MSU RETURNING MATERIALS: Place in book drop to remove this checkout from your record. FEVES LIBRARIES will be charged if book is returned a— after the date stamped below. 'OCT” 1’ 0.199%” T” 5, E ' 2 o ‘ ’27 3- 01994 1/L/L,v’rL/e/ , ‘ (1 ' t . "‘5. .ij 1 3 200a @8019; DEé3 D :5 30%.; H mmmmm mmm‘m Palli‘a'bell A WW Sutuittedto Meansmtelhimity inpartialmlflflnarbocfthemumta forthedmeof mam DivisjmofCOImelijsychology deyolofflealthmmtion, Camehm PaydnlogyaflfimPertom 1988 mam Ammmmm mmmmmm rB! PallFatelJ. mmmemdammwmm mmwmmmmmtemm. The WWmmm'Wformt www.mnmmmenmmm,m varianbahavioralcharacteflsticamociabedwithreoovery. Aeetof WWplmedmbjectemtoonoofflwrm: Miners, WW, Slip-Miners, and Slip-Balm. Itmwmmmm'mmmofm ahpsmdoftheiramtmormm,deamdbedalom dimensions of internal-M, stable-tubable. global-specflic, and mmmmmamammmtom. Also. slip-Mmmdahp—mlapaemmlddiflermdimtotmeot oelI—bluethatmfldchambeflzethemtortheiralim. behadmlorWlogimlUmofl-Bflm, 1979). Asmdicted,abata1m(AbstajmmmdSJJp-absta1m)tmded tommmforthairmtdflnflm/mmm internal, stable, globa1,mxicouu011ablofacbora. Where (mummswmnleomemmm www.mmmmmmmmmm speciflcnmtablemdcmbronablemthmpmdjcbed. Remltaof. WAtestofdjflemmmmnimaoomdet PaflFatell mmmmmmmmmmmsmflm mallfoxratudhxtiondimiom. Manualattrihruomforeljm,eup-abfla1nerahadlm mum Violatim Effect Booms (mmaoom. 1985) that 311?- Wmm.mmdinmbehaviomleefl-blm(m m1. 89601110. Wk,micmu0Uablemim)- 3119' Mmmdinmdnmlmlmfl-blm. Allhxttln mmmmm'mmmmmmtmmsmmmt mummmmm. mmuthmormtimummrorcmmumme mthelaokofdiflmbetwemalcohoumanidnumrsm Wformbmm»mbmemed1ntheirin1tm any. mmmnomenmednmumhmmlem alcoholicaanppedwithoooaine. 11003mean mmmmmmwm.mflmdmm MEMMWMMMWW ultinbelyleaitosignflicmuyhisherrahesofminthe Wotanbstmahm. Immmwmmimtom.nnm,dnaened mummmmmmmdm pmJect,thepost-prcposalataeee.msmmmtm1evelor oo-ihmtmemammtotheoomhtimotthjsm. lumen www.mmmmbmmmmmmm mmmmmtm.mum,mm. Simmeiatimmmmnr.mxm.mm1 Wmmammmmmm practice. SpecialthmkstoDr.RochansHabeck.wm-ml adviser. HermbuflmmtdmtheearlystmeBm invahnble.mweuasherm1ntheeelecuono£averyflm oo-ithee. I Imfldlihetoalmmmsmm,flevm,m mvmmmtatrmmmnmmmemmm mumthedataoollectjm. Inthatfultowooquter maltmt.mmem,mmprobablymvednfmn mletelyunnimm. Iwiahhoexpmasuydeepestmtitadetompamhs,“ W,sflmht1m,mdammmbmaoutalystforleamim Wren-hm. MWhmthevahmofedmbion andpersisbmoe. 'mejroontinaedmtismmiflhed. 1v Iwishtothmkaspecialhfldyandoommim.nmr.wtoy poodle. Hispmmflspecialfloflovemmsttheraparbicat time. mmmmmum, respect,andlove1havefor "Wandlodmwflfe,Jonna. Qfalltheflndimsepmfeaaiml mdml,flmrbenarged£rmthjssufly,nmeismnemingmlto mmmmmmmmmammm. mam Ban hindrance .................................................... v1.11 Idstotflgures .................................................. ix MIME)! ........................................... 1 Waiting-thong ............................... 1 NeedfortheStudy ..................................... 2 Rmofthesufly ................................... 4 Minitionocf'l'em .................................... 6 WW ..................................... 10 Simon ................................................ 12 mzmmm ...................................... 13 Introdaction ........................................... 13 mummmmesmotthesm .................. 13 NmoognitiveFactora .............................. 13 Other'flnomficalPel-specbim .................... 15 CognitiveFactoz-ainnelm ........................... 16 Self-Efficacy ..................................... 17 WWM .............................. 19 AWofCamlity .......................... 20 Amway-Concepts ............................ 20 Self-81m ............................................. 24 MEIW ............................................ 31 OverviewofDeaign ..................................... 31 Matthew .......................... 32 OverviewofthelnterdewSchefine ................ 32 WMWVW ............... 32 HemmofAttl-ihrtiom .......................... 33 lbsignofaflemneofthebtaflnmoe ViolatimEflecr. ............................... 34 WWOmeW" 36 Pflot'l‘est: ........................................ 39 Wtyofthekttflhrumm ........ 40 mummmoxm FmAttrlhrbimmbaoalea ..................... 43 TheSuple ............................................. 44 8&1:thle ..................................... 44 Suplemaractensflcs ............................ 45 Wimoffhemle .................. 45 Candactoftheln‘berviewa .............................. 47 Hypotheses ............................................. 47 Tesbonyporthesis 1: DifleminAtu-ihrtim OIWMWMWW... 52 Test; of Hypothesis 2: Diflezmoes in Attrihxtions of Slip-Abstainers and Slip-Helm ............... 53 Test of mmthesis 3: Similarities in Attrihxtiom for Gan-mt Status of Alcohohcs'uxiDngUaers ......... 54 Testofmpothe3134: Diflminfielnviml Wimofsnp-Abstaimmd Slip-Balm ...................................... 55 TestonypotheaiaS: DiflmnesinBahavioral Wmofbbstaimramdflonabstainem ..... 56 TestonypothesisB: SinilaritieaiangUaed theInitialSJipBetnemAlcoholicaami 11111303313 .......................................... 58 Testofflypothesis 7: Two-11m Self-BlueSoale (hnbeaabBtihrbedformam-Itaktu'ihnim Scale ............................................... 59 MSDISGBSIQI ............................................. 61 DiaumionofflemltsofWTesm .............. 61 W131 ...................................... 61 Hypotheai32 ...................................... 65 W133 ...................................... 69 ”51133134 ...................................... 69 Hypothe3135 ...................................... 71 W6 ...................................... 73 W137 ...................................... 74 DimsionotOhherAnaJyeeaDoneinthoStfly.... 75 Lilitatiolnotthesuady ............................... 76 FactoraJeopaldizimInbemalValidity ............ 76 FactoraJeopaniizimExbemalVaJJdity ............ 79 Imlioa‘bionsforfleaearchmmm... .................. 80 IlplicatimaforcunioalPractice ..................... 82 m1“ AmariixA Letter ............................................... 101 MB Postcard ............................................. 103 MC Follow-1mm ..................................... 104 MB RhoneRan-ative ...................................... 105 ME htrodaaborymmdmw ........... 106 ME Atatainer ............................................ 107 AppaxiixG Never-W ...................................... 114 MB Slip-Abstainer ....................................... 121 Amendixl Slip-Balm ........................................ 133 WWW ............................................... 145 LISTCFTAEE Em Tablel. Factoriaadimforakfactcrfiomtimof Attrihrbicmof8hp3(n=50) ......................... 84 TabJeZ. FactorlcadingsforabFacborSomticnot AttrihxtiomofOn-mt Stats (1],: 100) ............... 85 Table3. WComhtimsandmof - InhernalConsistmcy ................................... 86 Table4. Suplet'haracterisbicsunpembs) ..................... 87 Table5. muofmATestofDiflminflean ' Atu-ihrticnScores‘MtheFaiertms ............... 89 TableB. befitsofDiscrininmbEtnctimAnaJysisfor AllFom-Gmups ........................................ 90 T811137. ReaaltsofmATes'tofDiflmaesinflem ‘AttrihrbionScoresforAbstaim'sm Nonabstainers .......................................... 91 T311138. RaazltsotDiscrininantmmtimAnaJyBisfor Alzhainersandflonabsbainers ........................... 92 'l'able9. ReantsofmATestofDiflermcesinlbm ‘AtbrdbxticnScoresofSlip-Abstainersmd andSlip-Relapsers ..................................... 93 Table 10. Reaalts ofDiscrininant Function Analysis for Slip—AbstainersmxiSlip—Rslapsers ..................... 94 Tab]cli.ReafltsofmATesbofDiflermsinflem Attrihxtion Scores for Alcoholics and D113 Users ....... 95 Tab].312.DiflezmcesinBehavicralunaracted3bicsof Slip-AbsbainersandSlip-Belapsers ..................... 96 Tablel3.DiflermcesinBehavioralearacteristicsof A Abstainersandfionabstaimrs ........................... 98 Tab1314.SiniJaritiesinDngUsedDJrimInitialsnp BetweenAlcoholjcsandDmgUsers ...................... 99 Table15.Corre]aticmBeWemScoreson'meFairAttrih1tim am, 'I‘heSelf-Blme Scale, and'helZ—Ita Scale ................................................ 100 Flame 1. flame 2. LISI'CFFI‘ HodelotflelapsamdAttrihmims .................... Wham ................................. 57 Chapter 1 mm lfilliumsoIAandcmmsarepsmdxflcgmaflh somufl" infiITUEflq‘wxmmiamflLamdlhunfl.Pnflfl£ns:hilirth In¢xnnamk3tenlh thecmxn;ot'0xxneaddhflfl§e1dhxnden31k)sockflw'nfllezgnmflzn'thmn that(flfamy«anxnrpublhclumflxhqmnfiflcn kanzfllo,2uxmniannnzm-& Banning 1985). SBnEIEELJnLIHQJhnbmfln ArcanNXIPhenanaxxtin'UMatucatman;ofWanxnamceixusdusordmmsis th3bliunmNurelgndfinentimithhscandy. thfles:hmfludalin'uusmnmdewzfixus< madam haw headcounuuu< ._ shaman so to c we cooco A V we was we coo owns ~ I Nor-HD—OU-h: ~QOOH UHOWUM/ «Uh: ~fich0uc~ wafiWRV Q a HHQ‘T Q? L QQQNUN >~ a-w ;MHHHH4 odoaAAOHucou ii oeuaousm Acupunomv .Ii oucocnnopx liouosaaumo4z SED¥REHEEEE5(SR) Hamienmxded¢r30(hwdmuiaiofznethlmceennuithe calfletnxiofime:nuddauualissuanntlnognlnbuttmme 31 32 beardrinkingorusingmwithinthepostthirtydays. Followim the introductory questions , a 12—item attrihrtional scalemsadministeredtoobtainparticipants' MionBOfthe curses of their amt abstinent or nonabstinent status and slips (if any) sincetbeendoftheresidentialtreatmmtprogram. Itm hypothesized that subjects' attrihxtims of cause, described along four attribrtion dimensions - internal-external lows of control, stable—umtable, global—specific, and controllable—uncontrollable - wuflddifferinpredictablewaysacrossgroups. Asetofdenographic Miami concluded the interview schedule. W W 'lheeltireinterviewechedile consistedofthefollowingparts: (a)Apreliminarysetofquestions whichplaoedeachsubieotintooneorrmrgrwpa; (b)forthetwoslip grwps, asetofquestionsaddressimtbespecificdynamicsoftheir initialslip (e.g., "Vhatwmthefirstthingywdrankorusedafter the treatznant program7“) followed by a 12-item attritutional scale and atwo item self-blame scale addressingthe initial slip; (c) forall fairgroups,a121temattrihrtionalscaleandtwoitemself-blme scaleaddressingtheircurrmt abstinent ornonabstinent statm; (d)a setofdaograrhicquestions;and(e)adebriefing section. (See AppendixE-Iforcolpleteinterviewscbediles) ‘lheindepaidartvariable thraglnutallanalysesinthisstudympatternsofdngusesince progrmgraduation. Thesepatternsweredefinedw: totallyabstain: neverabstain; slip,b1tthenabstain;andslip,thennotabstain. The 33 depaldentvariablesofprimryooncemuerenemnesofattrihrtionsof calsesdescribedinmapterz: internal—external, stable-tmsbable, oontmlhble—tmontmllable, amiglobal-speciiic. Thesevariables servedastbefowsoflwpotbesesltbmuhii. Depaxlaltvariablesof seeondaxyoonoemwembehaviomlcbaracteristicsofpmgrmgramates (e.g.,atbendanoe at A.A.meetings, useof Antahlse). 'l'heseservedw thefoamoflwpoflleses4thm13h6. Winona. ‘lheCamalDinenslonScale(CIB) developedbynlssellusamwasusedtoassessthefimtthree attrihrtion dimions: internal-external, stable—umtable, and oontmflable—uncontrollable. 'lhreeiteladevelopedbythearthorwem addedtothefitoneasuretheglobel—speciiicdimion. 'meomsalnmsnslonSeale (Rlssell, 1982) isamneofhow individuals pemeivecawses inapartiallar situation. Itoonsists of nineitens ingthneecwsaldinensions; lowsofcumlity, stabilityandoontroflabfliw. 'DIeCIBissiniJarinfomttothe Attrihltional Style Qaestlonnsne (ASQ) (Selim, Abraaon, Semel & Von Basyer, 1979), hxt differs inone inmortant respect. unless the GBisdesignedtoneasmeattrihrtions foronespeciflcevent, theASQ is designed to measure a cross-situational attrihrtional style. nemtmlerorselectlngtheulsratherthsnuemtortms Mismniedinthsresultsoftmstudiesbyoxtm, Russelland m (1985). mesesumesmtleallyevalmtedtheoonseptotan‘ attrihrtional style as Operationalized by the Athrihxtional Style Qlestionnaile. The results provided weak sumort for cress—slumlonal mistency‘in attri‘urtions for hypothetical events, and virtually no support for oomistency in attrihrtiotm for acuml life events. he 34 authors concluded that a more promising approach for future research lies in exploring causal attritutions for specific life events using measures that yield reliable assessments of attrihrtiom for a single evmt, such as the Causal Dimension Scale. This study exployed the CIB to measure substance ahwers' peroeptionsofcamesregardimtheirslips,ifany,and . drinking/dragging stanza . The scale was modified for oral presentation anichamedfronaninefointscaletoafive—poihtscaletomakeit aasiarfiorparticipantatonacalltheraspamecatqorieswhen presentedorally. Despitethischange, thekeywordsaniwordstens were all kept intact. However, transitional plumes and additional exupleswereaddedfornlrposesofexplainingandadministeringthe instnnent to subjects over the dale. lheaBisbmedondilmsialalpropertiesofcausesidentifiedby Weiner (1974): loan of camality. stability and controllability. ' A Rassell (1982) reported high levels of internal canistmcy for the measure's internality, stability and controllability subscales (coefficient alphas ranging from .73 to .88) and confined the three— factorstmcmreofthecmthruuhfactoranalyses. addition to Weiner's (1974) three attrihrtional dimensions, the Operational definition of the Abstineme Violation Effect includes the global-specific dimensial suggested by Abrason et a1. (1978). Three item taming the global-specific dimalsion were, therefore, developed bythearthoramladdedtotheufitopmvideameasmeofthe Abstinence Violation Effect. 35 Thefinal sectionoftheinterviewdealingwithattrihxtionsasked twodinectquestionsthattappedbothcbaracterologicalandbehavioral self-blue. These two questions were derived from Janoff-Bllman's (1979) study of self-blue. The arthor's intent in asking these questions was to determine if this relatively straightforward way of assessing attributiom would provide a reliable measure of self-blame. 'lhe nine-item Causal Dimion Scale (Russell, 1982) is presented below in its original nine—point scale format. A three-item subscale the global-specific dimension follows. It is also presented inanine—pointformattoshowthesimilarityinsubscales. Theselz itelsoonvertedtoafive—point orallyadministeredscaleoonstituted themeasmeofattrihxtionsusedinthisstuiy. 1. Isthecausesomethingthat: Reflectsanaspect 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 l Reflectsanmpect ofyourself . ofthesituation 2. Is the cane: Contmllablebyym 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 10ncontrollableby , orotherpeople morctherpeople 3. Isthecausesomethingthat-is: Permanent 987654321Temporary Intaldedtwyouor 987654321Wntended1wyou otherpeople 1 orotherpeople Insideofyou, 9876543210rtsideofyou 6. Isthecwsesomethingthatis: Stableovertime 9876543217ariableovertime 7. Isthecause: Somethingabout 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 isomethingabout you others 8. Isthecausesomethingthatis: Unchanging 987654321C‘han3eable 36 9. Isthecausesomethingforwhich: Someone is 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 No one is respomible responsible Highscoresontbesesubscalesindicatethatthecauseis perceived as internal (items 1,5,7), stable (itels 3,6,8) and controllable (itals 2,4,9). The following three items assess the global-Specificdimionandwereincluiedwiththeabovescale. 1. Isthecwsesomethingthat: Influetmsyour 9876 5 432 iInfluencesyour behaviorinall habaviorinjmrt situations ' thissituation 2. Isthecmnesomethingthatis: Imortanttoyou 9876543211mortanttoyouin in all situatiom Just this situation 3. Isthecwsesomethingthat: Relatestoyour 9. 8 7 6 5 4 3'2 lflehtestoyulr behaviorinall behaviorinjust situations thissituation Highscoresontheseitemindicatethatthecauseispereeivedas Subjectsfrm thefalrgruxpswerealsoaskedasetofquestionsthataddressed specificdynamicssurmmdingtheirpattermofdmgmesincepmgru graduation. Someofthequestiomfowsedonmtentialdifferences betweenmedlersofthetwoslipgrulps;othersdealtwithpossible difleremesbetwemmfillandmmncessftnreooveringalbstame ahners(AbstainersandSlip-abstaimrsvs.flever—abstainersandSlip- relapsem). Suchdetailsasthetimeofday,locationamispecmc dngmedintheinitialslipwereprovidedbythoseinthetwoslip groupsinaneflorttogainabcttermxlerstandingoftheinitialslip process. Slxhdetailsaslikelihoodofftrmremeanddrugsofchoice 37 wereprovidedbysuccessfulandnonsuccessfulrecoveringsubstance atusersinanefforttolearnmoreabonrtthepreoessofrelapse. 'Ihe arthorismawareofanyresearchaddressinganyoftbesevariables acrossthepopulationofsubstanceahzsers. However,someofthese questionsweretakenandmodifiedfmdenenelnnetal.'s(1985)M ofanokersandex—smokers. Unfortunately, resultsfromthatstudydid notincludeanydatafromthosequestions. 'lhlm,thelwpotlmesthat therewurldbediffereneesamongtbefourgroupswerebasedmoreon clinical intuition than research liter-sums . 'Iheeightqnstionsfoamimonpotentialdifferalcesin behavioral characteristics of slip-abstainers and slip-relapsers were: 1. Rlatwasthefirstthingyoudrankorusedafterthe treatment program? alcohol ............ 1 minortrarnuilisers ...... 5 pot ................ 2 opioidsu... ............. 6 cocaine ............ 3 psychedelics ............ 7 amphetamines ....... 4 other-specify— 8 2. Abouthowlongaftertbetreatmentpmgrmatli'ifthAverne didyoufirstdrinlfiuse?‘ less than one week. . .1 4—6 months ........... 4 1—4 weeks ............ 2 7-9 months ........... 5 1-3 months ........... 3 10-12 montlm ......... 6 morethanoneyear...7 3. Vberewereyouwhelyoufirstdranlnusedafterthetreatnent pm? ‘ home ............................. 1 work ............................. 2 38 friald's or relative's house ..... 3 baror restwrant4 car .............................. 5 otherspecificplace- ........... 6 Describe: mattimeofdaywas it? momim ............. , ................. 1 afternoon -noonto5m ........... 2 swim -5tollm ............... 3 night -11mto6u .............. 4 mawairstdrank\usedafterthetreatuartpmgrm,were you: alone .................. 1 with other people ...... 2 Howdidyougstit? Did: someoneoflerittoywwithoutywasking ....... 1 youtuyit ....................................... 2 ywaskforitfrommtherperson ............... 3 ordidngetitsomeidlere'else ................. 4 HadywbealthinkingaboutdrinkimWsingearlierthatM? Yes........1 No ......... 2 Abwthowlongbeforehavingthatfirstdrink\usedidyw make a decision to drink\use? nocomcious decisiontodrinlmme ....... 1 seconds .................................. 2 mimtes .................................. 3 hours .................................... 4 days ..................................... 5 'l‘hefivequestionsdealingwithpctentialdiflermsin behaviorelcharacteristicsofslncessfulandmnsmxessfiflrecovering albstameahmetswere: 1. Hhatisyourdrugofchoice? alcohol ............ 1 minortranquilizers ...... 5 pct ................ 2 opioirb .................. 6 cocaine ............ 3 psychedelios ............. 7 «chem ....... 4 other-specify ....8 2. AreyouwrrentlytamAntaane? Yes ..... 1 No ..... 2 3. Are you currently involved in A.A., N.A., or C.A.? Yes ............ 1 No ............. 2 4. Eaveymbeeninanydetoxtreatnentssincelnsight? Yes ............ 1 (Ifyes,) No ....... . ..... 2 Abutthownanymntlmago? 5. matisymrbestguessofthelikelihoodywwillbe drinking\usingthreemthsfromnow? very unlikely ........ 1 very likely ............... 4 unlikely ............. 2 maybe or I don't know ..... 5 likely ............... 3 W. Aninforfilpilcttestoftheentireintervim schechlewasoondlctedonfivesubjectsmohadcomletedaresidential 40 dmgtreatzmtprogrmsimilartotheonethatservedmthefocmof thisstudy. 'lhemrposeofthepilotinterviewswmtodleckfor potmtial problm in interpretation or understandim of the questionnaire. Noproblaeofthistypewerenotedbyanyoftbe subjects. Bowever,tbepilotdidserveausefulpnposeinalerting theresearohertotheneedtoslowhisspeakimratewhile administeringtheinstrtnentoverthephone. Twofactormalyses moanintadinanaffinrttocmfintheficurdimimsoftbs Abstinence Violation Effectamestedbytheworkofmrryetal. (1987)withsmokers. 'nlefirstfowsedonthefacwrstructwueof measuresofattrihxtionsofwrrentstatus(n=100)andtheother oenteredonattrihxtionsforslips(n=50). 'lhemeasuresof sttrihxtionsofammtstatnweremitaemeem-minbmaldix muhichsemaskedorallsibiectsmzlomaddmssingtheircment drinking/dmggingstatus. 'nlemeasuresofattrihrtiomforslipswere thelZitems(seafliZ-fl231n£ppaxlixll)michwerepresentedtothe Sosmiectsmnhadexperialcedslips(slip-abstainersandslip- relapsers). Becausetheintaltofbcthmalyseswastoconfirmthefourfactor sturchneinhermtinthehsignoftheiZ—itemmeasmesof attribrtions,aprincipalccmonentsanalysiscallimforfalr extractedfactorewmoomhcted,mloyingaloblique(oblimin) rotation. its four factor solution for attrihrtiom of smut statm accounted for 80.3%ofthetcta1varianceofattrih1tion scores; the four factor solution for attrihxtions of slips accounted for 78.8% of 41 thevarianos. ‘Ihefactorloadirgsderivedfromtheseanalysesare describedinTableslarxiZformdonpagesMandB5. Ideally,thefactorloadingsdescribedinflresetwotablessbwld oonformtoapatteminwhichthethreeiteleintheintemal-external subscaleloadhighestononefactor,thethreeiteleinthe controllable-uncontrollable eubscale align with another factor, the threeitmintbestable—rmtabhsubscaleloadhigbestonathird factor,anithethreeitelafrmtheglobal-specificailnca1eload highestonthefourthfactor. 'lheresultsofthefactoranalysesfor mofattrihrtialsofslips(Tab]e1)caeclosetocmfomimto thishypothesizedpattern. 'lhethreeitemintheintemal—external wheels, foremle,a11halfheirhifliestlomflmmfactorlam thethreeiteminthestable—mntablesubscaleallalisnedwithfactor 2. Likmismtwoofthethreeitelaineachofflnothertmowlncales - global-specific and controllable-meontrollable - aligned with a singlefactor. However,thethirditemid"eachofthesesubsmles- itemmmtheglobal-specificslmscalemditann3intbe oontrollable—mcontrollablesubscalemeeAmeniixm-didnothave itshighestloadingonthefactortowhichitshouldhavebeanmsignsd. Althouhitwastaptingtooniteachortheseitensrmnits respeGbivesulnoalepriortotestimHypo‘thesisLthBWr ultimtelydecidedncttodosofortworeasorn. First,thesecond highestfactor—loadingforeachoftbeseitelewmonthefactorto whichitshouldhavebeenassigned. Second,theresultsofafactor analysis of attrilutiom of amt stats indicated that neither of theseitamflmctimedinthissmtrrmblesmemintheantextof current status. Thus, itispossible thatfllefaflineofthesetmo 42 itemtoconformtothefour—dimensionalmodelofattrihrtionsinthis partiallar context (attributiom of slips) was due to the ways these itm flmctioned with this particular samle of respmxients and not to someinherentweaknessintheitam thmelves. In contrast to the results for attributions of slips, the pattern of factor loadings for attritutions of amt status (Table 2) were lessclear. mtheonehand,thethreeiteminthestable—mstable subscaleallhadtheirhighestloadingsonasingle,distinctfactor. Mmmtmafiorthathreaitaainthacmhollable— uncontrollablembscale. Brt,theitmintheothertwosubscales clearlydidnotconformtothepatternstmestedwthefwr- dimensionalmodelofattrihrtions. Theglobal-specificsubscale Whithearthor, for mic, was notclearly delineated from theothers. Ratber,thethreeiteminthissubscaleamearedtomerge with the stable-Instable and controllable-uncontrollable dimensiom , witnutdetractingfromscoresonthesetwodimmsials. Moreover,as mightbeexpectedfromtheanalysesofinternalconsistencydescribed earlier, itan$31(seeAPPendiXH)didnotgru1pwiththeothertwo itsmintheinternal—externalsubscale. Rather,d1ringtheoblimle rotation, this item factoredout as adistinct factor. CorrelationsmthefarrfactorsarealsoshowninTablesland 2. These correlations ramed from .07 to .50 for attributions of current status, and from .00 to .27 for attributions of slips. In other words, the four factors in the oblique rotation for slips were less highly correlated with one another than was true for attrilutions of currmt status. 43 It is not clear why the items in the global-specific and internal— external dimensions did not conform to the fair—dimensional model in regardtoattrihrtionsofalrrmtstams. Sincethissetofiteledid notfunctioninthesewaysinthefactoranalysisofattributionsof slips, it is possible that one or more of them are simply not suitable morattrimtionsinthisnoregeneralcontext. Intheabsence ofclearandconsistentevidencethattheresultsofthefactor analysisdidordidnotportrayatruapictureofthedimensionalityof theattrihrtionmeasmes,thearthorelectedtomaintainthethreaitem mofallfwrdimermiommamtedbytheulrryetal. (1987) model. Bowever,~theauthorwi.llbeartheresultsofthisfactor analysisinminiwheninterpretimtheresultsoftestsofflypcthesis 1,particular1yinregardtotheglobal—specificandinternal—external M. Reliability coefficients (Cronbach's coefficient alpha) for thefoursubscalesaresumarizedinthediagonalsofTableiifamdon pme86. Asthesedataindicate,threeoftbefwrsubscaleshad relativelyhighreliabilities, .86to.90. Bowever,theintemal- artermlsfiecalereliabflitycoefficientwasmrginallyacceptableat .55. Subseqlmtanalysesindicatedthattheelnclusionofitemflalmee Amerldixmfromthisscalewulldhaveraisedfllereliability coefficientto.69. Nevertheless,thedecisionwasmadetoretainthis ituinallsubsequantanalysesinordertomaintainthrea-ita measmes ofall four attribrtion dimensions. W W. Thepopllationfromwhirhthesmplewasdrawn consistedofindivichmlswlnhadoomletedaZB-dayresidentialdmg treatmtprogranlocatedinamid—sizecityinflichigan,betmeenthe periodApril, 1986,anduarch, 1987. Eachmemberofthisporulation had a primary IBM-III (American Psychiatric Msociation, 1980) dimisofalcoholordrugdependence. AconfidentialletterwmsenttoeachoftheSBSprospective subjectsinvitingthemtoparticipateinanesearthstuiyendoreedby thetreatmmtcenter. 'Iheletter(seeAmendixA)containedno refermcetosubstancealuseandwassentinaconfidentialanvelope alongwithastarped,self-addressedpostcard(seaAmeuiixB). The respondmtwasaskedtocheckoneoftuobomesonthepostcard;either agreeingornotagreeingtoparticipateinthestudy. Iftheywere interestedinparticipating,theywereaskedtoprovidearhonenmber andconvalialttimestobecalled,tosigntheirnale,arritomailthe cardbacktotheresearcher. Thisprocechnewasdesignedtomximize assm'ances of confidentiality for all participants . 'me3861ettersweresentoutinbatchesof50,randomlyselected, oneweekapartforthefirstmailing. Becameofthelowrespomerate (possiblydletothefailnretoprttheletterofinvitationonthe treatmentcenter'sletterhead),asecondmflingwascondntedwithall lettersgoinsurtatonoemeebmeuiiXCforfollow-Imletter). This mailingincludedalloftheoriginalmaterialsplmafouow—upletter onthecenter's letterhead. Intotal,126postcardswererew:medwith 122 individuals agreeiru to participate. Three people indicated no interestinthestadyandonepostcardmtedthedmg-relateddeathof 45 theindividual. 'lherewasalsoaphonemessageleftbythemotherof anindiflxhalwhohaddiedsixmmrthspriorinanalcolnl—filatedcnr accident. 'nlerewere51envelopesreturnedwith-no forwardingaddress. Thefinalresponseratewas32.0%oftheoriginal population or 37.5% of those within the population who were accessible. Although lower thandesired,thisrateiscomistaltwiththatreportedbyotherswho havesurveyedthegeneralandsubstanceahmepomlations (H. Perlstadt, personaleommication, Dace-mariaes; H. seam, pereonalcommication,liay1987). Insllmar'y,38616ttereweresaltarttoallpersonswhowere gr'adlatesofaresidentialdmgtreamentprogrmdlringthespecified timeperiod. Fifty-analvelopeswereremrnedwithnoforwarding armless. Atotalof126postcardswereretzmned. 'lhreeofthese postcarrhwerefromirxiividnlswhoindicatednointerestin Participating in the study. and one postcard noted the dun-related deathoftheindividml. 'nlerewmoneotherdeathnotedbyaphone callfromtheperson'smother. Thu,thereaere1221ndividualswho mmressedinterestinparticipatingintheshldy. Callsweremdeas postcardsfilteredin. 'nledesignofthestudycalledfor25 individnlstobewsigredtoeMOfthefwrm. Afteronly108 interviemthisgoalwasreachedandnofurtherinterviewsweredone. 'lhedatafromeightinterviewswerenotused,becamethatwouldhave resultedintmequal"n's“acrossthefalr groups. W. Thesociodemographiccharacteristicsof theiOOindividlalswhoparticipatedinthissmdyaresumarizedin Table4foundonpage87. Asthesedataindicate,mostparticipants were male (90%). high school grammes (73%), with a family income of 46 lessthan$30,000peryear(74x)andbetweentheagesof30and40 (6%). Virtuallyall (96%) hadjobs, hrt25Xwere laid—off atthetime oftheinterviews. ThedatahinTable4alsodescribetheresultsofChi—squaretests ofdiflerencesbetweensubstancealuserswhohavesuccessfufly abstainedandthosewhohavenotacrosseachoffllesociodemographic variables considered in this study. Collectively, the results of these analysesindicatethatabstainersweremorelikelytocomefrom solewhathighersmbackgrunmthanwastmeoftheirmmbstainim counterparts. Ahigherpereentegeofabstainerethmnalabstainers (s < .05) (a) attendedacollege or vocational school (24" vs. 4:), (b) haste-‘nilyinoonesahovesaomoo (3a vs. 16:), and/or (0) were mrried(56%vs.26%). (htheotherhand,eventhcughtheproportionof nonabstainerswhowereunderthirtyyearsoldorwhowerelaid—offwas morethmdclblethatofabstainerswmvs. 14xand3avs. 16%, respectively), (hi-squaretestsof differences betweensucmssfuland non-successful substance ahmers were not statistically significant (p) .05) inmgardtoage,gender,elploymantstatus,or1mgthof tilesinceprogramcompletion. 'nleapplicationforachission totheresidentialtreatuentprogrmthatservesasthefoclsofthis studyaskedtheapplicantstodescribetheirageandgulder. Ma partialtestoftherepreserrtativuessoftlnsamle,theageand genderefthegrrupoflOOrespoulentswascomaredwiththegr-oupof 286non-respondentsinthepopulation. 'nlemeanagesofthetwogruzps were35.0 for respondentsand35.6 forms-respondents. Ninetyperoent oftherespondentsandmofthenon-respondentsweremale. The 47 sample, therefore, appears to be representative of the general populationon these twovariables. W Dn'imtheinterviewparticipantsweremkedabartcrrrent drinking or dram, circumstarms, outcomes, and attrihxtions for initial 'slip' (if any), attributions for current abstinence or non- abstinence,andperceivedlikelihoodofdrinkingordmggimdmingthe nextthreemonths. neintrodlctiontotheinterviewmeeAmandixD) addressed the potential sensitivity of some subjects to some of the questimasked(e.g.,questionsonalrrmtdrinkimordmgging)and invitedsubjectstorefrainflmanswerimquastionstheyconsideredto betoosensitive. lhisnarrativewasfollowedbyasetofquestionsmeeAmaxan) which determined participants placement in one of the following four grows: Abstainers,flever-Abstainers,81ip—Abstainers,mxl$lip— Relapsers. Aftertheslbiectsweneplacedinoneofthefourgrwps theywereaskedthesetofquestionsfromtheamropriatepacket (AppendixF-I). 'lheaveragelmsthofthemsinterviewswasabwtzomnxtes. Allinterviewswerecondlctedbytheauunrinastandardizedmamrer tilting the months of Jammy and February. 1988. 1. Rlencomaredwithnonabstainers (Never-AbstainersandSlip— Relapsers), mt abstainers (Abstainers and Slip-Abstainere) (a) more likely to credit their current statm to controllable factors (nonabstainers will be more likely to attritute their statls to uncontrollable factors), and (b) equally likely to credit their state to internal, stable. and'global factors. (Moreover, both groups will have relatively high scores on all three of these dimensions). than capared with slip-relapsers, slipsabstainers will (a) report a smaller Alatirnlce Violation Effect (AVE) (b) display more "behavioral self-blame" and less ”characterological self-blame" (i.e. , will be more likely to attrihrte their slips to external, umtable, specific and controllable causes). The cognitive attributions of alcoholics will not differ from Do slip—abstainers differfromslip—relapsers in (a) dmgusedintheinitial slip? (b) periodofabstinence? (c) mnnerinwhichtheinitialslipwasdonewithrespectto... -location ~timeofday -social context (alone or with others) -howdnuswereobtained -praleditation -im11sivity? 49 Dowrrentabstainersdifferfromnonabstainersin... (a) chrzgsofchoice? (b) useofAntahlse? (c) membershipinsupportgroupssmhasAAfl (d) admission to a detox program since leaving the residential program? (e) reportedlikelihoodofusingthreemnthsfromnow? Willalcoholicsditferfmmdmsusersinthedmgmedinthe initialslip? Willtwodirectedquestionsprovideamaasmeofself-blamethat willbehighlyconelatedwithtotalscoresonthelz-itan attrilutionscale? Chapter 4 REULTS W AM:thernelhEUMEywstfipin'txndnglnmothaum:amaand‘txn a mltivariate Analysis of Variance (MAMA) test was conducted. MARINA testsasane'flmm'fllldhmmsnmnlcnnmhuctsanelndanfly .28. Irmazfiunlthnsstmhr(pmflnded:thahk33iairegelfifl smgnnm 'uum'unee:hflennfieeahsoonmflatnuelmnrbalfighmrthanckeiuxlfor attrihrtiom ofourrent statm,ramingfrom.23to.76. However, intammhsufle .05, and,x2(2)=2.26,p> .05, respectively. 'lhefourgrwpcentroirhforthefirstfunctionare shdwninTable6formdonpage90,togctherwiththediscriminant fimtionequationandtheperoaltofslxxaessfulpredictiamofgroup membershipusingthisequation. Asthacoefficientsinthe discriminantftmctionequationindicate,allfom'dinensionsplweda significantroleinpredictinggroupmemberehip.1heaccuracyofthese predictionsclearlyemceededchanoeacrossallfourgrurps. o Mostirportant, thepattern ofgroupcaltroich conformed ’tothe hypothesizeddiflerencebetweenancessfillmcoveringslbstanceahnere (AbstainersandSlip-Atetainem)andmnsrocessflflrecoveringwbstame ahmers (Never-AbstainersandSlip—Relapsers). Asthispattern indicates, the discriminant ftmctionslmssfullydistinguished betweal thegeneralgrcupsofswmssfulandmnsncessftflrecoveringalbstame ahnere,hxtdidnotdiscriminatebetweenthetwosutgrtupswithineach ofthesecategories. Giventheseresults,itwasreasonabletotest thefirsthypothesis. 'lheresults oftheMAlUVA testofdifferanes inmeanattrihrtion scoresbetweenabstainereandnonabstainersaremrizedinTable? found on page 91, together with the Hotelling's F—Ratio. The chta revealapatternofhighermeansooresonallfwrattrihxtion ‘dinensionsforabstainerscomaredwithnonabstainers. Sincethe rearltsoftheMAhUVAtestwerestatisticallysignificant (p<.001),a discriminantftmctionanalysiswascondlctedtodeteninetheextectto whicheachoftheattrihrtionaldimensionswascontrihrtingtothasa (hiyoneflmctionemrgeddnrimthediscr-ininantfmction analysis. Statistically significant,X2(4)=139.27,p<.001,this ftmctionacoamtedformofthevariance. Table8,onpage92, "amarimsthetwogruxpcentmimalongwiththeperoentofaiccessful predictionsofgroupmembershipusingthediscriminantftmction equation, whichisalsogiveninTabJeB. Asthecoef‘ficientsinthis equation indicate, all four attritution dimensiorn contrituted to predictionsofgroupmmlbershipwithanoverallmeanofmacalracy. Results of the MADDVA test of differences in mean attrihrtion scoresandthediscriminantflmtionanalysisforabstainersani nonahstainemmnrizedinrables7ano8showednixedmrttor part(a)andlaoroisupportrorpart(b)orhypothesis1. As predicted,abstainerehadsubstantiallyhighergrurpmeanscoresthan nonabstainers on the controllable-uncontrollable dimension, where a highscoreindicatedthatthecausemsperoeivedascontrollable (MAbstainersz4.78; MNonabstainers=3.01). However,the 53 nonabstainers did not attribute their current statls to uncontrollable factoreas predicted. Rather, themean scores for thisgroup fell midway between the controllable and uncontrollable endpoints of the continua. Part (b) of hypothesis 1 was rejected. Contrary to the author's prediction, abstainershadsomewhathighermeanscoresthan nonabstainers on the internal-external dimension (M Abstainers = 4.71; MNonabstainers=4.13), amisubstantiallyhigherscoresthantmsefor nonabstainersontheothertwodimmsiocm, global-specific (M Abstainers = 4.60; M Nonabstainers = 2.46) and stable-unstable (MAbstainer-sz4.59; MNonabstainers=2.07). Intact, thescores for nonabstainers were relatively low rather than relatively high on thesetwodimmsions. TheresultsoftheMAMVAtestofdifferermsinmaanattrihrtion sooresbetweenslip—abstainereandslip—relareersareslmrizedin Table9fanxionpase93,togetherwiththemeanAbstinanceViolation Effect (A.V.E.) scores and Botellim's F-lhtio. The data indicate that slip-abstainershadlowermeansooresonallhrtaleoftheattrihxtim dimensions, that is, thecontrollable—uncontrollable dimension. The meanA.V.E.scoreswerettuslowerforthisgrulpthanfortheslip- relapsers. SincetheresultsoftheMAtUVAtestwerestatistioaJJy significant (p < .001), a discriminant function analysis was conducted todetermimtheactmttowhicheachattrihrtiondimemioncontrihxted tothesebetween—groxpdiffererms. 54 Chlyoneftmctionemergedduringthediscriminantftmction analysis. Thisfunctionwmstatistically significant X2 (3)=35.70, p<.001,andaccountedfor54%ofthevariance. Thetwogroup centroidsforthisfunctionareshowninTablelOfoundonpage94, alongwiththediscriminantftmctioneqlntionandtheperoantof successfulpredictionsofgrulpmemberehipmimthisequation. Three ofthefiourattrihrtiondimermionscontrihrtedtoaQZXacmracyrate ofpredictinggroupmembership. Resultsofthediscriminantfnmctim analysis this indicate that slip-abstainers and slip-relapsers are not differartiatedontheglobal-specificattrihxtiondimmsion,hrtare differaltiated on the internal-external, cmtrollable—unooctrollable, andstable—unstabledinalsiorn. nesntsoithe‘mAtestordiflerenoesinmeanattrimtion sooresamithediscriminantfimtimanalysisforslip—abstainereand slip-relapsersslnlarizedinTables9md105upportedbothpartsof hypothesis 2. mmcmparedwith slip-relapsers,slip—abstainershad substantiallylowermeangroupANE. scores. Furthermore, slip— abstainers displayed more behavioral self-blue and less characterological self-blue thm slip—relapsers . AMAmVAtestwascornactedtodetermineifthereweredifferences betweenalooinlicsanddmgusersinmemsooresacrossthefalr attrihrtiondimensions. Grommeansmdstandarddeviationsare smariaedinTable 11fomdonpage95,togetherwithflotellim'sf— Ratio. Asaclrsoryimpectionofthesedataindicates,memand 55 standarddeviationsforthetwogroupswereverysinilaracrossall fourdimensions. SinoetheresultsoftheMAKNAtestwe-renot statistically significant (12> .05), adiscriminant function analysis wasunnewssary. Resultsofthesetestsshowedsupportforthe hypothesis. 'nlerearltsofGli-squaretestsofindepexxlencefocusingon differernes in behavioral characteristics of slip-abstainere and slip— relapsersacrosseachoftheeightdepmdentmriablescitedin hypctlnses4(a)through4(c)areslmarizedinTab1612famdonpme 96. Asthesedataindicate,therespomepatternsofthetwogrcups weresimilaracrosssevenoftheeightvariables. mereasslip- relapsersweremorelikelytoslipathomeoratafriend'shome (80%),slip—abstainerswerealmostequallylikelytoslipathome,a friend's hoose,work,abaror restaurant. Bowever,astheresults of tleW—squaretestsindicate,evmthesediffermwerenct statistically significant (12> .01). Collectively.theresultsshowed nosupportforthehypofllesisandindicatedtherewerenosignificant diffemsbetweenthesetwogroupswithregardto... 1. drugusedininitialslip. About80%ofthemembersofboth groupsusedalcoholintheinitialslip. 2. periodofabstinmce. Chly26xofthetortalsuplecmceeded threemonthsbfabstinmoefollowimdischargefromthe residential treatment program a figure consistent with thefindings ofHunt, Bamett,andBramh(1971). 56 3. time ofdayof initial slip. Nearly one-half ofthetotal smle slimeddlringtheevminghoursmem—lhoom). 4. beingaloneorwithotherschrimtheinitialslip. Mostofthe saple(70%)hadtheirfirstuseinthecompanyof otherpeople. 5. howthednuswereobtainedfortheinitialslip. Thedrmswere mostlytxughtorofferedbyotherswoxnrarelydidtheperson askforthem. a ’ 6. premeditation.‘ Mostofthesmle (78%)thonahtaboutdrinkimor mingearlierintheday. ' 7. inpulsivity. Alittleoverhalfofthetctaleuple (52%) either didnotmakeaconsciousdecisionordecidedtousejmtseconm Inanattemttoidentifysoreoftheantecedmtfactorsthatlead up to the slip, a simlified classification of the wane for slips wasdcneforthesetwogralps. Theremonseachpartioipantcitedun theirownwords)arelistedinFigure20nthefollowingpweaswell asthesumaryofclassifioationsforeadlgrurp. Resultsshowedno clear difference between slip-abstainers and slip—relapsers in arrtecedentstoslips. Forbothgroups,theemctialsof anger, boredcm, and depression were most often cited as under reasons for the slip. Pberpreswrewasalsogivenasaprimarycarmeforslippingbyhoth groups of subjects. TheresultsofChi—aquaretestsofditferermsbetweenabstainers andnonabstainersacrosseachofthevariablesstatedinhypotheses W 1) W,wgry 2) mum 3) inwrongplace 4) tiredandbored 5) boredstwork 6) depressed 7) letlyguarddom 8) pearpressure 9) mystfriald 10)dmialofrwaddiction 11)poorcopirg 12)pressure-birthdaydrink 13)reserrtmarrts 14;)me 15)cbpressim 16)ansry 17)fightwithwife,angry 18)prmsurefrmfriarh 19)notgoingtoAAlIeetims 20)me 21)atfriaxi's-sct—up 22)dmresaed 23)nctmimhigherpower 24)::ngrywithgirlfriari 25)horedatwork aury of classifications: E EEE E at 57 W wmupset Iueetat oldlady pressureandstrms boredandupset letwguarddown,plmedit,off E mtedit, friarisnveittoma friendsgaveittome wantadtogethigh presanefromfrimis wasn'tonhltahne E Slip-Balm QUODHUI E EB 5(a)through5(e)aresunarizedinTable13formdonpage98. Observeddifferencesbetweenthetwogrourewereformdtobe statistically significant (p < .01) for four ofthefive variables. Theonlyvariableforwhiohthetwogrulpsdidnotdifferwasdnu of choice. AmJority of bothgroups(56%) selected alcoholastheir primarydrcgof choice; slightly overonethird(37%)selectedcocaine. In contrast, abstainers used more supports (e.g., Antatuse and A.A.), had fewer detox admissiorm, andweremore confident of mining abstinentinthefutnethantheirnonabstainingcounterparts. A higherperoentageofabstainersthannmabstainele(a)weretaking Antahlse (28%vs.4%), (b)wereattalding slmportgmupslikeAA. (78% vs. 8X),and(c)expressedconfidmoetheywwldnotbeusingthree montlnfromnow(98%vs.38%). Conversely,ahigherperomtageof nonabstainerswereadmittedtoadetoxprogramaftercolpletingthe residentialprogrm(30%vs.4x). hReafltsonxi—sqnaretestsofdiflerernesbetweenabstainemand nonabstainereacrosseachofthefivevariablescitedahoveshowed amortforfalrofthefivepartsinthishypothesis. Theonly variableformichthetwogrcupsdidnotditferinastatistically significant manner was drag of choice. Table14onpage99describestheperoentagesofalcoholicsani drmusersinthetwoslipgroupswhomedalmhol,cocaineorpot d1ringtheirinitialslip.'lhesedataindicatethattothgrulpswere 59 most likely to use alcohol. Eighty percent of the total sample slipped withalcohol, lzxsllppedwithpotandaxslippedwithcoceine. Table14alsostmstheresiltsoracii-squaretestor differanesbetweenalooholicsanddmguserspmmtedbyflypothesisfi Resntsorthistestshownosigniricantdiflemsheweeoalooholics anddrugusersinthedrugusedfortheinitialslip. Becauseofthe wrrentinterestincocaineusage,Table14alsodescribesdnusused intheinitialslipamongindividnlswhoreportedoocaineastheir pflmdmgof choice. Interestingly, mostofthese individlals (70%) slippedwithalcoholwhileonlyzozslippedwithcocaine. Inslmary, realltsonIi-squaretestsamrtedthelwpcthesisthatalcoholics wouldmtdifferfromdmgmereinthedmgusedintheinitialslip. Pearson product mommt correlation coefficients of scores on the four attritution dimmsion subscales and total scores on the 12-item scalearemrizedinTablel5famionpage100. Thecorrelation betweal scores on the two—item self—blame scale and the total 12-item attrihrtionscalearealsoshown. Theseanalysesconsideredtwo differmt 12-item attrihrtion renames. The firstweremewures of attribxtionsforslirsmongthe50subjectsintheslip—abstainerand slip-relapser groups. The second 12—item attritutionscale was presentedtoallthesllbjects(n=100)andaddressedclrrent drinking/druggingstatls. Accordingtohyporlhesis7,onemfldexpect that the correlations between the self-blame scale and two 12—item scaleswouldbemhighorhigherthancorrelationsbetweenanyofthe 60 acrossbothsetsofanalyses, thecorrelationbetweenscoresonthree ofthefour attribution dimensionsandtotalscoresonthe 12-item memurewerehigherthantheconelationbetwemtheself-blamescale andthe 12-item scale. Thiswas thecase formeaanes of attrihxtions of slipsandattrilutiom ofcurrent status. 'nleseresults therefore didnotsupportthehypothesis. Chapter 5 Discussion indstdmptnfpnunntsaidhxusshxlcfthelmemUH:cfthe hmgfihesnstestsanithehrrekwanuetoznmrflwmialthanwatmdfdflame 'umory,andthelmflmnnepnxnss. Thelinuumhxmtcfthetfludyzue'flen disamsedwithanemhasisonexternalandinternalvalidityissws. Thedlapterconcllxieswithadiswssionoftheirplicatiomofthe renfltscflfthhsstmhrfOriutmm:remand:andcflinhxfl.pnxfldce. The interpretationsaniimplicatiomdiscuseedinthischapterare pmemzfiedqmnwdshumdly,rendhm:replhxfldonamdwadznshxlof‘ulee findings. Torufl;thecflnge:finrthecflscmudon,cwnhlnmothafim:wihlte rmesnnedzhlitstnudnawrprhnftOJNNdew. Huxmhfiflflll 1. “he:cmmenalwiulnammstnncns(NaunemunaMMRBJHIISLur Rekueensh,ournau:abstmhncs unnmahmnezandfiflip~ Abstumens)tdlllx3... (a)lune:lflnfly'tocnedittmedrtancentematxsto cmuuolunfle:flxmon3(nomfletahemstdlllxsmmm:lflmfly‘t> afindhuuathshrstnus'tluncxuzolhflfle:fixuonih,and (b) schism likely to credit their statls ’to internal, tumble,andsflobalihctnezumnecwna boulgranxswirl 61 62 haverelativelyhighscoresonallthreeofthese dimmsions). Results of the MAMNA test of differences in mean attrilution scoresandthediscriminantftmtionanalysisforabstainersand nonabstainersslmarizedinTables7and8showedmixedsupportfor part(a)andlackofsmportforpart(b)ofhypothesisi. As predicted,abstainershadsubstmtiallyhighergro1pmeanscoresthan nonabstainers on the ccntrollable-uncmtrollable dimemim, where a higscoreindicatedthatthacanewmperoeivedascontrollable (MAbstainerez4.78;MNonabstainers=3.01). Bowever,the mnabstaineredidnotattrihrtetheirclrrmtstatntomcontrollable factoreaspredicted. Bather,themeanscoresforthisgrulpfell nidww betweal the controllable and uncontrollable endpoints of the contimm. E Part(b)ofhypotheBis1wmreJected. Contrarytoflrewthor's prediction,abstainershadsomewhathighermeanscoresthan nonabstainersontheinternal—cxternaldimansion (MAbstainersz4.71; MNalabstainers=4.13),'andalbstantiallyhigherscoresthmthosefor nonabs‘tainereontheothertwodinamions,global¥specific (M Atetainers 4.60; M Maintain-3m = 2.46) an! stable-Wis (MAbstainere 4.59; MNonabstainers=2.07). Infect, thescoresfor nonabstainers were relatively low rather than relatively high on the lattertwodimermiorn. T‘heserealltsportrayimportantdifferencesinhowsuccessfully reooveringsubstanceahlsereperoeivethecausesoftheirrecovery comparedwithnonsmcessfilllyrecoveringsubstancealusers. Successful abstainereweremchmorelikelytoattrihrtethereasonsfortheir 63 cmentstatlstofactorsthatare(a)global-alsoimactotherareas of their life, b) stable - are relatively long-lasting, c) internal - havesomethingtodowith themselves, andd) controllable. Because these findings are merely correlational, they leave important questions of causality unanswered. (hewcmders, for ample, iftheattrihrtionspromoteabstinenceorifabstinencepromctes certainattrihxtiom. Inother words,isanabstainerachieving his/hermecessbythinkingproperlmordoessuccessbringabart positivethinking‘? Similarly,isanonabstainercontimrlmtodrinkor usednusbecwseofthewayhe/shethinks,orisdrinkingordngging affectingthewayonethinks? Itisalsopossiblethattheserelations arereciprocalwherebyattrihrtiornpromoteabstinalcewhich,intnn, reinforcestheoriginalattrihrtiom. Theanswerswillhaveadirect bearingonclinicalimlicatiorm. If attrilutiomprmcteabstinance, thentreatuentfmingonmodifyingcognitimsstnrldincreasethe probability of success . If abstinence promotes attributiorn , then treatmentwouldbedirectedtowardbehavioraldlangesfortherurposes ofachievimabstinence. The interpretation of results of tests of part (a) of hypothesis 1 neecbclarification. Almighthedifferenoesinmeanscoresof abstainere mid nonabstainers were statistically significant and fell in the predicted direction on the contzrollable-inmntrollable dimion, meanscoresfornonabstainerswerehigherthanexpectedandstmest thatmanyofthemembersofthisgroupperoeivedthecaneoftheir nonabstinenceaswithintheircontrol. Theseresultsaresimilarto thefindingsoderoenemanetal.(1985)intheirstxhofsmokereand eat-smokers. Inthat study, ex-mokers'attrihrtions of their presalt 64 abstinalce were significantly more in the direction of control than srnkers' attrihrtions, tut smokers' also attriluted a relatively high dares of control for the causes of their making. mat do the relatively high control scores for nonabstainers mean? (hemightquicklysurmisethatthereisagreaterdegreeoffreewill, perceived volition or intent in the process of addiction than is galerallyassumed. Thismaybethecase, tuttobaseiton'thepresent data is likely to be a misinterpretation of the findings. It is inportanttokeepinmindthat‘thepresentstxiyfocusedonsubjects' peroeprtiomsoftheirworld, ratherthantheworld itself. Thenotion thatthosainvolvedintheaddictiveprocessdonotnecessarilysee theleelvesasartofcontrolisnottooalrprising. Itmynotbe consistent with the predictions of attrihrtion theory, tut it does seem reasonable forthepopulationofsubstanceahlsers. Dalialisthe primary psychological defense system with this popllation. Perhaps whatweareseeingintheseresultsisamanifestationofthe E" nonabstainers denial systems. Support forthisnotioncomesfromareviewofloamofcontrol studies by Hinrichsen (1976). Although the present discussion concerns itself with the controllable—Incontrollable dimension and not the internal-external dimion, the idea is similar. Hinricbsal differentiated between "defensive internals" and genuine or "corlgnlent internals". He wrote, "Maintaining the 'illusion of control' of their drinking might provide some alcoholics with a subjective basis for the dalial of their drinking problem, for the purposes of maintaining self- esteen" (Hinridmen, 1976, p. 913). E 65 Interpretation of the results of part (b) of hypothesis 1 follows thesamelineofreasoning. (haverage, thenonabstainersscored toward the specific and of the global—specific dimension and toward the urstable aid of the stable-unstable dimmsion. Perhaps too these responses are manifestations of a psychological defense structure of denial. Attrihrting one's stats tospecificandunstablecauses is likelytobeaformofdenialinwhichindividualsfailtoacknowledge thatthecalsesofdrinkingordrmingaffectallareasoftheirlife (isglobal)andislikelytopersistratherthantochangewithinthe nearfutlreusstable). thmeanscoresforthenonabstainersontbe internal-externaldimensiondidnotfollowthissamepattemis unclear. If members of this group did adopt a “defersive internal" positiononewurldhaveexpectedtheirscorestobetowardtheexternal ratherthantheinternalendofthiscontinun. Mini 2. When compared with slip—relapsers, slip-abstainers will (a) report a smaller Abstinence Violation Effect (AVE) (b) display more "behavioral self-blame“ and less ”characterological self-blue" (i.e., will be more likely to attribrte their slips to external, unstable, specific and controllable causes). Reacts-of the helluva test of difference in mean attribution scores and the discriminant function analysis for slip-abstainers and slip-relapsers W in Tables 9 and 10 unsorted both parts of hypothesis 2. When compared with slip-relapsers, slip—abstainers had substantially lower mean AVE scores. Furthermore, slip-abstainers 66 displayed more behavioral self-blame and less characterological self- blame than slip-relapsers. These results provide relatively clear airport for Marlatt and Gordon's (1985) construct of the AVE. Marlatt and Gordon's model of therelapsepmssassmesthatone'scognitivereactiontothe initial slip is an important determinant of whether the slip will resultinafullblownrelapse. ThemdelsuggeststhattheAVEisan intermediatestepbetweenhavingthat firstdrinkortsingasubstance (aslip) andretlrntomllaraleoholordrugtse. Accordimto attrihrtiontheory, theAVEisdecreasedwhencasalattrihrtiors fora slip fools on external, specific, unstable and controllable factors. Findingsfromthisstxbsumortthispremise. Differencesinmean attritution scores of slip-abstainers and slip-relapsers were substantialandinthedirectionpredictedforthreeofthefalr comments oftheAVE. Theonlyenceptionwastheglobal—specific dimension. Althcshslip-abstainershadrelativelylowscoresonthis subscale as predicted (indicating specificity), these scores were almost equivalent to those for slip-relapsers. As might, therefore, be expected, realltsfromthediscriminantfmctionanalysisindicated that the global-specific dimension did not play a significant role in differmtiating betwem the two groups of slippers. This finding contradicts the resilts of Curry et a1.'s (1987) stldy of attrihltiors of ex-amokers. Garry and her colleagues found that the global-specific dimension did differentiate between mixers and ear-smokers. Since, to the arthor's knowledge, Curry et al.'s stldy istheonlyonewhichparallelsthisinvestigation, thereisaclear 67 need for further research focusing on the global—specific Wit of the AVE. Intheabsenceofmoredefinitiveresearch, thereareatlemttwo plausible explanations for the lack of differentiation observed in this stldy. First, theremay, infact, benodifferencebetweentheway slip-abstainers and slip-relapsers attrihrte cases for their slips on the global-specific dimersion. Slip—abstainers and slip-relapsers my think about the specificity or generality of their reasons for sliming inruchthesameway. Ifthisistrue, thenctionofaglobal—specific continuum of caisal attrihrtions may not be relevant when wking indivichlalstoexplainfllecalsesofasubstanceahseslip. Inother words, theglobal—specificdimalsionwulldnctcontrihltenlchtothe operational definition of the AVE in this particular context. A second plausible explanation is that the global—specific attritutionsofthetwogroupsdid, infect, differ, hrttheitelsused tomeasmethisAVEcomponmtdidmthavesufficientdiscriminationto revealthisdiflerence. Asnotedearlier, theresiltsofthefastor' analysis of measlres of attributiors of slips (Table 1) enmeshed that theglobal—specificdimensionwastheweakestofthefourdimensiomas identifiedtIMfactoranalysis. Thismayhavebemchstothelow discrimination levelsofsomeoftheitemsortothefailureofthis measmetoftmtionasexpectedwhalusedwiththisparticllar population. Theresultsofthisstldyalsolendsupportforthenotionthat there are two types of self-blue . When self-blame was operationalized in the attributional dimensions of locus of causality. stability, generality and controllability, the findings were consistent with 68 Janoff—Ellman's (1979) distinction betweal balavioral and characterological types . Behavioral self-blame was operationally defined 3 a combination of external, unstable, and specific casal attrihrtions that are peroeived to be controllable. Diameter-01081081 self-blame was defined as a combination of internal , stable, and global casal attrihrtions that are perceived to be uncontrollable. Results summarized in Tables 9 and 10 smart Janoff-Ellmn's distinction. Aspredicted, slip—abstainers displaced more behavioral self-blue than slip-relapsere and slip-relapsers displayed more characterological self-blue than slip-abstainers. However, the slip- relapsersdidnotdisplayashighalevelofcharacterologicalself- Eblameaswaselmectedduetothefactthatscomsforthisgroupwere mrespecifiothanexpectedontheglobal-specifiodimasion. Possible interpretatiorsforthisfindinghavealleadybeendisassed. Janoff-Bllmn (1979) proposedthstthemostsignificanrt dimension distinguishingbetweenthesetwotypesofself-blmeisperoeived controllability (i.e., modifiability through one's own efforts). The resiltsofthediscriminantftmctionanalysisindicatedthatthe controllable-uncontrollable dimension did contrihrte to betwem—gmup differms of slip-abstainersandslip—relapsers, m, the discriminationcoetficimtforthisvariablemsnotclearlyhigher thanthecoefficimtsfortheothertwodimensions. Collectively.theresultsoftheseanalysesamestthatthereare cleardifferernesbetwemslip—abstainersandslip—relapsersinthe casalattrihxtionstheyadvancefortheirslipsalongthreeofthe falrdimersionsconsideredinthisstidy. (heeagain,tbse differmsraiseimportantqtsstiocsaboutcmsality. Doone'scnsal 69 attritutions for slipping promote subsequent abstinence or relapse, or doone'sbehaviors followingtheslipdeterminethewaysonethinks aboutthereasorsforthatslip? Theanswerstothesequestiorshave clear implications for clinical practice which will be discussed in the final section of this Gunter. W 3. The cognitive attrihrtions‘ of alcoholics will. not differ from thoseofdrugtsers. RealltsofaMAmVAtestofdiffermaesinmeanattrihrticnscores foralcoholicsanddruglserssmmariaedinTablellsupportthis hypothesis. Meanscoresonallfourattrihztionmbscaleswerequite similarforthesetwogroups. Althcughthisfiniingrelatesonlyto cognitive attributions and is based on a relatively small smle (n = 100), it clearly arpports the position that advocates for the normal oflinesofdemarcationbetweenalcoholicsarxidnslsers. For-years new clinical rehabilitation progras have heal treating substance ahsersasageneralpomlationwiflnrtdistinglnshingbetweendnssof choice. Theremltsofthisstuiymtthatalodlolicsanddng \sersaresimilarwithregardtocaisalattrihrtions. WA 4. Doslip-abstainers differfromslip-relaasersin (a)drugusedintheinitialslip? (b) periodofabstinmce? (c) mannerinwhichtheinitialslipwasdonewithrespectto 70 -location -tineofday - socialcontext (alone or with others) -tnwdmgswereobtained tpreneditation -imulsivity? ‘lheresultsofChi—squaretestsofiniepaxienoefowsimon difference in behavioral characteristics of slip-abstainers and slip- mlapsersacmsseachoftheeightvariablescitedaboveandsumrized inTablelZshownoazuaort'forthishypothesis. thlikethefimtthreelwpothesesthatwemmmdedinthe literature, thishypothesis wasbasedontheaxthor's conjecture that difleremes in cognitive attrihrtiom would yield differences in behavioralcharacteristics.‘ Howiever,asweseefronthe results amizedinTahleiz,thiaoonJecmreuaao1earJynotamrted. fixatisinterestingisnotthelackofdifleretnes,hxtthattherewere similarities in behaviom and differences in oognitiom between these 'lheeishtdepemimtvariablesfmnhypothesis4dealtwith behaviorssmmmdingtheinitialslip. 'l'heabsenoeofstatisticaJJy significantdiflermsameststhatbothgrumsreportedtheymed insinilarbehaviorswithresmcttotheirinitialsm. Months camalattrihxtions fortheirslipwerecmite different. 'l'hequestion, therefore,arises, forthesetwogrotms(slip-abstainersandslip— relapsers),"thistheresinilarityinbehaviorswrromxlingthe initial slip and diflerms in causal attrihrtions"? 71 Returning to Mai-lath and Gordon's (1985) model of relapse might be helpflilatthispoint. Bothgruzpsmayhaveusedthesamepath (behavioral characteristics) to get to the point of slipping. but once having slipped their similarities ended. Both grams bladed themselves forwhathamenedhrtindiflerentways. Slip-abstainersermedin behavioral self-blame and were able to separate out their mishap (slip) from theleelves. They maintained a perception of control, reevaluated andbeganreapplyingtheskiflstheyhadlearnedthatmabledthento achieveabstinence. Slip-relapsers, cntheotherhand, engaged in characterological self—blame and had trouble diflerentiating the mishap oftheslipfronthenselves. 'lheypemeivedthelselvestobewtof control and perhaps med in self—denigration which made reapplication of previously learned coping skills difficult . WM 5. Docn'rentabstainersdiflerfronnonabstainersin (a)dmgsoiohoice? ' (b)useofAntah)se? (c) neutershipinsupportgruxpsaxfiasAAfl (d) emissiontoadetoxprogransinceleavingthe residmtialprogran? (e) reported likelihood of usimthreemonths fronnow? RewltsofChi—squaretestsofdiflerencesbetweenabstainemand nonabstainers support this hypothesis for four ofthe five variables. 'meonlyvariableonwhichthetwogrumsdidnotdiflersignificantly was drins of choice. As described earlier, anaJority of bothgmups (56%) chose alcohol as their preferred dienical subsstance; slightly 72 overcne—third (37%) selectedcocaine. Inretrcspect,theauthor recognizesthatheshaildhavepredictedthatmrrentabstainerswmld notdiflerfrmnonabstaimrsonthisvariable. Asnotedinthe earlierdisamsionoffiypothesis3,thereisgmwingconcammanong practitionersthatalcoholismanddmgahiseshaildbeviewedastwo sidesofthesanecoin. 'lhepredictionthatthetwogroupswwldnct difleronthisaspectmdhave,therefore,beenconsistentwiththis energingperpsectiveandwiththestatedpredictionsinflypothesisS andS. Impactionofthefairdspeuientvariablesmwhim‘oirrent abstainersandnonabstainersdiddifferindicatesthatthreeofthen relatetospeciiiebehaviorsofsubstameahmerecoveryflthe fairth,likeliinodofusing,relatestpalevelofconfldencein remainingabstinent. Comonsenseseemtostmestthatasagruzp abstainersmzld(a)memresmmortstomintainabstinence,suchm Antahme and/or AlcoholicsAnonynous typeneetings, (b) have fewer detox admissions since the residential treamait program, and (c) expressnoreconfldaneinrenainingabstinmtinthefuhnethantheir nonabstainingcounterparts. Forthissuple(n=100)atleast,the arthor'scomonmecondechnesweresimported. Schoaiemanet al. (1985) found similar results withsnokersand ex-smkerswithrespecttothelikelihoodofmimcmestion. Ex- mokers (abstinent and slip-abstinait) rated likelihood of fixture making significantly lower than did smokers (never-abstinent and slip— relapse). Regardingliteramreontheotherfourparbsofthis hypothesis.totheauthor'sknowlethe,noonehmcomaredthe behavioralcharacteristicsofsubstanceahmemwhohawemaessfully 73 abstainedwiththosewhohavenot. Rather,allotherstudiesinvolving contrmtsacrossthesefwrvariableshavecomaredsubstanceahlsers withthegeneralpoptflation (see, for example, Saxe,Ibugherty,&Esty, 1985). Toshowthatthesediflerencesexistbetweentwoalbgroupsof substance atusers oni’our ofthesevariables may, therefore, represent animortantfindingofthisshldy. Paramthetically, it is also imortanttonctethatthesetwo sxflgroupsofsubstanceahmersalsodifleredinSBbadglunflsmee Table 4). Collectively. the reallts indicate that abstainers were more likelytoconefronsonewhathighersmbackgrumdsthanmtnleof their metataining calmer-parts. Hmoihssisj 6. Willalcoholicsdiflertmndmzmersinthedmsmedinthe initialslip? Mtsonli-squaretestsofdiflerencesbetwealalcoholicsand drugusersacrosstheinitialslipdrugaremrizedinTableliand showsllpportforthishypothesis. 'lhisfiniimisconsistentwiththe msntsoftestsorhypothesisaandpart(1)orhypothesis5that suggestthat comonalitiesaremreprevalerrtthandifleremaesbetneen alcoholicsanddrugmers. . RemitsdescribedinTableMrevealthatBOXofthetotalsamle oralcolnlicsanddmgusersslippedwithaloohol,lzxslippedwithpot andonJanslippedwithoocaine. 'Ihemostinterestingfiniingis displayedintheCocaineUserscolumfmnthetable. Herewefind that 70: of thecocaine addicts slipped with alcohol; only 20x slipped 74 with cocaine. Noneofthealcoholics inthesample slipped with 'lheseflIm-nesalpportthecurrentclinicalpracticeinsome residmtial drug treaizmt pmgrm of administering Antabuse to cocaineaddicts. Thearglmmtforthispracticehasgenerallybeen thatalcoholisanorereadilyavailabledrugandmightleadthe cocaineaddictbacktohisdmgofdnice. Thus, preventingacocaine adiictfimingestingalcoholwiththeuseofAntahlse (Antahmeis'a, preacriptiondmg‘thatisinert,emeptinthepresenceoralcoholin filidlcaseitcalsesaseverefilysicalreactiommybepmphylactic W51 7. Hilltwodirectedquestionsprovideameasureof self-blame that will be highly correlated with total scores on the 12—item attrihltion scale? Pearson product moment correlation coefficients betweal the self- blmescale. thethefmrattrihltiondimmsionsubscales, andthe12- itanscaleamarizedin'l‘able 15showarelativelylowlevelof support for this hypothesis. The correlation betwem scores on the self-blame scale and the 12-item scale for attrihrtions of current status was only -.77; for attrihrtiom of slips this figure its even lower, -.34. Contrary to the alrttnr's elmectatiorm, these correlations werelowerthancorrelatiombetweenscoresonthreeofthefwr attrihxtion dimension subscales and file 12-iten scales. In formlating thishypatbesisandincludingthesetwodirectedquestionsfronJanoff- Rllman's (1979) study of self-blame, the author's intent was to 75 determineifthesetwoitenewouldprovideanabbreviatedmeasureof self—blame. Results wggest that for this sample, the two directed questionsaccamtedforlessthanGOXofthevarianceofthefull 12- itenneaalreofalrrmtattrihrtionsandforonlyabwt 12%ofthe variance of the 12-iten measure of attrihrtions for slips. In other words, theino—itenscaledoesnotappeartoofferameasmeofself- blue that parallels the 12-item attrihxtion scale. 'lhe factor analyses of measures of attrihltiotm for slips (Table 1) provided relatively clear support for a four dimensional attrihrtion model. Bowever,theevidaneinsupportofthisnodelwaslessclear cut when the confirmatory factor analysis focused on attrihrtiom of curmtstatmflableZ). Severalissuesareinvolvedhere. Fronthestandpointof instnmentdeveloment,theseresultssmgestthatcleanersubscale measuresofattrihrtiommightbederivedwhenspecificeventsare addressedandassessedthanvfimeventsofamoregmeralorlesstine— boundnamrearemetmned. Saidanortherway,lamneasuringcausa1 attributiore of specific events , researchers should probably comider theglobal-specificdimsionalmwiththeotherthieedimmsions. However,whenmeasuringcamalattrihrtiominamoregaleralcontext, measuresslngestedbythethreedimionCalsalDimensionScalemay suffice. Atheoreticalconjechmslmestedbytheresultsofthefactor analysesisthat cognitions focmingoncalmesof specific events (such asaslip)maymoreclearlyalignwiththefalrdimensionsof 76 attrihrtionthanwouldoccurwhenthecausesofamoregeneralevent (e.g. , current drinking/druging status) are contemplated. . In other words, apersonmaybemore likelytoponder, contemplateandformalize attributions across multiple dinaisions when the point of focus is a specific context rather than a general context. WM Thissectiondisalsseslimitationsofthesmdyastheyrelateto intemalandexternalvalidityissues. Someofthepotentialsources ofinvaliditythataredisalssedarederivedfronCallpbelland Stmley's (1963) descriptionsof experimentalandquasi—experinental desigm. _ WWW CambeHandStanley (1963) define internal validityas"the basicnininnwithoutwhichany emerinentislminterpretable: Didinfactfleexperimentaltreatzents lakeadifference inthis specific experimental instance?" (P. 5). Alternative explanatiom for some of the major findings of this investigation include, butarenot limited to, effects ofsubstance abuse, instrunentation, thetime of the interview, andselection bias. Qieofthefactorsthatmyhaveconfoundedinternalvaliditywas thedistinctpossibilitythatsomeoftheparticipantsweremxierthe influence of a mood—altering substance at the time of the interview. lhiscouiitionwasmcstllkelytohaveprevafledmmblectsfrom thenever-abstinent and slip—relapse groups, sincetwgroupplacement theywouldhaveadmittedtohavingdnmkoruseddmsswithinthepast thirtydays. mls,thepossibilitythatsomeofthesubjectsinthese twogrumswere":mdertheinfluence"chringtheinterviewwasvery 77 real. Unfortlmately, the question of whether subjects were under the influerraeatthetimeoftheinterviewwasneverasked. Nosubjectwas noticeably drunk or high. However, with the degree of tolerance that dmicallydependentpeoplearecapableofachieving, itwascertainly possible that some subjects were under the influence and cognitively inlairedevmthalghtheseconditicnswerenot noticeable. This phenomenonmayhavecontrihltedinparttoobserveddifferencesin attribxtiom and behavioral characteristics between maessful and nonsuccessfulsubstanceahlsers. Asecmdswrceofrivalhypothesesstelefromissuesin instrumentation. Retrospective telephone surveys require that Participantsrecallthingsfromthepast.t8minstheirremotememory. Cognitivedeficits ofvaryingdegrees‘areacomonconditionwith substanceahlsers. Thisconditionismstlikelytohaveprevailed amomthosesubjectswhohadbeenactivelydrinkingdlringthethirty dayspriortoflleinterview (e.g.,slip—relapsers). Totheextent that this occurred slip-relapsers may have been at a disadvantage relative toslip—abstainersinbeingabletorecalldetailsofprioreventsm callcdforbyinterviewquestions focusingonslips. This,intum, may have contrihlted to observed differences in the attrihltions for theslipsofthesetwomms. meromdrinking/druggingwithinthirtydaysoftheinterviewmy haveaflectedslip-relapsersintheirabilitytorecallevents associatedwiththeirslips,drinkim/dmggingwithinthirtydaysof the interview may also have interfered with the ability of both slip— relapsersandnever—abstainerstothinkclearlyabwtandanalyzepast ,andpresent events. Thistaskrequiresahigherlevel of cognitive .78 functioning than memory alone. In other words, a mjor factor which might have interfered with slip-relapsers' and never—abstainers ' abilities to render valid attrihlticns woqu have been cognitive impairmentresultingfrommeofmoodalteringsubstancesammxithe time of the interview. Since this limitation would not have existed for abstainers and slip-abstainers, this condition may have contributed toobserveddifferernesinattrihrtionsofalrrentstatambetwem messfulandnonslxxaessfulsubstanceahlsers. Selecticnbiaswasanotherextraneousvariablethatthreataled internalvalidity. 'lheHumanSubJectsConitteeatHichiganState Universityreqinredthatpotentialmhjectsinthisswdyhecalled onlyiftheyremrnedapostcardconfilmimtheirwillingnessto participate. 'lhisprocedurepmclnded contact with albiectswhomisht have otherwise participated had they been contacted without prior writtenconsent. Failllretoreulmthepostcardrnyhavebeendleto. anynmberoffactors,suchas1ackofinterest,lackoforganization, potential enhancement, or never having received the letter and postcard. Inotherwords,participantsinthestudywerelimitedtc vollmteerswhopossessedthecharacteristicsnecessarytofollcw thrulghwithamail-backprocedlre. It is possible that a differential response pattern may have developed as a result of the aforenentioned procedure. It is likely thatsuccessrullyrecowerimmhstanceamsersmhstainersandsnp- abstainere)feltgoodaburttheirrecovery,whflethenonswcessfully recoveringsubstanceahmersWemr-abstainersandSlip—relapserfldid not. Ifthatweretrue,slxx:essful_lyrecoveringsubstanceahlsere wmldfeelbetterabarttheleelvesthantheirless successful 79 camterpartsandthusbemorewiiiingtoparticipate. Nonsnaessfully recoveringsubstanceahlsersmightalsoconsidertheprocessofsharing informtionabaxttheirrecoverywpotentiallyembarrassingandthus belesswillimtoparticipate. Infact,onecouldarguethatthe mbsmpleofnever—abstainersandislip-relapserswinwwldbemost likelytoasreetoparticipatewouldbethosewhowereinarelatively highstateofdmial,thatis,thoseindividmlsdnwererefusingto aoknowledgethemxpleasantrealitycalsedbytheirsubstanceahlse. As describedearlier.tbeeeindivi .05 88% 92% 12 8 X3 (1) = .11, p) .05 Table 4 (cont'd) (n = 50) (n = 50) mm W 10-12monthsago 36% 22K 13-15monthsago 26 20 16-18monttmago 16 34 19-21montlr3ago 22 24 X2 (3) = 4.30, p) .05 Internal/ Control./ Uncmtrol . Stable/ Unstable Abstainers Never Slip- Slip— (n=25) (n=25) (n=25) (n=25) Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D. Mean S.D 4.60 (0.51) 4.17 (0.73) 4.83 (0.26) 4.08 (0.85) 4.71 (0.38) 2.87 (0.85) 4.85 (0.22) 3.16 (1.32) 4.64 (0.35) 2.21 (0.96) 4.56 (0.61) 2.71 (1.56) 4.60 (0.75) 2.13 (0.93) 4.57 (0.49) 2.01 (1.26) Hotellinss F (12, 275) = 26.49, p < .001 Rom. High scores on the attribution subscales indicate that the cause is perceived as internal, controllable, global and stable. 6mm Abstainers 1.72 (n = 25) 'Never-Abstainers -1.97 (n = 25) Slip-Abstainers 1.85 (n = 25) Slip-Relapsers -1.60 (n = 25) Discriminant Score = 0 . 578 (Contmllable—lknontrollable albscore) + 0.484 (Global/Specific subscore) + 0.381 (Stable/(hstable subscore) + 0.209 (Internal/External subscore). Abstainers Nonabstainers (n = 50) (n = 50) W Bean S.D. Bean S.D. Internal/External 4.71 (0.42) 4.13 (0.79) Controllable/[boon— trollable 4.78 (0.31) 3.01 (1.11) Global/Specific 4.60 (0.49) 2.46 (1.30) Stable/lbstable 4.59 (0.63) 2.07 (1.10) BoteuingsF (4, 95) =77.57, n < .001 Hole. Highscoresontheattrihxtionsubscalesindicatethat thecase isperceivedas internal, controllable, globaland stable. W LEW Enodictions 6mm Abstainers 1.79 100% (n = 50) Nmabstainers ( -1.79 90% (n = 50) Discriminant Score = 0 . 546 (Cartrollable/lhcontrollable subscore) + 0.445 (Global/Specific albscore) + 0.432 (Stable/Mic subscore) + 0.221 (Internal/External subscore). Table 9 . Slip—Abstainers Slip-Relapsers (n=25) (n=25) Alairihrtims Mean S.D. ‘ Bean S.D. Internal] 2.69 (1.33) 3.71 (1.10) External Controllable/ 4.16 (0.80) 3.00 (1.14) [homtrollable Global/ 2.09 (1.38) 2.33 (0.99) Specific Stable/ 1.65 (0.54) , 3.04 (1.17) (hstable LLB—8m 2.07 (0.68) 3.02 (0.51) Hotelllm F (4, 45) = 12.99, p < .001 Note. High scores on the attrihltion subscales indicate that the curse is perceived as internal, controllable, global and stable. 6mm Slip-Abstainers -1.05 92% (n = 25) . ‘ Slip-Relapsers 1.05 93 (n = 25) Discriminant Score = 0.665 (Stable/mistable subscore) — 0.654 (Controllable/Uncontrollable subscore) + 0.392 (Internal/External subscore). Table 11 Alcoholics Users (11:56) (n=44) Attributions Bean S.D. Bean S.D. Internal/External 4.39 (0.69) 4.46 (0.70) Controllable/Uncon- trollable 4.00 (1.14) 3.77 (1.27) Global/Specific 3.49 (1.52) 3.58 (1.39) Stable/[hetabJe ' 3.33 (1.50) 3.33 (1.61) EMF (4, 95) = 0.53, p > .05 Note. Highscoresontheattrihrtionsubscalmindimtethat the cane is perceived as internal, controllable, global and stable. ' an t a Bar or restaurant W Homing (6:00 am - noon) Afternoon (noon - 5:00 pm) Ewing (5:00 pm - 11:00 pm) Night (11:00 pm - 6:00 am) X2 (2) 20% 28 X2 (2) X3 (3) W Alone With Others 20% 80 X3 (1) (n=25) beg 1.10, p > .01 82$ .89, p > .01 asaog 3.21, p > .01 24: 24 44 8 4.22, p > .01 1.52, p > .01 Table 12 (cont'd) WW (n=25) Offered w others 40% You bum it 44 You asked for it 16 X2 (2) meditation Yes 76% No 24 X2 (1) (n=25) 8m 20 .12, p >.01 1mm (timefrompointatwhichdecisionwmmadetouse andtheacmalslip) Seconik 12% Minutes 12 Hours 16 Days ' 24 No conscious decision 36 16% 12 16 16 40 X2 (4) == .60, p > .01 Table 13. Wise. Alcohol 58% 54: Cocaine 36 38 Pot 4 4 Minor tranquilizers 0 2 Opioids 2 2 X2 (4) = 1.10, p > .01 W Yes 28% 43 No 72 96 Yes 78% 8% No 22 92 X3 (1) = 47.16, p < .001 Yes a 30% No 96 70 X2 (1) = 10.21, p < .01 WW Very unlikely/Unlikely 98% 382 Very likely/Likely 2 62 X3 (1) -‘-' 38.65. B < .001 Totalsior Alminlics mm mm: W (n = 26) (n = 20) (n = 4) (n = 24) Alcohol 88.5% 70% 75% 70.8% Cocaine 0 20 0 16.7 Pct 11.5 , 10 25 12.5 X2 (2) = 4.83. n > .01 Table 15 . 12-Item AVE Scores 12-Itan errent Status (Slip Attriblrtions) Attrihrticn Scores (11 = 50) (n = 100) Internal] 83 54 External Caitrol . / . 25 . 79 lhcmtrol. Global/ 63 88 Specific Stable/ . 48 . 93 untable Self-Blue Scale —.34 -.77 m1“ 101 AppendixA Incooperationwith Insight, wewulldliketoinviteywtoparticipate inaresearchsuxiytobecmchctedoverthetelephnethattakcsabart 20mimtesamweringsomsimlequestions. Youwereselectedbecaise ofyourcoupletimofoneoflnsiglt'sprogramwithinthelmttwo m. Pleasebemslnedthatalloftheinformationymprovidewillbekept instrictconfidmce. Yalrindividlalresponseswillremainanonymms andwillnotbeidentifiableforanyindivimalwhoparticipates. The realltsofthissuldywillbereportedforpeoplewagroupwhereno individualscanbeidentified. (heethedatahmbeenanalyzedany information that identifies the individuals who participated in the striywillbedestzoyed. 'ihisstubisimortantbecawethereisevidencetoslmestthatwhat happenstopeople following comletion ofatreatmentprogrmhas somethingtodowiththewaystheyexplainthingsthathappentothm. Heareinterestedinthereasonsthatyougiveforcertainthingsthat havehappmedtomsincecompletimtheprogram. Therearenoright orwronganswersandallanswersareveryimportanttous. Atthemd 102 Appendix A (cont'd) oftheinterviewymwillhaveanopportmitytotalkaburtyour feelingsconcerninganyofthequestionsthatwereasked. Yarrcooperationinthisstudywillbegreatlyappreciated. Itis capletely voluntary and there is no penalty for declining to participate. Ifyuldecidetoparticipate,youwillalsobefreeto discontinietheinterviewatanytimewithoutpenalty. Wewillbe happytopmvideaslmryoftheresultstointerestedparticipants. Pleasecolpletetheenclosedpostcardtoletuskxnwifyouwulldbe willimtoparticipateinthisimortantsuidy. Wehopetobetalking withyouinaboutaweek. Sincerely, Paul Fatell, 11.8., L.L.P. Steve Johnson, 11.8.". Imight mtpatient Therapist Program Director, . Insight at Fifth Avenue 103 AppendixB I would prefer not to participate in this study. Iaminterestedinparticipatiminthisshidy. I Imderstanithecalditions forwparticipationas cutlinedintheletter (e.g., mofanmymity). Cmveniaittimestocallmeare Hlonenunber Signature 104 AppaldixC AburtaweekagoSteveJohnson,ProgramDirectoratImightatFifth Aviane,andmyselfsentymaletterinvitimymtotakepartinst1dy doneoverthetelephone. Ihavm'theardfromywandwonderwhether yweverreceivedtheletterordecidednottotakepart. Vbetheryou haverelapsedorevencrtdown,ymrhelpisneededinthisstndy. It takesabout15minrtesonthephoneamweringbasicquestions,allof whichiscoupletelyconfidentialandremainsanonymws. Pleasetakea mimrtetorcadtheenclosedletter. Thalfilloutthepostcardand militbacktome. Retailer,ifymdecidetoparticipate,writeina phonemmber'andagoodtimetooreachym. Don'tforgettosignyour nanesoIknowwlntoaskforwhenIcallyou. 'nlanksalot. Sincerely, Paul Fatell, H.S.,L.L.P. Insight Ortpatiait Therapist 105 AppendixD HelloHr.\m. , ThisisPallFatellfromImight. Ihopethisisstillagood timetocallyouregardingthepostcardyousaltbacktomeafewdays ___Iers—Ietmejustassmeyouthatyourresponseswill relainanonymanandalloftheinfomtionyurprovide willbekeprtinstrictconfidence. (Pmceedto“IfarwaJe6tion...”) _IfNo-- Haylcallyouatamoreconvenienttime? Iers— meulldthatbe? date_,.day_.time_ IfNo—O.K.,thankyouanywayforywrtime, bye. Ifanyquestiontnthersyulandyuldon'tfeellikeanswerimit, wecanskipitforthetimebeingandremrntoitlater. If,wha1we dotalkaboirtthesethings,yulfeelupset,lamtrainedtoprovide thathelpandcanbeavailableattheconcllmionofwrinterview,or ifyouprefertoseemyselforsomeoneinperson,wecanarrangeto haveanappointznentforyw. Pleaseletmeknowandl'lltrytobe helpful. Now,canwebeginwiththeinterview? (GotoAppendixE-IntrochrctoryQuestionsamiGralpPlacenmt) 106 thatlmthwasitwhenymfinishedtheprogramatlnsightat FifthAvenuein1986? Janrary,Fetn.-uaryor&arch .............. 1 April,flayorJune ...................... 2 July,AugmtorSeptmber ............... 3 ,HovemberorDecanber ........... 4 Yes ......... 1 (If yes.) Haveywbeenintreatnentforsubstanceahlsebesides theoneatlnsightin1986? Yes ......... 1 (If yes.) Gill]? ASSIWI' MOB Haveyouhadadrinkormedatallsincetheendofthe residential treatnmt program at Fifth Avemn? __.tb-Gru1p1(GotoAmTAINERpacket.AppaldixF) _.Yes-gotonextquestion Hastherebemanyperiodoftimesincegettingwtof FifthAvenleinwhichyulhavebeensubstance—freefor atleast30days? __No-Grarp2(GotoNEVER—AEI‘AINE1packet.AppendixG) __Yes-gotonextquestion Areyoudrinkingorusingthesedays,thatis,anything withinthepastthirtydays? ___No-Grulp3((btoSLIP-AETAINERpacket,AppaldixH) __Yes-Grulp4(GotoSLIP—RELAPSERpacket,AppaldixI) Alanine: Iet'stalkabartthefactthatymhavecontimledtorenain mbstance—free, since the completion of your treatment at Insight at FifthAvenre. Ifyouweregoingtotrytoexplaintoafriendwhyyou continuetobeabstinent, matwouldyousay? (Ifmorethsnonecwse, askformaincalme.) Now,Iwantywtokeepinmindthercasonwaustgavemeabart stayingabstinent,hrtfirstlwantwexplainhowthenextsetof qwetionswork.1hey'reonametofivescaleandyouanswertygiving mesomenumberbetweenoneandfive. Foremle,ifIweretomkyou oneonetofivescalehowyurfeelabaxtvisitingrelatives, where, onestoodforverystronglydislikingit,twomeantthatyoudisliked it,thrcemeantthatyoudidn'tcareonewayortheother,fourmeant thatyoulikedit,andfivemeantthatywveryn1chlikedvisiting yulrrelatives,Mwalldywanswer?(Processtheanswerwiththe respondent). Sinceyougavemea()thatmunsthatyou1)very stronglydislike, 2) dislike, 3) feel indifferent about, 4) like, 5) verystrmgly like—visiting relatives, isthiscorrect? (If Yes- continue withnextparasraoh. IfNo-say. "O.K., let'stryit again", thenrepeat "ifIweretoaskyou..." Continuetoprocesswiththe resporrient,inquiringastowhattheymeanttwtheirresponseand 'natchins it withtheappmpriatemmber). 108 Now, let's get back to the reason you gave for remaining substance—free. Yousaidthatthemaincauseofyulrabstinmceis (repeat cause from above). Now, the following questions concern your opinions of the cause of your abstinence. 1. IsthecausescmethingthatreflectsanmpectoftheSITUATImor doesitreflectanaspectonWRSEIF? I'mgoingto giveyoufive dniwstopickfrm,listenfirsttoallofthem, thengiveme youranswer. Now herearewhatthenumbersmeanontheoneto fivescaleforthisquestion. (hemeansthecauseissomething thattotallyreflectsanaspectoftheSITEMTICN,twomeansthe camereflectsmoreanaspectofthesituationthanofyulrself,a threemeansthecausereflectsequallyasnlchanaspectofthe situationasyalrself,afourmeansthecamereflectsmorean aspectofywrselfthanofthesituation, andfivemeamthecalme issouethingthattotallyreflectsanmpectonGlRSEIF. (hay? thatisyouranswer?_(Processtheanswerwiththerespaident.) Sinceyougavemea()thatmeansthatyouthinkthecauseof maletirience: 1) totally reflects an aspect of the situation, 2) reflects more an aspect of the situation than yourself, 3) reflects as nuch an aspect of the situation as yourself, 4) reflects more an aspect of yourself than of the situation, 5) totally reflects an aspect of yourself. . Is that what you meant? (If Yes - continue with the next question. If No, say "let me repeat the question and we'll try it again.“ - Repeat no more than twice. If the respondent continues to have difficulty after the second repetition, say, "mow, let's goontothenextquestionthen.‘ Followthisprocedurewhenever the respondent amwers with a negative response.) Now, keepinginminitheremonymgaveforywrcontmled abstinence: IsthecameWEbyyworotherpeople, or, isthecauseCXltTROIIABIEbyyworotherpeople? Nowhere arethefivechoices. 'lhecaneofywrabstinenceis: (Readthe choices) I) totally uncontrollable by you or other people 2) more uncontrollable than controllable by you or other people 3) equally as uncontrollable m controllable by you or other people 4) more controllable than uncontrollable ‘w you or other people 5) totally controllable by you or other people matisyouramwer? (Prowsstheanswerwiththerespouimt) Sinceymgavemea()thatmeansthatyouthinkthecwseof yourabstinenceis: . 109 1) totally uncontrollable by you or other people 2) more uncontrollable than controllable by you or other people 3) equally as mtrollable as controllable by You or other people 4) more controllable than uncontrollable by you or other people 5) totally controllable by you or other people Isthatwhatyoumeant? (Iers-continuewiththenext par-mph. If No, say " Let me repeat the question and we'll try ' it main." Use the procedure stated earlier.) 'Iherestofthequestionsfollowinasimilarway. I'llfirst statethequestionregardingthecausethatngaveforyour abstinence. I'llthengiveyoufivechoimstopickfromand afterlisteningtothefiveohoimsselecttheonetMtywthink, nostcloselyreflectsyourthoghtsabourttheminrmfor renainingabstinmt. Ready? Isthecausethatyougave foryourcontinued abstinence. sonethingthatis'lmRYorsonethingthatism? Now. herearethefivechoimstopickfron. mecauseofyour abstinenceissonethingthatis: (Readallchoims) 1) completely temorary 2) more temporary than permanent . 3) about as much temporary as permanent 4) more permanent than temporary 5) completely permanaut fixatisyouranswer? (Ifthequestionneedstoberepeated,do so,hrtnonorethantwice.tFollowprocedunestatedinquestion #1). Isthecauseofywrcontinuedabstinerwesanethingthat influetmsywrbehaviorinonlymATsituationoristhecause something that influences your behavior in ALL situations? Here arethefivechoims. 'l'hecauseofyourabstinerneissonethim that: (Readallduoims) 1) influerms your behavior in only that situation 2) influences your behavior more in that situation than in all situations 3) influences your behavior in that situation and all situations about equally 4) influencesyourbehaviormoreinallsituationsthaninthat situation 5) influauoes your behavior in all situations ‘ Matisyouranswer? Wmabstinence,isthecameWbyyurorother peopleoristhecauseINTElmbyyouorotherpeople? Hereare thefivechoims. Thecauseofywrabstinenceissomethingthat is: (Readoptions) 110 1) totally unintended by you or other people 2) more unintemiedthanintemiedbyyouor otherpeople 3) equallyumintendedasintendedbyyouorotherpeople 4) more intendedthanunintendedbyyouor otherpeople 5) totally intended w you or other people that is your answer? IsthecausesonethingthatiswrSIDEofyouoristhecause sonethingthatisnBIDEofyou? Herearethefivechoices. The cmuseofyourabstinenceissonethingthatis: (Readoptions) 1) totallyortsideofyou 2) more outside ofyouthaninside ofyou 3) equallyourtsideofyouasimideofyou 4) mre inside of youthan outside ofyou 5) totallyinsideofyou Matisyouranswer? Rmrdingyourabstinmce, isthecausesonethingthatis inportanttoyouinonly'mA'l'situationoristhecausesauethim thatisinportanttoyouinAlLsituations? Herearethefive choims. 'I'hecauneofyourabstinmceissonethingthatis: (Readoprtions) 1) imortant to you inonly that situation 2) inportant to you more in that situation than in all situations 3) imortant to you in that situation and all situatiom about equually 4) inportanttoyounore inallsituatiomthaninthatsituation 5) inportant to you in all situations Whatisyouranswer? IsthecauuseofyourabstinenoesonethingthatisVARIAHEover tineorsonethingthatisSl'AEEovertine? Herearethefive choices. 'lhecaneofyourabstinenoeissonethingthatis: (Readoprtions) 1) totally variable over time 2) more variable than stable over time 3) equally variable as it is stable over time 4) more stable than variable over time 5) totally stable over time flhatisyouramwer? IsthecauseofyourabstinenoesonethingforwhichmmEis responsibleoristhecauseeonethingforwhichmis responsible? Herearetheduoices. Thecauseofyourabstinenoe issonething for which: (Read options) 10. 11. 12. 13. 111 1) no one is totally responsible 2) no one is responsible more than someone is responsible 3) abortequuallynooneandsomeoneisresponsible 4) someone is responsible more than no one is mible 5) someone is totally responsible that is your answer? IsthecaumeofyourabstinencesomethingabortOl‘HERSoristhe caumesonethingaboutYW? Berearethechoims. 'lhecauseof yourabstinauceis: (Readoptiom) 1) sonethingtotallyaboutothers 2) somethingnoreaboutothersthanaboutyou 3) somethingequallyatnutothersasabortyou 4) somethingnoreaboxtyouthanalxuutothers 5) somethingtotallyabortyou Vhatisyouranswer? Regardingyourabstinence, isthe‘causesonethingthatrelatesto your behavior in only THAT situation or is the cause something that relates to your behavior in ALL situations? Here are the choices. 'l'hecauseofyourabstinenoeissonethingthat: (Read options) 1) relates to your behavior in only that situation 2) relatestoyourbehavior moreinthat situationthaninall situations 3) relatestoyourbehavioraboutequallyinthat situationand all situations 4) relates to your behavior more in all situations than in that situation 5) relates to your behavior in all situation What is your answer?— IsthecauseofyourabstinernesonethingthatisCHAMiEABlEor sonethingthatismnfl? Herearethechoices. 'l'hecameof yourabstinenceissonething that is: (Read options) 1) totally changeable 2) more changeable than unchanging 3) about equally changeable as unchanging 4) more unchanging than changeable 5) totally unchanging Hhatisyouranswer?__ 'lhefollowingtwoquestionsareonascaleofonetofivewith ”not at all“ at the low end and "conupletely" at the high end. Bownuchdoyoucredityourselfforrenainingabstinentbecauseof thekindofpersonyouare,answeringwithonefor ""notatall or five for “"conpletely or, any number in between? 14. 15. 16. 112 Hownuchdoyoucredityourselfforrenainjngabstinentbeceuseof something you are or arau't doing, answering with one for "not at all" or five for “completely“, or, any number in between?— matisyourbestguessofthelikelihoodyouwillbe drinking\usingthreemonths fronnow? (Read 1—4) very unlikely ........ 1 very likely .............. ...4 unlikely ............. 2 maybe or I don't know ...... 5 likely ............... 3 AreyoucurrentlytakingAntabuse? Yes ..... 1 No ..... 2 Iwouldliketofinishtheinterviewbyaskingyouashortlistof questionsaboutyourself. Answerstothesequuestionswillbeusedfor statisticalpurposesonly. Ifyouthinkanyofthequestionsaretoo personal, please say so. 17. 18. 19. 20. Refused— Vhat's the last grade of school you completed? Jr. high school or less (grades 1-8) ................... 1 Some high school (grades 9—11) ....................... '. .2 Graduated from high school ..... -. ....................... 3 Vocational\Teohnical school ............................ 4 Some college - 2 years or less ......................... 5 Some college — more than 2 years ................................. 6 Graduated from college ........................................... 7 Est-graduate work ............................................... 8 Refmed to amwer ................................................ 9 What is your current marital status? Single ............ 1 Mrried ........... 2 Separated ......... 3 Divorced .......... 4 Widowed ........... 5 that is your current work status? Are you (Read 1-5) Working full-tine ............... 1 Working part-time ............... 2 _ Unanployed ...................... 3 Ch lay-off ...................... 4 Retired ......................... 5 Other (specify) ................. 6 113 21. Mich ofthefollowingincomegroups includesyouurtotal family inconeforthepasttaxyear? Juststopmewhenlreadthe correctcategory. Under 10,000... ............ 1 10 to 20,000 .............. 2 20 to 30,000 .............. 3 ' 30 to 40,000 .............. 4 40 to 50,000 .............. 5 no than 50,000 .......... 6 Don't know ................ 7 Refused to answer .......... 8 23. Gender (by observation) Ifarwquestionswereskipped, say'WedidskipsomequestionsI'dlike toasknow,howdoyoufeelaborttryingthenagain"? Ifyes, proceed, thengotoconclusicn section. Ifno, gotoconclusion section. Ifnoquuestionswereskipped, prooeedtoconclmion section. Concludingcoments— Doyouhaveanyquestionsorcoments, I'dliketohearthennow? (pause-ifyes, process; ifno, proceed) Aretheremuyupsettingfeelingsthattheinterviewhascausedyouthat youwouldliketomention? (pauuse-ifyes, process; ifno, proceed) Iwanttothankyouverynuchforthetimeyouhavetakenandyour cooperation. Goodbyenow. 114 MG Was: Let'stalkaboutthefactthatyouhavenotrmained substame-free since the completion of your treatment at Insight atFifthAvenue. If-youweregoimtotrytoexplaintoa friendmyoucontinuetodrinkoruse,whatwouldyousay? (Ifmorethanonecuuse, askformaincouse.) Now,ImntyoutokeepinmirxitheremonyouJuustgavene abortnctstayineabstinerrt,hutfirstlwanttoelmlainhowthe nextsstofquestiomwork.‘lbey'reonametofivescale.and youmverbygivimmesomemmberbetlemoneandfive. For mle,ifIweretoaskyouonaonetofivescalehowyou feel about visitim relatives, where, one stood for very stronglydislikingit,twomeantthatyoudislim1t,three meantthatyoudidn'tcareonewayortheother,fourmeantthat youlikedit,andfivemeantthatyouverynuchlikedvisiting yourrelatives,howwouldyouanswer?(Prowsstheanswerwith therespondmt). Sinceyougavemea( ) thatmearmthatyou 1)verystmns1ydis]ike, 2) dislike, 3) feel indifferent about. 4) like, 5) verystronslylike—visitins relatives, isthis correct? (Iers-contimuewithnextmrasmm. IfNo-Bay, "0.K., let'stryit again",thenrepeat "ifIweretoask you. (bntimuetopmsswiththerespondent,inquiringas 115 towhattheymeantbytheirresponseandmatchingitwiththe appropriatemmber.) Now, let'sgetbacktothereasmyougavefornotremainirg substance-free. Yousaidthatthemaincauseofyournon— abstinence is (repeat cause from above). Now, the following questionsconcemyourlopinionsofthecauseofyounot renainingsubstance—free. 1. IsthecmmesomethingthatreflectsanaspectoftheSI‘l‘UATImor doesitreflectanaspectonWIBELF? I'mgoingtogiveyoufive choimstOpickfrom,listaifirettoallofthan,thengiv.eme youranswer. Nowherearewhatthemmbersmeanmthecneto fivescaleforthisquuestion. Quemeansthecauseissomething that totallyreflects an‘aspect ofthe SITUATICN, twomeansthe curse reflects more anaspectofthe situation thanof youreelf, a threemeansthewmereflectsequuallyasnuchanaspectofthe situation as yourself, a fourmeans the caume reflects more an aspect of yourself thanofthe situation, and five means the cane issomethingt‘hattotallyreflectsanaspectonWRSELF. (kw? Vhatisyouranswer?__ (PromsstheanmerwiththerespondentJ Sinceyougavemea()thatmeansthatyouthinkthecauseofyou notremainingsubstance—free: 1) totally reflects an aspect of the situation, 2) reflects more an aspect of the situation than of yourself, 3) reflectsasnuchanaspectofthesituationasyourself, 4) reflects more an aspect of yourself than of the situation, 5) totally reflects an aspect of yourself. Is that what you meant? (If Yes - continue with the next question. If No,say "Let me repeat the quuestion and we'll try it again." - Repeat no' more than twice. If the respondent continues to have difficulty after the second repetition, say, "may, let's goontothenextquestionthen.” Followthisprocedurewhenever the respondent answers with a negative response.) Now,keepinginnindthereasonyougaveforyounotremaining substance—free: Isthecauseummlm byyouorother people,or,isthecause(X)Nl'R01LABLEbyyouorotherpeople? Now herearethefivechoims. Thecouseofyounotremining suubstance-freeis:(Read0PbionB) 1) totally uncontrollable by you or other people 2) more uncontrollable than controllable by you or other people 3) equally as uncontrollable as controllable by you or other people 4) more controllable than uncontrollable by you or other people 5) totally controllable by you or other people 118 that is your onwer?__(Prooess the answer with the respmdent.) Sinceyougavemea( ) tintmearnthatyouthinkthecauneofyou not mining substance-free is: 1) totally uncontrollable by you or other people 2) more uncontrollable than controllable by you or otter people 3) equally as uncontrollable as controllable by you or other people 4) more controllable than uncontrollable by you or other people 5) totally controllable by you or other people Is that what you meant? (If Yes — continue with the next paragraph. If No, say " let me repeat the question and we'll try it again." Use the procedure stated earlier.) The rest of the question follow in a similar way. I'll first state the quuestion regarding the cauuse that you gave for you not remaining substance—free. I'll then give you five choices to pick from, and after listening to the five choices select the on thatyouthinkmostcloselyreflectsyourthoughtsatortthemain reason for not remaining abstinent. Ready? Is the cauuse that you gave for your continuued non-abstinence scmethingthatisl‘fliPORARYorsomethingthatisPERiANENT? Now herearethefivechoiwstopick from. 'lhecauseofyourmn- abstinence is something that is: (Read option) 1) completely temporary 2) more temporary than permanent 3) about as much temporary as permanent 4) more permanent than temporary 5) completely permanent Hhatisyouranswer? (Ifthequestiouneedstoberepeated,do so, tut no more than twice. Follow proceduure stated in quuesticn til). Is the cause of your continued non—abstinence something that influms your behavior in only 'IBAT situation or is the cone smething that influences your behavior in ALL situations? Here are the five choices. The cause of your non—abstinence is something that: (Read options) 1) influences your behavior in ouly that situation 2) influences your behavior more in that situation than in all situations 3) influuerms your behavior in that situation and all situation about equally 4) influams your behavior more in all situation than in that situation 5) influences your behavior in all situations Mntisyouranswer? 117 Regardingyournon—abstinence, isthecauseUNINl'ElmEDbyyouor otherpeopleoristhecauseINl'ENDEDbyyouorotherpeople? Herearethefive choices. Thecauseofyournon—abstinenceis somethingthatis: (Readoptions) 1) totallyunintoudedbyyouorotherpeople 2) more unintendedthanintoudedbyyouor other people 3) equuallyunintendedasintendedbyyouorotherpeople 4) more intendedthanunintendedbyyouor other people 5) totally intendedbyyouor other people thatisyouranswer?__ IstheconesomethingthatisGJ'ISHJEofyouoristhecause somethingthatisINSIDEofyou? Herearethefiveduoices. The coneofyournon-abstinouceissomething that is: (Read options) 1) totallyortside ofyou 2) moreoutsideofyouthaniunideofyou '3) equallyoutside ofyouasinside ofyou 4) moreirnideofyouthanoutsideofyou 5) totally inside ofyou thatisyouranswer?__ Regardingyournon—abstinence, istheconesomethingthatis imortanttoyouinonlyTfiATsituationoristhecausesolething thatisimportanttoyouinALLsituation? Herearethefive choices. 'I'hecauseofyournon-abstimnceissomethingthatis: (Readoptions) 1) important to you in only that situation 2) important to you more in that situation than in all situations 3) important to you in that situation and all situation abort equally 4) imortanttoyoumoreinallsituationsthaninthat situation 5) important to you in all situations thatisyouranswer? Isthecauseofyournon—abstinencesomethingthatisVARIAHE cvertimeorsomethingthatisS'l'AHEovertime? Herearethe five choices. ‘lhe cause of your non-abstinence is something that is: (Readoptions) 1) totally variable over time 2) more variable than stable over time 3) equuallyvariableasitisstableovertime 4) more stable than variable over time 5) totally stable over time What is your'aunwer? 10. 11. 118 Istheconeofyon'nou—abstinonesomethingforwhidumalflis responibleoristhecausesomethimforwhidumis responsible? Herearethechoioes. 'l'hecauseofyourrm- abstinence isscmething for much: (Read options) 1) no on is totally responible 2) no one is responsible more than someoue is responsible 3) aboutequallynooueandsomeoneisresponible 4) someone is responible more than no on is responsible 5) someone is totally responsible What is your answer?__ Isthecauseofyournou-abstineunesomethingaboutmoris thecausesomethingaboutYW? Herearethechoices. Thecause of your non—abstinence is: (Read option) 1) something totally about others 2) somethingmore about othersthanaboutyou 3) something equally about others as about you 4) somethingmoreaboutyouthanaboutothers 5) something totally about you what is your answer?____ Regarding your non—abstinence, is the cause something that relates to your behavior in ouly THAT situatiou or is the cauuse somethiug that relates to your behavior in ALL situations? Here are the choices. The cause of your non—abstinence is something that: (Read options) 1) relates to your behavior in ouly that situatiou 2) relates to your behavior more in that situation than in all situations 3) relates to your behavior about equually in that situation and all situations 4) relates to your behavior more in all situations than in that situation 5) relates to your behavior in all situations Whatisyouraunwer?__ Isthecauseofyournon—abstinencesomethingthatisW orsomethingthatismnc? Herearethechoices. 'lhecaune ofyournon—abstinence isscmething that is: (Read option) 1) totally changeable 2) more changeable than unchatging 3) about equally changeable as unchanging 4) more unchanging than changeable 5) totally unchanging Wuatisyouranswer? 13. 14. 15. 16. 119 Thefollowingtwoquuestionsareonascaleofonetofivewith "not at all" at the low end and "completely" at the high end. Hownuchdoyoublameyourselffornotstayingsubstance-free becouseofthe ofpersonyouare,answeringwithouefor"not at all" or five or "completely" or, any number in between? Bownuchdoyoublameyourselffornotstayingsubstance—free because of something you are or aren't doing, answering with one for "not at all" or five for "completely", or, any number in between? thatisyourbestguuessofthelikelihoodyouwillbe drinking\usingthreemonthsfromnow? (Read 1-4)‘ veryunlikely ........ 1 verylikely... ............ 4 uunlikely ............. 2 maybeorldon'tknow ..... 5 likely ............... 3 AreyoucurrentlytakingAntabuse" Yes ..... 1 No ..... 2 Iwouldliketofinishtheinterviewbymkimyouashortlistof quuestionaboutyourself. Answerstothesequuestiouswillbeusedfor statisticalpurposesonly. Ifyouthinkanyofthequestionaretoo pemonal.pleasesayso. 17 . 18. 19. ,Refused__ that's the last grade of school you comleted? Bowoldareyou? Jr. high school or less (grades 1—8) ............... 1 Some high school (grades 9—11) ..................... 2 Graduated from high school ......................... 3 Vocationa1\Technical school ........................ 4 Some college — 2 years or less ..................... 5 Some college - more than 2 years ................... 6 Graduated from college ............................. 7 Post-graduate work ................................. 8 Refuned to answer .................................. 9 that is your current marital status? Simle ............ 1 Married ........... 2 Separated ......... 3 Divorced .......... 4 Widowed ........... 5 Refinedtomnwerfi 120 20. Huatisyourourroutworkstatus? Areyou(Readl-5) Hortim full—time ............... 1 Working part—time ............... 2 Mloyed ...................... 3 (h lay—off ...................... 4 Retired ......................... 5 Other (specify) ................. 6 Refused to answer ............... 7 21. thichofthefollowinginoomegroupsincludesyourtotal family inoomeforthepasttaxyear? Juuststopmewhenlreadthe correctcategory. Uruder 10,000 .............. 1 10 to 20.000 .............. 2 20 to 30,000 .............. 3 30 to 40,000 .............. 4 40 to 50,000 .............. 5 More than 50,000 .......... 6 Don't know ................ 7 Refined to answer ......... 8 23. Gender (by observation) Hale .......... 1 Female ........ 2 If any quuestion were skipped, say "We did skip some quuestion I'd like toasknow, howdoyoufeelabouttryingthenagain"? Ifyes, proceed, then go to conclunion section. If no, go to conclusion section. If no quuestions were skimed, proceed to conclusion section. Coucludingcoments- Doyouhaveanyquuestions orcolments, I'd liketohearthemnow? (pause-ifyes, process; ifno, proceed) Arethereanyuunettingfeelingsthattheinterviewhascausedyouthat youwould liketomention? (pause- ifyes, process; ifno, proceed) Iwmuttothankyouverynuchforthetimeyouhavetakenandyour cooperation. Goodbyenow. AppoxiixH SlitAhsiainer thatwasthefirstthingyoudrankorusedafterthetreatment program? alcohol ............ 1 minor tranquilizers ...... 5 pct ................ 2 opioids .................. 6 cocaine ............ 3 psychedelicn ............. 7 amhetamines ....... 4 other - specify___ 8 (If alcohol, say 'drank‘ hereafter; otherwise, sw 'used‘) 2. Is that your primary drug of choice? Yes ......... 1 No .......... 2 (If no.) that is your drug of choice? alcohol ............ 1 minor tranquilizers ...... 5 pct ................ 2 . opioids .................. 6 cocaine ............ 3 psychedelics ............. 7 Mistakes ....... 4 other - specify . . . .8 AborthowlongafterthetreatmentprogramatFifthAveuuedidyou firstdrink\use? lessthanoneweek...1 4—6months ....... .4 1—4 weeks ............ 2 7—9 clcttn ........... 5 1-3 monttn ........... 3 10-12 months ......... 6 morethanoneyear...7 therewereyouwhenyoufirstdrank\usedafterthetreatnent progrm? home ............................. 1 work ............................. 2 frioxi's or relative's house ..... 3 bar or restaurant ................ 4 car .............................. 5 other specific place - ........... 6 Describe that time of day was it? morning”... ......................... 1 afternoon -noonto5m ........... 2 evening -5t011m ............... 3 night -llpnt06m .............. 4 10. 11. 122 thenyoufirstdrank\usedafterthetreatnoutprogram, wereyou: (read option) alone .................. 1 with other people ...... 2 How did you get it? Did: (read options) someoneofferittoyouwithoutyouasking ....... 1 youhuyit ....................................... 2 youaskforitfromanotherperson ............... 3 ordidyougetitsomemereelse ................. 4 Hadyoubeenthinkingaboutdrinking\uningearlierthatday? Yes ........ 1 No ......... 2 Abouthowlougbeforehavingthatfirstdrink\usedidyoumakea decisioutodrink\use? no conscious decision to drink\use ....... 1 seconds ................................... 2 minutes .................................. 3 hours .................................... 4 days ..................................... 5 Howsoonafterthat firstdrink\usedidyoudrink\useagain? minutes later ...................... 1 hours later ........................ 2 days later ......................... 3 weeks later ........................ 4 have not drumk\used since .......... 5 let's talkabouutyourfirst drink\useaftertreatnent. Ifyou weregoingtotrytoexplaintoafriendwhyyoudrank\uned, what wouldyousay? (Ifmorethanonecone,askformaincaune.) Now, Iwantyoutokeepinmindthereasonyoujustgavemeabout yourfirstdrink\uneaftertreatnout,hutfirstlwanttoexplainhow thenextsetofquestionswork.'fluey'reonaonetofivescaleandyou answerbygivingmesomenumberbetweenoneandfive. Forexample, if Iweretoaskyouonaouetofivescalehowyoufeelaboutvisiting 123 relatives, where, on stood for very strongly disliking it. two meant thatyoudislikedit,threemeantthatyoudicku'tcareoewayorthe other,fourmemtthatyoulikedit,auxlfivemeantthatyouverynuch liked visiting your relatives, how wouuld you answer? (Process tin arnwerwiththerespoudout). Sinceyougavemea( ) thatmeansthat you 1) very stmly dislike, 2) dislike, 3) feel indifferent about, 4) like, 5) very strongly lik -— visitiug relatives, is this correct? (If Yes - continue with next paragraph. IfNo - say, "0.11., let's try itagain",thenrepeat "ifIweretomkyou..." Continuetoprocess withtherespondent, inuuuirimastowhattheymeantbytleirrespone andmatching itwiththeappropriate nunher.) Now, let's getback to the reasonyougave foryourfirst drink\use after treatment. You said that themaincauseof your slip was (repeatcaunefromabove). Now, thefollowing question concern your opinions of the cause of your slip. 12. Isthecausesomething that reflectsanaspectoftheSI‘lUATlm or doesitreflectanaspectonmRSELF? I'mgoingtogiveyoufive deicestopickfrom,listenfirettoalloftlem,thengiveme youronwer. Nowherearewhatthemnbersmeanontheoneto fivescaleforthisquestion. (hemeansthecauseissomethim thattotallyreflectsanaspectoftheSITUATIm,twomeansthe cause reflects more anaspect of the situation ten of yourself, threeneansthecausereflectsequallyasmuchanaspectofthe situation as yourself, a four means the caune reflects more an aspect of yourself than of the situation, and five means the cause isscmethingthattotallyrefleotsanaspectonWRSElE. (hay? thatisyourarnwer?_ (Processtheanswerwiththerespondentd Sinceyougavemea( )thatmeansthatyouthinkthecauseof yourslip: 1) totally reflects an aspect of the situatiou, 2) reflects more an mpect of the situatiou than of yourself, 3) reflects as ouch an aspect of the situation as yourself, 4) reflects more an aspect of yourself than of the situation, 5) totally reflects anaspect of yourself. Is that what you meant? (If Yes - continue with the next question. If No, say "let me repeat the question and we'll try it again" - Repeat no more than twice. If the respoudent continues 13. 14. 15. 124 to have difficulty after the seooud repetition, say, "Cltay, let's gooutothenextquestiouthen." Folloithisprocedurewhouever the respoudout answers with a negative response.) Now,keepinginmindthereasouyougaveforyourslip: Isthe couschyyouorotherpeople,or,isfluecone Wbyyouorotherpeople? Nowherearethefive choices. Thecauneofyourslipis: (Readthechoices) 1) totally uncoutrollable by you or other people 2) more uncontrollable than controllable by you or other people 3) “1er as uncontrollable as controllable by you or other POOP 4) more coutrollable than uncoutrollable by you or other people 5) totally controllable w you or other people thatisyouranswer? (PtocesstheanswerwiththerespondentJ Sinceyougavemea()thatmeansthatyouthinkthecauuseof yourslipis: 1) totally uncontrollable by you or other people 2) more uncontrollable than controllable by you or other people 3) equually w uncoutrollable m controllable by you or other people 4) more controllable than uncoutrollable by you or other people 5) totally controllable by you or other people Is that what you meant? (If Yes - continue with the next paragraph. If No, say " let me repeat the question and we'll try it again." Use the procedure stated earlier.) The rest of the quuestions follow in a similar way. I'll first state the question regarding the cause that you gave for .yourslip. I'll thengive you five choices topick from, and afterlisteniuutothefivechoicesselecttheoethatyouthink mostcloselyreflectsyourthcugutsaboutthemainreasonforyour slip. Ready? Isthecausethatyougaveforyourslipsouethingthatis Worsomthingthatism Nowherearethefive choicestopickfrom. 'l'hecauuseofyourslipissomethiugthat is: (Readallchoices) 1) copletely temporary 2) more temporary than permanout 3) about as much temorary as permanent 4) more permanent than toporary 5) completely permanent thatisyouranswer?___ (Ifthequuestionneeuntoberepeated,do so, hutnomorethantwice. Followprooedurestatedabove). Isthecauseofyourslipsomethingthat influencesyourbehavior in only mar situation or is the cause something that influences your tehavior in All. situations? Here are the five choices. The 16. 17. 18. 125 canneofyourslipissanethingthat: (Readallchoices) 1) inflnueums your behavior in only that situation 2) influences your behavior more in that situation than in all situations 3) influences your behavior in that situation and all situations about equally 4) influuencesyourbahaviormoreinallsituationsthaninthat situation 5) influams your behavior in all situations that is your answer?__ Rwardiungyourslip, isthecaumeUNINTfliDEDtyyouorother peopleoristhecauseIN'l'nuEDbyyouorotherpeople? Berearo thefive choiws. Thecauseofyourslipissomething that is: (Readoptions) 1) totally unintended by you or other people 2) more mintendedthaninterxiedbyyouor otherpeople 3) equallynmintendedasintemledbyyouor other people 4) more intafledflnanunintaxiedbyyouor otherpeople 5) totally intended by you or other people Rnat is your answer?___ IsflnecausesomethingthatisWTSIlEofyouoristhecause something that is INSIDE of you? Here are the five choiws. The cause of your slip is something that is: (Read options) 1) totally outside of you 2) more outside of you than inside of you 3) eqnuallyoutside ofyouasimide ofyou 4) more inside ofyouthanoutside ofyou 5) totally inside of you matisyouramwer? Regardimyourslip. isthecausesomethjungthatisimortantto youinanly'lflATsituatianoristhecaumesomethingthatis imortant to you in ALL situations? Here are the five choims. finecouseofyourslipissouethingthatis: (Readoption) 1) imortant to you in only that situation 2) important to you more in that situation than in all situation 3) important to you in that situation and all situations about equally 4) imbrtant to you more in all situations than in that situation 5) important to you in all situations Vhatisyouranswer? 19. 20. 21. 126 IsthecauseofyourslipsomethingthatisVARIABLEovertimeor somethingthatisSTABlEovertime? Herearethefivechoices. 'lhecauseofyourslipisscmething that is: (Read options) 1) totally variable over time 2) more variable than stable over time 3) equuallyvariableasitisstable overtime 4) more stable than variable over time 5) totally stable over time Matisyourarmwer? IsthecauseofyourslipsomethingforwhidnmCNEis respomibleoristbecausesomethingforwhichsalmis responsible? Hereanetheohoices. 'l'hecauuseofyourslipis something for which: (Read options) 1) no one is totally responsible 2) nooneisresponsiblemoretbansomeoneisrespomible 3) aboutequallynooneandsomeoneisresponsible 4) someoneisresponsible morethannooneisresponsible 5) someone is totally responsible Whatisyouranswer? IsthecauseofyourslipsomethingaboutOl‘HERSorisflnecause somethingaboutYW? Berearothednoims. 'l'hecauseofyour 31.1913: (Readoptions) 1) somethingtotallyaboutothers 2) somethingmoneaboutothersthanaboutyou 3) somethingequallyaboutothersasaboutyou 4) somethingmoreaboutyouthanaboutothers 5) somethingtotallyaboutyou matisyouranswer?___ Regardingyourslip, isthecausesomethimthatrelatestoyour behavior in only 'IHAT situation or is the cause something that relatestoyourbehaviorinALLsituations? Herearethechoices. The cause ofyour slip is something that: (Read options) 1) relates to your behavior in only that situation 2) relates to your behavior more in that situation than in all situations 3) relatestoyourbehavioraboutequallyinthat situationand all situations 4) relates to your behavior more in all situations than in that situation 5) relates to your behavior in all situations Mnatisyouranswer'L— 127 23. IsthecauseofyourslipsomethingthatisCHAMiEABLEor somethingthatisUKHAtBItB? Herearethechoims. 'lhecauseof your slip is something that is: (Read options) 1) totally changeable 2) more changeable than unchanging 3) about equally changeable as unchanging 4) more unchanging than chargeable 5) totally Imchang'ing 'Vhatisyouranswer? 'l'hefollowingtwoquestiormareonascaleofonetofivewith “not at all" at the low end and "completely" at the high end. 24. Givenwhathappened, hownuchdoyoublameyourselffortheslip becameofflnekindofpersonyouare, answeringwithonefor “not at all" or five for “coupletely” or, any number in between?— 25. Givenwbathappaned, hownuchdoyoublameyoureelffortheslip becauseof sonethingyoudidordidn'tdo, answeringwithonefor “not at all" or five for "comletely", or, any amber in between? (kay,sofathavebeenaskingyoumostlyaboutttmtfir-st drink\useyouhadafterthetreatmautprogram. Thenextpartofour interviewfoousesonyourthoughtsandfeelingsrightm,whileyou areabstainingfromdrinking\using. Manyoftbequestiormwillbevery sinilartotheoneslhavealreadyasked;thedifferenceisthatthey arofoousedonthepresenttime. Inyouromwords,whatwouldyousayisthemaincauseforyour contimuingnottodrink\use? Now, Jmtlilrebeforowiththeotherquestionstbatwereona scaleofonetofive: 26. Isthecauseforyourcontimuedabstinencesonethingthatreflects anaspectoftheSI'l‘UATIONordoesitreflectanaspectof YWEEELF? Herearethefivechoimstopickfrom. 'lhecausefor yourcontimuedabstinence: 1) totally reflects an aspect of the situation, 2) reflects more an aspect of the situation than of yourself, 3) reflects as much an aspect of the situation m yourself, 4) reflects more an aspect of yourself than of the situation. 5) totally reflects an aspect of yourself. What is your answer? (If the respondent indicates confmion, 30. 128 m "Ietmerepeatthequestionandwe'lltryit again.“ —Repeat nomorethantwice. Ifflnerespondentcontinnuestohave difficulty after the second repetition, say, "mm, let's go on to thenextquestion then." Followthisprocedurewheneverthe respondent shows some confusion.) Nomkeepiminmindtheremonyougaveforyourcontinued abstinence: IsthecauseUWlABl-Ebyyouorotberpeople, or,isthecauuseWABLEbyyouorotherpeople? Nowhere arethefive choices. Thecauseforyourcontinned abstinence is: (Readoptions) ' 1) totally uncontrollable by you or other people 2) more uncontrollable than controllable by you or other people 3) equally as uncontrollable m controllable by you or other . peeple . 4) more controllable than uncontrollable by you or other people 5) totally controllable by you or other people Vlnatisyouranswer?_ Isthecausethatyougaveforyourcontinuedabstinencesomething thatismorsomethingthatism? Nowhereare thefivecboicestopickfrom. 'nnecauseforyourcontinned abstinaneissomethingthatis: (Readoptions) 1) completely temporary 2) more tanporary than permanent 3) about as much temporary as permanaut 4) more permanent than tenor-an 5) comletely permanent Rnatisyouranswer? Istbecouseforyourcontinuedabstinencesomethingthat influuencesyourbehaviorinonly'l‘HATsituaticnoristhecouse something that influences your behavior in ALL situatiom? Here arethefivechoims. 'nnecanmeforyourcontinuedabstinauceis somethingthat: (Readoptions) 1) influences your behavior in only that situation 2) influerxuesyourbehaviormoreinthat situationtbaninall situations 3) influences your behavior in that situation and all situations about equal]! 4) influencesyourbehaviormore inallsituationsthaninthat situation 5) influences your behavior in all situations matisyouramwer? Regardingyourcontimuedabstinence, isthecauseUNINTflllEDby youorotherpeopleoristhecauseINTfllDEDbyyouorother people? Herearethefive cboims. 'lhecauseforyouroontimued 31. 32. 129 abstinenceissomethingthatis: (Readoptions) 1) totallymintoxiadbyyouorotherpeoplo 2) more mintendedthanintendedbyyouor other people 3) equallymintondedasintondedtvyouorotherpeople 4) moreinteniedthanumintondedbyyouorotherpeople 5) totallyintoxiedbyyouorotherpeople Vbatisyouranswer?___ IsthecausesomethimthatisGJTSflEofyouoristhecanne somethingthatisIIGIIEofyou? Herearethefivednoims. 'lbe couseforyourcontiouedabstinonceissomethingthatis: (Read options) 1) totally outside of you 2) more outside of you than inside of you 3) equallyoutsideofyouasinsideofyou 4) more inside of you than outside of you 5) totally irnide of you that is your answer?— Regardingyourcontinuedabstinence, isthecanusesomethirnthat is inportanttoyouinonly'l‘HATsituationoristhecause something that is imortant to you in ALL situations? Here are the five choices. The cause for your continued abstinence is something that is: (Read options) 1) important to you in only that situation 2) important to you more in that situation than in all situations 3) important to you in that situation and all situations about equally 4) ilportant to you more in all situation than in that situation 5) imortant to you in all situation thatisyouranswer? Isthecouseforyourcontinuedabstinenoesomethingthatis VARIAEBovertimeorsomethingthatisSI'AHEovertine? Here anethefivechoiws. Theconeforyourcontinuedabstinenceis something that is: (Read option) I) totally variable over tine 2) more variable than stable over time 3) equally variable as it is stable over time 4) more stable than variable over time 5) totally stable over time Rnatisyouranswer? 35. 37. 130 Is the cause for your continued abstinence something for which no (NEisresponsibleoristhecausesomethingforwhichQimis responsible? Here are the choiws. The cause for your continued abstinence is something for which: (Read options) 1) no one is totally responsible 2) no one is responsible more than someone is responsible 3) aboutequallynooneandsomeoneisresponsible 4) someone is responsible more than no one is responsible 5) someone is totally responsible that is your answer? IsthecauseforyourcontimuedabstinencesomethingabortO‘l‘HERS oristbecausesonethingaboutYCD? Berearethechoiws. The coneforyourcontinued abstinence is: (Read option) 1) somethingtotallyaboutothers 2) somethingmoreaboutothersthanaboutyou 3) somethingequallyaboutothersasaboutyou 4) somethingmoreaboutyouthanaboutothers 5) somethingtotallyaboutyou Rnatisyouranswer?___ Rmrdingyourcontiouedabstineme, isthecausesomethingthat ‘relatestoyourbehaviorinonly'mATsituationoristhecause something that relates to your behavior in ALL situations? Here arethechoiws. 'Ibecouseforyourcontinuedabstinenceis something that: (Read option) 1) relates to your behavior in only that situation 2) relates to your behavior more in that situation than in all situations 3) relates to your behavior about equally in that situation and all situations 4) relates to your behavior more in all situations than in that situation 5) relates to your behavior in all situation Mnatisyouranswer? Is the cause for your continued abstinence something that is Worsomethingthatismm‘? Herearethechoims. The cause for your continued abstinence'is something that is: (Read options) 1) totally changeable 2) more changeable than unchanging 3) about equally changeable as unchanging 4) more unchanging than changeable 5) totally unchanging What is your answer? 41. 131 The following two questions are on a scale of one to five with "not at all" at the low and and "cospletely" at the high end. How much do you credit yourself for your continued abstinence because of the kind of person you are, arnwering with one for "not at all" or five for "cmletely" or, any munber in between? Hownuchdoyoucredityourself foryourcontinuedabstinence because of something you are or aren't doing, arnwerirg with one for "not at all" or five for "coupletely", or, any number in between?_____ Rnatisyourbestguessofthelikelilnodyouwillbe drinking\using three months from now? (Read 1—4) very unlikely ........ 1 very likely ............... 4 unlikely ............. 2 maybe or I don't know ..... 5 likely ............... 3 AreyoucurrentlytakingAntabuse? Yes ..... 1 No ..... 2 Iwouldliketofinishtheinterviewbyaskingyouashortlistof questions about yourself. Answers to these questions will be used for statistical purposes only. If you think any of the questions are too personal, please say so. 42. 43. How old are you? RefuseL What's the last made of school you completed? Jr. high school or less (grades 1—8) ............... 1 Some high school (grades 9—11) ..................... 2 Graduated from high school ......................... 3 Vocational\'l'echnical sdnool.,_ ...................... 4 &me college — 2 years or less ..................... 5 Some college - more than 2 years ................... 6 Graduated from collme ............................. 7 Post—graduate work ................................. 8 Refined to answer .................................. 9 that is your amt marital statn? Simle ............ 1 Harried ........... 2 Separated ......... 3 Divorced .......... 4 '11de ........... 5 that is your current work status? Are you (Read 1—5) Workim full-time ............... 1 Working part—time ............... 2 Unennployed ...................... 3 (h lay—off ...................... 4 Retired ......................... 5 Other (specify) ................. 6 Refused to answer ............... 7 [finder 10,000 .............. 1 10 to 20,000 .............. 2 20 to 30,000 .............. 3 30 to 40,000 .............. 4 40 to 50,000 .............. 5 More than 50,000 .......... 6 Don't know ................ 7 Refused to answer ......... 8 47. Are you currently involved in A.A., N.A., or C.A.? 48. Gender (by observation) Hale .......... 1 Female... ...... 2 Ifanyquestionswereskipped, say"Wedidskipsomequestions I'dlike toasknow,howdoyoufeelaborttryingthonagain"? Ifyes,proceed. thengo toconclusion section. if no. gotoconclusion section. Ifnoquestionswereskimed,proceedtoconcluusionsection. Wingcoments- Doyouhaveanyquestionorconnents, I'dliketohearthemnow? (pause-ifyes, prowss;ifno, proceed) Arethereanyupsettingfeelingsthattheinterviewhmcausedyouthat youwouldliketomention? (pone-ifyes, process; ifno, proceed) Iwanttothankyouverynuchforthetiuneyouhavetakenandyour cooperation. Goodbyenow. 13 AppendixI Slitflalanseu: thatwasthefirstthingyoudrankorusedafterthetreatnent alcohol ............ 1 minor tranquilizers ...... 5 pot ................ 2 opioids .................. 6 cocaine ............ 3 psychedelics ............. 7 aphetamines ....... 4 other - specify___ 8 (If alcohol, say 'drank‘ hereafter; otherwise, say 'used‘) Is that your primary drug of choice? Yes ......... 1 No .......... 2 (If no.) that is your drug of choice? alcohol ............ 1 minor tranquilizers ...... 5 pot ................ 2 opioids .................. 6 cocaine ............ 3 psychedelics ............. 7 annhetanines ....... 4 other - specify ..8 Abouthowlongafterthetreatmentprogramatfi’ifthAvomedidyou firstd‘rinlmne? less than one week. . .1 4—6 months ........... 4 1—4 weeks ............ 2 7—9 months ........... 5 1-3 months ........... 3 10—12 months ......... 6 more thanoneyear...7 therewereyouwhenyoufirstdrank\nnedafterthetreatmout progrm? home ............................. 1 work ............................. 2 friend's or relative's house ..... 3 bar or restaurant ................ 4 .............................. 5 other specific place - ........... 6 Describe: What time of day was it? morning ..... ' ......... ' ................ 1 aftermon -noonto5m ........... 2 evening -5to11m ............... 3 night -11pmto6am .............. 4 10. 11. 134 When you first drank\used after the treatnent program, were you: (read options) " alone .................. 1 with other people ...... 2 How did you get it? Did: (read option) someoneofferittoyouwithortyouasking ....... 1 youbuyit ....................................... 2 youaskforitfromanotherperson ............... 3 ordidyousetitsomewhereelse ................. 4 Hadyoubeenthinkingaboutdrinking\nningearlierthatday? Abouthowlongbeforehavingthatfirstdrinkwsedidyoumakea decision to drink\use? no conscious decision to drink\use ....... 1 seconds .................................. 2 minutes .................................. 3 hours .................................... 4 days ..................................... 5 How soon after that first drink\use did you drink\use again? minutes later ...................... 1 hours later ........................ 2 days later ......................... 3 weeks later ........................ 4 have not drunk\used since .......... 5 Let'stalkaboutyourfirst drink\useaftertreatment. Ifyou weregoingtotrytoexplaintoafriondwhyyoudrank\used, what wouldyousay? (Ifmrethanonecanne,askformaincause.) Now,Iwantyoutokeepinnindthereasonyoanntgaveme aboutyourfiistdrink\nuseaftertreament,butfirstlwantto explainhowthenextsetofquestionswort.‘l‘hey'reonaoneto fivescaleandyouarnwerbygivingnesomemmberbetweenoneand five. Forexample, iflweretoaskyouonaonetofivescalehowyou 135 feel about visiting relatives, where, one stood for very strongly disliking it, twomeant thatyou disliked it, threemeant thatyou didn'tcareonewayortheother,fourmeantthatyoulikedit,and five meant thatyouverynuch liked visitingyour relatives, howwould youanswer?(Processtheanswerwiththerespondent). Sinceyougave mea( ) thatmeansthatyou1)verystronglydislike, 2)dislike, 3) feel indifferent about, 4) like, 5)verystrongly like—visiting relatives, isthiscorrect? (Iers—continue withnextparagraph. IfNo-say,"0.K.,let'stryit again",thonrepeat "ifIweretoask you." Continuetoprocesswiththerespondent,inquirimas towhattheymeantbytheirresponseandmatchingitwithtbe appropriatenumber.) Row,1et'sgetbacktothereasonyougaveforyourfirst drink\uneaftertreatnent. Yousaidtbatthemaincauseofyourslip was(repeatcausefromabove). Now,thefollowingquestionsconoem youropinionsofthecauseofyourslip. 12. IsthecausesomethingthatreflectsanaspectoftheSI‘l‘UATImor doesitreflectanaspectonWRSEL-F? I'mgoingtogiveyoufive dnoiwstopickfrom,listenfirsttoallofthem,thengiveme youranswer. Nowherearewhatthenmbersmeanontheoneto fivescaleforthisquestion. (knemeansthecnuseissomething thattotallyreflectsanaspectoftheSITUATIm,tuomeansthe cannereflects moreanaspectofthesituationthanof yourself,a threemeansthecauserefloctsequallyasnuchanaspectofthe situationasyourself,afourmeansthecaunereflectsmorean aspectofyourselfthanofthesituation, andfivemeansthecause isscmethingthattotallyreflectsanaspectonWEfiEl-F. Quay? Whatisyouranswer? (Prowsstheanswerwithflnerespondentd Sinceyougavemea( )thatmeansthatyouthinkthecauseof yourslip: 1) totally reflects an mpect of the situation, 2) reflects more an aspect of the situation than of yourself, 3) reflects as much an aspect of the situation as yourself, 4) reflects more an aspect of yourself than of the situation, 5) totally reflects an aspect of yourself. 13. 14. 1% Is that what you meant? (If Yes - continue with the next question. IfNo. say "Ietmerepeatthequestionandwe'lltryit again." - Repeat no lore than twice. If the respondent continues to have difficulty after the second repetition, say, "Gay, let's goontothenextquestionthon." Follouthisprocedurewhonever the respondent answers with a negative response.) Now,keepinginnindthereasonyougaveforyourslip: Isthe causeWbyyouorotherpeople,or,isthecause Wbyyouorotherpeople? Nowherearethefive choices. 'Ihecauseofyourslip is: (Readthechoices) 1) totally uncontrollable by you or other people 2) more uncontrollable than controllable by you or other people 3) equally as uncontrollable as controllable by you or other people 4) more controllable than uncontrollable by you or other people 5) totally controllable by you or other people thatisyouranswer? (Processthearnwerwiththerespondont.) Sinceyougavenea()thatmeansthatyouthinkthecauseof yourslipis: 1) totally uncontrollable by you or other people 2) more uncontrollable than controllable w you or other people 3) equally as uncontrollable as controllable by you or other people 4) more controllable than uncontrollable by you or other people 5) totally controllable by you or other people Is that what you meant? (If Yes-continue withthenext paragraph. IfNo,say "Letmerepeatthequestionandwe'lltry it again." Usetheprocedure stated earlier.) 'lherestofthequestions followinasinilar way. I'll first statethequestionreganiingtheconethatyougaveforyour slip. I'llthengiveyoufivechoicestopickfrom,andafter listeningtothefiveohoimsselecttheonethatyouthinkmst closelyreflectsyourttnughtsalnutthenainreasonforyour 611p. Ready? Istheconethatyougaveforyourslipsomethingthatis Worsomethingthatismm? Nowherearethefive choicestopickfrom. 'Iheconeofyourslipissomethimthat is: (Readallchoices) 1) coupletely telporary 2) more taporary than pennarmt 3) about as nuch tomorary m perwnent 4) more permanent than temporary 5) comletely permanent thatisyouranswer? (Ifthequestionneecntoberepeated,do so, butnomorethantwice. Followprooedurestatedabove). 15. 16. 17 . 18. 137 Isthecauseofyourslipsomethingthatinfluoncesyourbehavior inonlyTHATsituationoristhecausesomethingthat influences your behavior in ALL situations? Here are the five choices. The cause of your slip is something that: (Read all choices) 1) influences your behavior in only that situation 2) inflms your behavior more in that situation than in all situations 3) influerms your behavior in that situation and all situations about equally . 4) influenmsyourbehavior moreinallsituationsthaninthat situation 5) Influonces your behavior in all situations that is your answer?— Regardingyourslip, isthecauseUNINI'fllDEDbyyouorother peopleoristhecauseINTENlEDbyyouorotherpeople? Hereare thefivechoims. Thecauseofyourslipissomethingthatis: (Readoptions) 1) totally unintendedbyyouor other people 2) more unintendedthanintendedbyyouor other people 3) equallyunintendedasintendedbyyouorotherpeople 4) moreintendedthanunintendedbyyouorotherpeople 5) totally intendedbyyouor otherpeople that is your answer?__ IsthecausesomethingtbatiszSDEOfyouoristhecone somethimthatisINSIIEofyou? Hereauethefivednices. The couseofyourslipissomethirntnatis: (Readoptions) 1) totally outside of you 2) noreoutsideofyouthaninsideofyou 3) equallyoutsideofyouasinsideofyou 4) more inside ofyouthanortside ofyou 5) totally inside of you thatisyouranswer? Regardirgyourslip, isthecausesomethingthatisimportantto youinonly'lflATsituationoristhecausesomethingthatis important toyou inALLsituations? Berearethe five choims. 'nnecauseofyourslipissomethingthatis: (Readoptions) 1) important to you in only that situation 2) imortanttoyoumoreinthat situationtbaninall situations 3) imortant to you in that situation and all situations about equally 4) inportanttoyoumoreinallsituationsthaninthat situation 5) int-ortant to you in all situations 19. 20. 21. 138 that is your answer?— IsthecauseofyourslipsomethingthatisVARIABLEovertineor something that is STABLEovertine? Herearethe five choiws. 'lhecauseofyourslipissomethingthatis: (Readoptions) 1) totally variable over time _ 2) more variable than stable over time 3) equally variable as it is stable over time 4) more stable than variable over time 5) totally stable over time thatisyouranswer? IsthecauseofyourslipsomethingforwhichmmEis responsible or is the canuse something for which some is responsible? Berearethechoims. Thecauseofyourslipis mthing for which: (Read options) 1) nooneistotally responible 2) no one is responsible more than someone is responsible 3) aboutequallynooneandsomeoneisresponsible . 4) someone is responsible more than no one is responsible 5) someoneistotally responsible thatisyourarnwer? IsthecauneofyourslipsomethingaboutfllflflBoristhecause somethingaboutYGJ? Herearethechoims. Thecauseofyour slipis: (Readoptions) ‘ 1) somethingtotallyaboutothers 2) somethimmoreaboutothersthanaboutyou 3) somethingequallyaboutothersasaboutyou 4) somethimmoreaboutyouthanaboutothers 5) somethingtotallyaboutyou thatisyouranswer? Regardingyourslip, istbecausesomethimthatrelatestoyour behavior in only THAT situation or is the cause something that relates to your behavior in ALL situations? Here are the choims. The cause of your slip is something that: (Read options) 1) relates to your behavior in only that situatiOn 2) relates to your behavior more in that situation than in all situations 3) relatestoyourbehavioraboutequallyinthat situationand all situations 4) relates to your behavior more in all situations than in that situation 5) relates to your behavior in all situations thatisyouranswer? 139 23. IsthecauseofyourslipsomethirnthatisGIAbEEABLEor somethingthatisUbUlAbBDB? Herearethechoims. Thecauseof your slip is something that is: (Read options) 1) totally changeable 2) more changeable than unchanging 3) about equually changeable as unchanging 4) more undnnging than changeable ‘ 5) totally unchanging thatisyouranswer? 'l‘hefollowingtwoquuestionsareonascaleofonetofivewith' "not at all" at the low end and "completely" at the high end. 24. Givonwbathappened, hownnuchdoyoublameyourselffortheslip becouseofthekindofpersonyouare, answeringwithonefor"not at all" or five for "completely" or, any number in between?— 25. Given what happoned, hownuch do you~blame yourself for the slip beconeofsomethingyoudidordidn'tdo, arnweringwithonefor "not at all" or five for "completely" , or, any number in between? may,sofar1havebeenaskingyoumostlyaboutthatfirst drink\useyouhadafterthetreatnentprogram. Thenextpartofour interviewfoousesonyourfluughtsandfeelingsrightm.uanyofthe questionswillbeverysimilartotheoneslhavealreaubasked;the differmceisthattheyarefoousedontbepresenttime. Alittleearlieryousaidthatwithinthepastthirtydaysyou have done some drinking or using. Since you're not staying completely substance—free, let's agree to call it a period of non-abstinence. Inyourownwords,whatwouldyousayisthemincauseforyour continuednon-abstinence? Now, Justlikebeforewiththeotherquestionsthatwereona scaleofonetofive: 26. Is the cauuse for your continued non-abstinence something that reflectsanaspectoftheSITUATImordoesitreflectanaspect onWRSElE? Herearethefivechoicestopickfrom. Thecouse for your continued non-abstinence: 1) totally reflects an aspect of the situation, 2) reflects more an aspect of the situation than of yourself, 3) reflectsasnuchanaspectofthesituationasyourself, 4) reflects more an aspect of yourself than of the situation, 5) totally reflects an aspect of yourself. 140 g 5 your answer?__ (If the respondent indicates confusion, say letserepeatthequestionandwe'lltryitagain." ~Repeat nomorethantwioe. Iftberespondontcontiouestohave difficulty after the second repetition, say, “may, let's go on to thenextquestionthon." Followthisproceourednoneverthe respondent shows someconfusion.) Now,keepinginnindthereasonyougaveforyourcontinuednon— abstinence: IsthecauuseWBbyyouorotherpeople, or, isthecausemlmbyyouorotherreople? Nowhere 1) totally uunoontrollable by you or other people 2) more uncontrollable than controllable by you or other people 3) equually as uncontrollable as controllable w you or other people 4) more controllable than uncontrollable by you or other people 5) totally controllable w you or other people thatisyouranouer? Is the cauuse that you gave for your continued non—abstinence somethingthatismorsomethingthatism? Now herearethefivechoiwstopickfrom. 'l‘hecauseforyour continued non—abstinonce is something that is: (Read options) 1) completely temporary 2) more temporary than permanent 3) about as much temporary as permanent 4) more permanent than temporary 5) omletely permanent thatisyouranswer?__ Is the cause for your continued non—abstinence somethinng that influencesyourbehaviorinonly'mAT situationoristhecauuse something that influences your behavior in ALL situations? Here are the five choices. 'lhe cone for your continued non-abstinence is something that: (Read option) 1) influences your behavior in only that situation 2) influerms your banavior more in that situation than in all situations 3) influuerms your behavior in that situation and all situation about equally 4) influuonoesyourbehaviormore inallsituatiorn thaninthat situation 5) influences your behavior in all situation that is your answer?— Rmrdingyourcontinuedncm—abstinence, isthecousemlmm byyouorotherpeopleoristhecauselNTfllDEDbyyouorother 31. 141 people? Here are the five choices. fine cause for your continued non-abstinence is something that is: (Read option) 1) totallyuunintondedbyyouorotherpeople 2) moreuunintondedthanintondedlyyouorotherpeople 3) equuallyunintondedasintendedbyyouorotherpeople 4) moreintondedthanunintondedwyouorotherpeople 5) totallyintondedbyyouorotherpeople thatisyouranswer?___ IsthecousesomethingthatiswrSIJBofyouoristhecouse sonethinngthatisItBIlEofyou? Berearethefivechoims. 'nne causeforyourcontinued non—abstinence isscmething that is: (Readoption) 1) totallyoutsideofyou 2) moreoutsideofyouthaninnideofyou 3) equallyoutsideofyouasinsideofyou 4) moreinsideofyouthanoutsideofyou 5) totallyinsideofyou that is your answer? Regarding your continued non—abstinence, is the cause something that is inportanttoyouinonly'l‘HATsituationoristhecaune something that is important to you in ALL situations? Here are the five choices. 'Ihe cause for your continnued non—abstinence is sonethinng that is: (Read options). 1) important to you in only that situation 2) imortant to you more in that situation than in all situations 3) imortant to you in that situation and all situation about equally 4) imortanttoyoumoreinallsituationsthaninthat situation 5) 11:0th to you in all situation that is your answer?— Isthecauneforyourcontinuednon—atntinoncesomethingtbatis VARIAHBovertimeorsomethingthatisSI'AEEovertime? Here are the five choices. 'lhe cause foryour continued non—abstinonce isscmething that is: (Real option) 1) totally variable over tine 2) more variable than stable over time 3) equually variable as it is stable over time 4) more stable than variable over time 5) totally stable over time thatisyouranswer? 35. 37 . 142 Is the cone for your continued non—abstinence smethim for which IDQEiBresponibleoristhecaunesomethingforwhichm isresponible? Berearetheohoioes. 'nnecouseforyour continued non—abstinence is smething for which: (Read option) 1) no one is totally responsible 2) nooneisresponsiblemorethansomeoneisresponsible 3) aboutequallynooneandsomeoneisresponible 4) someone is responsible more than no one is responsible 5) someone is totally responible that is your arnwer? Is the cause for your continued non-abstinence something about OIBEIBoristhecausesome-thingaboutm Herearethecboices. 'nne cauuse for your continued non—abstinence is: (Read option) 1) somethinntotallyaboutothers 2) somethingmoreaboutothersthanaboutyou 3) somethingequuallyaboutothersasaboutyou 4) somethingmoreaboutyouthanaboutothers 5) somethingtotallyaboutyou that is your answer? Regarding your continued non—abstinence, is the cane somethinng that relates to your behavior in only THAT situation or is the cause something that relates to your behavior in ALL situation? Here are the choices. The cause for your continued non—abstinence is something that: (Read options) 1) relates to your behavior in only that situation 2) relates to your behavior more in that situation than in all situation 3) relatestoyourbehavioraboutequallyinthatsituationand all situations 4) relatestoyourbehavior moreinallsituationsthaninthat situation 5) relates to your behavior in all situations thatisyouronwer? Is the cone for your continued non—abstinonce something that is W or something that is man? Here are the choices. ‘lhe cone for your continued nun—abstinence is something that is: (Read option) 1) totally changeable 2) more chargeable than uunchanging 3) about equally changeable as unchanging 4) more unchanging than changeable 5) totally unchanging that is your answer?— 39. 41. 143 Thefollowingtwoquuestionsareonascaleofonetofivewith "not at all" at the low end and "completely" at the hign and. How much do you blame yourself for your continued non-abstinence becauseofthekindofpersonyouare, answeringwithonefor "not at all" or five for "connletely" or, any number in between?— Bow much do you blame yourself for your continued non—abstinence because of something you are or aren't doinng, answering with one for "not at all" or five for "comletely", or, any number in between? tintisyourbestguessofthelikelihoodyouwillbe drinking\using three months from now? (Read 1-4) very unlikely ........ 1 very likely ............... 4 unlikely ............. 2 maybe or I don't know ..... 5 likely ............... 3 ' Are you currently taking Antabuuse? Yes ..... 1 No ..... 2 Iwouldliketofinishtheinterviewbyaskingyouashortlistof questionaboutyourself. Answerstothesequestionswillbeusedfor statisticalpurposesonly. Ifyouthinkanyofthequuestionsaretoo personal, please say so. 42. 43. Refused— that's the last grade of school you completed? Howoldareyou? Jr. high school or less (grades 1—8) ............... 1 Some high school (grades 9—11) ..................... 2 Graduuated from high school .............. ‘ ........... 3 Vocational\Technical school ........................ 4 Some college - 2 years or less ..................... 5 Some college - more than 2 years ................... 6 Graduated from college ............................. 7 Post—graduate work ................................. 8 Refused to answer .................................. 9 that is your current marital status? Single ............ 1 Married ........... 2 Separated ......... 3 Divorced .......... 4 Widowed ........... 5 Refunedtoanswer.6 that is yourcurrent work status? Are you (Read 1—5) Working full-time ............... 1 Working part-time ............... 2 Unsuployed ...................... 3 144 (Inlay-off ...................... 4 Retired ......................... 5 ouner(specinr).... ............. 6 Refunedtoanswer ............... 7 46. thichofthefollovimincomegrouznincludesyourtotalfmily incomeforthepesttaucyear? Juntstopmeudnonlreadthe oorrectcatwory. Iknder 10,000 .............. 1 10 to 20,000 .............. 2 20 to 30,000 .............. 3 30 m 40)“ .............. 4 40 to 50,000 .............. 5 bore than 50,000 .......... 6 Don't know ................ 7 Refuned to answer ......... 8 47. Are you currently involved in A.A., N.A., or C.A.? 48. Gender (by observation) Hale .......... 1 Fanale.. ....... 2 If any questions were skipped, say "We did skip some question I'd like to ask now, how do you feel about trying them again"? If yes, proceed, then go to conclusion section. If no, go to conclusion section. If no quuestions were skipped, proceed to conclusion section. Conludingcolluonts- Doyouhaveonycuestionorcolnents, I'dliketohearthennow? (pone—ifyes, process;ifno, proceed) Arethereowuupsettingfeelingsthattheinterviewhasconedyouthat youwould liketomention? (pone— ifyes, process; ifno, proceed) Iwanttothankyouverynuchforthetimeyouhavetakenandyour cooperation. Goodtwenow. LIST OF REFERENCES Abranou, L., Seliglnn, 11., & Temdale, J. (1978). [earned in 8i F:43-174 and ' W. . . Alarm, B. am, P. (1982). Opiate addiction: Thecasefor m min orientation. W: m: 37-381- herieanPsychiatricAeaociation. (1980). Wei WGM ed.). W.D.C.= Author. Anderson, C.A., Horowitz, L.H., & French, R. des. (1983). Attributionalstyleoflonelyonddepressedpeople. W W. 15. 127-136. Annis, H. (1974). Patterns of intra—fuilial drug use. British W. 69. 359—361. Mum, A. (1977). Self-efficacy: Toward a unifying theory of behavioral charm. ' W. 84. 191—215. Barnes, 6. (1980). Characteristicsoftbeclinioalaloolnlic personality. 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