“THS gS/Wlwb I.“ ——v——..-.— uemm M Michigan State llll l. University AN STATE UNIVERSITY LlBRARI . nu Illll'llllllllll lllmlul m l 3 1293 00585 6020 This is to certify that the thesis entitled THE EFFECT OF HATCH DATE AND GENETIC BACKGROUND ON THE MOLT OF THE EASTERN WILD TURKEY presented by Susan Sullivan Traylor has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Master of Science degree in Fisheries & Wildlife Major professor Date—QPLLLimq 0-7 639 MS U is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE MSU I: An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution THE EFFECT OF HATCH DATE AND GENETIC BACKGROUND ON THE MOLT OF THE EASTERN WILD TURKEY By Susan Sullivan Traylor A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Fisheries and Wildlife 1989 974025 .7 f” ./ ABSTRACT THE EFFECT OF HATCH DATE AND GENETIC BACKGROUND ON THE MOLT OF THE EASTERN HILD TURKEY By Susan Sullivan Traylor At least one juvenal ninth primary feather was molted 140-160 days posthatch by 71% of early hatch Michigan wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo silvestris), descendents of birds released 35 years ago. The remainder of the early hatch and all of the late hatch birds molted their juvenal ninth primaries in their second year. In domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo), 21% of early hatch and 14% of late hatch malted at least one juvenal ninth primary by their first winter. More females than males in each strain/hatch date melted the juvenal ninth primary in their first year. Hild early hatch males were more advanced in prealternate molt of caudal feathers in their first winter than late hatch males. Females molted postjuvenal caudal feathers more extensively than males within strain/hatch date during their first winter. Thus, molt patterns, confounded by hatch date and sex, cannot be used to differentiate between strains of turkeys. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The research for this thesis was funded through the Michigan Department of Natural Resources Wildlife Division. I would like to thank John Urbain for serving on my committee, initiating this project and assisting with experimental design. Other members of my committee I wish to thank are Dr. Dwight Schwartz for assisting me in diagnosis of turkey mortality and helping me to understand poultry diseases and husbandry, and Dr. Scott Ninterstein for helping me with analysis of the data. A sincere thanks goes to my major professor, Dr. Harold H. Prince, for his assistance in all phases of this study as mentioned above as well as emergency turkey wrangling. I wish to thank all of the many undergraduate students that put in numerous hours radio-tracking hens, building pens, caring for the turkeys, catching and holding birds, and taking measurements. I would like to extend a special thanks to fellow graduate student Paul Padding for his mental support throughout the project and his assistance in building pens and advice on analysis of the data. Other graduate students I would like to thank for their emotional support and assistance with turkey handling and care include Jian Chen, Jerome Leonard, Cathy Cook, Lauren Knapp and Larry Gigliotti. I gratefully thank Carla Dombroski for her patience and cheerfulness while helping in preparation of the manuscript. ii I would like to also thank Dr. Richard Balander and Dr. Cal Flegal for giving me advice on turkey care and maintenance. Last but not least, I would like to thank my husband, Elbert Traylor, for his help in building pens, catching and holding birds and editing the manuscript. LIST OF TABLES . . . LIST OF FIGURES. . . INTRODUCTION . . . . MATERIAL AND METHODS Design Measurements Husbandry . . . Analysis . RESULTS 0 O O O O 0 DISCUSSION . . . . . Molt of Juvenal Ninth TABLE OF CONTENTS Primary Feathers. Molt of Caudal Feathers . . . . . . . . Body Height and Tarsometatarsus . . . . Length of Postjuvenal Primary Feathers Management Implications . . . . . . . . APPENDIX 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 LITERATURE CITED iv OSU'I«># 45 A‘le A‘3e LIST OF TABLES Page Molt status of the juvenal ninth primary feather of Michigan wild turkeys and domestic turkeys for both sexes and early and late hatch dates. . . . . . . 8 Molt status of the postjuvenal caudal feathers of Michigan wild turkeys and domestic turkeys for both sexes and early and late hatch dates. . . . . . . 10 Mean body weight (g) of Michigan wild turkeys and domestic turkeys for both sexes and early and late hatCh dates. 0 O O O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O 23 Mean tarsometatarsal length (mm) of Michigan wild turkey and domestic turkeys for both sexes and early and late hatch dates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Mean length (mm) of postjuvenal primary feathers 1-9 of Michigan wild turkeys and domestic turkeys for both sexes and early and late hatch dates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 LIST OF FIGURES Page Body weight of wild and domestic turkeys for both sexes and early and late hatch dates from 28 to 252 days posthatch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 Tarsometatarsal length of wild and domestic turkeys for both sexes and early and late hatch dates from 28 to 168 days posthatch. . . . . . . . . 12 Postjuvenal primary feather length of female wild and domestic turkeys for early and late hatch dates from 56 to 252 days posthatch. . . . . . . . . 14 Postjuvenal primary feather length of male wild and domestic turkeys for early and late hatch dates from 56 to 252 days posthatch. . . . . . . . . 15 vi INTRODUCTION Leopold (1943) reported that eastern wild turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo sylvestris) do not molt their juvenal ninth primary feathers during the first winter, unlike domestic turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo gallopavo) which do. Hybrids may exhibit either pattern. He also reported that only the central two pairs of postjuvenal caudal feathers are molted before the first winter in wild turkeys. Domestic turkeys, in their first winter, continue the molt to the fifth or more pairs, occasionally including the entire tail (nine pairs). Hybrids are intermediate. Other authors have reported that wild turkeys retain both the juvenal ninth and juvenal tenth primaries (Petrides 1942; Healy and Nenno 1980). However, these authors did not consider the effect of environmental factors such as hatch date on apparent genetic differences. Several studies of passerines suggest or provide date showing that late hatch birds do not complete their molt to the same extent as older siblings. For example, Newton (1966) found that bullfinches (Pyrrhula pyrrhula) retained up to five greater coverts when they malted late in the season; only the earliest molting birds replaced them all. Also, the under wing coverts were retained in the later molting birds. It was also noted that more plumage was replaced by juvenile males than by juvenile females molting at the same time. Selander and Giller (1960) demonstrated an inverse relationship between the total number of 1 2 retained juvenal feathers in the brown-headed cowbird (Molothrus ater) and the red-winged blackbird (Agelaius phoeniceus) and age at time of postjuvenal molt. Age was determined by degree of cranial ossification. Selander (1958) also noted that a higher percentage of young boat-tailed grackles (Cassidix mexicanus prosopidicola) retained unusual types and numbers of juvenal feathers in a year when second broods were reared as opposed to the following year when no second broods were reared. Miller (1928) believed that the date of hatching probably affects the date of the molt as well as the degree of mixture of the first year plumage in the loggerhead shrike (£93133 ludovicianus). In a later study, Miller (1933) suggested that the date of hatching influenced completeness of molt in Phainopepla gitégg lgpigg, More recent studies in blue jays (Cyanocitta cristata) (Bancroft and Noolfenden 1982), eastern bluebirds (Slglig{giglis) (Pinkowski 1976) and pinon jays (gymnorhinus cyanocephalus) (Ligon and White 1974), all reported earlier hatching birds replacing more feathers in the postjuvenal molt. Ligon and White (1974) suggested that the number of feathers molted is controlled by other factors, such as photoperiod. Molting in late hatch turkeys may be stopped experimentally by decreasing day length. Mueller et al. (1951) demonstrated that the day length determines the ultimate number of feathers that are molted in the juvenal and postjuvenal plumage in domestic turkeys. Restriction of light to 12 hours daily from 4-16 weeks of age and to 10 hours daily from 17-28 weeks of age resulted in reduced molting of the postjuvenal plumage. Temperature variations had no apparent influence on molting (Mueller et al. 1951). Previous studies have not adequately demonstrated that molting of the ninth juvenile primary before the first winter is a valid indicator of domestic inheritance in the eastern wild turkey. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of hatch date and genetic background on the molt of the juvenal ninth primary feathers and the molt pattern of the postjuvenal caudal feathers in turkeys. Body weight, tarsometatarsal length, and postjuvenal primary feather length were also compared between turkey strains and between hatch dates. MATERIALS AND METHODS Design The turkeys for this study included poults from eggs laid by a captive flock originally collected as eggs from wild nesting femaTes in northern Michigan (descendents of turkeys released 30 years ago) and domestic broad-breasted bronze turkeys received from a hatchery as one- day old poults. Early and late hatches of the Michigan wild turkeys and the domestic turkeys were reared to evaluate the effect of hatch date as well as genetic background on molting pattern. There were 4.5 weeks between the last hatch date of Michigan wild early hatch birds (3 weekly hatches from May 18 to June 1) and the first hatch date of Michigan wild late hatch birds (4 weekly hatches from July 2 to July 23) and there were 6 weeks between the hatch dates of the early hatch (May 27) and the late hatch (July 8) domestic turkeys. Wings (from the wrist distally) from hunter-harvested yearling gobblers were collected at hunter check stations in the spring of 1988. Ninth and tenth primaries were measured and molt status recorded. These data were used to compare the molt chronology in captive versus noncaptive turkeys. Measurements Each poult's primary feathers were measured and the molting pattern recorded at seven day intervals beginning one week posthatch 4 5 until the poults were 12 weeks old and at four week intervals thereafter until the end of spring hunting season the following year (1988). Each feather was measured from the culmen (the point at which the shaft emerges through the skin) to the end of the shaft. It was noted also whether the feather was growing or fully developed and whether it was entire or broken. Broken feathers were used for molt analysis but not for analysis of length. Molting pattern of caudal feathers, body weight, and length of the tarsometatarsus (measured from the palmer surface of the distal joint to the planter surface of the proximal joint with both joints flexed) were recorded at the same time primary feather measurements were taken. Husbandry Eggs from the captive Michigan wild flock were set once weekly in an incubator. Once hatched, poults were wing-tagged and then allowed to dry for 12 hours in a separate hatching unit. At 12 hours of age the poults were transferred to a broader. One to three day old domestic poults were recieved from a commercial hatchery and placed in brooders. All poults were released into outside pens at the Michigan State University Dobie Road Wildlife Research Facility at five weeks of age. Food and water were provided gg_libitum. Whenever the ground was not frozen, a prophylactic level of ipronidazole hydrochloride was provided in the water to prevent histomoniasis. Purina Game Bird Starter Chow (30% protein) was fed for the first seven weeks and changed (over three weeks) to Purina Turkey Grower (20% protein). 6 After the 26th week the feed was changed to Purina Game Bird Maintenance Chow (12% protein). Analysis Analysis of the malt of the juvenal ninth primary feather and the extent to which the caudal feathers malted through the first winter was done using chi-square. The figures used for chi-square of the juvenal ninth primaries included only those birds that had malted bath juvenal ninth primary feathers by the end of their first winter. When all birds in a comparison had malted a pair of caudal feathers (bath reported as 100% in Table 2) that pair was not used in the contingency table for the chi-square. Differences in body weight, tarsometatarsal length, and length of the postjuvenal primary feather at specific ages of the different strains were compared within sexes by one-way analysis of variance or the Kruskal-Wallis test for analysis of variance when variances were unequal. Bartlett's test for homogeneity of variance was used prior to comparisons. Duncan's New Multiple Range Test was used to identify which strain/hatch dates were different from each other. Significance was accepted at a probability level of P < 0.05. The percentage of hunter-harvested yearling gobblers which had malted at least one juvenal ninth primary feather but had retained the juvenal tenth primary feather was determined. This was compared to the data on Michigan wild birds using chi-square. RESULTS The time of malt of the juvenal ninth primary feather was significantly different between Michigan wild early hatch and Michigan wild late hatch birds and between the sexes in Michigan wild early hatch (Table 1., MWE vs MWL - chi-square=40.55, df=1, P<0.0001; MWEF vs MWEM - chi-square=5.23, df=1, P<0.05). Seventy-one percent of Michigan wild early hatch birds malted at least one of their juvenal ninth primary feathers between 140 and 160 days posthatch (first winter). The rest of the Michigan wild early hatch and all of the Michigan wild late hatch birds malted their juvenal ninth primary feathers between July and November of their second year. A higher percentage of Michigan wild early hatch males compared with domestic early hatch males malted their juvenal ninth primary feather in their first winter (Table 1., chi-squarea7.92, df=1, P<0.001). There was no difference between Michigan wild early hatch females and domestic early hatch females (Table 1., chi-square=0.007, df=1, P>0.05). Fifty percent (2 of 4) of the domestic late hatch females malted their juvenal ninth primaries compared to 0% of the Michigan wild late hatch females (Table 1., chi-square=6.22, df=1, P<0.05). None of the males in either of the late hatches malted their juvenal ninth primary feather in their first winter. In the early hatch of both strains more females than males malted their juvenal ninth primary in their first winter (Table 1., DE - chi-square=12.55, 7 8 TABLE 1. Molt status of the juvenal ninth primary feather of- Michigan wild turkeys and domestic turkeys for both sexes and early and late hatch dates. 4‘ Michigan wild ___f Domestic Sex/feather Early Late Early Late Females both P9's 78 a] 0 80 25 left only 0 0 0 25 right only 0 O 0 0 total 78 0 80 50 n 3/ (23) (24) (5) (4) Males both P9's 46 0 0 0 left only 17 0 8 0 right only 0 0 0 0 total 63 0 8 0 n (24) (21) (12) (10) 21- percentage mOTted by July 1, 1988 (approximately 1 year of age . 9/ - n = sample size. df=l, P<0.001). The postjuvenal molt of the caudal feathers was further advanced in the first winter in Michigan wild early hatch males than in Michigan wild late hatch males (Table 2, chi-square=22.33, df=3, P<0.001). There was no difference within sexes between Michigan wild and domestic early hatches, domestic early and late hatches, or Michigan wild and domestic late hatches (Table 2., MWE vs DE males - chi-square=5.65, df=3, P>0.05; MWE vs DE females - chi-square=0.912, df=3, P>0.05; DE vs DL males - chi-square=1.89, df=2, P>0.05; DE vs DL females - chi- square=2.67, df=1, P>0.05; MWL vs DL males - chi-square=2.84, df=2, P>0.05; MWL vs DL females - chi-square=4.4, df=3, P>0.05). The females within each strain/hatch date malted their caudal feathers to a further extent than the males within the same strain/hatch date during their first winter (Table 2, MWE - chi-square=9.80, df=4, P<0.05; MWL - chi- square=16.68, df=3, P<0.001; DE - chi-square=8.86, df=3, P<0.05; DL - chi-square=9.24, df=2, P<0.01). Both sexes of the domestic turkeys were always heavier and had longer tarsometatarsi than the Michigan wild turkeys for each four week interval measured. Additionally, there were differences between the early hatch birds and the late hatch birds within the Michigan wild strain and within the domestic strain (Figure 3). Michigan wild early hatch males were heavier and larger than Michigan wild late hatch males at 140 days and again at 168 days but not at other times when using Duncan's New Multiple Range Test on an analysis of variance (Figure 1, 140 days, body weight (BW) - Kruskal-Wallis (approximated using chi- square)=56.50, df=3, P<0.001; Figure 2, 140 days, tarsometatarsus (TM) TABLE 2 10 . Molt status of postjuvenal caudal feathers of Michigan wild turkeys and domestic turkeys for both sexes and early and late hatch dates. Sex/caudal Michigan wild - Domestic feather pair EarTy Late Early Late Females lst central pair 100 a] 100 100 100 2nd central pair 100 100 100 100 3rd central pair 100 81 100 67 4th central pair 87 57 100 50 5th central pair 39 14 50 33 6th central pair 4 0 0 0 n 9/ (23> <21) (4) (4) Males lst central pair 100 100 100 100 2nd central pair 100 100 100 100 3rd central pair 91 40 64 33 4th central pair 65 0 27 11 5th central pair 4 0 0 0 6th central pair 0 0 0 0 n (23) (20) (11) (9) a/- percentage moTted by March wi y-n nter). = sample size. 31, 1988 (after the birds first ll .zuumgumoa mace «mu cu an ace» mouse zoom; mucp use »_Lum can mmxmm goon Lou mamxeau u_pmmsou use u__z no agape: avom .fi mm=o_u “can. _._o.2:\z_425. 20.2: who... 20.9.: >453 ofimwfioo 0.0.3200 0.55 720.20.... 3:; 729222 on 00.. 00F mun—<2 00N QOFE ONFD 0m... NPFE 00.. «.0! 00m. 00.. . I 0N _N_ WMJ=aumoa .m mmaomu mule/D... >mDPmoa ma. ma no on ma an. no me E O 0m. nunvr Mwmwmu Nu .vNN.E 00P mwmwr nu mwmwr mm oi 0 com Nrr 3 WM .vm E dem omN on a mmmw I H omww _ mwmm 0mm an H HH my 00¢ qxu ”mm (mm) HIONE‘l HEHLVEJ 15 oguoagomoa meme Nmm o“ om sate mason case; moo. .Ucm hpgcm Ln:v mhmv—Lau UwummEO—u Ucm Dz: 0P9: k0 zumcw— Lmzucmh >CcEwLQ pmcw>zfiumom ov mason“. KMIquu >m<§EQ JDPWOO ml ma fin. ma .Vfl. Mn. Ill-III... (ww) HIONB'T HEHLVEH l I .. Tami O L m r , x i; 00 moms ,. \ x. “W“; ooh 4mm. m \_ \ 1 one a 9 e W e e We“ x mm: a I? 2 re 03 D w mr 1. L as com NC; M My \1. 0mm V . e \ . am a / ”MI W \ “we im on a 9., \\ \\ ma 3% N \ 9.... com 4 Win. a AA .1} m.3m L a r: .3H own W Em, MWEU flirt WW WWNW . , R ER mmmm . HH cos we. mm 16 significantly more than the Michigan wild late hatch (chi-square=4.51, df=l, P<0.05). DISCUSSION Molt of Juvenal Ninth Primary Feather Although it does not have an effect on the growth rate of the feathers, it is apparent that hatch date has an effect on the time of malt of the juvenal ninth primary feather. This suggests that photoperiodic effects occur between 140 and 161 days. Thus, if the photoperiod is long enough (for this study 11:34-9:59 hours of daylight during this period for early hatch birds) the bird may continue its primary molt to the ninth feather, but if it is too short (9:38-9:06 hours of daylight for late hatch birds) the bird malts in the second year of the bird's life. Although the causes for the molt of some early hatch birds are not apparent, they probably are not genetic because both early and late hatches came from the same parent flocks. Sex also has an effect on time of malt since the females in both early hatches malted the postjuvenal ninth primary more frequently than the males. Since turkeys are a dimorphic species, a different pattern in structural growth could result in different patterns of malt. Strain had an effect on the male but not on the female molting date. As reported above, the domestic males were always larger than the Michigan wild males. In this study the birds with a larger body size in the early hatch group malted fewer juvenal ninth primaries. Again, this suggests a difference in molt pattern due to differences in structural growth. 17 18 Leopold's study (1943, 1944) comparing wild, domestic and hybrid birds showed that all 9 of the wild birds retained primaries nine and ten, all 19 domestic birds retained only primary ten, and 15 hybrids (n=32) retained nine and ten while 17 retained only ten. Leopold only mentions hatch date by giving the hatch dates of several native wild and hybrid broods that were incidental findings that year. The hybrids had hatching dates from April 20 to June 6 and the wilds from May 25 to August 2. Most of these nests either were broken up by predators or the eggs were removed and artificially incubated so it is not possible to determine when the actual average hatch dates for the two strains' free-living populations would have been. The hatch date of the particular birds used in his molting studies was not given. Leopold also does not indicate how many males or females he used in his wild or domestic groups of birds. It is apparent from the current study that this is also a variable to be considered. This suggests that Leopold's (1943) results on retention of the juvenal ninth and tenth primaries were confounded by hatch date and sex, and that this trait cannot be used to differentiate between strains of turkeys. Lewis (1966) used Leopold‘s results as a basis to distinguish between hybrid and native wild turkeys in Missouri. He found that 27% (50 of 187) of the yearling gobblers retained only the juvenal tenth primary feather. Twelve percent (13 of 108) of a sample of Michigan yearling gobblers had retained only the tenth in the 1988 spring hunting season. The higher percentage of turkeys molting the juvenal ninth primary feather in Missouri might be explained by an earlier 19 hatch date for this population due to the more southern latitude of Missouri in comparison to Michigan. Knoder (1959) reported that, at approximately 252 days of age, only 76.3% of his hybrid females had retained both juvenal primaries nine and ten but 92.4% of his hybrid males had retained both. Also, 5.1% of his females had malted both the ninth and tenth primaries and none of the males had done so. These results cannot be compared to the current study because no mention was made of hatch date or whether only one or both wings were examined. The higher percentage of females than males molting the ninth primary is consistent with my results. The only bird that malted its ninth and tenth primary on both sides in this study was a male. One female malted a single tenth primary (right). These numbers, however, are too small to conclusively refute or support Knoder's results. In a study in West Virginia by Healy and Nenno (1980) 4 of a possible 97 (4.1%) wild turkeys malted the juvenal ninth primary feather between 140 and 155 days of age. Comparison with this study is not possible because of the lack of hatch date or an exact number of males and females checked for molt of the juvenal ninth primary. Williams (1970) reports that molting of the juvenal ninth primary in the first year of M, g, osceola is the normal condition and an estimated 5% molt the tenth. He attributes this to the more southern latitude resulting in a longer molting period for this Florida subspecies. This is consistent with the proposed hatch date hypothesis in northern climates since both would allow for a longer period of exposure to daylight. 20 Wings of hunter-harvested yearling gobblers included 18% that had. postjuvenal ninth primaries. All harvested birds were males and only one wing per bird was submitted. If females were also represented the predicted percentage of birds molting the juvenal ninth primary would be higher. Therefore, molt of free-ranging birds is comparable with this study on penned birds. Because 63% of the Michigan wild early hatch males malted at least one of their ninth primaries and none of the Michigan wild late hatch birds malted this feather, the intermediate value for wings from hunter-harvested birds suggests that these birds were hatched throughout the breeding season. Molt of the Caudal Feathers Hatch date has an effect on the extent of malt of the caudal feathers in the first winter molt of the juvenile turkey. Sex had an effect here also because females molt these feathers to a further extent than their male counterparts. Strain did not affect the extent of caudal feather molt. This latter observation directly contradicts . the study by Leapold (1943). Five of his wild birds replaced 2 central pairs and four replaced 3 to 5 pairs. All of his domestic birds malted at least the central 2 pairs, seven replaced 3 to 5 pairs and twelve replaced 6 to 9 pairs. Four of his hybrids dropped the 2 central pairs, eighteen replaced 3 to 5 pairs and only one dropped 6 to 9 pairs. Nine birds is not a sufficient sample size on which to base any meaningful conclusions. Also, we do not know the ratio of males to females in his study group. 21 Bodyweight and Tarsometatarsal Length The strain of turkey has a great deal of influence on body weight and tarsometatarsal length. This is understandable because the domestic strain has been bred for large size, not for specific feather characteristics. Hatch date did not have a significant effect on size in the Michigan wild males until they reached 140 days of age. The Michigan wild early hatch males were larger perhaps reflecting a decrease in food intake by Michigan wild late hatch males at a critical time in their growth period due to the lower ambient temperatures. The age of 140 days occurred in October for the early hatches but it occurred in December for the late hatches. The females did not show this difference except at 140 days when there was a difference in tarsometatarsal length. Length of Postjuvenal Primary Feathers In general there is no difference in feather lengths at the same age between hatch dates in the different strains. Apparently turkeys maintain feather growth at a similar pace throughout their growth regardless of the environmental influences of ambient temperature and day length. This suggests that this characteristic is purely genetic in nature in the turkey. . There is a large difference between strains in length of postjuvenal primary feathers due primarily perhaps to the difference in overall size between the 2 strains. 22 Management Implications Based on this study, wildlife managers cannot rely on feather molt patterns in juvenile turkeys to identify domestic inheritance in their wild flocks. 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