola, Frank I. Katch, and Victor L. Katch, "Body Composition Changes with a 10-Week Program of Jogging," Med Sci Sports, 2, 1970, p. 113-116. Wilmore, Jack H., Ph.D., "Exercise - induced Alterations in Weight of Underweight Women," Arch Phys Med Rehab, 54, 1973, p. 115-119. Wilmore, Jack H., Ph.D., "Alterations in Strength, Body Composition, and Anthropometric Measurements Consequent to a 10-Week Weight Training Program," Med Sci Sports, 6, 1974, p. 133-138. Lavoie, J.M., and R.M. Lebe-Neron, "Physiological Effects of Training in Professional and Recreational Jazz Dancers," J Sports Med, 22:2, 1982, p. 231-236. T-mmfl&M'_ 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72. 73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 104 Zwiren, et al., p. 213-218. Allen, T.H., M.T. Peng, K.P. Chen, T.F. Huang, C. Chang, and H.S. Fang, "Prediction of total adiposity from skinfolds and the curvilinear relationship between external and internal adiposity," Metabolism, 5, 1956, p. 346-352. Kirkendall and Calabrese, p. 525-537. Gordon, p. 5-13. Doldner, p. 599-607. Garrow, J.S., Energy Balance and Obesity in Man, 17.Elsevier/North-Holland Biomedical Press, Amsterdam, 1978, p. 22-23. Mullen, Barbara J., B.S., Nora J. Krantzler, Ph.D., Louis E. Grivetti, Ph.D., Howard G. Shutz, Ph.D., and Herbert L. Meiselman, Ph.D., "Validity of a Food Frequency Questionnaire for the Determination of Individual Food Intake," Am J Clin Nutr, 39, 1984, p. 136-143. Mullen, et al. p. 136-143. Cohen, et al., 1982, p. 212-217. Mullen, et al., p. 136-143. Nutritionist III (N-2 Computing, Silverton, Oregon). Cotterman, Sandra K., "Y's Way to Weight Management," Human Kinetics Publishing Inc., 1985. Williams, Eleanor R. and Mary Alice Caliendo, Nutrition: Priniciples, Issues, and Applications, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 1984, p. 213. Cohen, et al., 1982, p. 212-217. Williams and Caliendo, p. 212. Williams and Caliendo, p. 209. Nutritionist III Sloan, A., and J. Weir, "Nomograms for Prediction of Body Density and Total Body Fat From Skinfold Measurements," J Appl Physiol, 28;2, 1970, p. 221- 222. 85. 86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. ,105 Durnin, S.V.G.A, and J. Wormersley, "Body Fat Assessed From Total Body Density and its Estimation from Skinfold Thickness: Measurements on 481 Men and Women Aged from 16 to 72 Years," B; J Nutr, 32, 1974, p. 77-97. Nie, Norman H., C. Hadlai Hull, Jean G. Jenkins, Karin Steinbrenner, and Dale H. Bent, "Statistical Package for the Social Sciences," 2nd ed., McGraw- Hill Inc., 1975. Williams and Caliendo, p. 199. Peterson, 1986, p. 117-121. Cohen, 1985, p. 43-54. Calabrese et al., p. 86-98. Mostardi, p. 101-107. Cohen, p. 43-54. Cohen, 1985, p. 43-54. Peterson, 1986, p. 117-21. Kirkendall and Calabrese, p. 525-537.