r.~ FQlS . \r v ' a . l 4.. . . w a W I ‘ _ J‘.‘ . .\ I N. "-l :“ f' . 3 t' I ‘ Ll Jllmlilllfll Illllllfllililllrlllilll 5‘ 3 1293 00668 5840 This is to certify that the thesis entitled THE ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION. OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN LAKE LANSING presented by Mehdi Siami has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Master degreein Fisheries & Wildlife Niles R. Kevern Major professor Date 10/31/1979 07639 fl-‘\\\\‘ e 9: .14 g . V 317‘ "33"”, g“ 3 '00 ml : MAME DEG 0 9 1mg " ”3., 6C]; w: 25¢ Porky For 1t- LEIQMIIG LIBRARY MATERIALS: Place in book return to roove charge free circulation records T 233 193,9 THE ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN LAKE LANSING BY Mehdi Siami A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Fisheries and Wildlife 1979 ABSTRACT THE ABUNDANCE AND DISTRIBUTION OF BENTHIC MACROINVERTEBRATES IN LAKE LANSING BY Mehdi Siami The benthic macroinvertebrate composition and abundance of Lake Lansing was investigated during the ice-free season in 1978. The major groups found were Chironomidae, Chaoboridae, Amphipoda, Isopoda, Trichop- tera, Odonata, Coleoptera, Ephemeroptera and Annelidae. Chironomidae and Chaoboridae larvae were most abundant; Ephemeroptera were encountered least often. Chironomidae populations in deep portions of Lake Lansing were at maximum observed density and biomass in May. During summer, when the oxygen concentration dropped to zero in the hypolimnion, Chironomidae larvae were absent there. Larvae returned to deep parts of the lake during fall overturn. Three transects in shallow portions of the lake on sandy organic, fibrous organic, and fine organic sediments differed from one another in regard to density and biomass. The highest measurements were on fine organic sediments on each sampling date. Mehdi Siami Compared to published data on eutrOphic lakes in North America, the standing crops of benthic fauna in Lake Lansing were low. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I would like to thank Dr. Niles R. Kevern for serv- ing as my major professor and for his assistance in arranging my graduate program within the Fisheries and Wildlife'Department. I wish to thank my committee members, Dr. Kenneth W. Cummins and Dr. Clarence D. McNabb.- Special acknowledgment is due Dr. McNabb who advised and en- couraged me and for providing invaluable assistance and time throughout this study. My fellow graduate students, Ted R. Batterson, John R. Craig, Robert P. Glandon, Frederick C. Payne, Douglas G. Pullman, deserve thanks and especially Maureen M. Wilson who gave so much of her time and effort to this project. Finally, I wish to express special thanks to my wife, Lili and daughter Saghar, for without their support this undertaking would not have been made. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ‘LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA . . . METHODS AND MATERIALS . . . . . RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . Dissolved Oxygen and Water Invertebrate Abundance . . Density Fluctuation . . . Biomass Estimation . . . . DISCUSSION 0 O O O O O O O O 0 APPENDIX Tables A—l through A-6 . . Figures A91 through A—9 . LITEMTUM CITED 0 O O O O O 0 iii Temperature Page iv vi 10 26 26 31 42 44 49 57 97 106 Figure 1. 2. 10. A-l. A-Z. LIST OF FIGURES Aerial view of Lake Lansing. . . . . . . . . . Zones of aquatic vegetation in Lake Lansing in 1978. O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O O I O O The sediment on the left is fibrous peat representative of transects l and 6 and the material on the right is fine organic sediment from deep portions of the lake. . . . . . . . Ponar grab sampler used with a winch. . . . . A typical collection of Lake Lansing sediments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . washing Lake Lansing sediments through a No. 30 0.8. standard mesh screen. . . . . . . Dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg 1'1) in the south basin of Lake Lansing during 1978. . Dissolved oxygen concentrations (mg 1-1) in the north basin of Lake Lansing during 1978. . Temperatures (TC) in the south basin of Lake Lansing during 1978. . . . . . . . . . . Temperatures (9C) in the north basin of Lake Lansing in 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . APPENDIX View of the head capsule of Procladius Sp. . . Enlargement of lingua of Procladius Sp. shown in Figure A-l showing five dark teeth used as a key character. . . . . . . . . . . . Enlargement of paralabial combs of Procladius Sp. shown in Figure A—l. . . . . . . . . . . iv Page 12 15 17 19 28 30 33 35 97 97 99 Figure Page A-4. View of head capsule of Chironomus sp. . . . 101 A—S. Enlargement of labial plate of Chironomus shown in Figure A-é. . . . . . . . . . . . . 101 A-6. View of head of Parxchircncmus Sp. . . . . . 103 A-7. Enlargement of labial and paralabial plates of Parachironomus sp. shown in Figure A-6. . 103 A-8. View of head capsule of Tanytarsus sp. showing the long, curved first antennal segments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 A-9. View of head capsule of Ablabesmyia sp. showing ensheathed antenna. . . . . . . . . 105 Table 1. 10. 11. LIST OF TABLES Page Mean (X) for number of individuals, variance (s2 ), and excessive variance or "clumping" (k) of Lake Lansing benthic macroinverte- brates in May, 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 Calculated sample size sufficient for each sampling Site and number of samples used for describing the population at those sites for Lake Lansing. . . . . . .-. . . . . . . . . 22 Species collected from two meters depth on Transect l. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 Species collected from two meters depth on Transect 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 Species collected from two meters depth on TranseCt 4 O O O I O O O O O O O I O O O O O O O 39 Species collected from deep portions of the north basin (9m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 Species collected from deep portions of the south basin (7m). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Mean densities and number of species of benthic macroinvertebrates of deep portions of Lake Lansing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Mean densities and number of Species of benthic macroinvertebrates of shallow portions of Lake Lansing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 The mean biomass as dry weight (mg m-z) of benthic macroinvertebrates of deep portions of Lake Lansing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 The mean biomass as dry weight (mg m-z) of benthic macroinvertebrates of shallow portions of Lake Lansing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 vi Table Page APPENDIX Dissolved oxygen concentration in milligrams liter“1 of Lake Lansing during the open- water season of 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Water temperature (DC) of Lake Lansing during the Open-water season of 1978. . . . . 67 PH for Lake Lansing during the open-water season of 1978. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Alkalinity in milligrams CaCO3 liter'1 of Lake Lansing during the Open-water season Of 1978. I O O O O O I O O I O O O O I O O O 77 Free carbon dioxide concentration in micromoles liter"1 of Lake Lansing during the open-water season of 1978. . . . . . . . 82 Conductivity in micromhos cm"1 of Lake Lansing during the open-water season of 1978. O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 93 vii ' INTRODUCTION Over the past decades Lake Lansing in Ingham County, Michigan, has become gradually eutrophic with intensive use.' The economic and aesthetic value of the resource has declined chcurrently. Lake Lansing is the only major surface-water resource for recreation in the Lansing metrOpolitan region and has been chosen by the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency as a Site to demonstrate the efficacy of hydraulic dredging as a lake restoration technique. Although the ecological effects of hydraulic dredging of lakes are not well known, it is apparent that it will have an impact on the lake's biota. This study covers a seasonal survey of benthic macroinvertebrates existing in Lake Lansing before the commencement of dredging. This information can be used to assess the impact of dredging on that component of lake ecosystem. The community structure of benthic macroinverte- brates has been widely used as an indicator of environmen- tal conditions in streams and lakes (Simpson, 1949;Gaufin, 1956). Much of the early classical work on freshwater lake communities attempted to classify lakes according to the composition and abundance of macroinvertebrate groups in relation to dissolved oxygen concentration, lackii ident: free 5 Object indivi trOphic status, substrate types and other factors (Crips and Gledhill, 1970). Brinkurst (1974) discussed the manner in which depth, temperature, food supply, predatory interaction, current and substrate types shape benthic distribution and abundance in lakes. Qualitative and quantitative data of the benthic macroinvertebrates of Lake Lansing have been entirely lacking. The first objective of this study was to identify the dominant types of organisms during an ice- free season before the lake was dredged. The second objective was to estimate the relative density of individuals and biomass for the dominant types. 1 i6 kilc Meridia: 10 and 1 level is estimate area of first WE a south During . and Che: Surface lake Su beneath ContOuI cf glac pennSy] on Lac: Saginav deposit Gene 9: DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA Lake Lansing (Figure l) is located approximately 5.6 kilometers northeast of the city of East Lansing in Meridian Township, Ingham County, T4N, R1W, Sections 2, 3, 10 and 11. It occupies an area of 181.3 ha when the water level is at the elevation of the sill of the dam. An estimate, based on U.S.G.S. lake levels, gave a surface area of 172.2 ha at the lake's lowest elevation in the first week of November, 1978. The lake has a north and a south basin with maximum depths of 11.0 and 8.0 meters. During the summer the lake tends to stratify thermally .and chemically. The combined area of hypolimnetic surface over two deep portions totaled 23% of the total lake surface during the study. The littoral region lay beneath 77% of the surface area, and extended to a 3.0 m contour. Lake Lansing was created through the natural process of glacial scouring and recession. The lake lies in the Pennsylvanian Saginaw Parma geologic rock formation and on LaGrange moraine of the glacial front known as the Saginaw Lobe (Martin, 1955). The sand-gravel—clay soil deposited around the lake was formed during the Pleisto- cene glaciation (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1970). .mcemcmq oxmq mo 30e> Hmeumm .H ousmem o IRNHNJ.‘ I . ‘I. e- n‘ :- Vhll. 6 Features of drainage patterns in the watershed have been identified by Marsh and Borton (1974). In addition to precipitation on the surface, water enters the lake via culverts that drain surrounding marsh lands, and from street drains. The retention time was calculated to be 23.4 years according to the annual hydrologic budget for 1978-79 calculated as part of the overall lake study. During the summer of 1978 the macrophytes of Lake Lansing were mapped, and the littoral zone was divided into five areas based on the plant communities found there (Figure 2). Area A, the south basin, was occupied mainly by Chara globularis Thuill and Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rostk. and Schmidt; B, was almost exclusively Chara gZobuZaris; C, had a hydrophyte mixture consisting of Chara globulam's, Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM. , VaZZisnem'a Americana Michx. , Cemtophyllum demerswn L. , Myriophyllum Sp. and Naja-flexilis; D, had the same hydrophyte mixture as C, but was characterized by a higher percent cover; and E, was occupied by a Chara gZobuZaris-Najas flexilis association. Groups of Nuphar advena Ait., Pontedaria cordata’ L. (Pickerel weed) and the bulrushes (Scirpus validus Vahl. and S. amem’cans Pers.) were present along the inshore areas of the south basin and in the area of Transect 3. Fish populations in Lake Lansing were first quantitatively sampled in 1938 by Ball (1938) and more l Figure 2. Zones of aquatic vegetation in Lake Lansing in 1978. Stippled areas are unoccupied sand, circles are Nuphar advena, squares are Pontederia cordata, and triangles are species of Scirpus. '7] ,...~,xmf‘-.‘~.'DW~‘-“ ‘1” I W .1 ‘ “VENEER-55m“ -‘ -~. 11,111.31?“ mm. "31137131.: . LVV‘“. f‘. 0" 2! Figure 2. that CORC .3 spec a any w u R» ex fl. 9.)]. thaniulspecies were identified. Roelofs (1941) also conducted a survey of Lake Lansing fish. The most common species found were: yellow perch [Perca flavescens (Mitchill)l, largemouth bass {Micropterus salmoids (Lacepede)], bluegill (Lagomis mezrochirus 1 r Rafinesque), pumpkinseed [Lepomie ciboosus (Linnaeus)]. U N Species less frequently found were northern pike (Esox Zucius Linnaeus), warmouth [Chaenobrgttus guZosus (CuvierH, black crappie [Pomoxis nigromaculatus (LeSueur)], brown bullhead [Ictalurus nebulosus (LeSueur)], yellow bullhead [Ictalurus nataZiS (LeSueur)], and golden Shiner [Notemigonus crysoleucas (Mitchill)]. METHODS AND MATERIALS Transects for sampling purposes in the Lake Lansing Project were made through littoral communities fromshore to the 4.5 meter contour (Figure 2). These locations were selected over major sediment types in the lake and through areas in which dredging will be done. Two of the transects (1 and 6) were located over fibrous peat, two over fine organic ooze (2 and 3) and two (4 and 5) over sand with a mixture of fine' organic particles. Sediments in the deep portions of the north and south basins of the lake were composed of fine particles of organic material (Figure 3). For studies of the benthos, five stations were chosen. The sample sites were located on transects l, 3 and 4 and in the north and south deep basins of the lake. Transects were sampled in the vicinity of the two meter contour. The samples from the north (NDB) and south (SDB) deep basins of the lake were taken at 9 and 7 meter depths respectively. A ponar grab of a known area was used to take the benthos samples at monthly intervals from May through October, 1978. The ponar grab was dropped to appropriate depths and 10 Figure 3. 11 The sediment on the left is fibrous peat representative of transects l and '6 and the material on the right is fine organic sediment from deep portions of the lake. Fi 12 Figure 3. Wé WE fa E; d: We l3 retrieved using a winch mounted on a pontoon boat (Figure 4). In order to determine a representative sample size for Lake Lansing, ten random samples were taken at each sample site during the May sampling. They were placed in plastic bags and brought to the Limnological Research Laboratory (Figure 5). The samples were then sieved through a No. 30 U.S. standard sieve, (0.595mm opening). After the samples were washed (Figure 6), the residues were placed in jars and preserved with 95% ethanol. These were then sorted and the macroinvertebrates stored in 90% ethanol. The microinvertebrates were then separated into family groups with the use of a dissecting microscope. Each taxon was counted and mean values and variance for the number of individuals per sample site were calculated to determine the type of distribution found at the particular Site. Following the procedures of Elliott (1977), for those sites which had negative binominal or aggregated distribu- tion (T4, NDB and SDB), a k value was computed. The k statistic is related to the spatial distribution of the tendency of clumping of the bottom organisms; the higher the k value, the lower the degree of clumping. The calcula- tion for the estimate of k for a small number of samples was 14 Figure 4. Ponar grab sampler used with a winch. fi'.-A"‘"—.§ tr... . F’ 15 16 .musmfiflpmm mnemcmq mxmq mo cofluomaaoo Havana» m .m ousmflm Figure 6. 18 Washing Lake Lansing sediments through a No. 30 U.S. standard mesh screen. --. -"’-‘mfi The s prec1 allo noni Sam: was The Va Cd 20. The sample size was calculated for a specific degree of precision. An index of precision (D) is D = standard error = _I_L_ = /SZ 1? i n A standard error equal to 20% of the mean was allowed for this study. Therefore, for negative bi- nomial distributions, sample size (n) was calculated as: n=—1-(-}—+i)=—l—(—}-+i)=25(-_1;-+-1—). D2 x k 0.22 x k x k Sample size needed for random distributions (T1 and T4) was calculated as: The results are given in Table 1. Because of seasonal variation in population distributions, the same calculations were made to determine the sample size for a particular time at a particular site. The calculated sample size sufficient for each sampling site for the period of study and number of samples used for describing the populations at those sites are presented in Table 2. In order to identify Chironomidae larvae at lower level (genus and Species for some) the head capsules were separated from the body and mounted on slides, ventral side up, along with the body in euporal (Turtor). The cover slips were pressed down gently in order to expose those structures necessary for identification. An Introduction to Identification of Chironomid Larvae Table 1. Mean (2) for number of individuals, 21 I 2 I I variance (5 ), and exce331ve variance or (k) of Lake Lansing benthic "clumping" macroinvertebrates in May, 1978. Sample Location i 52 k Tl 3.60 1.80 - T3 4.70 14.20 1.71 T4 0.60 0.59 - SDB 19.60 91.38 5.35 NDB 48.10 176.78 18.00 22 m m h m m m m m m m m m m m m CH. m CH tom: . .UHUU pomD mam (OH O OH OH A OH OH O OH OH O O OH O OH O O OH OH eUHMU UmmD .UHmU mnz Os ON mm mm mm mm mm mm ON mm OH mm MummD eUHMU me mmmmm OH m nonouoo m Honfioumom m umsmsm m mHsO m mash H as: 60m: .on0 Tuna HE A mEOODMqu oamEmm .mcemcmq oxmq How moaum Duos» um SOODMHSQOQ may mcwnwuommp How poms monEmm mo ADDED: can mean oceamamm some now ucmOOHmmsm mnwm onEmm pmumHooamU .N manna 23 (Mason, 1973) was used in the classification of Chironomidae (Tribe Chironomini) and Tanypodinae. Key to the Larvae of the Chironomidae (Tribe Tanytarsini) in the Larvae Stage (Mozley, 1973) was used for the classification of Chironomidae. Photographs were taken of mounted Chironomidae head capsules with the use of an Olympus photomicrographic system (Model PM-lO-m) on Ectachrome 50 professional film. These are appended. The distribution of biomass among several weight categories was established for each genus with the aid of a body length-weight function. To obtain dry weight of the main chironomid genera (Chironomus, Procladius, Tanytarsus and GZyptotendipes) and the non- chironomid dipteran, Chaoborus sp., the organisms were oven-dried to a constant weight at 105°C for four hours. They were then cooled to room temperature in a dessicator and weighed on an electrobalance. The weights were then regressed on the length. To obtain dry weight of less common groups, all organisms for each transect for a particular time were oven-dried under the above conditions. Dissolved oxygen and temperature were measured in situ with a Yellow Springs Instrument Company (Yellow Springs, Ohio) model 54A oxygen meter with a pressure- compensated Clark-type polarographic oxygen sensor and submersible stirrer. Integral thermistors permitted mete] SUrf; the j brou; 590k: with mete: Solu. serie an I1 Brid: 24 temperature readout and corrected for temperature-‘ dependent membrane diffusion effects and for differential oxygen solubility with temperature. The dissolved oxygen probe was standardized against the azide modification of the Winkler method (APHA, AWWA, WPCF, 1975). The thermistor was checked in laboratory for accuracy against two mercury thermometers. Dissolved oxygen and temperature readings were taken at mid-depth on two-meter contours along each transect. In addition, temperature and dissolved oxygen were measured through depth in two deep portions of the lake in order to plot vertical profiles. Water samples were taken at mid-depth on the two- meter contour along with the transects, and in the Surface and bottom portions of the limnetic region of the lake. The samples were placed in plastic bottles and brought to the laboratory where the pH was measured with a Beckman Expandomatic pH meter using a combination electrode with a silver/silver chloride reference element. The pH meter was calibrated against pH 7 and pH 10 standard buffer solutions. These instruments were calibrated before each series of measurements. Conductivity was measured with an Industrial Instruments, Inc. model RC 1632 Conductivity Bridge and a YSI (model 3403) dip-type conductivity cell (K = 1.0). The free carbon dioxide (COZf) concentrations 25 were calculated from the pH, temperature and carbonate- bicarbonate alkalinity profiles. Tables for these parameters are included in the Appendix. Dis prc The de; lin O; (D '11 st: St] do» RESULTS Dissolved Oxygen and Water Temperature Figures 7 and 8 illustrate the dissolved oxygen 'profiles in the south and north deep basins of the lake. The most striking feature of these data is the extensive depletion of dissolved oxygen experienced in the hypo- limnion during the summer period of stagnation. Oxygen depletion begins in late spring with the onset of thermal stratification. During the spring of 1978, this depletion appeared somewhat earlier at the shallower south deep basin of the lake than at the north deep basin. Once stratification was established, this depletion extended downward from the bottom of the metalimnion and remained until the onset of autumn overturn. This occurred in early September, 1978. Bottom s'tratain deep portions of the basin were anerobic from June 1 to September 7. Oxygen concentrations measured in the littoral zone (cf. Appendix) were spatially variable but were generally the same range as those measured at the same depth in the limnetic zone during the same sampling interval. In the treatment similar to that described for dissolved oxygen, the values of water temperature were 26 27 .OOOH OOHAOO maHmamH OHMH mo canon EDDOm on» CH Hana may maceumuucmocoo somwxo po>aommwa .b Guzman 28 mwm2w>oz mummy—.00 mum: uhmmm hag >42. ng .5 answem ><2 ("1) Hld30 ~29 .mhmH mCOHSC mcflmcmq oxen mo :Hmmh cuuoe on» ca AHIH may maceumnucoocoo cmmxxo po>HOmmHo .m musmflm 30 zum§w>oz , mmmOhOo r—'_/ L. m ‘ mmmzmh. I .5334 >42. .w ouswfim x42 cum I «a- n (D vs (mlHldBO IO N were the Fall acco fall InVe. Samp: sites Chara ChaOb 31 used to produce temperature profiles in the south and north deep basins of the lake. Because temperatures at similar depths on transects and in deep basins of the lake did not differ appreciably on 1978 sampling dates (of. Appendix), temperatures along transects at two meter depths were taken to be the same at that depth in limnetic region. Figures 9 and 10 illustrate the temperature profiles in the south and north deep basins of the lake. Seasonal patterns of temperature variation were Similar between the north and south sites, as a comparison of Figure 9 with Figure 10 demonstrates. At the beginning of this investigation, Lake Lansing was in a well-mixed, homothermal state; ice cover was gone and temperatures were beginning to increase. Stratification occurred about the first week of June, 1978 and remained into September. Fall overturn began in early September, 1978, and the accompanying homothermal conditions extended through the fall season. Invertebrate Abundance Tables 3-7 illustrate the macroinvertebrate groups samples from Lake Lansing during the period of study. Both sites, deep and shallow portions of the lake, were characterized by an abundance of Chironomidae and Chaoboridae larvae. The deep portions of the lake showed considerably fewer taxa than shallow parts of the lake. 32 . m mhma cHnnp mcflmcmq mxmq mo semen nusom Tau GO A UV mousumuomame . o .m musmflm 33 mum2m>oz mmmOHUo mmmimwawm Hmaoz< r433 wzza .a ouswam ><2 (W) H1d30 34 .mnma CO mnemcmq oxma mo semen sauce may :H HUOV mmusumuomEma .oa musmflm ‘35 mmmEMHmmw .5323 >42. .oH muamem >10m). Carter (1976) studied the larval chironomid population of Laug Neagh. He reported that the peak of emergence in Procladius occurred in a Short period in May and June, 1971. The peak emergence for Chironomus sp. occurred during the May-June period. In this study, the corresponding increase in densities for Tanypodinae and Chironominae in Shallow portion indicates that most of the larvae hatching from eggs laid by new adults occurred in shallow parts. Jonasson (1972) reported that the dipteran detritivore ChironorrmStcmthracinus in Lake Esrom, a dimictic lake of Denmark, was found to feed at the sediment surface. Its growth was limited to two very Short periods; one in Spring during the phytoplanktonic maximum when the hypolimnion was oxygen rich, and the other after the fall overturn when oxygen was available but food production was declining. Growth continued during winter under 53 ice-covert During the summer, growth stOpped when oxygen concentrations of the hypolimnion were slightly below 1 mgl-l. Oxygen availability very likely also influenced the growth and distribution of Chironominae and Tanypodinae in deep portions of Lake Lansing during late spring through summer of 1978. Much higher Chaoborus larvae population Sizes were estimated from deep portions of the lake than from the shallows. A maximum pOpulation Size of 500 individuals In"2 was estimated during the June sampling. This drOpped to a minimum of ten individuals In.2 during August sampl- ing. A second peak was found in September. Since the larvae of this genus live in bottom sediments part of the day and among the plankton at other hours, their numbers may change depending on the sampling time. Work by Roth (1968) indicates that some larvae do not migrate every day. Stahl (1966a) reported that the prOportion migrating may be related to temperature. Northcote (1964) and Teragchi and Northcote (1966a) reported that in lakes with pronounced oxygen deficits in deep water, all four instars of Chaoborus remain in the water and not nestled in the sediments during the day. Compared with studies where the Ekman dredge was used, the high number of Chaoborus in this study may be due to the use of ponar grab that sampled the water column as well as the sediments. 54 A comparison with data reported from deep parts of other lakes shows that values of total density and total biomass found in this study are considerably lower. For example, Sapkrev (1975) sampled deep regions of Lake Dojran monthly from January through December of 1967. The number of one species of Chironomus varied between 200 and 2,000 individuals m-Z. This value for Chaoborus was between 1,500 to 10,000 individuals m-z. Density and biomass of the benthic fauna in deep portions of Lake Lansing during this study were relatively low. The Shallow portions of the lake showed quite a different pattern compared to deep areas. Chironomid larvae made up, on the average 90% of the biomass and 75% of number of individuals. Procladius Sp., Tanytarsus Sp. and Chaoborus Sp. were dominant on transect l. The mean density on this fibrous-peat sediment ranged from 66 individuals In"2 in may to 15 individuals In-2 in July. Relatively large numbers of chironomid larvae and other groups inhabited the littoral bottom of transect 3. This transect with fine organic sediment supported the greatest densities and biomass on nearly all sampling dates. Transect 4 showed a Similar composition of chironomid larvae as transect 1. On this transect a population increase of Tanytarsus occurred in June, and Chironomus became the most abundant genus in September. The mean density of chironomid larvae on this transect 55 with sandy sediment type and a mixture of fine organic particles ranged from ten individuals m'2 in May to 222 individuals m'2 in June. Since dissolved oxygen and water temperature in Shallow portions Show no Significant.differencesin all sampling dates, other factors such as food supply and sediment type could be important factors in abundance of different Species. A comparison with data reported from Shallow parts of other lakes Shows that values of density and biomass found in this study are relatively low. For example, Okland (1964) sampled the littoral zone Of Lake Borrevann in southern Norway and reported an average density of 1138 chironomid larvae m"2 at two meters depth. This value for Chaoborus was two individuals m'z. Buscemi (1961) sampled bottom of Parvin Lake, Colorado. The density for Chironomidae larvae in Shallow portions of -the lake with sandy organic sediments was much higher than those found in this study (ranged from 108 to 703 chironomid/m2). Anderson and Hooper (1961) reported much higher standing crop of Chironomidae in the shallow portion of Sugarloaf Lake, Michigan than found in Lake Lansing. The general pattern of benthic macroinvertebrate occurrence in Lake Lansing was one in which a relatively small number of Species Showed a degree of Spatial separation occurring either in the littoral or limnetic 56 benthos. The inshore areas sampled supported a greater number of species and individuals than observed in the deep. The standing crops of benthic macro fauna in the lake were relatively low. APPENDIX 557 Table A-1. Dissolved oxygen concentration in milligrams liter“1 of Lake Lansing during the open-water season of 1978. May May May May May May 4 4 5 11 11 12 Dawn Dusk Dawn Dawn Dusk Dawn Transectl 11.2 11.1 9.8 11.4 11.7 10.7 Transect 2 10.7 11.8 10.3 10.7 11.6 9.2 Transect 3 9.9 9.7 9.9 9.7 11.7 10.1 Transect-l 11.8 12.1 10.1 10.9 11.5 10.9 Transect 5 11.8 12.2 10.7 10.9 11.5 10.3 Transect 6 12.1 12.2 10.5 10.7 11.1 9.7 North Basin Surface 1.0 12.1 12.1 8.9 10.9 11.7 10.5 2.0 11.4 11.6 9.9 10.7 11.4 10.1 3.0 11.4 11.2 9.8 10.5 10.9 9.9 4.0 11.4 1122 9.7 10.6 10.7 9.9 5.0 11.4 11.2 9.7 10.6 10.7 9.3 6.0 11.2 11.4 9.7 11.2 10.7 9.9 7.0 10.1 11.4 9.7 10.5 10.5 9.8 8.0 4.0 8.7 9.6 3.1 10.7 9.9 9.0 10.5 9.8 10. Bottom at 8.0m South Basin Surface 1.0 11.5 11.8 10.3 11.1 11.7 9.9 2.0 11.2 11.4 9.9 10.7 11.4 9.9 3.0 11.4 11.1 9.7 10.8 10.9 9.3 4.0 11.2 11.1 9.6 10.5 10.2 9.6 5.0 10.8 10.9 9.6 10.1 10.5 9.1 6.0 10.1 10.5 9.5 9.9 4.6 8.7 7.0 9.7 8.9 6.5 8.0 Bottom at 4. 0m 58 Table A-1. Dissolved oxygen continued. May May May May May May 18 18 19 25 25 26 Dawn Dusk Dawn Dawn Dusk Dawn Transect 1 9.7 9.8 11.8 9.5 10.9 10.6 Transect 2 9.3 9.7 12.0 8.9 9.8 9.7 Transect 3 9.5 9.6 11.9 8.5 9.6 9.6 Transect 1 9. 3 ' 9. 5 11.9 8. 2 1o. 5 9.6 Transect 5 9.3 ’ 9.5 . 11.6 9.5 10.6 10.2 Transect 6 9.7 9.5 11.6 9.3 11.7 10.4 North Basin Surface 9.1 9.3 10. 5 9.9 1.0 9.8 9.4 12.0 9.1 10.1 9.6 2.0 9.5 9.4 11.8 8.7 9.3 9.2 3.0 9.1 9.3 11.6 8.1 8.5 8.0 4.0 8.5 9.1 11.4 7.2 7.4 6.5 5.0 8.5 8.9 10.9 6.4 6.3 5.8 6.0 8.1 8.6 10.5 5.3 5.6 5.6 7.0 8.1 8.3 10.1 4.4 4.7 3.9 8.0 7.9 8.1 9.5 2.9 1.7 (1.0 at 8.5m 9.0 7.8 6.7 8.9 1.5 0.6 40.5 10. 0 Bottom at 9.0m 9 2m 9.6m 9.0m South Basin Surface 10.1 8.2 10.3 9.9 1.0 9.5 10.1 11.3 8.1 10.9 9.8 2.0 9.3 10.1 11.6 8.4 10.5 9.9 3.0 9.0 9.4 11.5 7.7 8.5 8.8 4.0 8.6 9.1 11.1 7.2 7.3 6.4 at 4.5m 5.0 76 6.9 10.5 4.4 31 2.0 6. O 3. 4 2.1 <1. 0 7.0 41.0 8. 0 Bottom at 3.0m 6.3m 6. 0m 7.2m 59 Dissolved oxygen continued. Table A-1. June June June June June June 9. Dusk Dawn Dawn Dusk Dawn Dawn 5 9 6 9 0 9. 9.1 l l 4 9 1 9.1 Transect 1 Transect 2 5 8 8. 8. 10. 8.6 8.9 9. 8.1 Transect 3 Transect 4 Transect 5 Transect 6 7 8.6 9.2 8.7 8.0 9.0 8.8 9 4 9.1 8 9.2 9 2 8. 9 8.9 9. 2 North Basin 8.8 8.6 8. 9. 9. 3 8.4 Surface 8. 9 8. 8.9 9.0 8. 8. 1.0 2.0 8.5 8.4 8 8.7 9. 8.8 8.1 7. 7 0 0 9 3 1 4 1.7 4.3 1 2.5 4. 3 O 0 0. 1 2.2 1. n]- 0.4 0.3 0. 0.4 2.1 9a 0.3 0.4 (1.0 1.4 7. 0.4 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.5 (1.0 (1. 0.4 0.2 8.0 0.4 0.3 0.4 9. 3m 9. 8m 2m 9.5m 2m 9. Bottom at South Basin 3 9.1 9. 9.9 9 1 1 2 Surface 901 9.5 5 8. 8.5 1.0 2.0 9.1 9.3 6.4 9.5 9. 7.3 7.4 7.0 0 4.0 0.3 0.6 4.4 1. 1. (1. (1. (1 2.7 1. 5.0 0 0 03 0.4 0.4 04 0.4 0 0. 0.8 000 673. 5m 7. 6m 6. Bortom at 60 Table A-1. Dissolved oxygen continued. June June June June June June 15 15 16 22 22 23 Dawn Dusk Dawn Dawn Dusk Dawn Transect 1 9. 2 9. 6 8. 4 10. 8 9. 7 Transect 2 9.7 9.3 6.7 10.8 9. 2 Transect 3 8. 7 8. 3 8. 0 11. 0 10. 1 Transect 4 8. 5 9. 0 7. 6 10.1 9. 6 Transect 5 3. 7 9. 6 8.1 9. 9 9. 6 Transect 6 8.7 9.6 7.7 11.1 10.2 North Basin Surface 8.7 9.7 7. 9 10. 7 10.0 1.0 8.5 10.2 7.6 10.7 9.9 2.0 8.3 8.3 7.4 10.5 9.8 3.0 7.9 7.4 7.0 8.7 9.7 4.0 7.6 6.2 5.9 7.4 7.4 5.0 7.4 5.1 4.8 5.8 5.4 6.0 7.0 4.9 3.8 3.9 4.0 7.0 1.7 3.7 1.7 0.7 1.4 3.0 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.4 at 8.5m 9.0 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.1 03 , at 9.5m 10.0 0. 1 Bottom at 9. 2m 8. 4m 8. 5m 9. 5m 9. 0m South Basin Surface 9.2 10.9 10.1 11.6 11.1 1.0 9.1 10.5 9.7 11.4 11.0 2.0 9.1 10.1 9.5 11.7 10.9 3.0 8.1 9.4 7.6 10.1 10.0 4.0 7.5 7.8 4.3 4.1 5.4 5.0 6.4 5.6 0.5 0.4 0.4 6.0 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.3 at 6.5m 7.0 0.4 0 2 0.1 0 3 8. 0 Bottom at 7.0m 6.2m 6 am 7.0m 7 5m 61 Dissolved oxygen continued. Table A-l. . .Iuly .Iulv ~l Julv June June June 30 Dawn 29 Dusk 29 Dawn Dusk Dawn Dawn 9 7 . 2 9 10.3 10.5 8.8 8.1 9. 9. 1 10. 8 Transect 1 07 99 1 9.9 9.5 9.3 8.7 8.9 9 2 .9 9.7 8. Transect 2 Transect 3 9. 9.7 1 8.6 9.9 5 7 8. 2 9 7 Transect 4 Transect 5 Transect 6 9.3 8. 1 2 8.9 7. 9. 9.3 9. 10.3 10. 10. North Basin Surface 9.3 9. 1 1 3 1. 9.0 l 0 7 4.8 1 2.0 8. 7. 6. 8. 0 7 1.3 6. 1 2 4.5 0.2 *0 6 3.8 0.7 3.5 4.4 0 0 5. 7 0.2 2.8 6. 0.4 0.7 7.0 2 4 0.3 0.6 0.6 2 0.2 0.6 0.6 8.0 5m 9.0m 10. 9m 8. Bottom at South Basin 1 1 10. 10. 3 10. 10. 1 10. 6 5 5 9. 10. 10. Surface 1 10. 10. 6 9. 9. 1.0 1 . 8 9.9 6.7 1 .5 9.5 1 9.3 7.3 8.3 10.3 00 O 00 23 9. 9. I 0.3 02 0.5 05 0.3 0.9 0.3 00 L5. 0.3 0.6 9— 0.3 0.3 ~45 at 7.1m 0.5 0 8. Bottom at 5m 7. 5m 6. 1m 3m 7. 7.5m .3m .7 3 .1 .1 .1 6 Dawn . 8. 7. 6. 4. July .Iuly 20 Dusk July Dawn 8.8 8.1 7.8 .05 7.9 6. 9 6.3 4.2 62 July 14 Dawn 7. 7. 7. 8.0 7. 7.2 July 13 Dusk 8. 8.2 7.9 8. 8.5 7.7 .9 5. July 13 Dawn 8. 8.8 8. 7. 8. 8.6 .4 Dissolved oxygen continued. 9. 1.0 4.0 '< Table A—1. Surface Transect 1 Transect 2 Transect 3 Transect 4 Transect 5 Transect 6 North Basin 2.1 2.8 6.0 90 0.3 0.6 0.6 3.3 3.3 7 0.6 Ru 0.2 0.2 0.2 at 9.5m 0.2 9.5m 8.4 5. 0. 6 0.6 9. 0m 9. 3 8.9 8. 6 1.0 0.9 0.8 9.1m 0.9 0.8 0.8 .Om 9.2 9. 9.4 .7 0.6 0.6 0.6 9.5m .1 .1 9.0 .1' . 0 8. 0 9. 0 10. 0 Bottom at South Basin Surface 1. 3. 0 4. 9d 7 0.7 9“ 0.6 0.2 at 6.5m 0. 7 at 7.5m 0.6 0 8. Bottom at .0 7.5m 7.1m 63 Dissolved oxygen continued. Table A-1. August 11 Dawn 10 Dusk August August 10 Dawn August August 8 9 August 8 DuSK Dawn Dawn 8.7 8.4 8.3 7. 85 7. 25 8.8 9. 8. Transect 1 8.1 4. 25 7.6 0 8 1 7. Transect 2 Transect 3 8 7. 9. 8.0 9.9 8.8 8. 8.8 1 3.3 8.1 7.6 Transect 4 1.6 owB 7.55 9. 0 9 8. 7.5 .7.8 9.2 9.0 45 7. 7 Transect 5 Transect 6 676 0.. 888 01 99 66 77 7.8 6 6 2 8.1 8. 8 e C 300 «One. 1 u 9. 5 North Basin 2031 a... 8851 831.3 5502 flamtnm 00 76 8. 7.5 73 1 .9 3 0 4 0 5.0 6.0 40 m.m 7o 30 11 o o 0 0 at 8. 5m 0.0 0.1 0.0 8.9m 0m 9. 0m 9. 0m 9. 9.5m Bottom at South Basin 8.1 7.9 8.15 8. 25 8. 10 Surface 8.8 8. 1 7.8 7.8 8.2 1 9.3 1.0 2.0 8 7.8 0 3. 45 3. 25 6.3 0 0.1 5 ‘3. 05 O 7. 0. 8.8 4.8 09. 7.0 000 0min?“ 3.7 1 at 6. 5m 8 2. at 6.5m at 6.5m 0.0 0 at 5. 5m 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 00 ~18 7m ‘3. 0m 7. 0m 7. 6. 5m 5m Bottom at 64 Dissolved oxygen continued. Table A-1. August August August August August A ugusr 25 Dawn 2 4 Dawn 18 17 Dawn Dusk 17 Dawn Dusk 957 3-3 0.00. 87788 353 9&9 881 on. 879 935 878 55 99 11.0 11 9.0 9. Transect 1 Transect 2 Transect 3 9.4 9.2 8.0 9 8. 10. 4 Transect 4 Transect 5 1 8.3 8.5 l 4 9. 8.1 0 9.7 8. Transect 6 North Basin 8.2 9. 9.0 Surface 1.0 9.3 7 2 9 8.1 8. 8 7.5 9.3 0 0 o o 9&3 6.8 6.6 7 0 8 1.7 0.4 4.9 0.9 3.7 0.4 0.1 1 6. 0.2 0.2 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0. 7. 0.3 0. 3 at 8. 5m 0.0 00 3.0 0.3 0. 2 at 9.5m 0. 25 0.0 0.0 0.0 at 9. 5m 9.0 0.2 0.0 10. 0 Bottom at 2m 9. 9. 5m 8.5m 1m 9. 9. 5m 0m 9. South Basin Surface 04.6 0.. 995 081 0.. 985 9.52 o o o 9 85 763 885 558 0.. 986 5 007 II. 998 000 1:,qu 0.4 0.6 0.9 0. 0.3 333 O O 1 1 O .1 113 00 .0 00 0 0 0 .0 0. 0 at 7. 5m 0.0 000 inmnu 0.0 7. 0m 7. 0m 2m 7. 5m Bottom at 65 Dissolved oxygen continued. Table A-1. Sept. Sept. Sept. August Sept. August 31 31 Dawn Dusk Dawn Dawn Dawn Dusk 9.4 9.1 11.9 8.6 9 9. 9.1 9.9 8. 5 8. Transect 1 Transect 2 8.7 7.8 0 3 10.1 7.3 9 1 0 9 2 8. Transect 3 6 8 8.5 8. Transect 4 1 10. 7.1 10. 11. Transect 5 Transect 6 n1. 8. 7 8. North Basin 9.3 15 8 2 8. 9. 9.4 Surface 9. 8. 9.0 6 3 1. 9- 8.0 "l 8. 21 8 7.6 7.8 0 «1.0 7 6.6 6.7 7.6 :0 4.8 5.1 7.2 6.8 5.0 4.5 1.6 0.4 1.9 0.4 2.8 5.5 6.0 6.0 0.4 0.4 O. at 8. 8m 0.6 0. 1.5 7.0 0.3 O. 35 0. 3 at 8. 5m 8.0 at 8. 5m 0.3 4 0.3 0.2 0.2 5m 9. Bottom at South Basin 9.0 6 6 0 9. 9.2 9.2 Surface 10.1 8. 8.9 9.1 9. 8. 7 8. 1.0 2.0 3. 7.6 9.5 7. 6 4.9 85 8.3 0.3 4.5 0.6 01 0.3 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.4 at 5.5m .3 0. 0. O. 35 0.35 0.3 0.3 0.3 02 0.3 00 “m7. at 7. 5m 0. 35 3. 0 Bottom at 0m 5m 7. 5m 66 Dissolved oxygen continued. Table A-1. Sept. 15 Dawn Sept. 14 Sept. 11 Dusk Dawn 8.3 8.8 7.5 8. Transect l 6 4 1 9. 1 7. 1 Transect 2 8. 9.4 9. 8. Transect 3 8.05 8.05 8. Transect 4 Transect 5 9.6 6 9.5 05 Transect 6 North Basin 8. 9.3 Surface .1 9.2 7. 1.0 8.1 8.1 0 8.5 7. 7 O 0 9.3 0 8.0 7.3 0* 726 776 000 :w&.u 05 0.1 5m Bottom at South Basin 2 1 7.9 8.7 7.6 Surface 8.5 7. 1. 7.9 7. 35 2.0 6.6 35 7. 0 03 0. 7'3 60 66 2.3 o o 793 00 L.m 00 00 55 a o O 0 000 &nu3 5m 7. Bottom at 67 Table A-2. Water temperature (DC) of Lake Lansing during the open-water season of 1978.1 April Ma May May May June June 24 4 11 18 25 1 8 Transect 1 11.8 13.0 16.0 18.0 24.0 21.0 Transect 2 10.8 12.0 15.0 19.5 23.0 21.0 Transect 3 11.0 12.0 15.5 19.0 23.5 21.5 Transect 4 11.0 12.0 15.0 19.0 23.0 21.5 Transect 5 11.0 12.0 15.5 19.0 23.5 22.0 Transect 6 11.0 12.0 15.2 20.0 23.5 21.0 North Basin Surface 10.5 19.0 23.5 21.0 1.0 11.0 12.0 15.0 19.0 23.0 21.5 2.0 11.0 11.5 13.5 18.0 24.0 21.5 3.0 11.0 11.0 14.5 17.5 20.0 21.0 4.0 11.0 11.0 14.0 16.8 17.0 18.0 5.0 8.8 11.0 11.0 13.0 15.0 16.0 16.5 6.0 10.5 10.5 13.0 14.0 14.0 15.0 7.0 8.5 10.2 10.5 13.0 13.2 13.5 14.0 8.0 10.2 10.0 12.8 13.0 13.0 13.5 9.0 8.2 12.5 13.0 13.0 13.0 10.0 Bottom at 8. 0m 9.2m 9.2m 9.2m South Basin Surface 12.0 20.0 22.0 21. 0 1.0 11.0 12.0 15.0 20.0 23.0 21.0 2.0 11.0 11.0 15.0 18.0 23.0 21.0 3.0 10.5 11.0 11.0 14.5 16.5 16.5 20.0 4.0 10.5 10.0 14.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 5.0 10.0 10.0 14.0 14.5 14.0 14.5 6.0 7.5 10.0 10.0 13.0 13.0 14.0 7.0 10.0 9.5 13.0 8.0 13.0 Bottom at 7.0m 6.3m 6.6m 7.3m 1. Values from the first dawn sampling date. 68 Table A-2. Water temperature continued. June June June July July July 15 22 29 6 13 20 Transect 1 16.5 24.0 25.0 22.0 21.5 23.5 Transect 2 17.0 21.0 24.0 22.5 22.0 23.5 Transect 3 17. 0 22. 0 23. 0 23. 0 23. 0 23. 5 Transect 4 17. 0 21. 0 24. 0 22. 5 22. 0 24. 0 Transect 5 17.0 21.5 25.0 23.0 22.0 23.5 Transect 6 - 17.0 21.0 26.0 22.0 22.0 23. 5 North Basin Surface 17.0 22.0 24.0 24. 0 22.0 24. O 1.0 18.0 21.0 24.0 24.0 22.0 24.0 2.0 18.0 22.0 24.0 23.5 722.5 24.0 3. O 17.5 22.0 24.0 22.0 22.5 ' 23.0 4.0 17.0 20.5 23.0 _ 21.0 22.5 22.5 5.0 17.0 20.0 22.0 21.0 21.5 22.0 6.0 17.0 19.0 21.0 20.5 20.5 21.0 7.0 16.0 18.0 19.0 19.0 18.5 18.5 8.0 13.0 15.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 at 8.5m at 8. 9m 9.0 12.0 14.5 15.0 15.0 15.0 15.0 10.0 Bottom at 9. 2m 8. 5m 9. 1m ' 8. 9m 9. 5m 9. 0m South Basin Surface 17.0 21.5 25.0 22.0 20.0 23.5 1. 0 17.“ 0 22. 0 25. 0 22. 5 22. 0 24. 0 2.0 17.0 22.0 24.0 22.0 22.0 23.5 3.0 16.5 19.0 21.0 20.0 21.0 22.0 4.0 16.5 17.0 19.0 18.0 19.0 20.0 5.0 15.5 16.0 17.0 16.5 16.5 17.0 6.0 13.0 14.0 15.0 14.5 15.0 15.0 at 6. 5m at 6. 5m 7.0 12.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.0 14.5 at 7. 1m 8. 0 14.0 Bottom at 7. 0m 6. 5m 7. 3m 7. 1m 7. 1m 6. 5m 69 Table A—2. Water temperature continued. August August August August August Sept. 3 10 17 24 31 7 Transect 1 22.0 22.5 23.5 22.5 21.5 23.0 Transect 2 21.5 23.0 22.5 23.0 21.0 21.5 Transect 3 21.5 22.0 23.5 24.0 21.0 22.0 Transect 4 21.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 21.5 22.0 Transect 5 21.5 23.0 22.5 24.0 21.0 22.5 Transect 6 21.5 23.0 22.0 23. 5 20.5 22.0 North Basin Surface 22. 0 23. 0 24. 0 24. 0 21. 5 22. 5 1. 0 22.0 23.0 24.0 24. 5 22.0 22.5 2 22. 0 23. 0 24. 0 24. 5 22. 0 23. 0 3. 0 22. 0 23. 0 24. 0 23. 5 22. 0 23. 0 4. 0 .22. 0 22. 5 23. 5 23. 0 22. 0 22. 5 5.0 22.0 22.01 22.0 23.0 22.0 22.0 6.0 21.5 21.0 20.0 22.0 22.0 21.5 7.0 20.0 20.0 17.0 20.5 21.0 20.5 8.0 16.2 17.0 16.0 18.0 17.0 18.0 at 8. 5m at 8. 5m at 8. 5m 9.0 15.6 16.0 16.0 17.0 16.0 16.0 10. 0 Bottom at 9. 5m 9. 0m 9. 0m 8. 5m 8. 5m 8. 5m South Basin Surface 21. 5 23. 0 23. 5 24. 0 22. 0 22. 5 1.0 21.5 23.0 23.5 24.0 22.5 22.5 2.0 . 21.5 23.0 23.5 23.5 22.5 23.0 3.0 21.5 22.5 23.5 22.5 22.5 22.0 4.0 20.0 20.0 21.0 21.5 20.5 21.0 5.0 17.0 18.0 18.0 17.0 18.0 18.0 at 5. 5m 6.0 15.0 15.5 17.0 16.0 17.5 16.0 7.0 15.0 14.0 15.0 8. 0 Bottom at 5. 5m 6. 5m 6. 5m 7. 0m 5. 5m 7. 0m 70 Table A—2. Water temperature continued. Sept. Sept. Sept. October October October 14 21 28 5 12 19 Transect 1 19.0 21.5 14.5 13.5 12.0 9.5 Transect 2 18.8 21.5 15.0 12.5 11.5 9.0 Transect 3 17.2 22.0 14.5 13.5 11.5 9.0 Transect 4 19. 0 22. 5 16. 0 13. 2 i 12. 0 9. 5 Transect 5 18.5 22.5 14.5 13.0 12.0 9.0 Transect 6 18.5 22.0 14.0 13.0 11.0 9.0 North Basin Surface 19.0 22.0 16.0 13.5 12.0 9.0 1.0 19.0 22.5 16.0 13.5 12.0 9.5 2.0 19.0 21.5 16.0 13.5 12.0 9.5 3.0 19.0 20.0 16.0 13.5 12.0 9.5 4.0 19.0 20.0 16.5 13.5 11.5 9.5 5.0 19.0 20.0 16.5 13.5 11.5 9.5 6.0 18.5 19.5 16.0 13.5 11.5 9.5 at 7.5m 7.0 18.5 19.5 16.5 13.5 11.0 9.5 8.0 18.5 19.0 16.5 13.2 11.0 9.5 at 8.5m 9. 0 18.0 16.0 10. 0 ' Bottom at 9. 2m 8. 5m 8. 5m 8. 5m 8. 5m 8. 25m South Basin Surface 19.0 15.0 13.2 11.5 9.0 1.0 19.0 21.5 15.0 13.5 11.5 9.0 2.0 19.0 22.0 15.5 13.5 11.5 9.0 3.0 19.0 22.0 15.5 13.5 11.5 9.0 4.0 19.0 15.5 13.5 11.0 9.0 5.0 18.5 15.0 13.5 10.5 9.0 6.0 15.5 15.0 13.5 10.0 9.0 at 6. 3m 7.0 14.5 14.5 10.0 9.0 8. 0 Bottom at 7. 5m , 7. 0m 6. 0m 6. 3m 7. 5m 71 Water temperature continued. November November November November October 16 26 5m 6. 0m 7.0m 0m 7. 0m 7. Table A-2. 500005 050000000 5 5000000 am2.mqw&.a .m9m&.mam&.mqw& & &.mqw&.mqw& 000000 000000000 5 50555555 5.m=w&.m.m .mnw&.mnw&.mnw& & 4.m:m5.m=w5.m 500000 000000000 0 50000000 nw&.mnw&.u .m5m81mnw&.mam& & 7”&nmnw&nmgm& 5 000500 555555555 2 05555555 anmnw&.mnm nm&.mnm&.mnw&nm & nw&.mnm&.mqm& 050555 225555555 0 05555555 mnmowanmow Amomanmomanmowl & owanmommnmowt 1 123456 .m .m se t 3e eeeeee m0000000000m B 0 00000 O......... .0...... “mum hr12345678900 .mfl12345678 nu In u 3333 S US rrrrrr o o o TTTTTT N B S Bottom at 72 Table A—3. PH for Lake Lansing during the open-water season of 1978.1 May May May May June . June 4 11 18 25 l 8 Transect 1 9.1 8.8 8.3 8.4 8.4 8. 4 Transect 2 9.1 8.9 8.5 8.3 8. 4 8. 5 Transect 3 8. 5 8.9 8.4 8.4 8.3 8.3 Transect 4 9. 0 8.9 8.0 7.8 8.3 8.4 Transect 5 9.0 8.9 8. 1 8. 4 8. 2 8. 6 Transect 6 .9. O 8.9 8.3 8.3 8.4 8.5 North Basin Surface 1.0 8 1 8 9 8 3 8.5 8 4 8 5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8 7 8.8 8.0 8 1 7 6 7.4 7 4 9.0 10.0 South Basin Surface 1.0 9 0 8 8 8.4 8 3 8 4 2.0 3.0 4.0 7 8 5.0 8 9 7.5 7 5 6.0 8.8 7.0 7.3 8.0 1. Values from the first dawn sampling date. 73 Table A-3. PH continued. June June June July Julv 15 22 29 6 13 .Transect 1 8.7 8.7 8.9 8.7 8.4 8.5 Transect 2 8.7 8.5 8.9 8.7 8. 4 8.4 Transect 3 8.6 8.5 8.7 8.7 8. 4 8. 2 Transect 4 8.7 8.7 8.8 8. 7 8. 4 8.5 Transect 5 8.8 8.6 8.8 8.7 8.3 8.4 Transect 6 8.6 8.7 8.8 8.6 8.4 8.4 North Basin Surface 1.0 8 7 8 5 8.8 8 7 8 4 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 8.2 7.0 8.0 7 8 7.6 7.6 9.0 7.3 10.0 South Basin Surface 1.0 8.7 8.8 8.5 8.7 8.5 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 7 7 6.0 7 9 7 5 7.4 7 1 7.0 8.0 Table A-3 . PH continued. 74 August 3 August 10 August 17 August ‘34 August 31 Sept. Transect 1 Transect 2 Transect 3 Transect 4 Transect 5 Transect 6 North Basin Surface 1. 0 000000000 H South Basin Surface 1. 0 0000000 000000000005 0.... 5.340301»; 8.5 7.3 8.5 7.4 0000131000000 0000.0 commences 7.8 oooooooooooo “COCDQUIQ COCOCOCOCOCD P‘F‘IQOON 000000000000 0340305010) 000000000009 0..... d—QQQOJCO 8.8 75 Table A-3. PH continued. Sept. Sept. Sept. October October October 14 21 28 5 12 19 Transect 1 8.3 8.9 8.1 8.6 8.6 8.6 Transect 2 8. 3 8. 8 8. 4 8. 7 8. 7 8. 6 Transect 3 8.1 8. 8 8. 3 8. 7 8. 7 8. 6 Transect 4 8.2 9.0 8.4 8.8 8.7 8.7 Transect 5 8.3 9.0 8. 5 8.8 8.7 8.7 Transect 6 8.3 9.0 8. 4 8.7 8.7 8.6 North Basin Surface 1.0 8.3 9.0 8.4 8.8 8.7 8.6 2.0 3.0 4. 0 5.0 6.0 at 7.5m 7.0 8. 5 8.0 8.2 8.3 8.4 8.8 8.5 9.0 10. 0 South Basin Surface 1.0 8 0 8 9 8 1 8.7 8 4 8 6 2.0 3.0 4.0 at 5.5m 5.0 8.6 at 6.5m 6.0 8 0 8.6 8 3 7.0 7.2 8.0 76 Table A—3. PH continued. October November November November November 26 2 9 16 2?. Transect 1 8. 35 8. 6 8. 55 8. 3 8. 0 Transect 2 8.70 8.7 8.8 8.1 8.0 Transect 3 8. 85 8. 8 8. 9 8. 4 8.1 'Transect:1 8.50 8.8 8.7 8.2 8.2 Transect 5 8.40 8.8 8. 7 8.3 8.1 Transect 6 8.35 8.7 8.7 8.2 8.1 North Basin Surface 1.0 8.40 8.7 8.55 8.1 8.2 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6.0 at 7.5m 7. 0 8. 6 8. 55 8. 1 8.0 8 50 8 l 9. 0 10. 0 South Basin Surface 1.0 8.50 8.6 8. 55 8.2 8.2 2. 0 - 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. 0 8 7 8. 9 8 0 8 1 7. 0 8. 40 8. 0 77 Table A-4. Alkalinity in milligrams CaCO liter 1 of Lake Lansing during the open-water season of 1978.1 May May May May June June 4 11 18 25 1 8 Transect 1 122 124 125 125 117 119 Transect 2 124 127 123 121 122 125 Transect 3 114 126 125 125 126 122 Transect 4 123 125 y 123 127 123 125 Transect 5 124 122 124 128 128 121 Transect 6 122 126 125 123 121 121 North Basin Surface 1.0 111 125 124 125 124 124 . 0 ' 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. 0 7. O 120 126 8. 0 124 126 132 135 9. 0 10. 0 South Basin Surface 1.0 121 126 121 124 119 121 2. 0 3. 0 4. O 123 5. 0 125 126 6. 0 121 127 7. 0 145 8. 0 1. Values from the first dawn sampling date. 78 Table A-4. Alkalinity continued. June June June July July July 15 22 29 6 13 20 Transect 1 119 109 105 108 110 99 Transect 2 118 118 ' 106 112 104 107 Transect 3 122 121 111 107 107 107 Transect 4 122 119 112 113 109 109 Transect 5 117 119 112 111 111 103 Transect 6 122 110 110 112 108 102 North Basin Surface 1.0 122 120 112 110 111 108 2 .0 3. 0 4.0 5.0 6.0 122 7. 0 6.0 140 138 131 139 9.0 139 10. 0 South Basin Surface 103 1.0 119 116 100 105 104 2.0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 126 6.0 128 133 139 141 133 7.0 8. 0 79 Table A-4. Alkalinity continued. August August AuguSt August. August Sent. 3 10 17 21 317 Transect 1 114 108 104 97 101- 11?. Transect 2 111 111 106 96 101 105 Transect3 112 110 104 96 104 107 Transect 4 108 112 105 105 102 107 Transect 5 110 109 103 106 104 106 TransectG 109 107 104 107 106 110 North Basin Surface 1.0 107 110 104 104 106 105 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6.0 7. 0 141 8.0 156 167 153 138 145 9.0 10.0 South Basin Surface 108 1.0 107 109 104 107 108 2. O 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 105 133 6. 0 167 160 170 185 7. 0 8. 0 Table A-4. 80 Alkalinity continued. Sept. Sept. Sept. October October October 14 21 28 5 12 19 Transectl 114 113 108 111 110 118 Transect 2. 110 110 108 108 112 117 Transect 3 110 106 109 108 110 '117 Transect 4 110 108 103 111 111 116 Transect 5 109 107 106 111 112 117 Transect 6 111 109 110 110 111 120 North Basin Surface 1.0 110 111 . 106 109 109 116 .0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6.0 at 7.5m 7.0 117 8.0 108 109 105 109 113 9.0 10. 0 South Basin Surface 1.0 109 111 105 110 124 117 2.0 3. 0 4.0 at 5. 5m 5.0 110 at 6.5m 6.0 107 111 118 7. 0 169 8. 0 81 Table A-4. Alkalinity continued. October November November November November 26 2 9 16 22 Transect 1 119 120 126 125 123 Transecr 2 118 122 124 119 122 Transect 3 122 120 129 121 126 Transect 4 118 118 119 121 127 'Transecrb 118 121 126 121 125 Transect 6 118 121 125 119 125 North Basin Surface 1.0 116 121 127 121 127 2. 0 3. 0 4. O 5. 0 6. 0 at 7. 5m 7. 0 122 126 122 8. 0 118 120 9. 0 .10.0 South Basin Surface ~ 1.0 115 121 134 123 125 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. 0 121 124 122 126 7. 0 117 8. 0 82 Table A-5. Free carbon dioxide concentration in micromoles liter"1 of Lake Lansing during the open-water season of 1978. May May May May May May 4 4 5 11 11 12 Dawn Dusk Dawn Dawn Dusk Dawn Transect 1 5. 08 14. 67 67. 22 10. 45 11. 02 17. 24 Transect 2 5.28 13.87 9.38 10.93 8.28 13.52 Transect 3 20.39 14.67 11.64 10. 85 8.30 21.30 Transect 4 6.66 11.02 470.47 13.66 8.15 17.14 Transect 5 6. 72 13. 42' 24. 48 10. 50 8. 08 13. 60 Transect 6 6.61 13.87 378.87 70.87 8.32 13.38 North Basin Surface 1.0 50.48 85.47 29.74 8.46 8.44 17.10 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 13. 71 6. 0 10. 85 7.0 13.59 11.11 11.39 11.18 8.0 9. 0 10. 0 South Basin Surface 1.0 6.55 27.89 11.42 10.85 10.67 17.45 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5.0 22.43 28.41 8.55 13.55 6. 0 10. 84 18. 30 7. 0 8. 0 Table A-5. 83 Free carbon dioxide continued. May May May May May May 18 18 19 25 25 26 Dawn Dusk Dawn Dawn Dusk Dawn Transect 1 32. 50 25. 04 39. 87 25. 04 23. 36 30. 76 Transect 2 20. 27 41. 70 50. 88 30. 77 23. 17 244. 22 Transect 3 25. 89 40. 51 53. 86 24. 71 29. 30 30. 89 Transect 4 65.12 32.76 51.21 101.46 23.56 38.57 Transect 5 51. 72 40. 46 52. 55 25. 30 29. 32 38. 59 Transect 6 32. 84 39.82 51.80 30.31 23.17 78.79 North Basin Surface 1.0 32.66 32.50 64.59 19.52 24.50 197.04 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. 0 55. 41 7. 0 4554. 28 8.0 54.44 140.50 175.26 9. 0 361. 30 10. 0 South Basin Surface 1. 0 40. 25 49. 73 24. 17 23. 98 64. 43 2. 0 ' 3. 0 26. 38 4.0 105.63 50.97 5.0 85.51 212.50 1770.76 6. 0 7. 0 8. 0 Table A-5. 84 Free carbon dioxide continued. June June June June June June 1 1 2 8 8 9 Dawn Dusk Dawn Dawn Dusk Dawn Transect 1 26. 94 17. 21 18. 44 22. 81 18. 43 9. 67 Transect 2 22. 60 17. 96 46. 72 18. 93 24.17 15. 47 Transect 3 56. 58 13. 63 47. 10 29. 33 30. 77 15. 52 Transect 4 45. 97 18. 06 19. 02 23. 76 23. 75 12. 08 Transect 5 47. 43 13. 79 23. 71 14. 21 14. 93 9. 46 Transect 6 28.10 18. 47 22. 05 18. 33 29. 28 14. 62 North Basin Surface 1.0 35.52 13.87 17.99 18.62 24.76 15.41 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. O 7. 0 182. 80 8.0 2917.58 311.16 294.97 119.17 9. 0 249. 50 10. 0 South Basin Surface 1.0 44.48 10.85 23.14 23.20 23.72 11.59 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 343. 25 6.0 486.48 240.04 7.0 160.57 402.99 157.85 8. 0 Table A-5. 85 Free carbon dioxide continued. June June June June June 15 16 22 22 23 Dawn Dawn Dawn Dusk Dawn Transectl 11.96 18.87 9.73 7.15 13.15 Transect 2 11.78 19.21 17.87 13. 15 14.58 TransectS 15.46 14.81 18.02 13.39 10.73 Transect 4 12.18 19.81 11.20 10.82 13.03 Transect 5 9.19 18. 12 14. 10 13. 04 7. 62 'Transect6 15.46 15.06 10.35 13.15 9.22 North Basin Surface 1.0 12.02 15.06 18.17 13.98 2.0 3.0 4.0 5.0 16.48 6.0 at7.5u1 38.50 7.0 26.19 58.44 8.0 122.67 9.0 315.81 10.0 South Basin Surface 1.0 11.88 18.71 8.43 7.71 2.0 3.0 4. 0 at 5. 5m 23. 40 5.0 50.97 131.91 6.0 88.99 457.13 6.94 7.0 8.0 Table A-5 . 86 Free carbon dioxide continued. June June June July July July 29 29 30 6 6 7 Dawn Dusk Dawn Dawn Dusk Dawn Transect 1 5. 66 1 1. 07 9. 04 9. 99 7. 24 12. 47 Transect 2 5. 82 12. 38 9. 72 10. 27 9. 64 10. 06 Transect 3 10.09 12.36 12.89 9. 72 9.37 15.89 Transect 4 7.85 12.49 7.85 10.36 9. 72 7.71 Transect 5 7. 70 12. 29 ° 7. 63 10. 09 9. 91 20. 75 Transect 6 7.51 8.77 5.66 13.47 7.71 15.80 North Basin Surface 1.0 7.85 12.31 10.35 9.82 15.39 12.70 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. 0 7. 0 8.0 182.02 216.27 103.67 172.78 229.29 9. 0 408.46 10. 0 South Basin Surface 1.0 14.12 8.89 5.79 9.63 7.36 11.32 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6.0 223.79 218.74 227.15. 297.63 389.69 7. 0 600. 54 8. 0 Table A-5. 87 Free carbon dioxide continued. July July July July July July 13 13 14 20 20 21 Dawn Dusk Dawn Dawn Dusk Dawn Transect 1 20.91 16.23 15.75 14.36 13.98 Transect 2 19.60 20.36 19. 56 18.58 Transect 3 19. 82 20.17 32.19 31. 40 24. 43 Transect 4 20. 55 16. 24 26. 66 15. 67 19.18 Transect 5 26. 46 26. 93 18. 92 18. 82 Transect 6 20.36 20.17 25.42 18. 64 13.91 North Basin Surface 1.0 20.92 16.08 25.74 19.66 18.73 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. 0 7. 0 at 8. 5m 8.0 194.39 859.55 461.36 9.0 369.67 722. 12 10. 0 South Basin Surface 14. 94 1.0 15.48 15.34 17.88 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6.0 594.67 447.04 606.93 7. 0 1176. 02 8. 0 Table A-5. 88 Free carbon dioxide continued. August August August August August August 3 3 4 10 10 11 Dawn Dusk Dawn Dawn Dusk Dawn Transect 1 21. 49 9.28 32.46 7.78 3.60 3.67 Transect 2 21.10 7.78 30.77 6.18 3.53 7.99 Transect 3 16. 82 5. 87 32. 77 7. 96 3. 60 7. 99 Transect 4 12. 80 7. 92 10. 63 7. 99 2. 73 24. 79 Transect 5 20. 91 5. 54 25. 69 7. 78 5. 71 24. 55 Transect 6 20. 72 5. 70 32. 46 5. 98 3. 53 7. 85 North Basin Surface 1.0 15.93 6.21 30.11 6.15 3.14 20.37 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5 0 6.0 7.0 at 8. 5m 8.0 410. 12 192.57 723.06 165.91 248.51 330.65 9. 0 10. 0 South Basin Surface 1.0 16.07 6.26 25.72 7.78 3.51 15.94 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5.0 216.94 at 6.5m at 6.5m 6.0 372.05 894.76 146.23 330.61 294.46 7. 0 8. 0 Table A—5. 89 Free carbon dioxide continued. August AuguSt August Augusr August August 17 17 18 24 24 25 Dawn Dusk Dawn Dawn Dusk Dawn Transect 1 7. 36 5. 45 6. 94 3. 33 7.17 9.10 Transect 2 15.65 5.05 11.90 4.19 7.16 11.90 Transect3 7.36 3.84 7.36 4.11 7.15 15.24 Transect 4 5. 82 4. 41 5. 82 2. 70 6. 89 11. 90 'rransect5 5.78 3.37 5.71 3.53 5.50 9.10 Transect 6 9. 57 3. 74 7. 43 3. 60 7.11 11. 90 North Basin Surface 1.0 7.29 4.41 5.82 3.43 5.60 9. 28 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. 0 7.0 87.45 at 8.5m 8. 0 320.19 307. 93 742. 77 450.18 9. 0 311. 82 10. 0 South Basin Surface 1.0 7.36 4.88 5.71 3.56 5.56 11.68 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5.0 at 6.5m 6.0 330.58 521.10 567.57 224.22 544.52 568.05 7. 0 8. 0 Table A-5. 90 Free carbon dioxide continued. August August Sept. Sept. Sept. Sept. 31 31 1 7 7 8 Dawn Dusk Dawn Dawn Dusk Dawn Transect 1 12. 32 2. 40 19. 53 6. 26 3. 38 7. 50 Transect 2 15. 30 1. 72 36. 25 12. 44 3. 42 8. 54 Transecta 13.99 1.64 35.08 12.57 3.36 6.95 Transect 4 12. 08 1. 65 23. 58 7. 78 3. 22 6. 70 Transect 5 9. 11 1. 22 28. 41 9. 72 2. 85 7. 78 Transect 6 12. 77 1. 43 39. 80 20. 73 3. 48 10. 96 North Basin Surface 1.0 11.05 1.62 35.95 7.56 3.03 7.49 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. 0 7. 0 8.0 285. 13 152.95 445.67 372. 46 234.69 246.25 9. 0 10. 0 South Basin Surface 16. 08 1.0 2.43 37.03 6.09 3.38 6.89 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 341. 64 6.0 242.43 710.82 773.21 553.63 266.65 7. O 8. 0 91 Table A-5. Free carbon dioxide continued. Se? Se." Se')‘ 14 '14 ‘15 Dawn Dusk “a an Transect l 28. 48 29.82 43. 08 Transect 2 27.56 8.26 21.24 Transect 3 44. 88 9. 46 34. 59 Transect 4 34.72 9.34 20. 78 Transect 5 27.42 8.20 16.98 Transect6 27.92 12.19 27.35 North Basin Surface ' 1.0 27.48 10.53 16.73 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6.0 15 13 7.0 8.0 34.31 43.31 9.0 10.0 South Basin Surface 1.0 54.78 13.59 27.02 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6.0 330.47 651.93 7. 0 573. 90 8. O 92 Table A95. Free carbon dioxide continued. June June June June July July July 8 15 22 29 6 13 20 Transect 1 235 220 217 240 225 231 245 Transect 2 245 225 223 220 231 240 250 Transect 3 240 230 226 240 215 - 240 250 Transect 4 245 225 224 . 245 235 250 250 Transect 5 240 220 224 240 230 245 250 Transect 6 235 205 224 245 240 245 245 North Basin Surface 1. 0 250 225 231 245 233 245 250 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. 0 239 7. 0 8. 0 245 240 260 252 280 9. 0 260 10. 0 South Basin Surface 250 1. 0 245 230 227 250 229 240 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 237 6. 0 235 260 261 262 275 7. 0 250 8. 0 1. Values from the first dawn sampling date. 93 Table A—6. Conductivity in micromhos cm“1 of Lake Lansing during the open-water season of 1978. AuguSt August August August August Sept. Sept. 3 10 17 24 31 7 14 Transect 1 235 225 234 240 230 220 250 Transect 2 240 235 240 245 225 245 235 Transect 3 240 235 240 245 225 242 250 Transect 4 235 230 245 245 225 240 250 Transect 5 241 234 240 248 220 245 250 Transect 6 240 232 240 240 230 225 260 North Basin Surface 1. 0 242 235 236 240 225 245 260 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. 0 7. 0 270 8. 0 272 275 275 250 280 280 9. 0 10. 0 South Basin Surface 230 l. 0 245 240 240 240 245 260 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 271 260 6. 0 285 290 280 310 7. 0 270 8. 0 94 Table A—6. Conductivity continued. Sept. Sept. October October October 21 28 5 12 19 ’Transectl 210 182 185 197 175 'Pransect2 205 180 182 195 177 Transect3 205 180 180 195 178 Transect 4 210 185 180 195 176 Transect 5 205 180 182 195 175 Transect 6 210 183 185 195 180 North Basin Surface 1.0 205 181 180 200 178 2. 0 ' 3. 0 4.0 5. 0 6.0 at 7.5m 7.0 180 8. 0 210 180 182 197 9. 0 10. 0 South Basin Surface 1.0 215 190 185 197 180 2. 0 3.0 4.0 at 5.5m 5.0 190 at 6.5m 6. 0 190 195 185 7. 0 8. 0 95 Table A-6. Conductivity continued. October November November November November 26 2 9 16 22 Transect 1 185 175 180 - 165 220 Transect 2 175 155 180 168 220 Transect 3 175 175 180 167 225 Transect 4 175 180 176 172 215 Transect 5 178 180 180 170 220 Transect6 180 180 180 172 230 North Basin Surface 1. 0 180 180 180 175 220 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. 0 at 7. 5m 7. 0 180 180 224 8. 0 175 172 9. 0 10. 0 South Basin Surface 1. 0 180 180 180 176 222 2. 0 3. 0 4. 0 5. 0 6. 0 185 180 176 225 7. 0 180 8. 0 96 Figure A-l. View of the head capsule of Procladius sp. Figure A-Z.’ Enlargement of lingua of Procladius sp. shown in Figure A-l showing five dark teeth used as a key character. 97 Figure A-l. Figure A—2. 98 Figure A—3. Enlargement of paralabial combs of Procladius sp. shown in Figure A-l. 99 ngure A—3. 100 Figure A—4. View of head capsule of Chironomus sp. Figure A-S. Enlargement of labial plate of Chironomus shown in Figure A-4. Thirteen dark pointed teeth and completely trifid middle tooth are characteristic of the genus. 101 Figure A-4. Figure A-5. 102 Figure A-6. View of head capsule of Parachironomus sp. Figure A-7. Enlargement of labial and paralabial plates of Parachironomus sp. shown in Figure A-6. The recurved striations on the paralabial plate and the large, peaked middle tooth of the labial plate are distinctive of the genus. 103 Figure A-6. Figure A-7. 104 Figure A-8. View of head capsule of Tanytarsus sp. showing the long, curved first antennal segments. Figure A-9. View of head capsule of Ablabesmyia sp. showing ensheathed antenna. 105 8 _ A e r u g .1 F Figure A-9 LITERATURE CITED LITERATURE CITED Anderson, R.C. and F.F. Hooper. 1956. Seasonal abun- dance and production of littoral fauna in a southern Michigan lake. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 75: 259- 270. APHA, AWWA, WPCF. 1975. Standard Method for the Examination of Water and Wastewater. 15th Ed. Amer. Publ. Health Assoc., New York. Ball, R.C. 1938. Land and Stream Survey - Water Analysis. Institute for Water Research, Michigan Dept. of Conservation (unpublished). Borutsky, E.V. 1939. Dynamics of the total benthic fauna in the profundal of Lake Beloie. Trudy Limnol. Sta. Kossino. 22: 196-218. Brinkhurst, R.O. 1974. The benthos of lakes. Macmillan Press, London. 190 pp. Buscemi, P.A. 1961. Ecology of the botton fauna of Parvin Lake, Colorado. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 80: 266-307. Carter, C.E. 1976. A poPulation study of the Chironomidiae (Diptera) of Lough Neagh. Oikos 27: 346-356. 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Map of the Surface Formation of the Southern Peninsula of Michigan. Michigan Dept. of Conservation, Publication No. 49. 108 Mason, Jr., W.T. 1973. An Introduction to the Identi- ‘ fication of Chironomid Larvae. Anal. Qual. Contr. Lab., Nat. Environ. Res. Ctr. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Cincinnati, OH. 45268. 90 pp. Mozley, S.C. 1973. Key to the larvae of the Chironomidae (Tribe Tanytarsini) in the larval stage. Preliminary Key, Mimeographed (unpublished). Northcote, T.G. 1964. Use of a high-frequency echo sounder to record distribution and migration of Chaoborus larvae. Limnol. Oceanog. 9: 87-91. Okland, J. 1964. The eutrophic Lake Borrevann (Norway) -an ecological study on shore and bottom fauna with special reference to gastropods, including a hydro- graphic survey. Folia Limnol. Scandinavica 13: 337 pp. Roelofs, E.W. 1941. Fisheries Survey of Burke, Park, and Rose Lakes in Clinton County, and Lake Lansing in Ingham County. Institute for Fisheries Research, 'Report No. 689, Michigan Dept. of Conservation. 19tui Roth, J.C. 1968. Benthic and limnetic distribution of the Chaoborus species in a southern Michigan lake (Diptera, Chaoboridae). Limnol. Oceanogr. 13: 242- 249. ~ Sapkarev, J.A. 1975. Seasonal and annual variation of the population density and biomass of the bottom- fauna in the deepest waters of Lake Dojran, Macedonia. In: Limnology of Shallow Waterg (J. Salanki & J.E. Ponyi, eds.) Akademiai Kiado, Budapest. pp. 255-263. Simpson, 1949. Measurement of diversity. Nature 163: 688. Stahl, J.B. 1966a. The ecology of Chaoborus in Myers Lake, Indiana. Limnol. and Oceanog. 11: 177-183. . 1966b. Coexistence in Chaoborus and its ecological significance. Invest. Oceanog. 11: 177-183. Teracghi, M. and T.G. Northcote. 1966. Vertical distribution and migration of Chaobarus flavicans larvae in Corbett Lake British Columbia. Limnol. Oceanog. 11: 164-176. 109 Thut, R.N. 1969. A study of the profundal bottom fauna of Lake Washington. Ecol. Monogr. 39: 79-100. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. 1970. Reconnaissance Report Eutrophication Problem Lake Lansing, Michigan. U.S. Corps of Engineers. 25 pp. Young, T.G., R.K. Johnson and T.G. Bahr. 1974. Limnology of Lake Lansing, Michigan. East Lansing, Mich., Tech. Rept. No. 43, Inst. Water Research, Mich. State Univ. 77 pp. "11111111111t