\ I ;ll WIN||MIMIW|WIH mmmmmwm 1|l mN (I) ITH I L I B RA R Y , Michigan State JIllllll'lllllllllllllllllllllfllfllll 3 1293 00705 2693 This is to certify that the thesis entitled A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF THE ZOOPLANKTON POPULATION OF LAKE LANSING presented by Mark Albert Povich has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for M.S. degree inFisheries 5: Wildlife m / ngl/‘Z4V Major professor Date 0&4» 21,1/979 0-7 639 ! = l v ‘ ‘ . _ l . OVERDUE FINES ARE 25¢ PER DAY _ PER ITEM Return to book drop to remove this checkout from your record. A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF THE ZOOPLANKTON POPULATION OF LAKE LANSING By Mark Albert Povich A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Fisheries and Wildlife 1978 ABSTRACT A DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF THE ZOOPLANKTON POPULATION OF LAKE LANSING By Mark Albert Povich In order to evaluate the effects of dredging a lake on its zooplankton population, a pre-dredging study was conducted on Lake Lansing. The results will be used for comparison purposes with post- dredging studies to be made in future years. Samples were taken on ten sampling dates over the period of one year, from two sites on the lake. Also measured were temperature, dissolved oxygen and conductivity. The results were statistically analyzed to examine relationships between physical data and the zooplankton densities. Also, the two sites were checked to see if they had significantly different populations. The species found were typical for a lake of this size and location. The effect of physical factors upon density was species specific, with temperature and dissolved oxygen being important as well as some other unknown factors. The two sampling sites were found to be very similar in the composition of the zooplankton population. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I extend my sincere gratitude to Dr. Niles R. Kevern, my major professor, for his guidance and support throughout this study. I also wish to thank the other members of my guidance committee: Dr. T. wayne Porter for his assistance with taxonomic identifications and Dr. C. D. MeNabb for his help with many aspects of the sampling. I am also grateful for the assistance given me by Joan Duffy, Mahdi Siami, and Jim Gruber, graduate students in the Department of Fisheries and Wildlife. I also wish to thank Dr. Stanley J. Zarnoch for his help with the statistical analysis of the data. 11 LIST OF TABLES . . . . . LIST OF FIGURES . . . . INTRODUCTION . . . . . . METHODS AND MATERIALS . Study Design . . . . Sampling Scheme . . . TABLE OF CONTENTS Field and Laboratory Procedures . . . . . Statistical Analysis RESULTS . . . . . . . . CONCLUSIONS . . . . . . BIBLIOGRAPHY . . . . . . APPENDIX . . . . . . . . iii iv 19 21 22 Table LIST OF TABLES P38e Species list of zooplankton found in Lake Lansing. . . . . 10 Density and relative abundance of each species per sapling date 0 I O O O O O O 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 0 12 Significance of physical factors on species' densities.. . 17 iv LIST OF FIGURES Figure page 1 Bathymetric map of Lake Lansing showing sampling sites. . . 5 2 Relative abundance of each species by date (average of both sites and all depths).. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 INTRODUCTION The term "eutrophication" is often used to describe the natural aging of lakes. As a lake accumulates increasing amounts of nutrients, excessive growth of aquatic life is stimulated, and the lake fills with sediments. All peat bogs, coal, and oil deposits are the end results of this process of eutrophication. Natural eutrophication is a slow process. However, in many areas, notably industrial and urban centers, man's activities have greatly accelerated this process. Undesirable results from the eutrophication of a lake can include large algal blooms, increased macrophyte growth, "filling in" of the lake basin resulting in decreased depths, decreasing clarity of the water, and an increase in treatment required if the water is used for drinking. Methods of varying effectiveness which slow or halt man's accel- eration of nutrient input are available. These include restricting the use of certain nutrients, increasing the degree of removal of nutrients at waste treatment plants, and restricting direct access of nutrients to lakes. Eliminating the use of phosphates in detergent, prohibiting discharge of wastes into lakes by homes and industries on lake shores, and creating "greenbelts" along waters to separate them from agricultural and other runoff are some of the specific methods being used. In advanced stages, eutrophication is a problem that can not be handled with preventative actions. The restoration of lakes with this 2 type of problem is still in the experimental stage. Currently there are several different methods being used or considered to remove the excess nutrients from the water. These include: 1) the harvesting of macrophytes; 2) precipitation of phosphorus in the lake waters by chemical treatment with iron, aluminum, or other salts; 3) aeration of the hypolimnion without disturbing stratification; and 4) dredging. Harvesting of macrophytes is not thought to be very effective in removing nutrients to the degree necessary. Very little is known yet about chemical precipitation, including its effectiveness and the likely duration of the result. Also, little is known about aeration. Dredging is probably the most effective method for removing nutrients, but is also likely to be the most expensive. Lake Lansing is located 6 km northeast of East Lansing, Michigan in Meridian Township, Ingham County, T4N, RlW, sections 2, 3, 10, and 11. Formed by glacial scouring, the lake is approximately 183 hectares in area with a shore length of about 6 km. The lake has a mean depth of about 2.7 m with a maximum.of almost 10 m; the volume is approxi- mately 5 X 106 m3. About 852 of the area of the lake is less than 4.5 m deep, which is the depth to which macrophytes of the littoral zone will grow. Lake Lansing is the only major surface water resource for recre- ation in the Lansing metropolitan area. The lake has gradually become eutrophic because of intensive use over the past several decades. EutrOphism has led to the decline of the lake's economic and aesthetic values. Around 1964, the wastes of the residential and business area in the watershed were sewered to retard nutrient input, but there still exists a great excess of nutrients in the lake basin. Dredging of the lake, scheduled to begin in 1979, will remove the nutrient-rich sediments and will deepen the littoral zone. A study funded by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency will evaluate the dredging as a lake restoration technique. No previous study of the zooplankton population in Lake Lansing has been done, nor was this author able to find any studies examining the effect of dredging on the zooplankton population of a lake. This study (May, 1977 - May, 1978) partially fills the need for pre-dredging data to be used for comparison purposes in post-dredging studies to be conducted in following years. METHODS AND MATERIALS Study Design This descriptive study looks at the quantitative aspects of the crustacean zooplankton population in Lake Lansing. The main unit of analysis, or dependent variable, is the density of each different species. The independent variables examined are: 1) date; 2) site; 3) temperature; 4) dissolved oxygen; 5) depth; and 6) conductivity. The relationships between the independent variables and the dependent variable are examined to find any significant interactions which might exist. Also examined are the differences in "catching efficiency" between two different types of samplers used in this study. Sampling Scheme The zooplankton population in Lake Lansing was sampled on the following dates: 1) May 25, 1977 6) August 19, 1977 2) June 16, 1977 7) September 1, 1977 3) July 5, 1977 8) February 10, 1978 4) July 21, 1977 9) February 24, 1978 5) August 2, 1977 10) May 3, 1978 Sampling usually was begun in mid-afternoon and concluded in early evening; in winter, mid-morning through mid-afternoon. Samples were taken at two different sites, one located at the area of maximum depth (9.5 m) in the northern end of the lake, and the other at the area of maximum depth (7.5 m) in the southern end of the lake (Figure 1). Samples were taken at depths corresponding to the following specific points on the temperature gradient: 1) above the thermocline; 2) top of thermocline; 3) bottom of thermocline; and 4) below the thermocline. 4 North Site Outlet South Site Depth Io elven In motors. Figure 1. Bathymetric map of Lake Lansing showing sampling sites. This scheme was chosen in an attempt to sample the pOpulation at depths which would have the most varied physical conditions, thereby increas- ing the chances of collecting all species present without increasing the number of samples taken. Samples were taken from a boat using a 8.82 liter opaque Van Dorn water bottle on all dates. Beginning with the 8/2/77 sampling date, samples were also taken with a 49.95 liter clear plexiglass box-trap (Schindler, 1969). A A Yellow Springs Instruments dissolved oxygen meter, standardized with Winkler reagents, was used to collect dissolved oxygen data. A conductivity meter with thermistor was utilized to collect conduc- tivity and temperature data. Field and Laboratory Procedures The sampling sites were located on the lake using landmarks and a sonic depth finder. Temperature, dissolved oxygen, and conductivity profiles were measured and recorded. Air temperature and cloud cover- age were also recorded. Sampling depths were determined from.the temperature profile using the previously outlined method. Exceptions to this procedure occurred when a complete thermocline was not present, and in which case depths were arbitrarily chosen. Two samples were taken from.each depth using the Van Dorn bottle, and concentrated by pouring through a Wisconsin plankton net. One sample was taken with the clear box-trap from.each depth. The concentrated sample was washed into a 250 ml bottle. About 30 ml of club soda was then added to the sample to narcotize the zooplankton (Gannon, 1975). After one minute, concentrated formalin was added to the sample in the quantity required to make approximately 7 a 52 formalin solution. After 2-6 days, the formalin solution was pipetted off and replaced with 95% alcohol to preserve the sample. In order to subsample, the contents of a sample bottle were poured into a beaker and homogenously mixed using a magnetic stirrer. A Stempl pipette was used to withdraw subsamples, usually 10 ml in volume, which were placed in a chambered counting cell (Gannon, 1971). The entire cell was counted using a binocular dissecting microscope and the procedure of examining subsamples repeated until a minimum of 100 crustacean zooplankton were counted from each bottle. Exceptions occurred when fewer than 100 zooplankton were in the entire sample. The species were identified using Freshwater Biology (ward and Whipple, 1959). Some cyclopoid species were unidentifiable with available literature. Because of this problem, and the difficulty in identifying cyclOpoids during the counting procedure, they have been enumerated by size group (small: less than 0.3 mm in length; medium: from.0.3 to 0.6 mm; large: greater than 0.6 mm). The results from the counts were typed onto data cards and processed using a statistical package on Michigan State University's CDC 6500 computer. Statistical Analysis Even though Lake Lansing is a relatively small lake, it was thought to be important to check for significant differences in population densities among the zooplankton species at the two different sites. There is enough variation between the two sites among certain physical conditions to suggest that this might be the case. The south site is about 2 m shallower, but is generally colder in the lower depths, probably due to spring water input. Also, the north end of the lake is more highly develOped residentially than is the south end. An analysis 8 of variance was run on the density of each species using site and depth as the main factors. The variation in population densities of each zooplankton species in its major growth period was also checked by grouping the data according to season ( spring: March 22 - June 21; summer: June 22 - September 21; winter: December 22 - March 21). This procedure allows one to show with greater significance any relationships when the assumption is made that the species is only being observed during its major growth period. In attempting to determine what physical conditions monitored (temperature, dissolved oxygen, conductivity) affected the population densities most, a stepwise multiple regression was run. Also, in order to gain more significance, this test was run again using only samples taken during the major growth season of each species. 4 In comparing the sampling efficiencies of the two samplers, a paired t-test was run for each species. The hypothesis was that the clear sampler would be more efficient since some avoidance reactions to opaque objects have been noted in the literature (Szlauer, 1964). RESULTS A total of 22 crustacean zooplankton species or groups were identi- fied (Table 1). However, only 14 of those were used in statistical tests, the others being in very minute quantities or included in one of the groups of cyclopoids (large, medium, or small). Quantitative counts for each sample are given in the Appendix. The species found did not vary from that which might be expected in a lake of this size and location. Figure 2 shows the relative composition of the zooplankton popu- lation at each sampling date, using the mean density of both sites and all depths. Chzdorus sphaericus is obviously the most abundant species in the spring and summer samples, while Bosmina longirostris is the most abundant in the winter samples. It is not surprising to have a large 9, sphaericus pulse in the spring; B, longirostris, however, is believed to be chiefly a spring and summer species and its large relative abundance during the winter might not be expected. Table 2 gives the zooplankton density and relative abundance of each species on each sampling date in order of importance (mean density from both sites and all depths). Also shown is the total density for a given sampling date. The date with the greatest total density was 7/5/77, while the second greatest was 2/10/78. The lowest total density was found on 5/3/78, a fairly early spring sample during a time when the lake was beginning thermal stratification. 10 Table 1. Species list of ZOOplankton found in Lake Lansing. Species Daphnia galeata mendotae Daphnia retrocurva Diaphanosoma leuchtenbergianum Chydorus sphaericus Diaptomus oregonensis Large cyclopoids Medium.cyclopoids Small cyclopoids Bosmina longirostris Ceriodaphnia lacustris Leptodora kindtii Daphnia parvula Daphnia pulex 14 Acrogerus hagpae I-‘l-it-‘H UNFOOWNO‘U‘4‘UONHI* The following would be included in one of the groups of cyclopoids (large, medium, or small): CzcloEB exilis Cyclops vernalis Eucyclops agilis Eucyclops prionophorus Tropocyclops prasinus Others (found in minute quantities and not included in statistical tests): Sida crystalline Mesocyclops edax Leydigia guadrangularis 11 4 01—3. ca comm: no mowoonm ou muomou :95» Hen—=52;0 .Amnuoov Ham can mouwo noon mo ownuo>ov dump an mofiooom comm mo condensed o>aumaom .N ousmem «has some hams e\m sfi\~ oM\~ axe sa\m ~\m an\~ axe sake mm m - P no u Nod v New I Non r new r non aouepnnqv aarasteu e . 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Comparing the sampling efficiencies of the two samplers, the differences in density sampled were significant in only three species (Daphnia galeata mendotae, Diaptomus oregonensis, and Bosmina longirostris , and it was the Van Dorn sampler which had the greater densities in these cases. I can not explain these results, except possibly for B, longirostris. Schindler (1969) found the clear trap to be more efficient except for one of the species, which happened to be a relatively small one, a result he could not explain. 2, longirostris may fit this case. Even so, the results are still puzzling. 19 CONCLUSIONS This study was conducted over the relatively short period of one year, considering that zooplankton populations are known to have the potential to fluctuate greatly on a yearly basis. Nevertheless, several conclusions can be drawn with some confidence. The species found are typical for a lake of this size and location. Densities as high as 275 and as low as 43 crustacean zooplankton per liter, depending upon season, were found. As much as 852 of this total belonged to the dominate species. These densities and relative abundances appear to be quite normal, although indicative of some degree of eutrophication. The two sampling sites seem very similar, as far as 200plankton populations are concerned. The previously mentioned physical differ- ences between the two sites do not appear to have a significant effect upon the zooplankton. Most of the species are seasonal, very abundant at certain times and virtually disappearing at others. ‘Much of this seasonality is related to temperature. When examining species densities only during their major growth period, temperature, dissolved oxygen or some unknown factors were important. Again, this would not be unexpected. The clear box-trap was not found to be more efficient in collecting zooplankton than the opaque Van Dorn water bottle. It will be important in the future "post-dredging" study to allow time for the physical and chemical factors and the biology of the lake 20 to stabilize before sampling begins. This author does not believe that it is necessary to take a greater number of samples per date than in this study, but a longer sampling period, two years if possible, would be encouraged to decrease the effects of yearly variations. The choice of sampler used in the upcoming study would be left to that investigator. Concerning changes in the zooplankton population, this author would expect a decrease to some extent in the total density, as there should be somewhat fewer nutrients available in the lake. Also possible is a.change in the relative abundances of the species, with the main species decreasing in its relative abundance. This researcher would not expect a significant change in the species composition. Continued research will be necessary before it is known how drastic the effects of dredging will be for these basically limnetic species. 21 BIBLIOGRAPHY Brooks, J.L. 1957. The Systematics of North American Daphnia. Memoirs of the Conneticut Academy of Arts and Sciences. Vol. XIII, Nov. New Haven,Conn. Gannon, J.E. 1975. Observations on the Narcotization of Crustacean Zooplankton. Crustaceans (Leiden) 28(2): 220-224. . 1971. Two counting cells for the enumeration of zogplankton micro-crustacea. Trans. Amer. Micros. Soc. 90(4): 486-490. Riser, R.W. 1950. A revision of the North American species of the cladoceran genus Daphnia. Edward Bros., Ann Arbor, Mich. 64pp. Likens, G.E. editor. 1972. Nutrients and eutrophication: the limiting nutrient controversy. Special symposia, Vol. 1. Amer. Soc. Limno. and Ocean. Inc. 328pp. McNabb, C.D. principal investigator, Dept. of Fisheries and Wildlife, Michigan State University. Evaluation of Dredging as a lake restoration technique. Application for Federal Assistance to U.S. E.P.A. Clean Lakes Program under Section 104(h) of PL 92-500. Schindler, D.W. 1969. Two useful devices for vertical plankton and water sampling. J. Fish. Res. Ed. Canada. 26(7): 486-490. Szlauer, L. 1964. Reaction of Daphnia Pulex deGeer to the approach of different objects. Polsk. Arch. Hydrobiol. 12: 15-16. Ward, H.B. and G.C. Whipple, 1959. Freshwater Biologzg_ W.T. Edmondson, ed. John Wiley and Sons, Inc. 1248pp. APPENDIX 22 APPENDIX Records of physical data and densities of all species of zooplankton taken from two sites and four depths in Lake Lansing during 1977 and 1978. 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