In1y!fillflll/I/lflll’lWWI/WW L 00649 9580 LIBRARY Michigan State Univenlty This is to certify that the dissertation entitled Sons' Self-Esteem and Familial Perceptions of Parents' Son-Oriented Behavior presented by Michael Jan Nelson has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Adegree in PSYCh°1°gY 4? Date 21 zng; 2 ”(Minn-1hr A ‘ .- .A 1 042771 MSU * LIBRARIES 4-— ~— RETURNING MATERIALS: Place in book drop to remove this checkout from your record. FINES will be charged if book is returned after the date stamped below. L 5‘0. . - knmyqfl'h,,t 354 SONS’ SELF-ESTEEM AND FAMILIAL PERCEPTIONS 0F PARENTS’ SON-ORIENTED BEHAVIOR By Michael Jan Nelson A DISSERTATION Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Psychology 1987 KY .2 ,5" ~‘ ABSTRACT SONS' SELF-ESTEEM AND FAMILIAL PERCEPTIONS 0F PARENTS' SON-ORIENTED BEHAVIOR BY Michael Jan Nelson This work explored the parental interpersonal and value correlates of college student sons' self-esteem (SSE). Empirical and theoretical reports suggested that positive associations would hold between SSE and the affiliativeness of both parents and also with fathers' assertiveness. Oriented to parents' son-oriented conduct, two inter- personal behavior inventories plus the Bales and Couch (I969) Values Profile were separately and voluntarily completed by 175 MSU freshmen and half of their mothers and fathers. Although solicited, the remaining parents did not respond. Sons also completed two self-esteem measures, interpersonal and intrapersonal. On composite measures of the interpersonal domain's central affiliative and assertive dimensions (Wiggins, I982L sons described responding parents as significantly exceeding nonrespondents for affiliativeness but not for assertiveness. SSE correlated significantly and consistently with son-reported father's affiliative- ness (5)5 of .22 to .32)and with one of sons' two paternal assertiveness measures (rfs of .l3 8 .20) but more weakly with sons' parallel reports of maternal conduct. Sons' self-esteem was independent of the value measures except for SSE's consistently inverse association with parental expressivity vs.restraint (mothers' r = -.Zl; fathers' r_= -.22). Focusing on the eight subscales of each interpersonal inventory, a multiple correlation of .53 obtained between SSE and son-reported paternal conduct; the parallel R_for maternal conduct was .AA. SSE's comparable Rfs with parental self-reports were .28 (fathers) and .AA (mothers). Very surprising was an incidental finding that sons consistently described fathers' son-oriented behaviors as markedly less differentiated than mothers', an outcome congruent with parents' self-reports. Warm-cold subscales common to each inventory emerged as salient in most views of parents' son-oriented conduct. £252: gglg_ratings of fathers also provided the strongest simple association with SSE (£_= .27). The present findings appear generally supportive of both Humanistic and Social Learning theories. Caution is advised in generalizing from these findings due to this sample's selective and relatively affluent character as well as the narrow age range of these sons. Future studies should seek more broadly representative samples and consider requesting each parent to describe both own and spouse's child-oriented behaviors. To David L. Nelson, H.D. ii ACKNOWLEGEHENTS I want to thank John Hurly, Ph.D.. my chairman and friend, for his patience, unending revision, and continuous support throughout my dissertation and entire graduate education. He has been more than a mentor: he has been the embodiment of the academic ideal. I also wish to thank I"Y other committee members, Gilbert DeRath, Ph.D.. Larry O’Kelly. Ph.D.. and Bob Caldwell. Ph.D., for their effort and input into my education. Each offered unique and appreciated contributions. John Craft, Ph.D., at the University of Iowa, deserves a special thanks for his altruism and spirit of scholarly interest in providing me. as a displaced graduate student, computer access and consultation. Tom and Wendy, my home is yours. without your help the sample would have been much smaller and the nights much colder, to say the least! Lynne. thank you for your help, both personal and logistic. I want to thank my family for their continuous support and encouragement in this and all my ventures. Their unwavering confidence throughout my academic marathon has sustained the push to completion. Finally, Carol (my 8.0.) deserves extra thanks for her unremitting assurance, reassurance, and tolerance for obsession. Thank you. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS List Of Tables 0 I ....... O O O I O O O I C O ...... O ..... O ..... List of Figures . I C O C O C O I C O O O O U U C ..... U I O I I O C I O O O C O O IntIOduct ion I I I C I ...... C I I O O O I U I I O I O C O C C C I O O I I O O O C - Self-Esteem and the Interpersonal Variables of the Parent/Child Relationship ...... ..... .. Parental Acceptance .......................... Parental Control ............................. Parental Identification and Parent/Child Value Consistency ......................... Sex Differences in Parent/Child Interactions Family Variables .............. ...... ...... Self—Esteem and Individual Characteristics ...... Self-Esteem and Achievement .. ............... . Efficacy and Locus of Control . ..... ... Hypotheses ..... ........... . ..... ............. ...... Hypotheses ............... ......... . ......... .... Methods ......... ..... ......... ........ ............. Participants ............................ ..... .... Data Collection .................... ...... ....... “ensures ......OOOOICOOOI...-0'...IIICOIOOIOIIIOI Self-Esteem Inventories ...................... Rosenberg Self-Esteem Inventory ........... Texas Social Behavior Inventory (TSBI) ..... iv 11 13 17 19 21 22 25 28 29 29 29 31 31 31 33 Interpersonal Style Inventories .... ..... ..... 1982 Interpersonal Circle ................. Interpersonal Chart ..... . ....... . ...... ... Values Scale ................................. Values Profile ... ..... .................... Demographic Information .. ........ ............ Analysis ........................................... Results ............................................. Practical Considerations ......................... Statistical Manipulations .................... Variable Labels .............................. Perceptions of Parents’ Son:0riented Behavior .... Predictors of Self-Esteem .... ....... . ...... ...... Factors Linked to Self-Esteem .................... Parent/Son Congruence of Perception and Self-E8teem ......CCOOOOCCIOCOUI... ..... ...... Values, Value Congruence. and Self-Esteem ........ Single Variables and Self-Esteem .... ...... ....... Unforeseen Findings ............................. Discussion ......... ..... ............... ..... .. ..... . The Research Sample .............................. The Research Measures ............................ Discussion ....................................... Finding 1 .................... ..... ........... Findingz I.........CCOCOOOI......OOIOOOOUCIOO 35 35 41 41 43 44 47 47 47 50 52 57 e4 80 82 88 92 100 100 102 102 102 107 Recommendations for Future Study Summary Appe A B. C. D. Finding 3 Finding 4 Finding 5 Relationships Hypothesized and Observed Hypothesis 1 Hypothesis 2 Hypothesis 3 Hypothesis 4 ndices . Sons’ Fathers’ Hothers’ Descriptive Statistics and Central Tendencies for Subscale Scores Questionnaire Questionnaire . Questionnaire . E. Comparisons of Participants’ F. Summary Tables of Linkages Between Self-Esteem Scores and Interpersonal Subscale Scores 6. Subscale and Self-Esteem Intercorrelations H. I. Parents’ Correlations Between CLOIT and IC Summary and Subscale Scores Perceptions of Son-Oriented Behavior Correlations Between Self-Esteem and Stratified Interpersonal Style Scores .................... Jo Measures for vi Correlations Between Self-Esteem and Summary All Mothers and All Fathers 111 117 119 120 120 122 123 124 125 128 145 149 150 154 157 163 169 173 K. Comparisons Between Complementary Parental Behavioral Styles ............. .......... ...... 175 L. Raw Data ............. ............ ............. 176 References ................ ..... .... ......... ....... 216 vii 10. 11. LIST OF TABLES Descriptive Statistics and Central Tendencies for the Self-Esteem and HaJor Interpersonal Style Dimensions Major and Minor Interpersonal Style Dimensions with Respective Abbreviations .................. Correlations between Parents’ and Sons’ Perceptions of Parent’s Son-Oriented Behavior When Both Parents Completed the Research -84) ...-..........UUICOOOCOOI Questionnaires (N - Fathers’, and Hothers’ Comparisons of Sons’. Son-Oriented Behavior ... Perceptions of Parents’ Summary of Multiple Regressions Analyses -- I ... Summary of Multiple Regressions Analyses -— II .. Correlations Between Sons’ Self~Esteem Scores and Perceptions of Their Parents’ Son-Oriented Behavior for All Sons’ Data (N = 165-172) ....... Self-Esteem and Sons’ Correlations Between Sons’ Son-Oriented Perceptions of Their Parents’ Behavior When Both Parents Completed the Research =84) ...-......COOOOIOC0...... Questionnaires (N Correlations Between Sons’ Self-Esteem Scores and Sons’ Perceptions of Son-Oriented Behavior When Neither Parent Completed the Research Questionnaires (N = 71) ........................ Correlations Between Sons’ Self-Esteem Scores, Fathers’ Values Scores, and Fathers’ Perceptions of Their Son-Oriented Behavior When Both Parents Completed the Research Questionnaires (N = 84) .. Correlations Between Sons’ Self-Esteem Scores, Hothers’ Values Scores, and Mothers’ Perceptions of Their Son-Oriented Behavior When Both Parents Completed the Research Questionnaires (N = 84) .. viii 48 51 54 SS 59 60 66 70 71 76 77 12. 13. 14. 15- 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. Comparisons of Sons’ Self-Esteem Scores when Both Members of Parent/Son Dyads Scored in the Upper or Lower Third on the Pertinent Interpersonal Style Dimension Versus All Others (N - 93-95) ......... Comparisons of Son’ Self-Esteem Scores for Sons Who Describe Mothers and Fathers as Simultaneously High or Low on Both Affiliative or Dominance Dimensions ........................ Comparisons of Sons’ Self-Esteem Scores for Sons Who Describe Mothers or Fathers as Simultaneously High and Low on the Respective Affiliative or Dominance Dimensions ........................... Correlations Between Parents’ and Sons’ Value Profile Scores (N = 84) ......................... Correlations for Differences Between Parent/Son Value Scale Scores and Son’s Self-Esteem (N=93-9S) and Between Total Score Differences and Self-Esteem ( N= 93-95) ......................... Number of Parent/Son Dyads Demonstrating Value Congruence (agreement) Along One to Four Value scales .....C..........O......OIOOIOOOCOOUCDOOCI Differences in Self-Esteem Scores as a Function of Sons’ Perceptions of Fathers’ Son-Oriented Behavior Relative to the Pertinent Subsample’s Median value ......C...’00.........-......OOIOIOO Correlations Between Sons’ Perceptions of Son- Oriented Behavior of Mothers (N = 167/169)/Fathers (N = 171/173) on Hurley’s (1976b) Subscales .... Correlations Between Sons’ Perceptions of Son- Oriented Behavior of Mothers (N = 167/169)/Fathers (N = 171-173) on Kieslers (1983) Subscales ...... Correlations Between Parents’ Perceptions of Son-Oriented Behavior of Mothers (N = 94-95)/ Fathers (N = 94—96) on Hurley’s (1976) Subscale . Correlations Between Parents’ Perceptions of Son-Oriented Behavior of Mothers (N = 94-95)/ Fathers (N = 93-96) on Kiesler’s (1983) SUbscale 0....0.........-......OCOCOCCIIOOICO.... ix 81 83 84 85 87 89 91 93 94 95 96 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. Correlations Between Sons’ Reports (N = 167-175) on Wants to be Like Father or Mother and Sons’ Selesteem Scores and Perceptions of Parents’ Son-Oriented Interpersonal Behavior ............. Comparisons of Fathers’ and Mothers’ Perceptions of Their Own Son-Oriented Behavior .............. Comparisons of Sons’ Perceptions of Fathers’ versus Mothers’ Son-Oriented Behavior ........... Comparisons of Sons’ and Parents’ Perceptions of Parents’ Son-Oriented Behavior .................. Correlations Between Self~Esteem Scores (TSBI, RSE) and Parents’ and Sons’ IC Dimensions ....... Correlations Between Self-Esteem Scores (TSBI. RSE) and Parents’ and Sons’ Collapsed CLOIT subdilens-ions 00............IOCOOCOCIUUCOIOOOO0.0 Correlations Between Self-Esteem Scores (TSBI. RSE) and Parents’ and Sons’ CLOIT Subdimensions . Correlations Between Total Sons’ Self-Esteem Scores and Sons’ Perceptions of Fathers’ Son-Oriented Behavior on IC Subdimensions (N = 169-173) ................................... Correlations Between Total Sons’ Self-Esteem Scores and Their Perceptions of Mothers’ Son-Oriented Behavior on IC Subdimensions (N = 166-169) ................................... Correlations Between Sons’ Self-Esteem Scores and Fathers’ Perceptions of Their Son-Oriented Behavior on 10 Subdimensions (N — 85) ........... Correlations Between Sons’ Self-Esteem Scores and Mothers’ Perceptions of Their Son-Oriented Behavior on IC Subdimensions (N = 84) ........... Correlations Between Sons’ Self-Esteem Scores and Total Sons’ Perceptions of Fathers’ Son-Oriented Behavior on ICL Subdimensions (N = 172-174) ..... 99 150 151 152 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. Correlations Between Total Sons’ Self-Esteem Scores and Sons’ Perceptions of Mothers’ Son—Oriented Behavior on ICL Subdimensions (N: 169-172) OCOCO-.....-......C-I.....0.0.0...U Correlations Between CLOIT Subdimensions for Sons’ Perceptions of Fathers’ Son-Oriented BehOVlOI‘ (“3172—174) assumes-memenave-oases...- Correlations Between CLOIT and IC Subdimensions for Sons’ Perceptions of Mothers’ Son-Oriented BehQVior (N: 166-169) I.-......IUOOOOOOOOIOOOOOO Correlations Between CLOIT and IC Subdimensions for Sons’ Perceptions of Fathers’ Son-Oriented Behavior (N = 172-174) .......................... Correlations Between CLOIT and IC Subdimensions for Sons’ Perceptions of Mothers’ Son—Oriented Behav10r ("=166-169) ......OOCOIOOOOOODIOOOD... Correlations Between CLOIT and IC Subdimensions for Mothers’ Perceptions of Their Own Son- Oriented Behavior (N = 95) ...................... Correlations Between CLOIT and IC Subdimensions for Fathers’ Perceptions of Their Own Son- oriented BehGVlOX‘ (N = 92’95) emommseeememmeoeoom Correlations Between Sons’ Self-Esteem Scores and Perceptions of Their Fathers’ Son-Oriented Behavior for Sons Scoring in the Upper Third on the TSBI ("=66) ............COIICUCCC...-...... Correlations Between Sons’ Self-Esteem Scores and Perceptions of Their Fathers’ Son-Oriented Behavior for Sons Scoring in the Lower Third on the T581 ("=58) ...-......0.........OOICICUOOOQ Correlations Between Sons’ Self—Esteem Scores and Perceptions of Their Fathers’ Son~Oriented Behavior for Sons Scoring in the Upper Third on the RSE (N = 72) ............................... Correlations Between Sons’ Self-Esteem Scores and Perceptions of Their Fathers’ Son-Oriented Behavior for Sons Scoring in the Lower Third on the RSE ("=72) ......OCOO-.....ICOCCDCCOUCOOCO Xi 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 44. 45. 46. Correlations Between Sons’ Self-Esteem Scores and Mothers’ Perceptions of Their Son-Oriented Behavior for Sons and All Responding Mothers (N = 93-96) .................................... 173 Correlations Between Sons’ Self-Esteem Scores and Fathers’ Perceptions of Their Son-Oriented Behavior for Sons and All Responding Fathers (N = 90-94) .................................... 174 Comparisons of Sons’ Self-esteem Scores for Sons Who Describe Mothers and Fathers as Simultaneously High or Low on Complementary Affiliative and Dominance Dimensions ........... 175 xii LIST OF FIGURES Cluster Analysis Based on Total Sons’ Data ...... Depiction of All Statistically Significant Bonds of Sons’ Self-Esteem Measures (RSE & TSBI) with Sons Perceptions of Their Fathers’ and Mothers’ Son-Oriented Behavior ........................... Depiction of All Statistically Significant Bonds of Sons’ Self-Esteem Measures (RSE & TSBI) with Parents’ Self-Reports of Their Son-Oriented Behavior and Value Profiles ..................... xiii 65 69 75 INTRODUCTION Early theorists speculated as to the importance of the parent/child relationship in the development of the child’s self-concept; more recent scientists have provided empirical support for many of the hypothesized relationships. A brief overview of pertinent correlates and predictors of self-esteem will be presented. In general. current reports suggest that the quality of the parent/child relationship is of paramount importance in the child’s self- esteem development. and that while there is much work yet to be done in this area. several conditions have been repeatedly associated directly with self-esteem development in children- The conditions that are most often associated with self-esteem development can be organized into two categories: interpersonal variables and individual variables. The present study will address the interpersonal correlates of self-esteem in an effort to further delineate the role of parenting style in self-esteem development. While ideally one might study the antecedents of self-esteem in both the male and female offspring (Cattell. 1981). this investigation focused on the correlates of self-esteem in the male child. Mothers’. fathers’. and sons’ perceptions of each parent’s son-oriented behavior was examined in terms of the affiliative and assertive dimensions. These perceptions were then compared with the sons’ self-reports of self-esteem. Evaluation and self-comparison not only provide an interpersonal framework on which one’s self-concept can elaborate but also an intrapersonal framework on which approval and respect for oneself develops. Such approval is often blended with a generalized liking or fondness for oneself because of worthy qualities ascribed to the self. This satisfaction in oneself. or one’s good opinion of oneself. is often referred to as self-esteem (Rosenberg. 1965). Self-esteem is thus that aspect of self-identity that represents one’s internalized sense of worth or value. Self-identity. in turn. is a component of the self-concept. While self-identity has been variously described (Shaw & Wright, 1967; Wells, 1976; Wylie. 1974). it herein refers to an individual’s awareness and appreciation of those qualities. attributes. and nuances of the self that define him or her as a unique and separate person and/or which define his or her membership within subgroups of society. Self-esteem is the value one places on those qualities as parts of oneself. §elfz§sseea sad the Intereezseasl Zerigeles e: the Esreesngils Belssieesbie Maccoby (1980) summarized the findings in Coopersmith’s (1967) treatise on the antecedents of self-esteem. Maccoby’s summary stated that parents of boys with high self-esteem usually were: (a) accepting. affectionate. and involved. treating the child’s problems and interests as meaningful. and showing genuine concern: (b) strict in the sense that they enforced rules carefully and consistently. and sought to encourage children to uphold high standards of conduct; (c) democratic in the sense that the child’s opinions were valued. and the child participated in making family plans: and (d) noncoercive in the use of discipline (i.e.. they used denial of privilege and isolation. and usually discussed with the child the reasons why his behavior was viewed as inappropriate). Maccoby’s summary -- that postive self-regard relates to warm. accepting. and firmly consistent parents who openly value the child’s opinion -- appears widely supported in the literature (Ausubel. 1954: Baumrind. 1966: Crase. Foss. B Colbert. 1981: Hurley. 1965; Loeb. Horst. & Horton. 1977: Symonds. 1939). Wylie (1979) and Harter (1983) supported Coopersmith’s formulation of the antecedents of self-esteem more tentatively. Wylie pointed out several methodological 3 problems in Coopersmith’s study and. consequently. endorsed his findings more cautiously. Harter questioned the validity of Coopersmith’s inventory as a general measure of self-esteem and concurred with Wylie regarding other methodological shortcomings (limited sample size. limited age range. all male sample. etc.). Loeb. Horst. and Morton (1977) compared four traditional explanatory models for the influence of parents on their children’s self-esteem: (a) Imitation/Modeling: (b) Directiveness; (c) Reward/Punishment: and (d) Warmth/Involvement. They found moderate support for the Directiveness and Warmth/Involvement models but only slight for the Imitation/Modeling and Reward/Punishment models. They concluded that “no single explanation for so complex a behavioral outcome as a child’s self-esteem is sufficient“ (p. 215) and offered the following generalizations: The family climate associated with [high] self-esteem in the preadolescent appears to be one in which (1) both mother and father are supportive of their child and of each other: (2) opposite sex parent/child relationships are relatively demanding. while same-sex relationships are not: (3) for girls. parents do not employ highly directive behavior. but fathers are highly involved and particular about which of their daughters' behaviors they reward; for boys. fathers refrain from highly directive or intrusive behavior. while mothers play a relatively directive role with their sons. (pp. 215- 216) The finding that fathers who refrain from directive or intrusive behavior linked positively with self-esteem in sons. is in contrast with other reports (Coopersmith. 1967: Nelson. 1983) indicating a positive linkage between son’s self-esteem and paternal assertiveness and firm consistency. Baggage; 5929222999 Wylie (1974) asserted that the male child’s self- esteem is associated with the parents’ level of regard for the child and that the connection is even closer between the child’s self-esteem and his or her pegggptiggg of parental regard. This is consistent with the symbolic interactionist perspective (Gecas. Calonico. & Thomas. 1974; Head. 1934) which holds that the child’s self-esteem is a product of the reflected appraisals of others. especially significant others. Hany theorists appear to agree that other’s acceptance or relatively unconditional positive regard is crucial for the development of positive self-regard (Ausubel. 1954; Ausubel & Sullivan. 1970; Berzonski. 1978: Gecas. 1971: Rogers. 1951). A supportive environment is thought to facilitate the child’s formation of internal feelings of security and self-worth and also provide a basis for identification (with the parents) and value internalization. Ausubel’s satellization theory (1954) provided an elaboration of the role of parental acceptance in promoting self-esteem in the off-spring. According to Ausubel. as unconditional self-worth and personal security are established. self-identity and the subsidiary concept of self-regard become internalized and less subject to external influences. As separation and individuation occur. intra- and extrafamilial experience gradually replaces the individual’s derived status. based on relatively unconditional acceptance and love. with primary or achieved status based on reinforcement secondary to successful interaction with the greater environment. Thus. the individual gradually achieves a stable. internalized sense of self-worth. Ausubel viewed identity formation as a continuing and progressive response to the ever-increasing body of experience accumulated through experiential interaction. If the parent/child relationship was based on rejection or qualified acceptance. the child would enaoy little derived status and his or her self-worth would remain externally based. Precariously contingent upon external events. self-identity would translate into incomplete individuation and compromised self-actualization. Rosenberg’s (1963) findings supported the hypothesized relationship between parental acceptance and self-esteem in the child. He found a significant positive relationship between eighth grade students’ reports of self-esteem and maternal empathy. genuineness. and positive regard for the child. He also found that among male high school Juniors and seniors low self-esteem was associated more with extreme parental indifference than with punitive parental reactions. He interpreted this finding to indicate a greater role of parental warmth than control in the etiology of self-esteem. Sears (1970) and Rohner (1975b) further substantiated the relationship between parental warmth and positive self- regard. as did Hedinnus (1965). Saavedra’s (1977) research supported and extended these findings. He reported a linear relationship between Puerto Rican male adolescents’ self-esteem and their reported perceptions of parental warmth. He further indicated that perceived parental control was inversely related to the adolescents’ reports of their self-adequacy. Saavedra concluded that the combined effect of perceived high parental warmth and moderate control maximized the level of self-adequacy in adolescents’ self-assessments. Relating parenting style to the child’s development. Hurley (1965) demonstrated a modest positive relationship between parental acceptance and their children’s IO scores. Acceptance was defined “as representing one extreme of a bipolar continuum. epitomized by parental behaviors oriented toward encouraging the child to interact fully and freely with the environment within the context of parental approval and support“ (p.19). A later study (Hurley. 1967) revealed an inverse relationship between the broader variable of parental malevolence and the children’s 10 scores. Parental perceptions of the child as having intrinsic worth appears a critical variable in the offspring’s development of a positive evaluation of self. The key elements seems to be parental warmth. support. and encouragement for the child to interact with the environment within approved limits. Parental Control "Like the acceptance-regection dimension. the autonomy- control dimension of parental behavior represents a continuum. Parental behavior at particular points along this continuum appears to be related to particular characteristics of child behavior" (Rohner & Neilson. 1978, p. 29). Parental behavior at either extreme of this theoretical control continuum appears linked with inappropriate behavior in the child. as is parental disregard for the well-being of the child (Rosenberg. 1963: Saavedra. 1977). Behavior associated with the middle phase of the continuum is referred to as democratic behavior or flexible control (Rohner & Neilson. 1978) and is usually characterized by involvement of the child in family decisions. parental use of verbal instruction and noncoercive discipline. and consistency in discipline. In her review of the literature on parenting style and child behavior. Baumrind (1966) described and contrasted three models of parental control: permissive. authoritative. and authoritarian. She subsequently offered support for the contention that authoritative control may effectively generate (preschool) child behavior which is willful. independent. and well-socialized. Baumrind (1971) later reported. "Authoritative parental control was clearly associated with all indexes of social responsibility in boys compared to authoritarian and permissive parental control. and with high achievement in girls. but not with friendly. cooperative behavior." (p. 1). Baldwin. Kalhorn. and Breese (1945) had earlier identified three “syndromes of parental behavior“ (p. 14) which appear comparable. in both style and affect. to Baumrind’s designations. Baldwin et al. labelled parental behaviors as democratic. acceptant. and indulgent. and they described children from the democratic home as "emotionally secure. serene. and unexcitable.“ (p. 69). Children from indulgent homes were portrayed as “less well adjusted“ and "emotionally insecure." (p.69). Symonds (1939) reported that parental dominance 10 (control) relates to “better socialized and ... more acceptable behavior“ (p. 118) in the offspring than does parental submissiveness. He asserted that both parental dominance and acceptance link positively with “acceptable traits" (p. 118) in the child. He further indicated that the dimensions dominance versus submission and acceptance versus reJection adequately describe the parent/child relationship. The autonomy-control dimension has been reported to be orthogonal to the acceptance-rejection dimension (Benjamin. 1974; Hurley. 1980: Rohner & Neilson. 1978). Both components of behavior have been reported to significantly predict child behavior and self-definition. and both dimensions are thought necessary and sufficient to describe any interaction in the interpersonal domain (Benjamin. 1974: Hurley. 1980; Kiesler. 1983; Symonds. 1939; Higgins. 1979). Based on factor analytic studies questioning the validity of circular interpersonal-trait models. Conte and Plutchik (1981) asserted. “For interpersonal personality data. however. any factors after the first two account for very little of the total variance.“ (p. 707). Clearly. the autonomy-control and the acceptance-rejection dimensions appear critical aspects of all interpersonal transactions. The relationship between parental control and self- esteem in the child has already been alluded to. Firm. consistent. and noncoercive parental control has ll consistently linked positively with selfresteem in the child. A lack of control has been associated with deviancy. aggressive behavior. and lowered self-esteem in the child (Rohner & Neilson. 1978). Extreme harsh control has likewise been correlated with delinquency (Rosenberg. 1963) and lower IO scores (Hurley. 1967). Arbitrariness and inconsistency in discipline appear to be major contributors to maladjustment in the child. Inconsistency has also been related to aggressive behavior (McCord. HcCord. & Howard. 1961). In general. firm. consistent democratic control is associated with healthy emotional development and socially acceptable behavior in the child. These findings have been repeatedly shown from early studies (Baldwin. Kalhorn. & Breese. 1945; Symonds. 1939) to current reports (Harter. 1983; Haccoby. 1980; Loeb. Horst. & Horton. 1977; Rohner & Neilson. 1978). 22299291 Identifissiigu sag Esrenizghilg 22122 gensistsnsz Defining identification as the modeling of oneself in thought. feeling. or action after another person. developmental theorists (Freud. 1933/1964; Sears. 1957) have long held that a child’s identification with his or her parents is a crucial aspect of normal. healthy development. Through the process of identification. or incidental learning as Bandura and Huston (1961) prefer to label it. 12 the child introgects social mores and the values of the parents and society. Freud (1933). and later Sears. Haccoby. and Levin (1957). argued that identification with the same-sexed parent is an exigency for adequate adjustment. Conversely. Bandura and Huston (1961) and Sopchak (1952) asserted that identification with either parent could have positive or negative effects. They. however. agree with earlier theorists that the process of identification and value introgection is central in development. Bandura and Huston further argued that the child’s ability to gain reinforcement from his or her environment is in part dependent upon his or her identification with (or incidental learning of) the parents’ attitudes and behaviors. Unfortunately. the entire area of identification and value internalization had all but disappeared from the literature by the mid-sixties (Spates. 1983). Spates (1983) attributed this decline in interest to the abstract nature of values studies and to the lack of empirical validation of contemporary values theory. Recent researchers (Baumrind. 1971: Harter. 1983: Maccoby. 1980, 1983; Wylie. 1979) appear to dismiss the question of identification entirely and instead focus on parental warmth. acceptance. and control as the crucial variables in optimal deve10pment. These are the precise variables that 13 had earlier been associated with optimal conditions promoting parental identification (Bandura & Huston. 1961; Bronfenbrenner 1972: Howrer. 1950). As the conditions associated with optimal child development are the same as those associated with maximal parental identification and value internalization. one might expect a positive relationship to obtain between parental identification and optimal development. This relationship has yet to be empirically validated. The association could potentially be assessed by relating agreement between parents’ and their child’s value reports to the child’s self-reports of his or her self-esteem. Sex Differences in Parent/Child Interactions Hinton. Kagan. and Levine (1971) reported variation in maternal behavior between son-oriented and daughter-oriented actions. They observed that “mothers were more intrusive with sons than with daughters.‘ (p. 90). Intrusive referred to mothers’ tendencies to prohibit or interfere with the child’s activity. A second finding indicated that boys were punished more than girls. Based on these observations they concluded that from an early age the male child experiences more controlling influences than does his female counterpart. Hales. because of more exposure to controlling models. would seem to have a greater tendency to incorporate l4 assertiveness and control-oriented action into their behavioral repertoires and self-definitions. Similar findings were reported by Hoss (1967) who studied maternal behavior relative to infant’s gender. age. and irritability. floss observed that mothers touched. attended to. and stimulated sons more than daughters. but verbalized more to daughters than to sons. He also noted that mothers reinforce verbal behaviors more in daughters than in sons and that mothers respond contingently to the girls but not to the boys. floss argued that as a result of this differential reinforcement "the mother is initiating a pattern that contributes to males being more aggressive or assertive. and less responsive to socialization.‘ (p. 31). Hoffman (1972). in her theoretical integration of several major empirical studies regarding sex differences in development. reiterated the importance of Moss’s findings. As mothers’ caretaking behavior seemed to relate more directly to daughters’ needs than to sons’ needs. and as mothers attended to sons more than to daughters. Hoffman theorized that the mother/daughter relationship would be more reinforcing and satisfying for the child than the mother/son relationship. She further hypothesized that these early behaviors signalled the beginning of two distinct styles of mother/child interactions. Relating these interactional differences to child behavior. Hoffman 15 asserted that in general “boys learn effectance through mastery. but that girls are effective through eliciting the help and protection of others.“ (p. 69). She concluded that affective relationships are of primary importance to daughters while control-oriented relationships are paramount in sons. Haccoby (1966). after thoroughly reviewing the extant literature on the development of sex differences. reported that boys and girls are treated essentially the same by their parents except in two areas. First. boys appeared to receive rougher treatment than girls with parents expressing greater concern for their daughter’s physical well being. Second. boys are physically punished more than girls and they are also generally directed more. These findings were consistent with those reported by other researchers (Hoffman. 1972: Hinton. Kagan. & Levine 1971: Ross. 1967). Rothbart and Haccoby (1966). however. had earlier observed that fathers generally showed greater permissiveness toward girls than toward boys for both dependency and aggressiveness. but that mothers showed greater permissiveness toward boys. Haccoby and Martin (1983) argued that mothers and fathers adopt somewhat different roles regarding parental behaviors. Mothers. when compared to fathers. were described as demonstrating greater levels of nurturance toward both sons and daughters. while 16 fathers were said to clearly differentiate between sons and daughters in their interactions. Fathers were again described as more permissive toward daughters. but more demanding and controlling of sons. Cattell (1981) reported similar findings and stated. "most parents exert greater sex-role socialization pressures on boys than girls. presumably toward being more strongly- defended and perhaps non-Neurotic. while girls’ interactions with parents involve a wider range of traits." (p. 137). She also suggested that "parent/son interactions [may] revolve around sons’ mental health and adjustment. while parent/daughter interactions focus on interpersonal traits of dependence. sociability. and sensitive emotionality.‘ (p. 136). In general then. the literature described both maternal and paternal son-oriented behavior to be somewhat rougher and more controlling than daughter-oriented behavior. Parents appear to differentially encourage the internalization of independence and assertiveness in males versus dependence and emotionality in females. While mothers have been described as more permissive with sons than with daughters. their son-oriented behavior has also been depicted as controlling and as contributing to assertive and aggressive behavior in sons. Fathers appear to be more permissive regarding daughters’ dependency and aggression. 17 but more controlling of sons. E25112 Egrisélss In addition to parental acceptance and rejection of the offspring. other family factors influence an individual’s definition of self and. consequently. self-regard. These include such components as birth order. family structure. and spouse relationships. Family structure and spousal relations affect the manner in which the parents interact with their children. Hany researchers agree that parents who relate well with their spouse provide a warmer and more secure environment for their children than do parents who have the additional burden of marital discord (Ferguson & Allen. 1978; Rohner & Neilson. 1978). An association between parental acceptance of the child and marital adjustment has long been assumed and has been confirmed in early studies (Becker. Peterson. Shoemaker. Heller. & Quay. 1959: Behrens. 1954: Porter. 1955). Hatteson (1974) demonstrated that parents of children with low self-esteem reported more problems in communicating with each other than did parents of children higher in self-esteem. He further showed that the way adolescents perceive their parents’ communication with them is strongly associated with the adolescents’ self-esteem. Hore recently Ferguson and Allen (1978) reported that a general dimension of family 18 harmony (versus conflict) contributes to children’s social adjustment. Nuttal and Huttal (1976) indicated a relationship between family size and a child’s perception of being accepted by his or her parents. They have found that parents’ acceptance of their children. as measured by Schaefer’s (1965) Children’s Report of Parental Behavior Inventory. seems to decrease as the number of children increases. Similarly. Hurley and Hohn (1971) demonstrated a positive association between years of parenting experience. measured in child-years. and parental rejection of the offspring. When measuring parenting experience in terms of children per years of marriage. Hurley and Palonen (1967) reported a significant negative linkage between marital satisfaction and child density. Additional research is needed to identify the variables that influence this apparent decrease in parental concern for the individual child as the family increases in size. In general. family harmony and marital stability tend to relate positively with offspring’s self—esteem. As conflict and dissonance more pervasively influence the child’s surroundings. the child may feel less secure. loved. and valued; consequently. his or her sense of self-worth may be compromised. Self—Esteem and Individual Characteristics ----——‘--—- --- -—’--—-‘-- --------——--—-— Regarding the relationship beween self-esteem and individual characteristics. Wylie (1979) found no support for Kohn’s (1963) hypothesized direct relationship between self-esteem and socioeconomic status (SES). Kohn theorized that an individual’s self-worth was in part dependent upon his socioeconomic status. He proposed that working class individuals conform more to external rules and standards and are less concerned with inner feelings than middle class individuals. who tend to emphasize self-direction and self- control. According to Kohn. parents in both classes would theoretically convey these values to their children. would differentially reinforce their children’s behavior in accordance with these values. and would assumedly instill in their children the values and behaviors unique to their social class. Introgection of the social class dependent value systems was thought to impact upon self-esteem. While this hypothesis has apparent face-validity and has received modest support from some sources (Gecas & Nye. 1974). it has not been widely supported. Wylie (1979. p. 65) asserted that. "we know so little about what all the relevant class-linked factors might be. their relative importance. and the possible ways of interacting that no single functional relationship is clearly implied by extant theoretical suggestions." 19 20 Children in both high and low economic classes have demonstrated (Rosenberg. 1979) a wide range of scores on self-concept reports independent of their actual socioeconomic class. a class distinction has. however. been identified in the case in which a marked discrepancy can be observed between an individual’s socioeconomic status and the socioeconomic status of those surrounding him or her (Rosenberg. 1979). Marsh and Parker’s (1984) study further underscored the influence of social context on self- evaluation. They determined that students’ absolute socioeconomic and ability levels were less influential in determining self-concept than were the students’ socioeconomic and ability positions relative to peers. Regarding the relationship between self-esteem and ethnicity. Wylie (1979) arrived at a similar conclusion. She reported that the research in this area does not suggest a direct relationship between race and self-regard. Wylie contends that understanding the impact of race on self- concept will be dependent upon understanding one’s cognitive racial identity. evaluative attitudes toward racial groups. and evaluation of self. Rohner and Neilson (1978) agreed with Wylie’s conclusion that ethnicity has not been found to be a significant indicator of parental warmth or hostility or level of self-esteem development in the child. Lanza (1970). comparing black and white college students. found 21 no significant relationship between sex. race. and self- esteem. Instead. he found that self-esteem related across groups to the presence of an adequate. stable. and affectionate mother. Comparing inner city black and suburban white children. Miller (1971) found that the child’s self-esteem related less to his or her ethnic and socio-economic background than to maternal empathy. genuineness. and positive regard for the child. Self-Esteem and Achievement Harter’s (1983) review of the literature questioning the relationship between self-esteem and achievement suggested that "achievement impacts upon one’s self- evaluation. provided that Judgements focus on the academic domain. This relationship may be strongest for those individuals who accurately perceive their competence" (p. 335). This assumption is in sharp contrast to the findings of Harsh and Parker (1984) who emphasized the importance of the contextual dimension in self-evaluation. They demonstrated with high school students that "attendance at a high-SE3 school (as opposed to a low-SES school) is correlated not only with a lower level of academic self- concept (B = -.36). but also with a somewhat higher level of academic achievement (B = .23)." (p. 213). According to Harter (1983) achievement has been more than casually 22 related to self-esteem. She referred to "traditionalists who feel that achievement success leads to enhanced self- esteem. although the more popular view to emerge emphasized the impact of self-esteem enhancement on one’s academic performance" (p. 333). A longitudinal study by Bachman and O’Halley (1977) related self-esteem in high school males to the post-high school academic and vocational accomplishments. Their findings suggested that academic ability and achievement causally influence self-esteem. They. however. found no evidence of a causal relationship between self-esteem and later achievement. Eiiisesx 299 Leggs 9i 9922:91 James (1890/1963). in relating self-concept to the ratio of successes to pretensions. early framed the viewpoint that one’s self-worth is dependent upon one’s percepton of efficacy. Cooley’s (1902) statement was that “self-feeling“ is associated primarily with the exercise of power and the development of a sense of control. More recent scholars have reiterated Head’s and Cooley’s assertion of the positive relationship between self-esteem and locus of control (Alberti. 1970: Bandura. 1977. 1981; Ellis 8 Harper. 1961). The theoretical underpinnings of the assertiveness movement seem based on this relationship. Huch effort has been directed toward ascertaining an 23 understanding of the antecedents of an internal locus of control. Davis and Phares (1969) demonstrated that children with an internal locus of control believed that their parents showed less rejection. hostile control. and withdrawal of relations. and more positive involvement and consistent discipline than did children with an external locus of control. Gootnick (1976) reported similar results in male and female college students. He demonstrated that subjects gith high experienced control and an internal locus of control perceived their parents as being loving and consistent significantly more often than did students githggt high experienced control and an internal locus of control. In a different study. internality in male children 7 to 12 years-old from intact families correlated positively with internality in fathers and acceptance and consistency in discipline from both parents (Hagnum. 1976). Female internality related to nurturance and consistency in discipline from mothers and fathers. HacDonald (1971) had earlier reported similar findings. The balance of the research evidence in this area supports the contention that an internal locus of control is significantly associated with warm. nurturing parents who are consistent and noncoercive in their use of discipline. Although locus of control has not been directly related to self-esteem. those parental behaviors that appear to be 24 antecedents of an internal locus of control also appear to be antecedents of high self-esteem. Hypotheses The present study addresses itself to the dyadic interactions between mother and son and between father and son. These relationships have repeatedly been shown to be of primary importance in the child’s development of a concept of self (Ausubel. 1954: Rohner & Neilson. 1978; Wylie. 1974). Furthermore. these variables appear to contribute differentially to the child’s self-esteem development. Using university freshmen and their fathers’ self- reports of self-esteem and interpersonal style. Nelson (1983) demonstrated that sons’ perceptions of their fathers’ assertiveness correlated positively with sons’ self-esteem. Perceptions of fathers’ affiliation. however. unexpectedly failed to link significantly to sons’ self-esteem. Nelson. consequently. posited that the link between parental affiliation and the child’s self-esteem might be mediated more by the mother-child relationship (i.e.. perceptions of mothers’ affiliation would likely correlate positively with sons’ self-esteem) than by the father-son relationship. This suggestion. based on the humanistic viewpoint (Ausubel. 1954: Rogers. 1951. 1965) that positive self-definition develops in an environment of relatively unconditional acceptance and warmth. seems consistent with both the social learning theory and the humanistic perspectives on 25 26 child development. Other support for this proposition comes from Rosenberg’s (1963) report of a positive correlation between maternal empathy and sons’ self-esteem. If paternal assertiveness. but not affiliation. and maternal affiliation. but not assertiveness. link with sons’ self-esteem. both theoretical positions would seem supported. Because a relationship between father’s affiliation and sons’ self-esteem was not found. the humanistic perspective was not supported. although neither was it rigorously refuted. since mothers were excluded from that work. The proposed study attempts to more fully determine how self-esteem varies with respect to perceptions of parents’ son-oriented behavior. Hothers’. fathers’. and sons’ perceptions of the respective parent’s comportment regarding the child were measured along the affiliative and assertive dimensions. Many authorities (Becker & Krug. 1964: Conte A Plutchik. 1981: Hurley. 1976b: Hurley & Force. 1973; Kiesler. 1983; Lorr 8 HcNair. 1978: Schaefer. 1965; Symonds. 1939; Wiggins. 1983) support the contention that these two dimensions describe crucial aspects of all interpersonal transactions. The measures of the parents’ son-oriented behavior were compared to the sons’ self-reports of self-esteem in an effort to determine how self-esteem varies with respect to 27 son’s perceptions. mother’s perceptions. father’s perceptions. and congruent perceptions of the relationship along each interpersonal dimension. Congruence and incongruence of parental/filial perceptions were determined for all parent/child pairs and were defined in terms of relative agreement of perceptions as gauged by the individual’s scores on the research measures. These divisions resulted in stratification of the data into individual. paired congruent. and paired incongruent perceptions of the parent’s son-oriented behavior. The perceptions were split into high or low assertiveness and into high or low affiliation. Data stratification by parent. interpersonal dimension. score. and congruence of perception were then compared to the sons’ reports of self- esteem. flxsgshsssé 1. Sons’ self-esteem scores will correlate positively with both their own and fathers’ perceptions of paternal son- oriented assertiveness on each interpersonal style measure. Sons’ self-esteem scores will correlate positively with both their own and mothers’ perceptions of maternal son- oriented affiliativeness on each interpersonal style measure. Sons’ reports of each parent’s son-oriented behavior will correlate more highly with sons’ self-esteem scores than will parents’ parallel reports of their own son-oriented behaviors. Sons’ self-esteem scores will correlate positively with sons’ similarity to parents on the major interpersonal dimensions and on the measures of values. 28 Hethods Bestisieggig The sample was comprised of undergraduate male students enrolled in a general or social psychology course at Hichigan State University and their parents. All participants were volunteers who elected to participate in exchange for extra credit applied to the student’s final grade in his introductory psychology course. Sign-up sheets soliciting student participation were posted in the general and social psychology classrooms. These sheets contained dates. location. and times for the study as well as a brief description of the study itself. The latter indicated that the author was conducting a study of parent/child interactions and that both parents would be requested to complete short self-report inventories. It also briefly described the amount and type of participation requested of the student and of their parents. Date lelestign To assure subject anonymity. no identifying information was collected. In groups of approximately 20 subaects. student participants completed the numbered research measures during scheduled appointments. At that time participants were also provided with additional background 29 30 information regarding the research progect and informed consent forms specifying that participation was voluntary and could be withdrawn at any time without negative repercussions. Those students who accepted participation were then given copies of the research measures and accompanying directions (see Appendix A). Completion of all research questionnaires required approximately 90 minutes. Immediately afterwards. the students were supplied with packets of the research material for each parent; subsequently. they were asked to take the parents’ packets home and request that the parents complete the questionnaires and return them to the researcher via the mail. Each packet contained: (a) A brief description of the intended research (see Appendix B): (b) A statement requesting the parents’ involvement (see Appendix B); (c) Copies of the research questionnaires to be completed (see Appendix B & C); and (d) Self-adressed stamped envelopes to return the completed questionnaires to the researcher. Measures given to the student and measures given to his parents were correspondingly numbered so that subaect anonymity could be maintained while at the same time providing a mechanism for proper collating of the students’ and parents’ questionnaires. Subject and response anonymity was strictly maintained in accordance with the guidelines set forth by the Michigan State University Human Subjects Committee. assesses Two measures of each participant’s perception of the parent/child relationship were employed to provide an index of the assertive and affiliative components of parent’s son- oriented behavior. All sons likewise completed the two inventories used to operationally define self-esteem. A measure of personal values was completed by each participant in an effort to determine consistency between the parents’ and children’s global value systems. and demographic data was collected for purposes of participant description and possible stratification of findings. Self-Esteem Inventories Its Bessgésrs §§l£z§§isss lnxsusgrx 6.11 9.64 I 13.85 15.00 > 12.48 14.37 Sth 10.97 10.33 11.70 8.80 I 8.92 7.71 10.08 5.37 N 173. 95. 78. 95. I 175. 96. 79. 96. I ARO I Mean 25.30 25.67 > 24.85 26.42 I 29.99 30.02 ) 29.95 30.68 Sth 6.35 6.46 6.21 5.89 I 4.86 5.00 4.70 4.55 N 173. 95. 78. 92. I 168. 94. 74. 96. I DON I Hean 1.57 0.98 < 2.29 -0.25 I -2.36 -2.66 < -1.98 -2.86 Sth 7.07 7.10 7.01 5.20 I 6.60 6.72 6.48 3.90 N 173. 95. 78. 94. I 175. 96. 79. 96. I ARS I lean 23.01 23.43 ) 22.50 24.00 I 26.14 26.31 > 25.92 26.82 Sth 6.42 6.45 6.38 5.79 I 5.79 6.26 5.17 4.95 R 173. 95. 78. 92. I 167. 93. 74. 95. 1"Total sons “Sons with responding parents aSons with nonresponding parents See Appendix D for component measures’ descriptive statistics. 448 49 format. The sample size for each t-test or correlation is dependent upon the number of filled data points in each of the two variables as well as the overlap of completed data sets. Multiple regression analysis, however. utilizes a case by case format and deletes all cases throughout the data matrix which have any missing variable. Multiple regression analysis thus demands a totally solid block of data while Pearson correlations and the t-analyses will operate despite missing data points within the field. Consider. for example. the hypothetical set of data composed of five cases with six variables each. Variables 1 2 3 4 5 6 I _______________________________ C I I n n n n n n A II I n n n n n n S III I n n n n ms ms E IV I n n n ms ms ms V I ms n n n n n n = a data point ms = a missing value Correlational analysis would compute Pearson g’s for the relationship between variables “2" and “3“ based upon five cases. displayed in the columns beneath the variable label. Correlations between variables "1" and “5" would be based on only those two cases (I and II) which have data points 50 for both variables. Correlations between variables “5“ and "6“ would rest on three cases (I. II. and V) which have data points for both variables. Multiple regression analyses for the data set would. however. include only cases I and II which have data points for every variable. As a result of the process in which SPSS X-21 (1983) computes these statistics. the number of cases employed for the development of correlations, t-tests. and multiple regression analyses varies as a function of the actual number of cases. the number of variables considered for the statistical procedure. the number of missing values for each variable. and the overlap of missing variables in the cases considered. The field utilized in the current study has missing data points. Consequently. the functional sample size varies throughout the subsequent analysis. Vggigblg Labels. As perceptions of parents’ son- oriented behavior were ascertained for the summary dimensions and component scales of the two interpersonal style measures for each son-mother-father trio. acronymic abbreviations for the variables and respective person have been employed to facilitate ease of reading. Table 2 lists the summary dimensions and subscale scores for each interpersonal style measure along with the variable’s acronym. Hurley’s (1976b) Interpersonal Chart dimension Table 2 Razor ggd flinor Interpersonal Style Dimensigg§_gitg_3§§pggtigg Abbreviations; Check List of Interpersonal Transactions Interpersonal Chart (Kiesler: CLOIT) (Hurley: IC) HAJOR VARIABLES Dominance (DOA) Accepts vs ReJects Self (ARS)' Affiliation (AFF) Accepts vs Reyects Others (ARO) HINOR VARIABLES A: Dominant I: Submissive ‘IC7 Submissive ...... Dominant B: Competitive J: Deferent 'ICS Active .......... Passive C: Histrusting K: Trusting 104 Helpful .......... Harmful D: Cold L: Warm 1C2 Warm ................ Cold E: Hostile H: Friendly 108 Accepting ...... Rejecting F: Detached N: Sociable 'IC3 Guarded ....... Expressive G: Inhibited 0: Exhibition- ‘ICl Hides Feelings . Shows F‘s istic H: Unassured P: Assured 1C6 Harsh ............. Gentle “Component scores for the ARS measure are indicated by an asterix. 51. 52 “Acceptance versus Rejection of §elf" diminished to AB§ in its abbreviated form. §ons’ perceptions of their Eathers’ AB§ reduced to §§AB§. and fathers’ perceptions of their own §on~oriented §_§ reduced to E§AB§. A similar format was used in the abbreviation of both summary and subscale variables for each participant. §ons’ perceptions of their gothers’ Interpersonal Chart subdimension "Warm-- Cold" (subdimension #2) abbreviated to ggggg. flothers’ perceptions of their own dominance (subdimension “A" in Kiesler’s 1982 schema) reduced to g§§. --_—-—‘- ———-_-—————- ——_---—- Sons’ and fathers’ reports demonstrated positive. highly significant (all p’s < .001). yet modest correlations between the dyad’s perceptions of each interpersonal style dimension (see Table 3). Only for affiliative measures did sons and fathers show appreciable cross-measure agreement (FSARO with SFAFF: g = .35. p < .01; FSAFF with SFARO: ; = .41. p < .001). The two dominance measures never correlated significantly. Sons and fathers also had similar interpretations of the parent’s son-oriented behavior (see Table 4). Fathers rated themselves somewhat higher (the combined probabilities reaching significance) on both ARO and AFF than did sons. Along the dominance measures. however. fathers described themselves as less dominant on Kiesler’s DON than their sons described them. but slightly 53 more dominant on Hurley’s ARS. Perhaps even more consistent were sons’ and mothers’ views of mothers’ son-oriented behavior: their mean scores did not differ significantly on any of these dominance and affiliation measures. Like the father/son pairs. sons’ and mothers’ reports demonstrated significant positive. yet modest. correlations for all interpersonal style measures (see Table 3). These linkages tended to be slightly stronger (ps < .001) for perceived maternal dominance than for perceived maternal affiliation. Sons and parents each described mother-son and father- son interactions as differing importantly in affiliativeness (see Table 4). Sons rated their mothers as substantially more affiliative than their fathers by each measure (ARO: t = -8.24. p < .001: AFF t = -7.17. p < .001). This finding was consistent with parental self-reports. Mothers’ self- descriptions similarly indicated more maternal than paternal affiliativeness on both ARO (t = -6.53. p < .01) and AFF (t = -4.80, p < .01). The results were quite different along the dominance dimension. On it. sons described fathers as less dominant than mothers on ARS (t = -4.82. p < .01) but more dominant on DOM (t = 5.90. p < .01). The parents’ self~descriptions again concurred with the sons’ perceptions. Fathers’s self- reports indicated greater dominance (9'5 (.001) than Table 3 Correlgtions getween Parents’ and Sons' Perceptions of Parent’s Son-oriented gehavior When Both Parents Completed the Research Qgestionngires (N=84) FSARO rsarr FSARS FSDOH usaao HSAFF HSARS nsnou srano (46°) [4163 15 -24c SHARO (24¢) (27b) 04 -23c SFAFF [35°] (36°) 15 -216 suarr [10] (25b) 00 -1o SPARS 21c 17 (328) [-031 SEARS 07 10 (33°) [16] sroon -39a —29b [10] (33°) snoou -09 -11 [08] (34a) ap ( .001 by one-tailed test ( ) same measure. different sources hp < .01 by one~tailed test C ] conceptually similar measures. 0p < .05 by one-tailed test different sources >Fr2 = 1.3306 >SFr2 = 1.633“ I >nr2 = .97635 >snr2 = 1.078* a from Table 10 ’ from Table 8 9 from Table 9 * from Table 11 S4 Table 4 gggpggisopg of Sons'1 Fathers'l and Mothers' Perceptions of fiarents‘ Son-Oriented Behavior.‘ ... "U [6 “U in- ‘U ro- Sons‘ perceptions of -7.17 .000 -8.24 .000 Mothers vs. Fathers 3 g s (Q = 167) Hothers' vs. Fathers' -k.80 .000 -6.53 .000 6.10 .000 -3.60 Self-reports (3 = 90-94) Sons' vs. Fathers' -1.65 .114 -0.86 .393 1.58 .118 -0.86 perceptions of Fathers i v (5 = 91-93) (combined 9 ( .045) Sons’ vs. Hothers' 0.70 .434 -1.01 .313 0.33 .738 -0.85 fierceptions of Mothers (3 = 92—95) Bgfigi All differences between sons' nerceptions of mothers’ are fathers‘ son-orientea behavior aopear wholly congruent with mothers‘ and fathers‘ self-reports of their son-oriented behavior. The difference between sons‘ and fathers' Jerceotions of fathers' son-oriented behavior versus sons’ and mothers' perceptions of bothers' son-oriented behavior aanear highly incongruent. I-scoree awe two-tailed brooaoiiities are indicatec. *Q condensation of tables from Qanencix E. 555 .336 Table 4a ngoarisons Betggen Sons‘ Perceptiogs of Responding and Monresoonding Eggents’ Son-oriented Behaviori* Sons’ Perceptions of R59 Fathers (N=95) vs NonRso Fathers (N=78) Sons’ perceptions of Rsp Mothers (N=93-6) vs NonRsp Hothers (N=7b-6) QFFILIRTION AFF 9R0 t E t E 1.06 .209 0.85 .395 v v (combined 9 < .114)* 1.05 .055 0.10 .921 v v (combined 9 < .051)f nonznnnce Don ARE 2 E l e -1.21 .220 0.95 .344 -0.67 .502 0.43 .664 I-scores and two-tailed probabilities are indicated. ‘Total combined 9 ( .007 *Condenseo data from Tables in fippendix E. 563 57 mothers’ self-depictions on DOM but less dominance on ARS. Sons’ and mothers' reports of mothers’ DOM scores were negative. indicating a mildly submissive style of son- oriented behavior. Fathers also reported their own DOM as slightly negative. and thus marginally submissive, but sons described their fathers as distinctly more dominant. Suggesting important differences in the two dominance measures. sons. mothers. and fathers generally described fathers’ son-oriented behavior as mgge dominant than mothers’ on Kiesler’s (1983) DOM but less dominant on Hurley’s (1976b) ARS. This contrasts sharply with the consistent intersource agreement on the two affiliative measures (AFF & ARO). Ereeissers 9f Selfzgsseee Planned comparisons centered around a standard stepwise multiple regression analysis (see Tables 5 and 6). This procedure indicated which interpersonal style variables were the best predictors of the sons’ self~esteem. The regression analyses also provided information regarding linkages between self-esteem and values scores. and it indicated the relative linkages between mothers’. fathers’. and sons’ perceptions of parent’s son-oriented behavior and sons’ self-esteem. For these regressions. the interpersonal style measures were separated into their summary dimensions (gggiggggg & gffiligtigg) and also into a finer-grained 58 analysis featuring the components of each summary variable. Regression analyses were performed separately on the variables for fathers’. mothers’, and sons’ perceptions of the respective parent’s son-oriented behavior. The interpersonal measure of self-esteem (TSBI) and the intrapersonal measure of self-esteem (RSE) were also used separately as the dependent variable for each regression analysis. Sample size for each regression varied markedly as a function of individual and item employed for each set of comparisons. as shown in Tables 5 and 6. Generally. sons’ perceptions of parents’ son-oriented behavior better predicted sons’ self-esteem than did parents’ self-reports. 0f the four principal interpersonal style measures (ARO. ARS. DOM. AFF) completed by each participant (sons, mothers, fathers). sons’ perceptions of fathers’ affiliativeness best predicted self-esteem for both TSBI and RSE. This finding held for sons of both responding and nonresponding parents. for total sons. and for parents’ perceptions. For total sons (E = 160: see Table 5. section A). only Kiesler’s SFAFF significantly predicted either TSBI (B = .26. p < .002) or RSE (B = .21. Q < .01). Neither SFARO. either measure of fathers’ dominance. or any measure of mothers’ son-oriented behavior significantly predicted sons’ self-esteem for this group. Multiple regression analyses using the larger number of Table 5 figgnary of Multiple gggression Analyses: 1 9: Total Sons (N = 160) Content: Major Variables for mothers and fathers Variables: SFRRO SPARS SPOON SFRFF SMARO SNRRS ShDOM SMAFF Dependent Variable Step Multiple R F F Variable Entered direction R Squared Signif. TSBI SFAFF affilia 1 (+1 .2565 .0658 11.1317 .0011 RSE SFGFF affilia 1 (+1 .2087 .0436 7.1951 .0081 8: Total Sons (N = 1551 Content: Hinor variables, sons' view of fathers Variables: SFQ-SFp, SFICl-SFICB, SVpl-SVP4, and demographics Deoendent Variable Step Hultiple R F F Variable Entered R Squared Signif. TSBI SFIC2 warm—co 1 (+) .270 .073 12.078 .0007 ED educati 2 (+1 .342 .117 10.100 .0001 SFl submiss 3 (+1 .380 .114 8.500 .0000 SFH unassur 4 (-1 . 417 .174 7. 904 . 0000 SFF detache 5 (-1 .454 . 207 7. 777 . 0000 SEE comoeti 6 (+1 .485 .235 7.599 .0000 SF1C8 accep~r 7 (+1 .510 .260 7.397 .0000 removed SFICE warm-co 8 (+1 .507 .257 8.554 .0000 OCC occupat 9 (+1 .529 .281 8.187 .0000 R82 SFICB acceo-r 1 (+1 .253 .064 10.513 . -15 C: Total Sons (N = 162) Content: Kinor variables, sons' views of mothers Variables: GHQ-859, SMICl- S!IC8, SV21-5V24, and demograohics Beoendent Variable Steo Multiale R F 5 Variable Entered R Souared Signif. TSBI 509 assured 1 (+1 .211 .045 7.467 .0067 SMICB accep-r 2 (+1 .309 .095 8.373 .0003 502 hostile 3 (+1 .407 .166 10.497 .0000 806 inhibit 4 (+) .441 .195 9.509 .0000 832 50185 activ-o 1 (+1 .212 .044 7.530 .0068 5f? Table 6 Summary 9f Multiple Regression finalyses: i; 0: Sons‘ Descriptions when Neither parent Responded (N = 71) Content: H330? variables, neither parent responding Variables: SFRRO, SPARS, SFDOH, SFRFF, SMARO, SMARS, 50000, SNQFF. Dependent Variable Step Multiple R F F Variable Entered R Souared Signif. TSBI SFQFF affilia 1 (+1 .331 .109 8.505 .005 RSE SFQFF affilia 1 (+1 .267 .071 5.301 .024 8: Sons‘ Descriptions of Responding parents (N = 841 Content: hagor variables, both parents responding Variables: SFQRO, SFQRS, SFDGd, SFRFF, SNQRD, SNQRS, 80000, ShnFF. F5080, F8885, F5000, FSQFF, HSRRB, NSQRS, hSDflh, HSRFF. Dependent Variable Step Multiple R F F Variable Entered R Squared Signif. TSBI SFQRO affilia 1 (+1 .220 .048 4.176 .044 RSE no variable entered C: Fathers‘ self-reports (N = 84) Content: diner variables, both parents responding Variables: FSR-FSfi, FSICl-FSICB, FVPl—FV04, and demographics. Dependent Variable Step dultiple R F F Variable Entered R Squared Signif. 1881 FSICS activ-p 1 (+1 .281 .079 7.144 .009 RSE F32 assured 1 (-1 .219 .048 4.198 .043 D: Mothers’ self-reports (N = 84) Content: Minor variables, both parents respnding Variables: BSA—NSF, hSlCl-MSIC8, hVfiz-MV04, and demographics. Dependent Variable Step Multiple R F F Variable Entered R Souared Signif. TSBI MSE hostile 1 (+1 .263 .069 6.125 .015 RSE 119103 guard-e 1 m .330 ' .109 10.015 .002 M2 expr-re 2 (-1 .394 .155 7.441 .001 hSlCl hideF-s 3 (+1 .444 .197 6.555 .001 60 61 finer-grained measures resulted in stronger predictions of sons’ self-esteem from both parents’ and sons’ data. Total sons’ reports (3 = 155: see Table 5. section B) of their fathers' son-oriented behavior. along with sons’ value scores and demographic data. accounted for 28% of the total variance in TSBI. Nine steps were required in the regression analysis. The best single predictor was SFICZ (gg;m--§ng) with the highest correlation (B = .27. p < .001). ED (educational plans). SFI (ggpgissigg). SFH (gpgggggeg). SFF (assesses). SFB (geeeesiEixs>- SFIC8 (ee-sesips---eieesies>. and (following the removal of SFIC2) OCC (intended occupation) also entered into the regression equation with SFIC2. in the order given. The variance for RSE was not as well accounted for as only SFICB (ggggptigg--g§1§9tigg) entered into this regression equation (8 = .25. p < .002) for RSE. For total sons’ reports (3 = 162. see Table 5. section C) of mothers’ son-oriented behavior. 20% of TSBI’s variance (8 = .44. p < .001) was accounted for by the interpersonal subscale components. This finding contrasts with the noted absence of bonding between sons’ self-esteem and the summary variables indicating sons’ perceptions of mothers’ son- oriented behavior. For these sons. perceptions of their mothers’ SHP (eeeereg>. snIca (geeeesies--£sieEEies>. SHE (hggtile). and SMG (ighipiteg) entered into the regression 62 equation aimed at prediction of TSBI. Surprisingly. sons’ reports of their mothers’ SHE (hostile) and SHG (inhibited) linked positively with sons’ self-reports of self-esteem. Four percent of the variance tied to RSE was accounted for by the linkage with SHICS (ggtigg--pg§§igg) which yielded a multiple B = .21 (p < .007). SHP (gssggeg) best predicted (B = .21) the interpersonal self-esteem (TSBI) scores . 0f the 71 sons (see Table 6. section A) whose parents both chose not to respond. SFAFF was again the best predictor for TSBI (B = .33. p < .005) and also for RSE (B = .27. p < .024). For the 84 sons (see Table 6. section B) of two responding parents. SFARO best. but weakly. predicted TSBI (B = .22. p < .05). Among this group. no variable significantly predicted sons’ RSE. Thus. sons’ descriptions of their fathers along the ARC and AFF affiliative measures. which correlated .41 and .50 respectively in the sample of sons with and without responding parents. consistently best predicted sons’ self-esteem. Fathers’ self-perceptions were not nearly as effective in predicting sons’ self-esteem. Mothers’ self-reports. however. demonstrated substantial predictive capacity regarding sons’ self~esteem. For fathers’ reports (Q = 84: see Table 6. section C) ggtige--pg§§ige subscale was the sole predictor of TSBI (B = .28, p < .01). FSP (assured) 63 alone predicted RSE (B = .22, p < .05). Each of these factors accounted for less than 8% of the total variance for the respective self-esteem scale. Hothers’ self-reports (y = 84: see Table 6. section D) again linked more strongly to sons’ self-esteem than did fathers’. MSE (hgggilg) was the single variable useful in predicting TSBI (B = +.26. p < .015); however. it accounted for only about 7% of TSBI’s total variance. Its linkage was. unexpectedly. positive. However. almost 20% of RSE’s variance was accounted for by mothers’ variables. MSIC3 (ggggggg--§§p§§§§igg). MVPZ (espressiee 2s; restraint). and “3101 (bless feelings--ebees feeliggs) yielded a B .44. p < .001). These linkages were notable and accounted for 19% of the covariance. MSICB (ggggggg--§§p§§§§ig§) alone moderately predicted (B = .33, p < .002) sons’ intrapersonal self-esteem (TSBI). In general. sons’ perceptions of fathers linked to sons’ self-esteem along both the summary and finer-grained variables. Sons’ views of mothers predicted self-esteem only by the latter. Fathers’ and mothers’ self-perceptions linked to self-esteem solely by the finer—grained variables. with mothers’ self-perceptions accounting for two and one half times as much of RSE’s total variance as fathers’ self- perceptions. Egstgzs Linked :9 §§l£29§§§§m A HcOuitty-like (1961) factor analysis of the research measures’ base scales was performed separately for each set of participant data as illustrated by the clusters of Figures 1 through 3 and documented by the correlation coefficients of tables 8 through 11. One-tailed tests of significance were used. except where otherwise specified. Figures 1 through 3 were derived from sons’ data. Figure 1 represents all sons’ data. Figure 2’s dual elements separately represent data from sons of two parents who returned the research forms and from sons of parents who chose not to return completed forms. Figure 3 represents parents’ individual data as well as sons’ self-esteem scores. These factor analyses largely confirm the multiple regression analyses findings. Sons’ perceptions of their fathers’ affiliativeness showed the strongest links with sons’ self-esteem. Aside from mothers’ self-reports. perceptions of mothers’ son-oriented behavior failed to link significantly. via the summary variables. with sons’ self- esteem. Figure 1 showed that self-esteem and perceptions of parents’ son-oriented behavior for total sons (g = 165 - 172) clustered around a central bond (g = .75) between the two measures of fathers’ affiliation (SFARO & SFAFF). While both measures of fathers’ dominance (SFARS & SFDOH) 64 Figure 1 Ngfig. Modified after McGuitty (1961). Bonds' thickness (directly) and length (inversely) roughly represent the strength of the correlation (given adJacent to the appropriate connection). Rn arrowhead indicates the variable that contributed the greater variance within this total matrix; broken bonds denote negative correlations, unbroken bonds denote positive correlations. 65 Table 7 Correlations Between Sons‘ Self-estegg Scores and Perceptions of Their Pagents' Son-orientgg_§ggavior for All Sons' Data (N = 165-172) TSBI RSE 1 3an saw was soon 19mm sen: swans smart. TSBI - use): 323 293 295 as 09 04 a3 43 RSE [4361 — : 243 22b 13c -ga ‘ as w as 00 l ears: ’2; I ’ “271.2953; 1%.; 'Ilifia” 1;; "E; SFAFF 293 220 1 £758} - 47a 4598 17b 23%! as 436 ems 26b 136 : 53a 47a - c051 ‘ 173 on 67 -a1 SPOON-8’3 4.25 i so: —59a [9151 - x—igb -19b 49‘s 13b same 09 09 3 MC 17b 17b 499 - [5633 22b -48a sneer 04 m : as 23a ea 49*! t[56in - 215 4553 was 23 as I 18!! as 07 -19b : 22b 21b - mb} 5mm -03 d0 : ~eo 43¢ 41 18b deaf-sea [17b] - i 39 ( .001 by one-tailed test [ J = conceotually similar measures by < .31 by one-tailed test 99 ( .05 by one-tailed test figfig. Correlations between each ueasure of self-esteeu and sons‘ Views of aotners' and fathers' behavior are notably similar. also note the general but mild agreement between how sons depict mothers vs. fathers. (Correlations between self-esteem and component variables are listed in onendices F 3 S.) 6&5 67 linked substantially with each affiliative measure. the dominance measures suprisingly failed to link with each other. Even more notably. the latter also linked oppositely to the two affiliative measures (SFDOM’s correlations were g -.59 [SFAFFJ and r = -.50 [SPARS]: SFARS’s parallel correlations were 2 = .53 [SFAFF] and g = .47 [SFAROJ). Sons’ perceptions of their mothers’ son-oriented behavior demonstrated a similar nuclear bond (g = .56) between the affiliative measures (SHARO & SHAFF). Similar also was their equally substantial but negative tie between Kiesler’s SHDOM and SHAFF (g = -.56). The two maternal dominance measures (SMARS & SMDOH) again displayed significant. opposite-signed connections to each affiliative index. although they had a weak positive linkage to each other. Sons’ perceptions of their mothers’ son-oriented behavior showed multiple low positive. and usually significant. linkages to the sons’ reports of their fathers’ son-oriented behavior. No significant correlations obtained between the sons’ views of mothers’ behavior and sons’ self- reports of self-esteem. although their pattern closely paralleled that of sons’ views of fathers’ behavior. The self-esteem measures bonded only to each other (5 = .48) and to the measures of paternal style. TSBI and RSE each linked significantly with fathers’ affiliation (SFARO’s {’s = .32 & .24: SFAFF’s {’s = .29 & .22). TSBI and RSE associated significantly but weakly to SFARS (r’s = .20 & .13. respectivley). but only RSE connected negatively with SFDOH (g = -.22). The Table 7 correlations between sons’ perceptions of fathers’ complementary behaviors on Hurley’s measures (SFARO vs. SFARS. g = .53) substantially exceeded mothers’ parallel responses (SHARO vs. SEARS. r = .22). This finding occurred consistently for total sons’ reports. sons’ of two responding parents reports (Table 8). and sons’ of two nonresponding parents reports (Table 9). but not for the self-reports of mothers versus fathers (Tables 10 & 11). Figure 2 Juxtaposes the reports from 84 sons whose parents both reponded with those from 71 sons of parents who did not complete the research questionnaires. The results strongly resembled the clusters derived from the total sons’ (E’s = 165 - 172). Substantial nuclear bonds were again evident between perceptions of fathers’ affiliation (SFARO. SFAFF). between perceptions of mothers’ affiliation (SHARO. SHAFF). and between sons’ self-esteem (TSBI. RSE). The diagram based on two responding parents demonstrated large intermeasure bonds between the affiliative measures for both fathers (SFARO vs. SFAFF = .73) and mothers (SHARO vs. SHAFF = .63). Measures of paternal dominance (SPARS & SFDOH) again showed significant and substantial linkages with both measures of paternal affiliation. but not with each other (r .mcomuaamseou a>wummoa muocmu mason cmxoenc: .mcoaoaaoieou u>mpaumc upocmp mason casein .xaeome Mayo» can» carom: mucmsem> Lanmmsu or» unansweucoo oar» adnawea> or» map-amps“ ummzzosea cc .xcoapumccou apaweaoeaam an» o» ocnumepm co>mac comvmfloeeou as» so caustics an» acmmuedue xflcmsoe xxuaneo>css caucus nca lxsoumlau. aaocxuaza .nucom .lammas sausage: rmuta codeine: .mmmm men. ma mm :oa m ‘III I oqum mm: zoozml I I.‘ am em I ....mw.\ \ 7) X“ 2 .\\km \ amLle . // \\ a u new :1. r, (\\\\ am / ma am am: // \ / 9 \ /I.II..I||I:s.I.JVuma m 6 am: law a zoqumumm «em a zsmmmmumm mammammm umwmmmmmammmmmmumnnmw:ummmmmmaommmlumummmmmauwmnmnquwmmwmmmmummuuwmmwammwmzdeWH «-mwmw-mmummmmm.emmmmmuwwwm-umomm-wmummnmm-mqmmmmwomwwoxwwmmwmmammmm-flwmswmsunmwwmwmmm . m mesmau Table 6 Correlations Betuegg Sons' Self-esteem Scorgs and Sons' Percentions of Their Parents Son-oriented Behavior when Both flagents COmoleted the Beggarch Questionnaires (N = 84) TSBI RSE 1 9mm 5mm: sums 91711011 191111120 511m- smas 3110011 TSBI - 135a]: 22¢ 23¢ 13 415 13 -07 -06 -a2 RSE {363] - : 17 15 1o -13 l as 64 211 oz 1 sander-1;-T”-ni7iai-sa;-:4aa--1-19¢”12”12H:u:- ems 29¢ 15 : (73a: - #93 -533 19¢ 28¢ as -aa¢ arms 13 1o : 59a 49a - we: I 22¢ 12» m -03 arm-as ~13 : «ea -s3a [321 - 1-15 -12 ~15 21¢ 9mm 13 as 1 19¢ 19¢ 22¢ -13 - ce3a3 23¢ -52a sum -07 84 i 12 230 1o -12 I 15331 - 27° -sea was -05 an : 12 as as -16 1 23¢ 27!J - {19¢} snow-as 82 : ~14 -2o¢ ~03 21¢ 428 sea {19¢} - 1 i9 ( .001 by one-tailed test [ l = conceatually similar measures by 1 .01 by one-tailed test 99 ( .05 by one-tailed test 7() Table 9 Correlations Between Sons' Self-esteem Scores and Song: Percentions of Son-oriented Behavior when Neither Oarent Cogpleted the Research Questionnaires (N = 71) TSBI RSE C613) SFRRU SFQFF SFQRS 33b SFDO! T SHOES SMQFF SEARS SMDOM 69 senno 27¢ SFRFF 33b SPARS ash SFDOh ~11 SHQRS 08 GB SMDOM ll 18 -51a 1% 21C 13 '87 11 -oe 11 1 ~16 -27¢ -28:3 - - - 15283 - 1e . [5263 - 15 1 18 16 - 4183 $53 [15 .653 [153 39 ( .001 by one-tailed test 59 ( .@l by one-tailed test C2 1 .25 by one-tailed test T 3 = conceotually smilar measures 721 72 = .02). Kiesler’s DOM bonded negatively with both affiliative measures for each parent. but the parallel linkages of Hurley’s dominance measure were positive. The self-esteem measures’ primary bonds were again with each other (r = .36). Weaker. secondary ties obtained between TSBI and paternal affiliation (SFARO r = .22. & SFAFF g = .20). Measures of mothers’ son-oriented behavior were often connected to the measures of fathers’ son-oriented behavior. primarily via linkages between fathers’ and mothers’ affiliation. Mothers’ behavior did not link directly with sons’ self-esteem. The diagram derived from the 71 sons whose parents did not return questionnaires generally resembled its counterpart. Consistent with the reports from sons of responding parents and total sons. primary bonds clustered around the perceptions of fathers’ behavior. the perceptions of mothers’ behavior. and the self-esteem scores. The strongest tie (r = .78) within the offsprings’ reports of their fathers’ son-oriented behavior was again between the affiliation (SFARO & SFAFF) measures. SMARO again correlated with SHAFF (r = .52). and TSBI’s link with RSE significantly exceeding (g = .61) that of its counterpart for sons of responding parents (E = .36). Measures of paternal dominance connected substantially with the measures of paternal affiliation. The bonds 73 between SFARS and each affiliative measure (SFARO. SFAFF) were positive (5 = .50. g = .51; respectively). Bonds between SFDOM and the affiliative measures (SFARO. SFAFF) were negative ( ('1 = -.50. r = -.61; respectively). SMDON demonstrated substantial negative ties to both SMARO (r = -.48) and SHAFF (g = -.65). Unlike the earlier cluster analyses. SHARS failed to link significantly to either measure of maternal affiliation. Instead. it linked modestly with SFaRO (r = .23) and SFDOM (g = -.28). Numerous modest and moderate connections obtained between each self- esteem measure and sons’ perceptions of their fathers’ dominance and affiliation. As evident in Figure 2. sons of two responding parents described the son-oriented behaviors of their mothers and fathers as more—strongly interconnected than did sons of two nonresponding parents. More than the sons of responding parents. nonresponders’ sons perceived more and stronger correlations between own self-esteem and their fathers’ son- oriented behavior. including the negative linkage (—.20) with fathers’ DOM. As noted for total sons’ reports. sons of both responding (Table 6) and nonresponding (Table 7) parents depicted the connection between Hurley’s (1976b) complementary ARS and ABC measures as significantly higher in fathers than in mothers. The correlations for responding parents were r = .59 for fathers and r = .23 for mothers. The parallel linkages for nonresponding parents were g = .50 74 for fathers and r = .18 for mothers. Figure 3’s components were separately derived from fathers’ and mothers’ reports. In addition to self-esteem and interpersonal style data. it included the parent’s values scales. Sons’ value scales were omitted from Figures 1 and 2 as they showed no significant linkages with the self-esteem or the interpersonal style measures. As with the prior cluster analyses containing sons’ perceptions of parents. the central feature of fathers’ and mothers’ self- perceptions were dominant bonds between the two affiliative measures. Moderate linkages between the measures of self- esteem further characterized these clusters. Fathers’ perceptions. based on 84 cases. centered around the large nuclear bond (r = .67) between the affiliative measures (FSARO and FSAFF). Substantial negative linkage (r = -.46. r = -.63) obtained between FSDOM and the paternal affiliative measures FSARO and FSAFF. respectively. Hurley’s measure of assertiveness (FSARS) linked moderately (r = .37. r = .39) with each affiliative index (FSARO and FSAFF. respectively). but not (r = -.04) with its conceptual counterpart (Kiesler’s FSDOM). The self-esteem measures (TSBI and RSE) bonded with each other (g = .36) and more weakly with FSARS (r = .22) through TSBI. Fathers’ value profile scores linked weakly with each other .wcomomnosiou m>wawwoa moocmp mason coxoenca .ucospaaueeou a>mummmc ovocmp meson cmxoen .xweums gape» mac» carp“: mucamem> Leandra an» amazemeocou our» magnate) on» mandamus“ pauczoegm cc ..comauuccou opamsaoeaam or» o» pcauaapa ca>amc comvmamteou as» so sameneuv an» vcauoeame manages Axammio>css cams-s uca lxspuursu. aumcxuacs .nncom .iamma. savanna: gusts unatauoz .mmmz _ no): p- 111w . am. mmilll ma)“. on ma :1 \ ma): / 1 mm s mm um a am _/ an): 7 Rm” “A” Wm _ «m1 ,/.J an)“. “mi _ ~ so): so we , zoomu 1|...1V\\ .31 1" .31 z x 1mm: \’ we: \ \. am: / W‘ B’% // emu ~ ~ 5 3m" 5 I 1.. 1| 1.. IE... 2 I am: on m... omamu / .IllI-JK\M“ mau. / _ .l-J‘V a! / mm . a... / / _ A mm x / m «ma; ll. // fl /. as /I // mmamu / III.II IIHHH.HH“.\\\.fl/llllll...\\\“.mm am! I! .lunli / NNI / / amm- c. / Em” mm 1111111111111111111111111111 1/1 Hquummlu 11.1111 11 1 1H/ .1. l I I. Mme lam u 25 mamammmuumm umummmas lam u z. mammmmmwumm “mummmmm mudmwmumtmmmmmtmmm-mmmxmmmmuumwmmmmmnmmwluwmanHmnmmmmmMMHHMMW1nmmmmumm.QMMN1MMWWH m mismwu Table 1% Correlations Between Sons‘ Self-esteem Scores1 Fathers‘ Valgg Scores and Fathers‘ percentions of Their Son'oriented Behavior Data when Both parents Completed the Resggrch Questionnaires (N = 84) TSBI RSE I FSQRU FSRFF FSQQS F5333 I FV?1 93 :V33 FV?4 TSBI ' {3633 I $8 13 EEC G7 '12 22 '99 38 RSE [3633 ' I 01 $9 '.3 '13 '8' 'L2' '24 25 I FSQRO @8 $1 I ' [67a] 373 '#65 I '11 '24 '23 '13 I FSRFF I3 09 I [67a3 ' 393 '633 '10 :4 25 '?L I I FSRRS 22c '13 I 373 398 ' [-043 '30C 33 'Eic 'lSC I F500! @7 '13 I '463 '633 {'64} ' ' 04 E39 '%6 12 I - .. .. i .. - _ - - - - FVpl '12 '01 I '11 '16 '38c $4 ' '34: 18C 15 I I FVDE 01 '22C I '64 1‘ GE 23: '24C ' 16 EEC I va3 '64 I '32 65 '21C '06 I 18: 16 ' EEC I FVP4 02 05 I '38 '64 "8C 18 '° 339 '35 ' I I 39 I .081 by one-tailed test I 3 = conceotually similar measures hp ( .01 by one-tailed test -tailed test Cg ( .GS by .3939. we: FWE FVPB FVfié = F Gccestance of authority = F Individualism F Need Determined Expression vs. Value Determine: Restraint F Equalitarianism 763 Table 11 Correlatiogg_§etween Sons‘ Self-esteem ScoresL Mothers’ Value ScoresL and Mothers‘ Perceptions of Their Son-oriented Behavior Eben Both Barents Qggpleted the Researcn Questionnaires IN=84) 191511 RSE 1 11311110 rears 11511113 119111111 1 1111111 1117112 1111:13 111791 TSBI - £3633I 03 111 as -113 12 11; -25 12 ' 1 115e 1353: - I 113C 19 15 s: 115 —21¢ 49 0‘ 1 111113157127'I’EsZaE'LIQ'Im'11711711? 1 115m: 01 119 115131 - 25b -4711 1-ss -21¢ 414 -12 11511115 as 15 I 173 23b - [-1151 -17 -115 -13 «112 1 11511011 43 13 I-416 -17a [-1151 - —o3 23C -o2 11 I _ .. - i - _ .. _ _. _ _ 111121 12 as 1 as as —17 -e3 - -24¢ 6: 19¢ 1111112 61 -21¢ 1-12 -21¢ -a5 23': I-21¢ - 11 16 1111173 -os —o9 I-117 411 -13 412 1 s1 11 - 255 1117124 12 as 1-as -12 412 1‘ 19¢ 1s 2s23 — I I 3E I .681 by one-tailed test { 3 = conceptually similar measures by 1.111 by one-tailed test n "J A .85 by one-tailed test Ngtg. MVQI = fl flcceotance of Duthority MVQE = N Need Determined Exoresion vs. Value Determined Restraint KV93 = ! Eoualitarianism MVQk = M Individualism 77 78 and with both dominance measures. FVPZ (ggpggssigg 2E; Egstrgigt) also showed a weak negative connection (5 = -.22) with RSE. FVPZ bonded positively with FSDOH. The analysis of mothers’ perceptions, derived from 84 mothers’ reports, was also dominated by the substantial bond (r =.51) between the measures of affiliation (HSARO and HSAFF). As was the case with fathers’. and sons’ reports. both measures of self-reported maternal dominance (MSARS and HSDOM) manifested moderate to substantial connections with each of the affiliatives measures, but not with each other (g = -.05). HSDOM Joined negatively with HSARO (r = -.44) and HSAFF (g = -.47) while its counterpart MSARS tied positively with each (g = .47, r = .28, respectively). The self-esteem scales again demonstrated moderate linkages with each other (r = +.36). but showed only weak. modestly significant, linkages (p’s < +.05) with mothers’ self- perceptions. HSARO tied to RSE (g = .18) Hothers' values scales showed weak ties with each other and with RSE (r = -.21). HSDOH (g = .23) and HSAFF (g = -.21) via HVPZ (eeeseeeieo ye; reesreie§)- These cluster analyses for mothers’ and fathers’ separate reports were similar not only in regard to the numerous and substantial intercorrelations among the interpersonal style measures but also in regard to the relative isolation of the self-esteem measures from parents' 79 reports of their son-oriented behavior. FSARS and HSARO were the sole interpersonal measures that linked significantly to either self-esteem index. Similarly. FVPZ and MVPZ (§§E£§§§l99 VS- restraint), whose negative linkages with RSE were modest (r = -.22. g = -.21: respectively) were the only value scales to connect with either self-esteem score. FVPZ and NVP2 also linked modestly (g = .23. g = .23; respectively) to the pertinent parent’s self-reported DOM. The general trend apparent among the different sets of factors was the tight clustering of interpersonal style dimensions by person (father. mother, son) and the bonding between the two self-esteem scales. Weaker, although significant (p < .01). linkages tied sons’ self-esteem scores to sons’ interpretations of fathers’ affiliation and to a lesser extent fathers’ dominance. Fathers linked their own dominance (FSARS) to sons’ self-esteem while mothers associated their own son-oriented affiliativeness to sons’ self-esteem- Only VP2 (esesseeiee 2e; zeetseies) among value measures consistently related significantly with sons' Rosenberg self-esteem. Both parents also linked the same scale (espreeeizeeeee ye; zeetreioe) directly with their self-reports of DOM. The two measures of parental dominance failed to interlink significantly and correlated moderately, although oppositely. with the measures of parental 80 affiliation. Unlike the reports of total sons. sons of two responding parents, and sons of nonresponding parents, the correlations between Hurley’s (1976) complementary measures (ARO and ARS) were not significantly different for fathers’ (r = .37) and mothers’ (r = .47) self-reports. — - Essee§£§ee geesseeeee 9f Bezeeeti n e d §el£2§§§eee Congruence of parent/son perception regarding parental son-oriented behavior. hypothesized to link directly to sons’ self-esteem, was operationalized in terms of differences between each parent’s and son’s reports on the summary interpersonal style dimensions. Difference scores were calculated and their absolute values were employed separately for mothers and fathers. Dyads reporting small differences were considered more congruent than dyads reporting larger differences. Father/son difference scores correlated significantly with sons’ self-esteem while mother/son differnce scores failed to demonstrate significant linkage (see Table 12). The father/son dyads obtained significant correlations only for ARO and TSBI (r = -.26, p < .006) and for DOM and RSE (g = -.l9, 9 < .03). Comparisons of sons’ self-esteem scores as a function of each parents’ relative scores on complementary interpersonal style measures (ARO & ARS. AFF & DON) were Table 12 Correlations for Differences Between Parent/Son -——--—-~--——-----‘----’-—---——---‘--’-——--d—---- ——-—— -—’—.-—‘-—-“-----———--’—-*-_’—-*----——*~-------— —-----—------—-—’--~—-----—-—-—_—-———---_-_—.‘—--’—---— Father/Son Differences Mother/Son Differences ze;-§ee:e-§el£:§e§eee ze;_§ee:e_§el£:§eteee I§§l B§§ I§§l B§§ ARO -.26b .01 -.05 -.11 are -.06 .12 .08 -.09 ARS .02 .12 .02 .09 Don -.08 -.19c -.05 .03 _——-——--¢-‘-—————-_—---—-----—----—----——_---——------- ‘9 < .001 by one-tailed test by < .01 by one-tailed test c9 ( .05 by one-tailed test EQEQ. Only differences between fathers’ and sons’ perceptions of fathers behavior along the ARO (; = -.26. p < .01) and DOE (g = -.19, p < .05) dimensions correlated significantly with sons’ self-esteem scores. 81 82 also computed (see Table 13). Such concordant complementarity was useful in distinguishing between sons’ self-esteem scores only for sons who described their fathers as simultaneously low on both ARO and ARS, versus all others. TBSI was significantly lower (t = -4.59. p = .000) in the concordant group. Concordance of mothers’ complementary son-oriented behaviors, versus all others. was not useful in stratifying sons’ self-esteem scores. Comparisons of self-esteem scores as of function of sons’ discordant discriptions of parents’ complementary son- oriented behavior was effective in stratifying sons’ self- esteem only for perceptions of fathers’ son-oriented behavior on Kiesler’s measures AF? and DOM (see Table 14). Sons depicting their fathers as low on DOH but high on AFF had modestly higher scores on both TSBI (t = 2.33, p < .021) and RSE (t = 2.44, p < .016). Discordance of mothers’ complementary son-oriented behavior was not useful in separating sons’ self-esteem scores into distinct groups. yeleeei Yelee geesreeoeel see §el£:e§§eee Fathers’ value scores showed weak, yet highly significant, positive linkages with sons’ value scores (see Table 15) for each value dimension except VP4 (individualism). For that value score. no relationship was manifest between either sons’ and fathers’ scores or between Table 13 Comparisons of Sons’ Self-esteem_§corea for Sons Whg Described gothers or Fathers g§_§i!gltaneously fligh_9§ Low on Both gffiliative or Domingnce Dimensions 1:. :2 a s :2 1.1 A SFGRO: “ SPARS “ SHARO; “ SHRRS T581 1.22 .223 36 1.60 .112 38 RSE 0.69 .488 37 1.15 .253 37 V SPARO: V SEARS V SHARO: V SEARS TSBI '4.59 .000 39 0.38 .707 29 RSE '2.11 .037 39 '1.01 .313 29 A SFDOH: “ SFAFF “ SHDOH: A SHAFF TSBI 0.55 .584 25 -O.27 .787 23 RSE '0.80 .427 25 ‘0.37 .714 23 V SFDOH: V SFAFF V SHDOH: V SHAFF TSBI -0030 .763 S -0090 0371 5 RSE “0.48 .633 5 '1.53 .127 5 Note. “ indicates scores ranging in the upper third for the respective variable. v indicates scores ranging in the lower third for the respective variable. ”Pooled variance estimates. two-tailed probabilities. 83 Table 14 gggpggigons of Sons’ Self-e§t§§!_§core§ for Sons whg geese;92-!esee£e_e£-fiesee£e-ee-§ieeltaneouslx High and Low on the Respectivg Affiliative or Dominance Dimensiggg v SFARO: ‘ TSBI RSE > SFARO: v TSBI RSE v SFDOH: “ TSBI RSE “ SFDOH: v TSBI RSE E SPARS -0.65 -1.18 SFARS 0.77 0.23 SFAFF 2.33 2.44 SFAFF -2.36 -2.04 .517 .240 U 443 .817 .021 .016 .020 .043 £9-9- I2 the respective variable. v indicates scores ranging in the lower third for the respective variable. t 22 E v SHARO; ‘ SHARS -0.05 .962 18 0.02 .987 19 . shine; v sagas 1.08 .281 17 1.15 .250 17 v SHDOH: “ SHAFF 1.82 .071 29 1.24 .216 29 “ SHDOH: v SHAFF 0.19 .847 35 0.79 .428 36 ~--—---- -_- “ indicates scores ranging in the upper third for 'Pooled variance estimates, two-tailed probabilities. 84 Table 15 Correlgtiogs Bgtwegg_§ggggt§:ggg Sons’ Vglue Profile Scores (N = 84) £22; £222 £223 £223 £221 £222 £223 !!21 SVPl (46°) ~30a ~04 ~05 SVPl (20¢) ~26b ~15 ~18c svez ~13 (32°) 06 08 svpz 00 (20¢) ~04 09 svea 01 ~03 (39b) 09 svea ~02 07 (12) 16 svee 01 06 19° (06) svp4 19c ~07 09 (-06) “p ( .001 by one-tailed test ( ) = same measure. different sources hp < .01 by one-tailed test cg ( .05 by one-tailed test flgtg. VPl = Acceptance of Authority VP2 = Need Determined Expression vs. Value Determined Restraint VP3 = Equalitarianism VP4 = Individualism 85 86 sons’ and mothers’ scores. Sons’ and mothers’ scores likewise showed no correlation on VP3 (cgaalicaggaagca). Their reports obtained only weak linkages (p < .05) between the VP1 scores (acccpcaccc cf SEEDQE£EZ) and between the VP2 scores (§§E£§§§£QQ Xé £§§E£EEEE)- To determine the relationship between self-esteem and parent/son value agreement, congruence between each parent’s and son’s report was determined for the four value subscales.. As the case with parent/son perception of parental son-oriented behavior. value congruence was operationalized in terms of difference scores. Differences between each parent’s and son’s value scale scores were calculated. Their absolute values were again employed as indices of congruence. Scale score differences were then summed to form Eccal ciffcgcgcc scores. Parent/son value congruence was operationalized in terms of these scores’ magnitudes. Dyads showing higher scores would thus exhibit less value congruence than pairs showing lower difference scores. Pearson correlation coefficients were calculated to determine the relationship between parent/son value congruence and sons’ self-esteem (see Table 16). No significant linkages obtained between sons’ self-reports of self-esteem and parent/son value congruence. A parent/son pair was alternatively defined as having Table 16 I Sergeisties§_£e£-Qiffereeee§_§etseee_Ee£se§£§92 Value Scale Scores and Son’s Self-Esteem (N = 93-95) —------.1---—-----------—------—--’———---—. --—--—-—— ——‘—---------——--——-—---—--—-—-—-------_--—-------— .——"-—_-_----——-_-—-U-—————-—-—--—_———-—‘—-----—-—-_- Father/Son Differences Mother/Son Differences xe;_§ee:e_§el£:§e§ees xe:-§eeie-§sl£:§e§ssa I§§l B§§ I58! B§§ VPl .11 -.01 .03 .01 VP2 .02 .06 -.02 .03 VP3 .10 .03 -.03 .03 VP4 -.01 -.03 .13 -.08 Total .09 .01 .05 -.01 a9 < .001 by one-tailed test b2 < .01 by one-tailed test c9 4 .05 by one-tailed test 3999. None of the correlations between parent/son difference scores and sons’ self-esteem scores reached significance. 87 88 congruent values along a particular subscale if both members either endorsed. assumed a neutral stance toward, or rejected the pertinent scale. Table 17 provides descriptive statistics of sons’, mothers’, and fathers’ response scores for each value scale. Parent/son agreement along one, two, three, or all four value dimensions was then determined. I - tests were used to evaluate whether sons’ self-esteem scores differed statistically as a function of parent/son value congruence. As with the findings based on difference score operationalization of congruence, neither mother/son nor father/son value congruence, defined in terms of scale endorsement. could be used as an indicater of son’s self- esteem. §ieele Eerieelee see §el£ze§8eee To further delineate the linkage between perceptions of parents’ son-oriented behavior and sons’ self-esteem, self- esteem scores were bifurcated as a function of interpersonal style score along each dimension. Fathers'. mothers’, and sons’ perceptions of the respective parent’s behavior were divided into high and low categories relative to the respective participant and dimension’s median score. I - tests where employed to determine whether significant differences obtained between the resultant groups of sons’ self-esteem scores. Neither fathers’ nor mothers’ perceptions of their own behavior, along any dimension, Table 17 Number of Parent/Son Dyads Demonstratiag Value Congruenca gagreement) Along One to Four Value Scales Number of Number of Value Fathers 8 Sons Nothers & Sons Scale gag gho Agree Disagree Agree Disagree VPl: Acceptance of Authority 45 47 43 52 VPZ: Expression vs. Restraint’ 45 48 45 50 VP3: Equalitarianism 38 55 51 44 V94: Individualism 11 81 7 88 Congruence along two scales 46 47 47 49 Congruence along three scales 13 78 14 81 Congruence along four scales 4 91 0 96 “Need Determined Expression vs Value Determined Restraint E39 90 could be used to separate sons’ self-esteem scores into statistically distinct groups. Only sons’ perceptions were useful in so distinguishing the respective groups of self- esteem scores. Sons’ perceptions of both fathers’ affiliation and assertiveness. for both Hurley’s (1976b) and Kiesler’s (1983) measures, were effective means of dividing the self- esteem scores into significantly different groups (see Table 18). Only SPARS was ineffective in stratifying both self- esteem measures into distinct groups. RSE was not divisible into significantly different groups as a function of high versus low SFARS scores. None of the sons’ reports of mothers’ son-oriented behavior were useful in distinguishing self-esteem scores into high and low categories. Interpersonal style scores were likewise stratified as a function of self-esteem score. Sons’ self-esteem scores were separated via median split into high and low categories. Hothers’, fathers’, and sons’ perceptions of the respective parent’s son-oriented behavior were subsequently divided into groups as a function of the son’s self-esteem score. I-tests were then performed on the resultant groups for each interpersonal style dimension. Of the variables separated as a function of TSBI score, only the affiliative measures describing sons’ perceptions of their fathers divided into statistically distinct groups. Table 18 Differeaces ia Self-aagaaa_§cggaa_a§_a_§anction of Sena: Perceptions of Pachers’ Soa-orieated Beaavior Relative to the Pertinent Subsamples’ Nedian Value Dimension 3 X Sth a score probability TSBI hi SFAFF 86 45.42 6.38 Lo SFAFF 84 41.29 7.66 g = 3.83 9 < .000* use Hi SFAFF 87 8.38 1.11 Lo srnrr 84 7.74 1.31 g = 3.46 p < .001* TSBI Hi SFARO 87 45.10 5.62 Lo SFARO 84 41.31 8.71 g = 3.35 p < .001“ RSE Hi SFDOH 81 7.77 1.36 Lo SFDOH 90 8.33 1.08 RSE Hi SFARO 87 8.31 1.08 Lo SFARO 84 7.75 1.36 E = 2.97 p ( .003“ TSBI Hi SPARS 83 44.70 6.00 Lo SFARS 87 41.87 8.53 g = 2.49 p < .014“ TSBI Hi SFDON 80 41.93 7.83 Lo SFDOH 90 44.67 6.61 RSE Hi SFARS 84 8.12 1.12 Lo SFARS 87 7.95 1.37 E = 0.86 p < .390“ ~3.03 p < .003* It" 11 -2.47 p < .0141"I If? u EQEQ; Two-tailed tests of significance were used 'Separate variance estimate *Pooled variance estimate 91 92 Neither sons’ perceptions of their mothers’ nor either parents’ perceptions of their own son-oriented behavior formed unique groups. TSBI based SPARO stratifications resulted in t 2.12 (p < .036) for groups of 87 versus 84 sons. Similar SPAPP stratifications yielded g = 2.40 (p < .018). Of the variables separated as a function of RSE score, sons’ perceptions of both fathers’ affiliation and assertiveness divided into distinct groups, but only along Kiesler’s scale. Again, parents’ and sons’ perceptions of mothers’ son-oriented behavior were not separated into distinct groups as a function of the self-esteem score. RSE based SPDOH stratifications yielded groups having t = -2.74 (p < .007 for groups of 71 versus 100 sons). The parallel SPAPF stratifications yielded a t = 2.29 (p < .024). geieasessa Eiagiese Fathers were consistently described by sons as less differentiated than mothers in their son-oriented behavior. This finding obtained for comparisons of the sons’ perceptions of mothers versus fathers, as well as for intercomparisons of the parents’ self—perceptions on Kiesler’s (1983) component scales. Tables 19 and 20 provide the correlations and sums of squared correlations for sons’ perceptions of mothers’ versus fathers’ son- oriented behavior, on the component scales for both interpersonal style inventories. Tables 21 and 22 provide Table 19 Correlatigns Between Sons' percentions of Son-oriented Behavior of Mothers (N = 167-169)/Fathg_rs (N = 171-173) on Bailey's (1976) Biggie-s HarI-Cold (HE) Shows F-Hides (SH) Helps—Hans (H1) Accepts-Regects (AR) flrtive-Passive (RP) Express-Suarded (E6) Gentle-Harsh (6H) Dou-—Suhlissive (OS) TF2 .7781 .7864 .5569 .7444 .2884 .5927 .4769 .2643 = 4.4512 42 ‘12 17 12 18 F 8 T H E R S HH 37 47 19 16 -11 OR 37 45 11 2% 41 -16 RP 41 19 14 24 ES 49 24 13 SH 16 41 15 -27 fr2$ 17.3 17.7 12.5 16.7 6.3 12.9 18.7 5.9 18 19 -12 = 188.8% {f3 1.6768 1.2944 1.3912 1.8584 1.4115 .8799 .5675 8.4884 16.6 18.4 6.7 2.5 ...--- 188.11 593g: ggg!::§91g has the highest mean 1 contribution to the total mothers + Fathers tr?) in each Table, and the sun of Fathers’ Ir? (8.4884) is euch higher than the sun of Mothers' yr?- (4.4512). 593 Table 28 figmelationg Betuggn Sons' Perceptions of Son-oriented Behavior of Mothers 111 = 167-1691/Fath3rs 111 = 171-173; on Kiesler's 1191131 1335.933 L8 19.? H E R S HarI-Cold (L0) Friendly-410311209 68 Trust inguflisTru (KC) 58 Conpet-Deferent (DJ) -68 Sociable-Detach (NF) -85 Don—Subaissive (AI) -16 flssured—Nonflssu (PH) 16 Exhibit-—Inhibit (86) -83 67 -22 -12 F 8 T H E R 8 KC 81 {r2 1.245 1.174 1.852 1.868 if?! 28.9 19.7 18.9 16.8 31 MP 111 «57 ' -17 -59 88 -58 -3e 43 44 -35 e1 -85 as 13 37 -81 15 27 .535 .379 .389 18.7 6.3 5.2 2.8 = 188.11 PH 08 -14 11 ~25 - 3 -17 15 27 6 -15 18 25 11 .117 = 5.973 ire 1.6544 1.7281 1.6467 1.4644 1.3454 .2725 8.7124 {rat 19.8 19.7 18.9 16.8 15. ‘ 3.1 1.4 -..—.- 188.81 593: my has the highest seen 1 contribution to the total Mothers + Fathers {#1 in each Table, and the sue of Fathers’ {r2 (8.7124) is each higher than the sun of Iothers’ Ir?- 15.9731. 9%4 Table 21 Correlatiogg Between Parents‘ percegtions of Son-oriented Behavior of Hothers (N = 94d95)/Fathggs (N = 94~96) on ggrley's (1976) Subscales h 0 T H E R S Harn-Cold (HE) Shows F-Hides (SH) Helps-Harls (HH) accepts-Re3ects (AR) Active-fipassive (A?) Express-—6uarded (EB) Gentle-Harsh (EH) Doa-Subcissive (08) NC SH 46 47 48 22 55 31 36 34 57 67 59 24 -83 88 F R T H E R 5 HH QR RD 58 54 27 46 59 28 43 57 31 43 42 44 43 45 31 -88 -16 24 ES 5381185 16 49 87 49 19 115 m3 415 1.5671 14 .9659 -18 1.3896 -37 1.4959 -85 1.2117 21 .8924 -39 .8853 .3677 6:77.56. Yr2 1.557 .994 1.852 .978 1.814 1.499 1.874 .156 = 8.323 IrEX 18.7 11.9 12.6 11.7 12.2 18.8 12.9 1.9 = 99.9% Ira: 17.8 13.8 ....-- 393g: Eggg::gglg has the highest seen 1 contribution to the total (Iothers + Fathersutre) in each Table, and the sun of Fathers‘ [r3 (8.7756) is not significantly different than the sun of Mothers’ {r3 (8. 32261. $95 Table 22 Con'elgtiggg Betwefigrn parents’ Perceptions of Son-oriented Behavior of Mothers (N = 941-9515931115 (N = 93-96) on Kiesler‘s (1983) Subscalg I 0 T H_§___§ HarIr-Cold (LD) Friendly—HostileWE) Trusting-iisTru (KC) Comet—Deferent (8.1) Sociable-Detach (MC) Dor-Subnissive (AI) fissured—Norflssu (PH) Exhibitulmibit (86) {r2 . 519 FQTHERS L!) E KC 65 61 34 53 33 ~36 ~48 ~34 35 39 15 14 85 ~88 ~12 19 ~81 84 ~15 88 .598 .363 .571 12. 8 In?! 18.3 21.1 8.1 1? 81 ~57 ~33 ~68 ~35 ~46 ~89 ~49 26 ~48 ~17 85 ~88 ~83 88 18 . 474 . 122 . 862 PH ~18 ~87 ~19 17 .124 28.1 16.8 4.3 2.2 4.4 = 2 1 21 16 3 ~17 p '.81- [,2 1.6544 1.7281 1.6467 1.4644 1.3454 . 4938 ire: 19. 8 19. 7 18.9 16.8 15. 4 5.7 393g: Hostilr-Friendly has the highest lean i contribution to the total (Mothers + Fathers [+21 in each Table, and the sun of Fathers’ {r3 (7.8938) is Iuch higher than the sun of Hothers‘ re? 12.8321. 96 97 the correlations and sums of squared correlations for parents’ reports of their own son-oriented behavior. The sum of the squared correlations for sons’ views of fathers (8.4804) on Hurley’s subscales was nearly twice that for mothers (4.4512). 0n Kiesler’s subscales, the sums of the squared correlations for sons’ views of fathers (8.7124) was also considerably larger than that for mothers (5.973). Parents’ self-reports demonstrated higher intercorrelations for fathers’ (2r2 = 7.093) than mothers (Zr2 = 2.832) only for Kiesler’s component scales. The sum of the squared correlations of mothers’ (Zr2 = 8.323) and fathers’ (Zr2 = 8.776) self-reports on Hurley’s (1976) component scales were roughly equivalent. Fathers’ consistently higher bonds linking scales designed to differentiate between specific types of behavior indicates less differentiated paternal than maternal son-oriented behavior. Comparisons between mothers’ (.976) and fathers’ (1.340) self-reported son-oriented behavior, as described by the summary scores (see Table 3), did not demonstrate significant variation between sums of squared correlations. Sons’ reports along these same dimesions were. however. markedly different (mothers’ Zr2 = 1.079: fathers’ Zr2 = 1.64). Higher intercorrelation between measures of fathers’ than mothers’ son-oriented behavior held for sons’ reports on both Hurley’s (1976a) and Kiesler’s (1983) interpersonal 98 style inventories and for both summary and component scores. Parents’ self-reports. however. demonstrated a significant difference only on Kiesler’s component measures. The second major unforeseen finding was the lack of significant correlations between the two parallel measures of ngingggg, DOM and ARS (see Figures 1, 2, 8 3). Neither sons’, fathers’, nor mothers’ reports significantly linked ARS and DOM scores to each other. Instead, sons’, fathers’, and mothers’ ARS scores tied (g = .28 to .59) positively to the affiliation measures (ARO & APP) while DOM linked (£6 = «.44 to -.65) negatively. This finding was paralleled by linkages between sons’ reports on the questions. "How much do you want to be like your father?" (LKP) and "How much do you want to be like your mother?“ (LKN) with sons’ reports of parents’ ARS and DOM (see Table 23). ARS scores showed significant, large positive correlations with LKM (r = .43. 9 < .001) and LKF (r = .42, p < .001) while DOM demonstrated negative bonds (5’s = -.14 and -.21, respectively). LKM and LKF demonstrated strong positive bonds with both affiliative measures ARO (g’s = .45 & .59. respectively) and APP (r’s = .45 & .56. respectively). Table 23 wants to be Wants to be Like Mother Like Father (LKH) (LKF) an .46a LKP .46a TSBI .10 .22b RSE .12 .14c sraao .22b .599 SFAPF .26a .56a SPARS .07 .429 56005 -.18c -.21b SHARO .45a .06 SHAFF .45a .11 snaas .43a .19b snoon -.14c .02 9p < .001 by one-tailed test hp < .01 by one-tailed test Ce < .05 by one-tailed test 2222; Sons’ reports on 92925 29 be bike Basses show strong positive correlations with Sons’ perceptions of the respective parent’s affiliativeness and ARS. Linkages to DOH are significant. weak and negative. 99 DISCUSSION The results in this study centered around five key findings. (1) Sons reported less differentiated impressions of fathers than of mothers. (2) The correlations between sons’ views of son-oriented behaviors of their mothers and fathers were generally low. (3) Sons’ self-reported self- esteem varied distinctly with perceptions of fathers’ and mothers’ attitudes and son-oriented behavior. (4) Sons’ self-esteem did not vary significantly as a function of parent/son congruence along either value profile or interpersonal style measures. (5) The two measures of ngiggggg failed to correlate significantly as eXpected and linked oppositely to the measures of Affiligtign. 185 85599296 §eeele The research sample reflected a highly educated portion of the general population with higher than average total family income. Eighty-one percent of the respondents reported a total income in excess of $35,000, 54x stated income in excess of $50,000. Boyer and Savageau (1985) revealed that "The average household income for all 0.5. metro areas is currently 333,121, ranging from $51,601 in 100 101 Anchorage to 316.478 in HcAllen-Edinburg-Hission, Texas." (p. 373). Total family income for residence of the southern half of lower Hichigan is about 33.000 less than the national average. Boyer and Savageau (1985) also revealed that fewer than one in six persons (16.7X) over 25 years of age currently has completed 16 years of education. Of the research sample, 55.8% of fathers claimed 16 years of education, 24.2% reported 18 or more years. Forty-two percent of mothers reported 16 or more years of education, 13.8% claimed 18 or more years. While 65.4% of East Lansing residents over 25 years have at least 16 years of education (Boyer & Savageau. 1985), the research sample has three times as many college educated adults. per capita. as does the nation. Clearly. the participant population is skewed in the direction of education and economic wealth: consequently, generalizations beyond this group should be made cautiously. These college students’ TSBI scores (fl = 43.18, SD = 7.53, E = 175) were slightly higher (t = 2.84. p < .01 by one-tailed test) than Helmreich and Stapp’s (1974) normative sample (5 = 40.45, SD = 8.87, g = 238) but were very similar to Nelson’s (1983) student sample (n = 44.77. SD = 7.82, g = 66). Thus. the current scores appear commensurate with comparable populations. Similar comparisons for sons’ and fathers’ perceptions along Hurley’s ARO and ARS dimensions revealed that the sample population’s scores were 102 approximately equivalant to those in Nelson’s (1983) study. Although the samples employed in the present and in 1983 were relatively similar to the range of scores on the TSBI and on Hurley’s (1976a) interpersonal style inventory, the parental return rate was much lower in the current study. The return rate for both parents was but 49% (fl = 84) compared to fathers’ return rate of 89x in the earlier work. A total of 96 (55%) fathers and 95 (54X) mothers currently returned completed questionnaires. This reduction rate was likely due to the extended length of the current questionnaires (12 pages for each parent versus four pages for fathers in the former study) and the increased amount of time required for completion. That both parents were requested to complete questionnaires may have also limited parents’ participation. One parent’s reluctance to become actively involved in the study may have negatively influenced the partner as well. 189 Beseeesb 89252255 The Texas Social Behavior Inventory (Helmreich et al.. 1974), the measure of interpersonal self-esteem, functioned as anticipated and provided a wide range (20 - 62) of scores. While the majority of respondents scored in the upper third of the measure’s potential range, the TSBI seemed a useful means of quantifying the construct and of segregating 103 respondents into pertinent categories. The performance of the Rosenberg Self-Esteem scale (Rosenberg, 1965). the measure of intrapersonal self-esteem. however, was less than expected. It provided only a very limited range of scores (4 - 10) and seemed but a gross measure of self-esteem. Pine- tuning might enhance its usefulness through increasing the number of RSE items or through scoring each item on a Likert basis. The positive correlations anticipated and confirmed between the intrapersonal and interpersonal measures of self—esteem supported each’s construct validity. That TSBI and RSE shared only about 25% (g = .36 to g = .61) of each others’ variance upheld the relative independence of the intrapersonal from the interpersonal self~esteem construct. Had their linkage been much stronger, the conceptual distinctions between them would have been foggy. Like the TSBI. the Values Profile (Bales 8 Couch, 1969) afforded a relatively large range of scores and a functional mechanism for stratifying respondents. Unfortunately, the scale’s validity and reliability apparently have not been confirmed during the 15 years since its introduction. Standardization of individual scales and a stylistic up- dating of the item content seem useful modifications of the measure. The entire area of value measurement would likely benefit from renewed research efforts directed toward value 104 identification, quantification, and standardization. 0n the interpersonal style measures, sons’ and fathers parallel summary measures demonstrated consistent positive correlations (g’s = .32 to .46, 9’5 < .001). This intersource agreement provided external validity (Leedy, 1974) for each of these four measures. Their external validity was further supported through the weaker, but still significant, positive correlations found between sons’ and mothers’ reports of mothers’ son-oriented behavior. The two measures of affiliation did, however. show the strong expected positive bonds. These interpersonal style measures, while providing seemingly adequate quantification and stratification of the pertinent constructs, performed unexpectedly. Measurement of ggmiggggg and gffiligtigg are thought to be necessary and sufficient to describe most interactions in the interpersonal domain (Benjamin, 1974: Hurley, 1980: Kiesler, 1983; Symonds. 1939; Wiggins. 1979), and ARS and DOM were thought to measure the same primary dimension, ggmiggggg. However, neither sons’, mothers’, nor fathers’ reports of the parents’ son-oriented behavior linked the two measures of dominance (ARS & DOM) positively and significantly. Also unexpected were their opposite correlations with each of the affiliation summary measures. These findings show that Hurley’s (1976b) ARS and Kiesler’s (1983) DOM are not equivalent measures. ARS appears a sound measure of self~ 105 acceptance (Hurley 1976a). while DOM seems weighted toward the measurement of a narrower facet of self—acceptance. dominance. ARS’s ngigggt-~§gbmi§§iyg subscale consistently linked positively with DOM: however, ARS’s remaining three subscales -- seemingly more direct indicators of self- acceptance -- consistently failed to link positively with DON. Interestingly. ARS had earlier (Nelson. 1983) demonstrated significant, although modest positive bonds (mean g = .30) with the dominance dimension of the Interpersonal Check List (LaForge & Suczek, 1955). Comparison of responses on Hurley’s and Kiesler’s summary and subscale measures of the dominance dimension versus responses on other current empirically validated measures of autonomy/control would seem a useful means of further delineating these scales’ validity. Benjamin’s (1974) Structural Analysis of Social Behavior or Wiggins’ (1983) Interpersonal Circle might be appropriate measures for such criterion validation. Discussion --——————-— gigging 1. Sons have less differentiated views of fathers than of mothers. Sons’ perceptions of fathers’ son- oriented behavior across the present measures intercorrelated more strongly than did sons’ parallel perceptions of mothers’ behavior. These linkages were demonstrated with the summary measures (Table 7) and 106 confirmed by the finer-grained subcomponent scores (Tables 19 & 20). Sons’ less differentiated portraits of their fathers imply that sons have a more generalized and vaguer picture of their fathers’ specific behaviors than holds for their mothers. This finding could also suggest that the sons’ views of fathers are somehow obscured or confounded, or simply that fathers lack the son-oriented interpersonal complexity of mothers. Cattell (1981) has specified male/female developmental differences that might account for this apparent behavioral difference. While sons have less differentiated views of fathers than of mothers, mothers and fathers described fathers’ son- oriented behavior relative to mothers’ as comparably differentiated. These results were consistently shown on the summary scores of both Hurley’s Interpersonal Chart and on Kiesler’s Check List of Interpersonal Transactions. 0n the finer-tuned component scores. parents depicted themselves as equivalently differentiated according to Hurley’s (1976a) measures: however, they portrayed mothers as more differentiated than fathers according to Kiesler’s (1983) scales. ~ In general, these sons view their fathers’ son-oriented behavior as less differentiated and more globally consistent than their mothers’ behavior. Parents, on the other hand, tended to describe mothers’ and fathers’ interpersonal son- 107 oriented behavior as roughly equivalent on this characteristic. This interesting finding has not previously been reported in the literature. Further replication and delineation of this observation could provide useful information relative to male socialization, self-concept formation, and sex-role identification. Additional efforts might be productively directed toward determining the relative importance of son’s age and level of individuation in sons’ disparate views of their fathers and mothers. giggigg 3. Correlations between the same measures of mothers’ and fathers’ son-oriented behavior were generally low on the summary variables. Parents and sons agreed in describing mothers’ son-oriented behavior as differing significantly from fathers’. This finding suggests that in these families each parent had a somewhat unique style of son-oriented behavior and also that these parents played globally different familial roles. The findings also apparently support the traditional stereotype that mother’s parenting is primarily affective while fathers’ parenting is more instrumental. Mothers were consistently depicted (Tables 1 and 4) as more affiliative than their husbands on both Hurley’s ARO and Kiesler’s APP. Although fathers were recurrently described as significantly more dominant than mothers on Keisler’s DON, the mothers scored significantly higher than fathers on ARS, a measure that likely indicates higher general 108 expressiveness rather than sheer dominance. Hothers’ scores on the subscales of ARS significantly exceeded fathers’ §bee§ Feelinse--fliee§ E5911995. fieseeee--§§ese§§ize- and on estixe--Eeeeixen but not for Beeieeet~-§eeeieeize- On this last subdimension, fathers’ scores were markedly higher. Taken as a whole these findings may suggest that these fathers, relative to their spouses, tend to be somewhat emotionally absent from the home. However. this inference could benefit from further substantiation. In contrast to the differences in respondents’ perceptions of the behavior of mothers and fathers, correlations found between sons’ and parents’ perceptions of the respective parents’ son-oriented behavior were uniformly significant (p’s < .001). These intersource correlations were moderate (2'5 = .32 to .46) for sons and fathers on all interpersonal style dimensions, but the sons’ portraits of their fathers differed significantly from fathers’ self- portraits. Pathers’ perceived themselves as more accepting of their sons than the sons reported. This discrepancy may indicate differences between the fathers’ attitudes and behaviors and/or it may represent definitional differences in fathers’ and sons’ constructs of gg_§ptggg§ and dominance. The variation may also be a function of the sons’ developmental stage and related issues of 109 individuation and gender role-identity. If this latter theory holds true and these participant sons are currently striving toward greater independence. they might describe their fathers as more domineering and controlling than the fathers would describe themselves. This relationship was seen with Kiesler’s dimension DON but not with Hurley’s ARS. On DOM, sons depicted their fathers as mildly dominant while the fathers saw themselves as slightly submissive in relating to these sons. Inspection of the subscale means for ARS of fathers and sons, revealed that sons also portrayed fathers as more dominant on the specific subscale 29migggt--§ubmi§§iyg (1C7). Fathers perceived themselves as significantly warmer than their sons perceived them on the ARC subscale ngm--§91g (1C2). These responses seem consistent with the view that sons’ developmental stage actively influences their perceptions of their fathers’ son- oriented behavior. Unlike these father/son pairs, mother/son dyads generally agreed in their descriptions of mothers’ son- oriented behavior on each summary dimension (affiliative & dominance). Only on ARO (t = 1.92, 9 (.05) was a mild discrepancy noted between their perceptions; mothers described themselves as relating to their sons more warmly and more acceptingly than sons described mothers. This greater consistency between mother/son perceptions than between father/son perceptions may, again, be reflective of 110 the sons’ developmental stage and the individuation and identity formation processes. If sons have already identified and discriminated between male/female characteristics relative to their mothers who presumably serve as role models for femaleness, then their perceptions of mothers’ behavior may be more accurate than their perceptions of their fathers’. The sons may be uncertain as to the finer discriminations within the boundaries of male- identification. Late adolescent sons may be fairly certain of their gender-role identity yet relatively uncertain as to their preferred position on the more focal "maleness" continuum. In essence, the son may be comfortable with his sex-role identification but experiencing some dissonance regarding the finer discriminations which specify where he will seek to position himself on the maleness continuum. This greater consistency of mother/son versus father/son perceptions may also reflect the amount of time sons have with mothers relative to the amount of time with fathers. That 58% of fathers labelled themselves as "professional" while 48% of mothers labelled themselves as "homemaker“ suggests that these sons may have had less readily available contact with their fathers than with their mothers. The relatively high total family incomes of the participant pool may also suggest that a disproportionate amount of the fathers’ time is spent 111 engaged in activities outside of the home. If this theory holds true, sons’ perceptions of mothers would likely be based on more direct contact while sons’ perceptions of fathers may be influenced by a more subgective impression of the father’s demeanor. However, as noted above. further evidence is necessary to provide direct support for this inference. Additional indirect support for the hypothesis that fathers may be less available to their sons than are mothers can be derived from comparison of Figures 1 and 2. Figure 1 is an amalgamation of the two diagrams in Figure 2. The Figure’s upper half, which includes sons’ reports of fathers’ behavior, strongly resembles the diagram describing the behavior of two nonresponding parents relative to sons’ self-perceptions. The lower half of Figure 1. which includes sons’ reports of mothers’ behavior. strongly resembles the diagram describing the behavior of two responding parents. In short, sons’ perceptions of their fathers’ behavior appears more similar to sons’ perceptions of nonresponding, and potentially less involved, parents while sons’ perceptions of responding versus nonresponding mothers’ behavior differed less. gigging 3. Sons’ self-esteem varied with perceptions of both mothers’ and fathers’ son-oriented behavior: 112 however. the connections with fathers’ behavior was via both summary and component measures while the linkage with mothers’ behavior was exclusively via the finer-grained subscales. This difference in the connections of maternal and paternal perspectives to sons’ self-esteem was evident in the data from sons, mothers, and fathers, and it may suggest that sons are more attentive to their fathers’ general demeanor than to fathers’ specific behavior. Sons seem, however, more responsive to specific maternal behaviors. In sum, sons appear to view fathers - relative to mothers - in more general. less differentiated terms and respond accordingly. Among the summary measures, sons consistently linked their fathers’ affiliativeness, and to a lesser degree dominance, to their own self-reports of self-esteem. The global measures of mothers’ son-oriented behavior linked to sons’ self-esteem similarly but insignificantly. Host research (Ausubel. 1954: Baldwin et al.. 1945: Crase et al.. 1981; Hurley. 1965: Symonds. 1939) supports a positive relationship between the offspring’s self-esteem and warm, accepting, and firmly consistent parents, both mothers and fathers. That sons’ self-esteem scores were not significantly correlated with either sons’ or mothers’ perceptions of mothers’ global behavior was contrary to expectations. Orford (1986), however, questioned the evidence for interpersonal complementarity in general. and 113 Loeb et a1. (1977) reported that sons’ self-esteem related to “mothers playting] a relatively directive role with their sons,‘ (p. 216), as well as to maternal and paternal warmth. Each parent’s son-oriented behavior, as gauged by the more numerous finer-grained subscales. was effective in predicting sons’ self-esteem. Sons’ described fathers’ zsza--selg and esssgsg 9§D§£§--£9199§§ chsrs and mothers’ gsguggg and ggtig§--pg§§;gg as the primary predictors of self-esteem, while fathers and mothers reported ggtiggz; Bessixs/esggzsg and hgésilelsgsrgsg--§§2£§§§ixs- respectively. as key behavioral components linked to sons’ self-esteem. That sons’ perceptions of the key paternal behaviors which linked to self-esteem were the same that their mothers’ self-reports linked to sons’ to self- esteem is interesting. The positive connection between mothers’ self-reported hogtile behavior toward their sons and sons' self-esteem is not readily explainable. but it does not necessarily indicate that the participant mothers view themselves as hostile toward their sons. Hothers’ mean score on hostile was only 2.81 while their mean score on it antithesis. friendly. was 5.56. The linkage may instead indicate that mothers whose sons are more independent merely perceived themselves to be somewhat more distant than did the mothers of slightly less independent sons. This contention is consistent with Orford’s (1986, p. 365) 114 finding that "hostile—submissive behavior is frequently met with friendly—dominance". Almost 20% of RSE’s total variance was accounted for by mothers’ selfsreported fine-tuned subscale components: although less than 8x of either self-esteem measure’s total variance could be accounted for by comparable measures of fathers’ behavior. The substantial bonding between mothers’ perceptions of their specific son-oriented behavior and sons’ self-esteem. relative to the weak linkages between fathers’ self-reported behavior and sons’ self-esteem. suggests that mothers’ perceptions of their son-oriented behavior -- like those of their sons’ -- are better differentiated than are fathers’ perceptions of their own son-oriented behavior. This supposition was confirmed by the stronger intercorrelations between summary measures of fathers’ self-reports of son-oriented behavior than between summary measures of mothers’ self-reports of their son- oriented behavior. Comparison of sons’ reports for responding and nonresponding parents also provided interesting and unanticipated results. The linkage between TSBI and RSE was unexpectedly higher (g = .61 vs. g = .36) for the sons of two nonresponding parents than for sons of two responding parents. Nonresponding parents demonstrated. through this behavior. less involvement in their sons’ activities than did responding parents. If the nonresponding parents are 115 typically less involved with their sons than are responding parents, it is speculated that perhaps the sons of the former group might be more individuated and more independent than the sons of the latter group. In brief, they might be at a later stage of development than their less less individuated counterparts. This independence might be translated into a blurring of the distinctions between intra* and interpersonal self-esteem. TSBI and RSE scores for these two groups of sons, however, were not significantly different, nor were the sons’ response patterns on the LKF (wants to be like father) and LKH (wants to be like mother) items. Unfortunately, the demographic characteristics of the nonresponding parents were not available to help further delineate salient differences between the two groups. The strong linkages between perceptions of fathers’ son-oriented affiliation and sons’ self-esteem was repeatedly demonstrated and is consistent with the humanistic school of development (Ausubel. 1954: Head, 1934: Rogers, 1951). The linkages between perceptions of fathers’ son-oriented dominance and sons’ self-esteem supports a contemporary male-role stereotype and is consistent with the social learning model (Bandura, 1977). Nelson’s (1983) related prior study, however, indicated that perceptions of 116 ’ paternal dominance but not affiliation correlated with sons self-esteem. The correlations currently obtained between perceptions of fathers’ dominance along Hurley’s ARS scale and the interpersonal measure of self-esteem (TSBI) were consistent with Nelson’s (1983) earlier report. However, the positive correlation between measures of fathers’ affiliation and sons’ self-esteem was much weaker in that earlier report, which hypothesized a linkage between sons’ self-esteem and perceptions of mothers’ affiliation. In the present research population at least, sons’ self- esteem is related to perceptions of both fathers’ dominance and affiliation. In this regard, sons’ perceptions of fathers’ behavior, especially fathers’ affiliativeness, appears most critical to the son’s development of self- esteem. Sons may simply be, in some compensatory fashion, idealizing their fathers’ son-oriented affiliativeness. The present study employed conceptually similar measures and a participant pool comparable to Nelson’s 1983 work, but obtained different results than this earlier report. Perhaps the inclusion of mothers in the current study may have influenced the general sample distribution. Other differences in the results of these two studies seem due to changes in the operational definitions of affiliation and dominance as well as changes in the operational definitions of self-esteem. Hurley’s Interpersonal Chart 117 (1976b) and the Texas Social Behavior Inventory (Helmreich et al.. 1974) were retained from the previous to the current study, but Kiesler’s 1982 Interpersonal Circle (1983) and Rosenberg’s Self-esteem Inventory (1965) were operational, although not conceptual, modifications from the earlier work. The current study also had a population base of nearly three times the former research but a much lower return rate <49x vs 89%) for fathers’ data. gigging 3. Sons’ self-reports of self-esteem did not vary significantly as a function of parent/son congruence in terms of either interpersonal styles or value profiles. This finding was unexpected. Self-esteem seems primarily a product of an individual's interpretation and evaluation of his or her experience: parent/son agreement appears roughly equivalant to concensual validation or affirmation of belief. Therefore, parent/son attitudinal congruence would seem to provide external validation and positive reinforcement. The present research findings do not support the theorized role of parent/son agreement as a factor contributing to the son’s self-esteem; however, neither do they refute such possibilities. The experimental operationalization of congruence may have been insufficient to adequately assess the actual role of parent/son congruence relative to the offspring’s self-esteem. Other factors, such as fathers’ general parenting style rather 118 than its detailed structure or content, appear to hold salience relative to sons’ self-worth. While congruence per se was not an effective indicator of self-esteem, sons in this study appeared firmly identified with their fathers. The personal values espoused by each showed moderate to substantial positive correlation (g’s .32 to .46, p’s ( .001) for three of the four value scales (all except VP4, indigigugligm). Fifty-three percent of fathers endorsed that scale while only 14% of the sons subscribed to the value. This father/son difference regarding the endorsement of “individualism“ likely reflects experiential and developmental differences between fathers and sons. Unlike the father/son dyads, sons’ and mothers’ value profiles linked only weakly (r’s = .20, p’s < .05) for two value 890188- 9999999999 9: 999999i92 and 9999999i99 29; 999999199- Interestingly. parents’ 9599999i99 29; 999999i99 was the sole parental value that linked significantly with sons’ self-esteem. The negative correlations evident between parent’s endorsement of this value and sons’ self- esteem again indicates the influence of the sons’ developmental stage. Parents who promote their son’s independence, especially at the period of adolescent individuation, likely also espouse greater restraint of their own self-expression than would more dominant, directive parents. The weak positive corelations (E’s = .22 119 & .23) between parents’ VP2 and DOM adds slight further support for this contention. gigging §. The two measures of ngiggggg failed to interlink significantly and tied inversely to the measures of Affiliatign. ARS appears to adequately represent the construct of "acceptance versus regection of self" while DON seems more focused on the measurement of interpersonal control. The consistent weak positive, but significant, linkages between DOB and VP2 (expression gs; restraint) demonstrates the positive relationship between dominance and expression, possibly expression of dominance or control. That the ngigggt--§gbmi§§ig§ subscale of Hurley’s (1976b) ARS consistently showed the highest positive linkages with Kiesler’s summary measure DOM (see Appendix 1), while ARS’s remaining subscales <é9ti29--2999i29. Hi999 E99li999--§9999 E9919999» end 9999999--§§9£999i29> failed to consistently link with DON, further supports this contention and suggests that 999i99999 is more a subtype of 99999t9999 299999 {91992199 of self than it is a parallel construct, at least as interpreted by this specific population. The linkage of fathers’ self-acceptance, but not dominance, to sons’ self- esteem is consistent with the contention than sons’ self- reported self-esteem are influenced by their developmental stage and level of perceived individuation from parents. The construct consistency between DOE and ARS was again brought into question by DOH’s and ARS’s differential 120 linkages to LKh (wants to be like mother) and LKF (wants to be like father). That sons’ reports of mothers’ and fathers’ DON manifested significant negative linkages with LKF and LKH while ARS showed significant positive bonds with LKF and LKH confirmed the construct variation between ARS and DON. Furthermore, the direction of these correlations tended to support the contention that ARS broadly measures self-acceptance while DON is a more focal measure of interpersonal control. Sons appear to want to emulate their parents’ interpersonal manifestations of g ceptgggg gerggg {91992199 of self, but they chose against modeling themselves after parents’ control-oriented behaviors. The research hypotheses probed the relationship between familial perceptions of parents’ son-oriented behavior and the son’s self-reports of self-esteem. Specific facets of mothers’ behavior and fathers’ behavior were predicted to associated with high self-esteem in sons. These presages focused on maternal warmth and affiliation as well as on paternal dominance and assertiveness. flypgthggig ; stated that a positive correlation would obtain between perceptions of paternal assertiveness and sons’ self-esteem. The prediction found support in that total sons’ (172) perceptions of fathers’ assertiveness on Hurley’s (1976b) dimension ARS linked significantly (r 121 = .20, p < .01) with the interpersonal measure of self~esteem (TSBI), as did fathers’ self-reports of ARS (g = .22, p < .05). RSE also bonded weakly with FSARO, and Kiesler’s (1983) measure of paternal dominance (DOM) demonstrated a modest but suprisingly negative bond (g = -.22) to RSE. This negative linkage may be a manifestation of DON as a specific representation of interpersonal control rather than assertiveness. The association demonstrated between general paternal dominance and sons’ self-esteem is consonant with earlier reports (Bandura, 1977: Nelson, 1983: Openshaw, 1978). Strong, dominant paternal role models could promote an enhanced sense of self by providing increased consistency with culturally prescribed male stereotypes. Sons whose fathers seem more consistent with social role expectations could develop more concrete and constant notions of self in terms of sex-role identity. These assumptions are consistent with Bandura’s (1977) notion of self-efficacy. “Behavior consistent with social expectation seems likely to yield positive regard more than less socially appropriate behavior would" (Nelson, 1983, p.34). That SPARS linked directly to measures of sons’ self- estee while SFDOH linked inversely might indicate that sons’ perceptions of fathers’ self-acceptance, rather than dominance per se, is the critical variable related to self- esteem in this specific population. Perceptions of mothers’ assertiveness failed to link significantly with any measure 122 of sons’ self-esteem. —-----— obtain between perceptions of maternal affiliation and son’s self-esteem. The findings were generally supportive but none of these four small positive correlations attained statistical significance. Neither self-esteem index related significantly to either sons’ or mothers’ perceptions of mothers’ son-oriented affiliation. Rather, sons’ and fathers’ perceptions of the fathers’ son-oriented affiliation consistently showed strong positive linkages to sons’ reports of self-esteem. These unexpected results did not support Nelson’s (1983) report linking sons' self-esteem to maternal, but not paternal, affiliation. None-the-less, these findings partially supported both Ausubel’s (1954) satellization theory and to Roger’s (1961) humanistic theory of development. Both postulated that a warm accepting environment is crucial to the development of a positive concept of self. In the present sample fathers, rather than mothers, appear to satisfy this developmental requisite. The general finding that sons’ self-esteem linked more consistently with inclusive perceptions of fathers’ behavior than mothers’ may be specific to sons at the age and developmental stage of the present research sample. Similar measures obtained at earlier or later stages in the sons’ development may yield quite different 123 findings. flypgthegig 3 stated that sons’ perceptions of parental son-oriented behavior would correlate more highly with sons’ self-esteem than would parents’ perceptions of their own son-oriented behavior. Self—esteem, defined as a melding of self-approval with a great liking or fondness for oneself (Rosenberg, 1965), suggests an internalized subjective evaluation based on the individual’s interpretation of external and internal data. Alternatively defined as the reflected appraisal of significant others (Cooley. 1902: Head, 1934), self-esteem implies an internalized subjective modification of those appraisals. Self-esteem seems dependent upon the individual’s interpretation of life events (James, 1890/1963), and not directly upon the events themselves. Thus, the parents’ perceptions of their own son-oriented action may be equally as or more accurate than the sons’ perceptions of his parents’ behavior, but the sons’ interpretations and evaluations of those parental behaviors are more heavily weighted in the self-evaluative equation resulting in one’s self-esteem. The accuracy of the perceptions thus seems less important than the perceiver. The hypothesis found moderate support in father/son reports, but less so in mothers/son reports. The 124 fundamental implication of the hypothesis indicates that, relative to self-esteem, an individual’s perceptions, interpretations, and internalizations of his or her experience holds salience over others’ perceptions, interpretations, and internalizations of the same set of external occurances. This aspect of the hypothesis was supported: however, strong positive correlations between sons’ self-esteem and fathers’ self-reports of their son- oriented behavior were also demonstrated. These linkages between sons’ self-esteem and paternal behavior seem consistent with Social Learning Theory’s (Bandura, 1977: Bandura & Huston, 1961: Sopchak, 1952) contention that the child’s relationship and identification with eiegeg parent can have positive or negative effects. HZQQEDEélé 3 stated that sons holding values similar to their parents would have higher self-esteem scores than would sons holding dissimilar values. The hypothesis failed to derive any support from the current findings. Parent/son value similarilty was no greater for high self-esteem sons than for low self-esteem sons. Likewise, self-esteem scores for sons demonstrating value congruence with parents were not significantly different than self-esteem scores for sons demonstrating values distinct from their parents. B999999999§i999 £99 E9t999 9-99! Numerous questions arise from the present findings. The most salient regard parenting style and the correlates of an offspring’s self-esteem. Contemporary literature abounds with reports alleging direct relationships between parental affiliativeness. parental dominance, and the offspring’s self-esteem. Typically, the child-oriented behavior of both parents is deemed critical to optimal growth, adjustment, and self-esteem development in the offspring. However, the present findings suggest that, at least for college freshmen from relatively well-educated and economically well-to-do families, sons’ self-esteem is not equally tied to mothers’ and fathers’ son-oriented behavior. Self-esteem was most consistently associated with the broader measures of fathers’ son-oriented behavior and with the more molecular measures of mothers’ behavior. The current findings also suggest that these sons’ perceptions of their fathers’ son-oriented behavior were of uncertain accuracy, lacked the degree of differentiation found in perceptions of mothers’ behavior, and may be overly- idealized. A key question evolving from this study asks whether the current findings are replicable for other comparable populations or whether they are age- and situation-specific to university freshmen from highly educated, upper middle-class families in which the father is 125 126 the primary wage-earner. Replication of the study using a younger, more diverse group of students, as high school Juniors and seniors, would likely be a productive means of addressing several of the more pressing questions. Findings from a younger sample would also address the questions regarding developmental stage differences and correlates of self~esteem. A more diverse sample would also be useful in determining to what extent the current findings are artifacts of the unique population studied. Effort made to gather each parent’s perception of the spouse’s son-oriented interpersonal behavior could provide convergent validity regarding each parent’s actual son-oriented behavior. Such intersource consensual validity might also shed light on sons’ and parents’ perceptual accuracy in delimiting the parent’s son- oriented interpersonal style. The utilization of an intrapersonal self-esteem scale with a greater potential range of scores might also prove valuable, as might the use of upgraded value measures. The compilation of additional demographic data on all families, both responding and nonresponding, could be used to further delineate paternal and maternal behaviors linked to the offspring’s self-esteem. Such data might best be obtained from the primary contact person for each family of participants and supplimented/confirmed by others. Inclusion of daughters and perceptions of parents’ 127 daughter-oriented behavior is recommended to further delineate parenting differences as a function of parent’s and offspring’s gender. Daughters data might also provide insight into developmental differences in adolescent males and females as well as variation in the correlates of self-esteem. Such information could provide greater understanding of the dynamics of family interaction as well as mor fulling illuminating the antecedents of self-esteem. Collecton of data regarding parents’ daughter-oriented behavior and daughters’ self-esteem might best be accomplished in a study separate but parallel to the reccomended parent/son study. Another issue that directly evolved from the present findings focuses on the behaviors necessary and sufficient to adequately describe interpersonal interaction. The specific relationship between the dominance and self- acceptance dimensions of the summary construct gggegegy-- Qggggel has been brought into question. Further analysis of the subdimensions of Hurley’s (1976b) and Kiesler’s (1983) measures might prove useful in this regard. Research directed toward further specification of the parameters of autonomy/control might attempt external validation through the use of additional empirically-based inventories. Wiggins’ (1983) or Benjamin’s (1974) inventories seem 128 appropriate measures to achieve such ends. 9999991 The present study was designed to further delineate the factors associated with self-esteem development. One hundred seventy-five university freshmen and half of their mothers and fathers both completed research questionnaires designed to describe and quantify the parents’ son-oriented behavior. Each participant also provided limited demographic information and completed an inventory of values. Additionally, sons completed measures of interpersonal and intrapersonal self-esteem. Sons’ perceptions of their parents’ son-oriented behavior were found to bond somewhat more strongly to sons’ self-esteem reports than to mothers’ or fathers’ perceptions of their own son-oriented behavior. This finding was predicted by the research hypotheses and is consistent with accepted theory (Gecas et al.. 1974: James, 1890/1963: Mead, 1934). The study also demonstrated that perceptions of fathers’ behavior on summary measures of affiliativeness and dominance linked directly with sons’ self-esteem reports while perceptions of mothers’ son-oriented behavior were less strong for these measures. However, for the more numerous finer-grained measures, perceptions of mothers’ son-oriented behavior linked even more strongly to sons’ 129 self-esteem than did perceptions of fathers’ behavior. The apparent lack of connection between sons’ self-esteem and perceptions of mothers’ son-oriented behavior seemed best explained in terms of sons’ differential perceptions of and responsiveness to mothers versus fathers. Sons’ appear to generally view fathers in more global and less differentiated terms than they do mothers. Sons’ views of and responsiveness to mothers, however, seems more focused on specific behavior patterns. While these findings were not hypothesized, they clearly supported the humanistic contention relating parental warmth and an offspring’s self- esteem (Ausubel, 1954; Berzonski, 1978; Rogers, 1951). Socioeconomic and educational factors likely also played a role in determining the correlates of self-esteem in this population. Taken as a whole, the present findings appear to indicate that for these participants mothers may have had more direct contact with their sons than did fathers, and that mothers also seem to play a considerable part in the male-role socialization of sons. These sons appear somewhat more identified with their fathers’ values and attitudes than with those of their mothers although the sons described their fathers’ son-oriented behavior as differing notably from fathers’ self-reports. Sons appear to have better learned and internalized their fathers’ than their mothers’ 130 values despite having less well-differentiated pictures of their fathers than of their mothers. Sons also demonstrated a lack of strong value congruence with mothers. These findings may well be related to the developmental stage of the student participants as well as the families’ unusually high economic and educational levels. The linkages between self-reports of selfeesteem and perceived parental son-oriented behavior may be vastly different for sons slightly older or younger than the present sample. APPENDICES APPENDIX A Sons’ Questionnaire APPENDIX A Sons’ Questionnaire Informed Consent Form for participation in the study: Perceptions of Parent/Son Interaction and Their Relationships to Self-Esteem in the Son I understand that the present study is an exploration of how sons and parents view their relationship. I have been assured that complete subject and response anonymity will be maintained. I further realize that my participation is completely voluntary and that I may withdraw from this study at any time without negative consequence. Name date address _________________________________ Investigator: Hichael Jan Nelson, Ph.D. candidate 131 INTERPERSONAL CHARTn (sons - f) INSTRUCTIONS: The following eight opposite-anchored scales represent the dimensions indicated at the ends of each scale. Please encircle the dot that best represents your father’s behaviors toward you between each pair of anchors. Dots closest to each anchor indicate behavior similar to the relevant bar. 1. Hides Feelings . . . . . . . . . . Shows Feelings 2. Warm . . . . . . . . . . Cold 3. Guarded . . . . . . . . . . Expressive 4. Helpful . . . . . . . . . . Harmful 5. Active . . . . . . . . . . Passive 6. Harsh . . . . . . . . . . Gentle 7. Submissive . . . . . . . . . . Dominant 8. Accepting . . . . . . . . . . Rejecting ‘Hodified after Hurley’s (1976) Igterpersonal Qgegg. 132 CHECK LIST OF INTERPERSONAL TRANSACTIONSI (sons - f) INSTRUCTIONS: The following pages contain lists of behaviors that can occur when two people interact. Please put a check before each item which accurately describes how gee; geigeg geeeiiy eeie 999999 299- UHEN IN NY COHPANY, HY FATHER ... 9. suggests topics or issues to discuss, or directions or actions to pursue 10. is hesitant to express approval or acceptance of me 11. is careful to speak or act unemotionally or undemonstratively, with little variation in tone or manner 12. finds it difficult to take the initiative: or looks to me for direction or focus: or shows a desire to do “whatever I want“ 13. is receptive and cooperative of my requests, directions, appeals, or wishes: or is quick to assist or work together with me 104. seems totally engrossed in me: or is constantly moved, affected, or responsive to my comments or actions eHodified after Kiesler’s (1983) Cheek Lie; 9i Interpersonal 1999999ti999- 133 SOCIAL BEHAVIORSl INSTRUCTIONS: For each of the following statements, please mark the response which is most characteristic of your attitudes. A. Not at all characteristic of me B. Not very characteristic of me C. Slightly characteristic of me D. Fairly characteristic of me E. Very much characteristic of me 105. I am not likely to speak to people until. A. B. C. D. E. they speak to me 106. I would describe myself as self-confident. A. B. C. D. E. 107. I feel confident of my appearance. A. B. C. D. E. 108. I am a good mixer. A. B. C. D. E. 120. I have no doubts about my social competence. A. B. C. D. E. “From Helmreich, Stapp. and Ervin’s (1974) 19999 §99i2l 99992i99 192999992- 134 ROSENBERG’S SCALE‘ DIRECTIONS: Please answer the following “true“ or “False” as they pertain to your feelings about yourself. Thank you. 121. 122. 123. 124. 130. On the whole. I am satisfied with myself. A. True B. False At times, I think I am no good at all. A. True B. False I feel that I have a number of good qualities. A. True B. False I am able to do things as well as most other people. A. True . B. False I take a positive attitude toward myself. A. True B. False “From Rosenberg’s (1965) 199 BQ§§BQ§£S §9l£zs§§§92 lnxsasesx- 135 INSTRUCTIONS: INTERPERSONAL CHART- (sons - m) The following eight opposite-anchored scales represent the dimensions indicated at the ends of each scale. Please encircle the dot that best represents your mother’s behaviors toward you between each pair of anchors. Dots closest to each anchor indicate behavior similar to the relevant bar. 131. 132. 133. 134. 135. 136. 137. 138. Hides Feelings Warm Guarded Helpful Active Harsh Submissive Accepting GHodified after Hurley’s . . . . . . . Shows Feelings . . . . . . . Cold . . . . . . . Expressive . . . . . . . Harmful . . . . . . . Passive . . . . . . . Gentle . . . . . . . Dominant . . . . . . . Rejecting (1976) letszeersensl 999:;- 136 CHECK LIST OF INTERPERSONAL TRANSACTIONS“ (sons - m) INSTRUCTIONS: The following pages contain lists of behaviors that can occur when two people interact. Please put a check before each item which accurately describes how your ggthgr 9592112 ggtg 292259 222- UHEN IN HY COHPANY. HY HOTHER ... 139. suggests topics or issues to discuss. or directions or actions to pursue 140. is hesitant to express approval or acceptance of me 141. is careful to speak or act unemotionally or undemonstratively, with little variation in tone or manner 142. finds it difficult to take the initiative: or looks to me for direction or focus: or shows a desire to do “whatever I want“ 143. is receptive and cooperative of my requests, directions, appeals, or wishes: or is quick to assist or work together with me 234. seems totally engrossed in me: or is constantly moved, affected, or responsive to my comments or actions *Hodified after Kiesler’s (1983) Check List 9f Interpersonal Transactions. 137 VALUE PROFILE. DIRECTIONS: Please read each statement and then indicate the response which best represents your immediate reaction to the opinion expressed. Circle the response which most clearly approximates your general feeling from the set of possible responses. VPI A B C D Disagree Slightly disagree Slightly agree Agree 235. Obediance and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn. A B C D 244. A well raised child is one who doesn’t have to be told twice to do something. A B C D VPII 245. Since there are no values that can be eternal. the only real values are those which meet the needs of the given moment. A B C D 254. Tenderness is more important than passion in love. A B C D VPIII 255. Everyone should have an equal chance and an equal say. A B C D 264. In a small group there should be no real leaders -- everyone should have an equal say. A B C D VPIV 265. To be superior a man must stand alone. A B C D 274. A man can learn better by striking out boldly on his own than he can by following the advice of others. A B C D i From Bales and Couch’s (1969) The galggs Eggfilg. 138 275. 276. 277 O 278. 279. 280. 282. SON’S DEHOGRAPHIC DATA What is your racial background? A. B. C. D. E. F. White (caucasion) Black (negro) Yellow (oriental) Brown (hispanic) Red (indian) Hixed Do you currently live with one or both of your parents? A. B- One Both What do you want to be when you grow-up? A. B. C. D. Farmer Laborer Professional Other __ What level of education to you plan to complete? A. B. C. D. E. How you A. B. C. D. E. How A. B. C. D. E. Less than high school graduation High School Graduation Technical or two-year degree A 4-year college degree Haster’s or Doctoratal Degree many brothers. sisters. half-brothers. and half-sisters do have? 1 2 3 4 5 or more much do you want to be like your father? Very little Little Noderately Huch Very Huch How much do you want to be like your mother? A. B. C. D. E. Very little Little Noderately much Very much Thank You 2!!!! APPENDIX B Fathers’ Questionnaire QPPENDIX B Fathers’ Questionnaire Hichael Jan Nelson. H.A. 135 Snyder Hall, Dept. of Psych. Hichigan State University East Lansing, Hichigan 48824 January, 1986 Dear ‘ : I an a graduate student in clinical psychology at Michigan State University and am presently working on a doctoral dissertation entitled: Perceptions of Parent/son Interaction and Their Relationships to Self-estees in the Son. Your son, . has agreed to participate in my exploration of how sons and parents view their relationship, and he thought that you would also be willing to help in this progect. I will collect data from about 250 parent/son groups. Your participation would be very helpful and greatly appreciated. Your assistance will also help to earn extra credit toward your son’s grade in general psychology this term. He has already received the credit for his and your participation. If you are willing to participate. please complete the enclosed measures according to each’s directions. This will likely require 25 minutes of your time. Then, return the questionnaires to me at your earliest convenience, in the enclosed envelopes. If you choose not to participate in the study, kindly return the blank forms anyway as they could then be used with a different parent/son group. Strict confidentiality and anonymity will be maintained. The number printed at the upper right hand corner of each measure is sisply a code number to link son's questionnaires with parents’ questionnaires. If you have any questions concerning this study, please send them to me under separate cover and I will respond at once. Also. if you desire feedback on the study's outcome. a summary of the findings will be available through the university following completion of the analysis. Thank you for your help and your cooperation. Sincerely, 140 INTERPERSONAL CHART! (fathers) INSTRUCTIONS: The following eight opposite-anchored scales represent the dimensions indicated at the ends of each scale. Please encircle the dot that best represents your own behaviors toward your son between each pair of anchors. Dots closest to each anchor indicate behavior similar to the relevant bar. 1. Hides Feelings . . . . . . . . . . Shows Feelings 2. Warm . . Cold 3. Guarded . . Expressive 4. Helpful . . Harmful 5. Active . . Passive 6. Harsh . . Gentle 7. Submissive . . Dominant 8. Accepting . . ReJecting “Hodified after Hurley’s (1976) Interpersonal ghgrt. 141 CHECK LIST OF INTERPERSONAL TRANSACTIONS! (fathers) INSTRUCTIONS: The following pages contain lists of behaviors that can occur each item -‘-- 10. 11. 12. 13. 104. when two people interact. Please put a check before which accurately describes how you usually act tggggg WHEN IN HY SON’S COHPANY. I ... suggest tOpics or issues to discuss, or directions or actions to pursue am hesitant to express approval or acceptance of him am careful to speak or act unemotionally or undemonstratively, with little variation in tone or manner find it difficult to take the initiative: or look to him for direction or focus: or show a desire to do “whatever he wants” am receptive and cooperative of his requests, directions, appeals, or wishes; or am quick to assist or work together with his seem totally engrossed in him: or as constantly moved, affected, or responsive to his comments or actions *Hodified after Kiesler’s (1983) Check List of Interpersonal Transactions 142 VALUE PROFILE‘ DIRECTIONS: Please read each statement and then indicate the response which best represents your immediate reaction to the opinion expressed. Circle the response which most clearly approximates your general feeling from the set of possible responses. VPI A B C D Disagree Slightly disagree Slightly agree Agree 105. Obediance and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn. A B C D 114. A well raised child is one who doesn't have to be told twice to do something. A B C D VPII 115. Since there are no values that can be eternal, the only real values are those which meet the needs of the given moment. A B C D 124. Tenderness is more important than passion in love. A B C D VPIII 125. Everyone should have an equal chance and an equal say. A B C D 134. In a small group there should be no real leaders -- everyone should have an equal say. _ A B C D VPIV 135. To be superior a man must stand alone. A B C D 144. A man can learn better by striking out boldly on his own than he can by following the advice of others. D A B C “ From Bales and Couch’s (1969) The yeleee Pgefile. 143 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. FATHER’S DEMOGRAPHIC INFORHATION What is your current occupation? A. Unemployed B. Farmer C. Laborer D. Professional E. Other About how long have you been at your present Job? A. less than 1 year B. 1 to 5 years C. 5 to 10 years D. sore than 10 years What is your highest level of education? A. Less than High School Graduation B. Technical or two-year degree C. High School Graduation D. Four Year College Degree E. Haster’s or Doctorate Degree About how many hours per week do you and your son average together in Joint activities? A. less than 1 B. 1 to 3 C. 4 to 6 D. 7 to 10 E. more than 10 In which range does your total family income lie? A. less than $10,000 8. $10,000 to 520,000 C. $20,000 to $35,000 D. $35,000 to 550,000 E. more than $50,000 Thank You 2!!!! 144 APPENDIX C Hothers' Questionnaire APPENDIX C Nothers’ Questionnaire INTERPERSONAL CHART! (mothers) INSTRUCTIONS: The following eight opposite-anchored scales represent the dimensions indicated at the ends of each scale. Please encircle the dot that best represents your own behaviors toward your son between each pair of anchors. Dots closest to each anchor indicate behavior similar to the relevant bar. 1. Hides Feelings . . . . . . . . . . Shows Feelings 2. Warn . . . . . . . . . . Cold 3. Guarded . . . . . . . . . . Expressive 4. Helpful . . . . . . . . . . Harsful 5. Active . . . . . . . . . . Passive 6. Harsh . . . . . . . . . . Gentle 7. Subsissive . . . . . . . . . . Dominant 8. Accepting . . . . . . . . . . Regecting 'Nodified after Hurley’s (1976) IBEQEPQEEQESL thgt. 145 CHECK LIST OF INTERPERSONAL TRANSACTIONSG (mothers) INSTRUCTIONS: The following pages contain lists of behaviors that can occur each item 292: 522- 10. 11. 12. 13. 104. when two people interact. Please put a check before which accurately describes how 22! BéQEll! get teeegg WHEN IN HY SON'S COHPANY. I ... suggest topics or issues to discuss, or directions or actions to pursue an hesitant to express approval or acceptance of him as careful to speak or act unemotionally or undemonstratively, with little variation in tone or sanner find it difficult to take the initiative; or look to him for direction or focus: or show a desire to do ”whatever he wants” am receptive and cooperative of his requests, directions, appeals, or wishes: or as quick to assist or work together with his seem totally engrossed in him: or am constantly soved, affected, or responsive to his comments or actions l'llodified after Kiesler’s (1983) Check List of Interpersonal Transactions 146 VALUE PROFILE“ DIRECTIONS: Please read each statement and then indicate the response which best represents your imsediate reaction to the opinion expressed. Circle the response which most clearly approxilates your general feeling from the set of possible responses. VPI A B C D Disagree Slightly disagree Slightly agree Agree 105. Obediance and respect for authority are the most important virtues children should learn. A B C D 114 A well raised child is one who doesn’t have to be told twice to do something. A B C D VPII 115. Since there are no values that can be eternal, the only real values are those which meet the needs of the given sosent. A B C D 124. Tenderness is more important than passion in love. A B C D VPIII 125. Everyone should have an equal chance and an equal say. A B C D 134. In a ssall group there should be no real leaders -- everyone should have an equal say. A B C D VPIV 135. To be superior a man must stand alone. A B C D 144. A man can learn better by striking out boldly on his own than he can by following the advice of others. A B C D * From Bales and Couch's (1969) The geTeee EgeTTTe. 147 145. 146. 147. 148. 149. 150. HOTHER’S DEHOGRAPHIC INFORHATION What is your current occupation? A. Homemaker 8. Farmer C. Laborer D. Professional E. Other About how long have you been at your present Job? A. less than 1 year 8. 1 to 5 years C. 5 to 10 years D. more than 10 years What is your highest level of education? A. Less than high school graduation B. High School Graduation C. Technical or two-year degree D. Four Year College Degree E. Haster’s or Doctorate Degree About how many hours per week do you and your son average in Joint activities? A. less than 1 B. 1 to 3 C. 4 to 6 D. 7 to 10 E. sore than 10 What is your present residential setting? A. Urban B. Suburban C. Rural About how sany years have you resided at your present residence? A. Less than one year B. One to five years C. Six to ten years D. Hore than ten years Thank You 2!!!! 148 APPENDIX D Descriptive Statistics and Central Tendencies for Subscale Scores APPENDIX D Descriptive Statistics and Central Tendencies for Subscale Scores. Table 21 Frequencies for Hinor Variables Hothers’ Sons’ Fathers’ Sons’ of selves Perceptions Perceptions of selves Perceptions of mothers Perceptions of Fathers Variable N 8 85 84 169 172 N: Sth Sth i Sth i i Sth 63 11 30 78 28 21 07 66 05 21. 48 77 4.1 22 1.3 56 12 CC II 1 e e r. 8 W. or he SW 7.3 1.9 5.8 2.3 7.4 1.6 6.8 2.4 2.4 5.3 7.4 6.5 5.0 6.1 IC3 IC4 Expressi Helpful Active 7.8 1.5 7.8 1.5 1.7 2.4 2.1 7.4 1.8 6.6 2.0 5.4 2.0 5.7 1.8 7.2 1.9 IC5 IC6 6.9 1.8 7.0 1.9 Gentle 4.8 1.8 4.6 2.1 2.1 Dominant IC7 6.8 1.8 7.8 1.6 7.6 1.7 2.0 6.7 Accepting ICB 84 172 N 2.2 1.5 3.0 1.8 1.7 .9 1.6 1.2 .8 1.5 2.4 1.8 1.4 1.7 1.8 2.0 3.2 Dominant A Compet .8 .8 .5 1.0 1.0 1.3 1.1 B .8 .8 1.2 1.3 Histrust C Cold D E 1.4 .8 1.2 Hostile Detached F .9 1.0 1.2 .8 1.0 1.3 1.0 1.3 1.6 1.3 1.4 2.0 1.7 Inhibited G Unassured H Submissiv I .6 1.0 1.7 1.4 3.4 2.2 1.4 1.4 3.5 1.9 2.5 2.1 Deferent J 91 12 22 34. 76 12 4.3 23 26 22 37 34. 05 22 3 2 Trusting K Warm 1. 3 L n.q. 11 .8.8 .3.2 38 21. 24. 4.2 52 22 12 53 58 21 01 4.2 Sociable N Exhibit Friendly H Assured 1.7 1.4 1.7 1.9 1.7 1.7 1.4 2.1 O P 1.4 1.0 1.3 1.1 1J49 APPENDIX E Comparisons of Participants’ Perceptions of Parents’ Son-Oriented Behavior APPENDIX E Comparisons of Participants’ Perceptions of Parents’ Son-Oriented Behavior Table 22 Qgeperisons of Fathers' and Hothers' Perceptions of Their Own Son-Oriented Behavior Variable Number Heart 5th gvme Probability mm Fathers' Perceptions 91 26.5 5.9 -6.53 .888 wwwfiflPeumfius 91 1&5 L6 #F Fathers' Perceptions 94 9.6 8.8 -4.88 .888 Iothers' Perceptions 94 14.4 5.4 NS Fathers' Perceptions 98 24.8 5.7 -3.68 .881 Aothers' Perceptions 98 26.8 5.1 M! Fathers' Perceptions 93 - 8.2 5.2 4.18 .888 Hothers’ Perceptions 93 - 2.9 3.9 *Paired g-tesis; Two-tailed Probabilities. 150 Table 23 Qggpggisohg of Song‘ Perceptiogg of Fathers‘ versus Aothers‘ Son-Oriented Behavior Variable Number 880 Sons‘ Percep's of Fathers Sons' Percep‘s of Mothers AFF Sons' Percep's of Fathers Sons’ Percep's of Mothers ARS Sons' Porcep's of Fathers Sons' PErcep‘s of Mothers DOA Sons' Percep's of Fathers Sons' Percep's of Mothers Mean 167 167 173 166 166 173 173 Sth t Value 6.4 4.9 11.0 9.8 6.5 5.8 6.9 6.6 *Probabi 1 ity 41.24 .000 -7. 17 . 000 -4.86 000 5.90 .000 *Paired 1-tests; Two-tailed Probabilities. 153]. Table 24 wrisons of Sons' and Parents' Perceptiohg. of Parents' Soy: museum: Variable Nulber Hean 5th tValue *Pmbability Sons and Fathers PRO Sons' Perceptions 91 25.9 6.5 ~8.86 .393 Fathers' Percep's 91 26.5 5.9 PFF Sons' Perceptions 94 7.8 18.3 -1.68 .114 Fathers’ Percep’s 94 9.6 8.9 ARS Sons’ Perceptions 91 23.5 6.5 -8.86 .394 Fathers' Percep‘ s 91 24.1 DON Sons' Perceptions 93 1.8 7.1 1.58 .118 Fathers' Percep's 93 -8.2 5.2 Sons and Mothers PRO Sons' Perceptions 94 38.8 5.8 -1.81 .313 Hothers' Percep's 94 38.6 4.6 AFF Sons' Perceptions 96 15.8 .7 8.78 .484 Hothers’ Percep's 96 14.4 5.4 ARS Sons' Perceptions 92 26.2 6.3 -8. 85 .393 Hothers' Perceo‘s 92 26.8 5.8 8011 Sons' Percentions 96 - 2.7 6 7 8.33 .738 hothers’ Percep’s 96 - 2.9 3.9 *Paired g—tests; Two-tailed Probabilities. 152 Table 24 Qegperisohg of Self-Estee! Scores and Perceptions of Parents’ Son-Oriented Behavior for Sons of Resoonoinq and Nonresoondihg Barges Variable Number Hean Sth t Value *Probability TSBI in parents 94 43.1 7.6 -8. 12 984 w/o parents 78 43.3 7.5 RSE 11 parents 94 8.1 1.1 8.28 842 w/o parents 79 8.8 1.4 Sons' Perceptions of Fathers‘ Son-Oriented Behavior SFARO w rsp father 95 25.7 6.5 8.85 395 u/o rsp father 78 24.8 6.2 SFPFF w rsp father 95 7.9 18.3 1.86 289 w/o rsp father 78 6.1 11.7 SPARS w rsp father 95 23.4 6.5 8.95 344 wlo rsp father 78 22.5 6.4 SFDON w rsp father 95 1.8 7.1 -1.21 228 w/o rsp father 78 2.3 7.8 Sons' Perceptions of Mothers' Son-Oriented Behavior 88880 n rsp author 94 38.8 5.8 8.18 921 w/o rsp Iother 74 38.8 4.7 SHAFF w rsp mother 96 15.8 7.7 1.85 866 u/o rsp Iother 79 12.5 18.1 SHPRS u rsp lother 93 26.3 6.3 8.43 664 u/o rsp lather 74 25.9 5.2 SHDON w rsp lather 96 -2.7 6.7 -8.67 582 w/o rso lather 79 -2.8 6.5 *Pooled Variance Estilates and Two-tailed probabilities. 1.533 APPENDIX F Summary Tables of Linkages Between Self-Esteem Scores and Interpersonal Subscale Scores Summary Tables of Linkages Between Self-Esteem Table 25 APPENDIX F Scores and Interpersonal Subscale Scores Correlation Between Self-estees Scores (TSBI, RSE) and Parents' and Sons’ IC Dilensions Fathers' of 1 1 1 1 I Sons‘ of Fa I Sons' of No II I Mothers' of I 1 11:170-2 1 11: 166-8 11 Selves 1 Selves 1 1 1 11 11:92 1 11:93-11 1 1 1 11 1 1 _ 1 TSBI RSE 1 TSBI RSE 11 15111 RSE 1 TSBI RSE 1 r I I II I 1 Active-Pass 185 1 154 17b 1 13 263 11 20b 03 1 11 03 1 .153 1 1 11 1 1 PcceptsO-ReJ Ice 1 e98 256 1 19'0 11 11 01 -10 1 13 25131 .111 1 1 11 1 1 Hare-Cold Ice 1 258 20b 1 05 05 11 10 —05 1 10 1961 .115 1 1 11 1 1 HelpsO-Harns 11:4 1 2113 151!3 1 00 11 11 15 01 1 88 -01 1 .113 1 1 11 1 1 Gentle-Harsh Ice 1 11C 12 1 -01 —04 11 07 1391 07 EICI .093 1 1 11 1 1 SaowsF-Hides 181 1 15C 13c 1 01 01 11 3013 -05 1 07 1 .884 1 1 11 1 1 Express-Suar IC3 I 15C 86 I 88 -86 II 16 -86 I 31a I .881 1 1 11 1 1 Doo-Subniss 11:7 1 04 -04 1 ' 07 11 12 -05 1 01 1 .025 1 1 11 1 1 39 I .881 by one-tailed test ”p ( .81 by one-tailed test 99 ( .85 by one-tailed test 154 Table 26 Correlation Betwegh Self-esteem Score; (TSBI. RSE) 911d Jerents' and Sons' Collepggg QUIT Summore I I I I 1 1501 1195 1 1501 RSE 11 1501 RSE 1 1501 1155 1 1 1 11 1 1 1 1 11 1 1 I Sons‘ of Fa I Sons' of No II Fathers‘ of I Hothers’ of I _ I N= 170-3 I N=172—5 II Selves I Selves I g 1 1 11 11:922-3 1 11:91 1 1 1 11 1 1 Sociable-Bench!“ 1 27a 14CI 11 15c 11 27° 10 1 10 021 .115 1 1 11 1 1 Hare-Cold 1.11 1 19b 220 1 -01 05 11 15 07 1 00 07 1 .103 1 1 11 1 1 Trust-NisTrust 111: 1 224 233 1 12 119 11 09 05 1 05 1 .101 1 1 11 1 1 Exhibit-lrhib as 1 11° -03 1 00 -01 11 29 10 1 05 1 .051 1 1 11 1 1 Friendly-Host 11E 1 24a 200 1 -86 11 -02 04 1 -07 13 1 .055 1 1 11 1 1 Coupet-DeferenBJ 1 -15C ~1eb 1 —09 01 11 -02 -10 1 03 21c 1 .033 1 1 11 1 1 Assured-11111155111311 1 131: -03 1 03 10 11 —03 -13 1 -10 02 1 .003 1 1 11 1 1 Dos-Subnissive 111 1 -09 -131: 1 03 05 11 09 03 1 -12 05 1-.010 1 1 1 1 39 I .881 by one-tailed test _ ( .81 by one-tailed test 99 ( .85 by one-tailed test 0' U 155 Table 27 Correlggion Betuegg' Self-esteel Scores (TSBI, RSE) Egg Paregggl 209.59051.9L911.5999109021905 I I II I I 1 1501 055 1 1551 095 11 1591 055 1 1551 055 1 I I II I I 1 1 11 1 1 I Sons' of Fe I Sons’ of Ho II Fathers' of I Mothers’ of 1 _ I N = 170-2 I N = 172-3 II Selves I Selves I r 1 I II N=%a 1 N=%5 1 1 1 11 1 1 Sociable N 1 23a 12 1 11 10 11 20c 05 1 07 05 1 .119 1 1 II 1 1 Trusting K 1 248 23a 1 19:1 15c 11 15 03 I -07 —02 1 .119 I 1 11 1 1 Bar- L 1 21b 20b I 02 04 11 14 05 1 09 05 1 .101 1 1 II I 1 Friendly 11 1 25a 190 I 05 03 II 01 00 1 01 II 1 .055 1 I 11 I 1 Deferent J I 243 15C 1 15c 09 11 00 10 I -05 -10c 1 .053 I 1 11 1 I Exhibitionist 0 1 12 -05 1 09 -04 11 17 02 I 14 01 1 .055 1 1 11 I I assured p 1 12 -05 1 20b 05 II -04 -19c 1 09 13 1 .041 - 1 1 II 1 I Unassured 11 1 -05 01 1 12 -09 11 00 —02 1 20c 00 1 .030 1 1 11 1 1 Hostile E 1 —11C -15c 1 20b 10 11 05 -05 1 24b 1 .029 I 1 11 1 1 Subuissive l I 17C 88 I -13c -%3 II -62 -13 I 20° I .825 1 I 11 1 1 Douinant n 1 -02 -12 1 13C 05 11 09 -03 1 —01 1 .021 I I II I I Coupet1tive 0 1 05 -12 1 13c 11 11 -04 -04 1 -04 11 1 .020 1 1 II I 1 Inhibited 5 1 -05 —04 1 13C —04 11 -22b -11 1 07 00 I —.023 I I II I 51511051159 5 1 —07 -11 1 05 -05 11 11 —04 1 05 -20C 1 -.034 1 1 11 1 1 Cold 0 1 -09 -15‘0 1 05 ~04 11 -10 -05 1 05 -05 1 -.045 I I II I I Detached F 1 -23a -12 1 -05 -20b 11 -27° -13 1 -11 09 1 -.125 1 1 11 1 1 F9 I .001 by one-tailed test 09 1 .01 by one-tailed test 9 I .05 b t 'led test p yaw-m 156 APPENDIX G Subscale and Self-Esteem Intercorrelations Table 28 APPENDIX G Subscale and Self-Esteem Intercorrelations Correlatiogg Betggen Total Sons' Self-Esteel Scores and 5095' percentions of Fathgrs' Son-oriented Behavior on lC Sundimensions (N = 169-173) TSBI TSBI - 55153 15c 55154 20° 55155 10° 55155 145 55157 04 SFICB 293 RSE 155151 55152 55153 55154 55155 55155 55157 55150 I 1 15° 25° 15° 20° 10° 14° 04 29.11 I 135 20° 05 19° 175 12 -04 25° 1 n-"””I-:"53°”5;°”07°”111°--10°”25°”57; I 53° - 49° 52° 57° 35° 05' 55° II 543 49° - 32° 35° 15C 19° 24° 1' 37° 52° 32° - 50° 39° 23° 45° I 41° 57°, 35° 50° - 22° 10° 41° I 10° 35° 15° 39° 22° - -12 41° I 25° 05 19° 23° 15° -12 - 05 I 37° 55° 24° 45° 41° 41° 05 - I I Sp I .001 by one-tailed test ”2 1 .01 by one-tailed test cg I .05 by one-tailed test Eggg. SFICI = SF Hides Feelings-Sbows Feelings SFICZ = SF HarI-Cold SFIC3 = SF Suarded-Expressive SFICA = 5F Help-~Harnful SFICS = SF fictive-9assive SFICB = SF Sentle--Harsh SFIC7 = SF DOIInant-Submissive SFICB = SF Accents Others--Regects Uthers 1.5'7 Table 29 Correlations Between Total Sons' Self-Esteea Scores and Their Percentions of Mothers' Son-oriented Behavior on IE Subdimensions IN = 166-9) SHIC3 SHICO SHICS SHICB SHIC? SHICB TSBI RSE I SMlCl SHICE SMIC3 SHICé SHICS SMICG SMIC7 SMICB I 1 - 40° 1 01 05 00 00 13 ~01 ~02 19° 40° ~ I 01 05 ~05 11 25° ~04 07 11 1 ’81";1‘I‘I";e;"5;a";1;"1;c"le"'1;1'125; 01 05 I 42° ~ 24° 34° 30° 35° ~12 43° I 59° 24° - 155 19° 135 22° 20° 11 I. 29° 34° 15C ~ 19° 25° ~11 47° 13 25° I 175 30° 19° 19° ~ 145 24° 11 ~01 ~04 I 12 35° 13° 25° 14C ~ ~27° 41° ~02 07 I 10° ~12 22° ~11 24° ~27° - ~15° 19° 11 I 29° 43° 20° 47° 11 41° ~15C - I 39 I .001 by one-tailed test by I .01 by one-tailed test 99 I .05 by one-tailed test E912- SHICl = SH Hides Feelings-Snows Feelings SIICZ = SH Harl-Cold SHICS = SH Suarded-Exoressive SMICI = SM Help--Harmful SHICS = SH Active-Passive SMICB = S! Sentle-Harsh SHIC? = SH Dalinant-Sublissive SMICG = SM Accents Others--ReJe5ts Gthers 1.5E3 Table 3% Correlatiogg Between Sogg‘ Self-Esteel Scores and Fathers' perceptions of Their Son-oriented Behavior an IC Subdimensions IN = 85) FSICB FSIC7 FSICB TSBI RSE 41° ~ ~05 ~04 ~09 03 05 21° ~10 ~10 ’53".35'1’1”;1§”5;a'521355"?”33; 10 ~04 I 40° ~ 45° 50° 55° 49° 00 50° 13 ~09 I 50° 45° ~ 20° 45° 07 12 45° 14 03 I 255 50° 20° ~ 57° 45° ~07 59° 20° 05 II 40° 55° 45° 57° ~ 17 01 44° 05 21° I 04 49° 07 45° 17 ~ ~33° 40° 15 ~10 I 17 00 12 ~07 01 ~33° ~ ~11 01 ~10 I 33° 50° 45° 59° 44° 40° ~11 ~ I 39 I .801 by one-tailed test by I .01 by one-tailed test 99 I .05 by one-tailed test £9929- FSICl = FS Hides Feelings--Shous Feelings FSICE = FS Harl-Cold F5103 = FS Buarded-Expressive FSICI = FS Help-~Haruful FSICS = FS fictive-passive F5106 = FS Gentle-Harsh FSlC7 = FS Douinant-Sublissive FSlCB = FS accepts Others--Rejects Others 1.559 Table 31 Correlations Betuggp Sons' Self-Esteem Scores and Mothers‘ Perceptions of Their Son-oriented Behavior on IE Subdimensions IN = 84) H5103 HSICQ RSICS MSICB HSIC7 HSICB TSBI RSE ISICI H5182 HSIC3 MSIC4 ”SICS MSICB MSIC? K3158 30° - 07 20° 33° 00 05 21° 05 27° '1};"87'1‘1”;1§”5531231255?11";1; 11 20°: 50° ~ 50° 51° 37° 51° ~01 57° 10 33° I 50° 50° ~ 37° 49° 42° 10 45° 07 00 I 24° 51° 37° ~ 52° 44° 01 29° 14 05 I 40° 37° 49° 52° ~ 35° 23° 32° 21°: 29° 51° 42° 44° 35° ~ ~10° 47° 00 I 10 ~01 10 01 23° ~10° ~ ~11 14 27°: 34° 57° 45° 29° 32° 47° ~11 - i fig I .Ofll by one-tailed test ”p I .01 by one-tailed test Co I .05 by one-tailed test 892.9.- MSlCl = HS Hides Feelings--Shous Feelings HSICE = 55 Uaru-Colo H8103 = NS Suaroeo-Exoressive RSICQ = HS fiela--Harmful 58185 = HS fictive-30551ve HSICB = 15 Gentle-Harsn BSIC? = M8 Douinant-Subnissive ISICB = HS Recepts Others-Regects Others 163C) Table 32 Correlations Between Song: Self-Esteem Scores and Total Sons’ perceptions of Fathers' Son-oriented Behavior on ICL Subdilens ions IN_§_172 - llfil TSBI SFLD SFHE SFPH SFKC SFOS SFBJ 19° 243 3gb 13C 14° SFNF SFUG SFBJ TSBI RSE I SFQI I I - #83 I -89 I 983 - I -13C I -09 -l3° - 57a -105 663 -03 15° 10° 528 -155 583 10° .43a an I .561 by one-tailed test “0 I .01 by one-tailed test Cg I .05 by one-tailed test figtg. SFQI = SF Dominant - Submissive SFLD = SF Harm - Cold SFHE = SF Friendly - Hostile SFfiH = SF Assured - Unassured SFKC = SF Trusting - Histrusting SF06= SF Exnibitionistic ‘ Inhibited SFBJ = SF Coopetetive - SFNF = SF Sociable - Detached ferent 1(3]. Table 33 Correlations Between Total Sons' Self-Esteem Scores and Sons' percentions of Mothers' Son-Oriented Behavior on lCL Subdimensions IN = 169-172) TSBI RSE I SMRI SHLD SMME SMPH SMKC SE08 SMBJ SMNF SMNF 11 15c -05 37a 403 -IBb 460 155 -352 - I 1 1901 ~ 40°103 ~01 ~05 03 12 00 ~09 11 1 115540°~1 05—021014°~01~0415° 1 51151 03 I ~ ~15° -22° 37° ~22° 27° 21° ~05 I 511111 ~01 051-15° ~ 50° ~15° 50° ~03 ~50° 37° I , 0111115 ~05 1-22° 50° ~ ~12 55° ~09 ~53° 40° 1 511511 03 101 37° ~15° ~12 ~ ~14° 11 25° ~10° 1 5111145 12 14° I ~22° 50° 55° ~14° ~ 01 ~43° 40° 1 0111:1000—01127°~03~091101~~0115° 1 5140.1 ~09 ~04 1 21° ~50° ~53° 25° ~43° ~01 ~ ~35° I I I 1 39 I .001 by one-tailed test 99 I .01 by one-tailed test Cg I .05 by one-tailed test flgtg. SMQI = SM Dominant - Submissive SNLD = S! Har- - Cold SHME = S! Friendly - Hostile SflfiH = SM Assured - Unassured SHKC = S! Trusting - Histrusting SHOE = SH Exnibitionistic - inhibited SHBJ = S! Coupetetive - Deferent SHNF = SH Sociable - Detached 21632 APPENDIX H Correlations Between CLOIT and 10 Summary and Subscale Scores APPENDIX B Correlations Between CLOIT and 10 Summary and Subscale Scores Table 34 Correlations between CLOIT and IC Subdimensions for Sons‘ Perceptions of Fathers' Son-oriented Behavior IN = 172-A) SFARO SFARS I SFlCl SFICZ SFIC3 SFle SFICS SFICB SFIC? SFICB SFQFF 753 473 453 693 03a 523 493 47a -06 683 -ll -33a -02 ~233 -03 -493 333 .693 37a 613 393 42a 38a 693 -04 53a SFHE 703 33a 323 57a 253 513 #13 48a ~Q3 Bla SFIIC 572 27° 30° 53° 27° 333 35a “2 -171: “a 5550 03 31° 20° 20° 35° 00 21° ~13 01 ~05 SFBJ -453 ~159 55115 50° 52° 47° 50° 42° 49° 51° 30° 04 43° 39 I .001 by one-tailed test °9 1 .01 by one-tailed test ‘9 I .05 by one-tailed test 163 Table 35 Correlatiogg between CLOIT and IC Subdilensions for Song: flggggptions of Mothers' Son-oriented Behavior IN = 166-9) SHHRD SHSRS I SHICI SHICZ SHIC3 SHle SKIES SHICB 915155 55° 21° 37° 43° 20° 9115511 ~40° 17° ~01 ~27° 05 41° E 2 51 515111 03 10 03 ~13° 01 24° ~03 27° ~19° ~31° ~13° 29° 29° 22° I I I I I I I I SHKC 12 14° I 283 27a 13° I I I I I SHNF 11 15c I I I 10° 07 11 47° -15C 34° 55157 95150 ~11 51° 35° ~47° 41° ~15° ~13° 47° -25° 44° 27° ~10° ~05 55° 21° ~11 15° ~35° ~04 25° 39 I .001 by one-tailed test by 1 .01 by 511545111111 test 99 I .05 by one-tailed test 1(541 Table 36 Correlations between CLOIT and IC Subdineggions for Song: perceptions of Fathers' Son-oriented Behavior IN = 172-t) SFORD SFARS I SFICI SPICE SFIC3 SFle SFICS SPICE SFIC? SFQFF 75a #73 #53 69a 423 523 493 473 ~66 -11 -33a -62 -233 ~63 —493 33a ~12 .37a -09 -283 -233 -31a '5 '53 5. 8 ~43° ~23° ~21° ~43 ~53° ~15° ~45° ~50° ~42° ~44° ~45° ~24° ~10 ~29° ~33° ~34° ~15° ~25° 03 ~10° 5511 555 555 ~52° ~51° 959 ~19° ~30° 9511 14° 00 15° 14° 14° 09 13 05 ~21° 15° ~39° 31° 37° 29° 25° 22° 30° ~13° 27a 323 443 323 293 233 31a -16C 5 E 63a 37a 39a 563 303 913 36a 493 -62 3 951-1 55° , 30° 37° 55° 30° 47° 41° 42° ~02 33° 41° 20° 35° 39° 25° ~03 50 ~13 02 07 ~05 12 ~14° 02 ~12 ~15° 110019°06 253-1106 E a -_-___-2-____---;-__--_-_-___-_-- 2 é a 5 .3‘3 .37a -383 ~45° .34a 49° 39 I .Ul by one-tailed test by 1 .01 by one-tailed test 99 I .05 by one-tailed test 165 Table 37 Correlations between cum and 15 Subdinnsions for 901131 Perceptions of Hothers' Son-oriented Behavior IN = 166-9) SIARO SHARS I SflICl 21° 37a SHIC2 $8103 SHICb 43° SHICS 12 SHICB 9111055 55° 5145511 ~40° 91111 ~19° 9110 ~33° 9115 ~42° 9115 ~35° 9112 ~44° 9115 ~20° 9110 ~07 9101 07 9141 ~01 911.1 32° 911111 40° 9141. 45° 91-111 42° 914.11 23° 5110 ~25° 914° ~15° .15C -233 -238 14° 332 16c 10 .14: -16b -23b -19b -‘GC 11 14° 01 17C 19° -145 -313 31 23° -02 -14C -01 -10 -243 07 ~04 SHICG SHIC7 41° ~11 -46a 35a -agb 34a ~20° 20° ~24° 05 -26a 97 -393 13b -86 06 01 ~20° 16 -135 10 -26a 31a —06 313 -05 373 -12 37° ~22° 13° -62 ~23° ~12 -12 883 ~49° -373 ~40° 49a 328 17“ .33b -21b A9 I .001 by one-tailed test "p I .01 by one-tailed test ‘9 I .05 by one-tailed test 16363 Table 38 Correlations between CLOIT and 10 Subdiqgnsions for Hothers' fiercegtions of Their Own Son-oriented Qgfigvior (N = 95) HSRRO HSQRS I H5101 H8102 ISICB M5104 M5105 27b 39a -e¢c 503 3gb 28° 15 H5105 M8107 M8108 ISAFF 443 usnou -aoa usn ~17 usa —29b use -15 uso ~20° use -24b uss -1ac use an usu 15 usx as uSJ 21° usu 23C uSL 23b usu 37a usu 308 use -24b usp 05 sh $ 11 01 21° 25b 14 01 25b 383 -11 11 é -01 01 16 33a -07 249 ~12 -18C -11 -01 07 87 18° -13 15 ll -05 13 14 07 -xBC 10 33a 18C -13 39 ( .001 by one-tailed test by T .01 by one-tailed test 1(5'7 Table 39 Correlations between CLOIT and 10 Subdimensions for Fathers' fierceotions of Their Own Son-oriented Behavior (N = 98-5) FSARO FSDRS F8101 F8102 F8103 F8104 F8105 I I I FSAFF 69a 403 I 463 603 32a 423 453 I I I F8106 F8107 -17 34a F8108 FSD 493 -eab ~33 42a -313 -313 -21C F88 403 -51a 493 44a -353 -33a 4+8“ FSJ 353 24c 21c 39a 24¢ 216 28b Fsu 553 29b 31a 568 26b 29b 32a F59 on as m 01 as 07 ea F80 -2sh 04 -1A 42 -15 -24c F89 ~3aa 4&3 443 -37a ~35} -313 458 PSI. «76 19¢ 29b 423 17 23c 27b F80 -04 11 16 02 -01 83 64 F88 -363 -18c FSE -37a 43 u ~e7b as -24b -13 FSH 11 -04 06 15 -83 $4 83 FSK 436 22c 27*! 313 20° 25” 19° 383 463 23C 343 393 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I I F81 -04 -06 I 01 16 -06 -14 -12 I I I I I I I I I I I I I F134 1093 1323 I I I -15 28b 543 -18C -34a 16 453 403 -14 11 19C 13 87 13 39 I .001 by one-tailed test he ( .01 by one-tailed test 168 APPENDIX I Correlations Between Self-Esteem and Stratified Interpersonal Style Scores APPENDIX I Correlations Between Self-Esteem and Stratified Interpersonal Style Scores Table 4% Correlations Between Sons' Self-esteem Segrg§_ggg Egrgggtiong of Their Father§1_§gn-oriented Egggyigr for Song Scoring in the Upper Third on thg_I§§§§ §Qeiel-§ebevior Inventorx_lfl-e-§§2 TSBI RSE I SFQRO SFQFF SFQRS SFDOM I TSBI - [15] I -@3 11 -@5 -@7 RSE [15] - I @6 25C @6 -56c I QFSRB " 163' — 2.3- T ' I _ —c;4;3_ 1.5a- 12.1; SFQFF 11 85c I [74a] - 493 -45a SFRRS -@5 06 I 493 493 - E113 SFDOM -@7 -BSC I -413 -453 [11] - I 39 ( .061 by one-tailed test b9 < .01 by one-tailed test Cg I .05 by one-tailed test C 3 = conceptually similar measures 169 Table 41 Correlation§_§e£ueen Sons‘ Self-Esteem_§eeree_eng Eereegtions of The;r_Fathers' Son-Oriented Befieyie: for Song Scoring in the Lower Thirg_on the Iegee Sociel Behevior Inventory (N = 58) TSBI RSE I SFQRO SFQFF SFnRs SFDOM I I TSBI - [4631 I 42a 2o sec —@7 I RSE [4633 - I 240 age we -18 I SFnRo 42a 24C I - £73a3 458 —saa I SFRFF 2% eat I [73a] - 36b -69a I SPARS 30° 69 I 45a 36b - [123 I SFDOM -@7 -18 I —546 —598 [123 - I 1 J = conceptually similar measures 39 I .@@1 by one-tailed test he < .01 by one-tailed test CQ ( .65 by one-tailed test 1170 Table 42 Correlations Between Sons' Self-esteem Scores eng_2ereeptions of Their Fethere' Son-Oriented Behevior for Bone Scoring in the Upper Third on the Rosenberg Self-Eeteem_§ee1e (N = 72) TSBI RSE I SFRRO SFQFF SFQRS SFDOM I I TSBI - [69] I @5 11 15 03 I RSt [$9] - I 16 —@2 @7 -@7 I SFQRO @5 10 I - (733] 603 -37a I SFQFF 11 —@2 I [733] - 513 —553 I SPARS 15 07 I 663 513 - [@63 I SFDOM @3 —@7 I -37a -553 [063 - I E J = conceptually similar measures 39 I .@@1 by one-tailed test be I .01 by one-tailed test Cg I .@5 by one-tailed test 171 Table 43 Qerreleiiene-§e£ueen Sons' Self-esteem_fiegre§ ang_2ereee§ien§ of Their FatherS‘ Son-Orientsg gegevior for Song Scoring in the Lowe§_Inirg_ey £be-89§enberg_§elf:eeieem-§eels-lu_s_§§l SFDOM -11 -13 -663 -653 [-833 - TSBI RSE I SPARS SPAPP SPARS SFDUM : TSBI - £22] I 538 42b 37b —11 RSE £223 - I 34b 25C 23C —13 I Lie-316 ' ‘ 83; ’ 313 T 773:1; £1; " :61; SPAPP 4ob 25C I [783] - 44a —65a SPARS 37b 23C I 518 44a - [—033 I I E J = conceptually similar measures 39 I .001 by one-tailed test be I .61 by one-tailed test Cg I .05 by one-tailed test 172 APPENDIX J Correlations Between Self-Esteem and Summary Heaeuree for All Fathers and All Mothers APPENDIX J Correlations Between Self-Esteem and Summary Measures for All Mothers and All Fathers Table 44 Correlations Between Sons’ Self-esteem Scores TSBI RSE I usuRo usuPP HSARS nsoou TSBI - 14381 I 11 oo 11 —03 RSE [48°] - I 196 05 16 09 {.5136 ' If " i9; '1' ' I ' 14:18; ‘ In; ’ :45; HSAFF oo 05 I 14481 - 27b -47a usuRs 11 16 I 47° 27b - [-051 nsnon -03 09 I -408 -478 [-051 - ‘2 < .001 by one-tailed test b2 ( .01 by one-tailed test c2 ‘ .05 by one-tailed test I ] = conceptually smilar measures 173 Table 45 geese;etiees-§s£eeee_§eee:-§sl£:es£eea-§eeres 2es-Eesbes51-2229222199e_e£-Ibei£-§ee295129229 Egbexiee_£e£-§ees_eee-é11-3222999199-5229222 (N = 90-94) TSBI RSE I FSARO FSAFF FSARS Psoou TSBI - 14361 I 11 16 31a 08 RSE 14361 - I 01 03 -04 -05 I E53115 ' i1" ' 31’ '1' ' I ' 16%.; ‘ as; ' 14;; FSAFF 16 08 I [670} - 408 -e1a PsuRs 318 ~04 I 38a 406 - [—031 1 ‘9 < .001 by one-tailed test by < .01 by one-tailed test on < .05 by one-tailed test I 3 = conceptually smilar measures 174 APPENDIX K Comparisons Between Complimentary Parental Behavioral Styles APPENDIX K Comparisons Between Complementary Parental Table 46 Comperisone of Bone' Qeecribe Mothers and Low on Complemengery Behavioral Styles Self-esteem Scoree for Bone Who fiffi1ietivs-ang_Qeminenee_Qimen§ien§ I A SPARo; A SMARS TSBI 1.29 RSE 1.59 v SFQRO; v SMQRS TSBI -1.45 RSE -1.33 A SFRFF; A SMDOM TSBI 2.65 RSE 1.18 v SFQFF; v SMDOM TSBI -1.79 RSE -1.23 32 .198 .113 .148 .186 .889 .841 I2 15 15 t 39 8 A SFQRS; A SMARo 6.81 .413 35 6.34 .738 37 v SPARS; v SMARo -e.55 .o12 27 -1.99 .043 23 A SFDOM; A SMAPP -1.64 .1o4 19 —2.74 .007 19 v SFDDM; v SMAPP o.72 .473 11 -o.SS .525 11 Bete. A indicates scores ranging in the upper third for the respective variable. v indicates scores ranging in the lower third for the respective variable. *Pooled variance estimates, two-tailed probabilities. 175 APPENDIX Raw Data L 1 PAbc HS «vs 18! 4381 FOR 18" OS 6 HVS Ina: SPSS-X RELEASE 2.1 IWIVHWITV;V 3 AUG 86 0:21:45 ~~ a-l—o-Oa—ft—vflv-O—I—O —4——I~—-—i~—l— .- “‘— I O O 0 NW NW NFgNIfi NA} NN NN N'\ N“; NV NN NN NM NM NN NNNN NN NNN NNN NN NN N XX XX xxx xxx XX xx iXKK XX KMKX XI xx XX“ XXX X“ XX uh M II n u 130‘! mun/1m WWW WMWWWW WW WV mm Wm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm mm WWWWWW WWW mmmm mm mm VWWW WV“ mmmmmw Wm mv mm mm mv MW Mm MU Wm Wm mv WW WV WW mw mvmwmw mmv WMWW mm seas nausea so as ‘0 as as QQ no Q0 51 as sssaasasaa BQQOQQQQQO WW MWMM ”MM WWVWWW mm MN Wm Wm WM mm ”W ”W mm ”H Wm ”W “W MM MW mmmmmm mum WWW” MM bl? License Number IOWA UNIVERSITY OF For US HVS Information on {urn OVERVIFH (or more DSIQIS datasets USE IMF CDNHANO functions E transactions to system flles nched data and blt fields for data communications led REGRESSION command and date formats and Interface 1125 ERpQOC routines C-like menslonal scallng f S I R0 0 U UVO)‘ G r h l o-l m d M ~ n ) > M 0 W 1 ¢ & ¢ A A ~ ¢ 0 Q J O t 0 N I ~ N I N I IN c r I M I M fl: d m fl d Mum N] N ~¢ N 9 C O 0 9 HM ¢ b fi' I nu: Q 4 on A a240>m U ~¢>C UO>~UmtI ~ JQWW wMKKHI'h u um mo QN— mm—mNO “(NO NM 01 NH fiN¢ It film—I O I Odfid PI gnu hunwhau O¢>~U a-t > h — um d) ~d10w 4d! 0 JuObJ MM u>h~mo u muu~>m ~m m>n HF) ~mmw u ”I” mmmomItd MMUQWW wountc ONO h C IOw r1! Od N¢Oo~ b! uOMObL u hwmo — I¢ — In ut-uh D O>—P m—fl W>NI ohwwn >~o m) mu m) DW>fiOIWO Uflfl WW gum U 1w ( ~MUOWU H KQ~O I b u H» < ”O ZMHN 4 mo: Nd upwat uo O bm~~ uu “I? 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O —-N 0 ~ C) MN —o"\_¢_‘ .—- ~3 c—u—.—n—-n .‘ ‘V‘ NNN—A .— ...—o 4: mm o rm: 9 nu d—fl—a .— ...‘fi ~~~—- d "O ~~~ufl — J fi—fi —- U‘N M— n ~----‘\JN-t N -—-—-~ON N u—uN—N ... H— N .n— N N If‘ ~d~~¢~ .- o-l—O—CIGO'I‘ an N-‘d—O" N KN -‘ F~'\p a" 9" MN 0“ ._.....——.g — «up—ad g-n -— N-‘d-I‘ .— .- n hm -- n “N .4 In MN —- .4—a~— ... ..q ......—-~ ~ —‘ N‘N— c—o a-l “V‘s—d a—o " —4_..—o—- — I-‘Na-l-fl 0- ~ -- --- u‘ o— u- m— —- ...—u... --0 .—_..-N N d~~~ N N 0“.— ‘I‘ .1 ON F U“ “\N I" a-nu—u—o— — _-—‘_—4 N u—I—cN a-a N O JN -‘ N—t an! :N ... cud—adu— ‘1‘, an. al..-~— N‘n "" N-d" N N .- N ...-AN— an an! ...-gamut .— — ado—~a-l can. a-l .— .. ... N out a- a— M H-‘N— --'II‘ N NNN— ~U‘ N dNO-O—t on. a— w' -- N ~r - N .... Q uua—n—on NN u-n'aNqu N4- —N~~NN. Nm (‘4 N ~~~NM~M N— am—wan Nu u~~~~~6 Nh N - N l-C—n-l—nm—ou" a-u-I ~~~~mdl~ Nod Nanci—Inca. and" N N N N-‘Nu-n—un a“ Nudfl—‘U‘a‘fl‘ ...-h ~.—.~..._—a. 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N... 2 ~~N~M~H am 2 N—‘u—‘n—ar- (up. 1 Nfl—‘dn—tfi ado-o 2 ~~~~~~~ “an 2 NNNNM-N u-‘F‘ ‘3 d—cN—c—a—nw nth I C‘NfV—u‘a—I—I all" 7 M—MNdN—I ~v~ 9 N—n—INt—n—a N.) 9 l N dNNN Nd -- a. 8 M N-ON-fi NN .- 3 ~~~~ o—c-n .1 3 b 8 l 7 S ul-n-ON ....- go 0 S ”NI-lad dun...- “ — Nan—N N-IN—n m m c-iqu—t an... ... n o-I u—a—aha— a-nN ~ '1‘ N u-l—nQ—I ~~ N F n .— ~~Oo¢ a-I—o N .f —- a-n—vo— N— N J '1‘ O haC—fiN—I N'NI J ~~~fifld~~~~ FFJO—n—nrv—N— a—‘h-‘mfl—QFN—d FNN—MN—nfl‘fiifi‘ N N— nan—ada—a-IM M o—Mwm‘N—id’l ”No—nfi—‘dh—lm ha.— NdNN—‘Nr 0" O u—uu‘NmN—n—N— p NNMNOIIN-‘a-oo-lu" 00 OI no on .0 I. oo .0 CI to o—or~~o~~~o—- Elf—Jul—aP-F‘M) (..JCJ>J_I>.JVT EUWUWUUWUT 214 175 NUHBFR 0F CASES LISTED 175 NUHBER 0F CASES READ 9? sum {)5' “VS [3" 53‘)! ‘F I’}dA EQTAIION S Y 6.09 SECONDS FLAPSED. CPU TIME; 3.03 SECONDS PRECFDING YASK REQUIRFO FINISH Q 23 215 LIST OF REFERENCES LIST OF REFERENCES Alberti, R. E.. G Emmons, H. L. (1970). You; pggfggt Eight. San Luis Obispo, California: Impact. Ausubel. 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