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A SIMULATION OF THE EFFECTS OF
FOUR INSECT PESTS ON
RED PINE GROWTH AND YIELD
IN MICHIGAN

By

Stephen Carl Westin

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Forestry

1987

ABSTRACT

A SIMULATION OF THE EFFECTS OF
FOUR INSECT PESTS ON
RED PINE GROWTH AND YIELD
IN MICHIGAN
By

Stephen Carl Westin

A model was developed to simulate the effects of white
grubs (Ehzllgphggg spp., Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae),
Saratoga spittlebug (Aphxgphgzg ggxatgggnsig [Fitch]), pine
root collar weevil (Hzlghigg radigig Buch.), and red-headed
pine sawfly (Ngggipxign leggntgi [Fitch]) on growth and
yield of red pine (Einus Iggingsa Ait.). The model allows
the user to set initial stand conditions, and choose one of
the insects to simulate. Insect levels are randomly set.
Effects of insect damage may be offset by implementing
control measures. The stand may be thinned to varying
levels at any time. An economic analysis is performed to

compare costs and returns with and without insect management.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Dr.
Carl W. Ramm, graduate committee chairman, for his
guidance, patience, and friendship during the course of my
graduate program. Thanks are due also to Dr. Gary Simmons,
Dr. Douglas Lantagne, and Dr. Donald Dickmann for their
ideas, support, and timely action when called upon. The
completion of this thesis would not have been possible
without their help.

Also, I would like to thank my family for their
support and patience throughout this rather interesting
experience.

Finally, I would like to thank Karen Stange for being
there when I needed her. Her love has made my life much

more meaningful.

iii

List of Tables ........................................... vi
List of Figures ......................................... vii
Introduction .............................................. 1
Background Information .................................... 3
Overview of the Model ..................................... 7
Plantation Establishment ................................. 10
Red Pine Growth and Yield ................................ 13
Red Pine Growth ..................................... 13
Diameter Distribution ............................... 18
Estimating Red Pine Volume .......................... 19
Estimating Red Pine Mortality ....................... 21
Region of Applicability for Insect Models ................ 22
White Grubs .............................................. 23
White Grub Caused Mortality ......................... 23
Growth Loss Due to White Grubs ...................... 26
Control Measures and Efficacy ....................... 26
Pine Root Collar Weevil .................................. 27

Simulating Pine Root Collar Weevil Impact
on Red Pine ......................................... 29

Saratoga Spittlebug ...................................... 31

iv

v
Simulating Saratoga Spittlebug Impact on
Red Pine ............................................ 33
Red-Headed Pine Sawfly................... ................ 36

Simulating Red-Headed Pine Sawfly Impact

on Red Pine Volume .................................. 38
Economic Evaluation ...................................... 40
Summary .................................................. 41
List of References ....................................... 43
Appendix A: A User’s Guide For RPPEST .................... 48

Appendix B: A Program Listing of RPPEST .................. 79

LIST OF TABLES

Lower and upper limits of red pine seedling
mortality through year 2, for a given mean

number of Ehzllgphagg per cubic foot of

soil ............................................. 24
Probability of heavy damage to red pine from

root collar weevil, by hazard zone and

distance to a weevil infestation ................. 28
Default costs for forest management activities

and stumpage ..................................... 54
Range of random values used in RPPEST

simulations ...................................... 56
Default costs for insect management activities

in RPPEST ........................................ 57

vi

CDCDN‘IO’JOIoh»

11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.

LIST OF FIGURES

A Flowchart of RPPEST ............................. 8
Initial Stand Information ........................ 63

Initial Site Preparation and Economic

Information ...................................... 64
First Year Seedling Survival ..................... 65
Insect Caused Seedling Mortality ................. 66
Insect Monitor and Control Costs ................. 67
Stand Description Display At Age 20 .............. 68
Stand Description Display At Age 30 .............. 69
Stand Description after Thinning At Age 35 ....... 70
Thinning Parameter Change Menu ................... 71
Stand Description Display At Age 40 .............. 72
Stand Description After Thinning At Age 45 ....... 73
Stand Description Display At Age 50 .............. 74
Stand 1 Volume Summary ........................... 75
Stand 2 Volume Summary ........................... 76
Final Economic Analysis .......................... 77

vii

INTRODUCTION

Due to the length of most forest stand rotations, land
managers spend a great deal of their careers gaining the
experience and knowledge necessary to be successful in
their management activities. For example, although heavy
attacks by insects are often infrequent, the resultant
damage may be serious. Because of lack of experience , a
land manager may not know the most effective or economical
way to deal with a serious insect outbreak when it occurs.
Computerized growth and yield models which simulate insect
impact allow managers to experiment with various management
strategies for trees and insects, helping them gain
necessary experience.

The purpose of the model described in this thesis and
the associated computer program, RPPEST, is to serve as a
training tool for land managers. The model simulates the
impact of four insects on the growth and volume yield of
red pine (Rings resingsg Ait.). The insects are: white
grubs (Phyllgphaga spp., Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae), pine
root collar weevil (Hxlghigs radigis Buch.), Saratoga
Spittlebug (Anhmhm mm: [Fitch]). and
red-headed pine sawfly (Nggfiipzign leggntgi [Fitch]). This

2
model allows flexible stand definition as well as relative
ease of use on a microcomputer. Economic analysis of
various combinations of timber and insect management
strategies should make the model a useful tool to help land
managers gain experience within a shorter time frame and at

a lower cost than that allowed by the real world.

Won

Red pine (Rings resingsa Ait.) is a widely planted
forest species in the Lake States region and many forest
products are derived from it, including pulpwood, posts,
utility poles, cabin logs, piling and sawtimber (Benzie,
1977). Because rotation lengths needed to produce these
products often range from 60 to 120 years (Benzie and
McCumber, 1983), land managers responsible for obtaining
maximum benefit from red pine stands often do not know the
results of their management prescriptions until late in
their careers, if ever. As in most other professions,
foresters gradually gain experience and knowledge as their
careers progress. However, the long interval between the
beginning and end of most forestry projects slows the
accumulation of knowledge. Accelerating this learning
process should favor more effective forest management.

Computer based growth and yield models allow forest
managers to simulate various stand management scenarios and
evaluate their results in a short of time, and with no
risk. Prior to this time, at least four computerized
growth and yield models were available for red pine in the
Lake States: REDPINE (Lundgren, 1981), STEMS (Belcher et
al., 1982), RPAL (Ramm and Miner, 1986), and TWIGS
(Belcher, 1982).

4

REDPINE, briefly described by Lundgren (1981), is a
stand level growth and yield model for red pine plantations
or natural stands in the Lake States. The program
forecasts growth beginning at any stand age for thinned or
unthinned stands. If a stand is grown from the time of
planting REDPINE makes no attempt to account for seedling
mortality in the first years after planting. REDPINE
allows wide latitude in the description of the stand in
terms of number of trees per acre, initial basal area, site
index, and thinning specifications. REDPINE was designed
and written for mainframe computers, which somewhat limits
access to it. RPAL (Ramm and Miner, 1986) is a BASIC
language translation of REDPINE written for the IBM PC and
compatible microcomputers.

STEMS is an individual tree growth and yield
projection system for over thirty species in the Lake
States (Belcher et al., 1982). As an individual tree
model, STEMS requires that a list of trees and their
characteristics be entered before projection begins, or the
program will generate such a list if requested. STEMS
allows implementation of various management systems, such
as removal of cull trees and thinning from above or below
(Brand, 1979). Simulation of mortality is accomplished
using a mortality function based on individual tree
diameter growth rate (Buchman, 1979). A microcomputer

version of STEMS called TWIGS has been developed, which

will increase public access to this growth projection

system.

Attacks on forest stands by some insects may be
infrequent but serious when they do occur. Other insects
frequently cause low to moderate levels of tree damage or
mortality and often go unnoticed. Forest managers need to
understand the nature of these insect attacks, their impact
on growth and yield, and the effect of possible control
actions on stand growth and yield. A logical extension of
computerized growth and yield models for forest stands
would be the addition of simulated insect attack on the
stands. Two computerized models are available for the Lake
States region.

BANKSIANA is a computerized stand level growth and
yield model for the Lake States which simulates the impact
of white pine weevil and jack pine budworm on jack pine
(Drapek, 1985). BANKSIANA allows several methods of jack
pine reproduction with variable results. Insect attack is
randomly determined and several control measures are
available. Economic effectiveness of control measures
selected is analyzed after the stand is harvested.

NPVUNPL is a stand level computer model which
simulates growth loss in red pine plantations due to
Saratoga spittlebug injury (Heyd, 1985). The program
requires initial input of number of trees per acre and site
index. Three rotation options are available in the model.

First, harvest at age 45 with no thinning. Second, harvest

at age 80 with thinning to a residual basal area level of

6
90 square feet per acre every 10 years after age 33.
Third, harvest at age 80 with thinning to a residual basal
area level of 120 square feet per acre every 10 years after
age 33. Stumpage prices may be set for the products of
each thinning as well as for the final harvest.

Insect control in NPVUNPL may be accomplished by
chemically controlling alternate host vegetation, spraying
chemical insecticides, or taking no action. Costs of stand
establishment and insect control may be entered, or
estimated by the program. Economic analysis of the
management strategy employed is carried out using Net
Present Value at interest rates between 7% and 10%.
Analysis is performed for the same stand with three
different Saratoga spittlebug hazard ratings of increasing
severity (Heyd, 1985).

The objective of the current project was to develop a
computerized growth and yield model (RPPEST), which allows
simulation of the effects on red pine growth and yield of
the major insect pests of red pine. This model is seen as
a training tool for land managers, enabling them to
experience the effects of insect attack and judge the

soundness of alternative control practices.

WW1

RPPEST is a stand level model for plantations and
natural stands which simulates the impact on red pine
growth and yield of four insects: white grubs, pine root
collar weevil, Saratoga spittlebug, and red-headed pine
sawfly. Figure 1 is a flowchart of RPPEST. The model
allows simulation of the impact of one of the insects, or a
stand may be grown without insects. If the insect attack
alternative is selected two stands are grown
simultaneously, one with insect controls available in the
model, and the other with no insect control measures. This
allows an economic evaluation of the insect control
strategy selected.

Initial stand information needed to run the model
includes site index, minimum pole and sawtimber diameters,
seedling age at planting, stand age at the beginning of
simulation (0 if insect attack is selected), initial basal
area per acre, trees per acre, and harvest age. Maximum
stand age allowable at harvest is 135 years. If the insect
attack option is selected, alternative planting and site
preparation methods are available.

RPPEST includes the ability to establish a thinning
regime for a stand. Thinning selects trees equally across

the stand’s diameter distribution. Thinning may be to a

Initialize
Stand
I

Indlude Y Choose
Insects? ---> Insect

Z

Grow
the

I
V

I
Normal
Mortality
E Y Modify
Thin? ------ > Stand

N

I
End of
Projection -> Stand
Period? Stats

N

I
Increment

_- A86

Figure 1.

Stand < --------------
I

Y Display

--->

--->

--—>

Define
Establishment Costs

& Procedures

I
Determine

< ------------------- < -------------------

Impact
I
':
Control Y Choose &
Insects? ---> Implement
' I
' I
N : :
= :
Modify :
Stand < ----------
Display Change
Stand ----- > Thinning
Stats Options
I
':
Age = Y
Harvest ----- > Harvest
A397 Stand
' I
' I
N : g
I Summarize
: Rotation
Values
I
:'
Economic
Analysis
I
:'
END

A Flowchart of RPPEST.

9
residual basal area, or may remove a specific number of
trees per acre, or may remove a certain proportion of the
stand’s basal area or trees per acre. If insect attack is
simulated both stands follow the same thinning regime.

The stand is grown until the end of the specified
projection period or when a thinning year is reached. A
stand summary is then displayed and the pattern is repeated
until harvest age is reached. A final volume summary for
each stand is displayed. Then an economic analysis of
overall management and of wood saved by the insect control

measures is displayed.

KW

There are many ways to prepare a potential red pine
site for planting. These methods may be grouped into two
broad categories: mechanical and chemical (Sajdak, 1982).
These two categories, along with no site preparation, are
available as options in setting up stand regeneration in
the model.

Winebar and Gunter (1984) conducted a survey of forest
management costs in 1982 among government agencies, forest
industry and private contractors in Michigan, Wisconsin,
and Minnesota. Costs for site preparation were taken from
the results of that survey. Costs used in this model have
been adjusted for inflation from 1983 to 1985, the last
date for which figures are available, using the producer
price index. The adjustment factor is 4.6%. Winebar and
Gunter arrived at adjusted average figures of 8 64.57 per
acre for mechanical preparation and $ 52.30 per acre for
chemical preparation.

Red pine seedlings are planted either by hand or by
machine. Both options are available. Planting stock is
assumed to be bareroot. Costs for planting are categorized
by the type of site preparation preceding the planting and
by the number of seedlings per acre being planted (Winebar

and Gunter,1984). Early survival of planted red pine can

10

11
vary significantly depending upon several factors, such as
quality of planting stock, degree of site preparation, date
of planting (Emch and Carvell, 1985), use of correct
planting techniques, and weather. Attempting to combine
all of these elements into a model would be a major task in
itself, so a simplifying assumption was made. It was
assumed that things went reasonably well during the
planting operation, except for some small degree of
uncertainty. That is, seedlings were handled with
reasonable care, seedlings were not J-rooted during
planting, or a two month drought did not set in right after
planting.

Published average first year red pine seedling
survival data for the period 1934-1974 on the
Huron-Manistee National Forest in the northern Lower
Peninsula of Michigan was 83%, while 1982, 1983, and 1984
plantings showed first year survival rates of 85%, 94% and
84% respectively (Labumbard, 1984). These figures were
used as the basis for assuming a first year survival rate
of 84%. To account for year to year variation, the model
randomly varies first year survival between 74% and 93% in
any given year (84% + or - 9%). Published seedling
survival data is uncommon, and the Huron-Manistee
information covers a longer time span than other Lake
States data found in the literature. The applicability of

this data to areas outside northern Lower Michigan is

unknown.

12

Type of planting (hand or machine) is assumed to have
no effect on first year survival (Knighton, 1972). No data
was available to show a difference between chemical and
mechanical site preparation in the first year, so none was
assumed. Carmean (1971) found first year survival of 2-0,
3-0, and 4-0 seedlings planted in Minnesota on sandy soil
with grass competition to average 53.9% when no site
preparation was used. If no site preparation is indicated
in the model, first year survival is reduced by a randomly
determined additional 0% to 30% (the difference between the
mean value of 84% and the 53.9% observed by Carmean) to
reflect the added uncertainty of possibly heavy vegetative

competition on the seedlings.

W

Accurate prediction of red pine growth and yield
throughout the life of a stand is fundamental to this
model. The equations used to accomplish this forecasting
were drawn from the forestry literature. The general form
of the growth and yield section of the model and many of
the equations used, including those for basal area growth
and tree volume, were drawn from a red pine growth and
yield computer model called REDPINE, written and briefly
described by Lundgren (1981).

B§d_£in§_fixgflih

Red pine growth equations considered for use in the
model have been published by Buckman (1962), Chen and Rose
(1977), USDA Forest Service (1979), Lundgren (1981), and
Reed et a1. (1986).

Chen and Rose (1977) developed an individual tree
basal area growth model for red pine using data from a
plantation in Wisconsin. Their model estimates a tree’s
basal area growth as a function of the tree’s basal area
and competition with its neighbors. This model does not
seem to adequately explain basal area growth in thinned

stands, and the calculations are difficult. Therefore,

13

14
this model was not used in RPPEST.

Staff members of the USDA Forest Service’s North
Central Experiment Station have developed an individual
tree growth and yield projection system for the Lake States
called STEMS (USDA Forest Service, 1979). Red pine is
among the species included in this diameter growth model.
The data used to deveolp this model were collected in
Michigan, Wisconsin, and Minnesota. The STEMS model
requires information about each tree in the stand to be
modeled, including crown ratio and diameter. It was felt
that these extensive information requirements would be a
burden to people using RPPEST, so the STEMS diameter growth
model was not used in RPPEST.

Reed et a1. (1986) developed a stand level metric
cubic volume and basal area estimation system from data
collected in red pine plantations in both the Upper and
Lower Peninsulas of Michigan. The basal area equation
requires only stand age, basal area, and site index at a
beginning age to estimate basal area at a future age. Reed
et al. suggest that this stand model not be used in thinned
stands. The ability to simulate thinning was a fundamental
goal in the development of RPPEST, and so precluded this
model’s use.

Equations from Buckman (1962) and Lundgren (1981) were
selected to predict red pine basal area growth in RPPEST.
From the time when breast-height age is greater than zero

until total tree age equals 24, stand basal area per acre

15
is estimated by an equation developed by Lundgren from data

originally collected by Wambach (1967):

Basal area = 6.565 * site index * ((1 - e(-0.04018 *
total age))“1.1677) * (1 - e(-0.01885 *

trees/ac.))

Wambach’s data were collected in unthinned Lake States
plantations up to 35 years old that were established at
various initial spacings. Lundgren’s model is used rather
than Wambach’s model because it explains 10% more of the
natural variation present in the data, and has 5 square
feet of basal area per acre less error associated with it’s
predictions. The first derivative of Lundgren’s equation
is used to compute annual basal area growth per acre as

follows:

Basal area growth = 6.5653 * site index * (A1 * A2

- A3 * A4)
A1 = e(1.1677 * LN(1 - e(-0.040172 * (total age +
1))))
A2 = 1 - e(-0.0018854 * trees/ac.)
A3 = e(1.1677 * LN(1 - e(-0.040172 * total age)))
A4 = 1 - e(-0.0018854 * trees/ac.)

Buckman (1962) developed a stand level red pine basal

area growth equation from data collected in Minnesota.

16
Most of the plots measured were located in thinning studies
in what appear to be both natural stands and plantations.
Site index of the experimental stands varied from 46 to 63
feet, while stand age ranged between 21 and and 144 years.
Annual basal area growth per acre for stands where tree age
is greater than 24 years old is computed using Buckman’s

equation:

Basal area growth = 1.689 + 0.04107 * basal area/ac. -
0.000163 * (basal area/ac.)‘2 - 0.07696 * total
age + 0.0002274 * total age‘2 + 0.06441 * site

index

The two basal area growth equations used in RPPEST
were also used in Lundgren’s REDPINE model (1981).
Lundgren (1983) compared total peeled cubic foot volume per
acre mean annual increment (MAI) predicted by REDPINE with
red pine MAIs from Michigan, Minnesota, Wisconsin and
Ontario reported in the literature. A simple regression
equation relating REDPINE predicted MAI to observed MAI had
a coefficient of determination of .73, and an F test showed
that the equation was not significantly different (at the
0.05 level) from the assumption that predicted MAI equaled
observed MAI. The accuracy of prediction and the
apparently wide area of geographic applicability were

determining factors in the selection of Buckman’s and

Lundgren’s basal area growth models for use in RPPEST.

17
Breast-height age is computed using an equation from
Benzie (1977) developed by A. L. Lundgren from data
collected by Wambach (1967):

Breast height age = total age - 10.5 + 0.05 * site

index

Lundgren (1981) developed a maximum annual diameter
increment function to limit the growth of stands with low
numbers of trees per acre, or young thinned stands.
Occasionally the diameter growth predicted for these types
of stands appears to be too high. To remedy this

situation, the following constraint is used in RPPEST:

Maximum dbh increment = .007 * site index * e(-0.01 *

breast-height age)

Using the maximum diameter increment calculated as above,

maximum annual basal area growth increment is:

Maximum BA growth = 0.00545415 * trees/ac. * (2 *
mean dbh * maximum dbh increment + maximum

diameter increment“2)

Mean dbh, or quadratic mean diameter, is the diameter of

the tree of average basal area.

18
Milan

Hafley and Schreuder (1970) discuss several
statistical distributions used for fitting diameter class
data for even-aged stands, including the beta, Johnson’s
SB, lognormal, gamma, Weibull, and normal. The only
published information for red pine concerning any of these
distributions is found in Zarnoch et a1. (1982), who fit
diameter class data for various thinning regimes in red
pine to the Weibull distribution. Weibull parameters are
given for stands of age 25, 32, and 39 years. Because
Zarnoch et al. have no data for stands older than 39 years
it was decided not to use this information in a model where
maximum stand age can be 135 years.

Lacking other information, and after examining graphs
of red pine diameter distributions, it was decided that red
pine diameter distributions would be approximated by the
normal distribution. Before a given number of trees per
acre can be partitioned into one inch diameter classes
using the normal distribution, an estimate of the standard
deviation of the diameters must be calculated. A function
of this type was developed by Lundgren (1981) using data
published by Stiell and Berry (1973):

Standard deviation of dbh = 0.37628 * mean diameter *

e(-0.093346 * mean diameter)

19
There were two reasons for assigning stand level data to
one inch diameter classes. First, the mortality function
selected requires dbh to calculate survival rates. Second
was the need to partition basal area into merchantability
classes for product specification. No other use was made

of the diameter class information.

Winnie

Tree height is one component of the volume equations
used in the model. An equation to estimate total height of
dominant and codominant trees was developed by Lundgren and
Dolid (1970) to describe published site index curves for

red pine in the Lake States:

Total height = 1.89 * site index * (1 - e(-0.01979 *
age)‘1.3892)

Several equations are used in the model to calculate
red pine volume per acre. Total cubic foot volume per
acre, utilizing the entire stem minus bark, is calculated

using an equation from Buckman (1962):

Cubic feet/ac. 0.4085 * basal area/ac. * average

total stand height

Cordwood volume per acre, including bark, to a three

20
inch minimum top diameter inside bark is calculated using

an equation developed by Buckman (1962):

Cords/ac. = 0.003958 * basal area/ac. * average total

stand height

Merchantable cubic foot volume per acre to a three
inch minimum top diameter inside bark is computed using a
formula derived by multiplying the above cordwood volume
equation from Buckman (1962) by 79 cubic feet per cord
(Lundgren, 1981):

Cubic feet/ac. = 0.3127 * basal area/ac. * average

total stand height

International 1/4 inch board foot volume per acre to a
six inch top is calculated using a ratio of board feet per

total cubic foot (Lundgren, 1981) in sawtimber size trees:

Board feet/cubic foot = -8.76 + 1.985 * dbh - 0.07253
* dbh‘2 + 0.0008421 * dbh“3 + 0.04951 * average
total stand height - 0.00892 * dbh * average
total stand height + 0.0003169 * dbh“2 * average
total stand height - 0.000002786 * dbh“3 *

average total stand height

21
E l° !' B 1 Bi H l 1.!

Buchman (1983) has developed a model that predicts
survival for several Lake States tree species, including
red pine. The data used to develop the model has strength
in both number of samples and geographic extent. Equation
coefficients for red pine were developed from nearly 40,000
one year tree records gathered from throughout the Lake
States.

Performance of this tree survival model was tested
against USDA Forest Service permanent plot data. For red
pine between 1 inch and 16 inches dbh the aggregate
predicted survival rate was only 0.3% higher than the
measured survival rate (Buchman, 1985). This model was
therefore selected to estimate annual red pine survival in

trees 1 inch dbh and larger:

Survival rate = 0.9997 - (1 / (1 + e‘n))
n = 1.9953 + 57.97 * dbh growth rate“1.012 + 0.2648 *
(dbh - 1)“1.626 * e(-0.1273 * (dbh - 1)).

WWW

Much of the entomological information used in RPPEST
was collected by Louis F. Wilson of the USDA Forest Service
North Central Experiment Station in East Lansing, Michigan,
and his students R.D. Averill and R.L. Heyd. Most of their
information was collected in the northern Lower and Upper
Peninsulas of Michigan. Dr. Wilson’s job is to perform
entomological research applicable to the north central
United States. Thus, the data used in RPPEST is pertinent
throughout the Lake States (G.A. Simmons, 1987, Michigan
State University, personal communication).

Wide applicability of information about a pest does
not mean that the insect is a significant problem
everywhere it is found. Impact may vary as climate and
vegetation change across a region. For example, potential
impact of pine root collar weevil in northern Lower
Michigan declines as the climate becomes harsher moving
from west to east across the state (Wilson and Millers,
1983). Therefore, utility of particular sections of this
model may vary throughout the region where it is

potentially applicable.

22

1111119411311:

White grubs (Coleoptera, Scarabaeidae) are the larvae
of May beetles and other related beetles. The genus
Phyllgphaga contains some of the largest and most
destructive larvae. They occur in the soil and feed on the
roots of trees, grasses, and other vegetation. The larvae
consume the smaller roots and girdle the larger roots of
young red pine seedlings. The damage caused by this
feeding manifests itself on the trees in two ways: reduced

growth, and mortality (Fowler and Wilson, 1971).

Wits:

Fowler and Wilson (1971, 1974) studied red pine
seedling mortality caused by white grubs in the Upper
Peninsula of Michigan from the time of planting through the
fifth growing season. Most white grub caused mortality
took place in the first three years after planting (Fowler
and Wilson, 1974). The data in Table 1 were interpolated
from Figure 6 in Fowler and Wilson (1971). The graph shows
a triangular region of seedling mortality described by
lower and upper limits of red pine seedling mortality
through the second growing season for a given mean number

of Ehzllgphaga larvae per cubic foot of soil. Because non-

23

24
insect-caused mortality is accounted for in RPPEST, a base
rate of 4% non-grub mortality was subtracted from each

value interpolated from the graph.

Table 1. Lower and upper limits of red pine seedling
mortality through year 2, for a given mean
number of Phyllgphaga per cubic foot of

 

 

 

 

soil.

Mean # grubs % Mortality % Mortality
per cubic ft. lower limit upper limit
0.00 0 0
0.25 6 14
0.50 12 30
0.75 18 44

 

In order to duplicate the lines representing the lower and
upper limits of seedling mortality in the graph, linear
regression was used to fit simple equations to both sets of
interpolated data using number of grubs per cubic foot of
soil as the independent variable. Thus, the R“2 values
shown below should only be used to judge the precision of
the reproduction of the graph lines. The resulting

equations are shown below:

24 * N of grubs

% Seedling mortality lower limit
R‘2 = 1

% Seedling mortality upper limit 58.85714 * N of

grubs R‘2 = .9997

25

Simulation of first and second year mortality of red
pine seedlings begins with generation of a uniformly
distributed random number between 0 and 0.75. This
represents the mean number of grubs per cubic foot of soil.
This number is then used in the regression equations to
determine the lower and upper levels of mortality possible
for this particular grub population. First and second year
percent mortality is then determined by generating a random
number between the calculated lower and upper bounds.

Third and fourth year seedling mortality were
interpolated from Figure 2 in Fowler and Wilson (1974).
Third year mortalities for four plantations were 1%, 3%,
4%, and 12%. Third year mortality is assumed to vary
between 1% and 4% with a probability of .75, and between 4%
and 12% with a probability of .25.

Fourth year mortality from Fowler and Wilson (1974) is
essentially 0% for three plantations and 3% for the fourth.
Fourth year mortality is assumed to be 0% with a
probability of .75, and to vary between 1% and 3% with a
probability of .25.

Mortality percentages from the first four years are
summed and number of trees per acre is reduced by this

amount.

26
WW

Fowler et al. (1982), in an extension of the work by
Fowler and Wilson (1971, 1974), reported that differences
in red pine site index values between plots treated with an
insecticide effective on white grubs and plots that
received no treatment were 5, 7, 8, and 9 units among four
plantations. This study was conducted in the Upper
Peninsula of Michigan on plantations which had completed
ten growing seasons.

To simulate the effect of grubs on height growth a
uniformly distributed random number between 5 and 9 is

generated, and site index is reduced by this amount.

WW

Control of white grubs is accomplished by applying a
pesticide such as aldrin at the time of planting an old
field site (Fowler and Wilson, 1971). Fowler and Wilson
(1974) report that application of aldrin reduced white grub
caused red pine seedling mortality by 83% in the first five
years. If white grub control is chosen in the model, the
combined four year mortality figure is reduced by 83%.

Also, site index is assumed to return to normal.

W11

The pine root collar weevil (Hzlghigs,radigi§ Buch.)

causes mortality and growth loss in red pine. This weevil
is found throughout northeastern North America. Trees
between the ages of 8 and 15 years are most vulnerable to
attack (Wilson and Kennedy, 1970). The injury is caused by
larval feeding in the inner bark of the root collar. A
mean number of 2.2 immature insects per tree is considered
the threshold of tree mortality (Wilson and Millers, 1983).
As a red pine plantation approaches crown closure the
environment around the base of the tree becomes less
favorable for weevils and populations begin to decline
naturally (Wilson and Millers, 1983).

Wilson and Kennedy (1970) described three pine root
collar weevil hazard zones in Northern Lower Michigan. The
zones are categorized by their degree of potential weevil
damage. Wilson also quantified the probability of heavy
damage (death) to red pine in a hazard zone relative to the
distance to the nearest weevil infested stand. Table 2 is

reproduced from Wilson and Kennedy (1970).

27

28

Table 2. Probability of heavy damage to red pine from root
collar weevil, by hazard zone and distance to a
weevil infestation (Wilson and Kennedy, 1970).

 

Distance to

 

weevil Hazard Zones
infestation Low Medium High
Miles 4% 3 X
0 - 1/8 5 15 >50
1/8 - 1/2 5 10 40
1/2 - 1 5 5 25
1+ <5 5 10

 

Stand damage is divided into three categories: light,
moderate, and heavy. Red pine mortality in lightly damaged
stands will be less than 5%. Damage is usually light in
the low hazard zone. Red pine mortality in moderately
damaged stands will range from 5% to 10%. In the medium
hazard zone, damage can be light or moderate. Heavily
damaged stands will have red pine mortality of 10% to 15%.
In the high hazard zone, damage is usually moderate or
heavy (Wilson and Millers, 1983).

Pine root collar weevil reduces red pine height growth
beginning two growing seasons before the tree dies. Two
years before death height growth is reduced about 7%. The
year before death height growth is reduced about 24%
(Schmiege, 1958). The model assumes that trees which
experience significant growth loss are very close to death
and will probably die within a short time. Rather than
accounting for a 24% loss of height growth the year before
an attacked tree dies, growth loss is ignored and the tree

29
is assumed to die.

There are two methods of controlling poulations of
pine root collar weevil. The first is spraying insecticide
such as lindane around the base of each tree (Finnegan and
Stewart, 1962). One application between ages 6 years and
10 years will usually keep the trees growing well until the
crowns begin to close and weevil populations begin to
decline naturally (Wilson and Millers, 1983).

The second method involves pruning the branches of the
lower 2 feet of the tree trunk and scraping the litter and
topsoil from around the base of the tree for a distance of
1 foot. This treatment usually suppresses the weevil
population for 4 or 5 years and allows the tree to reach

crown closure safely (Wilson, 1967).
.11- v. 11.1; \°° °_. 3_ 3; ”'3 , '9 1;! I;

Simulation begins by randomly assigning the stand to a
weevil hazard zone, and setting a random distance to the
nearest weevil infested stand. The probability of heavy
damage is determined using the hazard zone and distance to
infestation (see Table 2). A random number between 0 and 1
is now generated. If this number is less than the
probablility of heavy damage then percent red pine
mortality is determined based on the hazard zone. If the

random number is greater than the probablility of heavy

damage no red pine mortality occurs.

30

If the hazard zone is low then mortality percentages
between 0% and 5% are possible. In the medium hazard zone
mortality can range from 0% to 10%. Red pine mortality in
the high hazard zone can take on values from 5% to 15%.

The number of trees per acre is then reduced equally across
all diameter classes to account for the simulated
mortality. The assumption is made that the trees which
experience growth loss will die, and they are included in
the mortality percentage generated above.

Both control options outlined above are possible in
the model. Control takes place in year 8 after planting.
Adult weevil surveys are automatically scheduled for year 4
and year 7 after planting if this option is chosen, and

their cost is included in the economic analyses.

Saratgss_fieitilahns

The Saratoga spittlebug (Arhrgehgra saratgsensis
[Fitch]), found throughout the geographic range of red

pine, is responsible for mortality, deformity, and loss of
growth in red pine plantations where trees are between 3
and 15 feet tall. Adult spittlebugs feed by inserting
their beak into red pine twigs of the previous year’s
growth and sucking plant juices out. The puncture wound
and the bug’s saliva create necrotic tissue and stimulate
resin accumulation. This blocks fluid transport in the
xylem and phloem and can eventually kill the branch. If
feeding is heavy enough, the branch will flag. The bugs
prefer to feed in the upper whorl of branches. If the top
branches are killed, lower whorls compete for terminal
dominance, resulting in a height growth loss. Crooked or
forked trees usually are the result (Heyd, 1978). If
enough feeding occurs the tree will die.

In order to complete its life cycle the immature
spittlebugs require that one of several alternate host
plants be available for feeding. The primary alternate
host is sweet-fern, Cgmptgnia ,pgzggrina Coult. However
there are approximately 200 other secondary hosts including
blackberry, raspberry, bracken fern, blueberry, goldenrod,

and Sumac (Wilson, 1971). Without any of these alternate

31

32
hosts, the Saratoga spittlebug cannnot complete its
development.

Wilson (1971) developed a method to rate the risk of
Saratoga spittlebug injury to a potential planting site, or
an existing stand. The technique involves estimating the
percent ground cover of sweet-fern and other alternate host
plants. Wilson published a risk rating graph which uses
the two cover values to place a stand into one of three
risk categories: low, moderate, or heavy.

Heyd (1978) studied the impact of Saratoga spittlebug
on red pine in northen Lower Michigan and described the
growth loss as uniformly affecting the diameter and height
growth of the tree. A method was developed by Heyd which
ties growth loss to Wilson’s plantation risk categories.
Red pine on low risk sites can lose a maximum of 4 years
growth. Trees on moderate risk sites can lose between 4
and 10 years of growth, depending upon spittlebug
population levels. Trees on heavy risk sites can lose
their entire volume to mortality and loss of
merchantability due to crooked and misshapen stems.

There are two ways to control the impact of the
Saratoga spittlebug on red pine growth and yield. The
first is by using an insecticide (such as malathion) to
directly reduce the spittlebug population. Wilson and
Millers (1966) found that malathion reduced Saratoga
spittlebug populations by 99% in northern Lower Michigan.

Many insecticides, including malathion, are not selective

33

for spittlebug and may kill beneficial predatory insects.

The second control method involves reducing the
population of alternate host plants, especially sweet-fern.
Depending upon the size of the plantation this control may
be either mechanical or chemical. If the area is small,
mowing could be sufficient. However, mowing encourages
resprouting of sweet-fern and actually leads to increased
density (Heyd et al., 1987).

Chemical control seems to be much more promising, if
more expensive. Heyd et al. (1987), working in northern
Lower Michigan, found that 2 or 3 quarts of Roundup per
acre will effectively control sweetsfern, and other
alternate hosts such as blueberry, at least into the fourth
year after treatment. Three years after treatment
sweet-fern ground cover was only 4%, down from a
pre-treatment level of 31%. An added benefit of chemically
controlling alternate hosts is the reduction in vegetative
competition with the young red pine. This may increase red
pine site index by 5 units on moderate risk areas if site
index is between 50 and 70, and by 10 units on high risk

sites for the same range of site indexes (Heyd, 1982).

 

Simulation of Saratoga spittlebug impact begins with
the random generation of sweet-fern percent ground cover.

The ground area not covered by sweet-fern is randomly

34
assigned a percent cover for all other alternate host
plants. These two numbers are used to determine the
spittlebug risk rating of the plantation. The next step is
determination of the extent of damage to the stand.

If the risk rating is low, then a random number
between 0 and 4 is generated to represent the number of
years of growth that will be lost. If the risk category is
moderate, then a random number between 4 and 10 is
generated to represent years of lost growth. If the risk
category is high then the stand is assumed to have a 50%
chance of losing between 10 years and 20 years of growth,
and a 50% chance of losing all merchantable volume. So a
random number is generated to represent the probability and
growth loss is assigned according to its value.

Alternative control strategies are available in the
model to offset red pine growth loss. Selection of
chemical control of alternate hosts at the time of planting
is assumed to keep the stand in the low risk category until
it reaches crown closure. At crown closure the alternate
host plants are shaded out by the trees and the risk from
Saratoga spittlebug is removed. Site index is also
increased if herbicide is applied (Heyd, 1982).

Selection of insect control using insecticide,
following Heyd (1985), is assumed to require one
application for low and moderate risk sites, and two sprays

for a high risk site. If site index is less than 50 then a

second spray is needed on moderate risk sites and a third

35
spray is needed on high risk sites to compensate for the
extended period of time the trees are vulnerable due to
slow height growth (Heyd, 1981). The assumption is made
that the insecticide will adequately protect the I

plantation.

W

The red-headed pine sawfly (Nggdiprign leggntgi
[Fitch]) causes mortality, deformity, and growth loss in

red pine 3 feet to 15 feet tall. The tree is injured as
the sawfly larvae consume its needles. Over the past 50
years the red-headed pine sawfly has been the third most
important target for insect suppression programs on
National Forests in the eastern portion of the U.S (Averill
et al., 1982).

Susceptibility of red pine to sawfly defoliation is
directly related to tree vigor. Water stress is a very
important factor in the tree’s ability to resist sawfly
attack. Extended periods of drought or poor quality sites
can predispose a stand to attack (Averill et al., 1982).

Averill (1977) and Averill et al. (1982), in studies
conducted in northern Lower and Upper Michigan, Wisconsin,
New York, and Ontraio, Canada, proposed a method of
classifying plantation sites into Site Resistance Classes
(SRC) based on ground cover, distance to hardwood edges,
and soil characteristics. Trees on SRC I sites are very
resistant to sawfly attack, and sawfly populations are
widely scattered. Trees on SRC II sites are fairly
resistant, and sawfly populations are scattered with some

trees moderately infested. SRC III sites are very dry,

36

37
sawfly populations are high, and trees are generally
heavily infested. Site index on SRC III sites is usually
near or below 50 (Averill et al., 1982). In Northern Lower
Michigan alone there are over 92,000 acres of red pine on
sites where the site index is less than 50 (Jakes, 1982).

Sawfly damage on SRC I sites is slight, and tree
mortality is rare. Two SRC I sites had mortality of 1.3%
and 0% after a three year red-headed pine sawfly outbreak.

Pulpwood yield was reduced very slightly, and sawlog yield
was not affected (Averill et al., 1982).

Red pine on SRC II sites also experience very little
problem. A few trees are killed (1.8% in the outbreak
mentioned above) and others are top killed, resulting in
forked or crooked trees. Again, pulpwood yield was
slightly affected, and sawlog yield was not affected
(Averill et al., 1982).

Red-headed pine sawfly causes serious problems for red
pine on SRC III sites. Tree mortality is rapid and wide
spread (52.4% in the outbreak mentioned above), and trees
that remain alive are stunted and severly deformed.
Merchantable volume is usually less than 1% of the volume
remaining (Averill et al., 1982).

There are two ways of controlling the red-headed pine
sawfly: chemical and cultural. The chemical control
consists of applying insecticide to heavily infested SRC

III areas in the early stages of the population build-up.

Cultural control involves suppressing vegetation which

38
competes with young red pine for moisture and other

resources needed for growth.

,!!_,5_ !: :3'.-!,35.°_3'. I; .5..l‘ ' 'F'v’. '9 :6. . 9; ° .U;

Simulation of red-headed pine sawfly impact begins
with the generation of a random number between 6 and 13,
which represents the simulated stand’s age when the sawfly
population reaches outbreak levels. Most tree mortality
occurs in one year (Averill et al., 1982). Red pine stands
are not often composed entirely of one site resistance
class, so the next step is to determine the proportion of
the stand in each SRC. These proportions are randomly set.
If site index is above 50, there will be no SRC III areas
in the plantation.

Percent mortality for the trees in the SRC I portion
of the plantation is randomly set between 0 and 1.3%.
Mortality percent for SRC II trees is randomly set between
0 and 1.8%. All trees in the SRC III areas of the
plantation are assumed to be dead or unmerchantable, and
are removed from the trees per acre count.

Both control options mentioned above, application of
insecticide and application of herbicide at time of
planting, are available in the model. Sawfly populations
remain at relatively constant levels until the year of a

population outbreak, when they rise dramatically (G.A.

Simmons, 1987, Michigan State University, personal

39
communication). For this reason, insecticide application
is assumed to occur in the randomly generated outbreak year
(G.A. Simmons, 1987, Michigan State University, personal
communication), and be effective enough to reduce tree
mortality to SRC II levels. Herbicide application is also
assumed to be effective in maintaining tree vigor to the

point where SRC II mortality levels are achieved.

W

To compare costs and revenues which occur throughout a
lengthy rotation on an even basis, the values must be
discounted to a common year. In this model that is the
year of planting, year 0. Gunter and Haney (1984) suggest
that for ease of calculation all costs and revenues should
be considered to occur at the end of the year. This
convention is followed in RPPEST.

Two analyses are performed after Drapek (1985). The
first compares all costs with all revenues to evaluate the
overall management strategy using Net Present Value (NPV).
Net Present Value is calculated by subtracting the sum of
the discounted costs from the sum of the discounted
revenues. If the result is positive then the red pine
stand in question compares favorably with alternative
investments with real rates of return of 4% or less.

The second analysis also uses NPV to evaluate insect
management efforts. The discounted value of the wood saved
by monitor and control techniques is compared with the
discounted costs of those techniques. Again, a positive

NPV indicates a worthwhile investment.

40

W

RPPEST is a stand level model designed as a training
tool for land managers which simulates the impact of four
major insect pests on red pine. The model allows a wide
range of initial site conditions and the establishment of
thining regimes. Insect control measures are available in
the model, and an economic analysis using Net Present Value
is performed after the stand is harvested.

The growth and yield portion of the model has been
shown to be applicable throughout the Lake States and
southern Ontario (Lundgren, 1983). The insect impact
models used in RPPEST should also apply throughout the same
region. However, these models should be tested for
accuracy on a local basis.

Additional information is needed regarding early
survival of planted red pine, especially beyond the first
year and in relation to site and climatological factors.
Once the tree has reached about five feet in height,
mortality seems to be fairly well quantified. More
information is also needed concerning red pine diameter
distributions. The Weibull distribution has the
flexibility to accurately describe diameter distributions,
and an extension of the work of Zarnoch et al. (1982) would

be a valuable addition to the literature.

41

42

Much remains to be learned about the insects included
in this model. Factors involved in population dynamics of
pine root collar weevil, Saratoga spittlebug, and red-
headed pine sawfly are not well documented. The length of
population cycles and the factors which combine to promote
insect outbreaks need further study. Information about
mortality rates and their causes at each stage of the
insects’ life cycles'are not known.

Additional investigation is also required into the
effects of Saratoga spittlebug and white grub damage as
previously injured trees age. Quantification of the
relationship between site quality and insect damage would
be directly beneficial to land managers trying to assess
the impact of an insect outbreak just getting under way.

Information about interaction between these insects
does not exist. For example, does white grub injury
predispose a stand to attack, or increased levels of
damage, by pine root collar weevil?

The information needs outlined above present a
formidable challenge to entomologists and forest land
managers. However, the addition of this information to
what is already known about the interactions between the
forest and these insects would greatly assist forest and

forest insect management in the Lake States.

LIST OF REFERENCES

LIST OF REFERENCES

Averill, R.D. 1977. Impact of red-headed pine sawfly,
Negdiprign leggntgi, on young red pine plantations.
Ph.D. Dissertation, 127 p. Michigan State University,
E. Lansing.

Averill, R.D., L.F. Wilson, and R.F. Fowler. 1982.
Impact of the redheaded pine sawfly (Hymenoptera:

Diprionidae) on young red pine plantations. Great
Lakes Entomol. 15(2): 65-91.

Belcher, D.M. 1982. TWIGS: The woodsman’s ideal growth
projection system. P. 70-95 in Microcomputers, a new
tool for foresters. Purdue Univ. Dept. For. & Nat.
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Belcher, D.M., M.R. Holdaway, and G.J. Brand. 1982. A
description of STEMS, the Stand and Tree Evaluation and
Modeling System. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep.
NC-79, 18 p.

Benzie, J.W. 1977. Manager’s handbook for red pine in the
North Central states. USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech.
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Benzie, J.W. and J.E. McCumber. 1983. Red pine. P. 89-91
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Brand, G.J. 1979. Timber management guides and marking
rules. P. 56-60 in A Generalized Forest Growth
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USDA Forest Service Gen. Tech. Rep. NC-49, 96 p.

Buchman, R.G. 1979. Mortality functions. P. 47-55 in A
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Buchman, R.G. 1983. Survival predictions for major Lake
States tree species. USDA Forest Service Res. Paper
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43

44

Buchman, R.G. 1985. Performance of a tree survival model
on national forests. N. J. Appl. For. 2(4): 114-116.

Buckman, R.E. 1962. Growth and yield of red pine in
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Carmean, W.H. 1971. Large, well balanced stock and
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Chen, C.M. and D.W. Rose. 1978. Nonlinear basal area
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Drapek, R.J. 1985. A simulation of jack pine budworm and
white pine weevil monitor and control techniques and
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Emch, D.J. and K.L. Carvell. 1985.. Effects of cold storage
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Finnegan, R.J. and K.E. Stewart. 1962. Control of the pine

root collar weevil, Hxlghius radigis. J. Econ.
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Fowler, R.F., and L.F. Wilson. 1971. White grub
populations, thllgphaga spp., in relation to damaged
red pine seedlings in Michigan and Wisconsin
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Fowler, R.F.and L.F. Wilson. 1974. Injury to Aldrin-
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Fowler, R.F., L.F. Wilson, and A.L. Lundgren. 1982.
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Gunter, J.E. and H.L. Haney. 1984. Essentials of Forestry
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45

Hafley, W.L. and H.T. Schreuder. 1977. Statistical
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Heyd, R.L. 1978. An evaluation of the impact of the
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Heyd, R.L. 1982. Insects versus artificial regeneration of
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Heyd, R.L. 1985. NPVUNPL. A Saratoga spittlebug
simulation program. Available from the Michigan
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Heyd, R.L. and L.F. Wilson. 1981. Risk-rating red pine
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Heyd, R.L., R.L. Murray, and L.F. Wilson. 1987. Managing
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sweetfern. N. J. Appl. For. 4(1): 16-17.

Jakes, P.J. 1982. Timber resources of Michigan’s Northern
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Lundgren, A.L. 1981. The effect of initial number of trees
per acre and thinning densities on timber yields from
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46

Lundgren, A.L. 1983. New site productivity estimates for
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Lundgren, A.L. and W.A. Dolid. 1970. Biological growth
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States timber species. USDA Forest Service Res. Paper
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Norris, F.W. 1987. Timber Mart North, lst quarter 1987.
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Ramm, C.W. and C.L. Miner. 1986. Growth and yield programs
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Reed, D.D., E.A. Jones, T.R. Bottenfield, and C.C. Trettin.
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Sajdak, R.L. 1982. Site preparation in the Upper Great
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Schmiege, D.C. 1958. A study of the pine root collar
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Stage, A.R. 1973. Prognosis model for stand development.
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Stiell, W.M. and A.B. Berry. 1973. Yield of unthinned red
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Wambach, R.F. 1967. A Silvicultural and economic appraisal
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Wilson, L.F. 1971. Risk-rating Saratoga spittlebug damage
by abundance of alternate-host plants. USDA Forest
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Wilson, L.F. and P.C. Kennedy. 1970. Pine root collar
weevil hazard zones for red pine in Lower Michigan.
USDA Forest Service Res. Note NC-104, 2 p.

47

Wilson, L.F. and I. Millers. 1966. Suppression of Saratoga
spittlebug with helicopter application of low- and
high-volume malathion. J. Econ. Entom. 59(6): 1456-
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Wilson, L.F. and I. Millers. 1983. Pine root collar weevil
- its ecology and management. USDA Forest Service
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Winebar, B.L. and J.E. Gunter. 1984. Costs of forest
management practices in the Lake States - including a
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Red Pine: Proceedings of the SAF Region V Technical
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Michigan State Univ., E. Lansing.

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The effects of red pine thinning regimes on diameter
distribution fitted to the Weibull function. Mich.
State Univ. Ag. Exp. Sta. Res. Rep. 423, 11 p.

APPENDIX A

APPENDIX A

A User’s Guide For RPPEST

Imam

RPPEST is a computer program written in Turbo Pascal
for IBM PC compatible microcomputers. The purpose of the
program is to simulate the effects of insect damage on red
pine growth and volume yield and to economically evaluate
various control methods. Four insects are included in the
program: white grubs, pine root collar weevil, Saratoga
spittlebug, red-headed pine sawfly. The effect of one
insect may be simulated, or a stand may be grown with no
insects present.

When used only for red pine growth and yield, a stand
may be joined at any point in it’s life up to the maximum
rotation age of 135 years. Initial number of trees per
acre, initial basal area per acre, merchantability limits,
and thinning regimes are all flexible within certain broad
limits.

To simulate insect impact the stand must be grown from
the time of planting. Initial basal area per acre is
estimated within the program. Once a stand is established
and an insect is chosen, the impact of that insect is
determined. Control measures are available to counter the

insect’s impact.

48

49
Two stands are then grown simultaneously: one with
insect control measures implemented (Stand 1), the other
with no insect controls (Stand 2). Costs associated with
insect monitoring and control and with stand establishment
and management are discounted and compared with discounted

revenues from thinnings and the final stand harvest.

Wm

RPPEEST is designed to run on the IBM PC and
compatible microcomputers. The program was developed on a
Leading Edge Model D microcomputer.' 64 kilobytes of RAM
memory is sufficient to run the program. A monochrome
monitor is required. Graphics capabilities are not
required. Currently, no provision is made for printing

RPPEST output.

Bunnins_BEEE§I

RPPEST appears on the disk as a .COM file which has
two overlay files associated with it. Overlay files are
labeled RPPEST with a numeric file extension (eg.,
RPPEST.001). The overlay files must be present on the same
disk drive as the RPPEST.COM file for the program to
function correctly.

To start the program make sure the RPPEST disk is in
the default disk drive, and type RPPEST followed by a

50

carriage return.

W

The main menu of the program provides an opportunity
to specify simulation of red pine growth and yield with or
without the influence of insects. If insects are desired
item 2 must be chosen at this point. Insects may not be

introduced into the stand later in the program.

Winn

Both choices from the main menu require that several
pieces of information be entered initially. Some of this
information is common to both choices, such as site index,
merchantability limits, stand age, initial basal area,
trees per acre, harvest age and display interval. These
common items are described below.

Site index is the height of dominant and codominant
trees, in feet, at the base age of 50 years. In RPPEST,
site index must be between 30 and 90 feet. Minimum
poletimber dbh is used to specify the smallest diameter of
merchantable trees. This value must be larger than 3.5
inches in order to fall within the data range of the volume
equations used. Minimum sawtimber dbh defines the smallest

trees for which International 1/4 inch board foot volume

will be calculated. The only restriction placed on this

51
value is that it be larger than the minimum poletimber dbh.

Stand age at the beginning of projections may be any
age less than the maximum age of 135 years if there are no
insects in the stand. Insect infested stands must begin in
the year of planting, year 0.

Initial basal area, in square feet per acre, must be
set by the user if the trees are 25 years or older from
seed. If the trees are younger than 25 and taller than 4.5
feet, initial basal area may be specified or estimated by
the program using an equation developed by Lundgren (1981)
from data originally collected by Wambach (1967). Initial
basal area must be lower than 180 square feet per acre.

Trees per acre at the beginning of projections must be
between 200 and 1600.

Harvest age must be no greater than the maximum age of
135 years.

The display interval is the number of years of stand

projections between stand description displays.

WWW

Additional initial information is needed for
simulation of stands under insect attack. One of the four
insects must be selected, and the user must enter
information on type of control, desired site preparation,
type of planting, product prices, and inventory and sale

layout costs. Default costs are available in the program,

52
or the user may enter a different value.

Site preparation may be selected as mechanical,
chemical, or no site preparation. Mechanical and chemical
methods have default costs of $64.57 and $52.30,
respectively, adjusted for inflation (Winebar and Gunter,
1984). They are assumed to be equally effective.

Planting may be done by machine or by hand. Default
adjusted costs from Winebar and Gunter (1984) for machine
planting without site preparation are $134.41 per acre for
less than 800 trees and $146.65 per acre for more than 800
trees. Hand planting without site preparation costs
$124.25 per acre for less than 800 trees and $116.02 per
acre for more than 800 trees.

Machine planting with site preparation costs $88.09
per acre for less than 800 trees, and $136.24 per acre for
more than 800 trees. Hand planting with site preparation
costs $109.50 per acre for less than 800 trees, and $148.97
per acre for more than 800 trees.

The default price for red pine cordwood is $12.00 per
standard cord, while sawlogs are $70.00 per MBF
(International 1/4" rule) (Norris, 1987).

The default cost for timber inventory is $6.73 per
acre (Winebar and Gunter, 1984). An inventory is conducted
before every thinning and before the final harvest.

The default cost for timber sale layout is $9.38 per

acre (Winebar and Gunter, 1984). Sale layout occurs with

every thinning and the final harvest.

53
Default forest management costs are summarized in
Table 3.
The default annual interest rate used for discounting
costs and revenues to the year of planting is set at 5%
(R.J. Marty, 1987, Michigan State University, personal

communication). This is a real rate, beyond inflation.

54

 

Table 3. Default costs for forest management activities
and stumpage.

Willa Wat
Mechanical Site Preparation $ 64.57 /ac.
Chemical Site Preparation $ 52.30 /ac.
Machine Planting without Site Prep,

(800 trees / ac. $134.41 /ac.
Machine Planting without Site Prep,

>800 trees / ac. $146.65 /ac.
Hand Planting without Site Prep,

(800 trees / ac. $124.25 /ac.
Hand Planting without Site Prep,

>800 trees / ac. $116.02 /ac.
Machine Planting with Site Prep,

<800 trees / ac. $ 88.09 lac.
Machine Planting with Site Prep,

>800 trees / ac. $136.24 /ac.
Hand Planting with Site Prep,

(800 trees / ac. $109.50 lac.
Hand Planting with Site Prep,

>800 trees / ac. $148.97 /ac.
Timber Inventory $ 6.73 /ac.
Timber Sale Layout $ 9.38 /ac.
Cordwood Price $ 12.00 /cord
Sawtimber Price $ 70.00 /MBF

 

55
WW

RPPEST simulates the individual influence of four
insects on the growth and yield of red pine: white grubs,
pine root collar weevil, Saratoga spittlebug, red-headed
pine sawfly. Ranges of random values used in RPPEST insect
models are summarized in Table 4. Default insect

management costs are summarized in Table 5.

W

White grub impact on red pine shows up as seedling
mortality and site index reduction. Control is achieved by
applying a pesticide at the time of planting. The default
cost for control is $30.00 per acre; control occurs in year
0.

The plantation must be monitored for grub populations
before control is attempted. The default cost for
monitoring is $8.00 per acre, and it occurs in year 0.

If control is selected it is assumed to be 83%
effective, and mortality is reduced by this factor. Site
index is also returned to the original value. If no
control is chosen mortality remains unaffected, there are
no monitor or control costs recorded and site index remains

reduced.

56

 

Table 4. Range of random values used in RPPEST
simulations.
Insect Ashen W
White Grubs lst & 2nd year mortality 0% - 40%
3rd year mortality 1% - 12%
4th year mortality 0% - 3%
Site index reduction 5 - 9 units

Pine root
collar weevil

Saratoga
spittlebug
moderate

Red-headed
pine sawfly

Hazard zone

Low hazard zone mortality
Medium hazard zone mortality
High hazard zone mortality

Risk rating

Low risk growth loss
Moderate risk growth loss
High risk growth loss

Outbreak year

SRC I mortality
SRC II mortality
SRC III mortality

low, medium,

high
0% - 5%
0% - 10%
5% - 15%
low,
high

0 - 4 years
4 - 10 years
10 years to
total stand

6 - 13

0% - 1.3%
0% - 1.8%
100%

 

57

Table 5. Default costs for insect management activities in

 

RPPEST.
__lns_e_eiz_ M W
White grubs Monitoring $ 8.00 /ac.
Chemical Control $30.00 lac.
Pine root Monitoring $10.00 /ac.
collar weevil Pruning & Scraping $ 6.00 lac.
Basal Spraying variable
Saratoga Risk Rating 8 1.00 /ac.
spittlebug Monitoring $ 1.50 /ac.
Aerial Insecticide $12.00 /ac.
Herbicide-Hand Planting $70.00 /ac.
Herbicide-Machine Planting $60.00 /ac.
Red-headed Monitoring 8 1.50 /ac.
pine sawfly Aerial Insecticide $12.00 /ac.

Herbicide-Hand Planting $70.00 /ac.
Herbicide-Machine Planting $60.00 /ac.

 

58

W1.

Pine root collar weevil causes mortality in red pine
plantations which have not reached crown closure. The
default cost of monitoring weevil populations is $10.00 per
acre and occurs in years 3 and 6 if control is chosen.

Weevils may be controlled by basal pruning and by
scraping away duff and topsoil from each tree. The default
cost for pruning and scraping assumes a labor rate of $6.00
per hour and a work rate of 60 trees per hour. This action
occurs in year 7. Weevils may also be controlled by basal
insecticide spraying of each tree. The default cost
assumes a labor rate of $6.00 per hour, a work rate of 120
trees per hour and a chemical cost of $5.00 per acre. This

cost occurs in year 7.

WW

Saratoga spittlebug impact on red pine manifests
itself in years of lost growth and tree mortality in stands
which have not reached crown closure.

One method of controlling spittlebug is to reduce
alternate host plants by applying herbicide at planting.
The default cost for this control method is $70.00 per acre

if the stand is planted by hand, and $60.00 per acre if the

stand is machine planted. This cost occurs in year 0.

59
Risk rating the plantation costs $1.00 per acre and also
occurs in year 0.

A second control method is to reduce the spittlebug
population using insecticide. The default cost is $12.00
per acre for aerial spraying (Heyd, 1982). Monitoring
populations costs $1.50 per acre. The number of sprays and
monitorings depends upon the hazard rating of the stand and
site index (Heyd, 1985). Low risk and site index greater
than 50 requires monitoring in years 4 and 6, and spraying
in year 6. If site index is less than 50, an additional
monitoring is scheduled for year 10. Moderate risk rating
and site index greater than 50 requires monitoring in years
4, 6, and 10, and spraying in year 6. Moderate risk and
site index less than 50 requires monitoring in years 4, 6,
10, and 12, and sprays in years 6 and 12. High risk and
site index higher than 50 requires monitoring in years 4,
8, and 9, and sprays in years 4 and 9. High risk and site
index less than 50 requires monitoring in years 4, 8, 9,
and 14, and sprays in years 4, 9, and 14. All controls are

assumed to put the stand in the low risk category.

WW!

Red-headed pine sawfly causes tree mortality and
deformation in red pine stands on poor sites (site index <
50) which have not reached crown closure.

Sawfly impact can be greatly reduced by controlling

60
competing vegetation or by spraying insecticide to reduce
sawfly populations. Controlling competing vegetation
occurs in year 0 and has a default cost of $70.00 per acre
if the stand was planted by hand, or a cost of $60.00 per
acre if machine planted. Controlling sawfly populations
occurs during the randomly determined outbreak year and
costs $12.00 per acre. Monitoring sawfly populations
occurs 3 years before the outbreak year and in the outbreak
year, and costs $2.00 per acre. Both control methods are

assumed to reduce impact to a negligible level.

Thinning

Thinning in RPPEST assumes every tree has an equal
chance of being selected, as in mechanical thinning. Trees
are removed equally across the entire diameter
distribution. Basal area per acre and trees per acre are
reduced by the same fraction, leaving quadratic mean
diameter unchanged.

To implement thinning requires initial values for age
at first thinning, minimum basal area at the first
thinning, thinning interval, stand age at final thinning.
Also, one of three types of thinnings must be chosen:
remove a specific number of trees per acre, remove a
constant proportion of the basal area or trees per acre, or

thin to a specified residual basal area per acre.

61
WW

To compare costs and revenues which occur throughout a
lengthy rotation on an even basis these values must be
discounted to a common year. In this program that is the
year of planting, year 0. Gunter and Haney (1984) suggest
that for ease of calculation all costs and revenues should
be considered to occur at the end of the year. This
convention is followed in RPPEST.

Two analyses are performed after Drapek (1985). The
first compares all costs with all revenues to evaluate the
overall management strategy using Net Present Value (NPV).
Net Present Value is calculated by subtracting the sum of
the discounted costs from the sum of the discounted
revenues. If the result of this subraction is positive
then the red pine stand in question compares favorably with
alternative investments.

The second analysis also uses NPV to evaluate insect
management efforts. The discounted value of the wood saved
by monitor and control techniques is compared with the
discounted costs of those techniques. Again, a positive

NPV indicates a worthwhile investment.
Sam PP S

Figures 2 through 16 show a typical RPPEST run

involving white grubs. Figures 2 through 6 show

62
preliminary information. The remainder of the figures show

periodic output and final summary screens.

63

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0mm

Drapek, R.J. 1985. A simulation of jack pine budworm and
white pine weevil monitor and control techniques and
their effects on jack pine economics. M.S. Thesis, 118
p. Michigan State University, E. Lansing.

Gunter, J.E. and H.L. Haney. 1984. Essentials of Forestry
Investment Analysis. 337 p. OSU Bookstores,
Corvallis, OR.

Heyd, R.L. 1982. Insects versus artificial regeneration of
conifers. P. 358-374 in G.D. Mroz and J.F.
Berner(compilers). Proc. Artif. Regen. of Conifers in
the Upper Great Lakes Region, 26-28 Oct. 1982, Green
Bay, WI, 435 p. Mich. Tech. Univ., Houghton.

Heyd, R.L. 1985. NPVUNPL. A Saratoga spittlebug
simulation program. Available from the Michigan
Cooperative Forest Pest Management Program. East
Lansing, Michigan.

Lundgren, A.L. 1981. The effect of initial number of trees
per acre and thinning densities on timber yields from
red pine plantations in the Lake States. USDA Forest
Service Res. Paper NC-193, 25 p.

Norris, F.W. 1987. Timber Mart North, lst quarter 1987.
Highlands, NC.

Wambach, R.F. 1967. A Silvicultural and economic appraisal
of initial spacing in red pine. Ph.D. Dissertation,
282 p. University of Minnesota, Minneapolis.

APPENDIX B

APPENDIX B
A Program Listing of RPPEST

TYPE
regpack = RECORD
CASE Boolean 0F
True : (AX BX, CX, DX, BP, 81, DS, 01, ES, Flags :
Integer);
Eaése : (AL, AH, BL, CL, CH, DL, DH : Byte);
n ;

charset = set of char;
p2 = array [1..40] of integer;
strin918 = stringl22 ;

CONST

AutoUpCase: boolean = false; (F. ConIn }
range: charset = [30..82551; {Allowable input range F. ConIn }
special: charset = [#13,NBJ: (F. Conln }

2p = 0.2316419; HechPrep = 64.57;
zbl = 0.31938153- ChemPrep = 52.30;
zb2 = -0.356563782;

263 = 1.781477937:

254 = -I.821255978;

zbS = 1.330274429;

StandArea = I;

VAR
A: r2;
AAve A: real;
ADomHt: integer;
AgeAtEst: integer;
AllCostsDiscounted: real;
AMBFVollnt: real;
AMBFVoIScrib: real;
AMerchCFV: real;
AMerchCords: real;
AMerchPoleCFV: real;
AMerchSawCFV: real;
AMortaIityBA: real-
AMortaIityClass: £5;
AhortalityTPA: in eger;
ANHCFV: real;
ANMSawBF: real'
ANMSawCFV: reai;
APoIeCFV: real:
APoIeCIass: integer;
APoleCords: real;
ASawCFV: real:
ASawClass: integer;
ASawCords: real;
ASmaIICFV: real;
ATotaICFV: real;
ATPA: integer;
AveBA:rea1;
AveCIass: integer;
BA: real;
BAC: array [1..403 of real;
BAGrowthl: real;
BABrowth2: real;
BAFroToRemove: real;
BAToLeave: real;

79

80

BAUnderZS: real:

88: array II..40] of real;
BFperCF: real;

BHA: real-

BHAI: reai;

Bi estCIass: integer;

BT : integer:

BugAveBA: rea ;

BugBA: real;

BugBAC: array [1..40] of real;
BugBABrowthI: real;
BugBABrowch: real;
BugBAUnderZS: real;

BugBF erCF: real;

BugBH : real-

BugBHAi: real;
BugBiggestClass: integer;
BugChOice: integer;
BugClass: p2;

BugDBR: real;

BugDiamSD: real;
BugDiscountedCordsRevenue: real;
BugDiscountedSawRevenue: real;
BugDomHt: real;
BugHarvestAge: integer;
BugMaxBAIncr: real;
BugMaxDiamIncr: real;
BugMBFVoIInt: real;
BugHBFVoIScrib: real;
BugHerchCFV: real;
BugMerchCords:rea1;
BugflerchPoleCFV: real;
BugHerchSawCFV: real;
BugMortaIityBA: real-
BugMortalityClass: p2;
BugMortalityTPA: integer;
BugHortalityTreeCount: integer;
BugMortVolSum: real;
BugNHcfv: real;
BugNMSawBF: real-
BugNHSawcfv: real;
BugPoleBA: real;
BugPoleCFV: real;
BugPoleCords: real;
BugDMDbh: real;

BugSawBA: real-

BugSawCFV: reai;
BugSawCords: real;

BugSI: integer;
BugSmallBA: real:
BugSmallCFV: real;
BugSmalIestClass: integer;
BugThinnedBA: real;
BugThinnedBAC: array [1..401 of real;
BugThinnedClass: p2;
BugThinnedPoIeBA: real;
BugThinnedSawBA: real;
BugThinnedSmallBA: real;
BugThinnedTPA: integer;
BugTMBFVolInt: real;
BugTHBFVoIScrib: real;
BugTMerchciv: real;
BugTMerchCords: real;
BugTMerchPolecfv: real;
BugTHerchSawcfv: real;
BugTotalCFV: real;

BugTPA: integer-
BugTPolecfv:rea ;
BugTPoIeCords: real;

BugTSawcfv: real;
BugTSawCords: real;

BugTSmallcfv: real;

81

BugTThinnedTPA: integer;
BugTTHBFVolInt: real;
BugTTNerchCords: real;
BugTTotalcfv: real;
BugTTPoleCords: real;

Bu TTTotalCFV: real;

CB Under25: real;

Choicel: integer;

Class: p2;

CHortalityBA: real;
CHortalityTPA: integer;
CPoleBA: real;

CSawBA: real;

CSmallBA: real;

CTPA: integer;

DBR: real;

DianSD: real;
DiscountedBugCosts: real;
DiscountedCordsRevenue: real;
DiscountedSawRevenue: real;
DiscountedTotalCosts: real;
DiscountedValue: real;

Dis laylnterval: integer;
Don t: real;

BAClass: p2-

GCCost: real;

GMCost: real;
GrubControlChoice: integer;
GrubControlCost: real;
GrubMonitorCost: real;
GrubMortPercent: real;
GrubNumbers: real;
HarvestAge: integer;

Hi hBrubMort: real;

HP ost: real:
InsectControlCostsDiscounted: real;
InterestRate: real'
InventoryCost: real;
LayDutCost: real;
Lowclass: integer;
LowBrubMort: real;
MaxBAIncr: real;
HaxDiamIncr: real;

MaxTA e: integer;

HBFVo Int: real;
MBFVoIScrib: real;
MerchCFV: real:
HerchCords:real;
HerchPoleCFV: real;
NerchSawCFV: real;
MinTAge: integer;

HinTB : real;

Hortl: real;

Hort2: real;

HortalityBA: real;
HortalityClass: p2;
MortalityTPA: integer;
NortalityTreeCount: integer;
NortalityTrees: integer;
MortVolSum: real;

HPCost: real;

N: real;
NextScheduledThin: integer;
NMcfv: real;

NNSawBF: real-

NHSawcfv: real;
DutbreakYear: integer;
PlantingCost: real;
PlantingMethod: integer;

PoleEA: real'
PoleCFV: real-

PoleClass: integer;

82

PoleClassUp: real;
PoleCords: real;
PoleMin: real;
PricePerCord: real;
PricePerMBF: real;
QHDbh: real;
ReducedTPA: integer;

re s: regpack;

R0 hoice: integer;
SawBA: real;

SawCFV: real:

SawClass: integer;
SawCIassUp: real;
SawCords: real;
SawflyControlCost: real;
SawflyMonitorCost: real;
SawMin: real:

SBu Choice: StringIB;
See Age: integer;
SFCCost: real;
SHazardZone: stringib];
SI: integer;

SID: stringIIOI;
SIReducer: integer;
SitePrep: integer:
SitePrepCost: real;
SmaIIBA: real:
SmallCFV: real;
SmallestClass: integer;
SgittlebuoControlChoice: integer;
S lantingfiethod: StringiB;
SRClPercent: real;
SRCZPercent: real;
SRCZPercent: real;
SRiskRating: stringIB];
85: real;

SSitePre : StringIB;
SSm: rea ;

StandAge: integer;
StartAge: integer;
StartB : real;
StartTPA: integer;
StartTPAl: integer;
StartTPAZ: integer;
StorePtr: integer;
Survivalhodiiier: real;
SurvivalRate: real;
ThinChoice: char;
ThinnedBA: real;
ThinnedBAC: array [1..40] of real;
ThinnedClass: p2;
ThinnedPoleBA: real;
ThinnedSawBA: real;
ThinnedSmallBA: real;
ThinnedTPA: integer;
Thinninglnterval: integer;
ThinningType: integer;
Time: integer;
TMBFVolInt: real;
ThBFVolScrib: real;
THerchcfv: real;
TMerchCords: real;
TherchPolecfv: real;
TMerchSaucfv: real;
TotalCFV: real;

TPA: integer;
TPolecfv:real;
TPoIeCords: real;
TreesToRemove: integer;

TSawcfv: real;
TSawCords: real;

TSmallcfv: real;

83

TThinnedTPA: integer;
TTNBFVollnt: real-
TTherchCords: rea ;
TTotalcfv: real;
TTPoleCords: real;
TTTotalCFV: real;
UpCIass: inte er:
HeevilControl os : real;
WeevilflonitorCost: real;
“Mort: real;

X6: real;

X7: real;

X8: real;

X9: real:

YearSBrubHort: real;
Year46rubflort: real;

r: array [0..135] of
record

AveBA: real;
BA: real'
DGR: rea ;
DomHt: real;
MBFVolInt: real;
HBFVolScrib: real;
HerchCFV: real;
MerchCords: real;
MerchPoleCFV: real;
HerchSawCFV: real;
HortalityBA: real;
hortalityTPA: integer;
NHCFV: real;
PoleCFV: real;
PoleCords: real;
thbh: real;
SawCFV:real;
SawCords: real;
SmallCFV: real;
StandA e: integer;
TotalC V: real;
IPA: integer;
end;

bugr: array [0..135] of

record
AveBA: real;
BA: real;
DER: real;
DomHt: real;
HBFVolInt: real;
HBFVolScrib: real;
HerchCFV: real;
NerchCords: real;
HerchPoleCFV: real;
HerchSawCFV: real;
HortalityBA: real;
HortalityTPA: integer;
NHCFV: real;
PoleCFV: real;
PoIeCords: real;
DNdbh: real;
SawCFV:rea1;
SawCords: real;
SmallCFV: real;
StandA e: integer;
TotalC V: real;
TPA: integer;

end;

t: array [0..1351 of

84

record
StandA e: inte er;
Thinne BA: rea?;
ThinnedTPA: integer;
TMBFVolInt: real;
TMBFVolScrib: real;
TherchCFV: real;
TherchCords: real;
TherchPoleCFV: real;
TMerchSawCFV: real;
TPoleCFV: real;
TPoleCords: real;
TSawCFV:real;
TSawCords: real;
TSmallCFV: real;
TTotalCFV: real;

end;

bugt: array [0..135] of

record
StandA e:integer;
Thinne BA: real;
ThinnedTPA: integer;
THBFVolInt: real;
TMBFVolScrib: real;
TherchCFV: real;
TherchCords: real;
TherchPoleCFV: real;
TherchSawCFV: real;
TPoleCFV: real;
TPoleCords: real;
TSawCFV:real;
TSawCords: real;
TSmaIlCFV: real;
TTotalCFV: real;

end;

econ: array [0..135] of
record
Control: real;
Inventory: real;
Layout: real:
Monitor: real;
end;

Procedure Randomize(l,J: Integer);

var

RSet : record

AX,BX,CX,DX,BP,SI,DI,DS,ES,Flags: Integer;
end;

Ch : Char;
begin

13 {1:0) and (J=0) then begin { Generate a randon random number
see J

RSet.AX:=$2C00; { DDS time of day

function }

MSDos(RSet);

I:=RSet.CX; { Set I and J to the system
tine }

J:=RSet.DX;

Dela (100); { This delay may have to be increased {or faster
systems

MSDos(RSet);

, if (l=RSet.CX) and (J=RSet.DX) then begin { Clock isn't
ticking . 0

85

J := 0-
while Ne Pressed do
ReadIK d,Ch); { Clear keyboard
buffer }

Hrite('Hit any key to set the random nulber generator: ');
repeat
I := 1+13;
J := J+17
until KeyEressed;
ReadIKbd, h); { Absorb the
character }
HriteLn
end;
end-
b.5egHIDSeg:$129l:=l; { This is the core of the routine: store a 32
i

}hemH[DSeg:$lZBl:=J; { seed at locations DSeg:$0129...DSeg:$012C

end; I of procedure Randomize }

Function Conln : char;
var nyCH: char;
BEGIN
WITH regs DD
BEGIN
repeat
AH :=8;
MSDDSIregs):
myCH :=chr(AL);
ENBntil myCH in (range + special);
IF AutoUpCase THEN nyCH := UpCase(oyCH);
conin := nyCH;

END;
Procedure SetSl; {called from procedure lnitialStandInfo}
begin
repeat
clrscr; gotoxy(1,10);delline; gotoxy(5,10)-
') write('Enter site index for this stand (tase age 50 yrs.).
’ range:= ['0'..'9'l;
readln(SI);
until 81 in [30..90].
BugSI := SI;
end; {of SetSl}
Procedure SetPoleHin; {called from procedure lnitialStandInfo}
begin
repeat

clrscr;gotoxy(l,10); delline; gotoxy(5,10);
writeI'Choose a minimum poletimber dbh, greater than 3.5 inches.

ran e:= ['0'..'9',’.'];
rea ln(PoleMin);
until Poleflin>3.5;

end; {of SetPoleNin}

Procedure SetSawNin; {called from procedure
InitialStandInfo}

begin
clrscr;

re eat
gotoxy(l,10); delline; gotoxy(5,10)'
writeI'Choose a minimum sawtimber dbh (inches). ’);

86

ran e:= ['0'..'9','.’l;

rea ln(SawHin)-

until (Sawhin ) PoleHin);
end; {of SetSawhin}

Procedure SetEstablishAge; {called from lnitialStandlnio}

begin
clrscr;
repeat
gotoxy(l,10)° delline' gotox (5,10):
write('How old were tfie seed ings at the time of planting
(years)? ');
range:= ['0'..'9'l;

rea ln(AgeAtEst);
until AgeAtEst >=0'
end; {0+ SetEstablishAge}
Procedure SetAgeAtStart; (called Iron InitialStandInfo}
begin
case Choice) of
I: begin

clrscr; gotoxy(5,10);
writeln( Stand age begins at the time of stand establishment
(year 0).');

repeat
gotoxy(1 13); delline; gotoxy(5,l3);
write('At what stand age do you want to start projections? ‘);

ran := [‘0’..'9’l;

rea ln(StartAge);

until StartAge >=0;

end;
2: StartAge := 0;
end: (at case statement}

SeedAge:= AoeAtEst + StartAge; StandAge:= StartAge;
end; {of SetAgeAtStart}

Procedure SetHarvestAge; {called from InitialStandInfo}

begin
c1rscr;repeat
gotoxy(1,10); delline; gotoxy(5,10)°
write('At what stand age do you want to harvest this stand?
.)3
range:=I'O‘..'9'l;
readln(Harves Age)-
until (HarvestAge>6tartAde) and (HarvestAge <= 125);
BugHarvestAge := HarvestAge;

end; {of SetHarvestAge)
Procedure SetDisplayInterval; (called from InitialStandInfo}
begin

clrscr; otoxy(l,10); delline; gotoxy(5,10)-

writel' t what interval (years do you want to display stand
statistics? ');

ran e:=['0'..'9'l;

rea ln(Displaylnterval):

end; {of SetDisplayInterval}
Procedure SetTPA; {called from lnitialStandlnTo}
be in

Ease StartAge of
0..)0: begin

87

clrscr; repeat
clrscr; otoxy(5 10);

if Start ge = then write(’ Enter the number of
sgedlings per acre in the stand.
e se

writeI’ Enter the number of established trees per acre
in the stand. '
ran e:= I 0' '9' l;
rea ln(StartTPA)-
ibetartTPA < 206 then
e
go oxy(5 15);writeln(' Initial number of trees per
acre mus be greater than 200. ’);
delay(3000);
end;
until StartTPA >= 200;
TPA := StartTPA'
Bu TPA := StartIPA;
en -
else
begin
clrscr;
repeat
gotoxy(l, 10); delline; gotoxyIS, 10)
write(’ Enter the number of establisAed trees per acre
in the plantation. );
ran e:= I' 0 I;
rea 1n(StartTPA);
until StartTPA <.1600;
TFA := StartTPA°
BugTPA := StartIPA;
end;
end; {of case}
end; {of SetTPA}

Procedure BAU(ASI:integer; ATPA:integer);
(Lundgren, 1991; stand age < 25
yrs.

be
EBAUnderZS := 6. 565 * ASI * (exp (1. 1677 * ln(1-(exp(- 0. 04018 *
geedAge)))) ) * (l-exp(-0. 001885p* ATPA));

en

Procedure BAUl;

begin
AU(SI, TPA);

BAUnder2 := CBAUnderZS;
end;

Procedure BugBAU;
begin
AU(BugSl, BugTPA);
gugBAUnderZS. := CBAUnder25;
en

Procedure BHAge;

begin

HA1 := SeedAge - (10.5 +
if BHAI <= -1 then BHA :=
else BHA := BHAI;

end;

(0.05 * 51));
0

Procedure BugBHAge;

be
gug BHAl := SeedAge - (10. 5 + (0.05 * BugSIl);
if gBugBHAI <= -1 then BugBHA := 0
glee BugBHA := BugBHAl;

en

88

Procedure SetBA; (called from InitiaIStandInfo}
var ch:char;
begin
clrscr;
BHAge
case Seedageg of
e in
if BHAI <= -1 then begin
StartBA :=0
BA := StartBA
BugBA := StartBA;
end
else begin
gotoxy(5, 10) ; writeln(' You say specify a basal area per
acre or this stand. If you choose
gotox (5 11);
write)n( not to, the program will estimate it for
you. °
g0toxy(5,14);
write( Do you want to specify the basal area per acre?
(Y or N) );
ran e: = ['y','n',' Y' ,'N' l;
rea ln(ch1-
if (ch = 't' ) or (ch = 'y') then
begin
re eat
go oxy(1,14); delline; gotoxz(5,14);
write( Enter basal area of t a stand in square feet
per acre. ');
ran e:= ['0'. .‘9‘,’.'l;
rea ln(StartBA);
until (StartBA >0) and (StartBA < 180);
BA := StartBA-
BugBA := StartBA;
end
else be
BAUI: ugBAU;
StartBAF BAUnder2S;
BA := StartBA
BugBA := StartBA;
end;
end; { of else from BHAl < -1 if - then}
{of case 1..24}
25..é50: begin
repeat
goto:y(1,10); delline gotoxy(5 10);
write( Enter the basal area of the stand in square feet
per acre. ');
ran e:= I' 0 '9’,'.'];
rea InIStartBA);
until (StartBA >= 30);
BA := StartBA
BugBA := StartBA-
end;
end; (of case}
end; {of SetBA}

Procedure DisplayISI; {called from EditlSl}
begin
clrscr;
gotoxy(5,5); writelnI'l. Site index = ,SI);
gotoxy(5,7); writeln(' 2. Minimum poletimber dbh = PoleHin: 2:1);
gotoxy(5,9); writeln( 3. Minimum sawtimber dbh = ,Sawflin: 2: 1)-
gotoxy(5,11); writeln(‘4. Seedling age at planting= ,AgeAtEst) );
gotg:y(EA13;; writeln('5. Stand age at beginning of projections =
ar e ;
gotoxy(5,?5); writeln(‘b. Initial basal area = BA: 3: 1);
otoxy(5,17); writeln(‘7. Trees er acre = A)
gotoxy(5,19); writelnI’B. Harves age = HarvestAge);
gotoxy(4,21); writeln(‘9. Display intervaI (years) =

89
‘,Displaylnterval);

end; {of DisplayISI}
Procedure EditISI; {called from Basics}
var Choice:char; Hhich:integer;
begin
repeat
Dis layISl; gotox (5,24);
uri e(‘Do you "9“, to cAange any of these values (Y or N)? ');

ran e:= ['n','y , N , Y 1;
rea ln(Choice);
if upcase(Choice) = 889 then
begin
repeat
gotoxy(1,24); delline; gotoxz(5,24);
urite('Enter the number of t e part to change. ');
ran e:= ['1'..'9'];
rea ln(which);
until (Hhich>=1) and (Hhich<=10);
case Which of
: SetSI;
SetPoleMin;
SetSawMin;
SetEstablishAge;
SetAoeAtStart;
SetBA-
SetTPA;
SetHarvestAge;
SetDisplaylnterval;
; {of case}
end;
until (Choice = #78) or (Choice = #110);
end; (of EditlSI}

~OGJNIO‘Lfl-bO-JNH

I‘D
2)
0.

Procedure ChooseBug;
var chOice: char;

begin
clrscr; otox (5,5);
write(’ . H ite grubs.'); gotoxy(5 8);
write(‘2. Pine root collar ueevi .’); gotox
urite(’3. Saratoga spittlebug.'); gotoxy(5,
write(‘4. Red-headed pine saufly.');
repeat
gotoxy(1,19); delline; gotoxz(10,19)'
write('Enter the number of t e insect that bugs you most. ’);
ran e := ['l'..'4'
rea ln(Bu Choice);
until Bug hoice in [1..4];
case Bug hoice of
1: SBugChoice := 'Hhite Grubs'-
2: SBugChoice := ’Root Collar Beevil';
3: SBugChoice := 'Saratoga Spittlebug';
4: SBugChoice := 'Red-headed Sawfly';
end; {of case}
end; (of ChooseBug}

y 5 11);
1 )

(
4

Procedure SetSitePrep;
begin

clrscr; gotoxy(5,5);
urite('1. Mechanical site preparation.'); gotoxg(5,7);
write(’2. Chemical site preparation.’); go oxy( ,9);
write('3. No site preparation.’);
repeat
gotoxy(1,15); delline; gotoxy(10,15);
write(‘Enter the number of your choice of site preparation.

range := ['l'..'3'];

90

readln(SitePrep);
until SitePrep in [1..3];
case SiteF‘rep of

l: SSitePrep 'Hechanical

2. SSitePrep :; 'Chemical'
3: SSitePrep -= 'None' ;
end ( of case}
end; { of set site prep}
Procedure SetSitePrepCost;
var x: real;
begin
case SitePrep of

: begin

clrscr; gotoxy(5,5);

urite(' You have chosen Mechanical site

preparation. ');

otox (5,7l- write(’ You must choose a cost per acre
or t is 51 e treatment. );

gotoxy(5, 8); write(' You Ia enter a value you have

in mind or you may accegt he );

gotoxy(§, 9):»rite(‘ defau t value of
,Hechprep: 3: 2, ' dollars per acre.

80toxy(5, ,10);write(‘ To use the default value enter

otherwise enter your value below.’ );

gotoxy(5, 14); write(' Site preparation cost per acre

is (xx. xx) ');

range := l 0 '9’ ,'.'J;

read1n(xP

if x = 0 then SitePrepCost := Hechprep

else SitePrepCost := x;

end;

begin
clrscr; gotoxy(5, 5);
write( You have chosen Chemical site
preparation. ');
ootoxy(5, 7):write( You must choose a cost per acre
ior this site treatment.’ );
gotoxy(5, 8); write(' You ma enter) a value you have
in mind or you may acceg the ;
gotoxy(§, 9): write(' defau t value) of
,Chem rep: h2,’ dollars per acre.
8otoxy( ,10); write(' To use the deiault value enter

NJ

otherwise enter your value below.’ );
goto(y (5,1A);w;ite( Site preparation cost per acre
_ xx xx -
ran e := [ 0’ '9','.'J;
rea ln(xP
if x = 0 then SitePrepCost := Chemprep
elge Si te ePrepCost := x;
en :

3 : SitePrepCost := 0;
end; { of case}
end; { of set site prep cost}

Procedure SetPlantingHethod;
begin
clrscr; gotoxy(5, 7);
write(’ 1. Machine plant.’
gotoxy(5,9); write( 2. Hand plant.');

repea
gotoxy(1, 12); delline; gotoxy(10,12): .
write( Enter the number of your choice of planting method. ');

range '3:
rea ln(PlantingHethod);
until Plantinahethod in [1,2];

case Planting ethod of
1: SPlantingMethod : 'Machine ';

2. SPlantinghethod :2 ‘Hand ';

end;
end;

91

{of case)
{ of SetPlantingMethod}

Procedure SetPlantingMethodCost;
real;

var X'

begin

if SitePre

if Start
MPCost :=
HPCost

El")

d

else

en

MPCost :

tr»

HPCost

do

if SitePre

if Start PA

end

MPCost
HPCost

else
MPCos
HPCos

end;
case Plantin Method of

en
end;

d;

P-J

t
t

A

()<

3 then begin

< 800 then begin
134. 41;
124. 25;

146.65;
116.02;

3 then begin
800 9then begin
(88.
109. 056;
36. 24;
48. 97;

begin
clrscr; gotoxy15 5)'
write('You have elected to use Machine
Plantin ');
otox ( 7P write(' You must choose a cost per acre
or t is ac ivity.’ );
gotoxy(5, 8);write(' You may enter a value you have
in mind or you may acce the ');
gotoxy(o,9); write( defau t value of ,MPCost:3:2,
dollars per acre. ');

gotoxy(5,10);write(g To use the default value enter
, otherwise enter your value below. ');
gotoxy(5,14); write(‘ Machine planting cost per acre
15 (xx. xx) );

ran e := [ 0' .‘9','.'J;

rea ln(x)'

if x = 0 then PlantingCost := MPCost

else PlantingCost := x;

end;

begin

clrscr; gotoxy(55

write(' You have elect ted to use Hand Planting.’ );

gotoxy(5, ,7) write( You must choose a cost per acre

this activity.

gotoxy(5, 8); write(' You may enter a value you have

in mind or you may acce the ' ;

gotoxy(3, 9);write( defau t value of HPCost:3:2,
ollars per acre. );

80toxy(5,10P write( To use the default value enter
, oth rwise enter your value below.’ );

gotoxy(5 4);write(‘ Machine planting cost per acre

is xx. ;

ran e : '0'..'9','.'];

rea ln(

1
= [
x '
if x = 0 then PlantingCost := HPCost
else PlantingCost := x;
end;

1
XX

v

{ of case}
{of SetPlantingMethodCost}

Procedure SetwoodPrice;
real;

var

Y1

Z:

92

begin

clrscr; gotoxy(5 5);

write('The default price for red pine pulpwood is 5 12.00 per
standard cord.‘)-

gotox (5,7); write(‘Enter the price per cord you want to use, 0
or t e default. .')3

ran e := [‘U .. 9 ,'.'J;

rea ln(6)'

1+ y = then PricePerCord := 12 else PricePerCord := y-

gotoxy(5,11)' write('The default price for red pine sawlogs is t
0.00 per not (Int. 1/4").')-

otox (5,13); write('Enter the price per MBF you want to use, 0
or t e default. ');

readln(z)'

if z = 0 then PricePerHBF z: 70 else PricePerHBF := 2;

end; { of Set Wood Price}

Procedure SetlnterestRate;
var y: real;
begin
clrscr' gotoxy(5,5);
write( Select the interest rate you wish to use for
discounting costs and ’);

otox (5,6); write('revenues. This is a real rate (beyond

infla ion). The default’);

gotoxy(5 7). write('rate is 5 Z.‘)'

gotoxy(16,10); write('Enter the interest rate you want to use,
for the default. ');

ran e := ['0'..'9','.’l;

rea ln(y)'

if = L then InterestRate := 0.05 else InterestRate := y/lOO;

end; { of SetlnterestRate }

Procedure SetLayoutCost;

var y: real;

begin
clrscr; gotoxy(5,5);
write(’You need to choose a sale layout cost per acre. The
default value is ');
gotoxy(5 6)- write('s 9.38 per acre.');
gotoxy(16,lb)' write('Enter a value for sale layout costs, 0
or the default value. ');
range := ['0'..'9','.'];
readln(z);
if y = i then La outCost := 9.38 else LayoutCost := y;
end; ( of Se LayoutCost }

Procedure SetlnventoryCost;
var y: real;

begin
clrscr; gotoxy(5 5);
write('You need to choose a timber inventory cost per acre.
The default value’);
gotoxy(5 b): write('is S 6.73 per acre.');
gotoxy(lb 10);
write(‘Enter a value for timber inventory costs, 0 for the
default. ’);

range := ['0'..‘9','.'];
ln(

rea )-
if y = 5 then InventoryCost := 6.73 else InventoryCost := y;
end; ( of SetlnventoryCost }
Procedure DisplaySitePrep; {called from
EditSitePrepl
begin

clrscr;

93

gotoxy(5,3); writeln(‘l. The insect of interest is ',SBugChoice);

gotoxy(5,5) writeln(‘2. Site preparation is going to be
,SSi ePrep);

gotoxy(5,7 ; uriteln('3. Site preparation cost per acre is t
,SitePrepCost:3:2);

gotoxy(5,9); writeln(‘4 The trees will be planted by
,SPlantingHethod);

gotoxy(5,1 ); writeln('5. Planting cost per acre is 5
,PlantingCost:3:2)°

gotoxy(5 3); writeln('6. Annual interest rate is ',InterestRate

* 100:3:1 ' percent.’);

gotoxy(5 15); writeln('7. Sale layout cost per acre is S
,Layoutéost:3:2)-
otoxy(5,l7); writeln('8. Inventory cost per acre is t
,InventorgCost:3:2);

gotoxy(5,1 ); writeln(‘9. Price / cord is S ',PricePercord:3:2,'

and price / “RF is $ ',PricePerHBF:3:2);

end; {of DisplaySitePrep}

Procedure EditSitePrep; (called from Basics}

var Choice:char; Hhich:integer;

begin

repeat

Di

HI"
ra

splaySitePrep; gotoxy(5,24);
ite(’Do you wan to change any of these values
n e:= ['n’,’y’,’N','Y’l;

rea ln(Choice);

if

CB

mm
33
D.

unti
end;

Proc

upcase(Choice) = 989 then
begin
repeat
gotoxy(l,24); delline; gotoxy(5,24);
write('Enter the number of the part to change.
ran e:= [‘1'..'9'];
rea ln(which);
until (Which>=1) and (Hhich<=9);
se Which of
ChooseBug;
SetSitePrep:
SetSitePrepCost;
SetPlantingHethod;
SetPlantinoHethodCost;
SetlnterestRate;
SetLayoutCost;
SetInventoryCost;
SetWoodPrice;
{of case}

1 (Choice = #78) or (Choice = #110);
{of EditSitePrep}

aocovcrm-a-on.)

'0. ‘0. I. I. O. O.

edure HaitABit; forward;

Procedure SetSeedlingSurvival;
var z : real;

begin

cl

z:=0;
Randomize(0
SurvivalMod
if SitePrep
z := rando
TPA := round
BugTPA := TP
end
else
TPA := round(TPA * SurvivalModifier);
BugTPA := TPA-
rscr; gotoxy(lb 11);

:= random * 0.18 + 0.75;
hgn begin

“-
a ll 4‘0
p.

A ; (SurvivalHodifier ~ 2));

(Y or N)? ');

write(’The winds of fate have decreed that your lst year

survival

94

.).
otoxy(10,12); write('rate will be ',100 *
SurVivalHodifier—z):3:l,' Z.');

gotoxy(10,14)-

write(’Your plantation now contains ',TPA,’ trees / acre.');

WaitABit;

end; {of Set Seedling Survival}
Procedure ThinningDptionl; {called from AThinningType}
begin

TreesToRemove := 0;

clrscr; gotox (5,10);

writeln( You ave chosen a thinning treatment which removes a

specific number of ');

gotoxy(5,11);writeln( trees per acre.');

repea

gotoxy(1,15); delline; gotoxy(5,15)-

write(’How many trees per acre should be removed? ');

range:= ['0'..'9'];

readln(TreesToRemove)'

until (TreesToRemove 2:0) and (TreesToRewove <= TPA);
end; (of ThinningDptionI}

Procedure ThinningUptionZ; {called from AThinningType}

begin

AProToRemove := 0-

clrscr; gotoxy(5,10);
writeln( You have chosen a thinning treatment which removes a
constant proportion ');
gotoxy(5,11);writeln('of the stands basal area or trees per acre
at each thinning.’);
repeat
gotoxy(l,15): delline: gotox (5,15);

write n( What proportion of he stand should be removed?’);
gotoxy(37,lé);
write('(express as'a decimal) ');

range:= ['0’.. 9 , . l;
rea61n(BAProToRemove);

until (BAProToRemove =0) and (BAProToRemove <=l.0);
end; {of ThinningUptionZ}
Procedure ThinningOptionS; {called from AThinningType}
be i

n
AToLeave :=0;
clrscr; gotoxy(5,10);
writeln( You have chosen a thinning treatment which will leave a
specified ');
gotoxy(5,11);writeln('residual basal area per acre.');
repea
gotoxy(l,15); delline; gotox (5,15);
write('Hhat should residual asal area per acre be
(sq.ft./acre)? ’);
range:= ['0‘..'9',’.'l;
readln(BAToLeave)'
until (BAToLeave 2=0);
ifb(StandAge >= HinTAge) and (BAToLeave >= BA) then
eoin
gotox (1,15); delline; gotoxy(15,15); .
write n( You have chosen to remove the entire stand. If this
was an error,’)' gotoxy(15,lb);
writeln(’you will have the opportunity to change this
parameter in a minute.');
delay(4000);
end;
end; {of ThinningOptionS}

95

Procedure AThinningType; {called from Thinningflptions}

begin
clrscr; gotoxy (5,5);
writeln( Please choose one of the following thinning regimes: ');

gotoxy(10,8);writeln('1. Remove a specific number of trees per
acre.

gotoxy(iO, 10); writeln(' 2. Remove a constant proportion of the
stands basal area, or trees.’ );

oto§y(}0, ,12); wr1teln(' 3. Thin to a residual basal area

eve .

gotoxy(1,16); delline; gotoxy(15,16);

write(' Your choice is . . . );

ran e:= ['1
rea ln(Thinnin Type);

case Thinnin pype of

1: Thinning ionl;

ThinningOption2;
ThinningDption3;

en {of case}
end; {of AThinningType}

0.th
'0‘ O. I.

Procedure SethinTAge; (called from ThinningTiming}

begin
clrscr; re eat
gotoxy(5, 1 delline; gotox (5,10);

write(’ Enter age of first t inning (years). ');
range: = [’ 9];
rea ln(HinTAge):

until MinTfloe >= StartAge;
end; {of SetHinTAge}

Procedure SetflinTBA; {called from ThinningTiming}

begin
clrscr; ,gotoxy(5, ,10);
writeln You have the option of stipulating a minimum basal area
per acre which ’);
gotoxy(5, 11);
write n( must be present before the first thinning is
undertaken The first ');
gotoxy(5 12);
write n( thinning will not take place until this basal area
level is reached.
otoxy(5,13); writeln(’ An entry of 0 will cause thinning to
e in at the specified min. age.'),
go oxy(5,16);
write(' Specify a minimum basal area per acre for first thinning.

ran e:= 1 0' .. ‘9' ];
rea ln(MinTBA);

end; {of SetMinTBA}
Procedure SetThinningInterval; {called from ThinningTiming}
begin

clrscr; repeat
gotoxy(l, 10); dell
w;ite(' Specify the
range:= [‘0'..'9'];
readln(Thinninglnterva1)

until (Thinnin Interval t: l) and (Thinninglnterval (120);
end; {of thinninglntervall

i ; gotoxy(5, 10)
1 n

ne
th n ing interval you wish to use (years).

96

Procedure SetHaxTAge; (called from ThinningTiming}
begin
clrscr;
gotoxy(5, 7); writeln('Harvest age is set at ',HarvestAge,’
years.

gotoxy(5, 9); writeln(‘Age at first thinning is ‘,HinTAge,‘
years. );

gotoxy(5, 11); writeln('Thinning interval is ’,Thinninglnterval,’

years. );

re eat

go oxy(1,14);de1line; gotox (5,15)

write( Specify stand age at inal thinning. ‘);

range: = [' 0 '9’ ];

rea ln(HaxTAge)
until (HaxTAge 5= (StartAge + Thinninglnterval)) and (HaxTAge (=
HarvestAge);
end, {of SetflaxTAge}
Procedure ThinningTiming; (called from ThinningDptions}
begin
etHinTAoe;
SetMinTBA:
SetThinningInterval;
SetMaxTAge;
end; (of ThinningTiming}
Procedure DisplayThinningOptions; (called from
EditThinningOptions} begin
clrscr;
case ThinningType of
1: begin
gotoxy(5;5);
writeln( 1. Thinning Method: Remove a specific # of trees /
acre.
gotoxy(5, 7) :writeln(’ 2. Number of trees to remove:
,TreesTo Re move);
end
2: begin

gotoxy(5 5,5);

writeln( 1. Thinning Method: Remove a constant proportion

of BA or trees / acre. '); gotoxy(5, 7);

writeln(’2. Proportion of BA or trees to remove:
',BAProToRemove: 1: 3);

end;n

be

go ox (5,5);

(.4

write n( 1. Thinning Method: Constant residual basal area

per acre. );
)3

gotox (5, 7
write n( 2. Residual BA per acre: ',BAToLeave:3:1);
end-
end; (of case}
gotoxy(5,9)- writeln( 3. Age at first thinning: ',HinTAge);
gotoxy(5,11); writeln(' 4. inimum BA / acre before thinning
be ins: ‘ M1nTBA:3:1);
o oxy(5,13)- writeln('5. Thinning interval:
,Thinninglnterval)-
gotoxy(5 5); writeln('é Age at last thinning: ',HaxTAge);
end. bispl layThinningOptions}
Procedure EditThinningOptions; {called from
ThinningOptions}
Var Choice:char; Which: integer;

begin

97

repeat

Dis layThinningOptions; gotoxy(5,20)'

uri e(‘Do you want to change any of these values
3

ran e:= [' , n ,’Y','N'];
rea ln(Choice);
it upcase(Choice) = #89 then
begin
eat

re
gotoxy(1,20); delline; gotoxK(5,20);
write('Enter the number of t e part to change.
range:= [’1'..'6'J;
readln(which);
until Which in [1..6];
case Which of
1: AThinningType'
2: case ThinningType of
1: Thinningflptionl;
2: ThinningOptionZ;
3: ThinningOption3;
end;
SetMinTAge;
SetHinTB ;
SetThinninglnterval;
: SetHaxTAge:
end; {o( case}
end;
until upcase(Choice) = 078;
end; (of EditThinningDptions}

U‘Ln-bf/«l
I. no on

Overlay Procedure Spittlebug;

var
j, k,SF,0HP,RiskRating,HarvestAgeReducer,HarvestA
integer;
2: real;

begin

Randomize(0,0):

SF := random(101);

DHP := round(random * (100 - SF) + 0)-

if SF}>= 40 then RiskRating := 3; ( 1:10», 2=mo
risk
if OHP > 70 then RiskRating := 3;
if (OHP >= 0) and (UHF <= 0) then be in
if (SF >= 30) and (SF <= 35) then iskRating :=
if (SF > 20) and (SF <= 30) then RiskRating .=
dif (SF > 35) and (SF < 40) then RiskRating := 3
en -
if (UHP >= 20) and (UHF <= 30) then begin
if (SF >= 0) and (SF <= 15) then RiskRating :=
if (SF > 15) and (SF <= 25) then RiskRating :=
dif (SF > 25) and (SF <= 30) then RiskRating :=
en
if (DHP > 30) and (DHP <= 40) then begin
if (SF >= 0) and (SF <= 10) then RiskRating :=
dif (SF > 10) and (SF <= 20) then RiskRating :=
en

!

if ((OHP >= 0) and (UHF <= 20)) and ((SF )= 0) and
then RiskRatin := l;

i( ((DHP > 10) an (OHP <= 20)) and ((SF > 20) and
then RiskRatin := 2;

if ((OHP > 40) an (OHP <= 70)) and ((SF >= 0) and
then RiskRatin := 2;

if ((OHP > 30) an (OHP <= 70)) and ((SF > 20) and
RiskRating := 3;

if ((OHP > 10) and (UHP <= 30)) and ((SF > 30) and

RiskRating = 3'
1+ RiskRating 1 (hen SRiskRating :
2 then SRiskRating

if RiskRating :
if RiskRating 3 then SriskRating :

(Y or N)?

.);

geReducerl:

derate, 3=high

2;
1;

(AMH-
'0‘.-.

No—
‘I NO.

(SF <= 20))
(SF (= 30))
(SF <= 20))
(SF < 40)) then
(SF < 40)) then

98

if RiskRating 1 then { lose from 1 to 4 years growth }
HarvestAgeRe ucer := round(random * 4 + 0)
if RiskRatin = 2 then ( lose from4 4to 10 years growth }

HarvestAgeRe ucer := round(random * 6
if RiskRating = 3 then begin {lose 10 to 20 prob=. 5, else lose all}

z := random;

if 2 <= 0.5 then HarvestAgeReducer := round(random * 10 + 10)
glse HarvestAgeReducer := HarvestAge;

en ;

clrscr; gotoxy(5, 5);

write( You have chosen to simulate the effects of Saratoga

spittlebug on );

gotoxy(5, ):wr1te( projected red pine volume yields. A risk

rating based on randomly )-

gotoxy(5 7); write(' generated Z cover values for sweet-fern and

other al ernate host plants' );

gotoxy(5, 8); write(’ has been set. The risk rating is
,SRislzRating, . A growth loss of’);

gotoxy(5,9); write(HarvestAgeReducer,

0 correspond to this risk rating. );

years has been randomly set

gotoxy(5, 12); write(‘ There are three insect management
alternatives of interest in this case. ');
goto>y(5 14); write( 1. Chemically control alternate host
vegetation before planting. This' )

o>y(5, 15); write(' will lower the risk rating to low until
he trees are out of dan er.');
gotoxy(5,16); write(' 2. pply a pesticide to control spittlebug
populations directly. One );

gotoxy(5,17); write(' sprayingn for moderate risk sites, two
sprayings for high risk sites

otoxy(u,18);wr1te(' an extran for ;either class of site if site
index is <= 50.

goto<y(5,19); write(' These treatments will also reduce the risk
rating to low.’ );

gotoxy(5 20): wr1te(‘ . Plant the site and ignore the bugs.‘ );
gotoxy(10,24); write(' Enter the number of your choice to deal

with thistsituation. ');
ran e := -

3’
rea ln(SpittlebugControlChoice);

if SpittlebuoControlChoice = 3 then begin
if z <.= 0.5 then HarvestAge := HarvestAge - HarvestAgeReducer
else HarvestAge :== 0;
end:

BugHarvestAge := HarvestAge;

if S ittlebugControlChoice = 1 then be in
if lantinghethod =2 then SFCCost := 0 else SFCCost := 60;
clrscr; gotoxy(5,7);
write('You may enter a cost of alternate host control you have
in mind or ');
gotox (5, B): write('accept the default value of 3

,SFC ost: 2:2, per acre.');
otox (10,11); write('Enter the cost (xx.xx), or 0 to use the
efau t. ’2;

1

ran e := E '9', ' .'];
rea ln(j)'

if j = Othen econEO]. control := SFCCost else econ[0].control :=

gotoxy(5,15)-

write(’ A cost for risk rating the plantation must be
established. The default' );

gotoxy(5 16)- write(' value 15 3 1. 00 per acre. );
gotoxy(10,19); write(‘ Enter the cost, or 0 to use the default
va ue.

readln(k)
if k then econlO]. monitor := 1. 00 else econEOJ. monitor := k;

HarvestAgeReducerl := round(random * 4 + 0);

 

99

BugHarvestAge := BugHarvestAge - HarvestAgeReducer;

HarvestA := HarvestA e - HarvestAgeReducerl;

if (Risk ating = ((81 >= 30) and (SI < 70)) then SI:= SI
+5-

iflgRiskRating = 3) and ((SI >= 30) and (SI < 70)) then SI:= SI
4. .

end;’ { of if controlchoice = 1 then}

if Spittlebu ControlChoice = 2 then begin
clrscr; go oxy(5, 7);
write(' You may enter a cost of spraying insecticide you have in
mind or you );
gotoxy(5, 8); write(' may accept the default value of 3 12. 00 per

acre. '
otox (10,111); write(' Enter the cost (xx.xx), or 0 to use the
efau t. l;-

range := I' 0' .9','.'];

SS := 12'

readln(jl;
if j <> 0 then SS := j;
gotoxy(5,15)
write(‘ Spi ttlebug populations must be monitored in order to
correctly time spray ');
gotoxy(5,16) ; write(' operations. For Hoderate and High risk
ratingsé monitor 3 times. If site’);
!

gotoxy( 17); write(‘index <= 50 then an extra monitoring must

e performed. The default’);

gotoxy(5 18)- write(’cost for monitoring is 3 1.50 er acre.');
gotoxy(lé, 23; write(’Enter the cost, or 0 to use t e default.

ssh := 1. so;

readln(kP

if ) <> 0 then SSH := k;

if RiskRating = 1 then begin
if SI > 50 hen begin
econI4l.monitor °= SSH;

econIél.monitor := SSH,
econIél.control -= SS;
end:

if SI a: 50 then begin
econI4].monitor := SSH,
econIb].monitor = SSH;
econIbl.control := SS;
ecgnIlOl. .monitor := SSH;
en ;

end;

if RiskRating then begin
if SI 2 50 hen begin
econI4].monitor = SSH;
econIbl.monitor := SSH;
econIél.control :=
econIlOl.monitor :
end-

11 Si <= .0 then begin
econI4J.monitor := SSH;
econIbJ.monitor .= SSH;
econIbl.control 1: SS:
econIlO].monitor := SSH;
econI12l.monitor := SSH;
econI12J.control := SS;

end;

end:

if RiskRatin = 3 then begin
if SI > 50 hen begin
econI4l.monitor := SSH;

econIBl.monitor := SSH;
econI4l.control := SS;
econI9l.monitor := SSH;
econI9]. control := SS;

end
if SI <= 50 then
econI4l. monitor

on a
ll to
L0
mu-
U33
3

100

econISl.monitor := SSH;
econI4J.control := SS-
econI9l.monitor := SSH;
econI9l.control := 58
econIl4l.monitor := SSH;
econI14l.control := SS;
end;
end;

HarvestAgeReducerl := round(random * 3 + 0);
HarvestAge := HarvestAge - HarvestAgeReducerl;
BugHarvestAge := BugHarvestAge - HarvestAgeReducer;
end; { of if control choice = 2}
end;

Overlay Procedure Grubs;
var k,j,x,y: real;

be in
SC ost := 30: SHCost := 8;
Randomize(0, 0);
GrubNumbers := random * 0. 75; {set 4 of grubs/cu.ft. oftsoi1é}0
o .
LowSrubHort := 0.24 * GrubNumbers; (set lower limit of
mortality}
HighGrubHort := 0.5885714 * Srubnumbers; {set upper limit of
seedling mort}
GrubHor F'ercent := random * (HighBrubHort - LowBrubHort) +
LowGrubHort;
SlReducer := round(random * 4 + 5); {generate random SI
reduction }
x := random;
if x C: 0.75 then Year3GrubHort :=
else Year3 GrubHort := 0.32 * x -
y := random;
if <= 0.75 then Year4BrubHort :=
e se Year4GrubHort := 0.08 i y - 0.05;
clrscr; gotoxy(5,5);
write('You have chosen to simulate the effects of white grubs on
projected red °
gotoxy(5, 6P write(' pine volume yields. A randomly generated
population df ,Grubnumbers: 0: 2, grubs')
gotoxy(5,7); write(' per cubic foot of soiI has been established.
his number may vary between );
gotoxy(5,8): write(' 0 and 0. 75. P
goto1 (5,10); write( A combined lst and 2nd year seedling
morta ity of ' ,(GrubHortPercent*100)12:0, percent has' )-
oto1y(5,11); write(' been set to correspond to this popuIation
eve ,
gotoxy(5 13); write(' Seedling mortality in year 3 will be
,(Year3érubHort*1001: 2: 0 percent. 1;
otoxy(5 14); write(' SeedIing mortality in year 4 will be
,(Year4érubHort*1001:2:0,' percent. 1;
goto:< (5,17); write(' There are two insect management alternatives
of in erest in this case. );
gotoxy(5, 20); write('l. Apply a pesticide at the time of
plant1ng.)-
goto>:y(u, 21;; write('2. Plant the site and ignore the grubs, and
incur no immediate cost. );
gotoxy(lo, 24); write( Enter the number of your grub control
choice.‘
range I’l
rea ln(GrubControlChoice)-
if GrubControlChoice = 1 then begin
clrscr; gotoxy(5,7);
write(' You may enter a cost of grub control you have in mind or
accept the );
gotoxy(5,8); write('default value of S',BCCost:2:2,' per
acre
otoxy(IO 11); write('Enter the cost (xx.xx) or enter 0 to use
he defauIt. ');

0.053333

v

101

range := ['0’..'9','.'I;
readln(j)°
1+ 3 = 0 then BrubControlCost :
J;
gotoxy(5,15)' w
monitored beiore control actions'
gotoxy(5 16); write(’can begin.
is $‘,SHDost:2:2,' per acre.');
otox (10,19); wr
efau t value. ');

readln(k)-

if k = 0 then SrubHonitorCost :

k-

Ten := TPA -
Year4GrubHort) * 0.17)));

BugTPA := round(( 1 -

econIOI.mon1tor :

a BugTPA);

econ[01.control := SrubControlCost;

end; { of ControlChoice = l )

if SrubControlChoice = 2 then begin

GrubControlCost := 0;

BrubMonitorCost := 0;

BugTPA := round(( 1 - (GrubHortPercent +
Year46rubflort)) * BugTPA);

TPA := Bu TPA-

BugSI := ugSl - SlReducer;

SI := BugSI;

end; { of ControlChoice = 2 }

end; {of Grubs}

Overlay Procedure Weevil;

var
ProbHDam
SprayCost: real;
begin
Randomize(0,0);
HazardZone round(random *
if HazardZone
if HazardZone
if HazardZone

2
3

InfestDistance :=
if HazardZone = 1 then be in
if lnfestDistance <= 125
S D : '< 1/8 mile"

n
.0

H
"-45

(I)

'<
t

I

1/2 mile'°

'Uw-
'14-.
cut”

0.05;
1 m1le';
stance > 1000 then
1 mile';

'0‘ C33
mmfbmmp-Osmmu‘]

11m "BID".

5...
.95
U) (.00

t0

HHHUAHOAH
U3 UIF-‘U

D
i
>
end-
if hazardZone 2 then begin
if lnfestDistance <= 125 then

SID ’< 1/8 mile"
' ‘=126) and

1/2 mile';
Distance >=501) and
05;

C.
'0 II
111
fi
C

p.-
I.“
r.-
fl:
3
n
m
V

if

U)
HHHUAHOA
0":

'<
t

USOIHU' H
-H U:
"mun-1*“ 04‘
um II a m 11‘"
Com
0

ControlChoice,HazardZone,InfestDistance:
HDamProb,j,k,g,PruneCost,

1 then SHazardZon
then SHazardZon
then SHazardZon
random(1101);

hen ProbHDam :

1 festDistance >=ize1 and (InfestDistance <=soo1 then ProbHDam

integer;

2 + 1)

can.
no a

' o
9

e 'Low
2 ‘Hedi
e 'High'

= 0.05;

ProbHDam := 0;

ProbHDam := 0.15;

BCCost else SrubControlCost :

rite('The proposed)planting site must be
The default cost of monitoring

ite(‘Enter the cost or enter 0 to use the

= BHCost else SrubhonitorCost :=
(round(TPA * ((SrubflortPercent + Year36rubHort +

(SrubflortPercent + Year36rubhort +
Year46rubflort))

BugSl := BugSI - SlReducer;

= SrubHon1torCost;

{ no control }

Year36rubhort +

istance >=501) and (lnfestDistance (=1000) then

(InfestDistance (=500) then ProbHDam

(InfestDistance <=1000)

ProbHDam := 0.05;

then

102

if HazardZone = 3 then begin
if lnfestDistance <= 125 then ProbHDam := 0.50;
SID := '< 1/8 mile"

if élgsestDistance >=126) and (InfestDistance (=500) then ProbHDam
m- m ,
SID := < 1/2 mile'
if (Infes tDistance >=5011 and (InfestDistance <=10001 then
ProbHDam:= .
SID := '< 1 mile' ;
if lnfestDistance >. :1000 then ProbHDam := 0.10;
SID := > 1 mile
end;
repeat
repeat

HDamProb := random:
until HDamProb <= ProbHDam;
if HDamProb <= ProbHDam then be

in

if HazardZone = 1 then "bar := ((random 5 5 + 0)/100);
if HazardZone = 2 then HHort := ((random * 5 + 5)/100)°
if HazardZone = 3 then Hhort := ((random * 10 + 5)/100‘;

end; { of HDamProb < ProbHDam }
until SI”Mort >= 0;
if HDamProb > ProbHDam then HHort : 0;

clrscr; gotoxy(5, 5P

write(' You have chosen to simulate the effects of pine root collar
weevil on );

gotoxy(5, 6); write(' projected red pine volume yields. This
plantation was first randomly’);

gotox (5,7); write(’ assi ned to the ',SHazardZone,’ root collar
weevi hazard zone. Nex W;

gotox (5, BP write(' a distance of ,SlD,’ to the nearest weevil
infes at1on was ’);

gotox (5,9): write(’oenerated. Using this information red pine
morta ity of ,(NMort*100):2: 0, Z due' P

gotoxy(5,1() write(' ine root collar weevil was established. );

gotoxy(5,13); write(’ here are three insect management alternatives
of interest 1n this' );
gotoxy(5,l4); write( situation. );

otox (5,17), write(' 1. Basal prune and scrape soil and duff away
rom he trees. );

gotoxy(5,18); write(' 2. Apply insecticide to the lower few inches of
eac tree trunk.

goto>y(5,19), write('3. Do nothing. ');
gotoxy(5,23), write( Enter the number of your pine root collar
weevil control choice. W;
ran e := ['1.'3'l;

rea ln(ControlChoice):

if ControlChoice = 1 then begin
PruneCost := (BugTPA/bo) * 6; {assumes $6.00/hr. & 60
trees/hour}
clrscr;
gotoxy(5, 7); write(’ You may enter a cost per acre for pruning &
scrap1ng,8) or accep t'

gotoxy( write(' the default value of S ',PruneCost:2:2,’ per
acre. );

gotoxy(lo 11P write(' Enter the cost (xx. xx), or enter 0 to use
he default valu ')'

range = I 0 u9','.'l;

rea ln(j)

if j = 0 then NeevilControlCost := PruneCost else
NeevilControlCost '= j
goto§y(5; ,15P write('The plantation must be monitored at age 4 and
age
otoxy(5,16P write('The default cost of monitoring is S 0.50 per
ree.
otoxy(10,19); write('Enter the cost of monitoring, or 0 for the
efau t W
readln(kP
if k = 0 th hen e:= 0.5 else g:
1f Standfirea <= 1 then Neev lMon1torCost := 20 * 9;
if (StandArea > 1) and (StandArea <= 3) then Neev1lHonitorCost :=

103

7 * StandArea * g-
if (StandArea 2 l and (StandArea (=5) then HeevilflonitorCost := 4
* StandArea * 9;
if (Standnrea 2 5) and (StandArea (=10) then HeevilHonitorCost :=
3 * StandArea
if Standnrea > 1 then HeevilMonitorCost := 2 * StandArea ! g;
econI7]. control = UeevilControlCost;
econI3]. monitor := WeevilHonitorCost;
econ[61.monitor := HeevilMonitorCost
Bu TPA := round((l - Hflort) 1 Bu TPAl;
{of if control choice = 1
if 00ntrolChoice = 2 then begin
SprayCost := ((Bu TPA/120) * 6 + 5 P {assumes $6.00/hr. & 120
trees/hour and $5 acre for chemicalsl
clrscr;
gotox¥15,7); write('You may enter a cost per acre for spraying or
accep ;
gotoxy(5, B); write('the default value of S ' ,SprayCost:2:2, ' per
acre.
otoxy(10 11); write(' Enter the cost (xx. xx), or enter 0 to use
he default value. )-
ran 9 := I’ 0‘ '9' ,'.’l;
rea ln(j)'
if j = then weevilControlCost := SprayCost else
HeevilControlCost := j;
goto;y(5,15); write(’The plantation must be monitored at age 4 and
age I Q
otoxyf5,16); write('The default cost of monitoring is 3 0.50 per
ree. ;
otoxy<10,19); write('Enter the cost of monitoring, or 0 for the
efau t. ’ '
readln(k):

if k = 0 then g:= 0.5 else g:= k;

if StandArea <= 1 then Neev1lHon1torCost := 20 * °

if (StandArea > 1) and (StandArea <= 3) then Heev1lHonitorCost :=
7 * StandArea * gza

if (StandArea 2 ) (StandArea (=5) then HeevilflonitorCost := 4
* Standfirea * 9;

if (StandArea 2 5) and (StandArea <= 10) then HeevilflonitorCost :=
3 * StandArea * 9;

if StandArea 2 10 then HeevilhonitorCost := 2 * StandArea * g;
econi71.control := WeevilControlCost;
econ[31.mon1tor := NeevilMonitorCost;
econtb].mon1tor := HeevilMonitorCost
Bu 199 := round((l - unort) * BugTPAl;
en ; { of if control choice = 2}
1f ControlChoice = 3 then begin
Bu TPA := round((l - NMort) * BugTPA);
IF := Bu TPA;
end; { o if controlchoice = 3 1

end; {of weevil}

Overlay Procedure Sawfly;

var
controlchoice, j,k, temp1,temp2, temp3: integer;
SprayCost: real;

begin

j:=0; templ: =0; temp2 :=0; temp3:=0;
Randomize (0, OP
OutbreakYear := round(random * 7 + 6);
if Bu SI < 50 then begin
SRCoPercent '= random;

SRCBPercent := (1 - SRC3Percent) * random;
:nClPercent := 1 - SRC3F’ercent - SRC2Percent;
an
if BugSI > 50 the n begin
SRC Percent := rando
SPClFercent := 1 - SR02Percent;
SRC3Percent := 0;

104

end

HortI := random * 0.013 + 0;

Mort2 := random * 0.018 + 0;

templ := round((SRClPercen t * BugTPA) * (1 - Hort1));
temp2 := round((SRCZPercen t * BugTPA) * (1 - Hort2));
Bug PA := templ + temp2;

clrscr; gotoxy(5, 5P
write(' You)have chosen to simulate the effects of red- headed pine
saw y on
gotoxy(5, 6); write(' projected red pine volume yields. The year of
sawfly outbreak was ');
otox (5, 7); write(' randomly determined to be year ',DutbreakYear,'.
he s and has been' );
gotoxy(5 8) write(' classs1ified as (SRClPercent * 100): 3:0, Z SRC
,(sntzpercent 1 1001 :3 :o A
otox 15,91; iwrite( and (séc3percent 1 1601. -3- o, z sac 111. SRC
mor a11t,(Hort1 * 100): 2: l,’ Z and’
otox (5,1 );Swr1te( SRC II mortal1ty is ,(hort2 * 100): 2: 1,‘ Z.
RE I I mortality is 1007. ');
gotox (5,13); wr1te1'There are three insect management alternatives
of in erest in this );
gotoxy(5,14); write( situation. ');
gotoxy(5, 17); write(’ 1. Apply herbicide at planting to control
compe 1ng vegetation. ');
fitox (5&18); write(’ 2. Apply insecticide to the SRC III portion of
e s an -
gotoxy(5,19) write(' 3. Do nothing. );
gotoxy(10,- write(’ Enter the number of your red- headed pine
sawfly control choice. ');
range := I 1 ..'3'];
readln(ControlCh01ce):
if EontrolChoice = 1 then begin
i:=)
if PlantingMethod = 2 then SFCCost := 70 else SFCCost := 60;
c rscr;
gotoxy(5, 7P write(’ You may enter a cost per acre for weed
control. or accept’);
gotoxy(5, ,8); write(’ the default value of S ',SFCCost:2:2,' per
acre
gotoxy(10 11): write('Enter the cost (xx.xx), or enter 0 to use
he default value. ')°
ran e := I' 0' 9’ , . '1;
rea ln(j)
if 1 = then SawflyControlCost := SFCCost else SawflyControlCost

J.
econIO]. control := SawflyControlCost;
temp3 := round((SRC3Fercent * TPA) * (1 - Hort2));
TPA := templ + temp2 + temp3;
end; {of if control choice = 1}
if ControlChoice = 2 then begin
j:=0; k. =0 clrscr;
SprayCosi. =
gotoxy(5; ,7); write(' You may enter a cost per acre for spraying or
accep
gotoxy(5,8); write(' the default value of $ HSprayCost 2. 2, per
acre.
otoxy(10 11); write(’ Enter the cost (xx. xx), or enter 0 to use
he default value. ')°
range := I‘ 0' .. '9' ,'.'1;
readln(j)'
if j = 0 then SawflyControlCost := SprayCost else
SawflyControlCost := j
gotoxy(5,15); write( The plantation must be monitored before and
after spraying
gotoxy(o,16P write( The default cost of monitoring is S 1. 50 per
acre.
otoxy(10, 19); write(' Enter the cost of monitoring, or 0 for the
e au

readln(kP .
if k = 0 then SawflyfionitorCost := 1.50 else SawflyHonitorCost :=

k;

If ControlChoice =

end; {of Sawfly}

econIOutbreakYearl.control

105

SRC3Percent)°
econIOutbreakYear - 1]. monitor := SawflyMonitorCost;

econIOutbreakYearl. monitor :=

TPA := templ

end; {

SawflyMonitorCost

:= SawflyControlCost * (StandArea *

temp3 := round((SRC3Percent 1 TPA) 1 (1 - Mort2‘);
+ temp2 + temp3;
of if control choice = 2}
3 then TPA := BugTPA;

Overlay Procedure BugDisplayl;

{called from BugSrow}

var x: integer;

begin

clrscr; gotoxy(2, 1P write('Stand l trees/ac = ,StartTPAl);
gotoxy(30, 1P write(' Stand 1 harvest a e = ,HarvestAge);
gotoxy(621 write(' Stand 1 SI = ,SI

gotoxy(2 2)°; write( Stand 2 trees/ac = ,StartTPA2);
gotoxy(30,2); write(' Stand 2 harvest age = ,BugHarvestAge);
gotoxy(62,2); write(' Stand 2 SI = ,BugSI);

gotoxy(2 3P write( Minimum pole dbh = ',PoleMin: 2: 1);
gotoxy(30,3); write( Minimum sawtimber dbh = ,SawMin: 2: l);
otoxy(62,3); write( ');

or x:= 1 to 80 do be in gotoxy(x,4);write(' - W;end;

end, {of BugOisp ay1}

Overlay Procedure Displayl;

{called from grow}

var x: integer;
begin
clrscr; gotoxy(2,2); write('Stand a e) at start = ',StartAge);
gotoxy(62 2P write(’ Site index = '
gotoxy(2 3): write(' Original BA/ac = I)StartBA:3 :1) '
gotoxy(30,3l; write( Or1ginal trees/ac = ,StartTPA AI;
gotoxy(62,3); write(' Ave. =
,(sqrt((atartba/StartTPA)*183.3466)):2:1);

gotoxy(2 4P write( Minimum pole dbh = ,PoleMin: L 1):
gotoxy(30,4I; write(' Minimum sawtimber dbh = ,SawMin: 2: 1);
otoxy162,4); write(' Harvest age = ,HarvestAge);

or x = 1 to 80 do be in gotoxy(x, 5P write(' - 'P ,end;
end; {of Display }

Overlay Procedure BugCurrentDisplay;

write

{called from

be var g,i,z,x,y:integer;
991

x:= (StandAge - 1);

y:= (StandAge - 1);

1f Standage >= Bu
otoxy(11, 5P wri

eginning of Year
oxy(9, 6P

?

HarvestAge then
e(’ Stand 1:
’,xfl);

h:

1c

Per

real,

= BugHarve

re Descript

BugGrow}

stAge - 1:
ion at the

rite1'Poletimber'); gotoxy(38, 7); write(‘

ite(‘ Trees' 1'
write(’ Cu.’ 1;
rite( Cu.’ )
write(' /a .
write( db’

gotoxy(l 7) - write(SBugChoice);
gotoxy(25, ,7); w

awtimber )-

gotoxy(59,73; write(' Pole + Saw' )-
gotoxy(24, 8); write( ------------

!
gotoxy(l 9): write(’Oom'); gotoxy(b
gotoxy(lé,9l; write('Ave. ); gotoxg
gotoxy(39 9); write(' Cu. ); go oxy(
gotoxy(l,10)' write(' Ht.’ ); gotoxy(
gotoxy(13,1ol; write( BA’)' gotoxy(l
gotoxy(26,10). write('ft.'); gotoxy(
gotoxy(40,10):write(’ft.')' gotoxy(4
gotoxy(56,10), write(’ft. i; gotoxy(
gotoxy(69 10), write( Cords' ); gotox
gotoxy(l,11); write( --- ----- ~7;
gotoxy(1,12). write(r[xl.DomHt:3:0);
gotoxy(7112) wr1te(rle.TPA)-
gotoxy(13,123, write(rle.BA:3:0);

97103:“

106

gotoxy(18,12); write(rtx].DNdbh:2:l)
gotoxy(24,12); write(r[x].HerchPoleC%V:4:0,'*');
gotory(32,12); urite(r[x].PoleCords:3:1,’* );
gotoxy(39,12); write(rtx].HerchSauCFV:4:0,'*');
gotoxy(46,12); urite(r[x].flBFVolInt:2:1,'**');
gotoxy(54,12); write(rix].HerchCFV:S:0, *');
gotoxy(62,12); write(rtx].HerchCFV/x:3:1);
gotoxy(69,12); urite(r[xJ.HerchCords:2:1,'*');
gotoxy(76,12); urite(r[x]. HerchCords/x:3:2);
gotoxy(24,13); write(r1x1.PoleCFV: 4:0, 0 );
gotoxy(39,13); write(rlx]. SawCFV:4:0, A');
gotoxy(54,13); write((rixJ.PoleCFV + r1xJ.SauCFV): 5:0, ');
gotoxy(bZ 13); write((rtxl. PoleCFV + r1x].SaHCFV)/x:4:1, '0');
gotoxz(1,14); write(' Total Non- Insect- Killed Trees =
,Hor alitzTreeCount);
for z:= 1 o 80 do begin gotox (z,16);ur1te(");end
otoxy(11,17); write( Stand 2: er Acre Description a1 the
e inning of Year ,y+1);
go oxy(9,18);
wr1te(’ ---------------------------------------------------------
!
gotoxy(1,19), wr1te(bugr[yL DonHt: 3: 0);
gotoxy(7419) urite(bugr[{LT
gotoxy(13,19); write(bugr .BA: )3: 0);
gotoxy(18,19); write(bugrtyL QHdbh: 2: 1)
gotoxy(24,19), wr1te(bugr[y]. MerchPoiecfiv:4:o,'*');
gotoxy(32,19), write(bugrEyL PoleCords:3:1,’* );
gotoxy(39,19); write(bugrEyL MerchSawCFV:4:0,'*'),
gotoyy(46,19); wr1te(bugr[yL HBFVolInt:2:1, i*');
qotoxy(54,19); write(bugrEyL HerchCFV: 5:0, *');
gotoyy(62,19); write(bungyL MerchCFV/y:3:1);
gotoxy(69,19); write(bugrEyL MerchCords:2:l,’*’);
gotoxy(76,19), write(bugrEyL NerchCords/y:2:2);
gotoxy(24,20), write(bugrEyL PoleCFV: 4: 0,’ “');
gotoxy(39,20); wr1te(bugr[{L .SawCFV:4 :0, A')'
gotoxy(54,20), write((bugr yL PoleCFV + bugriy].SawCFV):5:0,'0');
gotoxy(62,20); write((bugrtyL PoleCFV +
buqrEy].SaHCFV)/y:3: 1 ' );
otoxy(1,21)' write(' fatal Non- Insect- Killed Trees =
,BugHortali1yTreeCount);
gotoxy(1,23)- write(’ *3 A **6 in. min. top diams. inside bark. ');
goto>y(48,23); write( ° Tot stem vol, no top diam 11m. ');
end; {of BugCurrentDisplay}
Overlay F'rocedure CurrentDisplay; {called from Brow}
var g,1,z,x:1nteger; h: real;
begin

x:= (Stanque*1);

gotoxy(13,7): write(' Per Acre Stand Description at the Beginning

of Year ,x+l);

gotoxy(13,8);

write(' ------------------------------------------------------ ');
otoxy<25,10); write(' Paletinber ); gotoxy(38, 10); write(‘
awtimber )

gotoxy(59,10

r1te(' Pole + Sau' );
gotoxy(24,11

gotoxy(l 12)- write( Dom ); gotoxy(b 12)° write(' Trees )
gotoxy(lé,12); write( Ave.’); otoxg125 12); write(' Cu.’ 1;
gotoxy(39 12); write( Cu. ); go oxy( 5 15); write(' Cu. );
gotoxy(l 13): write(' Ht. '); gotoxy(7,13); write(' /ac.');
gotoxy(l3,l3); write( BA 1- gotoxy(18 131- write( dbh 1;
gotoxy(26,13); write(' +t.‘ 1; gotoxy(3é 13); write(' Cords' );
gotoxy(40,13);wr1te(’ft. 1- gotoxy(47 13)- write( MBF )-
gotoxy(56,13); write(' ft. '1; gotoxy(63 13)- write(' HA1' 1;
gotoxy(b? 13); write( Cords 1; gotoxy(?7,131- write( MAI’ 1;
notoxy(1,14); write(' --- ----- ~7; ---- ----------- ~---
!

otoxy(1,15);w write(rExJ.DomHt:3:0);
gotoxy(?llfi): write(r[x1.TPA);

gotoxy(13,15), write(rix].BA:o:0);

107

gotoxy(18,15); write(rtx]. QHdbh: 2: 1)
gotoxy(24,15); write(rEXJ. merchPoiec¢v141o, 1 1;
gotoxy(32,15); write(rtx]. PoleCords: 3:1, * );
gotoxy(39,15); write(rEx]. HerchSawCFV:4: 0,‘ *' );
gotoxy(46,15); write(rtx]. HBFVolInt:2:l,' ** );
gotoxy(54,15); write(rlx].HerchCFV:5:0, *' );
gotoxy(62,15); ur1te(r[x].flerchCFV/x:3:1);
gotoxy(69,15); ur1te(r[x]. HerchCords:2:1,‘ *' );
gotoxy(76,15); write(rixL HerchCords/x:3:2);
gotoxy(24,16); write(rth PoleCFV: 4: 0,‘ “' );
gotoxy(39,16); write(rixL SauCFV: 4: 0, ‘ )3
gotoxy(54,16); write((rth PoleCFV + rle SauCFV): 5:0, '“ ');
gotoxy(62 16); write((r[xL PoleCFV + rth SaNCFV)/x:4:1, 'A');
gotox (5,191; «rite( Total Mortality Trees =
,Mor alityTreeCount);

gotoxy(4,21); write(' * 3 in. n1n. top dial. inside bark. ');
gotoxy(4,22); write(’ ii 6 in. min. to? diam. inside bark. ');
gotoxy(4,23)' write('A Total stem vo une, no top 61am. lin1t. ');
end; {0* CurrentDisplay}

Overlay Procedure BugThinningYearDisplay; {called from

BugBrou}

var x,y,z:1nteger;

begin

x:= StandAoe;
gotoxy(11,5): write(' Stand 1 Per Acre Description at the Beginning
of Year x+1);
gotoxy(9, 3);
write( ---------------------------------------------------------
gotoxy(24) 7); write(‘Poletimber'); gotoxy(38,7); write('

awtimber
gotoxy(59,7):wr1te(' Pole + Saw'); gotoxy(1,7);
write(SBugChoice)

gotoxy(24, e1; ur1ie< -—---7; ------

gotoxy(l 9): write(' Dom' ); gotoxy(b 9); write(' Trees )-

gotoxy(lé,9); write(' Ave. ); go toxg125,9); write( Cu. );

gotoxy(39 9); write( Cu ), go oxy( 5,9)- write(‘Cu.');

gotoxy(1130)- wr1te( Ht. ); gotoxy(7,10); write(' lac. );

gotoxy(11,1oi; write( BA )'gotoxy(18 101- write( dbh 1;

gotoxy(26,10); write(' ft. ’); gotoxy(Sé 10); write(' Cords' );

gotoxy(40,10);wr1te(’ ft. ) gotoxy(47 30)- write(' HBF' ):

gotoxy(56,10); write( +1.);gotoxy163.101- write( HA1 1;

gotoxy(é? 10); write( Cords' ); gotoxy(77,16); write(’ MAI' );

gotoxy(1,11); write( --- ----- --7 ---- ----------- ----
!

gotoxy(1,12); write(rixL DonHt: 3: 0);

gotoxy(7 12)- write(rExL TPA

gotoxy(13,123; write(rEx]. BA: -31 ~01;

gotoxy(18,12); write(rExL QHdbh: 2: 1)

gotoxy(24,12); write(rth HerchPoleC%V:4:0,' *');

gotoxy(32,12); write(rle PoleCords: 3:1,'* );

gotoxy(39,12); write(rtx].MerchSawCFV:4:0,' i');

gotoxy(46,12); write(rix].HBFVolInt: 2:1,'**');

gotoxy(54,12); write(rix].MerchCFV:S:0, * );

gotoxy(62,12); urite(r[x].MerchCFV/x:3:1)5

gotoxy(69,12); write(rtx].flerchCords: 2:1, * );

gotoxy(76 12); write(rth HerchCords/x:3:2);

gotoxy(1,33); write(’ CUT' )'

gotoxy(7 13)- write(-1* tixL ThinnedTPA)-

gotoxy(13,13); urite((-l 1 ttx]. ThinnedBA): ~31 o1;

gotoxy(18,13): write(r[x].QHdbh: 2: 1):

gotoxy(24,13); write((-1 * tle TMerchPoieCFV):4:0);

gotoxy(32,13): write((-1 * tixL TPoleCords):3:l)'

gotoxy(39,13); wr1te((-1 * t[x].THerchSawCFV):4:b):

gotoxy(46,13): write((-1 * tth THBFVolInt):2:2);

gotoxy(54,13); write((-1 * tth THerchCFV):S:O);

gotoxy(é? 1;). write((-1 * tth THerchCords):2:l)£

gocoxy(1,i41; for y := 1 to 80 do begin gotoxy(y,1 ),

write(’- );end;

108

gotoxy(1,15); write(rEAL DomHt: 3:0):
gotoxy(7 1511 write((rth TPA - t1x3.ThinnedTPA));
gotoxy(l3,15); write((rtxl.BA — t1x].ThinnedBA):3:0);
gotoxy(18,15). write(r1xL Qfldbh: 2:1 °
20toxy(24,15): write((rth HerchPoleéFV -
[x]. MerchPoleCFV): 4:0);
gotoxy(32,15); write((r1xL PoleCords - tth TPoleCords):3:1)-
gotoxy(39,15); write((rth HerchSauCFV - tth THerchSauCFV):4:0):
gotoxy(4b,15); write((rIXL HBFVolInt - t1xL THBFVolInt):2:2):
gotoxy(54,15). write((rExL MerchCFV - tle THerchCFV): 5:0)-
gotoxy(69,15): write((rth HerchCords - t[xL THerchCords):2:1):
or z:= 1 to 80 do beg in gotoxy(2 17): write( = ):end:
otoxy(11,18). write( 9Stan Per Acre Description at the
e 1nn1ng of Year ',x+1);
go oxy(9,19);
ur1te( ---------------------------------------------------------
!
gotoxy(1,20); ur1te(bugr[xL DomHt: 3: 0);
gotoxy(7 20)°wr1te(bugr1AL TPA)
gotoxy(13,20): write(bugrixL BA: )3: 0);
gotoxy(18,20): write(bugrEAL DMdbh:2:1)'
gotoxy(24,20); wr1te<bugr1xL HerchPoleC‘V:4: 0,'*'),
gotoAy(32,2O); write(bugrth PoleCords: 3:1,‘i );
gotoxy(39,20); write(bugrth HerchSawCFV:4:0,'*');
gotoxy(46,20); write(bugrth HBFVollnt:2:1,'**‘);
goto:<y(54, 2O ): wr1te(bugr1xL HerchCFV: 5:0, *');
gotoxy(62,20): write(bugrixL HerchCFV/x:3:1):
gotoxy(69, 20); write(bugr1xL HerchCords:2:1,'* ):
goto>.'y(76;20): write(bugrth .HerchCords/x:2:2):
goto1y11,21); write( CU
goto1y(712l)- write(-1 * bugtth ThinnedTPA)'
goto<y(1;,211; write((-1 * bu tth ThinnedBA1: 3: 0);
gotOA y118,21); write(bu rIAL Hdbh: 2: 1):
goto:<y(24,21); write((- * bugtth THerchPoleCFV):4:0):
gotoxy(32,2l): write(1-1 * bugtth TPoleCords):3:l)-
goto:<y(39,21); write((-1 * bugtth THerchSawCFV):4:0):
gotoxy(46,21); write((-1 * bugttx]. THBFVolInt):2:2);
gotoxy(54,2l); write((- 1 * bugtth THerchCFV):S:0):
gotOAy(69A21); write(1-1 * bugtEA L THerchCords):2:1);
gotoxy(1122): for y := 1 to 80 do begin gotoxy(y,22);
write( - ):end;
gotoxy(1,23); write(bungxL DomHt: 3:0)
gotoxy(7l23): write((bugrth TFA — bug {11L ThinnedTPA));
gotoxy(lo,23). write((bugrixL BA - buotlx]. ThinnedBA):3:0)
gotoxy(18,23): write(bungAL QMdbh:
gotoxy(24,23). write((bugrth MerchPoleéFV -
bu t(,].TMerchPoleCFV):L 0)
go oxy(32 23): write((bugrth PoleCords -
buoti,].TfioleCords):3:1);
otoxy(39,23): write((bugrth .MerchSauCFV -
u t1x].TMerchSawCFV):4:
o oxy(46,23): write((bugr1xL HBFVolInt -
u t11].THBFVolInt):2:2);
go oxy(54,23); write((bugrEXL HerchCFV - bugtle THerchCFV): 5: 0):
gotox (69,23): write((bugrth .HerchCords -
bugtEA].THerchCords):2:1
end; { of BugThinnin ngYearnisplay }
Overlay Procedure ThinningYearDisplay; {called from Grow}
var x,y:1nteger;
begin

x:= StandA e;

gotoxy(25 ); write(' Stand Description (per acre)’ );

gotoxy(25, B):write(' --------------------------------- ');

gotoAy(38 9); write(’ Poletimber' ): gotoxy(51,9): write(
awtimber )

gotoxy(65,91 write(' All Trees'):

goto1:y(37 10): write(' -------------------------------- ');
goto1y(4 11)- write( Stand' ) gotoxy(ll 11)° write('Don');

got 01w 11,111: write( ’Trees 1; gotox¥(30,111: write('Ave. ):
gotoxy(3 38,11): write( Cu. ); gotoxy(5 ,11): urite('Cu.‘):

109

gotoxy(bb 11); write(’ Cu. ');
gotoxy(4 121- write('A e'); gotoxy(ll 121- write( Ht.');
gotoxy(11,121; write(' ac. '); gotoxy(24 121; write( BA')-
gotoxy(30,12); write( dbh 1; gotoxy(39 121- write( +1.1'1;
gotoxy(44,12);write(' Cordsfi’ ); gotoxy(53,12); write( ft.#'
gotoxy(58,12); write( HBFflfl gotoxy(67,12); write( ft.fi'
gotoxy(72 121; write( Cordsfi 1;
gotoxy(4,13); write(' ----7) --- ----- --- --- -----
!

gotoxy(1,14); write('f');
gotoxy(4,l4); write(rtx].StandAge); gotoxy(ll,14);
write(rExJ.DomHt:3:0);
gotoxy(l7 l4); urite(r[x].TPA); gotoxy(24,l4);
write(r[xj.BA:3:0)'
gotoxy(30 141; write(rtx].QHdbh:'2: 11; gotoxy(37,l4);
write(r111.HerchPoleCFV14:0); gotoxy(4 4);
«rite(rle PoleCords:3:l);
gotoxy(Sl 14)' write(r[x].HerchSaNCFV: 4:0); gotoxy(58,l4);
write(rtxi. MB%Vo11nt:2:21; gotoxy(bS, 141;
write(r[1:L HerchCFV: 5:0);
gotoxy(72 14); write(rtx].MerchCords: 2: 1M
gotoxy(l 15); write('CUT --------- W;
gotoxy(l1,15); write(- 1 * tEAL ThinnedTPA);
gotoxy(23,15); write((- 1 * tExL ThinnedBA): 3:0);
gotoxy(30,15)° write(rEAL thbh: 2: 1); gotoxy(36,15).
write((-l A tixn. THerchPoleCFV): 4.01;
gotoxy(43,15); write((-1 * t[xL TPoleCords):3:1)'
gotoxy(51,15); write((- 1 1 tth THerchSauCFV):4:0);
gotoAy(57,15)
write((-1 1 tix L THBFVolInt):2:2); gotoxy(65,15);
write((-1 * t[A L TMerchCFV):5: 0) ;
gotoAy(71 15); write((-1 * tth THerchCordsL 2:1);
gotoAy(4,16); for y := l to 80 do begin gotoxy(y,lb),
write('— ):end;
gotoxy(1,17); write(’ *i' )°
gotoxy(4,17); write(rTAL étandAge); gotoxy(ll,17);
write(rtAL DomHt: 3: 0)
gotoxy(17,17), write((rth TPA - tExL ThinnedTPA))°
got01y(24,17), write((rIAL BA - tth ThinnedBA): 3:61;
gotoAy(30,17). write(rExL DHdbh: 2: 1)-
gotox1(37,l7). write((rth MerchPoleéFV -

[A]. MerchPoleCFV):4 0);
gotoxy(45,17); write((r[x].PoleCords - t[xL TPoleCords):3:
gotOAy(52,l7); write((r[xl.HerchSawCFV - t[AL THerchSawCF
gotoxy(59,l7), write((r[x].MBFVolInt - t[xl.THBFVolIntL 2.
gotOAy(6S,l7), write((r[x].HerchCFV - tExL THerchCFVL 5:0
gotoxy(73817); write((rtxJ.MerchCords - t[xL THerchCords):
gotoxy(l 20); write('* Stand Before Thinning. W;
gotoxy(3§ 20); write(‘** Stand After Th1nning. );
gotoAy(1 22)- write(’# 3 in. min. tog diam. inside bark.
gotoxy(46,221- write('aa 6 in. min. op dial. inside bark.
end; { of ThinningYearDisplay }

Procedure Complnt(value:real; age:integer); Forward;

Overlay Procedure NPV;
var A: integer;

temp2,temp3,tempL temps, cp,sp,pp, dcp, dsp,dpp, sv ,cv,pv, dsv,

dcv ,dpv: real;
begin

{ calculate discounted costs for management activities }
temp2: =0; temp3:=0; tempL “0 tempSw
for x := l to HarvestAge do begin
with econtxl do be

if monitor 1} 0 hen begin
Complnt(mon1tor, 1)

monitor := DiscountedValue;

:0);

110

temp2 := temp2 + monitor;
end; { of monitor }
if control <> 0 then begin
Com lnt(control,x)-
con rol := DiscountedValue;
temp3 := temps + control;
end; { of control
if inventory <> 0 then begin
Complnt(inventory,x)'
inventory := DiscountedValue;
tenp4 := temp4 + inventory;
end; { of inventorz}
if layout <> 0 then egin
Complnt(la out,x)-
layout := iscountedValue;
temps := tenpS + layout;
end; { of layout }
end; { of with - do }
end; {of for - do }
temp‘ -= temp2 + econlO].nonitor;
tempZ := tempS + econ[01.control;

{calculate discounted revenues {or controlled stand}
cp:=0; sp:=0; pp:=0; dcp:=0; dsp:=0; dpp:=0;
{or x := 1 to HarvestAge do begin
with tlx] do begin
if thinnedBA a> 0 then be in
cp -= TMerchCords * Price erCord;
sp = TMBFVollnt * PricePerHBF;
ED = TPoleCords * PricePerCord;
omplntlcp,x);
dcp := dcp + DiscountedValue;
Complntlsp,x);
dsp := dsp + DiscountedValue;
Complnt(pp,x)-
dpp := dpp + biscountedValue;
end; { of if - then }
end; ( of with - do }
end; { of for - do }

sv := r[HarvestAge-ll.HBFVolInt * PricePerHBF;
Complnt(sv,HarvestAge);

dsv := DiscountedVaIue;

cv := rEHarvestAge-ll.MerchCords * PricePerCord;
CompInt(cv,HarvestAge);
dcv := DiscountedVa ue:

pv := rlHarvestAge-l].PoleCords * PricePerCord;
Complnt(pv,HarvestA e);

dpv := DiscountedVa ue;

 

DiscountedCordsRevenue := dcp + dcv;
DiscountedSawRevenue := dsg + dpp + dsv + dpv;
AllCostsDiscounted := Site repCost + PlantingCost + tenp2 +
ten 3 + temE4 + tenpS;
Insec Control ostsDiscounted := temp2 + telp3;
( calculate discounted revenues for bug stand }
cp:=0; sp:=0; p:=0; dc :=0; ds :=0; dpp:=0;
for x := l to ugHarves Age do egin
Hlth bugttxl do be in
if thinnedBA <> then be in
cp := TMerchCords * Price erCord;
sp := THBFVolInt * PricePerHBF;
p := TPoleCords * PricePerCord;
omplnt(cp,x)'
dcp := dcp + biscountedValue;
Complnt(sp,x)°
dsp := dsp + biscountedValue;
Complnt(pp,x)-
dpp := dpp + biscountedValue;
end; { of_if - then }
end; { o{ with - do }
end; { of for - do }

111

sv := bungBugHarvestAge-l].HBFVolInt * PricePerHBF;
Complnt(sv,BugHarvestAge);

dsv := DiscountedValue;

cv := bugrEBugHarvestAge-lJ.HerchCords * PricePerCord;
Complnt(cv,BugHarvestAge);

dcv := DiscountedValue;

Ev := bugrtBugHarvestAge-l].PoleCords * PricePerCord;
omplnt(pv,BugHarvestAge);

dpv := DiscountedValue;

BugDiscountedCordsRevenue := dcp + dcv;
BugDiscountedSawRevenue := dsp + dpp + dsv + dpv;

end; { of NPV }

Overlay Procedure VolumeSummary;
var x,y: integer;

be in
$TMerchCords:=0; TTHBFVolInt:=0' TTPoleCords:=
BugTTMerchCords:=0; Bugrrnervolint:=o; BugTTPo
BugTTTotalCFV:=0;
for x := l to HarvestAge do begin
with t[x] do be in
if ThinnedBA > 0 then begin
TTMerchCords := TTHerchCords + TMerchCords;
TTMBFVolInt := TTMBFVolInt + THBFVolInt;
TTPoleCords := TTPoleCords + TPoleCords'
TTTotalCFV := TTTotalCFV + THerchPoleCFO + THerchSawCFV;
TThinnedTPA := TThinnedTPA + ThinnedTPA;
end; { of if - then }
end; { of with - do }
end; { of for - do }
{or z := 1 to BugHarvestAge do begin
wi h bugtEyl do begin
if BugThinnedBA x) 0 then begin
BugTTMerchCords := Bu TTHerchCords + TMerchCords;
BugTTHBFVollnt := Bug THBFVolint + THBFVolInt;
BugTTPoleCords := Bu TTPoleCords + TPoleCords;
BugTTTotalCFV := Bug TTotalCFV + TMerchPoleCFV + TMerchSawCFV;
Bu TThinnedTPA := BugTThinnedTPA + ThinnedTPA;
en ; { of if - then }
end; { of with - do 1
end; { 04 for - do }
end; { of VolumeSummary }

0 TTTotalCFV:=0;
l o

éc rds:=0;

Overlay Procedure DisplayVolumeSummary;
var x: integer;

begin

clrscr;

x:=HarvestAge-1:

if Choicel = 1 then be in

gotoxy(30,l); write(‘S and Volume Summary');

gotoxy(28,2); write(’ ------------------------ ');

end:

if Choicel = 2 then begin

gotoxy(16,1);

write('Stand 1 Volume Summary (with insect managementl');

gotoxy(14,2);

write(' --------------------------------------------------- ');
end;

gotoxy(5 4); write('Harvested merchantable cordwood volume = ‘);

gotoxy(55é4); write(r[x].HerchCords:4:l,' cords/acre.');
otoxy(5,o); write('Herchantable cordwood volume removed in
hinnings = ‘);

otoxy(o9 5); write(TTHerchCords:4:l ' cords/acre.');
gotoxy(5,$l; write(’Total merchanta 1e cordwood volume produced =

)3

(
vestAge):4: l,’

112

goto>:y(59, 6) write((r[x].HerchCords + TTHerchCords):4:l,'
cords/acre.’ 5,

gotoxy(5 7)- write(' "Al (or merchantable cordwood volume
gotoxy(59 71;

write(((r1xl. HerchCords+TTHerchCords)lHarvestAge):2: 2,’
cordslacre/year.’ );

gotoxy(5,9); write( Harvested International 1/4" bd. ft. volume =

wr rite(rtx]. HBFVolInt: 3: 1,‘ HBF/acre.‘ );
write(’Int. 1/4' bd. ft. volume removed in all
1

II
\
V
"O

9
s
gotoxy(d9
9

4)

l.

5); write(TTPoleCords:3:1,' cords/acre.‘

); write( Total pole volume produced in addition to

9
0 l
10) write(TTHBFVolInt: 3: 1, ' HBF/acre.’
gotgxy(§ 11); write( Total International 114" bd.)1t. volume
pro uce = °
gotoxy(59,11); write((r[x].HBFVolInt+TTHBFVolInt):3:1,
BF/acre )-
gotoxy(5,121; write('HAI for International 114" bd. ft. volume =
gotoxy(u9,12); write((r[x].MBFVollnt+TTHBFVolInt)/HarvestAge:2:2,
BF/acre/year ');
gotoxy(5,14); write('Cordwood poles harvested in addition to
sawtimber = ’);
gotoxy( 9 1 ; write(rExI. PoleCords: 3: 1, cords/acre. ');
gotoxy 9 ? write( Cordwood poles removed in all thinnings = ');
6
1

9
r
gotoxy(59, )
cords/acre. )
gotoxy(5, 18);

goto):y(59, 18); write((rtxJ.HerchPoleCFV + r[x].HerchSawCFV):5:O,

cu ft/acre. '); .

ggto>y<5 19); write(’flerchantable cubic foot volume removed in
innin s =

goto>y(u9 19): write(TTTotalCFV: 5: 0, ' cu ft/acre.’ );

goto>:y(5, i0); write(’ Total merchantable cubic foot volume produced

)
; write((rtxl.PoleCords+TTPoleCords):4:1,

write('Harvested merchantable cubic foot volume =

gotoxy(59,20);

write((rle HerchPoleCFV+r[x]. MerchSawCFV+TTTotalCFV): 5: 0, cu
ft/acre. ')
otox 5 2

gotoxy(59
write( (r1

.write(’HAI for merchantable cubic foot volume = ');

HerchPoleCFV+rIxL MerchSawCFV+TTTotalCFV)/Har
u ft/acre/year.’ );
of DisplayVolumeSummary }

l);
21)
x].
c

end;

Overlay Procedure DisplayBugVolumeSummary;

var x: integer;

begin

clrscr; gotox (15 1);

x:=Bu Harvest ge- 1;

write 'Stand 2 Volume Summary (without insect management) );

gotoxy(l3,2);

write(’ ----------------------------------------------------- ');
9

gotoxy(5 4)' write(’Harvested merchantable cordwood volume =

gotoxy(59 4), write(bugr[x].MerchCords:4:l,' cords/acre.');
otoxy(5,5), write('flerchantable cordwood volume removed in
hinnin s = ' ;

gotoxy(g9 5); write(Bu TTHerchCords:4:1,' cords/acre. );

gotoxy(5,$), write(’ To a1 merchantable cordwood volume produced =
gotoxy(59,6); write((bugr[x].HerchCords + BugTTHerchCords):4:1,
cords/acre.’);

gotoxy(5 7). write('HAI for merchantable cordwood volume = ');

gotoxy(59,7); write(((bu rle 2HerchCords +
uoTTMerchCords)/Harvest ge): ' cords/acre/ ear.’

goto>:y(5, 9); write( Harvested 2International 1/ " bd. )it. volume =
gotoxy( 59,9); write(bugrlxl.MBFVolInt:3:1,' HBF/acre.');

113

atoxy(5,,10);,)urite(‘1nt. 1/4" bd. ft. volume removed in all
1nn1n s = '
gotoxy( 9 10 );’write(BugTTHBFVolInt 3:1 ' HBF/acre.‘ );
gotoxy(5, 11 ' write('To al Internat1ona1 1/4“ bd. ft. volume
produced = ’);
agégxy(59 ,}1); write((bugr[x].HBFVollnt + BugTTHBFVolInt):3:1,
acre.
gotoxy(5, 12); write('HAI for International 1/4" bd. ft. volume =
go1ox (59,12)- write((bugrEXL HBFVolInt +
TT BFVolIn1)/HarvestA e: 2: 2, ' HBF/acrel ear.');
go oxy(5,14); write(‘ Cor HOOd poles harves ed in addition to
sawtimber = ’);
gotoxy(59 14); write(bugrixL PoleCords: 3: l cords/acre.’ );
gotoxy(5 15)- write(' Cordwood oles remove in all thinnings = ’);
gotoxy(59 15); write(BugTTPole ords: 3: 1,‘ cords/acre.
gotoxy(5,16); write('To a1 pole volume produced in add11ion to
sawtimber = ');
gotoxy(5 9,16); write((bugrtxl.PoleCords + BugTTPoleCords):4:1,
cords/acre. ’);
gotoxy(5,18); write('Harvested merchantable cubic foot volume =
o1oxy(59,18); write((bungXJ. HerchPoleCFV +
u r[xL HerchSawCFV):5: 0, cu ft/acre.’
go oxy(S, 19); write(' Merchantable cubic 1oot volume removed in
binnin s = );
gotoxy(u9 19); write(BugTTTotalCFV: .5: 0, ' cu ft/acre.’ );
goto>:y(5, 20); write( To a1 merchantable cubic foot volume produced
gotox (S9 20); write((bu r[xL HerchPoleCFV + bugrth MerchSauCFV +
ugTT ota1CFV) ):s:o, cu t/acre. );
gotoxy(5 21); write(' MAI for merchantable cubic foot volume = ');
goto, (55,21); write(((bugr1xl.MerchPoleCFV + bungxl. MerchSauCFV
+ Bug TTotalCFV)/HarvestAge) 4: 1 cu ft/acre/year.’ );
end; { of DisplayBugVolumeéummary }

Procedure DisplayEcon;

var y: rea ;
begin
clrscr;
y:= InsectControlCostsDiscounted;
gotoxy(28,2); write( Final Economic Analysis );
gotoxy(26é3), write(' --------------------------- ');
gotoxy(5,o); write(’ Insect Managed Stand' );
gotoxy(5,6); write(' -------------------- ')
gotoxy(5,8); write(' Discounted value of total cordwood volume =
gotoxy(éS 8); Hr rite(' S ,DiscountedCordsRevenue: 5: 2);
gotoxy(5,9)' wri te( Discounted value of sawtimber plus pole
cordwood voiume =
gotoxy(bS 9); write(' 3 ,DiscountedSawRevenue: 5: 2);
gotoxy(5 10)- write(’ Discounted value of all costs = ');
gotoxy(bé 10); write( 3 ,AllCostsDiscounted: 5:2);
gotoxy(5,12); write(‘ Net present value of the stand in year of
plantin (year 0) is:');
gotox ( 0, 3); write(' Cordwood NPV = 3 ',(DiscountedCordsRevenue
- All ostsDiscounted): 3: 2);
gotox (40,13); write(' Sawtimber NPV = t ',(DiscountedSauRevenue
- All ostsDiscounted):3:2);
gotoxy(5,15); write('Evaluation of Insect Management Efforts‘);
gotoxy(5,16); write( --------------------------------------- ');
gotoyy(5,17); write(’Discounted value of cordwood volume saved =
go1oxy(65,17)- write(' 5 ' (DiscountedCordsRevenue -
u DiscountedéordsRevenue):5: 2);
go oxy(5,18); write(' Discounted value of sawtimber volume saved
: ; ;
ootoxy write( 5 ' (DiscountedSawRevenue -

to:

18)
ntedé wRevenue): 5: 2);
19); rite( Discounted value of insect management costs

114

gotoxy(bSA );w rite(' t ',InsectControlCostsDiscounted: 5: 2);
ggtox (5 1 ; ur ite(' Discounted value of insect nanageoent
e or 5

write(' Cordwood NPV = 3
CordsRevenue - BugDiscountedCordsRevenue)- y): 3: 2);
gotox (40, 22 write(' Sawtimber NPV = S ,((DiscountedSawRevenue
- Bug iscountedSauRevenue) y). 3: 2);
end; { of DisplayEcon }

:0 w
Qua

Program RPPest;

Ar‘fif‘ifihhfir‘if“
HHHHHHHHH

S
$
5
S
S
$
$
$
$
p

F

vardec.inc Variable, type, and constant declarations.)
randomize.inc }

inp. inc }

initial. inc Setting initial stand conditions.}

bugs. inc }

Display2.inc }

CD2. inc }

TYD. inc }

final.inc }

ocedure NaitABit;
var ch: char;

begin

gotoxy(24 25); write(' Press the Space Bar to continue.’);
range := {013,8 832 ;

repeat

read(kbd,ch)'

until ch in E913,#323;
delline;

end;

Procedure AvBAl;
be in
veBfi := BA / TPA
end;

Procedure BugAvBA;

be
gugflveBA := BugBH / BugTF‘A;
end;

Procedure DMDl;
be in
vBAl;
QHdbh := sqrt(fiveBA * 183.346626);
end;

Procedure BugGMD;
begin
BungBA;
gugfifldbh := sqrt(BugAveBA * 183.346626);
en g

Procedure HDIl;
begin
gaxDiamIncr := 0.007 i 51 * exp(-0.01 * BHA); (Lundgren, 1981}
en -

Prgcedure BugHDl;
e
gugMaxDiamIncr := 0.007 * BugSI * exp(- -0. 01 * BUEBHA);

undgren, 1981}
end;

Procedure DGRate;

WEB

115

if StandA e <> StartAge then begin
DER := Q" bh - rEStandAge - 11.0Hdbh;
ifdrEStandAge - 11.0Hdbh = 0 then DBR := HaxDiamIncr;
en
else DGR := HaxDiamInc cr;
if DGR (=0 then DGR := 0.0001;
end; (01 DGRate}

Procedure BugDBRate;

begin
ugDBR := 0;
if StandAge <> StartAge then be in
BugDGR := Bu QHDbh - Bu rtStan A e - 1]. DHdbh;
ideungStan Age - 11.9" bh = 0 t en BugDBR := BugflaxDiamlncr;
en
else BuoDGR := BugHaxDianIncr;
if BugDGR <= 0 then BugDGR := 0.0001;
end; {01 BugDBRate}

Procedure MBAll;
begin
MaxBAIncr := 0.00545415 * TPA * (2 * QHdbh * HaxDiamIncr +
sqr(HaxDiamlncr));
end;

Frgcedure BugMBAI;
e
augfia>BAIncr := 0. 00545415 * BuBTPA * (2 * BugDHdbh *
BugHaxDiamlncr + sqr(BugHax 1am1ncrl);
end;
Procedure DHl;

be
gomHt := int(l.89 * SI * (exp(l.3892 * ln(l - exp(-0.01979 *
Seenge)))));

end;
Procedure BugDH;

be

gugDomHt := int(1. 89 * BugSl * (exp(1.3892 * ln(l - exp(-0.01979
* Se edAge el))));

end;
Procedure 0801;

be in

iamSD := 0.37628 * QMdbh * (exp((-0.093346 * QMdbh)));
end;

Procedure BugDSD;

be
gugDiamSD := 0. 37628 * BquHdbh * (exp((- 0. 093346 *
BquHdbh)));
end;

Procedure ConvertBFtoCFl;

be
ng erCF := -8.76 + (1.985 * QMdbh) - (0.07253 * sqr(DHdbh)) +
(0. 0008421 * exp(3 * ln(QMdbhll) + (0.04951 * DonHt) -
(0.00892 * QHdbh * DomHt) + (0. 0003169 * DomHt * exB(2 *
ln(QHdbhll) - (0. 000002786 * ;DooHt * exp(3 * ln(QHd
if BFperCF <0 then BFperCF :=
end; {of ConvertBFtoCFl}

Procedure BugConvertBFtoCF;
be
gugBFperCF := -8. 76 + (l. 985

* BquHdbh) - (0. 07253 *
58r(8ug gQHdbhl) + (0. 0008421 * exp(3 * ln(BugDHdbhlll +
931 * BuoDomHt) - (0. 00892 * Bug QMdbh BugDonHt) +
(0. 0003169 * BugDomHt * exp12 * ln(BquHdbh))) - (0. 000002786

 

116

* BuBDomHt * exp(3 * ln(BquHdbh)));
if BugB perCF <0 then BugBFperCF := 0;
end; {of BugConvertBFtoCF

Procedure NumbersPerClass (ATPA: integer; AQHdbh: real;
VAR ADianSD: real); {called from NunbersPerClassl}

aul, all sduavel, sduaveu, ztl, ztu avelz aveuz, lll,
uul, ’sdu1ll, sduuul, 21111, ’ztuul, 1112, lu1z ,ullz,
uulz: real;

c1,c2,x ,temp1,temp2,tenp3,tenp4 : integer;

be in
illChar(A, SizeOf(A), 0);

templ - temp teop3 1=0 tenp4 := 0;

1+ +rac1AbHDBH12 = 0. 050000 then AveClass := round(AQHDBH) - 1

else AveClass := round(AQHdbh);

AUL := AveClass + 0.5; {define upper lilit pf dbh
c ass

ALL := AveClass - 0.49999999; {p.73 Avery & Burkhart1983}

SDUAveL := abs((ALL - AQHdbh) / ADianSD);
SDUAveU : abs((AUL - AQMdbh) / ADiaISD);

 

ZTL := 1 / (1 + ZP * SDUAveL);
ZTU := 1 / (1 + 2P * SDUAveU);
AveLZ := 0.5 - ((1 / sqrt(2 * 91)) * (exp(-sgr(SDUAveL) / 2))
2B§t1)*12b1 + ZTL * (282 + TL * (283 + Z L * (284 + ZTL *
) ) '
AveUZ := 0.5 - ((1 / sqrt(2 * 1)) * (exp(- 5 r(SDUAveU) / 2))
2851?)?12b1 + ztu * (282 + 9 (283 2 U i (284 + ZTU *
d i
ACAveClassl -= round((AveLZ + AveUZ) * ATPA);
LULZ := AveLZ,
ULLZ := AveUZ.
1 .— 0;
repeat {calculate NOT/diam class}
x := x + 1; (& assign then to array
Class}
LowClass := AveClass - x;
U Class := AveClass + x
L L := LowClass - 0.49999999;
UUL := U Class + 0.5;
SDULLL = abs((LLL - AQHdbh) / ADianSD);
SDUUUL -= abs((UUL - AQfldbh) / ADianSD);
ZTLLL := 1 / (l + 2P 1 SDULLL);
ZTUUL := 1 / (1 + ZP * )SDUUUL);

LLLZ := 0.5 - ((1/sgrt(2*pi) * (ex9(- sqr (SDULLL)/2)) * ZTLLL i

éggl);’§tlll * 282 + ZTLLL * ( 83+ ZTLLL * (284 + ZTLLL *
!

UULZ := 0.5 - ((1/sgrt(2h pi )) * (exp83 -sqr (SDUUUL)/2)) * ZTUUL *
(zbl + ztuul * 282 TUU L i ( + ZTUUL i (284 + ZTUUL *
285)))));

A[LowClass] 1= round((LLLZ - LULZ) * ATPA);
A[UpClassl := round((UULZ - ULLZ) i ATPA);
if A[LowClass] <> 0 then ten 1 := LouClass;
if A[UpClassl <> 0 then tem := Upclass
tem§3 := temp3 + A[lowclass + A[upclass;
LUL := LLLZ;

ULLZ := UU 2;

L
until (A[LowClass] = 0) and (A[Upclass] = 0);
temp4 := ten 3 + A[aveclass];
if temp4 < A PA then A[AveClass] := A[AveClass] + (ATPA -
Ten 4) else
A[Ave lass] := A[AveClass] - (tenp4 - ATPA);

SmallestClass := templ;

BugSmallestClass := templ;
Big estClass := temp2;

Bug iggestClass := temp2;

117
end; {of NumbersPerClass}

Procedure NumbersPerClassI; {called {rom Brow}
var y: integer;

be
gumbersPerClass(TPA, QHdbh ,DianSD);
for y:=SnallestClass to BiggestCIass do Classty] := A[y];

end; {of NumbersPerClass
Procedure BugNumbersPerClass; {called from Grow}
var y: integer;
begin
NumbersPerClass(Bu8TPA, ,BquHdbh, BugDiaISD);
gorly:=8ug8mallest lass to BugBiggestCIass do BugClassty] :=
end;y ’ (o: BugNumbersPerClass}

Procedure TNumbersPerClass;
var y: integer;
begin
NumbersPerClass(ThinnedTPA, QHdbh DiamSD)
for y. =8mallestClass to B1ggestcfass do ihinnedc1assty11= A[y];
end; {of TNumbersPerClass}

Procedure BugTNumbersPerClass;
var y: integer;
begin
NumbersPerClass(BuBThinnedTPA ,BquHdbh BugDianSD);
for :=Bu Smallest lass to BugBiggestCiass do
BugT inne Class[ 1: = At
end; {of BugT umbers erCIass}

Procedure SawPoleBA (BClass: 2; BTPA:inte er; BBA:real;
ASmal estClass: in eger;
ABiggestClass:integer);
ar
2: integer; temp4,0: real;

be

gawClass := 0; PoleClass := O;

FillChar(BB, Size0f(BB)

if fr?c(PoleHin) = 0.50000 then PoleCIass := round(PoleHin) -
1 e se

PoleClass := round(PoleMin)

if {rac(8awflin) = 0.50000 tben SawClass := round(SauHin) - 1
e se

SawClass := round(SawHin);

temp4 := 0;
{or z := ASmallestClass to ABiggestClassS do be eoin
BBEz] .= BDlasstz] * (sqr * 00545 415 i;
d temp4 := temp4 + BBLz];
en ;

if temp4 <> BBA then begin {modify BA/class array so it = BA}

for z := ASmallestClass to ABiggestClass do begin
0 := (abs(tem 4 - BBA) * (BEE: temp4));
88(2) := BBIz - 0;

end;
end;
2 := 0; CPoleBA := 0:
for z := Sgéeglass to (SawClass - 1) do CPoleBA := CPoleBA +
Z 3

 

 

118

CSauBA := 0; z := ;

for 2 := SawClass to ABiggestClass do CSawBA := CSawBA +
BBtz];

z := 0; CSmallBA := 0;

{or 2 := 4 to (PoleCIass - 1) do CSnallBA := CSmallBA +
8812];

end; {0+ SauPoleBA}
Procedure SawPoleBAl; {called from Grow}

var y:integer;

be in
gawPoleBA(Class TPA,BA SnallestClass,BiggestClass)'
for := SmallestCIass to BiggestClass do BACty]:= 08 [y];
Smal BA:= CSnallBA;
PoleBA:= CPoleBA;
SawBA:= CSawBA;
end; {of SawPoleBAI}

Procedure BugSawPoleBA; {called from Grow}
var y:integer;
begin

SawPoleBAiBugClass BugTPA BugBA,BugSnallestCIass,BuafliggestClass);
for y:= Bu éma lestClass to BugBiggestClass o ugBAClylz=

BB y]:
BugSmallBA:= CSmallBA;
BugPoleBA:= CPoleBA;
BugSawBA:= CSawBA;

end; {of SawPoleBAl)

Procedure TSawPoleBA;
var y:integer;

be in
gg?PoleBA(ThinnedClass,ThinnedTPA,ThinnedBA,SoallestClass,Big

gee ass ;
{or y:= SmallestClass to BiggestClass do ThinnedBACEyl:= BB [y];
ThinnedSmallBA:= CSmallBA;
ThinnedPoleBA:= CPoleBA;
ThinnedSawBA:= CSawBA;

end; {of TSawPoleBA}

Procedure BugTSawPoleBA;
var y:integer;
be in
awPoleBA(BugThinnedClass,BugThinnedTPA,BugThinnedBA,BugSmal
lestClass,
BugBiggestClass);
{or y:= 339%mallestClass to BugBiggestClass do BugThinnedBACEy]:=

yl'
BugThinnedSmailBA:= CSmallBA;
BugThinnedPoleBA:= CPoleBA;
8ugThinnedSawBA:= CSawBA;
end; {of BugTSauPoleBA}

Procedure VolumeComputation (APoleBA:real; ASawBA:real;
ASmallBA:real; ADonHt:reall; {called from Grow}

{per acre volume estimates of the entire central stem, no toe}
to:
begin
APoleCFV := 0.4085 * APoleBA * ADomHt; (Buckman, 1962}
ASawCFV := 0.4085 * ASawBA * ADomHt;
ASmallCFV := 0.4085 * ASmallBA * ADomht;
ATotalCFV := ASmallCFV + APoleCFV + ASawCFV;

119

{per acre volume estimates of the central stem to 3" top, dib}
APoleCords := 0.003958 * APoleBA * ADomHt; {Buck-an, 1962}
ASawCords := 0.003958 * ASawBA * ADomHt;

AHerchCords := APoleCords + ASauCords;

AHerchPoleCFV := 0.3127 * ADomHt * APoleBA; (Lundgren, 1981}
AMerchSawCFV := 0.3127 * ADomHt * ASawBA;

AMerchCFV := AHerchPoleCFV + AHerchSauCFV;

AHBFVollnt := (ASawCFV * BF erCF) / 1000; (Lundgren, 1981}
if AMBFVolInt < 0 then AHBF ollnt := 0-
AHBFVolScrib := (2.084 * ASawBA * ADonfit) / 1000; {Buckman

1942}
if AHBFVolScrib < 0 then AHBFVolScrib := 0;
end; {of VoluneComputation}

Prgcedure VolCompl;
e1n
olumeComputation(PoleBA SawBA SmallBA, DolHtl'
PoleCFV := APoleCFV; Sawérv 1= ASawCFV; SmallCFo := ASnallCFV;

TotalCFV := ATotalCFV; PoleCords := APoleCords; SauCords :=
ASawCords;
HerchCords := AMerchCords- HerchPoleCFV := AMerchPoleCFV;
HerchSawCFV := AMerchSawCPV° HerchCFV := AHerchCFV;
HBFVolInt := AHBFVolInt; HéFVolScrib := AHBFVolScrib;
end; {end of VolCompl}

Prgcedure BugVolComp;
eoin
VolumeComputation(BugPoleBA, BugSawBA Bu SmallBA BugDomHt);
BugPoleCFV := APoleCFV- BugSawCFV := AéawC V; Bugémal CFV :=
ASmallCFo;
BugTotalCFV : ATotalCFV; BugPoleCords := APoleCords;
BugSawCords : ASawCords'
BugherchCords := Aherchfiords: Bu HerchPoleCFV := AHerchPoleCFV;
BugHerchSawCFV := AHerchSawCFV; u MerchCFV := ANerchCFV;
BugHBFVollnt := AHBFVolInt; BugMBF olScrib := AMBFVolScrib;
end; {end of BugVolComp}

Procedure TVolComp;

begin
VolumeComputation(ThinnedPoleBA, ThinnedSauBA, ThinnegSoallBA,
om -
TPoleCFV := APoleCFV; TSawCFV := ASawCFV; TSmallCFV := ,

ASmallCFV;
TTotalCFV := ATotalCFV; TPoleCords := APoleCords;
TSawCords := ASawCords;
THerchCords := AMerchCords- THerchPoleCFV := AHerchPoleCFV;
THerchSawCFV := AHerchSawCPV; THerchCFV := AMerchCFV;
TMBFVollnt := AHBFVollnt; THBFVolScrib := AHBFVolScrib;
end; {end of TVolComp}

Prgcedure BugTVolComp;
egin
VolumeComputation(BugThinnedPoleBA, BugThinnedSawBA
Bu ThinnedSnallBA, fiugDomHt);
BugTPoleCFV := APoleCFV' BugTSawC V := ASawCFV;
BugTSmallCFV := ASmallCPV;
BugTTotalCFV := ATotalCFV; BugTPoleCords := APoleCords;
BugTSawCords := ASawDords;
BugTHerchCords := AMerchCords' BugTHerchPoleCFV :=
AMerchPoleCPV;
BugTMerchSaHCFV := AMerchSaHCFV; Bu TMerchCFV := AHerchCFV;
BugTMBFVolInt := AMBFVolInt; BugTHB VolScrib := AHBFVolScrib;
end; {end of BugTVolComp}

Procedure BAGl; {Lundgren, 1981; stand age < 25 yrs.)

120
begin
x6 := exp(1.1677 * ln(l- ex 1- 0. 040172 *(SeedAge+1))));
x7 := l-exp(- 0. 0018854 * T A)
x8 := exp(1. 1677*ln(1- ex 0.040172*SeedAge)));
x9 := 1- exp(- 0. 0018854*T A);
BAGrow th h1 := 6. 5653*SI*(X6*X7- x8*x9);
end;
Prgcedure BugBABI; {Lundgren, 1981; stand age < 25 yrs.)
egin
x6 := exp(1. 1677 * 1n(1-exp(- 0. 040172 *(SeedAge+1))));
x7 := 1- exp(- 0. 0018854 * Bu TPA);
x8 := exp(1. 1677*ln11- -exp(- .040172*SeedAge)));

x9 := 1- ex (- 0. 0018854*8ugTPA);
gugBAGrowt 1 := 6. 5653*8ug81*(x6*x7- x8ix9);
en

Prgcedure BAG2;
e
gAGrowth2 := 1. 689 + (0. 04107 * 8A) - (0. 000163 * s r(BA)) -

(0. 07696 * Seedage) + (0. 0002274 * sqr SeedAge)) +
(0. 06441 * SI);

 

end;
Procedure BugBAGh

be
BugBAGrowth2 := 1. 689 + (0.04107 * BugBA) - (0. 000163 *
sqr(8ugBA)) - (0. 07696 * Seeda e) + (0. 0002274 *
d sqr(SeedAge)) + (0. 06441 * Bug 1);
en ;

Prgcedure ThinOption; {called {rom ThinningDptions}
egin

clrscr;ootoxy(5,10);

write(' Do you want to thin this stand during this rotation (Y

or N) 2 );

range := , ’N' ];
readln(‘fhinzhoicel"Y

end; {of ThinDption}

Procedure NH(ASmallestClass: integer; ABiggestClass: inte er-

AClass: p2; 088: real);
var n:real; Temp2,Temp1,x,y,z: integer;

be in
F1 lChar(AMortality s SizeDf(AMortalityClass), 0);
1 “(8A lass)

FillChar(GAClass, S
Hortality8A’ 1: o; AHortalityTPA 1:0; CTPA

Temp1=6=0; Temp2 :

if ASmallestClass <= 1 then 2 := 2 else 2 := ASmallestDlass;
i{ ASmallestClass <= 1 then begin
SurvivalRate := 0.929
AMortalityClassEl] :=5AClass[1] - (round(AClassll] 1
SurvivalRatel);
ChortalityBA := Chortalit 8A + (AHortalityClassllJ * (sqr(x) *
0.0054541 ))
BAClassll] := AClassEl] - AhortalityClassEIJ;
templ := templ + GAClasstl]
temp2 := temp2 + AMortalitytlassEl];

813 as
ze 0f
0; A

end: {of if - then}
{or x := z to ABiggestClass do
begin
n:= 1. 9953 + (57. 97 * ex (1. n(ADBR))) + (0.2648 *
exp(1. 626 * ln(x- 1)) * g 127?)* (x-llll;
n 3

(
AMortalityClasslxl := AClass round(AClassixl i

l

-0.

XP

(
Surviv ))

012 *

(ex (

SurvivalRate := 0. 9997 - (llélg e
x —

alRa te

CflortalityBA := ChortalityBA + (AH eortalityClasslx] * (sqr(x) *
0. 00545414));

GAClasslxl := AClasstxl - AHortalityClassEx];

121

Templ := Templ + BAClasstxl'
Temp2 := Temp2 + Ahortalityélasslxl;
end; {of {or - do loop}

CTPA := Temgl;
CMortalityT A := Temo2;
end; {of Noraalflortality}

Procedure Normalhortality;
var y,z: integer;
begin
NM(Sma11estClass BiggestClass,Class,DGR);
for y := SmallestClass to BiggestClass do HortalityClasslyl :=
AHortalityClassly];
{or z := SmallestC ass to BiggestClass do Classly] :=
GAClassly];
TPA := CTPA;
HortalityTPA := CMortalit TPA;
Hortalit BA := CHortality A'
NMCFV := ; NMSawCFV :=o- NHéauBF 1:0;
end; {of NormalHortality}

Procedure BugNormalHortality;

var y,z: integer;
begin

NM(8ugSmallestClass 8ugBiggestClass,8u Class,8ugDBR);

for y := 8ugSmalles1Class o BugBigges Class do

BuohortalityClassly) := AHortalityClassEy]:
{or z := BugSmallestC ass to BugBiggestClass do BugCIassly] :=
BAClassE l;

BugTPA := CTP -

EugflortalityTPA := CHortalit TPA;

BugMortalityBA := CMortality A;

BugNMCFV :=U; BugNHSawCFV :=0; BugNMSaHBF :=0;
end; {of BugNormalflortality}

Procedure NMV(ASma1lestClass:integer; A81gaestClass:integer:
ASawClass:integer; AHortalityClass:p2); aile, et.al., 1982}

Var GSmallestClass,x;GSawClass : integer;
templ,temp2,tempo,temp4,al,a2,a3,c1,c2,c3,d1,d2,d3 : real;

be in
2emp1:=0; ANNCFV:=0; ANHSawcfv := 0; ANHSaHBF:=0; temp2:=0;
temp3:=0- temp4:=0- GSmallestClass:=0;
a1:=114.3; c1:=0.07601; d1:=3.928;
a2:=344.9; c2:=0.14728; d2:=7.536;
a3:=63.09; c3:=0.12942: d3:=6.202;
1f ASmallestClass < 5 then GSmallestClass:=5 else
GSmallestCIass:= ASmallestClass'
for x:= GSmallestClass to A8iggestClass do
be in
tegp1.= exp(d1*ln(a1*(1-exp(-c1*x)))1;
temp2.= AHortalityClassEx] i temg1;
ANgcfv:= ANHcfv + temp2; {4" op, outside bark}
en -
end; ’ {of NormalHortVol}

Procedure NormalflortVol;

be in
aMV(SmallestClass,BiggestClass,SauClass,HortalityClass);
NHCFV := ANHCFv-
NMSawCFV := ANnéawcrv;
NHSawBF := ANHSawBF;

end;

Procedure BugNormalMortVol;
beg1n

122

NMV(8ugSmallestClass,8ugBiggestDlass,SawClass,8ugHortalityClass);
BugNHCFV := ANNE V;
BugNHSawCFV := ANHSawCFV;
gugNNSaNBF := ANNSawBF;
en ;

Procedure Thin;
Var frac: real; tenpl: integer;

begin

{rac:=0;

case ThinningType of

1: begin
{rac:= TreesToRemove/TPA;
TPA:= TPA - TreesToRemove;
ThinnedTPA:= TreesToReoove;
ThinnedBA:= 8A * frac;
BA:= 8A - ThinnedBA;
end; {of ThinningType 1}

2: begin
Th1nned8A:= BAProToRenove * 8A;
BA:= 8A - ThinnedBA'
ThinnedTPA:= round(bAProToReoove * TPA);
TPA:= TPA - ThinnedTPA:
end; {01 Thinninglype 2}

 

3: begin
ThinnedBA:= 8A - BAtoLeave;
frac:= 8AtoLeave/8A;
BA:= BAtoLeave'
Temp1:= round(irac * TPA);
ThinnedTPA:= TPA - templ;
TPA:= templ;
end; {of ThinningType 3}

end; {of case statement:

end; {of Thin}

Procedure BugThin;
Var {rac: real; templ: integer;

begin
{rac:=0; BugThinnedBA :=0; BugThinnedTPA:=0;
case ThinningType of
1: begin
{rac:= TreesToRemove/BuoTPA;
8ugTPA:= BugTPA - TreesToRenove;
BugThinnedT A:= TreesToRenove;
8ugThinnedBA:= BugBA * frac:
8ug8A:= BugBA - BugThinnedBA;
end; {of Thinn1ngType 1}

2: begin
BugThinnedBA:= BAProToReoove * BugBA;
BugBA:= BugBA - BugThinnedBA;
Buglhinned PA:= round(BAProToReoove * BugTPA);
BugTPA:= BugTPA - BugThinnedTPA;

end; {01 ThinningType 2}
3: begin

8ugThinnedBA:= BuoBA - BAtoLeave;
{rac:= BAtoLeave/BugBA;
8ugBA:= BAtoLeave;
Tem 1:= round(frac * BugTPA);
Bug hinnedTPA:= BugTPA - templ;
BugTPA = templ'
end; {0+ 1hinningType 3}

d: { ,case statement

en of
end; ' {of Thin}

123
Procedure NST;
be in
extScheduledThin:= StandAge + Thinninglnterval;
end; {of NST}
Procedure BABrowth; {called from Brow}
be in
8H ge;

case SeedAge of
1..24: begin
BA 1-

if BHA <= -1 then BA := BA + 0-
if (BHA > -1) and (BHA <= 0) t en
BA := 8A + (0.00545415 * TPA * (sqr(0.007 * SI *
(BHA+1))))- Fm"
11 BABrowthl < 0 then BA := BA + o; .
if BAGrowthl > HaxBAIncr then BA := BA + HaxBAIncr- ‘
if BABrowthl <= HaxBAIncr then BA := BA + BABrowthl;

end;
25 .250: be in §_
8A 2' '
1+ BAGrowth2 < 0 then on := BA + o;
if BAGrowth2 > HaxBAIncr then BA := BA + MaxBAIncr;
ideABrowth2 <= haxBAIncr then BA := BA + BABrowthi;
en ;
end; {of case}
end; {of BAGrowth}
Procedure BugBAGrowth; {called from Brow}
begin
BugBHAge;

case SeedAge of
1..24: beoin
BugBAGl:
i BugBHA <= -1 then BugBA := BugBA + 0;
if (BugBHA > -1) and (Bu BHA <= ) then
BugBA := BugBA + (0. 0545415 * BugTPA * (sqr(0.007 *

BugSl
* (BugBHA+ )l))-
1: BugBAGrowthl < 0 then BugBA := Bu BA + o;
if BugBAGrowthl > BugHaxBAIncr then ugBA := BugBA +
Bu HaxBAIncr;
if BugBA rowthl <= BugHaxBAIncr then BugBA := BugBA +
BugBAGrowthl;
end;
25..120: begin
Bu BA82:
i BugBAGrowth2 < 0 then BugBA := Bu BA + 0;
if BugBABrowth2 > BugHaxBAIncr then ugBA := BugBA +

BquaxBAIncr;
if BugBAGrowth2 <= BugflaxBAIncr then BugBA := BugBA +
BugBAGrowch;
end;
end; {of case}
end; {of BugBABrowth}
Procedure menul; {called from procedure HainHenu}

begin

clrscr; otoxy(5,5);

writeln( Red pine growth & ield with no insects
’); o ox (5,8);

writeln('Bed pine growth ie d with stochastic insect levels
. . . . 2');go oxy(5,111;

writeln('Exit the program . . . .
I O I I ;

repeat

124

gotoxy(1,21);delline gotoxy(lo, 21);
write( Enter the number o{ your choice ');
ran e:= ['1'..'3'l;
rea ln(choicel);
until Choicel in [1..3];
end; {of Henul}

Procedure EditHenul; {called from HainHenu}
var choice: char;

begin

repea at
gotoxy(1,24); delline; gotoxy(10, 24)
write(' Is your selection 0K (Y or N1? ');
range = E' n y ,‘N 'Y' J;
rea ln(choicei;

case upcase(choice) of
'N': Menul;

end;

until upcase(choice) = #89;

end;

Prgcedure InitialStandInfo; {called from Basics}
e
Se
SetPoieNin;
SetSawHin;
SetEstablishAge;
SetA eAtStart;
SetT A;
SetBA;
SetDiSplaylnterval;
SetHarves Age;
end; {of InitialStandInfo}

Procedure SP; {called from BugBasics}

begin

etSitePrep;
Set81tePrepCost;
SetPlantingMethod
SetPlantingMethodéost;
SetwoodPrice:
SetlnventoryCost;
SetLa outCost:
Setln erestRate'

end; {of SP}

Prgcedure Basics; {called from Hainl}
e in
illChar(r, Size01
FillChar(t, SizeOf
lnitialStandInfo;
EditISl'
end; 1of Basics}

Prgcedure BugBasics; {called from Hain2}
e in
illChar(r, Size0{(r)
FillChar(t, Size0f(t)
FillChar(bugr, SizeOf
FillChar(bugt, Sizeflf
FillChar(econ, SizeOf
ChooseBu

lnitiangandInfo;
EditISI;

SP;

125

EditSitePrep;
SetSeedlin Survival-

end;

Procedure
be in

{of ugBasic51

ThinningDptions;

hinOption'

1: upcase(1hinChoice) =

beg1n

889 then

ThinningTiwing;
AThinningType;
EditThinningOptions;

end;

Procedure
Procedure
Procedure
Procedure
Procedure
Procedure

Procedure

Procedure

{of ThinningOptions}

StoreValues; forward;
RunOptions; forward;
HainHenu; forward;
StoreThinValues; forward;
StoreBugValues; forward;
StoreBugThinValues; forward;

CountMortTrees; forward;

Browlt;

begin

H01;
M011;
DGRate;
fiBAll;

0H1:

DSDl;

BABrowth;

NumbersPerClassl;

NormalMortality;

SawPoleBAl;

ConvertBFtoCFl;

VolComgl'

1+ Nor aiityTPA > 0 then NormalflortVol;
StoreValues;

end;

Procedure
be in

{of BrowIt}

BugGrowIt;

quHD;
BugHDl;
BugDBRate;
BugHBAI;

Bu
Bug

DH-
DSB:

BugBAGrowth;
BugNumbersPerClass;
BugNormalHortality;
BugSawPoleBA-
BugConvertBFtoCF;
BugVolCom

if Bu

MortalityTPA > 0 then NormalflortVol;

Store u Values;

end;

Procedure
begin

{0 BugGrowIt}

Thinlt;

w

126

Thin;
TNumbersPerClass;
TSawPoleBA;
TVolComp;
StoreThinValues'
end; { of Thinlt }

Procedure BugThinlt;

begin
ugThin;

BugTNumbersPerClass;
BugTSawPoleBA;
BugTVolComp;
StoreBugThinValues:

end; { of BugThinIt }

Procedure OtherThin;
be in
isplayl;

ThinningYearDisplay;
HaitaBi ;
EditThinningOptions;
RunOptions;
NST;
end; {of DtherThin}

Procedure ButhherThin;

beoin
BugDisplay1:
BugThinningYearDisplay;
HaitaBit;
EditThinningOptions;
RunDptions;
NST;
end; {of ButhherThin}

Procedure Grow; {called from Mainl}
var y,count,x: integer;
begin
NextScheduledThin := MinTAge - 1;
x := 1;
clrscr;
count := 0;
repeat
BHAge;
if BHAl >
if (BA = 0) a
(SeedAge < 2
BAUl;
BA :=BAUnder25;
end;
repeat

y := 0-
1+ rEStandAge — 11.8A = 0 then begin

-1 then begin
d (SeedAge >=4) and
) then begin

n
5

y:' count - (displayinterval * (trunc(count/displayinterval)));

x
end
else

x := 1;

y + 11

1 .
1ng calculations for year

1) and (StandAge < HarvestAge) do begin

',StandAge);

127

end; {of thinning if - then}
StandAge := StandAge + 1;
SeedAge :T; StandAge + AgeAtEst;
x := x +
end; {of while - do}
if o((StandAge - 1) <> (NextScheduledThin - Thinninglnterva1))

((StandAge - 1) ( HinTAge) or (StandAge > HarvestAge) then

be
if (BHA1 > -1) and (riStandAge- 1]. BA <> 0) then begin
CountHortTrees;
Displa l;
Curren Display;
HaitABit;
RunOptions;
end; { of if BHA1 > -1 then}
end {of if - then}
until StandAge )= HarvestAg 9-
end; {of major if BHA1 >g-1 then}
StandAge := StandAge + 1;>
SeedAge := StandAge + AgeAtEst;
count := count +
until StandA e >= HarvestAge;
end; {0 Grow}

Procedure BugGrow; {called from Hain2}
var .y,coun ,x: integer;
e 1n
BH 1 :=0;BuoBHA1 :=0
NextScheduledThin :=
StartIPAl := TPA; S
x := :
clrscr;
count := 0;
repeat
BHA e; BugBHAge;
if BHA1 > -1) or (Bu BHA1 > -1) then begin
if (BA = 0) and (SeedAge =4) and
(SeedAge < 25) then begin
BAUl; BugBAU;
BA :=BAUnder25:
Bu BA := BugBAUnder2 ,
en -
repeat

if rIStandAge - 1]. BA = 0 then begin
y. = countl- (displayinterval * (trunc(count/displayinterval)));
X 3: Y * 5

AinTA e - 1;
tartT A2 := BugTPA;

end
else
x := ;_
while (x {= Dis layInterval) and (StandAge < HarvestAge) do begin
c1rscr;o oxy(19,12);
writeln( Currently d01ng calculations for year ',StandAge);
gotoxy(79, 25);
Growlt:
if StandAge = NextScheduledThin then
begin
Thinlt°
1+ BugBHAl <= -1 then OtherThin;
end; {of thinningi if - then}
if (BugBHAl > -1) and (StandAge < BugHarvestAge) then begin
Bu GrowIt;
if S andAge = NextScheduledThin then begin
BugThin t
ButhherThin;
econtStandAgeL invento ory := lnventoryCost;
econlStandAgel. layout := LayoutCost;
end; {of bug thinning if - then}
end; {of if u BHA1 9-1 if - then}

StandAge := StangAge> + 1;

128

SeedAge := StandAge + AgeAtEst;
x := x + 1-

end- {of’uhile - do}
11 ((StandAge - 1) <> (NextScheduledThin - Thinninglnterval))
or
((StaBdAge - 1) < HinTAge) or (StandAge > HarvestAge) then
e in

if (BHA > -1) and (rtStandAge-1J.BA <> 0) then begin
CountHortTrees;
BugDisplayl;
BugCurren Display;
Na1tABit;

RunDptions;
end; { oi if BHA1 > -1 then}
end' {of if - then}

until 8 andAge >= HarvestAge-
end; {of major 1+ BHA1 > -l then}
StandAge := StandAge + 1;
SeedAge := StandAge + AgeAtEst;
count := count + °
until StandA e >= HarvestAge;

end; {0 BugGrow}
Procedure StoreValues; {called from Grow}
var x: integer;
begin

x:= StandAQe;
r[xl.StandAge := StandAge;
r[x1.TPA := TPA;

rix].BA := BA;

r[x].AveBA := AveBA;
rtxl.QMdbh := thbh;
r[x].DGR := DGR;
r[x].DomHt := DomHt;
r[x1.PoleCFV := PoleCFV;
rtx].SawCFV := SawCFV'
r[x].SmallCFV := SmallCFV;

r[x1.TotalCFV := TotalCFv;
r[x].PoleCords := PoleCords;
r[xl.SawCords := SawCords;

r[x3.HerchCords := HerchCords;
r[x1.MerchFoleCFV := HerchPoleCFV;
r[x3.MerchSawav := HerchSawCFV;
r[xl.MerchCFV := HerchCFV;
rlx].HBFVollnt := HBFVolInt;
r[x].beVolScrib := HBFVolScrib'
r[xl.MortalityTPA := hortalityTBA;
r[x1.NMcfv := NMcfv;

end; {of StoreValues}
Procedure StoreBugValues; (called from Brow}
var x: integer;
begin

x:= StandAge;

bugrtxl.StandAge := StandAge;
bugrtx].TPA := bu TPA;
bugrExJ.BA := bug A;
bugrtx].AveBA := bugAveBA;
bugrExJ.QMdbh := bu QHdbh;
bugrEx].DGR := bu D R;
bugrtx].DomHt := ugDonHt;
bugrtx].PoleCFV := bu PoleCFV;
bugrtx].5awCFV := bug awCFV'
bugrEx].SmallCFV := bugSnallCFV;
bugrtxJ.TotaICFV := bugTotalCFV;

bugrtx}.PoleCords := bugPoleCords;
bungx .SawCords := bug awCords;

bugrtxl.HerchCords := bugHerchCords;

 

129

bugr[x1.HerchPoleCFV := bugHerchPoleCFV;
bugr[x3.HerchSawC+v := bugherchSawCFV;
bugrtx].HerchCFV := bugMerchCFV;
bugrEx].HBFVollnt := bugHBFVolInt;
bugrtx].HbfVolScrib := bugHBFVolScrib;
bugr[x1.HortalityTPA := bugflortalityTPA;
bugrtxl.NMcfv := bu thfV°

end; {of Store aluesi

Procedure_StoreThinValues; {called from Brow}
var x: integer;

x12 StandA e;
tix].Stand e '= StandAge;

t[x).Thinne TPA := ThinnedTPA;

t[x].ThinnedBA := ThinnedBA;

ttx] TPoleCFV := TPoleCFV;

t[x] TSawCFV := TSawCFV-

tExJ TSmallCFV := TSnaliCFV;

t[x] TTotalCFV := TTotalCFV;

t[x1.TPoleCords := TPoleCords;

t[x].TSawCords := TSawCords;

t[x].TMerchCords := THerchCords;

t[x1.THerchPoleCFV := THerchPoleCFV;

t1x].THerchSawC§v := TherchSawCFV;

t[x].TMerchCFV := THerchCFV;

tEx].TMBFVolInt := THBFVolInt;

t[x].TbeVolScrib := THBFVolScrib;
end; {of StoreThinValues}

Procedure StoreBugThinValues; {called from Grow}

var x: integer;

begin

x:= StandAge;

bugtix].StandAge := StandAge;
bugtlx].ThinnedTPA := bu ThinnedTPA;
bugtlx].ThinnedBA := bug hinnedBA;
bugt[x1.TPoleCFV := ug PoleCFV;
bugt[x].TSawCFV := bug SawCFV°
bugt[x3.TSmallCFV := bugTSnallCFV;
bugt[x1.TTotalCFV := bugTTotalCFV;
bugtlx].TPoleCords := bu TPoleCords;
bugtli.TSawCords := bug SawCords;
bugtix].TMerchCords := bu TherchCords;
bugttx].TMerchPoleCFV := u THerchPoleCFV,
bugtlx].TMerchSawav := bug herchSawCFV;
bugtix].THerchCFV := bugTHerchCFV;
bugttx].TMBFVolInt := bu THBFVollnt;
bugttx].ThbfVolScrib := ugThBFVolScrib;

end; {of StoreBugThinValues}

Procedure RunDptions; {called from Brow}

e in

clgscr;
gotoxy(5,6); write(’l. CONTINUE with this projection.');
gotoxy(5,8)' write('2. CHANGE harvest age.');
gotoxy(5,10); write('3. START a thinning treat-ent.');
gotoxy(5,12); write ('4. REPEAT the previous output screen.’);
gotoxy(5,14); write(’S. CHANGE the dis lay interval.')-
gotoxy(5,16); write(’b. QUIT & Return 0 ain Henu at beginning

of RPPEST.‘);
gotoxy(l?,29);‘write('Enter your choice of these options. ');
ran e := ..
rea ln(RDChoice);

ase ROChoice of
: be in q

i BugChoice <> a then begin

130

SetHarvestAge;
RunOptions;
end; { of if - then }
end;
be in
i (upcase(ThinChoice)
and
(upcase(ThinChoice) = ’N') then begin
ThinningTiming;
AThinningType;
EditThinningDptions;
NextScheduledThin := HinTAge;
end' { of if - then}
RunDptions;
end;
4: begin
ii Choicel = 1 then begin
Displayl;
Curren Display;
Waitabit;
RunOptions;
end' { 01 Ch
£1 ghoi§e11= 2
ug 15p a '
BugCurrentDispla ;
Waitabit;
RunUptions'
end; { oi Choice 2 }
end;
begin
SetDisplayInterval;
RunDptions;
end;
6: StandAge := HarvestAge + 1;
end; {of case}
end; {of RunOptions}

(.44

£78) and (StandAge < HarvestAge)

o'ce 1 }
hen begin
Y

UT

Procedure ZeroDut; {called from Hainl & Hain2}

be in
81 :=0; PoleMin : ); Sawhin i=0; AgeAtEst :=0;
StartAge :=0; BA =0; TPA :=0; HarvestAge i=0;
Displaylnterval : '
ghiggingTyge i=0; lreesToRemove i=0; BAProToRemove i=0;
ax ge := -
BAToLeave :éo; HinTAge i=0; MinTBA :=0; Thinninglnterval

:=O'
NextScheduledThin i=0; BugSl :=0; BugBA :=0; BugTPA :=0;
gugHarvestAge := 0;

en ;

N
O " ll

Procedure Coannt;
be in
iscountedValue :=
DiscountedValue :=

end; ( of Coannt }

0.
value / (EXP((age + 1) 1 ln( 1 +
InterestRate)));

Procedure CountHortTrees;
var x: integer;
begin
MortalityTreeCount:=0; BugHortalityTreeCount:=0; HortVolSum :=0;
BughortVolSum 1:0;
for x := 0 to StandAge do begin
with rlxl do be in
if HortalityT A > 0 then be in
HortalityTreeCount := Horta it TreeCount + MortalityTPA;
MortVolSum := HortVolSun + NHC V;
end; E of if - then }
end° of with - do
with bugrtx] do begin

131

if HortalityTPA > 0 then begin
BugMortalityTreeCount := Bu Hortalit TreeCount + MortalityTPA;
Bu HortVolSun := BugMortVol un + NHC V;
en ; { oi if - then }
end; { of with - do }
end; { of {or - do }
end; { of CountflortTrees }

Procedure InplenentBug;
begin

case BugChoice of
: Brubs'

Weevil;
Spittlebug;
Sawfly;

en (of case stnt.)
end; {of lnplenentBug}

Obi/4N.“

Procedure Hainl; {called from HainHenu}

be in

LeroDut;

Basics;

ThinningDptions;

Grow;

if ROChoice <> 6 then begin

VolumeSummary;
DisplayVolumeSunnary;
Hai ABit;

end; { of ii then }
end; { of Mainl }

Procedure Main2; {called {rom Mainhenu}

be in
eroDut;
BugBasics;
lnplementBug;
ThinningOptions;
BugBrow;
if ROChoice <> 6 then begin
NPV;
VolumeSummary;
DisplayVoluneSummary;
HaitABit;
Dis layBugVolumeSunnary;
Wai ABit;
DisplayEcon;
NaitABit;
end; { 01 if then }

end; { of Main 2 }

Procedure HainHenu; {called {roe nain program}

begin
repeat
Henul;
EditMenul;
case choicel of
1: Hainl;

2: Main2;
3: begin
clrscr; gotoxy(17,10);
wrételn( Normal termination of Program RPPest.’);
en ;
end;
until choicel = 3;

end;

BEGIN
storeptr

coninptr '

autoupcas
Hainhenu;
end.

:
E

Conin
o{s(C
= tru

ptr°
onln);
9;

{

i!

13

2

Main Program

*1}

"11111111111111