35m ...."'I'

"1-

.»Va v 3.76—

l' r.‘z-I

_vw

‘Y'VVXF yw-v 31

34..., ‘.-. .-.._

 

‘

035'. ~30, m.-. ‘

7‘

V "q":
‘J-ro. ”I. -.

Alva.“ 1r.
‘ 4

3 :33}. 3‘4- .

.13. 3');

   
    
  
 

     
     
       
  

  

  

  

m

    

“ garggéyfig" 4

y In
' z
’3; 3s." ' , $[fiz‘
]. ‘ l
3.3.4.} 4-
; I

4 " 273""

 
          

 
  
 

   

       

 

 
    

3%

v 50,-:

 
    

-. r .: h. . ..& :1
33.31.5153 P“ «J‘Jgj‘af‘sz. gr.“ 3'! ‘
"r-\-»\ ., ‘ 3 4r I
:3. my: £3ng “*3 ‘» N" 34.
Q1:"’.3'4;€\m£*21'
”gig,
U333».- \ 3%
' . ,3
.3 V '.
3h

3, ”("60
. 3%“ 3'
' \"-- ..
4.“. .3“ if“:
. t ‘.
1%- ~44;

      
   
   
   
  
  
   

      
 
  
  

  
  

 
  

- I1 .1. n w.
‘ f J. 433.16%

.6. ' '4'
3 - ”-3.53:

 

       

{€55 545.4?

1343344333- “5,1 '34? '

 
    

 
    
   

  
        

 

 

4:44 .7 .3. 7?" .

;:{’ ;€;'i ‘0’; ' fi"‘ 'i' . ‘

34“,": 3.; 3 ..: 43 " .4

' «'3‘!» 433:1} :5 " 4: £5"? '* “Qg'g'f'jig '
54...}..443: .344... 5'4.“ 5337‘?“ 3' mg“; @‘Ly .44"

T Lf'yn in? 1"3': E A” ; '1? :1 :Zfil‘flkg. ' A
4125*"!

$4341
"1

 
 
  
 

   
 
 

    
  

 

. $3“ 13““? _.
:‘5‘ 4.39..» 3
. 4d ‘

. 1.3.3

‘3"

  
 
 
  
   
   
  

  
   
  
   
       
       

  
  

 
 
  
  
  

    

  
 

 

41%

{if g,

(fish?
’3 P"”‘"’"""

 

'1

339;,

 

            
 
 
  
 
  
   
   

    

‘3'
’fifij‘fi - 411:7?" \?

 
    

         

  
      
     
   
    

  

 

"I I‘ 54,144; at at ”Ft“! ,'. . -
l' ”'7' {'«fi' '3'!" 3*?” £04; 457‘”- " "(fr-‘14.?f. .423? ' ' '
$¢¥ . ...-.‘ 3""...‘24 . J .,.,
J'} 3 Si: ‘ ' 3" :H'Irf s" 4.".""".{.'.'.-.' {Ila 1:" '7'" 131 '13’fg' 3'
lug}; :‘Vfi- s, ~ .. 4. .. ,_..’.’.,.l _ ”3'33
7 r. ”(4.... ,-

4'3
-..

2’s?! r
h, .-
If)?”

.‘ ' J I) \'
4 ' . 4' 2/ .4
u“,{mfi{:fif3,fiv;&9, l” . w

    
 

  
   
   

 
    
     
  
   

 

47;]:3

   
   
   

    
     
  

.
M.‘
hr

       

: ' 1'3“" .5

   
 

  
    

. ‘6' ;. (1.1.. r x. .
Nil“; .9 4 Y -”.".".‘£'. 4' 3- ' ”Sr I“ 1' I ‘ ’-'3"3‘- -
" ' ' f'g';},1’."'P4’ 34;}; :3. 42'qu 59%;:(1'1 1331333135575 5 3;] ‘25. $1., I

0“ ,4). .4

       
 
 
  

    
  

3m. .
fugiq‘dhfil 214"}; n ‘ "' p.741}? 43¢ r. (43" r: .
"5‘3'4.-33'3’e'r.6..':' .3’ “fry. :42?" 5’3 if"; 717,4. fiLJ ’5: 25"?" 4"
. .-.‘/':Q::'.') O -.'Y "';‘("H
.,.. . 4': ‘ .‘J' . .. .
4’ ..' ,gt‘fé‘. arrr’a'gfiufl ”:1'

     
  
 
 
  
 

  

v r o -'( f’."
q“' 41:13“. 'fj_""|l'rrJr'--r
3 ,‘f& $4 :IEJ'IE" {4"{3'44 git :fe/up' ”Baggy!
‘ ‘ ‘ I‘(',“'J
{WWI/b 3:44,“ £14.11 2%.}. {I
'4- :3 "cm 4.4.531..- 3:43 ’

'9'
6 t
#1263342?"

r fifzéfi . "3:05.: ’ .
'4 1'; {Jlfi' . '= 3r
a? 46 '6' 4’5 {5 ' ,, 0&3 3;? . 4 :3. 433:.31'4’4551 , ,.;3‘r_.’£f‘£§,.. . 2351”," 3.
g ,1, '11" 4 if" €32?” ('4’. 44?]? vi? 45’ ‘43, gvigrzgg ,.”}};zf..’4‘...¢,. . Jm. #1
2'] '3"!!! r, . ”'43
" ' ’4'?

    

 

        
 

    
    
   
 

  

 

 

 

 
     

  

 
 
 
  

 

 
  
 

   
    
   

4'4.
. L:!:'..,"; '33,!) r,
Ot‘if; ml?.%” é,f‘::"léz:fiij_ 3/1 4,-éffi} ‘Drblit‘r.":~u

 
 
  

(‘40 ”r "”3?

         
 

  
      
  

    
      
   
 
        
  

 
  

 

    
     
   
  

    

       
  

     
        

 

      
  

v flygk 5-4136.“ 4!. a ’1 3.”,- J-L’ 1" ’ ‘ "1";II;:,._.I;.“_’E§:' "I F.“ "-’?.l."" ‘3. 1&5"
‘ g tar/gm i ”4‘ '. 19‘? ‘ V37" .,, figuffr” jL'L'rtrf’A‘org/J’I’J' “a"?! fiffi' .qi'véé'fliig
of” )‘Wu It'fn' .. ”(,7 .‘J ' ”if; ' {34:32}: waif I’M-Pizza};
-. 52,. 444:4 334' .4. 3%.:‘2. "'33. “3' ~...5‘3="i~--3?=" WFKHWw
345?} z 3 3:4»). "3' :3 m4 [Ii-13‘? 34' 44"?» f; .wgii'nci'ffsfi'flfi’vifrar- .3433 “"255“ “~02;
1.314.544.7333- '4‘? 34.4.3?» .' 3231:3554' ‘3 .3 Gama/.3 4am 3" z: w:33 "4.5
,1. 7:14. 570104.21}. “hf? 4.3/4.1,A_fi,3,;3:_ iii-30": 33.71.. . ... . 43:1 4'!" Jig;
14$." ',7 ‘4'? '23: H (1:17: ”I;f4"4' '9.- ... 2!.“ I‘M}; .4'4’13"??? hi4". "‘ - 4
‘ ).-z’?:3 (5“! 5 afé’r'i’ l’l . vé‘y#1"4'»" I 4""? #914,433th J, J";- $'~ v—v-t.’ “ fig“;
'3 g,“ .37.“. .; {If '5 ", $1. If " «J’vév :35 3212!“,- '73 14'”!!!le ~r§S1L3=
4:! 4': rad? —-. .3‘,- ,.v....’?-.3'4'v~'iZ$‘p ’32" ”3.2;; ' i'IW‘fl’zmq-u; ' . J .=‘
v -, 49"" £33 453”; 1" m-J:M.J:.-.13 -- 31%»? 4“" {354%}; wager“ ’ . .55
114.3%." . 4,3,4 Y .~‘, lb"! £3: 31”?” ,' F” If." ' '3
g4 4’ .. 4 .: 4;"? '3L.'_;4;'4::.r.:3....,, ”'1' 4-71-34:
Wei-f Lr “3’24? '27,» 3.1?144‘ fog I n":
r - :2
"“E‘fn‘f $212” :6." - ' '
" f“ 2-2:?" 3:

 

I

’4"??? . .
. L4". "4.31:4:
45344“). I4. 'fi?’¢:éfi-fi-~Y

. r:- .vv
.- 4 ,J/ ' t Nun'mrf‘ '
'. “HI/{nu .uf's“ ' ' I.
- 74.43.... .3
d -;(IL:ID' )I‘I'JL‘? "' 1‘11!

     

h. ff": '0 1
15"" 47574??? f3

Hurt/”u.

1" .O-n :\
twang

113% 0?»? ?\

MICHIGAN STATE UNI VER RSI TYL

HHHIH I!“ fill IIHHIIINIIJHHI

31293 00563 8295

III

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LIBRARY
Michigan State
University

 

 

 

This is to certify that the

thesis entitled

THE EFFECTS OF HAND COOLING DURING
STRENUOUS EXERCISE ON METABOLIC
AND CARDIORESPIRATORY FUNCTION

presented by

Jaci Lynn VanHeest

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

M.A. degree in the School of

Health Education, Counseling
Psychology and Human Performance

 

 

@x/M/ x) god/m

Major professor

 

Date August 4, 1988

 

I

0-7639 MS U is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution

 

 

 

MSU

LIBRARIES
.—:—.

 

 

 

RETURNING MATERIALS:
Place in book drop to
remove this checkout from
your record. FINES will
be charged if book is
returned after the date
stamped below.

 

 

 

W'W'in-Jz

.55.: -

4- J .
‘ .'.e=rwr

('

 

 

 

THE EFFECTS OF HAND COOLING DURING STRENUOUS EXERCISE
ON METABOLIC AND CARDIORESPIRATORY FUNCTION

By

Jaci Lynn VanHeest

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

School of Health Education, Counseling Psychology,
and Human Performance

1988

ABSTRACT

THE EFFECTS 0!" HAND COOLING DURING STRENUOUS EXERCISE
0N METABOLIC AND CARDIORESPIRATORY FUNCTION

Bv

Jaci Lynn VanHeest

Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to hand cooling were
investigated in nine male trained endurance runners. SubJects were
exercised twice on a.treadmill, each time for thirty minutes at
80-85% of maximal oxygen uptake and carrying room temperature hand
held weights. At minutes ten and twenty of each run the room
temperature weigits were exchanged for either a second pair of
room temperature weights or a set of cold (-1 - 2 degrees celcius)
weights for two minutes. The results indicated that hand cooling
had a significant (p $.05) effect on heart rate and respiratory
exchange ratio but did not effect oxygen uptake, respiration rate,
ventilatory equivalents, or blood lactatet concentration. These
data suggest that repeated utilization of ice packs during
strenuous exercise may have negative effects on heart rate and
respiratory exchange ratio. However, the lack of Significant
difference in oxygen uptake and ventilatory equivalent of oxygen
suggest that a single bout of cold application has relatively

nominal effects on overall performance.

This thesis is respectfully dedicated to my parents,
Rev. and Mrs. Jack VanHeest, whose prayers and
encouragement has aided in developing my eagerness
to learn and whose sacrifices have enabled me to

continue my education.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank my thesis committee, Dr. S.A. Evans,
Dr. NJ]. Heusner and Dr. C.D. Rodgers for their guidance and
encouragement throughout this project. A special thanks to many
fellow students for their technical assistance during the data
collection portion of the Study, especially Gaylyn Katz who
travelled many miles to assist me.

Sincere appreciation and thanks to my competent subjects for
their willingness to participate and their fine performance
throughout the course of the study. Their interest and wit helped
make the process both enlightening and enJoyable.

I would like to acknowledge three individuals without whose
encouragement and support this proJect would not have been
successful. First, Dr. Carol D. Rodgers, for her patience as well
as her efforts beyond what was required. Her mentoring has made
an indeliable mark on my present performance and has allowed me to
realize the many challeges in the future. Second, Dr. Sharon A.
Evans, for her example as a student and researcher. The example
due set as a Ph.D. candidate is one that has shown me what the
word professional truly means. Third, Ms. Melanie R. Waite, for
her constant support through the many struggles associated with
this proJect. Her inspiration will always be appreciated and
remembered. Semper fidialis.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES . . ..... . . ........... . . .

LIST OF FIGURES .......................

LIST OF APPENDICES .....................
Sham:

I.

II.

III.

INTRODUCTION .....................

Need for the Study ................
Purpose of the Study ...............
Research Hypotheses. . . . . . ..... . . . . .
Rationale for the Research Plan ..........
Research Plan. . . . . . .............
Limitations ....................

REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE . . .............

Cardiorespiratory and Vascular Responses
to Physical Activity ........ . ......
Thermoregulatory Response to Exercise .......
Physiological Response to Cold Exposure ......
Generalized Cold Exposure ..........
Localized Cold Exposure ...........
Cold Air Inhalation ...........
Facial/Neck Cooling ...........
Limb Cooling ..............

RESEARCH METHODS . . . . . . . ............

Subjects .....................
Research Design. .................
Experimental Procedure ..............
Subject Preparation .............
Protocols ..................
Ramp Protocol ..............

Thirty Minute Constant Velocity
Run Protocol ..............
Statistical Analysis ...............

Page

VIII

IX

KIUIUchbN

a:

12
13
14
16
16
18
20

23

23
24

25
25
26
27
30

Chester Page

IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ................ 31

Methodology Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Results. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 32
Part I: Descriptive and EnVironmental

Condition Data . . . . . . . . . . 32

Part II: Cardiorespiratory Results. . . . . 35

Part III: Metabolic Data . . . . . ..... 46
Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 48

‘Part I: Descriptive and Environmental
Condition Data . . . . . . . . . . 48
Part II: Cardiorespiratory Data . ..... 49
Part III: Metabolic Data . . . . . . . . . . 52
V. SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS, AND RECOMMENDATIONS. ..... . 54
Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54
Conclusions. . . . . . . . . . . . ........ 55
Recommendations. . . . . . . . . . ........ 57

APPmDICES O O C O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O 58

Appendix A: Informed Consent Form. . . . . . . . . . 58
Appendix B: Hydrostatic Weighing Technique . . . . . . 60
Appendix C: Methodology for the Determination of

Running Velocity for the Thirty

Minute Constant Velocity Runs. ...... 61
Appendix D: Data From Covariate Analysis . . . . . . . 62
Appendix E: Raw Data from Heart Rate, Oxygen

Uptake and Respiratory Exchange Ratio. . . 63
Appendix F: Electrocardiographs from Subject with

Mitral Valve Stenosis. . . . . . . . . . . 66

LIST OF REFERENCES . . . . .............. . . . 72

vi

LIST OF TABLES

Page
Table 1 Physiological Characteristics. . . ........ 33
Table 2 Environmental Condition Data . . . . . . . . . . . 34
Table 3 Mean Respiration Rate Measures .......... 40

Table 4 Mean Ventilatory Equivalent of
Oxygen Measures. . . . . . . . . . . . ...... 43

Table 5 Mean Ventilatory Equivalent of
Carbon Dioxide Measures. . . . ......... . 44

vii

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

Figure

LIST OF FIGURES

Page

Cardiorespiratory and Metabolic Responses
During Exercise Relative to Thermal Control . . . 10

The Effect of Intermittant Hand Cooling on
Heart Rate Response During a Thirty Minute
Constant Velocity Run . . . . . . . . ...... 3?

Linear Representation of the Heart Rate Response
for Two Fourteen Minute Time Courses: Mean
Assessed and Projected Values . . . . . . . . . . 39

The Effect of Intermittant Hand Cooling on
Oxygen Uptake Response During a Thirty Minute
Constant Velocity Run . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

The Effect of Intermittant Hand Cooling on
Respiratory Exchange Ratio Response During a
Thirty Minute Constant Velocity Run . ...... 45

Electrocardiographs from.Subject with Mitral

Valve Stenosis for Minutes Eleven and
Twenty-one. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 4?

viii

LIST OF APPENDICES

Page

Appendix A Informed Consent Form .............. 58
Appendix B Hydrostatic Weighing Technique ........ . . 60
Appendix C Methodology for the Determination of

Running Velocity for the Thirty Minute

Constant Velocity Run . . . . . . . . ...... 61
Appendix D Data from the Covariate Analysis ......... 62
Appendix E Raw Data for Heart Rate, Oxygen Uptake and

Respiratory Exchange Ratio ............ 63
Appendix F Electrocardiographs from Subject with Mitral

Valve Stenosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 66

ix

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

The risk of heat injury is a serious problem for distance
runners. In an attempt to gain a more complete understanding of
this problem, researchers have investigated thermal regulation
from both a mechanistic and performance perspective. Studies
involving heat acclimation, water ingestion, and
hydration/dehydration are all prevalent in the current literature
(13,32,34i. However, one of the areas in thermoregulatory
research which has been somewhat overlooked is the interaction
between hand cooling and the body’s response to an increased
metabolic demand. With the recent availability of ice cubes at
runner’s aid stations to assist in prOVidlng relief from the heat
and minimizing the risk of heat injury, the need to obtain a more
complete understanding of this interaction is essential. The
performance benefits of such practices are unknown and the
literature related to cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses to
external hand cooling techniques presents opposing Viewpoints. In
addition, the possibility that individuals predisposed to
cardiovascular disease may experience myocardial hypoxia and

angina pectoris when exercise and hand cooling are combined (11)

creates. a further need for investigations in this area,
particularly as it relates to the increased participation of
individuals in running road races in the heat. It was therefore,
the purpose of this study to evaluate selected cardiorespiratory

and metabolic effects of hand cooling during strenuous exercise.

Need for the Study

Holding ice cubes in the hand, has increased in the past
several years as a possible means of providing relief from the
heat during running events. Currently there exists few studies
examining the interaction between hand cooling techniques of this
nature and overall thermal regulation and that which does exist is
controversial. The limited information regarding the use of hand
cooling'and its implications for exercise performance as well as
the possible negative cardiovascular side effects assoc:ated with
the use of cold demonstrate a need for this study. Cooling of the
body alone or in combination with exercise has been shown to
affect both cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables.

Research studies have shown that heart rate may increase
(15.26.33), decrease (6,24,28,36,37), or show no change (17)
during facial cooling. Mean arterial blood pressure may remain
unchanged (1?) or increase (33). Increases in either the systolic
or diastolic components of blood pressure may also occur (15,26).

In addition, angina pectoris in cardiac patients has also been

demonstrated in conjunction with facial cooling (i6,24,33,37,39).
Inconsistency exists among the findings of many researchers.

Immersion of the hand or foot in water has been studied in
both healthy individuals and those with cardiovascular disease.
These procedures have elicited attacks of angina pectoris in
cardiac patients both at rest and during exercise (16,26,33,39).
In addition, the findings of Freedberg et al. (11) indicated that
angina pectoris can be precipitated during exercise in a warm
environment while holding an ice cube.

Although some literature in this area does exist, the
cardiorespiratory and metabolic effects of hand cooling during
strenuous exercise have not been clearly identified. What data is
available clearly indicates a response in cardiac patients with
precipitating angina pectoris. This suggests that there eXIsts a
possibility that individuals predisposed to cardiovascular disease
may experience myocardial hypoxia and angina when exercise and
hand cooling are combined. Running road races afford an
opportunity for many individuals to engage in exercise. These
events often provide both ice and ice water at water stops
throughout the race. The combination of ice and strenuous
exercise may cause negative effects on the performance of both
healthy participants and participants with undiagnosed
cardiovascular disease.

FUrther research is needed to clarify the effects of hand

cooling on various physiological parameters during exercise.

Elucidation of the mechanisms involved may guide medical personnel

in planning road race events.

Purpose of the Study

This study was designed to determine the effects of hand

cooling on metabolic (blood lactate concentration) and

cardiorespiratory (oxygen uptake, respiration rate, heart rate,

respiratory exchange ratio, ventilatory equivalent of oxygen and

carbon dioxide, and electrocardiograph) variables during strenuous

exercise.

Research Hypotheses

The study was designed to test the following hypotheses:

I.

There will be no significant difference

in any of the metabolic (blood lactate
concentration) and cardiorespiratory variables
(heart rate, respiration rate, oxygen uptake,
respiratory exchange ratio, ventilatory
equivalent of oxygen and ventilatory

equivalent of carbon dioxide) between bouts of
strenuous exercise with and without hand cooling.

There will be no significant difference

in any of the cardiorespiratory variables

(heart rate, respiration rate, oxygen uptake.
respiratory exchange ratio, ventilatory
equivalent of oxygen and ventilatory

equivalent of carbon dioxide) between individual
bouts of hand cooling during strenuous exerCise.

Rationale for the Research Plan

The research plan of the present study was constructed to
simulate a ten kilometer road race and to observe the effects of
repeated bouts of hand cooling on selected metabolic and
cardiorespiratory variables. The study was designed to facilitate
the examination of selected metabolic and cardiorespiratory
parameters during a simulated popular running event. Hence, it
examines both the physiological and performance implications of

hand cooling during exercise.

Research Plan

The sample consisted of nine trained male distance runners
with ten kilometer road race performance times under thirty-six
minutes. The subjects ranged in age from nineteen to thirty-eight
years and competed in ten kilometer and half-marathon road races.

The subjects were tested under each of the following conditions:

1. maximal run to volitional exhaustion

2. thirty minute constant velocity run at a
pre-determined pace without hand cooling
(control run)

3. thirty minute constant velocity run at a
pre-determined pace with two bouts of hand
cooling at ten and twenty minutes
(experimental run)

In all three runs expired gas was collected using the Douglas
Bag method and analyzed for carbon dioxide (602) and oxygen (02)
content. Heart rate (HR), respiration rate (RR), and
electrocardiograph (ECG) were measured at defined intervals
throughout both the thirty minute runs and the maximal run to
exhaustion. Hand weights were carried throughout both of the
thirty minute constant velocity runs. The hand weights were
exchanged at ten, twelve, twenty and twenty-four minutes into the
run for another pair which were either cold (-1 - 2 degrees
Celcius) hand weights (experimental run) or at room temperature
(control run).

Cardiorespiratory data was initially analyzed to determine
the need for the use of a covariate analysis. A one-way analysis
of variance was used to analyze this parameter. Following this
determination, a three-way analysis of variance (subject x
treatment x time) was utilized for the cardiorespiratory
variables. The minutes assessed were eight to fourteen and
eighteen to twenty-four. A post hoc Tukey analysis was performed
when significant differences were determined. A one-way analysis
of variance was utilized for the metabolic variables. A
significance level of p S .05 was chosen for use throughout the

study.

Limitations

Three major limitations eXIsted in association with the
present study. First, conclusions made from the results obtained
from this study can only be generalized to the specific sample
population studied. Second, all physiological responses that
occurred as a result of the hand cooling procedure were specific
to the temperature range of the hand weights used in this study.
Finally, the palmar surface area in contact with the hand weight

could not be controlled between subjects or between runs.

CHAPTER II
REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Temperature regulation is a major physiological response of
the body to increased physical activity and combines various
bodily processes in a complex system. This reVIew of literature
will focus first on general cardiorespiratory and vascular
adaptations of the body to physical activity and then give
consideration to the thermoregulatory process as it relates to
these variables and localized application of cold.

Literature related to this study has been divided into three
major topical sections: (a) cardiorespiratory and vascular
responses to physical activity, (b) thermoregulatory response to
exercise and (c) physiological response to cold exposure. The
latter section has been further subdivided into two areas:
generalized cold exposure and localized cold exposure (cold air
inhalation, facial/neck cooling, and limb cooling).
Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses will be the primary

focus of this review relative to cold exposure.

Cardiorespiratory and Vascular Responses to Physical Activity

The following brief explanation of cardiorespiratory and
vascular responses to physical activity haS’ been included to
identify some of the physiological variables which are altered
during exercise and which may be further affected by changes in
the thermal balance of the organism. Only those variables
pertinent to this research study have been considered.

Physical activity causes changes in the resting homeostatic
environment and results in the development of a new equilibrium
state of many bodily systems. One of the means by which this is
accomplished is through an increase in sympathetic nervous system
activity. As can be seen in Figure 1, this increased activity is
reflected in changes in both the cardiovascular and respiratory
systems and has effects on the overall metabolic state of the
body.

One of the most apparent effects of increased sympathetic
nervous system activity is an increased demand for blooo flow by
various systems, including the contracting muscles and the
cutaneous tissue (32). Although facilitated by an increased
peripheral resistance and venous return, this increased demand for
blood flow is in itself met by elevations in heart rate, stroke-
volume, cardiac output and blood pressure (11). Proportional

increases in cardiac output and oxygen uptake have been described

10

Cardiorespiratorv

Systlfl Metabolise

i

Increases Enerqv
Production

Heat
Product ion

El and Card' I .
a. '
Pressure 0“ tou t Internal
Dodv Ten .

 

 

 

      
  

     

Increased
Peripheral Rant
V0000! Return

  
   

 

 

 

 

 

 

L I l l l \
‘ Sheet
Arterial Production
Cardiac

 

 

 

 

mi in!) Heat ‘
Pressure Eensitive /
Receptors

of mootnai anus
‘Preootic Area:

Thereoregul atorv
Control Center of

Barorecntors

\ Vasoeotor Center

 

 

 

in month" the vaotnal anus

   

 
    
   
 

  

Cutaneous
‘rasoeotor
kt I v I I c

«constr: 'tion \ .
“500 z I at 1 on

 

Figure 1. Cardiorespiratory and metabolic responses during
exercise relative to thermal control.

11

in the literature (1) and the rate of blood flow to the muscles
has been shown to correspond to elevations in cardiac output (40).
Regulation of blood flow to the skin relative to increases in
cardiac output and oxygen uptake have not however, been clearly
defined.

The changes in heart rate and blood pressure which occur to
assist in the development of an augmented blood flow also cause an
increase in both the arterial and the cardiac filling pressures
which, in turn, stimulate the vasomotor center located in the
midbrain (42). Although, at the same time, baroreceptors sense
the increased blood pressure and reflexively inhibit the vasomotor
center, this effect is overridden and the overall result is a
stimulation of the vasomotor center. The vasomotor center effects
the cutaneous vasanotor activity by causing vasoconstriction of
the cutaneous vessels. Vasoconstriction is a positive feedback to
the vasomotor center and continues throughout exercise helping to
enable appropriate redistribution of blood flow to the working
muscles (32).

In addition to these changes at the cardiovascular level, the
activity induced increased sympathetic nervous system activity
also causes an increase in the cellular demands for energy (29).
Since oxygen is a vital component to this long term energy
production respiration rate is also increased to help meet the
demands of an added workload on the body. The ventilatory control
center in the lower brain stem controls these changes in

respiration through a complex multi-feedback system (5.9).

12

Thermoregulatory Response to Exercise

In addition to precipitating changes in blood flow and.
respiration, increased sympathetic nervous system activity also
causes an elevation in the rate of metabolic energy production in
the early stages of exercise (Figure 1). This elevation in energy
production triggers an increase in core body temperature due to
some loss of energy in the form of heat and places new demands
upon the body’s thermoregulatory system (29).

The regulation of thermal balance occurs through involuntary
processes which allow the organism to maintain a relatively
constant internal temperature. Heat sensitive receptors of the
hypothalamus respond to an activity-induced increase in core body
temperature and send messages to the body's thermoregulatory
control center which is located in the hypothalamus. In addition,
various organs (smooth'muscle, sweat glands) function as effector
organs and are responsible for the vasomotor responses which aid
in adjusting the internal temperature (4). Actual removal of
internal body heat is facilitated by vasodilation of the cutaneous
vessels.

A final important mechanism of heat loss which cannot be
overlooked is that of sweat production. The thermoregulatory
control center also stimulates sweat production which generates a
negative feedback on internal body temperature (42). The
evaporation of sweat is an extremely important mechanism of heat

loss and thermal regulation during exercise. It is ’the only

13

mechanism available under conditions where the environmental
temperature is greater than skin temperature (43).

This dual response of the sympathetic nervous system to
physical activity facilitates the establishment of a new
equilibrated state of the organism both from a cardiorespiratory
and a thermoregulatory point of view. It must not be overlooked
however, that this state can be easily modified by external
factors such as generalized or localized c0ld application and tilt
the thermal homeostatic scale to such a degree that further
camensatory changes must occur to reestablish an equilibrated

condition.

Physiological Response to Cold Exposure

Research which has investigated the various physiological
responses to cold exposure will be reviewed according to the type
of cold exposrue having been examined: generalized or localized.
The effects of localized cold will be further subdivided into cold

air inhalation, facial/neck cooling and limb cooling.

Generalized Cold Exposure

Several investigators have studied the effects of generalized
cold exposure on cardiorespiratory and metabolic parameters at
rest and/or during exercise. The methods of cold application used

have involved either (a) spraying water on the entire body, (b)

l4

immersion of the body in water and/or (c) blowing cold air over
the entire body surface.

Bassett et al. (2), Davies et al. (8) and Gisolfi and Copping
(13) each utilized sponging or spraying water over the body as a
cooling medium in their investigations. The temperature of the
water used in each of these studies was related to the ambient
temperature (28-30 degrees Celcius). No significant differences
in heart rate and oxygen uptake were found between treadmill runs
with or'without skin wetting (2,8). However, when the use of
water as a cooling agent was extended to total body inlnersion,
such as in the studies by Holmer and Bergh (19) and Craig and
Dvorak (7) which have assessed adaptations while winning in
varying water temperatures, increase in oxygen cost, both at rest
and during submaximai work was found to occur as water temperature
increased. Moreover, McArdie et al. (30) and Rennie et al. (35)
found a decrease in heart rate and an increase in stroke volume to
occur when subjects were exercised on a bicycle ergometer immersed
in cold water (5-18 degrees Celcius). There was however, no
significant difference between the cardiac output observed while
exercising on land and that observed while exercising in cold
water, suggesting that the significant bradycardia observed had
been compensated for by changes in the stroke volume. It was
postulated that the increase in stroke volume which occurred was
due to changes in breathing mechanics and hydrostatic pressure was

the cause of heightened venous return.

is

In addition to their assessment of the cardiorespiratory.
adaptations to total body immersion, Holmer and Bergh (19) also
analyzed blood lactate concentrations. Significantly higher blood
lactate values were observed when subjects worked submaximally in
cold water (18 degrees Celcius) than when they exercised at the
same intensity in warmer water (26 or 34 degrees Celcius).

In studies where air was used as the cooling element,
subjects tested in an environmental chamber and air was blown, by
fans, on various body segments (3,10,27,31). Epstein et al. (10)
studied both healthy and coronary artery disease patients during
rest and work under these conditions. No significant changes in
heart rate, stroke volume or cardiac output were observed,
findings which have also been supported by other investigators
(27,31).

Significant increases in mean systemic arterial pressure,
peripheral resistance and left ventricular minute work were also
observed by Epstein et al. (10). These results occurred at rest
and were magnified during exercise. It was postulated that these
changes were a function of a concomitant sympathetic stimulatory
effect on, and baroreceptor inhibition of, the sinus node. The
overall net effect being an increased systemic pressure and an
increased peripheral resistance with a subsequent increased
myocardial oxygen requirement (3). Additional studies by
Epstein et al. (10), Berman (3) and Wayne and Graybiel (41) have
shown this consequent rise in myocardial oxygen demand to

precipitate angina pectoris.

16

Localized Cold Exposure

Cold air inhalation, facial cooling, neck cooling and limb
cooling have all been used to examine the effects of localized
cold on physiological parameters during the resting condition or

in combination with exercise.
2 II E' I | I !‘

Studies investigating the effects of cold air inhalation on
pulmonary mechanics, cardiovascular function and body metabolisn
have utilized a range of air temperatures from negative forty to
negative twenty-four degrees Celcius. In addition, these studies
have focused on the relationship between cold air inhalation and
angina pectoris during both resting and exercISing conditions.

Researchers have reported that cold air inhalation increases
heart rate and systolic and diastolic blood pressure (15,16). The
observed increase in diastolic blood pressure however, was
inconsistent with the typical exercise response in which diastolic
blood pressure remained stable or decreased.

The observations of Hartung et al. (15) indicated no
significant changes in respiration rate, oxygen uptake and
respiratory exchange ratio.

Angina pectoris was again linked to cold exposure as in
previous studies. Hartung et al (15) and Hattenhauer and Neill
(16) concluded that the changes in diastolic blood pressure

partially explained the cold-induced’ahgina pectoris in coronary

I7

artery disease patients. According to Hartung et al. (15) an
increase in ventricular pressure increased the myocardial oxygen
demand which precipitated angina pectoris. Hattenhauer and Neill
(16) retested this mechanism and found conflicting results. Heart
rate multiplied by systemic arterial pressure was used as a major
determinant of. myocardial oxygen consumption. Angina pectoris
occurred at a particular value of this calculation (HR x SAP)
under specific conditions for individual patients (38). Leon et
al. (26) and Hattenhauer and Neill (16) observed that cold air
inhalation increased the sum of heart rate times systemmic
arterial pressure only slightly in those subjects who experienced
angina pectoris. Leon et al. (26) speculated that the angina
pectoris was mediated by an increased myocardial oxygen demand due

to an increased cardiac contractile state, caused by cold induced

sympathetic stimulation. These hypothesies have yet to be
confirmed.
E . 1:“ ! E 1'

Cooling of the face without cold air inhalation has also been
investigated. Facial immersion, cold air blowing on the face and
cold pack application have been used with healthy individuals and
coronary artery disease patients.

Frey et al. (12), Heistad et al. (18) and Kobayas and Ogawa
(22) utilized facial inlnersion in cold water and observed a
significant bradycardial response. Frey et al. (12) and Heistad

et al. (18) reported a sixteen percent and twenty-three percent

18

reduction in heart rate respectively, in healthy subjects. The
degree of bradycardia was dependent on the water temperature with
colder water producing greater reductions in heart rate (22).

bradycardia was evidenced in response to cold air blown on
the face (6,21,23,24,28,36,37). Leblanc et al. (23) proposed an
explanation for this response and suggested that temperature and
wind speed are synergistic elements. Leblanc et al. (24), in a
latter study, manipulated these variables and the results
indicated the greatest magnitude of change at a temperature of ten
degrees Celcius and a wind speed of 6.7 meters per second.

Leblanc et al. (25) reported that the response shown in heart
rate paralleled that observed for skin temperature. Subsequent to
these findings a highly intricate interrelationship between these
two parameters was proposed and it was ,postulated that the
observed bradycardia was triggered by a vagal reflex initiated by
stimulatioh of the trigeminal nerve due to a decrease in skin
temperature. A linear relationship existed between these two
variables for skin ‘temperatures ranging from twenty-three to
thirty-five degree Celcius. At twenty-three degrees, the heart
rate had reached its maximum reduction and further decreases in
skin temperature caused little reciprocal changes in heart rate.
For skin temperatures below twenty-three degree Celcius (10 - 23
degrees Celcius), a relationship between these two variables was
not found to exist.

In contrast, Cabanac and Caputa (6) postulated that the cause

of the bradycardia was a function of changes in brain, not core

19

temperature. Subjects exerCised while exposed to faCial cooling
and temperature measurements were made of the tympanic membrane
and the esophagus. The tympanic membrane temperature was used as
a measure of brain temperature while esophageal temperature was
used to indicate the core temperature. A correlation between
heart rate and temperature of the tympanic membrane was indicated
but not between heart rate and esophgeal temperature. These
findings suggest that heart rate was controlled by brain
temperature and not by core temperature. Additional studies by
Kissen et al. (21) support such a hypothesis. Air cooling of the
head and face of subjects exposed to hyperthermic conditions was
shown to reduce the change in heart rate by half of that observed
for the same trunk temperature under non-localized cooled
conditions. Such a response once again indicated a relationship
between brain temperature and heart rate irrespective of core
temperature.

Only one investigation has examined the effects of cold air
blown on the face and blood lactate levels during exercise. Riggs
et al. (37) showed blood lactate concentration to be increased
significantly in healthy subjects exposed to ten degree Celcius
wind while exercising.

The effects of application of ice packs on the head and neck
have been investigated by Neill et al. (33) and Leon et al. (26)
using individuals ‘with a history of coronary artery disease.“
Heart rate' was found to be significantly increased in these

individuals when ice was applied. In Mannino and Washburn’s (28)

20

review of the relevant literature, however, it becomes apparent
that controversy exists’ both in the cardiorespiratory results

themselves and the interpretation of these results.
I' | E I'

Research examining changes in cardiopulmonary parameters due
to cooling of the limbs is limited. Of the studies undertaken,
most focus on immersion of the hand or foot in cold water (4 - 5
degrees Celcius) and have examined primarily, changes in heart
rate and blood pressure.

Studies under resting conditions have shown increases in
systolic and diastolic blood pressure after immersion of a hand or
foot in cold water for periods of time ranging from one to six
minutes (12,14,20,25). These changes have been shown to occur
rapidly and return to resting levels after five minutes (14). In
addition, Frey et al. (12) noted a larger response in males than
in females in blood pressure change. In addition, Leblanc et al.
(25) found a significantly greater range in initiation and
duration of response in females. Attempts at correlation of blood
pressure response (systolic) with 6°2max have indicated a negative
relationship between these two parameters with subjects whose
602m“ ranged fran 26-75 ml/kg/min (25).

Patterns in heart rate response have been shown to be similar
to those of blood pressure (12,14,20,25), although differences

between the sexes are not as apparent.

21

Extension of the research scope to include individuals with
angina pectoris has indicated a variety of negative cardiovascular
responses when such persons are exposed to conditions of exerCise
in a cold environment. Freedberg et al. (11) assessed work
tolerance in such individuals under four conditions: (a) in a cold
room (45-55 degrees Fahrenheit), (b) in a warm room (72-75 degrees
Fahrenheit), (c) in a cold roan with a hand in 110 degrees
Fahrenheit water and (d) in a warm room holding ice cubes. Work
tolerance, as measured on a step test, was improved in the warm
environment. Heat application aided in increasing work tolerance
in the cold room although not to the level of a warm environment
alone. Negative effects occurred when a combination of ice cubes
and exercise in a warm room was evaluated. Ninety-five percent of
' the subjects experienced angina pectoris under these conditions.
Most subjects experienced discanfort within ten seconds of ice
application with a maXimum effect occurring within thirty and
forty seconds of application. Although documented occurrences of
angina pectoris were reported, no significant changes in blood
pressure or heart rate were evident under this condition.

Many investigators have suggested that the mechanism for
these rapid responses may be reflex in nature (11,12,25). It is
thought that the vasomotor changes in the coronary arteries may in
fact be caused by a reflexive response which has been triggered by
adrenal medullary catecholamines (14). However, conclusive

evidence supportive of this mechanism has yet to be determined.

22

An overview of the literature indicates various areas where
discrepancies exist in the cardiorespiratory parameters evaluated.
Metabolic parameters have not been investigated in most studies
involving cold exposure. Further research in the area of cooling,
especially limb cooling, is necessary to clarify the
inconsistenCies and increase the knarledge base regarding

metabolic response to cold application.

CHAPTER III
RESEARCH METHODS

This study was designed to evaluate the metabolic and
cardiorespiratory responses to hand cooling during strenuous
exercise. Trained male runners performed one maximal exercise
bout and two thirty minute constant velocity runs on a treaanill.
Cold hand weights were carried at predetermined intervals
throughout one of the two thirty minute runs. Selected
cardiorespiratory and metabolic parameters were assessed and

compared during the treadmill runs.
Subjects

Nine male runners between the ages of nineteen and
thirty-eight volunteered to be subjects in this study. A
criterion for inclusion in the study was a ten kilometer
performance time under thirty-six minutes. All subjects were well
trained and continued to follow their individual training program
throughout the study.‘

An explanation of the procedures, purpose and risks

associated with the study was given to each subject prior to their

23

24

signing an informed consent form approved by Michigan State

University’s Human Subject Committee (Appendix A).
Research Design

Each subject performed a total of three runs on the
treaanill. Treaanill runs were seperated by one week intervals.
All testing was done after 12:00 noon to avoid ‘possible
confounding diurnal factors. A maximal run to exhaustion was the
first run for each'subject. Data fran this run was used to
determine the treadmill velocity for the thirty minute constant
velocity runs.

The subjects served as their own control for the two thirty
minute constant velocity runs. Treatment order was randomized
between subjects as well as within each subject for the thirty
minute constant velocity runs. Test order was also randanized
throughout the study.

Two groups of physiological parameters were assessed during
the study and served as dependent variables. These included
cardiorespiratory variables (heart rate, oxygen uptake,
respiratory rate, respiratory exchange ratio, ventilatory
equivalent of oxygen and ventilatory equivalent of carbon diOXIde)
and a metabolic variable (blood lactic acid concentration). The

independent variables were: subject, time, and treatment.

25

Experimental Procedures

Data collection was performed at Michigan State University in
the. Center for the Study of Human Performance. Experimental,
procedures consisted of each subject running three runs on a
treaanill as well as assessnent of anthropometric parameters

(height, weight, and body composition as explained in Appendix 8).
Subject Preparation

For each of the treaanill run test sessions, the subject was
weighed while dressed in running clothes and shoes. Stretching
was performed by each subject according to his own routine...
Following stretching, electrodes were applied to the subject's
chest to monitor the CM5 lead.

Following a five to ten minute perioo of sitting quietly,
resting measurements (blood pressure, heart rate, ECG, blood
lactate) for each subject were taken. Subjects warmed up running

on the treaanill prior to the designated treaanill run.
Protocols

Two treaanill protocols (ramp run to exhaustion and thirty
minute constant velocity run), each serving a different purpose
and containing different methodological canponents, were used in

' this study. The protocols differed in (a) the use or non use of

26

hand weights, (b) the intensity or the speed of the treaaniil'at
which the subjects ran, (c) the duration of the run and (d) the

intervals used for data collection.
W

The ramp protocol consisted of a warm-up run at six miles per
hour and zero percent grade to allow for subject accomodation and
physiological adaptations. Duration of the warm-up was dependent
upon the accomodation of individual subjects. The ramp began at a
speed of 5.1 miles per hour and increased 0.3 miles per hour every
minute. The incline of the treaanill was maintained at zero
percent throughout the run. The test was terminated upon
volitional exhaustion of the subject.

Expired gases were collected using a two-way Daniels
respiratory valve (RPel Company, Los Altos, CA) connected to a
four-way 'automated switching valve (VanHuss/Wells Automated
Switching Valve) by two feet of corrugated tubing with a 1.25 inch
internal diameter. The expired gases were then collected in
neoprene weather balloons in thirty second intervals usmg the
open circuit Douglas bag method.

Collected gases were pumped through a DTM-115 (Applied
Electrochemistry Inc., Sunnyvale, CA) dry gas meter at a rate of
fifty liters per minute to determine gas volume. The 02 and 002
percentage for each bag was determined using an infrared C02

analyzer (Applied Electrochemistry CD-3A, American Meter Co.,

Singer) and an electrochemical 02 analyzer (Applied

27

Electrochemistry S-3A, American Meter Co., Singer). The analyzers
were zeroed using helium and then calibrated using a verified
standard gas sample prior to each run. The standard gas sample
was verified for"‘02 and C02 with a Haldane Chemical Analyzer
(Arthur H. Thanas Co., Philadelphia, PA).

Respiration rate was measured using a thermister mounted on
the Daniel’s valve apparatus. The rate was measured in thirty
second intervals throughout the run. Heart rate was monitored
with the CM5 lead and was recorded at thirty second intervals. An
electrocardiogram was recorded every five minutes, at peak work,.
and inlnediately following termination of the test. A fingerstick
blood sample was taken prior to beginning the run and two minutes
following termination of the test. Lactate concentration in the
blood samples was determined using an enzymatic-amperanetric
measurement with the Roche Model 640 Lactate Analyzer (Roche

bio—Electronics, basal, Switzerland).

Il‘!II'!§!!I!I'!RE!|

Max "702 was determined fran an oxygen uptake vs. treaanill
velocity graph. The running speed used for the thirty minute
constant velocity runs was determined as calculated from the
oxygen uptake versus velocity graph (Appendix C). Eighty and
eid'ity-five percent of maximal oxygen uptake were calculated and
plotted on this graph. Fran each of these points, running speed
was determined using a line drawn fran the point of oxygen

consumption vertically to the abscissa where it intersected with a

28

velocity value. These values were then averaged to determine the
speed for the thirty minute runs. This procedure was standard for
all nine subjects.

Hand weights of varying temperatures were carried throughout
the constant velocity runs. The temperature of the hand weights
denoted the difference between runs: control (roan temperature)
and experimental (cold: -1 - 2 degrees Celcius) run.

both the control and experimental runs began with room
temperature weights and consisted of four exchanges of hand
weights. Hand weights were carried throughout the entire test.
The subject exchanged the set of weights for another set at ten,
twelve, twenty and twenty-two minutes into the run. During the
experimental run, the hand weights given at minutes ten and twenty
were cold followed by room temperature weights at minutes twelve
and twenty-two. Conversely, the control run consisted of roan
temperature hand weights throughout although exchanges still
occurred at the predetermined intervals.

The hand [weights used throughout the study were called
Handteens (Rainbow Racing Systems, San Diego, CA). These plastic
containers are generally used for carrying fluids during long
duration activity. Room temperature containers contained
styrofoam and dried peas. The cold containers were filled with
ice and styrofoam. All containers were weighed prior to each
testing session and calibrated to be 244.4 1 0.05 grams.

During each testing session, the temperature of the hand

weights was closely monitored. Roan temperature weights were kept

29

in the laboratory for three to three and one half hours prior to
each testing session to allow for temperature adjustment.
Similiarly, the cold hand weights were placed in an ice chest
filled with thirty-six pounds of ice plus two liters of water for
three to three and one half hours prior to each testing session
and remained in the ice chest throughout the entire testing
sessions. This procedure was utilized to maintain a temperature
‘near zero degrees Celcius (-1 - 2 deg.C.). The cold hand weights
were kept frozen in a conventional refrigerator freezer between
testing days.

The temperature of the cold hand weights was measured prior
to and following each exchange. Two sets of hand weights were
utilized for each temperature to allow consistancy of temperature
during each run. This procedure was standardized during the
entire study.

Each subject was allowed a five minute warm-up (6 mph - 0%
grade) on the treaanill following standard resting measurements.
Similiar to the warm-up in the ramp protocol, accomodation to the
treadmill as ‘well as physiological adaptations were elicited
during this period. Each subject ran for thirty-minutes at the
predetermined velocity. Expired gases were collected using the
instrumentation'previously described. Thirty second bags were
collected throughout the thirty minute run except during minutes
ten through twelve and minutes twenty through twenty-two at which
time intervals of fifteen seconds were used for gas collection.

This procedure was used to gain a more detailed analysis of time

30

course changes which occurred during the concurrent cold
application. Respiration rate and heart rate were measured
throughout the test at the same intervals as gas collection. An
electrocardiogram was recorded at minute ten, minute eleven,
minute twenty, minute twenty-one and immediately following
termination of the test. A venous fingerstick blood sample was
taken post warm-up and two minutes post exerCise for the

determination of blood lactate.

Statistical Analysis

The cardiorespiratory data was analyzed to determine the
effectiveness of a covariate analysis. A one-way analysis of
variance was utilized to assess for this parameter. Subsequently,
a three-way analysis of variance (subject x treatment x time) was
performed on the cardiorespiratory variables. The data fran
minutes eight to fourteen and eighteen through twenty-four were
analyzed. A post hoc Tukey analysis was performed when
significance was determined. A one-way analysis of variance was
utilized to assess the metabolic data. A significance level of

ps 0.05 was used for all analyses.

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of
hand cooling on cardiorespiratory and metabolic variables during
strenuous exercise in trained male runners. The data are
presented graphically or in tables and discussed as “to 'the
findings of statistical significance. The results are divided
into three parts: (1) the descriptive data on individual
subjects and parameters relating to environmental conditions
during the study, (2) the findings from the cardiorespiratory

variables, and (3) the metabolic variable results.

Methodology Overview

After determination of maximum oxygen consumption using a
maximal run to exhaustion, subjects were tested on two subsequent
occassions to assess the effects of hand cooling on metabolic
(blood lactate concentration) and cardiorespiratory (heart rate,
respiration rate, ventilatory equivalent of oxygen and carbon

dioxide, oxygen uptake and respiratory exchange ratio) variables.

31

32

'Each subject ran three runs on a treadmill. The first run
was a maximal run to exhaustion which was used to determine the
speed of the treaanill for the remaining runs. Each of the
control and experimental runs were thirty minutes in duration and
were run at a constant velocity. Hand weights were carried
throughout all thirty minute runs. The hand weights were
exchanged at minutes ten, twelve, twenty, and twenty-two for
another set of hand weights. The temperature of the hand weights
at minutes ten and twenty was determined by the run type: control
(roan temperature) and experimental (-1 - 2 degrees Celcius).
both control and experimental runs were at the speed which
corresponded to eighty to eighty-five percent of each subject’s
maximal oxygen uptake. Data obtained were analyzed to determine

whether any treatment (cold or roan temperature hand weights)

effects existed.

Results

Part I: Descriptive and Environmental Condition Data

Nine subjects between the ages of nineteen and thirty~eight
(mean 24.67 .+_ 5.25) were used for this study. Physiological
characteristics of these subjects are given in Table 1. All
subjects were well trained distance runners and continued to train

throughout the duration of the study.

33

TABLE 1

Physiological Characteristics

 

 

 

=================z====.-- =38: - .. =:==========:====
Age Height Weight body Fat VOZmax
yr cm kg % * ml/kg/min
Mean 24.7 176.9 67.1 10.9 68.3
1 SD 5.3 9.3 6.7 3.5 6.5

 

* Hydrostatic weighing method, technique Appendix D.

The average running speed for the thirty minute constant
velocity runs was 9.81 i 0.83 mph. This value corresponded to an

average work intensity of 80.0 +

1.41% of oxygen uptake for all
subjects combined.

Due to the interaction of environmental conditions with the
thermoregulatory responses of the body during strenuous exercise
it was necessary to measure room temperature, humidity and
barometric pressure at the onset of each testing session. As can
be seen from the data presented in Table 2, these enVironmental
conditions remained relatively constant and were not significantly

different between testing seSSions.

34

TABLE 2

Environmental Conditon Data

 

 

 

barometric Room Humidity Temperature
Pressure Temp. Ice Packs
mmHg deg.C. % deg.C.
Control:
Mean 738.6 23.8 22.11 es
1 SD 5.07 0.49 1.76 an

Experimental:

Mean 739.3 24.0 23.60 1.28
1 SD 5.62 0.46 1.59 0.05

Combined Runs:

Mean 738.9 ’ 23.9 22.80 Mi

1 SD 5.21 0.48 1.79 an

 

as Not applicable for this treatment.

35

Part II: Cardiorespiratory Results

Differences were assessed in cardiorespiratory parameters
between subjects and between treatments (control or experimental).
Variability between individual subjects, observed in many
parameters, is not unusual. Therefore, between subject
differences will not be discussed in depth and the primary focus
will be on between treatment differences which were evaluated to
determine the validity of the proposed hypotheses.

Data was collected at numerous predetermined time intervals
throughout the treatment runs but only minutes eight through
fourteen and eighteen through twenty-four were analyzed. Such an
analysis enabled the evaluation of three critical periods for each
cold application bout. These were: (a) the two minutes prior to
hand cooling (minutes 8-10 and 18-20), (b) the two minutes of hand
cooling (minutes 10-12 and 20-22) and (c) the two minutes
following cooling (minutes 12-14 and 22-24). The intervals
analyzed allowed assessment of: a general baseline level for each
variable, any pattern associated with the application of cold and
any return to a baseline level.

The cardiorespiratory variables examined were heart rate,
respiration rate, oxygen uptake, ventilatory equivalent of oxygen,
ventilatory equivalent of carbon dioxide and respiratory exchange
ratio. These variables will be discussed in the order stated

above 0

36

The mean values for heart rate at time intervals eight
through fourteen and eighteen through twenty-four minutes are
shown in Figure 2. Heart rate increased throughout both the
control and experimental runs (control: 162-172 bpm: experimental:
167-175 bpm). Average peak heart rate assessed for both
treatments was 177 beats per minute and was attained at twenty-one
minutes of the experimental run. Heart rate was observed to be
significantly different both between subjects (minutes 10-14 and
18-24) and between the two treatment runs (minutes 18, 20 and 21).
The average heart rate for all subjects attained in the
experimental run was significantly higher than that attained in
the control run at minutes eighteen, twenty and twenty-one.

The heart rate data showed a pattern specific to the
application of cold indicating an initial increase in heart rate
with cold application followed by a subsequent depression in heart
rate. Although there is a pattern suggesting an initial increase
in heart rate with cold application, this was not found to be
statistically significant.

Further evaluation of the heart rate data suggested a general
trend in this parameter over the time course of the run. A line
of best fit was drawn through the mean heart rate data for both
control and experimental treatments. The slopes for the two lines
were 0.27 for the control run and 0.59 for the experimental run.

These values were not significant at the p.5 .05 level.

37’

 

 

 

 

180 L
178 _ e
176 _
ll’
174 ..
g 172 .
=3 .
,“1 170 ..
<
g l-
.. 168 _.
o:
( e
S 166 .
164 _ I. EGEND
(J Control
162 _ 0 Experimental
r
160i
LP L L 1 1 L ‘ — l— —l — .L ._l l I l r 1 .
0 6 10 12 14 18 20 22 24

Bout 1 Boot 2
' TIME (minutes)

Figure 2. The effect of intermittent hand cooling on
heart rate response during a thirty minute
constant velocity run. Values expressed are
mean data (1 SD in Appendix E). *’p.$ .05.

38

However, to further investigate this trend, the heart rate data
was projected over a second time course similar to the one
analyzed in this study (Figure 3). The projections were
calculated using the slope determined fran the line of best fit
drawn for both treatments. The peak heart rate for the pr0jected
control run was 177 beats per minute and the projected
experimental value was 185 beats per minute. The difference in
the average heart rate calculated fran the projected graphs was
statistically significant (p s .05).

Analysis of respiration rate indicated significant
differences (p \<.05) between subjects at all minutes analyzed
except minutes twelve and fourteen (Table 3). 'No significant
differences were noted however, between the two treatments at any
of the time periods analyzed.

Mean oxygen uptake values are displayed in Figure 4. Oxygen
uptake was significantly different (p 4 .05) between subjects at
minutes nine, twelve, fourteen and eighteen and between treatments
at minute nine. both the control and experimental runs
demonstrated a relatively stable oxygen uptake over the time
course of the run. Although not significantly different, oxygen
consumption during the experimental run was lower than that which
occurred during the control run in every minute analyzed except

minute twenty. A peak in oxygen uptake occurred at minute twenty

HEART RATE

39

(bpm)

 

 

 

 

185 __
160 -
.— */
175 _.
170 _ l E GE N D
.. Cl Actual Control
_ e Proiecied Control
- . OAciuol Experimental
. fr Proiected Experimental
165 it
LFI 4 1 J I I I J i-‘|--L I I I 4‘ I I _L I
0 8 14 18 24 28 34 38 44
Time Course 1 Time Course 2

TIME (minutes)

Figure 3. Linear representation of the heart rate response
for two fourteen minute time courses: mean
assessed and projected values.

40

TABLE 3

Mean Respiration Rate Measures

 

mammwmnnm===m============

Condition #

 

Time A _1
(minute)
Control Experimental
8 43.11 1 4.3 41.30 1 6.5 *
9 43.11 1 3.5 41.56 1 6.8 *
10 9 45.22 1 5.1 42.67 1 7.3 i
11 9 44.00 1 5.8 43.00 1 7.5 *
12 46.22 1 6.0 43.67 1 8.1
13 49.30 1 6.3 43.44 1 6.3 *
14 44.20 1 5.1 42.30 1 8.1
18 44.89 1 6.0 45.10 1 5.6 i
19 45.89 1 6.8 44.70 1 5.5 *
20 0 46.78 1 5.5 45.50 1 5.9 *
21 0 47.67 1 6.4 44.70 1 5.8 *
22 47.59 1 6.5 45.70 1 5.9 i
23 47.50 1 6.8 45.20 1 5.7 11
24 47.00 + 7.1 45.40 1 6.8 *

 

0 Minutes with cold application.
# Values measured in breaths per minute.
* Significant between subjects (p.§ .05).

41

T lEGEND
55°F 1:] Control

- Cl 0 Experimental
“5- / \/

1

‘jfivv‘v F
I

§
'1 T‘V V T V " V V

OXYGE N UPTAKE (ml/kglmin)
tn

rfiv

*
I

l
I
l
l
l

. 52.0

I v

‘ j

 

 

 

51.5..
\lLLLiLJILlL_J_IIIL1LI
8 1O 12 14 18 20 22 24
Bout 1 Boot 2

T l ME (minutes)

Figure 4. The effect of intermittant hand cooling on
oxygen uptake response during a thirty minute
constant velocity run. Values expressed are
mean data (1 SD in Appendix E). *p s .05.

42

into the experimental run which corresponded to initiation of the
second bout of cold application.

Average ventilatory equivalent data for both oxygen (FE/902)
and carbon dioxide (OE/VCOZ) at minutes eight through fourteen and
eighteen through twenty-four are shown in; Table 4 and Table 5
respectively.

The ventilatory equivalent of oxygen (93/102) indicated
significant differences (p 5 .05) between subjects at all minutes
except minutes twenty-one and twenty-two (Table 4). No between
treatment significant differences were found to occur at any of
the minutes analyzed.

As is indicated in Table 5, {ls/9002 was significantly
different between subjects at all minutes analyzed except minute
twenty-one. There was no significant difference between the
control and experimental runs for this variable.

The response of the respiratory exchange ratio to the
application of cold was distinct in pattern. Significant
differences were shown both between subjects (minute fourteen) and
between treatments (minutes twenty and twenty-one) and are
displayed in Figure 5. Respiratory exchange ratio was elevated
from 0.86-0.87 to 0.89 upon application of cold during both
periods (10-12, 20-22 minutes) and returned to a baseline level
following removal of the cold hand weights. In addition, a
depression of respiratory exchange ratio occurred during the first

minute following removal of the hand weights after both bouts of

cold application.

 

43

TABLE 4

Mean Ventilatory Equivalent of Oxygen Measures

 

 

Condition
Time.
(minute)
Control Experimental
L/(L/min) L/(L/min)
8 21.72 1 1.4 21.76 1 1.9 *
9 21.87 1 1.4 22.02 1 4.8 i
10 9 22.53 1 1.2 22.41 1 1.6 4
11 0 ' 22.53 1 1.4 22.19 1 2.0 *
12 22.40 1 1.1 22.40 1 1.7 n
13 22.27 1 1.3 22.18 1 1.7 *
14 22.03 1 1.4 24.42 1 1.5 *
18 22.23 1 1.8 23.13 1 1.6 4
19 23.17 1 1.7 23.24 1 1.5 *
20 0 23.66 1 1.8 23.57 1 1.5 *
21 0 23.83 1 2.0 23.39 1 1.1
22 23.90 1 1.9 23.79 1 1.8
23 23.08 1 1.8 23.46 1 1.6 *
24 22.84 1 2.0 23.56 1 1.7 *

 

0 Minutes with cold application.
* Significant between subjects (p.$ .05).

44

TABLE 5

Mean Ventilatory Equivalent of Carbon Dioxide Measures

 

 

 

 

Condition
Time
(minute)
Control Experimental
L/(L/min) L/(L/min)
8 25.20 1 1.6 25.27 1 1.6 4
9 25.32 1 1.3 25.47 1 1.6 4
10 8 25.78 1 1.1 25.68 1 1.3 4
11 8 25.80 1 1.3 25.39 1 1.3 4
12 25.66 1 1.1 25.58 1 1.2 4
13 25.61 1 1.1 25.60 1 1.4 4
14 25.43 1 1.3 25.70 1 1.4 4
18 25.62 1 1.6 26.61 1 1.5 4
19 26.63 1 1.6 26.68 1 1.3 4
20 8 26.99 1 1.7 26.94 1 1.4 4
21 0 27.11 1 1.8 26.57 1 0.9
22 27.33 1 1.8 26.94 1 1.4 4
23 26.85 1 1.8 27.00 1 1.4 4
24 26.76 1 2.1 27.18 1 1.5 4

 

0 Minutes with cold application.
4 Significant between subjects (p16 .05).

RATIO

RESPIRATORY EXCHA NGE

.87

 

 

45

I. E G EN D
0 Control

e Experimental

 

 

Figure 5.

't t
O
' H
WNLIILL l i I 1 L _1_ _1_ 1. L A i I 4 i i
0 8 1O 12 14 18 20 22 24
Boot 1 Bout 2

TIME (minutes)

The effect of intermittant hand cooling on,

respiratory exchange ratio response during a

thirty minute constant velocity run. Values

expressed as mean data (1 SD in Appendix E).
‘* p s .05.

46

Electrocardiographic results were analyzed using standard ECG
interpretation and the graphs were assessed for any cardiac
arrhythmias. Major abnormalities like premature atrial
contractions, premature ventricular contractions or missing beats
were documented.

Only one subject showed abnormalities in his
electrocardiograph related to the cold application.
Electrocardiographic data from this subject is given in Appendix
F. Me exhibited one unifocal premature ventricular contraction at
minute eleven and minute twenty-one (Figure 6). It is interesting
to note that his medical history reported mitral valve stenosis.
However, no conclusions can be drawn from these results regarding
a correlative relationship between his medical condition and his
response to cold application. All other subjects demonstrated no
significant cardiac abnormalities associated with application of
the cold hand weights or throughout any other portion of their

[”0118 .

Part III: Metabolic Data

Mean values for blood lactic acid concentration were assessed
in two ways. First, the absolute difference was calculated by
subtracting the post exercise value from the post warm-up value.

Second, the absolute value was computed as a percentage of the

47

 

 

 

 

6: Minute 11

’5‘ 4"
\EE' r
2..
a t
2 0:
§ '2:
-4:

:l’ A I l L J I I I l

1 2 3

Time (sec)
6: Minute 21

f; 4T
e 2-
O .
3 0-
>° '2:
.4_

‘db - . 1 4,4. . I . i . I

1 2 3

Time (sec)

Figure 6. Electrocardiographs from subject with mitral
valve stenosis for minutes eleven and twenty-one.

48

post warm-up value. The mean absolute value for the control and
experimental runs were 2.05 1 1.45 mMol and 2.03 1 1.60 mMol of
blood lactate respectively. When measuring lactate as a
percentage of the post warm-up value, the mean value for the
control run was determined to be 1.07 1 0.91" and for the
experimental run it was 1.11 1 0.90%. In both instances of
canputation, no significant differences were obtained between the

two treatment values.

DISCUSSION

Research investigating the effect of hand cooling during
strenuous exercise is limited. This lack of information provided
a need for further research in this area. The complexities in
thermal and circulatory regulation during exercise are clearly
evident and afford many possible interactive effects with various
methods of cooling the body.

Discussion of the data will follow the three major divisions
utilized in the presentation of the results: (i) descriptive and
enVironmental condition data, (2) cardiorespiratory data and (3)

metabolic data.

Part 1: Descriptive and Environmental Data

The subjects in this study were trained male distance

runners. Their physiological characteristics were similar and

49

they were a relatively homogeneous group. The results indicated a
profile typical of trained distance runners. The magnitude of
physiological response to cold application by this group of
trained subjects supports the findings of Leblanc et al. (25) in
which the degree of response was negatively related with fitness
level.

The enVironmental parameters assessed did not afford
additional uncontrollable variability due to the stability of
these elements over the course of the study. Therefore, these
parameters cannot be considered as potential causes for the

variations assessed.

Part II: Cardiorespiratory Data

Heart rate response during both constant velomty runs were
shown to increase over time. The response during the control run
demonstrated a plateau effect beginning at approxmately fifteen
minutes and continuing for the duration of the run. The small
increases in heart rate during the control run are nominal
following the initiation of the plateau.

Unlike the. findings during the control run, heart rate
continued to elevate over time at a more rapid rate in the
experimental run. Although the elevation in heart rate during the
first bout of cold was not significantly different from the
control run, it was maintained following removal of the ice and

subsequently allowed for higher elevations in heart rate

50

throughout the experimental run. Additionally, a, heart rate
pattern which consisted of an elevation upon intiation of cold
followed by a slight depression with the release of the cold hand
weights was shown to occur in the present study. These results
support the findings of Frey et.al. (12), and LeBlanc et.al. (25)
relative to heart rate response patterns with localized cold
application. The rapid rate at which this response to cold
application occurred supports the findings of Riggs et.al. (37)
and would be in line with their hypothesis that the‘probable
mechanism for this variation is neurogenic in nature.

Analysis of Figure 2 showed that the changes that occurred in
heart rate over time are distinct. Heart rate following removal
of the cold hand weights was higher than prior to application and
this new heart rate value was the starting point for a continued
increase in the heart rate. If one projects this linear trend for
both runs, control and experimental, for another fourteen minutes
further discrepancies are evident in heart rate between runs
(Figure 3). Should this phenomenon indeed exist and be maintained
over time, the negative effect of repeated bouts of hand cooling
on performance would be clearly evident.

The response in respiration rate was not inconsistent with
the physiological adaptations associated with an increase in
workload. The subjects, as a group, did not adjust their
respiration pattern due to the cold. Previous investigations
indicated individual alterations due to cold which were evident in

these findings as well (15).

51

Oxygen uptake for both treatment runs indicated that a
steady-state level was achieved. The peak in oxygen consumption
during the experimental run at the initiation of the second bout
of cold may suggest that a critical level in some physiological
parameter must be achieved prior to a cold induced response in
oxygen uptake. This critical level may be related either to heart
rate or body temperature but no conclusive evidence eXists in the
present results. Speculation based on the pertinant literature
coupled with the present findings suggests that heart rate levels
may be the mediating factor in overall response. More pronounced
physiological variations occurred due to the cold application
during the second bout of cold exposure than in the first bout of
cold. A third bout of cold application may have aided fin
determining the existance of this critical level phenomenon and
its mechanism of action.

Although the oxygen consumption data suggests that a

steady-state level had been achieved during both treatment runs,

analysis Of the I13/1102 and vE/QCOZ data is inconsistent with this
finding. Both the 93/902 and VE/vCOZ continued to rise throughout
both of the treatment runs suggesting that the subjects were
beginning to fatigue. A probable cause for this finding has yet
to be determined.

Significant changes in respiratory exchange ratio due to cold
application were indicated. The Significant differences
associated with the second bout of cold application again

suggested that a critical level must be achieved in some parameter

52

prior to the initiation of a significant response in respiratory
exchange ratio. As previously stated, heart rate was indicted as
this factor. Although the first bout of cold did not induce a
significant change in respiratory exchange ratio, a clear trend in
the data existed. Increased variability in the early stages of
the runs may be the cause for this lack of significance.

The electrocardiographic abnormalities in the subject with
mitral valve stenosis, as stated previously, are inconclusive. A
relationship between cardiovascular function and the cold has been
investigated by many authors (6,10,11,12,26,37). Changes in the
electrocardiogram of diagnosed cardiac patients has been
documented, by these researchers, as it relates to cold exposure.
Angina pectoris is a cannon result when a cold environment and
exercise are combined in cardiac patients. Thus, the pr0blem of
ice and ice water use during running road races becomes one of
individual differences. Trained individuals with no history of
cardiovascular abnormalities seem to be protected from any

potential negative effects of the cold application.

Part III: Metabolic Data

Blood lactate values determined in the present study are not
supportive of earlier finding by Riggs et.al. (37) and Holmer and
Bergh (19) which indicated a rise in blood lactate associated with
cold application. Significant differences in this parameter

between cold exposure and ambient temperature has been clearly

53

documented in these earlier works. A possible explanation for the
discrepancy is the fact that the previous authors used a different
cooling medium, cooled wind and cold water immersion,
respectively.

Finally, it should be noted that a psychological component
may be involved in the subjective interpretation of the cold for
individual subjects. Verbal responses following the experimental
runs suggested a positive reaction from most subjects to the cold
treatment. This parameter was not assessed objectively but may
aid in the understanding of the use of cold by road race
participants.

The results in this study would suggest that the changes in
cardiorespiratory and metabolic parameters which occur are. not
sufficient to positively or negatively effect performance.
However, speculation based on the trends in heart rate indicated
possible negative performance effects if the present patterns
continued over time. The fluctuations in heart rate, oxygen
uptake and respiratory exchange ratio associated with cold
application indicate that physiological adjustments occurred due
to the cold. The magnitude of these responses, which has been
linked with levels of fitness, was minimal and therefore may
suggest that a higher level of fitness may be a protective factor

from cold induced physiological variations.

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
SUMMARY

The purpose of the present study was to determine the effects
of hand cooling on metabolic and cardiorespiratory variables
during strenuous exercise. The subjects for the study included
nine actively training male runners aged nineteen to thirty-eight
(mean 24.7 1 5.3 years). Each subject served as his own control
and ran three runs on the treadnill. The first run for each
subject was a maximal run to exhaustion. The data from this run
was used to determine the pace for the following two thirty minute
constant velocity runs. A work intensity of 80-85’5 GOZmax was
determined for each subject and this pace was maintained
throughout both thirty minute runs. Subjects carried hand weights
of either room temperature or cold (-1 - 2 degrees Celcius)
temperature during the constant velocity runs. The hand weights
were changed for another set at minutes ten, twelve, twenty and
twenty-two for both runs. The temperature of the weights at

minutes ten and twenty was dependent upon the run type, control or

54

55

experimental, with room temperature weights being applied at
minutes twelve and twenty-two reguardless of the nature of the
run.

Collection of expired air, heart rate, respiration rate, EKG,
and blood lactate data was performed during all runs. These
parameters were analyzed and oxygen uptake, respiratory rate,
heart rate, ventilatory equivalents and respiratory equivalent
ratios were calculated.

Analysis of variance results for minutes eight to fourteen
and eighteen to twenty-four indicated significant treatment
effects in heart rate, oxygen uptake and respiratory exchange
ratio. Graphical presentations of the heart rate and respiratory
exchange ratio showed a distinct pattern for both parameters
although not all mean values were significantly different.
Between subject differences were found to eXist for mean heart
rate, respiratory exchange ratio, respiration rate, oxygen uptake

and ventilatory equivalents.

CONCLUS I ONS

Application of ice packs on the palmer surface of the hand
during a bout of strenuous exercise was shown to significantly
effect heart rate and respiratory exchange ratio upon repeated
localized cold application. No significant effects of this

treatment were found to exist for blood lactate concentration,

56

oxygen uptake, ventilatory equivalent of oxygen and carbon dioxide
or respiration rate.

Analysis of the present results suggests that the repeated
utilization of ice packs during strenuous exercise by trained
males may have negative effects on heart rate and respiratory
exchange ratio. It should be noted however, that the magnitude of
response, in these parameters, was minimal although a pattern of
increasing response with repeated bouts of cold may exist. The
electrocardiographic abnormalities eVidenced by the subject with
mitral valve stenosis suggests that individuals predisposed to
cardiorespiratory abnormalities might be cautioned as to the use
of ice or ice water but the results are inconclusive. The lack of
significant difference in specific performance parameters such as
oxygen uptake and ventilatory equivalent of oxygen suggest that a
single bout of cold application has relatively nominal negative
effects on performance. However, conclusions regarding the
effects of multiple bouts of localized cold application on
performance cannot be made until a more extensive exercise time

course is assessed.
RECOMMENDATIONS

Because of the practical implication relative to the use of
ice or ice water during exercise, investigation in this area must
be continued. Further studies of this nature should investigate

multiple bouts of ice application over a longer exercise time

57

course to determine if the linear trend in heart rate continues
and subsequent negative effects in performance parameters are
noted.

Further investigations should also monitor blood pressure
response, temperature of the palmer surface and sympathetic
nervous system activity throughout the study. Research should be
initiated using both male and female subjects to further examine
any gender linked responses to the application of cold. Various
levels of fitness should also be examined further to allow for a

larger population to whom the results can be generalized.

APPENDICES

APPENDIX A

INFORMED CONSENT FORM
MICHIGAN STATE UNIVERSITY

CENTER FOR THE STUDY OF HUMAN PERFORMANCE

lflfifl:fl£fl.§9fl§§fll

The exercise test(s) and measurement procedure(s) to be used in
the study of Jaci VanHeest have been explained to me. I agree to
serve voluntarily as a subject in the research described. I
understand that this research is being undertaken to further
knowledge concerning the responses of individuals to exercise
regimens.

I understand that some physical discomfort may be experienced and
that no beneficial effects are guaranteed. I further understand
that certain inherent risks are associated with any test of
physical capacity. These risks include, but are not limited to,
orthopedic injuries, abnormal blood pressure, fainting, disorders
of heart beat, and very rare instances of heart attack. I
understand every reasonable effort will be made to minimize these
risks and that emergency procedures and trained personnel are
available to deal with unusual situations that may arise.

I have had an opportunity to ask questions regarding the test(s)
and procedure(s) to be used. Furthermore, I have been informed
that I am free to withdraw my consent and to discontinue my
participation at any time.

I understand that group results may be used in scientific
‘publication(s) with my anonymity assured, that the data of
individuals will be treated in strict confidence, and that my
results will be made available to me upon my request.

58

 

59

I understand that if I am injured as a result of my participation
in this research project, Michigan State UniverSity will provide
emergency medical care, if necessary, but these and any other
medical expenses must be paid from my own health insurance
program. .

 

 

Subject Signature Investigator Signature

 

 

Date Date

APPENDIX B
HYDROSTATIC HEIGHING TECHNIQUE

The hydrostatic weighing technique used at Michigan State
University’s Center for the Study of Human Performance determines
underwater lung volume using an adaptation of the closed-circiut
nitrogen dilution method of Lundsgaard and VanSlyke. Body density
is then calculated by the Buskirk formula. An estimate of
intestinal gas in milliliters is made by multiplying the body
weight in kilograms by 1.4. Percent body fat is then calculated
using the Siri formula (44)..

Subjects were weighed in their bathing suit following land
weight measurement. Each subject repeated the procedure three
times and the average bodyadensity and body fat percentrage values
were determined. Body composition was assessed during the second

testing session for all subjects.

60

 

APPENDIX c

METHODOLOGY FOR THE DETERMINATION OF RUNNING
VELOCITY FOR THE THIRTY MINUTE CONSTANT
VELOCITY RUNS

Data from Subject EP:

Maximal Oxygen Uptake:
85% Max. Oxygen Uptake:
80% Max. Oxygen Uptake:
Velocity at 85%:
Velocity at 80%:
Running speed:

88-
7S.
78<
654
68«
SS.

48
35
38
25

Oxygen Uptake (ml/halal»)

: fIJRVHTf‘if
- I
20.1
15.

18«
5+

 

58- '
451 X 1W
'¥

*\¥Zf**’*¥

73.3 ml/kg/min
62.3 ml/kg/min
58.6 ml/kg/min
11.3 mph
10.8 mph
11.0 mph

 

[0.5 ”.3

 

 

 

 

T

rinsininii ' 4 ' é ' i'i 'iTa‘i'z'ik'ik'fa z'a'z'z'fi'; 5.
mm 5.7 6.3 6.9 7.5 8.1 0.7 9.3 9.9io.Sii.iii.7iz.3 inaction-9

 

6i

APPENDIX D

DATA FROM COVARIATE ANALYSIS

XQLLBDIQ Central ' Exeenimentai
Heart Rate 166 1 11.79 167 1 12.76
Respiration Rate 44 1 5.48 43 1 7.09
Oxygen Uptake 54.3 1 3.19 52.5 1 3.76

Respiratory Exchange
Ratio 0.86 1 .02 0.86 1 .03

Ventilatory '

Equivalent of Oxygen 21.5 1 1.19 21.6 1 1.40
Ventilatory

Equivalent of Carbon

DIOdee 25.12 1 1.56 25.24 1 1.41

- Values compared were taken from raw data at minute seven into
the thirty minute runs.
- Mo significance was attained at (p < .05).

62

 

APPENDIX E

RAW DATA FROM HEART RATE, OXYGEN UPTAKE
AND RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE RATIO

HEART RATE DATA:

 

 

Minute. eCanroi .Expgnimgn1gl
8 168 117 167 111
9 168 111 168 110
10 169 110 171 111

11 ' ’ 169 110 172 110
12 172 19 167 19
13 171 111 168 111
14 170 111 171 110
18 171 111 173 110
19 173 112 173 19
20 173 113 177 18
21 172 110 178 19
22 170 19 171 19
23 172 111 174 19
24 172 112 175 19

63

OXYGEN UPTAKE DATA :

64

 

MM Central W
8 54.22 12.44 52.48 12.89
9 54.38 12.60 52.14 13.04

10 54.79 13.29 52.62 13.27
11 54.79 13.10 52.41 12.97
12 54.05 13.61 52.73 12.55
13 54.26 12.33 52.72 12.79
14 54.35 13.49 52.41 12.61
18 53.55 12.83 52.15 12.97
19 54.34 12.53 52.26 13.52
20 53.67 13.08 53.59 12.82
21 53.96 13.57 53.06 11.88
22 53.57 13.00 52.46 14.00
23 53.78 13.38 52.02 12.78
24 54.22 12.80 52.28 12.80

65

RESPIRATORY EXCHANGE RATIO DATA:

 

MIL ContraL W
8 0.86 1.02 0.86 1.03
9 0.86 1.03 0.86 1.03

10 0.87 1.03 0.89 1.02
11 0.87 1.03 0.89 1.03
12 0.87 1.02 0.87 1.03
13 0.87 1.02 0.86 1.02
14 0.86 1.02 "0.87 1.02
18 0.87 1.03 0.87 1.02
19 0.87 1.02 0.87 1.02
20 0.87 1.03 0.89 1.02
21 0.87 1.02 0.89 1.02
22 0.87 1.02 0.88 1.03
23 0.86 1.03 0.86 1.03
24 0.86 1.02 0.86 1.02

APPENDIX 1‘

ELECTROCARDIOGRAPHS FROM SUBJECT WITH
MITRAL VALVE STENOSIS

Physiological Characterists of the Subject:

Subject Number Five: JH

Age: 38

Height: 176.6 cm

Weight: 77.90 kg

Body Fat Percentage: 17.56%

Maximal Oxygen Uptake: 61.0 ml/kg/min ~.
Resting Heart Rate: 54 bpm

Maximal Heart Rate: 184 bpm

66

67

PRE- EXERCISE: Seated
CONTROL

 

68

MINUTE 10:
CONTROL

14111111111111 16%
11 $118418

 

69

11:

MINUTE

CONTROI.

 

m.
a

 

EXPE RlMENTAl.

 

70

MINUTE 20:

CONTROL

 

EXPERIMENTAL

 

71

MINUTE 2|:
CONTROL

 

EXPERIMENTAL

 

LIST OF REFERENCES

LIST OF REFERENCES

Astrand, P.O., Cuddy, T.E., Saltin, B., and Stenberg, J.
'Cardiac Output During Submaximal and Maximal Work,ll
Journal Applied Phystoiogy. i9: 268-274, 1964.

Bassett, D.R., Nagel, F.J., Mookerjee, S., Darr, K.C., Ng,
A.V., Voss, 5.6., and Napp, J.P. “Thermoregulatory
Responses to Skin Wetting During Prolonged Treadmill
Running," Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 19(1): 28-32, 1987.

Berman, B, and McGuire, J. “Electrocardiographic Changes
Induced by Cold Application to Various Body Sites in
Patients with Angina Pectoris: Preliminary Report,"
Am. Journal Med. Sci. 219: 82-85, 1950.

Buskirk, E. R. “Temperature Regualtion With Exercise,“
Wm Vol. 5 pp. 44 54'

Byrne-Ouinn, E., Weil, J.V., Sodal, I.E., Filley, G.F., and
Grover, R.F. 'Ventilatory Control in the Athlete,“
Journal Applied Physiology. 30: 91-98, 1971.

Cabanac, M., and Caputa, M. I'Open Loop Increase in Trunk
Temperature Produced by Face Cooling in Working Humans,“
Journal of Physiology. 28: 163-174, 1979.

Craig, A.B., and Dvorak, M. 'Thermal Regulation of Man
Exercising During Water Immersion,“ Journal Applied
Physiology. 25: 28-35, 1968.

Davies, C.T.M., Brotherhood, J.R., and Zeidifard,_E,
'Temperature Regualtion During Severe Exercise with
Some Observations on Effects of Skin Wetting," Journal
Applied Physiology. 41(5): 772-776, 1976.

Eldridge, F.L. 'Maintenance of Respiration by Central Neural
Feedback Mechanisms,‘I Fed. Proc. 36: 2400-2404, 1974.

72

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

73

Epstein, S.E., Stampfer, M., Beiser, C.D., Goldstein, R.E.,
and Braunwald, E. "Effects of a Reduction in
Environmental Temperature on the Circulatory Response
to Exercise in Man,“ New England Journal of Medicine.
280: 7-11, 1969.

Freedberg, A.S., Spiegl, E.D., and Riseman, J.E.F. “Effect
of External Heat and Cold on Patients with Angina
Pectoris: Evidence for Ex1stence of Reflex Factor,“
American Heart Journal. 27: 611-622, 1944.

Frey, M.A.B., Selm, E.A., and Walther, J.W. 'Reflex
Cardiovascular Responses to Cold Exposure of the Face
or Foot,‘I Japan. Heart. 21: 665-679, 1980.

Gisolfi, C.V., and Capping, J.R. "Thermal Effects of
Prolonged Treaanill Exercise in the Heat,‘I Med. Sci.
Sports Exerc. 6(2): 108-113, 1974.

Greene, M.A., Boltax, A.J., Lustag, G.A., and Rogow, E.
"Circulatory Dynamics During the Cold Pressor Test,I
American Journal of Cardiology. 16: 54-60, 1965.

Hartung, 6.H., Myhre, L.G., and Nunnely, S.A. “Physiological
Effects of Cold Air Inhalation During Exercise,” Avait.
Space Environ. Med. 51: 591-594, 1980.

Hattenhauer, M., and Neill, W.A. "The Effect of Cold Air
Inhalation an Angina Pectoris and Myocardial Oxygen
Supply," Circulation. 51: 1053-1058, 1975.

Hayward, J.M., Holmes, W.F., and Gooden, B.A. ‘Cardiovascular
Responses in Man to a Stream of Cold Air,“ Cardiovascular
Research. 10: 691-696, 1976.

Heistad. D.D., Abbound, F.M., and Eckstein, J.W. “Vasocon-
strictar Response to Simulated Div1ng in Man,“ Journal
Applied Physiology. 25(5): 542-549, 1968.

Holmer, I., and Bergh, U. “Metabolic and Thermal Responses
to Swimming in Water of Varying Temperatures,“ Journal
Applied Physiology. 37: 702-705, 1974.

Houber, H., Thien, T.E., Wignands, G., and Van’t Larr, A.
IEffects of Cold Exposure on Blood Pressure, Heart Rate
and Foreanm Blood Flow in Normatensives During Selective
and Non-selective Beta-adrenoceptor Blockade," British
Journal of Clinical Pharmacology. 14: 867-870, 1982.

21.

22.

. 23.

24.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

30.

31.

74

Kissen, A.T., Hall, J.F., and Klemm, F.K. “Physiological
Response to Cooling the Head and Neck Versus the Trunk
and Leg Areas in Severe Hyperthermic Exposure,‘ Aerospace
Medicine. 42: 882-888, 1971.

Kobayasi, S., and Ogawa, T. “Effect of Water Temperature on
Bradycardia During Nonapneic Facial Immersion in Man,“
Japanese Journal Physiology. 23: 613-624, 1973.

LeBlanc, J., Dulac, 8., Cote, J., and Girard, B. “Autonomic
Nervous System and Adaptation to Cold in Man,“ Journal
Applied Physiology. 39: 181-186, 1975.

LeBlanc, J., Blias, B., Barabe, B., and Cate, J. “Effects of
Temperature and Wind on Facial Temperature, Heart Rate,
and Sensation,I Journal Applied Physiology. 40: 127-131,
1976.

LeBlanc, J., Cote, J., Dulac, S., and Dulang-Turcot, F.
'Effects of Age, Sex, and Physical Fitness on Responses
to Local Cooling,‘ Journal Applied Physiology: Respirat.
Environ. Exercise Physiology. 44(5): 813-817, 1978.

Leon, D.F., Amidi, M., Leonard, J.J. “Left Heart Work and
Temperature Responses to Cold Exposure in Man,“ American
Journal Cardiology. 26: 38-45, 1970.

Livingstone, S.D., Grayson, J., Frim, J., Allen, C.L., and
Limmer, R.E. 'Effect of Cold Exposure on Various Sites of
Core Temperature Measurements,‘l Journal Applied
Physiology. 54(4): 1025-1031. 1983.

Mannino, J.A., and Washburn, R.A. “Cardiovascular Responses
to Moderate Facial Cooling in Men and Women,“ Av1at.
Space Environ. Med. 58: 29-33, 1987.

Matthews. D K and FOX. E L Wm
W W B Saunders. Co .
Toronto, 1971. '

McArdle, W., Magel, J.R., Lesemes, G.R., and Pechar, 6.5.
'Metabalic and Cardiovascular Adjustments to Work in Air
and Water at 18, 25, and 33 degrees Celcius," Journal
Applied Physiology. 40: 85-90, 1976.

Miller, M.R., and Miller, A.J. "Physiological Effects of
Brief Periods of Exposure to Low Temperatures,“ Journal
Aviation Med. 20: 179-185, 1949.

32.

33.

34.

35.

36.

37.

38.

39.

40.

41.

42.

43.

75

Nadel, E.R., Pandolf K.B., Roberts, M.F., and Stalwijk,
J.A.J. “Mechanisms of Thermal Acclimatian to Exercise and
Heat,“ Journal Applied Physiology. 37(4): 515-520, 1974.

Neill, W.A., Duncan, D.A., Kloster, F., and Mahler, D.J.
“Response of Coronary Circulation to Cutaneous Cold,“
American Journal Medicine. 56: 471-476, 1974.

Pandalf, K.B. “Effects of Physical Training and Cardia-
resplratory Physical Fitness on Exercise-Heat Tolerance:
Recent Observations,“ Med. Sci. Sports Exerc. 11(1):
60-65, 1979.

Rennie. D.W., DiPrampera, P., and Cerretelli, P. “Effects of
Water Immersion on Cardiac Output, Heart Rate and Stroke
Volume of Man at Rest and During Exercise,“ Med. Della
Sport. 24: 223-228, 1971.

R1998. C.E., Johnson, D.J., Kilgour, R.D., and Konapka, B.J.
“Exercise Heart Rate Response to Facial Cooling,“
European Journal Applied Physiology. 47: 323-330, 1981.

Riggs, C.E., Johnson, D.J., Kanopka, D.J., and Kilgour, R.D.
“Metabolic Effects of Facial Cooling in Exercise,“ Aviat.
Space Environ. Med. 54: 22-26, 1983.

Robinson, B.F. “Relation of Heart Rate and Systolic Blood
Pressure to the Onset of Pain in Angina Pectoris,“
Circulation 35: 1073-1079, 1967.

Sorenson, E.W. “Angina Pectoris and Exposure to Cold,“
Acta. Med. Scand. 179: 329-331, 1966.

Sparks, H.V. “Mechanism of Vasodilation During and After
Ischemic Exercise,“ Fed. Proc. 39: 1487-1490, 1980.

Wayne, E.J., and Graybiel, A. “Observations on the Effect of
Food, Gastric Distention, External Temperature, and
Repeated Exercise on Angina of Effort, with Note on
Angina Sine Dolore,“ Clinical Science. 1: 287-304, 1934.

Wenger, C.B., Roberts, M.F., Stalwijk, J.A.J., and Nadel,
E.R. “Forearm Blood Flow During Body Temperature
Transients Produced by Leg Exercise,“ Journal Applied
Physiology. 38: 58-63, 1975.

Wyndham, C.H. “The Physiology of Exercise Under Heat
Stress,“ Ann. Rev. Physiology. 35: 193-220, 1973.

44.

76

Zela8ko. C. W158
on Body Composition Estimations as Measured by

Hydrostatic Weighing Procedures1_Ma§;gn_§_Ing§1:1
Michigan State University, 1984.