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3 1293 00829 3460

LIBRARY
Michigan State
University

 

 

 

 

This is to certify that the

dissertation entitled

Agency, Consequence and Morality

presented by

Philip Robert West

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

Ph.D. degree in Philosophy

 

 

[4.“ (me 5.1.1“

Major professor

 

Date '12’169

MS U is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution 0-12771

 

 

————-———-v--

 

 

 

IV1£SI.J RETURNING MATERIALS:
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m,_0 71i994
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AGENCY, CONSEQUENCE AND MORALITY

By

Philip Robert West

A DISSERTATION

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in pnrtinl fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Philosophy

1987

,t‘

T.)

sill

ABSTRACT

AGENCY, consequence AND MORALITY

By

PhilipRohertWeat

Thh'uprincipdbvatormalaemantiatormordobligatiomtorbiddanceand
pea-mince. Centralaotio-oftheaemaatioaarethatdaainterpretation
udthatdtrathmaditMthehtteriaatphinodiatuIn-oltheformer.
Preliminarytothed'ncuaionolthomoralcoacepta,however,formal
counties for tease, alothic modality and the hriasiu-it—ahoat-that relation
hetweeaaceataudtheatataaotdainthoyhriasaboatarepreaented.
Obligafiogtorbiddaaooandpam'ndoaarethudefiaodrelativetoagenta
ndwhattheyhrhgahoat. Mouspecifically,ageataareaaidtobeobliged,
iorbiddeaorpanittedtohriagcutaiaatatoaolaflahaabontjaatincaoe
aanctioaingbaahevitabhwolwhattheybringaboatorhilto
brhgahoat. Foflowiagthhvarioaaclaaauotiaterpretatioaaiormoral
aacriptiouannlatodtooneaaothaandaavwaldooaticparadomare
coaddeud. Thaahta-aottholorualapparataa,rehtedbneaare
W, including 030b, mt“, collective action, collective
ohlbatbmandaeveralior-ddatuuhi-hvolviasaatarallawanddivine
action. ItiargudthdbrChrithaMthoappmpriatemetaethical
viewiaegoiaticaadoonoeqaeatialiltic.

w” M ii tiui pil';i

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i‘ll. 't .atlt‘iIlbl 3a.: i”iiu“§i‘l‘i it, “NJ 1.4 I Nuns.“ w ihiii I- o w Jim ‘1‘ Min, wt Hui:
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snub-t. wail H «sun-n m Iv-umqm vi 'l‘Hihi ‘Hll ..in.mmwo till"! :- mm inn:

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'v"':t. t-l M'Hui'Vl IHIIH'vto tt-itc‘ ’r‘i. ttutv-IatuIMl lush untitlnm'u'i t|-.nw..iiu-I

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Anni-m wt u! Inna "an: P.|n‘:,'~t7 1:!12’I-H mi" 'Hni/ .tmuit; t-M'Ivl I‘Nii It‘ll” it“;

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vo-‘v m Ms: Hunts may 2 in Hum nirnm *mrlci M ivnmm'rw 'tu u-vlvim in}
.I it” 'ch “unit. mul'i I'btil ”will in w it'IEI)vir-il:\'t .ldiJHntli lli’ I.| :uullull'mh‘r-
imam in] HIIUIUHWIui‘tlfli in ("welt 'ltut'tbl mt: Entitluiltll timin- mu!

van e'.’7~li'f;'ll;él .irmr-tr it'l't’nf inn: tuflmm wn» 01 Ivan.» v1 Nu: ennui-grim.

'm; "HIIII i"-isi"’l dummy”. luau'tut mi' in runs” m u-ui'i .i-i'wiuvnm
WRIT-NW! .Huli'nt; ‘wti'miiut ,ItlrliiCH'I-nl'grm“ ,ui-tluj‘w '-t|ii'l.i-ol| intro-111%“:

int/lit in". t-hi landfill Hill‘linvm |||.I.tnltn1'i.l‘+i- in ennui ltdwl'V. item .tlutlt-;f.:6i-lh
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Ni’lthlltl"l'lt'OIilH'I inlt» ‘E‘IIHJ‘ vi 1i”;

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Thooonpbtioadnydiuartatioabaotdnouchdvobtomyowndorta,
batalaotothoaodothora. Ianoqaciallygratdnltomywfle,fllen
Marimwhoaengalareacoaramtandaacrifioumadethecompletion
poo-ibis. ThuhabotomyparahflohortandDohUWoat,iorteaching
mehothbywordandmplotocliutowhatbtrae. IabothaakJamea
M.Grior,Jr.,myfiratpmtauorolphiloaophy,whoaehi¢hacademic
ataadudaandhatractionhaveueatlyiaflanoadnyvork. love-pedal
gntitadotolnydbutatioadirector,Pmto-orfluhatnudry. D'nca-aiona
ofthepmjectwithhhrenltodiananyhnmtaandmptodmany
m;toaayaothh¢dhb&noooanyandoutandingotthe
philosophical“ Iahoappnciatotharanarthroh-ormchardfiafl,
whocardalyreadthalnaa-crbtandoflarednaayhdphlw.
TubabbPWHmHWflwhoaadbcdo-doolbctiveaction
udooflactiveofligatioaathahtodthaWdChapterFive.
Fiaalb,thaahgotonyonthdbutatioaco-Iittoa,fiorhutfieadry,
Richandfiall.flaroldWahhudBraoaMihr,MhthaDapartmt
ofPhiloaophy,andWillia-Whaba,ProlI-orhthambapartnoat,of
MichiganStateUaivuity.Olooaraa,mthoa¢h-ydohtaduatitadeare
peat,rqoaaibilityiorthaoptaioaaqoaoadiathodhartatioabmyown.

Philip a West 1937, Grand Rapids

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[4‘ It! ”it” In! H! if. « ~h.'l:' 'iutl o-uiI'n In" i r! til-t -t '-I-~z‘-t i 4---‘h I'Hl

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:m Mt]. 'oh's i .l‘tw '1 '(H't I“! I"N'.TIH (in. :13; an.“ ”4!! “a! In tum «inn l taut:
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HUM!!!“ i-‘i‘l 4"” 0"“ "l'NHMi 'I'WI 'i 4t i it! W'Hi' U4" ; '1'"pr Jill ‘ i ‘NMHHJ'

6

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hi]. .l in: a- . it INN. ..l mini!

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LietoCFigaree

L'ltolSylnhob

IMMNmm
1. WWNWMW
2. TheAaaeeunentetDeentieLogiee
3. “Wandl’edhleww

ChapterOnezTe-eanduodality
1. TnthTe-eandm
2. Methichledality
ChapterTwotActioa
l. BmWAheu
2. Ammonium

a BchctionandTrial
4. AetiequDictoanngfig

ChapterTthoaeeqaeaceeaadSaactioa

1. (Jo-enme-
2.8aaetiea

ChaptaFmOWForhiddanoeaadPu-Inhioa

l. MoralPrep-tbaadflodelw

2. DeenticParadon-e

3. Deentoiechm,DivbeSaaetieaaadMeralAr¢a-ot
4. WW

MMCoflectiveActioaandCoflectiveOhhptioa
LOhliationfleh

2. WW
3. Aetieafloh

ChapterSiacThehm,VolantarhaadDeteI-niniam
LActteaPewer

2. Ethic, Divine Power and Prevutabflity
3. PmdeneeandOonflictingOhlhatieal

821832 $3 53632

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102
108

109

vi

vii

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‘I 't‘ - ¢~ ' ' .tl‘. -O"' "t‘h’ " 0H. -

Notes

Appendix A: DBC

Appendix B: Theses and Noatheaee
Appendix C: Front and Comm

115
118
121
124

‘ I. ‘1‘ 11”
r"of.vli"{',’ .Q“"‘ 'tI’ ., { ,iii 1‘.

-i'r:r.ith 'lalltu‘) in”; rl Ta ' ’ til-Hr- u

LIST OF FIGURES

1. Lott-Linearity 21
2. Right-Branching 23
3. Histories 24
4. Identical Puts 30
5. Future Pouibility 33
6. Action Wt 36
7. Obligation 66
8. W 74
9. Collective Action 99
10. Action, Cobctive Action and Pouibility 104

11. Divine Actbl 107

i, (Nu INLI ilal
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LIST OF SYMBOLS

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111

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,\

INTRODUCTION

1. RECONSTRUCTIVE ANALYSIS AND THE MORAL CONCEPTS

Thiehacoaatrlctioaalaaabfiotthecoaeepuotnoralobligation,
noralpenn'ldoaandnoraliorbiddanoe. Itviflhetaheatorgrutedthat
conceptealetobeooaetraedupropertieeorrelatiouandthatconoepteare
beetclarifiedbyadiqflaydthehehaviorotthefianbticexpleeeionewith
whichtheyareauochted. Fammflthooweptdcaainityb
anociatedwiththepudicate'badog',anab'fioltheoonceptproueeeeeas
aadeutaadhgottheroboftheeeateaceehwhich'badog'oecnrs
improves. Inacoaetractioaalualyeb,theeoacepteeademictothe
putheoreticalooaeeptaalapparataetargetediorualye'uarechriedbythe
articalatioaol-oeeoededyeahetitateeorncoaetnctio-iorthem. The
oonoaptatarptedtoranalyfianeo-etimeecaledupficeedaaadtheir
Wanda-whoahehaviorbmemactthuthatdtheir
When-«mm Mthw-dbywflyins
themtacticnhalortheiolnatioadaeateaoeehvolvingtheeahetitnte
Wudhydetaiflagtheliaukticmtioubrthefiwiate
mthuehyeliniaatiag,unachaapoedhle,hdetelniaateorcoaflicting
conventions.

Mawwamwmm
haveoathetrethoeiabehoodottheeeateaceeiawhichtheyappear,and
noethportuttobgicianinhowtherehtioaoleataiheatimpiageeon
theeelocatioae. Whethe-oralcoaeeptaantheiocaeofatteation,the

4 n It} ./ . it (Hit “ii ‘iii r 1’ t it 4‘ A“. D 13‘. 1'? 410 t

V

u- .. -..- at-m lulu w In rm: hunt 'nil ‘ vtr vim”; lmtutl in“ “NW t 4 "Hit
Amt mam L.‘ 1.»! :t ' :3! "vi ii! u -l lurid-.6 In! Itiwul I41”; tlwti 'tnat‘h; is tum
'.. 140"”!!! I It‘lii ictil‘ 0‘21"” ”Ci‘t‘l 'Itl u‘o' ‘3 "l 4i‘l I'K iflttlifittttt Hi ”I ‘Iih It‘i' l|°o .

1‘. ‘a mam-1.1a ..tr"il"tl:i will in ’hdthii'ki Quit In refitted. 9. hi ivtlitti14 lr'vdl

“t 4~4Hlih~4 '14- il‘wti'o- "!i’ it .‘tiiiéinflo Itl'i i"t.i4U4-‘Iti "if; I‘Hui litilifl

m ’z‘rtzlih' i,"'ti4la Will in (to- ri'.~tlli r_""i' 8 a... nu; vii-91" ‘Nil mm i--tifiI'-tw‘rh

r nu" W until 0. It ti 4hi N It! #‘t'au‘tiu tar. mi? In “Din! ‘hil In Y-t.lrt:t.i"| tisllli
4‘ HI Wm ~ i-H‘t ch; ‘ 'tIv-‘t uii .r‘t' m .m‘ IND-m ilt'wthu B m .r' nzu'mmx
viii "3 ""“tllbi : was Ht» timlh‘ ”lid is H “3'th run: :h'ttlt. itilH-‘Q'WII'V! ih‘ ti! mmut‘vlq

' . . ‘ 1
it; ”PM” 'lui o’c.nlivtlli'tln'm‘t In r.‘i'h.lim.t’I illnxtu 'I‘Ltll In H‘tiibiii)"ih

imit hm. nimuum'n tulieo muummue WEB air/i511}; 1“} two 47311:! rtrmmw
a

MI in”! ”4-11 'Hh thiu'w'l‘gikv ‘Hi ‘W-thn .t’iltu'I‘titiUH' in! ull- Until

it «is in “iii: that lmw) ‘t'lutll 4-! lulami‘ui MHHH Int'u.I'H¢j/4 Ittrlhuth:
win/slmqe‘ ('1. io-chi‘i']:.il r3 Ak‘utli'tfil't ll‘nil lilt«4:'i'llg§|.’--i wunuyng.’ 119.4124”
”HIV-Ain’t ‘Hii QUINN/at! H'!D!I'IIII'|r°. git! fluilts'sfl'tui :3“ '00)} will” ul ..lI‘/- Q“!
.1: ”quip"; 11".“ In] e'tlutlu‘vluu‘v 'vllnuzfyui ‘Nil ytatlulft' Iii imts rtluir'e'”u;/‘t
rml'llltln't 14o wuzumu'n-aiuu Aide-u»; 4; sit“!!! «at; .‘.!..~.'I'I"t!‘-ii Mnmtt wen
.ril Oliutllhr’t
-m: why". awn!) w.tl'm§..u 'uil m [Win-midi JiitJo-uk‘s wit. rl‘nitdruistli
"u; sum-W ruin 11mm m ”Idliiil‘w'. Mil in tub-int 1-4 iii-m ‘Uil um “mi

5‘ ‘ l
-. v-‘t'HI‘HN' I"Hlt-°I.ltl'~ In ‘I‘lithi‘1 “NH 91““ H0 mm! >12”! IN Hus'i-qilll Jaw”

it! «z..’na it- h. .-u m] 1|] 'p‘u; rhrrmn‘v inpul 'nil 'H'Nla‘ ruutlllui 'oI‘tttn

products of constructive analysis are often called metaethical theorhs or
Trnthandtabshoodaress-nticnotio-andsowhenananalysis
toes-unwanacconntolthsconditio-andsrwhichssnteaces
mtfihgwthmtrnsoshbefitbsaidtoheasemantics
torthsconceptstheeapsdoasarea-ociatedwith. Whatiollowsissacha
trathconditionalsuaaticstortheuoraioonospts. 'l‘hessvesaltashs
involvediatheplesentationwillbedhphyedingreatesdetailshortly.
Althoadndeonticiogicsostsuihlyapeehthehtocasontheconcepts
olmoraflty,snhdantialdlsnncuugardin¢whatishehganaw-sdconhse
mtolthesemandmaheco-Msysteuwithoneuother
perilous. Sousdeoaticlogics,lormpls,anoflnedasanalysssot
behaviors-Einsteins. Aceosdiagly,sentencesotthetype'pnobkatory',
uaflyhanshtdOnmtahsntohaveapmiptiveoshnpeu-ative
con-Wrote. Deontthste-olthhsostanoccdoaaflychssmed
umd'mmdmm Becausetterhganinpesative
andatteringanordascripfionareappmprhtsinshihrchcanstancegthis
viewbnotdevoidotattraction. Forbtance,'Itorbidyontocli-bonthe
table',or'1tbnotMtoryoatocli-bonthstahie'aadthe
ilnperative'Donotchbonthstahls'see-tostandorhlltogether
reqsctincthspmpsietyorinpsopsietydthsirattsraace. Bnt,hsolne
dsontictheol'haprescrbtiveraharenottheoentcotattntion. Sentences
olthetype'pbobligntory'aretaheni-teadtohavean-sertiveor
declu-ativelols.
Thisdflsnnceoverthsstatudpnsu'iptiverahsinmetaethical
analysbapparentlyhvohesoonflctincviewsiathsphflosophyofhnguage.
Oatheonehand,son|eregardinlornationconveyuceasoabtoneamong

n ., . «2-2141~‘M|i 8» um um. nu. ... Ah... «m nnmh . l'4 Ham '1
,. uni 'tll-rrcl

‘I lint. m. tlvliu v inn; Imam" ’uiumn-v. 'nn. inaulmid il-lh tlasi'tl.
rc'fl't’tlk’ «twin whit! Mann-ant» out in mum-s 118 I'm/in um row-um?!
I‘l'i'tuai' - 6 'Ni to! Law. at It 'wii.‘ 10 ”I”! “1!; ’tltnm :‘izgx'! Ilihi'l‘it ultittikltln‘o
a: ll IN". di Pia-til I lmlu‘ tilt» inm'awuu “rm Miniserwugf-t mil ennui-u mil In]
41.: Imww. 'ui'l' .r: twin: [Hum 35‘! in} .. vitmmiw lulumimn- lili‘!’
4:11.13». inn-J. wourrle m io'tll.i-!riit 4.40 at» unit: nt‘v‘nzl wit u! [mun m

"'t"'li4l- nil tlu rll'lui 1H.“ m ‘H- It lisitvn'ximb (“uni mu”. 4 I5 'll'uiii/
mm 4 mg“... nut-4i wt in?” me. .41 w‘o'uIfl-ritii» iiuluuvfiw .”i:t1(tiul tn
t-th .m. 'HIU littu rm Jr!» muttwmtv': swim" inn. m: twp» ‘vmit In Jump-"o rt.
In I‘l'Ilt-nt. mt; [rm-iii” NIH :i-gnhd‘o 'iui ini ’Hltltnit ‘Ntlu”. ramil'vt
"IHN' nMI: It :1" Witt mi} in “.1an we ."li-4;!2i:14.'r-I- swim emi-itw 'tuumimi
'tJiHoJ-ut-til 1n "Illuii'lwwlil It “lmi tit (ruin! 'V‘Hi 43‘) i40lt.i'tv..ll (iihs’ H
t..:!; m.‘- ’lihl"|‘f‘t.'!'ll Wit: tum fI'l;i’ In mm. m 'Iliiitl'b‘i Haiti'l with. -«l;i;:lt!i' -
In» mm m. Bil-"NHL! Wm: H .«tzrsvia Museum" in ’llflui “ii! in Wtiuflr as
«'l H HIIhtMIHH'H‘I 1t~3tttflr (It 'Nh'littu’l'gtifl ‘44. "UH-gt! ~51 ii.l"lll h uni'rmu i-lk
‘H-9 II” ‘ilteii' ”1 “LI ittslhii in ,‘t'HtJ-Illl 1rd tl4-H‘arh-‘s. It) Itul'cia Inn m Null

'v

N WK 'lfzt malt ne tittiii‘) m um wt -:!4t::-r;tI11-)4l Inn 4 1]" 1:. Wain
l'ii' "‘ “hi '” l'flt‘i" UJ "rm->4. ".iuiitl ‘uil flu tiliiii'l lutl u'i" nutcrlme
...l'tr‘ I“ ”Iii '0’015;"'b"“ ‘Ii :11. '0' II ll ' . ‘Iiti' 1*. ’i‘l' “(10"«1 '.‘l" ‘41." i'fllr‘s"
"M" ' " "“9! "”3 l" “W“ “M '4'" 'm.‘ r M1 9Iii-iii’4r-eiti .mnumii emu-4'
"’r'V-vt‘ HR "4!.Ii u! iwu’lm “filo! ms ”flatnittitio rel cl“ 'ultl ml In
1 . I t
Itu’t '*o'lll'it.tr,'-

it» it tihi'al” III I-oiit‘ aliivlii4)»-‘t1.. )1. VII?! 34* (”h 1‘. ’l’ .1...“ fl 'tiiii ’4“!

A. “I'm; 1" """""i"i'l 7'” “l ”m” ‘ti'd'flutl' '- WWIHINI liltt'u'hnrlt; atrtuuit.

...4'.t-lt .nt nth. at“ ‘totlhdlllitg't Ila-.Efinl'l in L159.“ ...l..., Mud “u" «.5 ii“

severalphilosophicallyimportantroleslangaagehas. Theyevidentlybelieve
thataclnsiveattentiontothstnthvaheolanatterance,ortowhata
mWMdeaarmandhoresotherkindsof
mmd-mwm-dm Moreover,
atteruoesahontwhatbohkntory,brhiddsnorpelnhdble,althoagh
Mhmmmthshmandnotdedantives
unmanmmmmasmmm
have-ens.
Oatheothsrhand,opponentsolthsloruoia¢podtionssen|tobelisve
thatulsuatteranoescanhsconstnnsdasasutiouordsatahthsyarenot
a-enahlstophihsnphicalmlyfiandthat-Irtio-anddsaiabmaot
psoperiyandeutoodaatilthentrnthconditio-anlaidbare. Toholdthis
m,~mumuwmu»mfiw
a-srtionadniaLhnt-uebthatothafanctionserenotdvalnswhenit
conestophilosophicaluabfi. Aeoadhstothisvisw,thslennotesicof
WMMHMMaoh-athm 'Dsanabsis
pseasnhdhssebhl'lswiththbsseondview.
Moreepeclcaw,theviewespo-sdhsrebobvio-lyshilarto
Bohnat’ssnasstioathathpsrativesareualydschratiminm He
mummmW-mmwuw
ubfl'flmdondbknchudnchhamwflhefilyon',
u'flyaantoacapethbhnyoawildoxn. Bohest’ssqasstion
Moawtoeo‘snshpentimasdschrativesandcanhecontruted
withtherabaaalys’noinoni-criptio-aceordiactowhichthedeciarative
noralasatptioasanhdscttreatsdahpuatives.
Thhhityhetweuthsanalyfihueandfiohnert’ssaggestionis
thatthedeciarativeshessss-fiingthsnoieotinperativesanlikethe

n r .. .. to o 1 1| 1... ‘4‘.“ d... r. “if! lil:.ll- lii’ -.‘5 'H-gtb‘itHl it i'w

: .H' . n It. vqutlwi'll mt .IJ Quit.) gill.” will Nil "minnow. at? “its“! incl
:4 Null-t infiln Wt! -d;gt lulu ho'Ht-tl Ilattn‘l'mtlm- rt .r~!‘-c«.h '4 r‘wlal‘v
.I'Hn '94 l/ lbllrli’ lutl: llwtit‘mfifl R‘slnldml ‘t nitt.é'ifi.l it! 2'11“}? '0 "lutllh -II N!

r “mm. .‘M evil-11w; 1.. nwii‘wlml .nmb‘iilu a 311d» tin-«iv: . nuswnu
:n'. .lmi: in“ law 54mm" qua mi JIlf'i .1 ,ilth lt~ttit.u|4tltx‘1‘4 4N num-um-l.
mm mm» 343.324”! 6 ml wimlilnI-i 1mm 1.-:lt Ril’zlimi: .9, 1: I418 ii“ is
sutml '~ Ll

‘H'ui ul (it In MI lltml-w-J influx-ml ‘Nl-l In md‘Nl-rj'tn .lomtl 1‘Nlm 'nil ”-3
hui ‘Hh' ("iii .rtltiltinlt "In (ii-.aiirw t; as ir'uiJi-LI-NI ml “5'? R'"t'tfl¢.'i"ol.ill P'Hézii! ital“
1'1: "us eimewi. lam muni'wre mi: has Haul-rm; immense; m 'tltiwzms
uli i541 ul‘ ."th itinl 'ru. 54°54. eaiatu'i tlantl 'll‘nll lihlll in». Mini-mt 'Il't'wgwm
'lnl Ituit'nflrll ml hill "ulti'i'tllil "iliaiwuil lmll m-ei: tut! lrrm 'r-w NW:
N l‘ «is: 'IitiI‘J in :mt :m; «mutt nwl 1min» mi) (in ml .m-l ,li'iii‘!l| 1.. autumn
In amt it. at 'Htotll 'N'tll Melt HI gtlllun'ni- ririltdltl it." it"w-oittic! ui n-uiiu'.
«tn-lute: 'tll'l‘ ."Htifi'l tlits I 0“ 971.11 hiaflbtllttln'v l: ..'.:H..i:£'vg»' Jli‘alliI .I'l4l.t .H'H.’
.N'ti/ Luv-w a-“ it?!» mil m at snarl l‘s-mw ~14;

mi minim (l'uuilllu rt «1'in lvvumgw) will mi! ziituiil my» wiccl/
..t .uaté.‘:k;lx m wu;£c.z..l'wii «iiiu'l ‘ns wucim-v-jwu Hui! u.ni.v"r.;--u.-; or. i‘l‘ttlgiuii
in

iwmtwnn» mi tglpim "Ii 4W .“It’iz'i"‘-llill '0!” that .‘*i°iitttlr"% 1M .ri'dl’fiilitiav‘v‘t'l

fie-«4 iihi‘“. lim "Hull d'uw. lu's time. .I’. ml: tun ul» imt ii" n M: .~ 6: mil in.
tit:t$«'°4.:,.:tlrz r Haitian”! 5'1: utv thy llul .llllttl ml] 9.le” M w... mu 2:" 1..
l H’s'lmrn ml mn in... I'a/l.'i?'1£ilb'ti) 43.8 e'wios'iuimt “it‘ll/um» at (MI 8 “Mile.
.;.:..ai;i-..i. “it man m ‘.4i.l~In‘-.‘n-; minimums ibi‘tttl in via 3:4”; mm mil “I'M

ruptt‘niuu IS in]: ‘3] has“. {It ‘t'lh riiuli-ttl’wtt hilt u;

t rum-w. =u:- w 114mm»! but; ~1th animus "alt nwuf'nl JU'MllHHI ‘Hll

'-..| 1.,1. HM win-Limb.” 14' ‘Ilu’! 'Hll Enlist-I #9; firm “In o'I'thiLthv‘h '0”, llnl

declarativesthatwillbetnatedhereinasfillingtheroleotthemoral
ascriptions. Themalascription'Agenta'nobligedtodoX'willbe
treatedaseqnivalnttothedsclarative'SonsthincandssiraNewiHhappen
toalhslaibtodoX'. Andthbshilarityhtarn-ahsslnaaitesta
shihrflyhetweuththuemhdandthatdARAndusonwho
snusstsdthatssntenoasetthetype'ltbtorbidd-thatp'heidentified
withssntenessdthstyps'flpnthscassthupnnH-Intbneeuary".
SinceAndesson’ehplflcationddsonttcbdcidentfieshflh‘ohligation
withescapingsanctionospenalty,visnethatress-hlsbbhthbnqectare
menu“. Thblahelssufittfihsthspseutationto
kilomalthonghthedfluenceswiththsAMWare
seven].
Bnmdmbmamtheonditionalanalysbot
sentenossdthstypsOpwhflsn-sahnanlsanabbdthenoral
concepts. wummuqammama
'nhhalldsonticaflypsrlsctaltcantivepdhbneskh.vh.,that0pis
trnsjastinc-sitbtrae'nalthsnorlbhwhichthsnlssbeiag
analysedareaahesaallyhflllsd‘. OnesthefldrdubidsntMthe
demmibhtu-dthhmtd
thanksssusnhtivelyinoledvemiventhatposdhlsworkbareaot
Manchu-u). Honsmtstohdthsssdsentioabpeslsctwodds,
ntospeahonshplybcatssthosshwhichnowmco-nflsasin
dconnhdonwo-Honnoeosdhsbthsnhs. Thbnottobe
andustoodasa-gpstionthatohfiationnndioshiddanceanalways
ubtivetoappmpriatslyoesanhsdpodtinhehaviosflrebsinoeonen’ght
holdHhtika’sviewandso-eseltolnatnrallavthsosymdingtowhich
mflohbtionsaadiorhiddanoesanidsntifisdwithpsescriptio-bniltinto

n u: 1‘ l 4'4 l thn-l r‘t‘ I” ""hl lWJ-‘Hl ‘Otl mu It‘ll. u~.,~ll| Int 44i-

t mu "A an 4.! lr-zuluu r: s- tut-J .. insulin-:5 mmm -s.zl r‘zt-ttt-i-rmt.
tlnéltll llm ‘sllmt uiuw ninth-Hum?" ‘Htts'uslwls 911! u! tuwislmwo a. lmwm
n in 531mm: mlmn in”! m imam... ruli le|/- ."I' ulo ut «Lufl ml in a n)

will: llv't‘ol'tli. ..l./ lu Imll lam. Imus-rm. Mail In” 'Mll nrmtwl Ill'lt-itultr'.
l-ufgnit»; ml "4 null noiiminft 4’! 1i” «qu 011! In ew-wu'nw mu twtw'mv
”nemn'wu ‘rt tu-vuuinnu-i anal: m-m mil ei q 13” «Ht mil it. «um-tun» thlN
Iliultt'glnlu ,‘JsilllziltJl malltlllwltl maul 'rlliiu-nl) In fluiltnlleblun rmv'l‘l.;l/-_ 'Hm'.
an. l'rwle‘n rid! Ill ml ‘il'lill‘v't‘l led! and! .‘hfsfl'ut 1o uuatwurn mime-m dun
.t mutant-tawny mil 1~l gyms“ cum-m lu-ifii fit-l'l' lnlqrm lt'ollh'! r-mu-whm
.m .luli..t22lltgttilh lltsluueicliuf mil ill!“ run-mind) ‘ull IlLIitUtiu‘b' .NIilal
.lm'wm
;., Human; ltwl-iwlfln’! timu 8 cute m 3mm.» in Hutu-«u. at H
lt:.~n.t Hill In desk-4t.» 'Ilt‘l't B Stun/Hill ‘JlJlN is" 9'!” mil in I'Hiluttv
I: as... m taut elm at qt.) ml! eluwmuwwl .‘tlgilib/x' 1n] .esélimii Nor-mun
II 4g-4 Milli ,vl .eldtufl Hitler-N3" «IiImI't'uis t'r'il'wu' Illts‘ditl'rtl' lie at nun vi

iJIUIJ mil lite ill mt'li at It 94.1 m l-vm sum

‘:tu‘!4l w‘tlll'l ‘zttll dual” III 3-.
at: ,imi’bmebt at mm 10 ml ”at! 9me) Jupitiiul ¢;.t..-‘m'm;|4 rm; bwnugm
lt- lunnliiilli‘l filil It) Hill'l‘il fll fil-l'flifl l'I'J'l‘ttl IllFtlHIn-oli in IIHlll.\lI"’HH.li"
tun In“ nialmu ‘tlcllé-mn' .lmll "qua; attracted“ zenithl-q with» #:391 'iI-ull
Flint)" I’v'ti‘l’hl ‘JliL‘nlm‘mb 9mm his} 0! Plum: «.1..- ll .ll‘iliisluil 8 m7! v.2." ‘Ill
“I S mmmnn 'mm Mugs utl ll ml" Ill ‘lel r‘vs'ml thzMI 'ttlu Anny ul U?
ml ml ‘06! «i Hal. .r-eiu'l mil in tuttlz'hnm lint/null" 144 t'tl/“ttflflllfl in
zit-wt; we ‘3'~iltsl'lai'.l'l4il lum. nnm;:‘:ii.iu than nun/3246?; 5 vi: lupin-lieu:
tu-‘mi ww- n'mia swim lt-inllts'tl'ul Qllllqu l;-:\-u-tf:tu (l~.ti.n..;ua..-g.: :l ‘il'l'ii‘Vl
ii an” ul atllltlh'hfl “tr-Ill Whl lamina In ’l’w' nun-e. lm. Wu] assailants” ll»!

. .l Hui-l Ktlvi"; 1mm; ulna lrtlliltl'fiil on; P‘v'IIIICltl-ill'ltil lmr muitsgililu lcslvm

the way things are in some fashion, with positive rules having varying
deu'eesofclosenesstothenatnrallaws.

Thsanalyflhsreappiissto-esalasaiptionsQnine’sview,thattreth
andfahshooduetandansntai'nthshiu-chydconcefis. Moral
ascriptionsanasssrtionsordeniahandassnchantrnsoriabe. The
logician’swoshistochasstsnthandiahehoodnptheua-naticaltne,“
Qainesays‘. “www.mudnhsphynorobinthetrath
conditio-hesepresented-theydoinfiintihha’ssslnantics. Anditshonld
beaotsdthat-crbtionsotohhptionorpmhibitionansnothssehhandled
as declaratio- ot approval or dhappsoval accord“ to the .otiv'nt
Ilse-tine.

2. THE ASSESSMENT OF DEON TIC LOGIC'S

Theevahationdconstrnctivsanalyssshvolvsshothsystsnaticand
intaitivecritssia. Systematicsnccessdspsntbonthssilnpiicityndclarity
nithwhichsqficdsarepsesntsdandrelativetothsnannsshvhichthe
saplicds are rehtsd to other concepts h the blond. Mal
conceptnalapparatuthatbthsalthstsohjsctotnce-trnction. An
analysbthattanydshssitssqfiedaersncesdehredncssths-toother
antic-,hsyst-aticaWsnpsriorteonsthatdo-not. Ithcofidsseda
virtuetomininissthsaanhssdhnda-sntalosualysabbconcepts.

'l‘hshtaitivesnccs-claco-trnctivsanahfidspubonthedeuee
towhichthsconcsptndhdaviosdis “Mfiththe
intaitionsmc’ntsdwiththsconceptaalhshaviosotitssqiicsnda Intaitive
aces-Weithbdsuestowhichhtaitionsareviolatedbythe

Ht t.‘ '-H '~t .. .1: "'i It’w- ' ‘4 hi ... 1' 'a' It“ .. t

, :4... ,. .:-.p..t u ii t -"4- u... .u r‘ -t

t! -. ' U M 2‘ t : -- dual.) all "it! i "b llvil'ltl Hi ' 'iht'g' '9‘ '.l (’"'v°t.l't» 'H’:
I. ...:.-' , Mu .nu It. .31 than-ml mil in l. ‘1'! - tlbl .mt "-‘tv. mu? -. 32.: i :14.
t '1 Hit in th'tl MN. [I J!» L; tut. Apt 1’1! :0 Aw...” ,fl 9th -.1. t. 3:; wt.
r: 'i ill in Dithttltt i i‘.’ 'Hll tjtt in” .i . tl 140‘! ll ‘Illl ‘t-J. it tvl 4'! rich” I'. Hid 't;J"l
tl‘l. i will [It ‘Oltll U” [1.3‘ rilltl lllt. 4‘“. I) t'- stell 'l‘tl'it‘t.t,“/{ 41'.” 'tttdt'fi
l... M It latt' .e'timt‘n: w ( 14?...31'wil m “'7 rut: as in == rt-l or II "lI‘ll'J'llh'

. ' ' l l I l 's ‘ I
it ah let.” Ill'tl'tll In" ‘t'll-i tl'tlllttllll.1tl 1t! ll‘” "6"ll-ltt l) rilwll in"! h lJ-ttl tJ‘O-4 II "M
tau It “mm W " H3 lulu tn'. at; lb I‘H‘l‘lh'fllt In its .- "win in uutlt. mi r'i» at

1].)“ - 3"‘1511

.4 mm an“ .3. an twigs. .3 . ...\‘

trig. rt?t.ttt‘sl. .- |£i~.tl rvtleidtlt r*tr.’is.fl.‘. '91.. *thwalu’t in tlttilhttifi ("t ‘ .il
«'li‘tli' but. ”Hts 1:62;». “til ttu ~111;'r.;'~l! N'i'wnr «Hunt-‘1'". Mt'flt'n nus-ital!"
.tl until! Itt ’tnttltntl Will H] 9(i-..l‘l'| luth‘ lailtt‘w't'lm 'nfi tiltt‘u-,\\ ttmlN tin”
lb‘ nti‘ihr-tll‘v'ltl 1':i4tt4l‘itl "it” til (it; rut-a ‘ Putt-.3 U lr'tlbl'b't “Ht. ttlt' . nu i
u/ .uunmtmwm lo .t-rwin "Uhéllildl mi: rt mt: «mum-it. outrun”.
1min» u! mutt r‘t‘utl'Wl Il‘ui».~o'ntte 1n .tV-vv-iq't‘a an I‘vtltl‘ilt tiitti tau. fiIH/ltétlt't
u l‘l‘l‘ltl’l’ rt rt ll .lutl Win.“ it’ll ‘ttl-a Hi “It!” «we .{3 li'lliiitlt'tli‘w’ rt .dttnllutt
rut-mum) -.-t i!§?’iit§tit;lll 1n launnml-msl in t'wlwmt "wit mmtntmn (4l 'mml
‘I""‘."lt 'Hli tltt elut‘ttj'Fi) rt: litu'fl "I?! it'll-’01”! 8 l0 .Ir'MNi-I ‘i'titt‘ltll ‘itil
413 um: .... thJi'ittl Itltwtl‘p‘t «it it) '1...n..t°=.t twang-um.» wit dull” ut
wwwul ........-...u.... r7: in 101 uni l ltmrqmnr» ml! min met-w»... mummm

us?! It l'"tlt.lult srtr. rttmtunm until! 01 'rnj-vtt mt tltttt reactant» (r‘s't'tl'r

sun—nun.-.

6

replacement at the saplicsnds with the system’s ssplicsts. Possible violations
arecttwosorts. Eithersosnshtaifincaptasedbythessplicsndsis
onittedinthssnhstitntioncssonlshtaitionnuehtsdtothessflicsndsis
hclndsdhthshshaviorolthssqh'cds. Thstraditionaldsonticparadomss
Wthssshtaittvedivalnss.
Bntitnatthbianctarethatalailaretoelncidatsthsphilosophyof
”WWWdaqu-Wm A
deonticsysts-hdse-sdinteitivebwettothsext-tthntitsdschration
olthesesbcontrarytogenerallyaccsptsdhehsb. Aneahessdthbsort
occasswhsssn'nathsbotthssyds-andwhsnitbap-Qaccspted
heathdnhsthscsdharymconntn-partdflhhbacrwhese
wheatailsdhyssntencssgensrallyhehsvedtohetrns. Batwhenoneis
dsdwhsthsrnhcenntahteitivewhesenb-ucriptiondobfiption,
Want-“subcutbdfls-mdconficth‘jnhents
dependinsonhownbtohsandsrstood. honstoashwhsthesthe
ilnperativea-ociatedwhhnnpartdasysts-dpssscrbtivenhsactaal
aMuwhethcthbWbanntnnlh? honstoash
whdhswnotouwonldmhshiwbohsythbhpcatmosnhsther
mdamufiywonld‘estothbhpssatinasacunonly
sharednidstohshavior? henstsqndionns’sWahontthe
trnthortabehoodolfi? Qndin-ththos-nhefidIaItosay
whethsrthesitantionshkhtkhtsdhyso-sdthsh-onsdsonticp-ndones
arepararhdcalandthbbqschbapsohhnhthsparadmes
a-ociatsdwithconflicth'ohkationsmdbc-nsd.
hummusmmmu
“Mmmmmumtnwm

..., t... .. ’t. .al 1‘... .n-pu - n! ”we all “it” tlitt. .1,” . t". it‘ 1.. an m: ; u
‘t ‘..--tuitu.~ “all M trauma» it'llltltllll 'w'm' '1 till n'tur 4h! in -'H
.. p. “filthy! will Ul tunnel-run! llngtndm min-r 10 lltztlltltlrnth' ‘ttl-l Ill ltnltsttw
r 'luln'ifltl )IJIIUIlo llatnlltLS'IJ ‘hivl .ltllttsl'fil,‘ ‘ltl’ Ill) 1thu’l‘Kl ‘Mll Ill l"9l!lllllll
"WES’Il' °' 'Hlt’lzit ‘3! "ill tslgjisiuul
m Ithwulhi.‘ ~).--l ‘IIhltttlli'D t-i ‘Hllithl 8 Mull 'Hu' Itit=l «till its‘ at H “hi
/ thiL'llltlt’t’) A'Hlltt.lwfi [Muir/f. 8 la Ht utttgwi‘tl :1) "till L‘ltt.\)'ttllll ‘tftut'a‘vbl
th'f’t ml "4i! Hi ”all um?) ”ill m llb‘lll zl -.I:;flJ_"!l lma. «i. Ht tit tr '» wimir-t-
tum wait in I Muir-N I rl'ut-ul lml twins (ltt.’l‘ltl" t-l (“um-z" rt r» vtit in
lrlltl'i‘Wfi {lust‘ul'fl b 0’l ll "I'l'ttlfl lnlti utslr (4-: 'Nll In rural) 8 at Q tt’l‘ttl I! r' tl'IItI
art-um 1.. .‘Mlh‘i (.t m: in marsmmmw examine] 115.3531.) 'tll '14:! ”.4 :ull littl'tl
rt wuu ll'rllll tut .‘mtt ml at lm-nti'ul ‘(lltz't-m'tzt wr-ttwtttw {d lMluJ't'n vi 1..
.tltntla gilt: 'lu ilull-‘ilwfi as at (3; and» 'sl;tt|Iltttlttuttn‘t m 1..it..iu ll‘tA'ru-g
mlti~ic‘..l°i![ Stitéisulltiti') in 5mm fit. ‘ttil Pi'ml ‘iiI-v .114 ZI‘rtstth 'lu ‘t'ttitéltl'ltl‘l'nl
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8. BOOM CONSSQ UENTIALBH AND POSSELE WORLDS

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13

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CHAPTER ONE
TENSE AND MODALITY

1. TRUTH, TENSE AND DETEMMI

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muaMMamehApp-dkc.

15

3/1) I] 11"” H"

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- I . . . .. ‘ 3
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.—— -—-— w—w

_-—-———~—

 

16

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w_~_._ __—__. _ ____,.

17

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wfimmdeMbu-fianm,br
“95"mmdw'udwuhhmpb'm
Ibo“. DBOhnIbMWwNmWMIe-lbmpubh
WmaHM-wmnb. 8.1-3.3cahothoqhtotu
“kWnth-WM(mhl-uionin
DEC.

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.‘ii! Iii'nihilu'» ‘12!) ’11:: .9! tin ,1.

'l

an In 6 Unbrlc-mII-HIHHI mil spun-turn! (II n-onbtlvw‘ml WI! all'wl 'H

~a.:l '--';:I:J.-uu'a ‘lw'u:I r. @gllillul 'thllHJR ‘0!“ ‘31“ II‘I'u -. In} 1...: ”Ind! ml

.-

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Mann» A 1mm nin- Ni il't'H-Vi [Us ,whgm;.-n um] .14!» mm“ Mai ’H'wl n:
I. :II‘I PMUIFIIUI ')l§li~:"8 WI! 3-: 'méw' -. ”t. .~/i:.I 1 .l '91!!! wanna
In} "I" I-tus "I" lIv'I‘le'I ~51 -._.{éi «hmwcim 1:1!I‘ii’ll'lf: "CI' unminis'mi
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in} In album‘s! 'um um.
‘r'ziuuwvi mun / I
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.rhzil'ui-Aillr mum.»
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2 m... g"
\ In)“ 1 .1 'i's‘ aboclsizi Yiiéi‘ilk'h’ ‘. I I
«H .4 nwrn 0'1 r‘IlHH‘P-I It't1t-IHIWIIJI in”; rt."~u'HHI m: 'm: 3-,,
I '1 ”Hr #031111!!!” 'nnptiue 'lu v‘bu’iuvw "Hu. mfhuliul ‘11“ .l'raII-Ili. In...’ .z':I:

'ri .‘i'vd new». a “wig-m was ob .81: u 14.6-41-1 It: cz'rvui'wtp‘w humor 1.4:“ .5111"

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"7 751‘011‘ 1.1-?! untidy}: “.4111 ‘t'lti I143” ‘vui',-.HU' om?! r-Ja5¢iiz;l=‘f 'L I .“sgraIr
rat t. '-.'.-"U~UI* WI :11? I : 10.9:“111'4 Iv‘n‘IHUIMIIHI I".’.1-'| m. wmtvmw»
m ...........'.{s .Uu’ {inn-.1 I.-~.v,..:‘|-iiuu III PIIII'I Inmmummh «.1 “mm:

‘4’!

18

2. Formula: Finite sequences at atomic fonnnlu.

3. Wen-Found Formula (vb):

3.1 H¢iudonicnm¢bwolkinnn¢

3.2 H‘lfiimwfihbbflomewdl-bmod:

3.2.1 w
312 (WW)
32-3 MW)
MA (db-W)
112.5 ($91!).

3.3 Tadlmvdl-hnod.
Wommhfiomficmm-oumtdwm
hmmmudumdudum.
WMdWwflth-filflchfim
whammohmmmmambmmm
Wuhan-put“

thbudWW-hmmm:
mumhmdwmmwmhm Thedafinition
«hmmtbuudmummu
WMhmdwmmmhbv‘dDBC
«shadow. ’I‘I’Idufinitiou’ngimvhubndm

mmmdei-‘uu. Mitch
Wtd-fiodd-mhorhponlm Thai-no
con-actio- htwcu the “but: at this out and are“: nits oi
wmm-mmum 'l‘hombmof
Mamm-wummbmmw
m-b-mWMnh-obw.

,. .iu'M-I mun-u. in r..In-~. 'v 1.1:: rum.“ 1
v - ~- -o
:w: H} (:.u|..‘.|urI Inmw'I ~II'H «

h‘nti’lcoI Ii-m m (In ,u-uuum 'mm H: m: a; .. '1: I r

‘: 'omlui hm w'ln xmmjiuI wII u-nh .rIlH ..--, J I-1i8 Ii 1 c
. I ;.t

t.‘ A .-I I. I. x

.4 \v .1 i ;.«I

.Ir'cmlm zi'uv mu. I Imps i wi‘
duds! In bun-until Mm: “xi! .wn'H-un ~I:g't-zu;v Mil uJ mm “"1“ we
HHIHuthIH UK In MOI! Ibhfl IIHUnl'Vl'H‘th Hb' qI” Ion! '0‘le rvn-gnc' ‘lll'r IHII
lei .JIID <11“ Ill 1‘11.“ I111!” Ir‘mulilnu. ml III“ In Menu/‘1 In lI-uis.u'..I.i, 0 “.II

.

n! In?! 1H»: WI fits") 11.-imam 1m. IMHE‘V‘fl-J “I H Hush-w 'r mar-m»- n-uiu

reclullt~l-v'2.g1 nu "Inhlwitg'w

0; “'1 HI "111‘ 'l'llr'. il'NIII""‘I‘ he? "1' "I” *lII I'w £4 ’1 11‘ :'1~"cI-3;wlll Hr
.1-nmtfi’I) mi 1. .IMISIII’III'IB ‘NI III N anmuznit. 1% II min In MU'HI m .'oi'11'1"~m'
Hu- 9 up” II III mam-nu.” IU til'I‘lfl ”I; in 51'1“th .|l: “mum! 1']! .1111 9”

“II In 513" 0:71 ‘1uI wlnlilimu'» MM! u MIN in em?” m NHJHUHI! ‘1 WW1 1‘!“

~1in ulqu in”; r3 v HI [rum .41 “dint: :II MoII Ivoitwuu .3: WI HM‘»
»... .4 «.1 I. II’ In.» 3 at rucouuzu-ssm MI: In wasmimnn aru'i mII
w: «I ads-III jazzy»: It'l'u‘lm’ll 1n ruruumu In 1% M! u: in hush-sit
Iv r’hllll blmii’n up" Inlk Inc! #1.“ in Frritflwul ‘Hil H‘P'N ['04 flu” punt“:
“I ~- I MN")!!! 'HII «WI‘B'HII 1n r IU'Hi *I cIt 'U‘N‘ “I II .nr. llrvhl'HII' 'IHI wllhaltc'ItI'
15311-11:an ' u .1v“?~v"li't'i Pl Hun-1E: um as 1;.) a: ‘uuyluw dim-um”: 91:. I11

' I l O u
o 11"“:“1'1'1 fl 'HII'HI'X.‘ 'dfl ”Hutgflll: I‘Q'DII'Hii1 ‘Htltw '5 'HJ 5"}; 'fllliuh.

 

19

Thesecondcoondinateism. mistobethoughtofasthepreeent
temporal stage, or the intend that we call “now“. «I is, of course, a
memhaoithentdtempordstmu.

Thethirdcootdiaateb<. Intuitively<btheeaflier-thanrelation
between temporal stages. We will adopt the convention ol writing n<m for,
"nhastherelation<tom';intnitively,'aisearlierthasm'.

Thebnrtheooldinate'nthemnlti-purposeluctioal. Partol‘ite
work,loremample,'ltoasdgatmthvahestoatomicaenteaeuattemponl
stages. Therolesotthisluctioawillhedisceeeedolepartatatimeas
varions'usuesarediscnssed. Thefifthbluctioagwhiclliatnitivelytakesa
moment,aaageatandawfluitsargnmeltsandgiveatheaxiologicalvalae
lortheageatatthemomentdtheaituatioetbatwonldbethecaseifthe
wfiwesetne. hotbesworcb,ilmisJannary1,3OOB.C.,aldflaisthe
mtSochandthewflpisthetraulatioaiot'Socrateediscasses
philosophy'theefim,a,p)istobethoashtolasthevaheintennsof
goodseesstmrelativetoSocrateeofthepo-ibbsitnetioawheseiaSocrates
dict-OM!

Theiolmalpreeeatatioabaslollows:

7. AnhterpletetioeolDBOisaaorderedqeiateple

In (M,at,<,l,g) where

7.1 Mbamwemptyset.

7.2 $6M.

7.3 (habharyreletioaoau.

7.4 Iialnctioenchthat

7.4.1 where ¢ 'I aa atomic senteme and xEM, flx,¢)€{0,l},
i.e.,ioreachmembeto€M,Ia-ipseithet00r1toeveryatomicsentence.
Knuth]then¢iseatisfiedialatxor,intuitively,tneatx,andif

v . o v‘ g M 1! n , .
. . a 1. I ’11 . 'I 1| d: . . , o g: 1' It I.
1 ,n '1Ir' '- ‘ I III It IIr‘ ”'3' I: ' ' " HI
, HMH l'ni..t .H «1 ' .0 -J'l-:'H I "50.41 . "no I. ' II.
1' a1 “5!.” 'l I' H-LNII/u . i-Iti 14 H.” ’h'. I.E~" Ii hr; .13 1| Whis-
tli Had}! I UN.» 'o 11. pl ‘1' 1' ' [I 2210; -1 "HI {H H
I" Ith i 61-»! JILI 'v'I’4:IHI| :3 wt HII r'l HI *. Int-v I. ~1..l "~11
will H rtul'fidw ulllulb to , 05?: I till I: l r «I w 61mm . 1 i ’1
um! N 1,. Wm! an” i H .t- -.. t. N xi .11 .s'! :1 In r. wt .~.
1.2 .H‘ Mi M! H - nlN ‘9 Ilua' NIH! r1 bI-hiu 'lHI s . !- .u ‘1 1. lull ~‘I".I.. I"
I 11.4 .11 1- Hi. I 9'3; i'u- .. 1.: -"i u: r'lt Pt; I: 'I h ~.‘ In . It v13 '-.-.«vn1

It 1...: 31;! ‘tol iii-hall H H H‘ II. “I ' 'II' In :li"lII1 ‘b II 'a. III 7 ' I‘ IUI

. I I
7“ K H I1]. _ ’ I "If! I :‘H I‘?‘.2.i. ..‘. ' h ,r:¢|'-}- I".I--" 111 !..II .. H II.”
N . . e I v n '
10 “do an]. O H "1! l!-..1.I 1.:0 (I! -; I E. N 'I..I l‘i'h II"- ‘I‘ ' l
mum: m Pip-I Ml —u h '.~.:..,yv 'I v; '. In! :- ~ 1' 'f-m «mm
“1.. .‘ Hf -l'-| 'I :a tls.l"‘( 'wW- r‘ (“I ‘HI I :H "5' «‘2 ct}! . .. I; HI
. .I 11 3'; t n wt!

“ Ii'l. "5-. II I! “4.3.1‘v' H} H railhI vii
oI~l_.1..1ng- is” n31” I“. . I .I I" tun ol‘V-QI 15.15 at; I
w '41:! Us .2. .m i. . ~ 1.
‘ 4 I, n 5. at I; I

I “I ‘. .

I} H... ”'113 .Il'i (I ‘.‘.ti 1. r'a 49v (1 I

11- * gi u-M'umi g. A I a .

1 . .H I / I.” 1 ‘3 ,3 W 41:10:11; Uh r1 _. i I“ ti 3
'c! ., :nL-H. I‘I‘WI'I Hi l in H 'l'u-ea': rsi‘f' I I. I‘ In r~ Lima 11‘: 3 1' ‘

, ug. .~-,;' 31.; 1:. I 1; ; n; 1' :1." o.‘ . - .t .v! 1 g'

 

20

fix,¢)-0,¢'nlotatfiadh3uxorhbaux.

hithMtflohWWdDBCuflombr
wmau,hm,wwmmmmw
“tannin-Int“. Mbbm,itbucaphbhtht
(¢MI.¢)-KI.¢))whm¢iII-utonicmmi-#m

Wuhan-(htohthoqhduthcufln—Muhth
mm mmmmdDBCmmtw-ulfily
Mummmmmumm 1th
WM'mbWhh-udmmtudhbu
“whether-Int. WJBMWOIDBC
hmwummmmwuwdu
wwquWw-‘m'amm
Mun-av.

hvfiwdfiomdfiomuhmmmhx,
yudgflxbufiuthayndybukfiulth-xbmkthn
s,tnnnithityinuquindd<.

7.3.1 (x<yay<s)+x¢s.

Nod,itbnghdd<thtitInH-hu. hath-twine
thhkdcnhMunMI-dflmfihkdtbpuhbufluthu
thpmt-tothhfidtbmtmt,umw-W
«(bwmuhmMmMImmu-caflwith
mldhmflcmubyuhmwmdupwfitfidum
mun-co. MMchwn-thdthukwhmm
mthfiow

7.3.2 (x<yu<y) +(x<sn<x).

MWWumuk—MMEWM

bytwoboliab. Thflut'lthtthp-tanothchuod. Omithu

‘ \I

.7 H. " “J a-. , m l' m I-Mwur 8.." (I _ I -- J ‘ ,.

h-I f’h'IIh Ili'I In HIHHIh'l-gt. i-udhl‘n H ”41 "MI HUI! Ir-Hinsl 'hI (I. H II
I: uhl' In] WELIL- HI .P‘i“.c.i¢ IIIII'NIIII'II Iofléi‘lh ./’§"p!IIIl§!:ll .I/ In. ("'l'flItll’aggl I'MHI'1I'
It A! 'OI-uflwnw vi II .184 01 at IHII .rvmmu'w "with.” «In! In sol-v
u - m h 1mm .9'».: eluv . .m. u m: r1 u made: u ..m\ -=I wimp“,

uuHsiI‘fl IIthI—‘l-plluub '1!!! vi: In JIILHLuI WI 0| «1| .3 mum?“ ‘I:III

[Idler-4‘01)“ Inn W18 flj‘ I In an urv'u'w. ‘DIIIIHIK “HII MI«UI. AMI-nu: .3" "-0-! ”a uI

rd II Mn! {IiMH-oh 1H 'm H Iiimnnl'o Ii: Inn") rill Inn .v. : -u .M 9*. bdrm»
_ _ _ .V ~ n- 9 . . ._ -_

'5 VIII Inm mwmmcl 'Illn U: ‘M' II 9:! will“! a! unim'nr' IMI: ‘al' 9 MW . v8

:I.°-I In run "It It“; nun: (III; M «(II ,II whims-ml 3.: urn-am :.:».I In 'IWII'Iyflb «mm.

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ail It." 1n ”and" [Inga-.143.» 51‘ 1"")! m Jiitfltuiwrl mi! AI Iron” 'zmmI
" In-uuum "2:qu
x .o'IH'uHHIII W‘HII ‘JHK ‘IH'I IRSII 'N'Hl wul In 'II I! :trlvhiq ‘HII Iw N‘oll III
mm 1qu?» a I. u-om A dmIJ 1am» ,. 4 has I until 1249:») 4 I ‘I: .8 his 4!
a» In lump-:1 .-.. ummmt'n .x
.312/"I53'IAJ»-/I I03
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.5”: "III-*II-fl ‘{.I.c-’IIIII II'NII ,.|u-~.m.m Inna-91¢} ‘NII in II ~I ‘HII nl as Iww'blt] ‘MII
Hi.” Ii I'i‘nlfl'u'l Q” I: .‘VAMII'D ‘0” lnm'u‘u} MIR ‘IHI Jeni: uultamvol 'm.I M ) II”
M's-II Junie- s {IIIH tw In!” Iii» «a .0111} s M an! mar-mt "Mi-um w: "In {Iu'b
HMII 1-mi 'tu roiilwa ruin-w ‘MI Irwu 9m l'y'w‘ «:55 m lav-Mum oi mi .muuugvv
.q'HI‘NtIl"" ‘12!” III Hl' ”hull 1 III” 'HH- w
I,’*'\VT~..3r/‘l° Il.?’u'\:\"f".'I L: ‘

. a a I I I
”WW-Hun! --l III-'H‘I'Vl lhdifi-‘I‘Mh-I ‘MI Ilu ‘Dlér‘II-IIJHHH msl' thin-mph:

. , ~ I ‘ . ,
‘3‘ I Tu!“ In}. Ml; ml lunldu'r In I 'HII huh «4.6 lwuf Wm H 'nuI «will “I

 

21

bmthcuethuamoucubringitsboutthuitbhbthtcfiund
tobothocuo. mm¢732olduualputpodbbwoddnonu
liuh'o-thpmttothcuB-t'aflorbmitypdflthnbno
uric-twat“. MW].

FIGURE 1
LEFT-LINEARlTY

 

 

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W Shoo wmbuwmwm
nightbnuhhtothhtuo. Fmthnmiwdtbuwthnm
mdmmdeMudmdm,wmmt-W
would”. Flefit-Whuw,hmfit
bmdeWfiafiomthwflch'The
Patmbbho'hmtnmothcwmmmmt
whmitin. MonmtuphydcdlyM,ththhttbetomporflnNion

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r ‘1
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a: unit 1... «a my... D 'k-i ,l mmmwfii nit u}

HI In”: ‘NNi 8 hi \' h! ‘0‘”: mum at H QM“! 4H l-tu|

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PUJIIH "flu vf'v‘wlofl‘l 8". . “.4: . ||.; 1 \ [., u, .‘

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ulm "ulna“ hum

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:w'! Ulwhhi ‘nH HM Y'3I‘M3 'MH ....u U .: :\:tr-I.!u:.I-m * M II "was”

 

2‘2

canbmchtowudthohtuoi-ordiurilyuochtodwithhdoteminim
Mmhtmmb.

In CW 9 d D. W Arm following his
WWWMQMIB'MVmNn
m—flfitW'mdMuflhWnflm layman.
u-umdmmdmmnhumm
WmnntuflyWudMMuh-mmh
moaned. M’nmde-hhudtm
ummdomthchwsytfl-pmmhmm.

M’ohwmhmfltlyhymmdth
“lotto-ammolm Bambi-dim»
mmmammammm
pohtifnctinuhnnohbmoonthhhnmdmbdnlud
mmmmmamm. Ithph-ibb
wuwm.udmmmmmto
thantudumdthlucahuwwhbcmm
action.

mmwmmmuudwtwum
WMMmWW,flth-MWDBC
Mhtflt-mem Ninth-3y
“mt-Whmwmmmawumt
hwwmmwwmuuw
utithutSix. madam-mum.

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int” HIE“! “1 W‘ r',‘ "trail & "’13P“. ,,!". 1‘0“!) 4 ' LN!"

FIGURE 2
RIGHT BRANCHING

 

vmmmmmwmmuum
dtbhn'hbph‘tobtbc-ouflhdfit—Wmfia.
NHdMWMh&N.PMIdeM
WmmOThMMo-JM hut-attic
mmdDBC,Prhrmhhh-Wthmthttnthnhe
hmhmuwwgmwmwmmm
mumdummtuuwdma
Ml mfl-MWflmbw-hwm
Hurflthwm;mthm Thu-cleft
drflhwvflMbcd-dm
M'h'hsuhuw,d'flhavmm«or
km
7.5 unmouthxm
i) fight.
ii) (x#yax€hy€b)->(x<yvy<x),

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l'ivl wnH' rm; nummium m "in: 4. ymumi mummy»: 1mm! M~i1 ium 13-4
.rnHlehl twig»: wi 'lofhflfl'ui INN n‘Hu'mg'M “lowml blur! in”;

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V: a H

.(lfiPJVIw/Pl'é‘ljkd‘lh‘l‘ll U1

 

24

iii) xE h»(y)(y<x-vy E b) and
iv) (x6h(ib')(X<y))-’(3!)(X<yw€h)-
Conditioninnqnituthdthnhfiu<uitjoiunmbeudhis
Muddghtlhnr. “flmththuchmtxhthhflormafl
muwkthnxabbmatbhflay. Ounightnytht
meth-buuflkmum
cancel-d. annhuthdmthmmwmbhhthxthm
nudhommthtcthnxhthlfluy. hothmiv)
thth-bummbmm.
mumwfi-fitm—bbthmflmm
WMWbdflb‘. Thuthmbu-ccadudpadbb
ththhutdeQodwhkh'Mw-hduhg'
Etna. Amdmhmhdwhicbhuficthncwcthu
makmthfihswhquthw-doudtho
WNW-Minutes.

FIGURE 3
HISTORIES

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MB
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26

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MWBWMhm'Mhnm-W'bwhm
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beau.
Fmthovhwpohtddulity,onlyoudthhmconhiniu
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find. “kWh-“deumlythmmnl

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26

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mmwmuummmmhm
thudo-otbflowPrht’I-w. hmmhtbuttcwillnothue
ummmW-wmhm-m.
Wommhambmmmhm
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9.

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27

Inordertouoomodsteteuodoentenouthofoflowingnpplemtam
required:
1.4 Ten-00m PudF,
udtothwfllbtmuddod:
3.2.6 P9
3.2.7 WI.
WWth-M
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9.10 {mph-t it (1:)(m0Agflfll3-t), aha-who it h f.
Intuitivoly,P¢Moldh-ryumdthtypo'ltudtobe
thocuothnt¢'. Mmmifihmthnbmmtmfiu
thuthomtdcnhstionhvmfi'lhu. “M'Itin
“buttocmthtfudmmmwhrnmmjndh
methwhmmuth-h
which¢btnm WWWMWMMdPI-ior’s
mmOT,:hWbyThomuofl°,mthbthe-ud
OTmmthothuolDBC.

8. ALETHIC MODALITY

hthohhoductinn,itwu-nthndtthBthh-thom
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mummwwkyumm. This
mammmmmmmam
ofluedbyDuvidLow'lorSulKI-iphbrmmph. Thoma-belittle
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not only of modal discourse, but in the treatment of other concepts
realcitnnt to “Alysia. Moreover, deactibing the characteristics at oertnin
aortaofoetnadfunctiou'u,ontobgiuflycpding,arehtivelyhrmha
MWMWMm-fiahmthimof
mine. ButwhamwpfiutbmeW,when
onechimsthtcertahdthueut-tbonticaflydacfibedobioctumtobe
mtdumwmmbmwmwamw
worth. Homatoontthetnthconditio-iorcutnhmdmtaeeain
mmdwbhqummtbdQMbwthmpouibh
workbmtohech-ifiedontohm. AocordhctoAthhnthufor
mmpla,pouiblowoddnex'nt,udtheymnhutnctoorholobjecta.
AmocdhgtoDnvidLuhontheothahnd,apouibhworldhnomom
nebutnctobjectthubthcwoddweiwin,withitunoubotncttmu,
tnbha,etc. nu-mhwmmmumm

poulbloworkhmonnpu. Olpodbhwahlmvbm

Themeouth-othuworfll,otkmilcluive
thing. Ouwoddcouhtuduudnllou

mmmttfindwnut-
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II III‘IIIIH'

" I~"!I' "‘ ’I "' 'I llr“'Ii ’ III ‘I‘ " If II I‘ HI. "II III ‘-I‘I’II ‘~ i I

 

‘29

corehtive to a possible worlds semantics. Possible worlds semantics commits
onetoinchdingpouiblsworkbinous’sontobgy,udspossibleworldis
thsnmssortotthingthatthsactulwoddh. Isothetwosds,sviewlike
Phthp’gwcosdingtowhiehspouibbwofld'uasbstrsctobjsctisto
henisctsd.

st'uuysthtapossiblewoddistsmponflycomm Objectsor
stotssotsflsirsthtmtsmponflyrsbtsdtothspusutmo-atue
includsdhthspossiblswoddwscsll'actul'homoupssspsctive.
Socntudrhkhghsmbchlormpls,bpsrtdtbsctulwodd,w
thbsvsntissotpsssntlyoccsnhgho-thtsmponllycluvhistic
viewpoint. hmdtypicdright—Wtasshgicmfimthbb
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FIGURE 4
IDENTICAL PASTS

 

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31

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32

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ammmtomuyotm,lormmph,'ltudtobetho
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ponibilitiaatn. UIh-thifivomhhtmm
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FIGURE 5
FUTURE POSSIBILITY

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VFW-‘7“- ~——. ‘—

CHAPTER TWO
ACTION

1. BRINGHVG' SOMETHING ABOUT

Whubthnhtionbetwmaguhudthehactio-I? hhitively,the
madwmmwumuumhm HSnitlm
mumummuuubmm’.mmm
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smmmmugumummm
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mmu-ummmmudmmmmd
WMhmh)hwh-mmormum.

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(la-khan. memmubmu. lithe
mtmtbmthauhmmhmmdnm'fihthe
proatatwhkhthohnpouhith’oubofl. hots-emana-

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35

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mupodhhrnbfinto-Mthnctio-dam bother
wathahhthd-buu-tdwmum.
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36

m, handles of the agent, must include the present moment from the
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the-th’lmhghchd-thepmtectulm Soweeddtothe
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uctiouopentor:
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and when x is 0! type 4, (h)(x€h-»:I[(1¢A1w)]]1st). The Initiation might
be depicted a tailors:

3 4 typuolmto

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40

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r m honilurtrww 4d! BHMILJi amt : i. i III Ii; 1, m i-‘Hl‘no’h lt-n rtiiwmmi‘
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.rawui' ti A j] ./i «Iv-nil flimm HI rll :_°H|I.HI‘~
tau: ‘J‘r (J‘ «Li .1 r {I

. ‘.I fihfI I

"

‘H‘I .1 [-nn Hid-4341,98 «HI (‘51 {iii}! ISIIUI‘IE-flu'} 'HII Illtuifi 'J‘IHLI ‘02:» I;

42

wt,thaifoneubobtilpabonttheutocodent,onebrinptbout
thou-squat. Mtbafiafi.

T. -Ba¢-»¢u
OHM, T. .hib D‘
D. kw» "IBafifi

habbflowufiu-T.Mtbmogcunl
12.2 h-Bflefimmfifi
halt.
AIRRPMOholdildldeDoyflu-dnoddhgic,”
P.,RP.udO‘holdilDBC.
P. h1M¢A1¢)

BP‘ hi
I- 1Ba1¢

O. hfifia-Iw-IM
Euliat,itwuuieodthtmhltadhuyhmtiolo,itilnott
theithflthbdcdwdwhtahhpabutmnbhmght
tho-tun. 'l‘hpthcflothudouhold,12.3,bdmwtblogied
wdwwahrh'uhoutdommwmfim
hmmnuttfihubktoa’om

12.3 i-Q-vi
'- Bali-NW.

Itbahoworthnothgtht:
13.4 “(WWPBGMV‘W
“tenant-hum“. mmea-flm app-0W1:
Nuthathonmtdladtnn. Alduppouthuthuubtthut
mmtpouibbuhtintothmtdwdufimflwhfichifiia
the. HVhlogictllytru,thn(¢v‘W)nutbotnouth'-momt
mfldcfiommtbadthmtdwdwionudthu

I ' I ‘ I ‘ . . .
”an «".IHI~I 'IIIU 1H HI‘II‘HIIB '"II Illwlr r' IHI'I Ir‘lh ‘Iilu I? H'III III'I’I'I'I‘M

rig-"III! as nI I HIJ ": nun-4px: HI"!

‘I #3.“in I lIo‘IIcaIril)

I...

.(,J l.. ‘ 1:31; I 9 Kl
' . g a. . o
'9 run-s ‘P‘Ilml “III-l 1qu I mml ntlulhal was II
tint ~rmil 3;!
r’! Itlsi
M WWI Irimm I» .~ HI‘ WM. 1:19PM! ii» in wind ‘-‘ IN: 'IQI [I -/

O

' I: O ' .'
. 1., I m Iuou \l I-IIB ' I11 . I

I " VI” ‘ - I
(1; M

"‘2 ""I J
4 0‘; v “I I)

Is In" ,4 H ,tilqjxfuilll iIILIIJI‘IU i. 19‘3‘28 H.3II Ir: glull 6'5 II II '1 Mitt. I

III"IIMI'I (VII? 'I‘Hé IIIUIIB .4 _”'1II I) "Fii" In (‘I‘iII=:g:;'*u’-'.IIH‘I Ifi'ti' 4} ‘1‘! 159:: a: HI

Law'gui :III IMII «fr-Irviixm t‘ '..I Auxili n'mii IMII 'Ii‘gl mu] "II. I. III HIM”.
«I Hill "In 'II‘N’I'I II until 11"."! W Lu HI; Illenis r2. .i' I» Infill Iv r'r'tl'tliirwllna

“I,” IS a L OI 'IIiH-‘IUHHH. IUWH'H'HI Inn HI

.1141! Lizzfiuil (131112" (v.18 nl II

IRWI'V I’ (5"“Vu‘1ul I".
, . I’ ' ' H
i .i «I ’n-‘ncI-Ifir'. ,r Hush-I an AI I'Il‘oultltclili't‘c'i "HI "I IIHIHIIH 'H'UN‘ "" "“I
I iw-I in Al 'ti’sIH ILJI Ion‘I'g‘II" Ioflf 'IH'ii I I 1 It! LIVE-VINE“ all ‘JQIIIIIIIII 'I‘i‘

-¢ . I‘ MIN It: IIMIH~.II5I.£I In Hum-MI "III ul 9/1151“! 'DII- ‘HII I-i-mwm ‘HIH
..-. um 41.! In: 'z-II WI :«mu Igvi‘i H'HII .‘OIIH /.h'!|‘."I N . I. mum

“.13 (1'3. II‘HIIui .I. 1'" I‘ III 'II‘ ‘III ‘III'. I8 3 “I III"I:TI!‘.w' ii IIx-I’ I}; -:‘z “IIIIrI-Iw

43

Ba(¢vw) must be (aha, linking the consequent of 13.4 fake. Aha note tint:

13.5 U‘Ba(¢V‘¥')-'(BO¢VW)-
Ththu-dvb.ad8.mlotthunlnithc.

ThbflowhgtwothuunighthotbouhtdunhthtwithMP
MbtthBa:

12.4 homaofind

12.5 how-Wm.
thw'mbpodblyhmfitabatbm And
mmmqumethm-um. But
con-ids:

12.6 :- (BaCMA 01m 0 '11!) 4 1M
Smhmpbthtfibmflythmutn. Hahhpcm
Mdmtfiadmamuthou-ipodmmtmmiw
ton. Hmm'oddnthhhhnntbpodbbmtsmt
mama-mammaummummnam
with”. EnthaintunycoltiuutMuqmthu-m-t
bmmtddthnpodbhdnwhvbhhudhaith
wuwmhwummmwbaum In
mmfimwhmeMbMthe-odonthhg
“Woo-thou. MMwauu-uflytbmh
ugfildmwdm hbhwohmBWndT‘tht
0‘. MMihdnmlyfl¢htnohmmtpufibb
Metal. Mahmhahhhgthhahughndbe
“mm-aunt. Hmhdoomdoaymhgntdl.
Fawmthnbdm

12.7 t- BaD‘H Dad.
m.

.emil «Inn urh- 04“! 6 Ii .1” III want-«EMU ‘nli MAMA Nah! r--’ Ptinl tJV . 1|
I‘J.a<g\" «'1;- (“V-“Hit - -.I

I ~ . f - _ . l'

I'HIH‘! amend! in" am: 9! mu. u .4 “mm «at

it). Ill!” lmil #11101 at; In Mulmuil mi ldJul the»!!! «UH Lsidiwi.’ .3 '9!”

Ind in llngh‘utitigit «4!: 1”! Hunt.

toot“ t.‘ ' {p.45 1 t 2.!

(.I ' fluid x 1
"Ill “lat-"flu! at “in”; Li‘fl'vv‘itl Ié‘f!"‘\kl "J Ih‘tifl '1 n._;w} ‘uii n) T'Hlill'l'l‘f
mil rtunrw'ml ai mum; “humid I'l'lowr‘t’r‘" «i Jtu‘fl 1wan «(I m gnu-Inns
I‘ clunm "'v

Juli *N a: M,— ~“i:‘~ it.»
< willfld n H I" IN 'bv-tg‘v “nil lit'lfikv't roe] RI (‘9 Nut] ‘N'ql'lHLI-t ’lul -o.«n.a‘1lv'

”Hub" ‘iiliém-uq lwumnn I't'uu Inn .2.“ ml 14-qu :1 .ul Is Wu“ .0” It: lllmlte
inn rummum "kHz-mm} mil iis m weld «d ma Hum.» 51; Jun 35 .m m
fir .Ji mus i-~*:.in|I ml iiuuu m) ;| t! “mini-mu an”?! lum m is t m I-uuwunu-s
'rflltll tin“ J Um. ."'|Il‘li!l‘m “rat-ml!!!” (HR 1“] null .Iu'. N .‘iwld ”Ni Mann
'4 I: wand but; Mix] in 3* 91min ,0“ us fli'iifiw". «null if}; H munum mww mi
Hi I" la n 0.! [rumba-'5 «Mt-mull m“ “h“ H. ~qu ‘m m 4 1n} "inn/mum
mind lull nip ‘Mfi'! duh Hyman-um a] 3min mono; ‘2..l:t:| “in «mail .kim N rub»

~2I “mm «m filmy-rm] an hm» Imus L‘fli.4iii’lil macamu') 21111111113 mm?»

Mail 3" I'm: .';= )1 mm? aimié it t] .n'mvinmu in lint (ivnrmm 10 wt». a mu

up”; mun-m 'I‘WI‘) m mm m «1» 'li Jim: at H; mm vi (1; lull A.)
w-i I-—.u.u 9d Jun-is ant! mm m .. gal him) an wan-n11 .m m mum”

1., ih ‘gilllm‘l'mll mu» hi» mu I‘Nvil ‘Hi .06 H .wsmnnm 'Iicivrnfl lib iwtlglflfi
”raw-bx' It» ain't wit .r:ln~‘r'.b‘v‘l “.3. m.“ nwi
.LJ-I ‘ “(1: t -' 2 5'

.rrt' 1'

44

Comaingthoitcgtiondutionuuiption,whichwillphym
input-ItmthhphtmehthudhChpta
Sh'hnad’ombdmm

13.6 “Wand.
hdkmwahitaboutthtflbthpit-bont¢dounot
ataflthdabthp¢uhont

2. AGENCY UNIQUENESS

Hmthoqnutioudthouiqmof-ctimuhltilmmly
WMtbuth-dmhwfltmtmhmm
uiqutohim. W,mnfltdflnpflnuatuyacflmmton
toDBCtUmnanuiquhmibhguth-thnin

Fint,ounkhtMWthyorw. Thu
havehvoiltmducodwbdthtypoNhMdeth
ourt,'lt.dtobothcantht¢'udi‘¢iotudhuynmdtho
ut'ltbgohgtobothcauthtw. “Mun-outta]:
Wmmttod'ncumhohtmdmdmcfichflyflmaddthe
fl-MMHMGhu-mdtbm,'ltdwgysm
hathmthtflud'ltbahmphctohthcmthtw
W.TbWfiuum-M

B'IWMHP'W
and
G¢H(¢A1F"¢).

WtoDBCuucfionmbWbythnI-omtu

WWII-lab. MPBMa-dFBafie-Iaflbetneuthe

:n.’ Lt. EHI: H Jun ”'03 ,m9 -. ,-..‘, x. In H'MUI'I"H 'hl‘ ‘NH‘ttW-Il'

"Hahn ’ III 1.0:“ .I‘d’lllrw’: n HHI'M'hH "HEN MINI I‘d-gm: ' NI ‘lltn 1|th"! ’t

f1wiv2w‘iun lav-v vii- Hi “mum; «a lawn Ii‘vlifl

AI V ul
w~ :. u. 41~ NH

I'ul rml: .: lunch; 3| rmnsi u hull ”Imus .H rultltl . Susi! drum tmws M

nip-tn 1;: gamut n .uai' :.7. cm

'inuIm-n 4 H .—‘tr5l:\ nun-h 'tu h-':|.":«M:utll mi: .3“ IImL'WHp mil "1‘”
.‘w 'Oniom m was Ul'fl’hnltl 8 l1. lflw'zfl 1* m"! In «(“4343 mi: high [run/«.2
'“a'n'l'vw "cubs (15M'untiwum i’i'fi nimm 9'" .HJEII 1 VIII: mm «o! “Imam"
.ii at lit-1i! uuéou. uni-5's m m smgawu wuuu one mil nui us
An! . .‘Ifi 9! ““11 'l" II;Et!it,?h'~~- "I h“ Hum 1‘ TQM-“11'?! 1:122“?! ‘HH' .1: H ‘
'lit in Manta w. I'iis'v"'l1) 'Iv'l - i ‘M H mil in in» IH’IFH'WKI w In an .H-'
all In wrm'vln‘m (Hunt-'1“ 'Itt‘ w'i mm .. Hui] ”an to.” «J u] Irv“ U" ,h m
-, ”‘4'. vupiilu wiltvujuV-l til "'3, [1.1! ‘M:."» “uh 9“ n! with); rt It" II‘
”'1? ”6 "II it lillmiiill'v "Flinn! tI-i'r.“5~°'!flll “‘5 UR'r ”I! .. H u! Nib” ‘H! 'IUH"!‘“I”

w." stall“: 11" .ul'lq] 1!“ 1n wt'nuwm-w 10] H lzalh H .4:thqu "Maui-54m

who ‘3‘“. "3.6" °§fll ‘9" ‘1' SIMIL‘J “I'Iu if”: H. ’1: L]... M .3 |,:'| 'kh , ”Ii. .l"""
A- _ _ ‘ - . .
-"NUUU‘ RR "'13:? HW-‘HH Immutm' 3!» will (i'un'vuw'u‘l
'9 I “a? ' H
M.»
H '1 A .‘f‘ *u’

u. m'v-s 'mlw‘ mi: ml inunull‘n; mi mu war». as H35 0.! umirvnnl‘

«M m "cm! «I has at.» ‘. H iltlb’ mul'i x...“ .nmmlum 'wnml' xthmwu‘aI

45

mitten-v31. Thiamwiththeintnitiolthatonecubfingnbonttodty
tbmthhpoumtshoctym. Mm,thmilno
W,INIDBOBWWMOIGM But,ifo|e
muwmugmhmm,ud
Mmhumwhmfibmgthbhmmbe
wmmmwwuuummm
WU:

l-B'MH(BMAH1”AG‘|M).
HB'Ma’Im¢Ibmthmm hothum,a’o
Richtfiahontbtmponflyuiqujutilmamhthpitsbontbnt
mdidaobdonndvilmdooonnh.

WWthhvkthornothb

cabri-gnboutthmltdodflin. It’lpu-ittothBCthtioc
meandfl,flupudm Thimwtthtbhtdththt,
hmmwamfithaMthn-nthhgumtp. Thick
dwm-«uWM'MWflmhn-did
bynddhgidufitytothdDBOi-mmmndby
ddhcaWth-bhsmmmmhtht

l- 3"MH (Eda 1(33)(8#¢AB‘)).

hdkwafidom¢ubatbnchhuhujuthmam
fiuhodnttbwalddwmwmdmmthhpitnbmtst

think-chm.
Ammunmcubmwith.thhdmfion
WWW-blows:
l- Bmwfi (B'fia 1(3:)(s#aa (B‘vPB‘vFBfin).
hotbewadga’lblhchcéthonththbnchlhndmmuiqu
wunqnhuthtnomebhhgthbuhontmbdaeordta,udth3t

Li J luau“. amli m... 'm” Mai: H‘Hiulhll Md! [NIH ,- d :. u.‘ ’2 I. in! 'HU.

“W "'1 WI "‘1 ,1‘! "t"'i'§I llsll'?‘-I-""l I" “'0; “"1" HI Wu" ""H.”' 'HOHM’ 03‘

I O

«In n ,mu “um-l 10 mun! Imam“ ia‘;*U‘t‘i'olt¢-I at hid v.5 "ml an .n-Mhhlws'

'43.: .IIHH'HI’PR Hull)“ 1", 'ti;r$!1;”fl'1‘ltl 8 ‘92! (*‘vlidi’piélfl itntrfnld huh "ill ‘4'
ml mu .mmnnqmi mi: .m-ma-wumns eni! 1mm] unit wwiaimm um "mu
mul'w st‘tholltfioim "6 1H] (1rd“ lhllnitmdoil ‘loufluizul 'HH [iHN Landau-1.

.‘i 1crh71-ug‘w

by»? all“. t} “figs-«UP '1' d ‘

a; zinc.» Tulm "I su‘ums u'fun-ngm-‘I Al 1”le I}: ‘~. Uruml r ,. '3 1.

HM In a?“ H w- and mm l‘~ was: :1: L-H ”mum: .‘..t~.‘ltuh:! n at hlmih‘ 5. )uii'vt..ht
.n‘V' t. me u}: TN‘HI iiiw low awn-tn m i‘ii» 'I‘H'M
r ‘ “:1: I'Nlliviit Jun '10 1min“! 4| rani‘ulgulltl 1mm“: [l\oho’."n‘- 1””!qu
'teil bui) 'Iiiil my lralémlru] at H (”H.335 In Muir «hum w“! m "it; mutt} Nu:
.Imi; uumunn mil (inn gnu-12;: ridT “yd Ins 1, i his a kill-ij;p Ila-41.21;.
A'thi 'Hi i‘ .N “PWB '8 3mm}: "H’Bc’ mil ‘ml )i' ‘rd high” I! JH-Ns flan-w :ulnr w
DWIMIII‘W “I" tlh‘t ."I-J'Hl‘ulgutll lbtuv'” 1410.411“ .v'r'm'tliuhiu 30°01; u! luvn‘. in
M hm. {6N Wicimcg-‘qu (mum m kit] In amine-‘11:!» mil m sum-.54 mid-i b m.
.Ifdi' ‘i‘zlm :éi may: r!!! '0'"! 8 1n} truth lh'l'fl'll'fi‘d’ 8 1;I3;tv;rfi
”mafia: «1.3.x! 6.“..4‘1; .l -
Wmui h «an at law 'mvfim NEW»? 4 Imam r; “mum“! m, ei mu Tui’w ui
‘h ”th II VAIIHJ Irl“‘!fl l'nlnwai: nu In”; umnniul'b 'Iu Mm» w?! m Mimi}; :,
«In mu; «all
u'll'ofi mun s Iii!" lt'ilg’l-‘Urrfi «yd m» arrm‘unpum L. mr-tvl» '1 an! 1'
Tklzntiai .4" Irv: :13: it 'I:"L3‘h]II
.1tl..?\.:iiVuo\'éiV£.'Ic"i‘}AII*°-INI..D A‘ ' 4;“ ‘3”. (i
‘ Who-u.» liitsltr'nll'fl his Hun-w 41:21 on “has (1a '.-e:i=.~'c'1ci a. .ai MN 1' u.» m

h»; M!» 1H3». 'm «mu; mm "unis mil ‘fflthi w-i-o ”an un 1min wmuput n u

46

ahhnaoflnevorhdu'oudnevernfterbrinpitsbont.
Thuiqmdmthh-hoaa-ntmdwmcinmm
WWthfiimdutkMi-lfil. Hewutodth
urban-1m... Mummquwthobhth-W
0(oumdtkh-Opmwefl—iomd)tommmt-typuud
“mast-taint. Ammtlythvmlthphn'ghtotud
{or'nnuduhx'or'sotaling'oroonethiudmihn huobligstion
Wmfltnyu'mbM',hm By
mmmmmmmwmtuhmmwu
bWtonydaact-tokathtitbobw,motc.
Shooitbmnnythmthtpuwmdnhrfio-htouct
Wdflfl-MMWM’uW-uthmhth
dehmhtitbnotchcththqmfiuhthe
math-MW Sqmmmdwhtkthe
“Wabbtomtypawntbdivfiubbuhmhg
m,DBCdmp1ydd-tepoit. “known-“mutter
nettypuatal. Sch-eudtbmwmhmhtfitivdy
dtkwfihgnchnywmmuflmda’nawfiIutyped
utapudnrnn. Andwhtnmthlhoubontcnhmwhthu
«ummwmumhmdmmmuw.
hadnbmtflymanhthbflowhgddifio-mmto
them 'l'hvuhhlunlpmmtm
1.1.2 VII-huts: Wmmswgwithor
without—herb“.
1.5 QuutflcKoyzfi
mmmamwmmum
mmw-mmunm

.jJuflih :1 ' !_)T.1 III}... [g/I." 1'11“ ..:., fl ‘ I)“ 1|"'-'1H1

111:] '0 H- .v .11 '111‘c5 1t! 1lul Ig‘L'l b 11 1’01 ’1‘" .111 ‘h .'. ', 4. ‘11'11111 .1111

r . . ’I ~ . . .
"“ ""‘”‘ " "“ "Ml I“ MW" 'ulmr-h 'mm- Al I»... Md Immulwna uizmu
""1‘1.l.1. 11"1111' .itii’ "’Ii' '1' .I() l‘l‘hj-Q‘llo9 SI! "1- t,j~”' 111911” I.... I 1‘ I, ‘1‘1‘;'1’t ’

1"" "‘1’“ 1'45 1am w-mm 0.] ”41:11:14in nu. a?! unu] "~21! 3.. may .*~.-. ; u

1

"""" "171‘" -"i‘1"11‘"' “I1 .‘1 “Lung! ‘NH I 'n'vcr‘lttli' .ru1'14'01“"l 9, 1 1 . 11-1‘
" '1 1 ' 1 ' t ‘ ‘1' - ., '1 . hm. ._ , 7?!

u 411. .411 1.! I1!) 11 11.111“? ‘-c..;:. H.101;- 113 J...“. .6... h 1” 11111 v1.11: II '1 “,l
[:1 'qlplihhvill 1U} " ; “HR-3:61:11. A. Zflliii. ‘12-. 1'41] .133 “13”" "110 11H'l‘g'1 m,

I: £1.11 ,‘filluiuhé’i l'wl.» m as» m '11.} In.” nu: «1:31 Mlmlcm 11:10:" “Nil ‘xmiunl
.3. Anita-Hui .I‘I~.ih.£i.in at u ”.5 111r1~'-1“!LB m; 1n 1w m mw~~gwhmr<m as
ha 0: 8.3.: 111"“ . Am I“ «he [rut Him; .lmil mm adj Iiinsnvn n u mnv
mi "I llllhll'a] 'N' 1.1.2011 “us‘is’tguii1 5111):”:‘1 n») flunmd-l'us [am “In: ,3. I
‘Hi' I-I ”shut: 11 11.111 11.01) inn «:1 I: 1041 ”tut-Hau- 'wnmu'lull too In limth
.11! I-uzufll 10 11013:. my» 4:11 :fmiwllisi .uier‘rmv- 3:.‘Ium was; 10 (1.415.113
‘.IH‘¢"|""" 110; ’1 #11‘11331'111‘111 1+; 14) 94"}{1 1»: HI ‘Huit’l annulagrlwu “twill
'Iu rl‘m ‘wm wit-mm rsi‘lmuta (M and .11 11 ~~§wir:i.zr- ll'lnilw .-.3 J .I‘Himn
{Pr/mum! I'mihl'uwas 9'!!! 115‘: @111 1111.11 “'11! 10 rfi'ru‘zmw .196 .11. raw! lob
in up: 0; pin» 10 a n In [lnil'ru wry-5m! Iiigs'mquwl 'm Iiipinm s 11!”! '1151111
.H1l’9IIN [Ho'lfijlil11 *1 1115") Jinn“; .n 9:1!«1 {ltl‘cfljb "IS 1811” 1111/2 rul'lui'l‘uq n In
1»"'o'.li'V:'1' 11.1 wit-1! ”Fur-’1 “111 1" Min 111 ‘mwn {I d1 11104115 L'tldhilld '1‘.) lull “In
.t wmm '1'”; awn-Mai in; yzetianfi 1 923'- ans new [umrlm uI ruin: nl
.«wuhzu m‘ B ‘Inu mam": a“ 34mm! '18.; "Imam '0.“
1. do.” .-. uni-mu x run-vi «an: n-mul :e'ulmm/ . Ia
.(1'I'I'W'ji'f- Jul-tiliw
f .i‘il’1 I'téih Milt.) t. 1

-ml é‘uiullll .-mmnma 111.11! ”A.“ In [Insimzl'hd 1c.I113.““”h];,‘ an]

"I 'IHIII'M 1:218 mill-fund 1mm}- {1 - 13w» u‘HNI-w up a aqu.

47

3.2.10Whuvxis:vuiabbud¢isuwfl,(k)¢ia
wen-brand.

4. mem hmdgvu-hbhxb
inflond)in31u.th¢flithlhvithhlo(m)
wd-ht-odputfixfidw.

'l'huhthoinmlh(BQA(3y)Bn),thoccun-adsbhuudthe
Wd'mhoud. Hummmthmbnowofl-hmd
”Writi(3fidwlichsbgpnfl;tbbtm,mthelut
md'hbwfihthwdwwbyqdmm

5. Sate-cu: Wen-inland asthma”
nonmetal-inhuman”

13.3., (Bxp1(3.)Bn)bwal—Ianadhtnot3utuco.
fia/phthomhdnphchgmhhomdvuhbbabthwfl
fiwiththounofl.

6. mm¢btwmasvwndfla
mh/fiiuhmmdflw

WMBIpbaWdMthu-flt
mamumwnmmmmam
notimdavuhthm kWh—“macaw
mmtmnw MMhthI,l
dun-benchmlibq,udmtx,:mdmtopauibb
Mute); SwflmuJ-Ailx. Muppet-thumb“
hwaubjunhxmhthmmmw
dam-co. Minna-Abll'h0bncbthtf‘(m,n‘)¢A. In
wmummmwxua~mthmm
utilxudad'ltinct-tilfi ltdouldhombeudtlntuy

Mi! Mi dbl b u / "huh.

'1 ‘. I 110’ ts "i
1mm»! -u' a
.I .‘ "1 sun I K A". w .t~"‘I|I':ul {I} '.~-!}.jt:1atlc~1 in”: lilnirw‘ii .1

war») Ml IlniiIN «334.1 ll 1“ (u blumwl h m tiummia “WIT

« 1 m9; [mum-1 11'»

"i l" 'r"

‘N11 1111. Wu! :1 ‘\ 1“ ‘I'>It‘|‘1’sll’;n‘l ‘uil 13“" 5-. Myth“ 1:1litl'1h1 0-11 [It xii-11

Lomlul U~N ml H ‘i'lnil 'irllh m1 JOHIIUS ”.1 1.;Iul'u1 "23-. n In would“! rm

trui .. . arm mi .msud 113:" ,‘..;!Ill!li‘.;“' tn...

mi! #154 a; a1 1 11min 10 (1 I
.mI-i-ts I in [vii le irmn-{i 11>” Mi! uni HI win] 1! 1w "NI-"H" "W

‘ . . I -‘ .
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1‘5: .llitliaJU'W'Htl 'HH fininis'ifl annihpwllltv‘t ‘5‘11”!;§§al] '...l ”Ilolthlil’

”N mu m . $313131” 1.) a' 11"‘n1‘116 "2) Wm d 15:» mn'umi'n In NH

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r. h 13m. "Eamon! b n .1114 la a. w “MEN «main.» .1 t
.Ciz'. I 11: «mm .11 m: 4 -: ".1 mum

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wimmwv 101 .twiu. i in w'mumz. m. 4 mi} nimv'tul

rut: M "cumin; an! maugwl r mo‘tu'w. iuus'inoinm 1-41 "hupini‘w niulll

7‘1111‘ 116 "Min .1” Axum” l 011% «29.41513 Yi'l'l‘flgd “Militia“ 1'14”]! 13.1311}, I 8 11: (In £1)”

11 unuui'alvgwlui I'l‘na 1n} wail Tuitvmmwi .,8 (1.7:. ,‘H'Ildl 1: nl ‘HHMN

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l. m lvrl'vdun- 1'1 ‘10 l-‘il‘wtlf. H I: m M» 1' mlrfl- 6 MIN -. "I 'w

48

inWhafia—vafiutofitnflbruyma. Aocordinglyweadd
toDBCthoIoflowhg:

ll. Vain» 13W Whale I-(M,n,<,l,g) and
O-(M',u',<',l',g') are Wic- d D80, 3 and B
an fi-vuiuh 3 M83", III-3', <-<', [If and
whflhtmfadl'diflndmdfmmou
thwmwbfiummfi
whacflinu-o.

mmdDBCcuhowx.%uoo...gmo‘-dthbdbmou
toIpukda-urfidotnthmdDBO. mutton-lath
pieced-NIH:

9.13 Whmxbavuhbh¢tlorlnhudflan

um. EEG-mm“! if! Milt/fill.“ Ind-r some
fl-variutlolxwmflbthuflh‘nmnot

Mini

8. BASIC ACTION AND TRIAL

mam-won. Snppouwmhtmhtbmdhh
w,mmmmmmhm,ummmnm
dis. humubwummmm
mmmwwummnmauumm
fitboctthtlbflhcdbd. smuwnmm,udm
DBCwbmhhMfitduWWthh-mtto
WWWMdtfiew-aiflhthBC

i’l'h I.» [I 1'. ,‘_ tn; - ”I'D,“ "I"; 1"] ii"”” i” "Til"..\¢" ii I.“ -‘ In“ " ‘1 ETHI“

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1m v i 2' .m -- i'- 4M! "'1 ruiuz'lui :M'hmi Imam] II
"x in“; '1‘, vii! in Wlt‘flbl‘i'l-J'P'vizll "u; t: i. 29.3“. ./ .-_- i'
Mm 0 '"U ' ‘t '- tv .m :m , if 1‘ ii“ “I o-nm (:1 - H. «13;

um Mull im-ull is 1~:'::.§v ". hue" Hui?" 8 hi it oral»
m‘vmum "mm: Us "\ 0! [113-11 ‘I'uil High! m Tuliulit:
111mm 16 at it W! ”in
min mmlis hiiil hm: “a s...,-t . 8.“! .0. lmh‘ramm'b mi mm KM in rum.” m”.

"muuirzm "wit u! emiT fNi‘i )0 9mm! lim 1:) !-‘!!1wq m; in fir‘»;~ n:

714... am! "no;

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II! in 1|.nia'ol.la mil Ill 'I‘Hiul'fl I. awn}. an)?!" 'pmngqur' .umn-u: nib-Luau
roam? r131 Main-«m; an.“ iu‘z-u'w luiR Tuba] e211 c‘nuim uln'r‘bl :1-1 m: Jung]
«it 14m lli‘HtlnzII «mm, m «numu‘mi 45 vi ,mqunrmu'nn and! Hi .a-qi»
1'1 Wild ‘Nl Hui] 'IU Tuim} Wad indué "Coil?! 10;.“ 3‘1?!“ 03 ‘."l¢/:' in!“ Erhih'ut".
aane- Mk «are! “down Pawn-v.4; 'v'fl‘il ‘b‘u‘li" [ruin Thin” v'ui mm mmic. n

'I‘a
1
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‘1'} “I.“ mama-ms h.:!!_-:Iu w.“ I: "mud-rm.” '9io.ll¢r"I-loih "H” N f“Pl-3"”

49

notation. Iatpltnubto'White’ahtheroxph'e-K Whmt'uthonuneof
thuthhite,womightW,Bcpv'Whitebrinpitabontthuthb
“brains“.
cheupintiondWhito’oWbpmodadhytbfiringofthe
mdmudifiomhhgadthfifingmauflynhbdoumigbtuk
whthrthflfiuhuhnficacfiuorflmmmtbmm
Wall-nation. Indud,oucudaythtWhihhmuhtthe
dyhgabutgtmhhvwdmmwmhmtsbofld
umbmtcundhbhthctodb. Butachadnhlhuuul
and-criptionofmhmufibthumcm. Alumina
pmtlypopuhviewoolmrophydobg,tmhgwnfichtevenb
uheeduttothodyhghdnfimtbfirbgtothhxiudcuuin
nucthhite’oumtomebhm’chnhud
Whhhfifimuficfimflhmthe
Wants-well). Whacflnthbnyadvocunlm,
humanly-Eduction”? Thesfiadmththonhflthnh
unriiutmt,hhuic.
Whaitbnidthtbhthpitshoutthtfiithmdthtbh
theorisintocwhopmdneuthtnthda Withoutmnotiouof
WRHMbmwNw-mwmflmadl.
mumwmmmhmdmmam
Meant. mmmnho‘tmamwm
ittobothcunthdcuhhmheumw. Anductivbtnighny
Mutuadoubflutkdmthn-dwwbmm
Ammhghmddbcfianththaflm,thmk
:hpudthomthopmd‘ciuudwhtbpmducod,thoudpment
flap)nkhtbcthoqhtduthutdpodbkmbthtma¢inchde

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. .7; ' "’ I"; to
.~; Iv» Mum nail M IH'JHM r‘ With! a “4‘71 In nun-Ebb" uh II
n. t I v
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v ? hi'fll'fid HI“. I! hail H1. "iv i’iit 'tth :"r '1‘: "Hi, 0 Ian (I: .IJ’ I‘M": mi!
N. 04'“. icifgflu‘ni ‘9“ pump uh.» I}. :3 ~on «“1“,» [1. gap. “g 3'”. HS ”p.45 ‘3“: ’I'
. ‘ ‘ I. ' . . . _ ' _
IL"! HI!“ '3 U H'Wh 0x I: 'IUP 'ln‘ 3...! I), l‘ufll‘l (ts! 6"0‘103.‘ .Il“vuw~" {-1431 ‘o 13%.
.HUHIA ‘I'HJ‘IIHI 5!! "'18 'v Ail ".ifl a'vu ~ Hi I' :‘3 ":R ‘H min}. i lvrh inn

('Il'” .' t -II t! VHIHv- IHt‘.‘lih‘i

MLHW- In ‘nuwii Nd! nl

"Hh citifltl r 43611 1'

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Italic-r) 11./«1201 (Hi;

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H, -'t fi‘“ui I: III "i. w A!
.J‘niwi vhf ml .i: "I

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,m-pa‘ .4 Jaw/'9 Louiun u»,

. ‘1 ‘ I . 1 1 ‘

5M” imam» h a!!! ll .m “4!: mm“. II riildsi ‘l la~..l .. . ml H “not H
3“ H-JUHH 'mlw: Hb-dfll’ -". "H “NIH 'NL: ~"~ 'IEE'c-ul tu‘ 'l lw‘a-IHTJ‘U ‘HH
.3» ’6 «4rd Mum” (gm .- :a’. '-~'=qu u an ”:H'T-IHI H 1;: U7! I h umm- .. 'In
:H in ri Min '1’; mi! I‘ll! H! '1'” IN I v!" .. r . in !--R ' ! H -? ”Wm... ii "‘HI'JW

; . . ‘ ' ‘ . . .
r; t ‘lu wruntdnfi‘j ‘ln a" wimp; Iw»..; :- and R‘vtltfl- In” H .‘w 0.“? Hunk! .s1
w “lg-m! Ir; Ill *1?!‘ i1 1‘ "'11.! «m; 3M W. :M'v ngg‘n H41! ‘14:: mil )«t n! I:
\ . ‘ U— ' ' ‘ C. ‘ i. . I '2 “ I t " ¥.
r t 01.; ,. .-9 on [1.13” n [n.m «.H In” [a u .t «.al at v kl.) - an I H N
g v. «4*; mu! ‘Ii£.~.l}| 1: {sh a H; In?) any I' «I. In a -,-.. Yin] 1c] “.11qu

r -.|;l‘,;nv|; an?

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I"? ml. 49.64

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'tquiunu] n”. tgzgiu In”; ygu'uji».1q up” :| ”bur-1‘ Hut: In MAI-u! I)

'c! Li'ch “I u! Hi [on f.. ,4”!

50

thoplmtmomtbecmofwhtadidstmemomtbdonm. If
{mRJun}'-thcntdno-b aim-1W pan-ibis rehtivetom,
{mailman fittest duo-auto dam pondbbrehtivotom,
Wmthmhdaummtuficfinn.
Acthmipthishmdwdmm. Forminpb,
WbumtmwmahhpMdnij-twwbnmfily
humwmawimdydid. Whthmbsthhpubotwoen
muvwmhhpnhougfinfithwtduutypeof
wda’oactiol. chohpomthucthgndthe
mdfibw,fit~htliflvoly'hpodbktonywmuor
mtahhpfinbutuhddthnywthmdfihmly:
mammamubm. thhpoohmmlitbdificnlt
«www.mmtmmwabmbmm,
whthttbdoc'doltopulthhfip'ortbfirhgdtthdbthm,
”Macbeth.
Ithtobouobdhuothtwhn{x:Rx,m}btohohh-nuthont
dMMpodflarohfinton,{m€fln,a)}’-tobe
tin-thudmbintwmmtom
mewadfiumuflcmtmumdfimdon
whtuyouohdidordou. hMfianMm
mmwmmmmmdmtm
can't.
hw,itbhmttomhothdthuohmu
mmuvmhchthh-km-dhchdhst
mflfiihmhwtm,hmflm hotter
mmnmnmnaomummmumm
thwfidamtdoctcahohfifioryorm. Ciao-mum's

If at ‘N’trl "1 IHHHHHH ‘mhr’ lb“ t'i‘o v' “.1? N In D-‘uh I M! ha‘nlis 1.. In .. 'le pm
.. u, al)’ .. o] ”hiya“. I. in: It. lithnw .'.’u'1||lll‘|| |u 1'»- ‘ti?’ A {Hz ,‘ $ ,
Hi .3 '! 'O‘h’ v'l ‘¢IHQ'!"'I In- U'W'Eblinuur rHl HHHHI It! I'V “Hi '3 .1 'IIH\ ,1 IE

"I um?! 'tufua‘ h. mm!“ ‘tuicw h. 1. ‘u t|«-.I Q; ”A! {In Uévéniuiuiw

-f'j‘..'i w r .1 .Itlzz'v - .gj i;.qln1l§i~hru .[n I my] ‘ R -a u... .4. far}; Heal J

H u -' o . «a wi “.15 II Mpg ivl m N! in. «i5 xj_||!ui ta ”:5 N .I‘ lawns Ii“ n! W fl h . u
..-~.i .‘ 1' ! ’ .t‘ " "‘1': ti ‘ - a 1 . ‘
w .30 ‘9").1 hat) I» :11 HI). 2 ‘j'! a; s 3L: Hilltflinxl - Md." I: '.’I3 W”

I» m!!! s a; in hi-twsil mi Mmm C1 .Wnis whli'hi "(In mi» int: 121mm

'Hil INN; ‘HHI I8 ‘Nil H‘MNi'h‘ “"913 ’41:! ii Will 4% "I III in vcll‘il'QW'lh-i
1H 'Iuii‘uid .6». u! wl-izvrwu.“ ’Ji~u/.;:ui:u «m-vw H .i.. :14 a C, In Na-I-‘Hfl‘bup
a I‘ a..." vi an 'Hil‘V’WH‘W‘I m?! MAI 11M. ‘uil ius'wm 1n nu .ig; £4.91" . mu
tin .c mi. .4 H ,iimu-v. rm! al any] mi! N Irwin‘s; hi :m'l'l x yamiwulcv 1.. Nun/r
.l‘afl ‘0!“ P1 Hair)“ ri) 'Jci In. war!" Mum! 3:1".‘9 I. ..f:H Hit: 1: ul 'ol .l-r-ou c.“ "H
in» «m at harm mi! 'tu 3.5.5! mi! 10 1‘6'7‘12311 sift mm M I! vi wait mil Tui‘ m»
i-di in whininrw “:5
3w ml! a" waltz] mi «.1 4: {m /.«i 2} WIN!” I“?! *rvnl Ari-m ml on rt H
.i 2; {Hum 71’} .m m WH'fii'v‘i “Miami; xiv-swim. EIHHH‘.’ am‘mtwm In
In ul Winn“: 112:.4‘Vmfl (irmmn :mmw rm"!!! r11 in PM “nil no: "Min!
.Iu “latch!!!” 14" halos lll‘numlt Talon" “Inna Hi lnh H hue” am ”Hush. HUI
rm ~25 wnrmiiu'u 144mm an ant 'Hmui ) nl mm In hi: vi» «wins 1min
Huh Mum in mlmhfi 'Hii moi-dint” i-‘tlivlm IIV‘WWII hunt nilwn mi: «xi-nil!
|:§'b‘.’h ‘N‘ -

u! mummy PI “‘l‘iii’ mill nxuryvr: m luxntnym an n .nhuasiouu'. M
n j~-nxi-wiuu hm: ,«tm 'vi-w‘ s umimimi ,nnuq; 1m: '"u'w’a: m1 wicu'umq
wt?!” H1 .IIUHQI'VV.“ “dd.” amrfl Jun-til; lat-UNI“! ‘ui "hr 'v‘wlil H IIR ll-HI‘VIII

.u. s mm! H ‘3“‘3 m amine In «cm-emu; ml «at: m Raiding] A «an?! wis'lnfl

'VHU ‘ur'um'v l' i u -:..s:‘i1.il 1n '11”lean «ti "5."! 1'8 imwma 8 ion” ”Win an

51

hmmmmwfluflcfimitfliouudwwwemwdinufly
thmmmdpmcfipfioludmfiombnt
mnmmmmamumhwm a
nighthohflpdtohfi‘ubutmfladouuhoqutthh
Winn.
WMWtthDBCW-fid
mbMfimbMNmbmth-flmwm
WI]. Misdafici-Cyhthmflmt’lmpmflbfiod
“mumwmmhwWM-wudum For
”subbehmhumtommuhdthhuk
«Hummumnmmwwufldw
whuum-Mmhbmdm
Podfinnbmwuhb. flown-thumbshudbd
”undistoDBC? WWBthW-Mt
mumwwbmkuwmmmu
Wmflwwbmhntmhd. Throbbabpmlibitod
mnmwmmmmanmm This
mwtbmmmmmwmmm
mum-mumaom. Wheels-orb
bhbMMWWMMWRi-mam
dwhflanxthudfibthuth-Mm
memmwdwm Accordingly,one
wtmwhlfihdthmammbhc’smdm,hdid
mmthmummummmm
mamm,udhnfitfiuhhhfldnhm
Mahmflhcunothmhmtodomm.

HilLlHi'lh HI. :I. IL" H l.;h ninth hllill ”MINI-u!” “In 0 H HIM u? ‘Iwnlud t “on.“ #1
lwi .l'u‘ with”. l4}! lltuéql‘a v WM l-. llnuib Nil 3'5 In .t".‘"‘ 'nll 5“ H! l: on] I. u «at.
o". .1« MI, n! an“ m «Halli uni; (Idii'm In) ex (Imus um MPH.“ 1914914" 4 "HM

rail "nun. Rug“. Jun run. h it fl-OI-I llhxix t‘. ga'clci nl id ~itzu ml the.”

Iu Ilvwwlfi rwl m m Ilrumiunl Iurrmqmi viiumh'am-vm waximm
Wu; Hui! cumin. im'li lulu-m; I H! Vb»! u" ‘Hmi n1 uz‘rrm In Mail 8‘ "ml-m

.

I In. rm; 'HR 'r'..-3ll"-‘.tti 1| «xv-Emu. mil m I'm-uhi'hh s «.1 an” iu‘m-w-umml
ini .HNI 1U hqwflll'd l'iiil 1’ili3-iiN V'HI'V’“ llfién‘i') «H‘f‘iii Lilbéi (H K 3135“ ""‘H
Quasi wit u; ’HIHJ “nit haul» Ml ":HIYI H0013 fl'oioLMu-i rt 'I‘ri‘iut a. ,ss‘dts'h/‘fi
4:” In lull ui {rum-g5 anti-mm in?! II nd‘! Hm Mud-me! twin/W! «J L 0-“
.r‘x 3‘3an 'ha 661;“: 96111 In [1155*] 38 1rd! as H‘Miw- a. Inn at W»
it"in-thi ”hi WHOM 'Hi “K: ”It” mil-3.1M imhui r~lllilflfllwrf in”?! 'ht- .-..
mutu‘tai n3 runllu-LI‘III Tobi/mm 0! nl (”Jada-w; 9W7: Iii-I «:0 "wwwus
Mi ”human" misrrm Emu-5.4mm: '11! Lm‘. mini! and um; ”alum. Mi: 1‘! w-«h.
i-“H'hliu't‘l m 1'-;ti='1 ‘LiT {Wktlrfl 7"" Hi it‘llxu'nali Hi Hui” h ol‘ro I: thigh!»-
tui‘i .r‘lt;r~!sll 1"].01‘91 «'Hi I! H'N'i TH! "ii-l w...»- Ul wuLnHul n‘1-li
In“ ”‘35 «chums “Flitk‘itofliflfl 13;;11 ‘N-azl mi! {HIM Ligand ml higum unlit-4.1:
fimwn in MN rutmui‘ 'I,'!~"!r?.~«;-=i-l) in n .i..;..5~;.ij mi lumen.» and) int» munm
WIN It Ills Ian! ".0 Jl “MM-sit II'II‘I .li~ H u. ...i.-r.-c..urnu «‘l'ww IHZI Nu. wail In on.
-v'.i; H.111 viiulf'tfi herb-1331f? ‘91” ii ll fizz: Ilvi'u; hike-muse 41mm qm‘ulm fi‘onlt
'mu .4 ~u.i m'rvi» ..«m:nw-ma T» ritvwg». v'zum'vunr? mim 1i]..*"'li| n'wa ir-nhiniMq
in“ us .i‘$I§\Il‘v'l r:.1":tl~l1 “1;! L.- )JHlui/Hll “Hi! “In '.a::}» {H BIL-3! Him"; twirl.”
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“H' "INN“! Iltu’l] lI’S'MH'IH-l “M “11' Mimi! “H1 Innis ."I’JIU’W‘I WU m “"5 ”‘11 an

t '\ I a ' . I a '-
»m:cl'qu-¥ ulo n! mun: nun! trot-M Mu! m1 tuned.» ‘HI 3* H‘H'I "er '5 ‘V H15

52

4. ACTIONS DE DICTO AND DE RE

Thtwotypudoatacuudummhwtodowith
hmdBmmmlqu-m Wdthologicof
wammamwmmwma
Madden. hMMhmphflV-Mbdpdthtou
nightmhdidothttbhmtotdblocahbdxhdhflbutnot
heliuvodchTh-hmdbedxMhl Wichita
mahmuthmuwbgwu-mmma
Withhdhfl'btno. manwmmuam
hauwbgwummmmwm
W'Thhmtordbfloab‘,hukhothll Rhino-Wade
Mfiutbhmhrdhfloahhchhthlkhmtwwiflu
MMMVhiMbyJou-tohdxum Routine
mwmmanumhmudwbdxmw
Mmhhfimfl.

Withxthschihrmc-bndc. Sumo-twin!
mm'fihuuphhhdthmhhpkubutM'So-obodyor
othebpobudbyJou-‘hm. habitats-MM“
mfihhfiuflfidmcfibwhimfitbfl'flohw
byJooa-“iltnoolthtm. Josu’actio-hfi'nmblhdcdicto
action. Joushhpitabmtthumu-mdthh'xhpobmd'
bmhthwhmeVMmde-fiumo.
mummnmtuummmumwmb
pots-0d. quthbttaouuichthfirthtmahbnchtmthb
mhpobondbyJo-u. Thikindolnctinnhhrc.

Ounighthopotwinwtwiththeplulibifityofthue

“m; ”I: :11 "In“ '91 Hi "windward": 1 mull wruluin-v in K'Q'l hu' mii

In n‘: ‘ ~11! in lelrw-‘U vi“ .Hucu. mummy: l..¢h!‘fl. t/‘a 1'I-‘-' 1. in ‘i' tmrcsl ‘Nil
w "Nani l§-"f.s‘211i"”w uni” ("u-"tin!!! nit-n; unit in 'u'ui mi: um. Mini
mu uni! inr.?m:~mnl we r1 Ii .ui-g'uw-% 1. J “:twl Willldri'j‘) .1} M 5» Lm. «nah
tun '30:. Ht.) 1"“ 1.1" fl ‘ifi'ul’ild In Iulsl’Htli M11 1:”?! t'\:."u 1h “rum! hi‘zm'
‘ «m w um ' qi «.i .88) r...) Ii? 3! chew-1M .1” monk-Inn 'Mlhi’ Hm n 'm um} -I
in “nomad 91‘1“. 13.11! 3'96i'nl b 4 {5+3 Mn} 11"! H rig, "veil-i 'Iu 'lulu» ols wail 014;!
«lb “0“" in 1I'HI‘DNH ‘HIJ IL!“ ‘H fih .‘JHLJ‘N: .1 .‘thI n "mm in} .H II n'uand
-—'m.i~L 'ail "Hi-flifio‘v mi» .IHaisI'i-m Maw». 3.12:}! Ind-J r at J“ I“?! .-Ir #1

- . . . . ' ., ' a . ~ ~ . -' n
‘h M'H'm'h‘ arm». n .1954 J‘Hi IV 4| , wuhdu‘ In inlu‘whl ‘hii

“NIHEM v'oin
'I'nm n1 Wit-1319011: 1| luel m H .ILI In, Ila v.1 adieu-slid (In MIJJM "1“ Mail u'wx‘h
nit nu H .iinzl 3w} 7J2 M m ”nui- rl inlwiiwi 4 who Am“! Him-mm mt?!
iloJ m»: xi- 1’! zia'm‘nd I.» tumwm Mil imil n f» mania! /"'lr"- lama ..n..
‘3'.I')i.:l mi um «hi;

in EM" “#11015!!!" .‘tifim‘ "Ni [15" [lull'Hfllub Tlrildll'r’. 8 Wain-s If” I
’tv- Jiuuhmu'" I...” Jim-i5 Ii agmmi rm-vl. ainmi nah-3.4. me MIN mirwmmi
N Jbli. ”Ligands. rind-W Ii duh liiuli 'H:'.l 4i ”rt" si. I}; “:11. ant] ".l 1‘54.
fitnnuv'uu] n wt!" In]! H .19». .11 m3» H 3,19 munimw 1._-3‘! inaceiz. r? ya um
--‘ .3. "3. «iii 4 Wm Ad“ m u oh 1: ram?- wnumsm Evil in “m! u ".u....~3 M
u-.m:~»nn. W [9. mm} ‘nil in as" ch! w ‘thu’. hut“ “10:58 I: ~"‘.uild (MIMI. .Wu‘ to
WIN! v’"Ah!II ‘Hi ‘Ir '1“ 1.) ‘hit! I! 4:161 llllnih uIi'H<§-c-!* Pl H'IHIh an? Ht! ‘Hh? ”I
-u -!Ioi;/ tmi: .H'n'it} ti 2:» .i u-mi ennui. sum ml lgixpm Ii iumi 1 fun 'ni! m.
"1 Hull li'lH'r' 0’1'1la"' ”Mn-Hutu} lwll I’isn hi Jul Min ‘1 'HJ “d! e'l-M! | HI"'!-"l
"1 3h «1' "ml m‘ Irma ”emf .r-nml. .i but Mn; 4 mmw v

0-! 't lidlo‘u l‘lsh‘ "Ii: “H I. h: m: 4'1““ ll! lh‘oH '0 0’4. M" NH ‘HJJ

53

influences, l3.7wonldbettheais,bntit°unot.
13.7 "((3K)Ba¢'*3a(3t)¢)
MlafibmtmmtbdhuM'lwhtomwouflcxpoct.
113.8 #(Ba(3t)¢*(3t)9¢¢)~
Whmfiucu—lihbl-uhbuhflo'o. Fortune
WGudHhhodicdbthdemmHfiFw¢
III we “IF-1t
12.8 HEM-'30:».
12.9 n—(33)G¢->G(3:)¢.
But
13.9 #Hflzw-tmm
and
13.10 #GGsfl-vm
And lat W
12.10 pawn-.063».
All
13.11 #D(33)¢-+(33)D¢.

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‘ltl

CHAPTER THREE
CONSEQUENCES AND SANCTION

1. CONSEQUENCES

Thuolyskofthomorfloompbpmpooedhmbmqmtidbfic.
Itbnggoued,formph,thu'aibrbiddenhombringhgitoboutthst
ob'llutnthoonditionoidenticdwith'AWoia‘obfingingqb
obont b a being sanctioned”. Given the lunatic W of DBC, whot
truthoonditiommoppropfiotoiormtacoaofthobrm'Wiso
de Sinee'litbthaW'oomethnooconvmth‘niniormotion,
ct-v'w is o poo-ibis translation when...

But,nppou¢isotypoofoonooqnuthlototoofnflnindeteminotive
olfotbiddmooooldingtomotuthicdmfiolh. Aocouiingly,
suppooothotiotbidduoeioinhoduoodublbwchPahforbflduhom
brhgingitobootthot¢')boqnivohtto8a¢+fl("whooouoqmof
abl'ingingtbsboot'). FmthoduhldMBaéioflowobyh-uth
functiondinbteooo,ud-1Fa¢+3a¢wouldhoothofi. bowel-Ma’s
nothoingptohibitodhomdoingmthhgatdhthothodouh. «hoops
Mbuydoingaflthethhpthtmnotiudoonmfloo. Simihrb',
iftheooueqmtidiotrooognhuOMPaioobligodtobringcbobontflu
oqninlnttowBatb+mthahomthoduidoanA18a¢foflowoud
“UM->‘Iw'l‘m Inthiocue,thtaillotobligodtodo
mothinxeltoihththodoulotdoit. Pol-Imaiootubbon. Heonly
douwhothobobfigodtodo. Th’nnitutionbintnitivolyintolenble.

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, 'fl 5‘ ‘ I I. \ t I‘ 4 ’ , ’(‘,i }\ ‘ r \ I )
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it ‘i 1,1“.11. II .‘:1 .-i ”In“ 1| » :1 . r1 1 . 'zirutls : 1:1 twos- .- 1 a
H n' r in 11:13, a sh . ' HUN ‘1 ‘ 1.11111 ‘1 '1' 'l -! 9‘ "1 c-H
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In" ‘11 n J. I 3;. II 1a :1 1 I «‘6 "
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o"I!.if'!1£-". uwz-rve'm‘m. u- .m. mu NH. 1:. I .~ .1121! 4'! 1!:- ”1. (viii! .1 .. mm:
1 : -an-H ' 19].“. (a! 1-"- win | 1 t " 4 .‘qf . H . 1‘1113'3-3 Mn: ‘11:. H
t'I. 150015 a. -.'.6 {g fpaI" {I} 11'}! u n ‘1 (‘Itf‘l f. .11 1 c 5 '1‘fls 1‘ I
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1 1 ' .. ' ' .
Ho H.111: 1111 ”.111151111. .1 11..."..zux as”; to I I r .0... (-1 an n d H -' ”-3

55

It was mentioned in the introduction tint mate as not obliged or
brbiddarehtivetouctotheyactuflyhfltopeflormoractuflypeflorm,
bntmhtivotowhtthoypo-ibbhiltopaiomorpouiblypuiorm. Thus,
nththuthmnditbndobewm'WbaWofcb'the
urictoo-ditioulu(¢+whuimpmmt. Pethpoflthenhtionot'w
heingtcouoqmd¢istenpordlyutondod,itwouldnotbe
Wmcoflduthbmm¢ud11uutnnldmfipfive
hwwheudbisconddnodacaued'w. hthpnviouchptcnwo
introdncodthowdl—howntauopantonGudehaowfidthetypeo
WMMmbmmmme-fih'hbmmtobe
thocuathattb'ud'ltdwmhuboathocmthtW. Nominee
mhmmeteruflytmwocuddmmmumwmponl
Wfiwhaowfbofthtwamtom-ammu'lt
botcndlythecaethedi'udth'nmopentorcubeintrodnoedbythe

ummnmcw.
Thsthob'lctaullythocuoifiitdwaynhsbouthcmaditia
thitysgoingtohothecaotht¢ Wemighttkcolfiduwtofthe
ionED(¢+¢)-ucribhgm~nnhfitytothneeudond¢by¢.
¢cahocouidandznflchtcaflcondithior¢or¢um
Moonditionbrofi. Hahpnoftimobroqnindbotwouthe
comma and what prod-cal it, ED(¢-’F'W) an be considered as
tnuhting'V'naconoqde. thifluutbrmddotominilm
mWhChptoergED(¢»V)winhoW-Mthio
WWWi-udtenponlmmmmmtkfi
“dbl-ad. mmwmmammmmm
'-=U(W-’¢)incue~=¢udthtt ==D(¢-W)incuon=-I¢,reminpmblemtic

n n! I: n' -o u-HH” «III HI , h . ~: .I 1’ t
. I'M cg IIIIJWII In» 1. In} H. IIM 'IIIIIHIh HM ‘I-I u' - Ii..II. I'd- «I .
I: mu." w :Létrmq In “In-1'. «I ml m1 [MI ; at! out» - u . .in a .
uni ', iv: ‘onfl'vlu; 014'” .t I»; r'l ,’ LHIH 3~ III 'I , ' , 1?:I‘~!§‘i‘§".?a I”! ”I I'I I . 3a I

.I 1.. IInI'II'io “II II H‘IHII"| III'!|ll"..Io;I.rI In- (I -." I ln-Iiw.I.I-.I I 041”
I

. , _ .‘
a“! I." IIIIHIII ll 9- 'i II It "I o’u‘h'lau'ui't] r . It: ‘0 HI IN}! t~—(|t"| g. ‘ I, n.

mum» m Imps“: a; .. Mn;

{,3 H . ‘N! L‘ liiaill‘lz‘ri" ‘31:! 'I'I': I“)! III 'IIIII.“{‘-!'I-ll «(I

~u ""l“§’ wIIaHNl'L. ‘I:II in 'u in '1‘.-..u I; lovI-: ru‘ I A; . ‘OI-l'.” ”-1

o . 7' '
‘4» «III Hz. I” on” "WM!” I; '.I.~ I

-h.io.lr;zn ‘I'Ila! “I; ”4. [5"] '~‘Il il'lt‘II-4iiioll

It (-1 3'”in r exliizé (I Ii" ‘nii! d'v-II .r'li'w. 'lic.:.‘.i:|u

it. 4:.” M wt. I Luv L
. mix N. w ”:3 II::3I 'r us ‘04:! [I‘m-I a :i 'r II. n‘r‘; I. .. In?“ H I «II «I. n NH.
1¢.IINZIII II WM?” "/‘I 'l“ .«l 'I‘quv..ti.~. 1:15 "th '6” . I ' l‘uIIv"' 3‘ "I; ‘Ut-l 's.'H|’I.»I
-I Is H m». .-"I'vH'tii’ I? wi: in'IIINI 11.! ‘1‘”; z i ‘tqil 'uII In a. I! n u d. 1 Inu.§ .p.
n4 ,-l I “413:. H” I “5-,"; t‘o:}.|_‘}t't:~ h “I and! In“. _. 'Io. .. S.) ‘1.“ II: ”I I!‘ -I

r‘I- vu' Inwallmg ..
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li-l ”I H I '3] _I‘.I it.,‘,‘
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«II In - :3 ll 1 -hI-’IIII'I "NIH ItI‘.-:II "Ill U IRIII ‘V? . w‘I ‘Nl u! $.1I' ' r‘ H .u
. 4 I . y y I
.' i" -; In II'nr-z'n HIM ‘IIU HI Ilumufi’ul iI‘IJIhII um" ‘- c. at. ‘a f.‘ I H s r:

.0 .19.‘ t: ‘1 ll, J 'Q’? .‘A’E'Qi.‘l ", ii". I'Bv, 10". '{l} if b. é-V‘I’z :; [.5'. I." 5“ i

(0‘ ‘t i "4 "i i ‘1‘”! .1 't “H”. ’-I ‘Whiihi ‘\ i. .3 1"? IW" '* I‘ " il»"”\ I

e l-iwidrmw '54! um III-4:9”! .H «‘HI‘EHI'I hm; In»

a f‘ -u.‘u'»-h¢o.
I»‘ am?!“ '1' in r‘IIUHI H'W'I‘I‘I'Lil II'IIIN’ " . l4! ‘)‘>Il‘ti3-.~ II a I. «I . thigh" HI .I
h! ‘Auqu-I‘w: m" lama-u u] 4. ,1 I9 .1 .I w". 1'.” ,U ‘ m ('1‘. “1:. ..

I. ‘véml II‘I'I:I'I‘ Hm] “(hunt-II In M-II‘I 'uai .alv ~u.1.’m “.‘ium

«ml: “3.3:; Ivnlr In w'x-qug...’ nil Ion! 'kv.5~sI --u I. ‘uwsiwu

I... «Inan'r . mt

tin}; : ’ ‘I-

56

but the matter will not be further pursued.

8. SANCTION

Theoouequnoedhtetedwhemtheofligntmiorbiddmor
Wdumtammnedinvolvuthenpplicntiondeome
motiontoanndthinppuutlymutinchdetbeoocnmdmething
eviliora. Thqituemoppmprintetonnkeueolthemticetnctm
Ruckhupropooediorucfiptioudpnluuoein'SenuticFonndntione
forthelngicoll’reierenoe'”,bntwithreviliou.

mmnmamuwmmtwo
function. Thefiretueig-toenchpo-iblewoddeteolnmbervnlne.
Thimdnmhavdnehtnitivelywtstbeptdemoenheolench
pouibleworld. Formmphifworldwfien-ipedehighetnmbetthm
wmwlbprdenedotprelenbletowr Coilthooethek—vnlneeoteech
world. Snmmmhmhewfidfiem'pbwm
q',whuepudanentonicoatenoeeortnth—hnctiouloolnpoudeof
the-e. Tibbwhetetheeeooudl'uctionooneeintoplny. naive-site
vehethenvenge(nrithnetionlneen)ofellthek—vnheeo€nllpouible
waidedwhkhphtrmoimilnrlyiorthuytnth-hnctiond
compound). 'pbwdenbletoq'btrnejutincuetbemofell
k-vnlne-ofnllpouibloworldlwhuepbtneiemtetthuthenvengeof
nllk-vnlnoeolpouibleworldowheuqbtne“.

Emmi-emblem. Thonmhetofpo-ihleworldlmightbe
infinite. Snppoeethek—vnlneeofpoeu’bleworldewherepietrueue

".H

", «In: runner [1|

"'I'i mun. illIIl-IH'I". ‘Itli In “I. II ".tnsll Iol ’IILIIIQ’H 9116 r; if?!»

.‘b'.uc.4.. wil‘zl ,. .IH -'I.'~. u: u a 'H U.1 N i- ‘_ .. ll

- Ii. . l illlllll' -I I HI ’1 ""‘t'l ‘H‘ I';

4 HI ‘4!’

I
I: wul nponH'I 'Hlé

’ I" Il"l”) 'lI'I'jb "Ill "lv‘iqlllll l. ‘Il-‘W 11"t3 ‘Ilh I 1113;”; ‘1“ in fill‘ll an“: n.

. ’0'. r'

I‘III‘HHHNI ‘uil ‘wlllrul Ir‘IIaII o'lIIl'ilI‘]~;3~; (”II I'rm ;, 'I‘ uu-a

ll ”Illlll lul ll 1‘.

»; ”Illsivllllvl ~1m..m-~J m nun-I :14"; In mammal m»; 1“: In we (ml 1 «:1 ...;

ma». I l‘uiutiiul

H . "I |u ”Mn: unoml'ol *I'I ‘IIII Mu r—“I’I I'I‘l

,,|

.IILI/‘ifwl mu: Hui .‘ War-twat in smut ‘MI 1‘.

g I
"n Palnihutn'h‘ noun; :‘I’t. l". r:|o‘?.;:‘lla'l ”H.|I .11.] wval '|'U:jlr’ hi

1: vi 5 I'iII-N ‘1'?" "a"! Il'iflt 01 ni.v‘.fi i"I.l 'Hll 'uuqunaz

thum- 4: «MIN 'I’nl'vtllil is n «u!

u- Iil l‘uéillllll 'I‘dl :Hl K ll'ul‘J I. a! N li'jull 'll "l'QIH“/"' 'lHl loll- (I 'III.‘ r1 i]
IE, to j.. A psi-A "Ill ‘Ir'nll I.:.’ N u] ‘II-ilsI-TVI I” le Q'ltl r! .h 1‘
:1 'Ii I‘l'ti’ib' rl ‘l. ,'H!-" *Izll in HI! 8 I" ‘i0."’“"‘6l II «uh IN "flay“! loan H
m Hlo "Inn“: III-Ins! uIsIl ~ IiHHI “In a ‘I HI Nu v mums "lfix p Inn: ‘1 h" 43h ,
i! :‘I. 9'"ch ' ll (nix! IIlIII "MN" I II! :I W!!! lII'lH I'M. ‘nil 'I‘I'HIM .-1| "I”. ‘i- alii
~ u- ml llu in ;"‘l_lil\’ -A W” III; In ’11:. an In "I ”11.31315; was! :1: MN m a /
Ia“ 1' mdl'llstlll :‘nIb 1+! 1' ’lwl Iih; hl.’ v.4” II (I Ila-ll. It. :‘Ion
‘i I“ “ruin-h ‘II‘J 'Vht “I 1.5.. ‘ . l? m l.» u? 'u Quin - -| #3 «I. J “Inhlul-I:
3" l l '10: N” III Ill 'lewrm r1 ‘Illgi "I I, ‘I”!“;"N RIMI'III‘ Il'II- u-i lib in f‘Il'Iti A
' III! .'I I» 'II til" IN '3 Emu-I In Int... 2 4 :4

W '0 .HH air-N ‘bisI-.~Ht) l4 1'NlIlIII-l “It; In H i .1.‘ I: 'l ‘9! mil Uri
.. .s.;I w n, 5:: I... I.’ ‘ivvl1'(.t;' u. wig r z ..; pm; 2... mm ,.

57

1,2,3,...n where n is some infinite number and the k—vnlnea of possible
world: where q '3 true is 4,6,6...n. If so it is questionnble whether there are
nvmtoheoompued. ShoeRucherdoeanotreqnirethntthennmher
olpouibleworldahefinite,hbneondfuctionionotwefl-defined.
Unbrtnnntely,hedounotmationthinprobleninthouticlecited.
ShoeldonothnowhowtonvoidthilpmhlemiorDBCwithout
limitingthennmberdmomentspouiblentuymomttonfinitenmber,
Iwillcimplyaidatepth'u'nueuhruiormnldeocription'uooncened,
whilemkhgueoltheintnitio-thntmnkeRe-cher’smtooplnfibie.
htheaphntionoftheeoordhntudpermhibbintapntntiouinChnpter
'I‘wo,thefuctiongwuhrieflyintrodncod. awe-mum.“
Mumbudanignnndnmhcuvahe. Formmit
mighttdemtmh(themior$ocntu)ndq(thewflming
'Athaubnladbyuhva')umtouduknmnmicnlvdne.
htnitively,thenmber dm,h,q)repraatathecdobgienlltndin¢ofthe
truthol'Atheuisnhdhynhm'ntmomturehtivetoSocrm The
Wthenmhu,thehigher0|80crnteo’oocnbdvahustmhthernle
dAtheubydnve-(ntm).
Thehnctiongitohethonghtdusimihrtoflacher’lncond
function. mmmmmmdmwmmammg
Womtdoumtdmbntthembunightbnud. The
mdnnmhulthehndionnuiptonqentmnomtmadwfltbm
tohethonghtduthonwnmicdodobgicdvdudnflthe
mupodhhnhtivetomntwhich¢itru,nhtivotoaguta. In
MWWMImbmguk-Imtohethonghtdudepictingthe
nwmvdummdnh-hmththmw.

. u .. . uul'ti .1. It i . H .

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“M 3 "' l N 1' 0| ,. Ilw' ‘l'ai'l mn- "W rid . -ln i n! v-itilwfl 'H in ‘1 5

. V
it'll: 'Jl't'il‘ a}. H; sabrt:1s.|«_ 3i) .Intv-INH IIul rim u! 1.11...un.;. i

ll;":- in It" '%°v| ni‘ziiill we" lauwl- HI Husi HUI“; int! "i I Wm:

M c l ‘i'h'i; I I" i 'thll ’1”) H. w ilrh-ug " ' -IH| P '1 ..‘ l‘iinl 't l ' illziili
.~ . ti ' -..- «.l lle'LI ., -i0 it Hit”! M4 ”til #1; ‘DH ,.3 (4th q»: ~l-n ,u w i3”! 0
Hi! .i. a. He 'Iil‘tro‘lh ( I to! u a) ‘1-:.ult lblii ll him ”3 "li I . t H It -s t! I}!
1.; .' al I lit . ”NHL! slfi'iW'Jl : 3521” Int} sr 4 e.t-¥~ .. “vi In I: m', 't vlil m
is v K'Oltla‘il r’i-I tun“; ";a?:.' \l .i513( I .~ it ..| HI! . ‘z in “nil .(HL -;. ion‘
is with: t '14.} ‘WHC I '1‘ 1mm . -| (e: y 5. (u hm: it'n - draw“ I}; fih .N

I' 7'; alt-I'll H” ‘H '4‘ 3‘ Mia. iv 16-11.!" 'H»! "H's-d 013.1 '3 I“ hium‘wi ~35! 325.36”

HHD- lhlt'r‘li'flll "'5 ~-' ii‘4‘i"’1. iu‘lfl «h! u " lb rt. I" o" - HI i-u I. -l fll'fliii
.17! i9 kHH-L'J 31--'.’I0itli I; Wait Mn N whfu ’1'iiicm 'I nlzlolIJ "oi: M ”NH Jul
' s , am a". m --';3ni~rl l” hm,“ m It, '3 ”mi, ii mm. a mi, ‘ i« sin»:
"I Mir 4 m h. wads"! I. '32.. v.

Nutmf uv 6'39 1 Hit t'nimtm «H tom'rl'

1.” Hi n'c‘ei; 1" 'ui‘Hi" i"

‘1.”7'“ #1qu ’1. ta,

0 "blunt" .9 in It .. (1 pi H u i n n‘ _ l 'u?!

H'ti; .zuu- vi 1 r» 1+! ~..:-_,., in www.mn ‘I :‘uwl u: z m . u: .' and
NH i'tliliiwliti “twir' ’l iln-H'h“.w!~ "H No: .UII l- in n: «at: -Hu .- I I c -.ia oft
"1» "N Li”; t' iu'wth {H -- in “st; Ht; (-5 Hi foam li"a' .' :1 I ' ~ . . in l: H
'- In a «In; I H3 n 't- 1.3.8 iIHH nn‘m “jhl 'ts' 'vlfi "h m Marina! mi «1
ui mm is ul "'1'.” "I xvi-ll «I .3 r «in I». m u' ‘IV-‘L' -: 'n-r -u; «no ....

«I ml wm -h in ill abuil nl ml ‘e’n «dawn-.1. 9 r; Mum" .5! -'.‘-t-'N $Ilt!»

.. "Ht; .1 ~-..~ I on m low-'1' HI --~d 1* “-

'Dtr. N »' ”‘44 h wmrxr 'I‘n t'v-t

HenoeweaddtoDBC:
7.4.3 Whereabungut,m€M,¢bnwflnndkbnrenl

umber,g(ln,a,¢)-h

MMdWmnmt’onadeiI-ohbly
unlit-nu. Weenideronlymolthedtenntivee. Onthoonohnnd
thhgooduunhhthsvetodowithwhntapuhrcorm Inother
umthembnightheuoduingdwhntbgoodunmt. Ethic
Wimmmhmummiuefamdmu
whomedonuilynidtohveobfiotiounthcthui-Mmto.
Olmwhntigoodtoungeltnkhthehodluhwhichilthe
nee-doortdgoodne-thntmightheinvolvd. Undurth'lcoutrul,
Wrehtivetoauvhtilbeufichliorawhothuapnhuitornot.
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mkhtptdercthMm-othhhhdhwmmm
Moduofierohurver,daahoohteotududhhmgoodm,
«flu-himpo’ntdview. Andthegoodu-depictedhythe
qmtitnfivevahemeuflmuydthmm

Ithatthijuctmthntthohnodumdi-ubutoruy
mm. Itiperhnpomhalplnhilinfluddtnlingnhont
m'edic-lthewtmflhudhmdndm Itis
podhbtodefinoucomt,onyF,hde,G,ht-uppou,
thkaMu0¢mWHmd
“Wbfilflfifi hthbmitinidthati‘huheandncod
toG. MhumwmmWWW-m
thntitnnhlnodm'hetheroledefinupauibifityintermaof
Morvicevenn. Undueithernortdco-truhthenhthicmodd
concept-Irendncibletoone. Bntnuyamethntitishtpruent)

h t K" ‘ I I 'lh ') 'h "I
M'-‘h Hu .4 - tinill (‘0
.o’. 3! ,.l'.[!11‘ [V‘WHH‘ '

Ninth-.1 a] awhilnrhg I” 'ufi'u‘ , cu-‘t'fcs 1.; ”a: lr"0|1|u‘(3'? In "T‘-"t.-§( “hi

I e I I '
In“ ui nun 'ml at . "f.”UiIJI MI.» mil in 'ml » Hm: I :lu. tin: w o; . lo M Hit-t6
I‘m?!” '1‘ ’1“. [1 1n #1 -1H-| H lute N 3!?! N In" H] Hui“ Hi .ull kr’m' .u- ‘ui’
wIsil 1| M” r: am hi. mum .« I» .'N In bur-NIH 1H“ mi Him-q wit. v w“: Jim”

"HI Jh hutuuT-It ’ln'. whl'flj-s'l pn- H'- we r .. R Iui runny NJ. Hymn; #0 Hull run:

r'Ul'VJi ilQflHr‘i'l'HJH the” "l‘quWI ‘ti'.!lT!IZ...?"-o “9’18“ (-i In.» ILHM-ltr‘rt" ‘JE'L he!”

nit r: ti-Hifl .miai 'H-\ [Hui 'm hit-m! m'mn. n; m inn)".{ n IwiN ,wmnw ”in!

MIMI/mu H.” 1gb"! .lumrm mi "3

'III ‘lvlt‘ PI'Wh. W4." 34: ';..,4 |U., ,.,,.

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nil mud 1‘nitm .lr-num ia-ul mil

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1: WM! .1: Ju'l'ivmu] vim—Mb an: Han-MU: H'ot'nnzifi- tut rum” H 3M9!

3H...“ 41“.“. ‘hii ,ir’lhun 'Iu I11»: 'I'uinu Tomi} «’1‘! 934] 'In I)..--..~m

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in ' ‘: '! i H ‘8 LI '9 ‘i .h .‘Iihlli INK" ."UH "3 'Il H H3» H H 7 ”"" ’1'“

59

mvoidnbletotrentntleutoneofthetwouprimitive,thntis,thereisno
wmwmnwmmwmmnmd
whichthuetwocahedefinod. Ind'ltingnhhingutnrnlismfmm
Moucuthinkolthenonludtheuiobdcdooooeptsu
Mum-anew. Letuonythntnflotthaeoonoeptemfil
concepts. Wimflymnintnilthtntledo-edtheu
Will-him. ThnththerehnonoI-Mooooepthtandwhich
alienation-how.

Themvnrintiouotcouu. Sommight-fitnhthotthemonl
Wmdlhorednoedtooartahuiobdcdw Formplo,
Itifituhumnydebethe-ordWhK-dm.
Montcalm-Weak“ Buttheynightorlnight
”thew-m Althotchthyndmthenonlto
fieWWitnighthethdthaemltiflnom-monl,
WWhta-dwhichtheuioloficdoonmmhe
defined.

houdPriofodetheAMh-Wof
doonfichdc‘5mdhgtowhichnmddnhbmjutincue
“What“,hwwthmm'umm
tutu-Bic. Homudthuthecinpmdepictednmbwhich
thantionwuperbctlyopplied,thntb,whuomctioniuoocuredjuin
caoitwadeoervod. And-hadeatiitnlanordnotion,the
Whamtunlynthnonlnotio-hta-dm“,
itbnotutnnl'ltic. harmitdounotrodmnflllmptoto
mun-MW

WhetherornotPrior’nugmtomnooeptnhle,themtionof
goodnorevilinnnctio-iuinvituthereductiv'lt versus nonrednctivist

~u i’Hia‘ v"! it no , '. M 'x i ‘uw ll 'h'fit I L H ‘h 5. «I Hi ' H'- ”JIM
in 'Htl'tl HI .N-."ba'-u'| n. lud- «at; H-"li I'lHl/lio ii lzl-szum iuu'lwiquuu t ! NI
-:!-'cl IH ‘-:c.£IIH\tl ,"IIHE i; u .i: Iii {run} it ‘hI all. . ufll 'V‘w.‘ ii 4154‘;
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U. 'vsh «"2; ‘ ulw‘n 'kuil In i‘h mail {we «I! I‘ll ‘Iiilslhi '0”.er .. 1' a»! "III'H’ d‘ui
\[ 'Iuii in 'mv 1 Rd N: .H .il I'llhlllumt Winn.“ r‘lvtuuhlguglzn. .r;-l-nmn
d All” In mum at Iq‘v'vmm I1.-Ilu=i! on at w nil ,a-u 11 iii amazisslq «A ai-n‘rliu')
.i"'l!«t 4* ‘hi ”I": Mtg-rmu'n 1: UR»

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"i'. MI?» W] dH'HmH itz‘i‘xui ~05 flit-310'! m imam ”J L5 in.» w-‘Hihn

.-’r"viI"KD}! In KIII‘I‘H U' rniv‘ll‘umlbci'i mum“ "toll "outwit «Mum mlnl'H-lu-aifl

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in Inmuun m! iii Ir ma ‘I'I‘uul Imll «I “5 ya" u r Ia; - .r-.- ih -t'.'(-i’tl/B 'm!

m! the: «Madam; 11.»: «hum ‘Mil “min in huh-9' m rig .nw': n. -.'euiul.m1uu
.imuzlwu

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Wr'b' I” 'r’til fl ’i‘ir“£az;i 3" littlu. .‘al 'hhl". I" Ii In.” 0’ Niki-IUD.“ ' 'u -5I Iii .‘HIII
Mun; It ”"41" it” ’Iltll 1:11qu ‘Hll 1:73! il'hxi r29 ‘5" .fl'lii'llil.’ ‘9le ,_« '(lii~‘.v."'iil H
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II-diun hglmn n “was; at H'v-AW mm.» 13:1! Eula» :1- m.” n 0'4."
I'D" I itxlualuiut'l in rt'H'tD Ill hunt-HI! It I”!!! ‘Ilii Iii-UH I'M f‘zutl “him *-7!l‘li.i"
'xi «Iqo‘naua U. '3“ "out-WI 1'!!! Wad: H flu“); ’Iiiu "t. .‘d‘-lls.'lhh.|l mu :1 :l

r H nun-t l'. -tu'iI "Hi
In Iii-l!!! Hot ‘nil 'Ihib’i‘i‘t -' m “-13; -n ‘HHI‘"'H~ ,. tul‘li to II In PM" Hi ,,

1 .1. aIH- H. n v-lu'l I] '1': lil‘t|.s.‘s8 ”i: .r- H J”. 1‘44"”! 'Hfi" t.’ H 2. '[u or'qunuih

60

controversy at 3 different place. Whales Prior believed that the Achilles
heeldnductivhticmdthemiueimpfificetionwufoundin
judghgbuthenlctioneppliueeeocdhgtothedmplificetion,theheel
nightnbohelocsted'ntheintefiedeo-trulottheuflinvolvedh
auctionngtrdhudhowthemctiolinpplied.Thetbtony,themord
Wmightaflhendncihhtotheubbgicdmhntthehtter
Howeouldth'lhppen? cheprdueeeecakuhlanocietedwith
hnctiolg'ntahlhthefiutoe-ehvhgtodowithwhtamt
dehumpuiauudiltheneeeuitydnppflatiuhhedthenotionof
daemthentheDBCunlyfidthemnlnotio-hwhoflyredlctivhticin
fimMJdMMWmthm—MW.
heewhatbduhedbahcteboutthemthham,adectnddeeire
mheducfihedwithontmmmiveddn. hthieeuethe
WWMWMINMMWW
hounds-militia. R.B.Pary,lormmph,ofleunchepodtioawhen
hmthetthegoodiouyohjectduyhtenetwheniltuuthuto
dowithwhtbthecueudnotwithwhstughttohethem Olthe
mm,8thwflakwhutodowithmiwotmilitm
onlyhedeocrihedhywhtoqhttohetheeaeudlothywhtiethe
cue, the. Mica m b po-ihb, but W
mun-him
Atpmtthemenlmmheldtudbcuedumu
ithmonhedthntthehmdutunheuubeatmm.
DBObmfivddhyeWhhfly-dmtmnductivit
mummwmuwmhmsnwmh
mtiouthembdGodhnatta-ethicduduiohgicd.

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’2 l V
m u... 1 4‘ h 31-d'v'i'ili dunk-:1 mm NI l-3 r.” Urn-'- 'vh-‘Hlln “”1 In c-Hi

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:u Madman” In. mil In imrncnn'. squint!“ um "i imsyua rm Ibuéfi u: m-

.' t" t l g A
H- '.‘ «I: My” , {ah I). «i If H Is‘fii‘I' I“ '1 oh ‘1; Illlid “I“ NH” In .‘ 01v=‘i ‘t‘! (I! :ll IMO-w
1'*i‘..i “til i: i rIII-YsHW'I it «‘41:! at, NH? u.) ‘n I: . :1 "MI “h h! ' ’tld‘fnlu .

.‘111'l1i"l Hinnl'i'i 11111"

1” iv'an-ra. mildhtsu 0):: -‘I -1 ”-0 'NH ll WiH-I'IM! rm. lumxu Huh

”"14 m; Vimill thin ”in u.) '3“ou quire Inn} min m “0,th as 9 umlum'l

.IJI-n «it 1.: Mi] d ll"‘.H$'~:~}It§ In at sm'ms‘ «m: 3! i411: ~14: r14 1n r‘tEV ,1.

'lr‘lIH'UiWI iii'hifl kl rill *llul it‘ltrul ‘Hil ‘iu Airiicddi Ilil'l H" lit!” i'l'tr'i)

“but.” ‘I.*IIIDII ul Iv‘nuiwx ml in"! an". .1: D V «II 'In its; 13;.“ ‘wfl'r mil
1- Hwidfi i'ms .‘Hn' "411:1! ILN "1i! ”Mia; I'm" F PI UHF-“H 41 ”MN “div

. I Q l . ‘
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t
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1

and ‘e-wrmn 'H'HIN lfi‘fl'fltll ’tih i-v l‘mgviu ("h v.1 lellx "vl it '3 *‘oz' ”1 ‘Hi

«H m) «a.» «nil Id at 1.. w) ham aiazu I." In”. .,,,--, mi: --a 1.11” 3;. u wit

um u 11 .ai‘mmz. wmmmua (ism us.» u' nmi int.“ -éa;v hm ht! ll .1'114'IFUU'!

1

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x v MI ,1; ivv'fl'lvli {III {Mi mi [195) r'blli. qutis It var-v, m: I. ,, v31] 3,

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, . ' l.
Inu'wl- Ho. his I: MIN Vl‘ulmu Ill Mn! in '41-! «a? ’ i- turn”

61

Thewfleiorwhichtmthoonditiommtobegivenmoftheiorm
M/WudwtadharyuMdthebm'obihetterfor/toa
thud". ThoootmdiuuiobgicdopcotorbAudtbmmm
cuoooodildyhethouhtolutrouhtio-for'¢ihighetolthe
udologiodocaleoiathub‘wu‘. TheodditioutoDBOmtoxm:

1.8 AxiologicolOpa-otot: A.
Whenaiootern,ud¢ud1¢mwb,

3.2.11 “N’-

'l‘tlthoolditiouiorthemuiologicduaiptioumuiolbm:

9.14 {EM/WIW-t if fimeflmaM), other“. it h f.

Theevflinvolvedhthennctionhgmthomollllhthtio
huoqhtohoct. Formpb,it'lnevillorJoh-o|thotthetmeinhio
hatyudhlbonh’nn,hntinordertoooutthehlh¢oltbetreeuo
Withouthstthehflingn-thehmqhtahont. Leta-"Pied
hJohuou’ohontyudhboIhim'. The-Johuooilnlctioudoulyif
(3:)Bsp3. hthecuedwhdfiuchualbfiltudcwm
pinion-mute“. WhnddmtaflnmmMAd-Ipslps.
Shoethuomcmhermebcotio-wewilldoptthofioflowhgnototionl
convention:

DIS ~Sa++(38)(BJ$AAa"¢/¢)-
hotbeMa-fluiuctionhgjutincueofiinmha’oudologicd
mkhgthuifi¢adooneolehrhpitohouttht¢ ¢Inutheofirut
oduwflhmhRuchc’ota-o. ItohoddhelotodhuethotthoDBC
Wubnotohhtoooooutioreutoilomditio-thtnichtottochto
auction-mimics. Fammiflnhowinglyhfiuohontoomething
thuhwfltomhitneuthotlhvenotn-ctio-edhhn. We
mightwnttooo-idutheouowhen,iotmple,nyneighhorhfinga

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1»: u man-mam 14:»:me . mm is 1;”11'1... I. ‘ 11.:
'l 3141“ r‘:inl§1~ .11? 931.3? 6 £1 HF)!" ti£Ii-'liiiihr ‘HII HI im‘li-IHO i. ’1 Mi!
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Hut "1! 1 1'2,“ PM .Illu‘iii ~).i‘,11ui'i ‘hi lrlllil ': “a”! '13“? £5.11] 0.11"”! 11 um! ”iv
1! mm iI'WUU'IHv w! u'vmiwi. Irni'I’ "mui nu rim; i 'o I mm! roams-int. m
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62

ohouteomeevilrelotivetome,andhedoeethisuopnniehmenttomefor
trhnmingthegruououdthefirohydnnt. Hovelbeenouctionedinthio
cueiflhsvelohowledgethotmytr'unmiuhtheoctionforwhich
Mtbw,orilhvelohowledgeotwhtthe
min-thinnotiftheleblooetdnhgho'notuhoVItome,
wool'd’ngtowhichthettimmingotmmldfinhydnntoiolorbidden?
MWmhporhItton-ctioouaiptiomdwtheymnot
inchdedinthemthoooditiouiotnnctiolucfiptiouinDBO.
Nauthhithhteudedthotmmdoruiologicdeooeepthabeen
Whammuthkpohtdmmy. Suction,
whateverthoep’ltemicoo-ditiouotthooactioocotthevictim,btobe
Wuhdmflwwmuhufiehw
oppliootiondDBCboo-euud.

hChptetSixweoo-iduwhotMoobdifluutinlgoodm
liloethil'lhvolvedinpndutinloo-identiou. hOhoptetFivewe
Mthepodhifityotcofloctiveoctionucflption. Fotennplefitm
ph-ihlethatJohloI’o-eighhonoouldooopcotehhrhchcitohoutthot
thetreehhonhinudiorthehflhstooolltuuctio-hginthbcue,
mthoqhnoouottheudonhdnpthbohont. Butlorthetime
behalhnhtmtoctioowflldo.

Shoeitinoonnootomdpuflanoeelogiatohnmgthe
thouoruiounqnmtothatumehem,me,ud

112.11 um/wnwm

Nudechmthstthegoodne-rehtioobutilyn-etficndcuhe
nod'll¢hhetterlorathn¢thuitblotthecuothotvhhetterior
athutb'. Itlollowohomth'lthotgoodneu'lineflmdve:

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1119‘ 0.31 I111 ’14-! “bulb r1111 fj'134l1i ”13.31. 111‘0131 it» '121'0 ~11! 1‘IHIIIH [I‘M/1

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~,~:-I ‘Q‘y/ iILi

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’Iin: VII... IIy'I'I} I H‘ 13' ti I;

12.12 1=1Aa¢/¢.
A50.

112.13 u-(Aao/pAAap/WHMN.
Th'nthefidechnothtthegoodu-odotionbtn-itiveudcaherud
'H¢’nhettetiotathnpudphhetteriorathav,tha¢iohetter
hathuifl'.

Fm,weohouldnoteopou’hhdtentionilthelotio|dvuiut
thhichwo-intmdnoedonma. Aoootdhgtollo
fi-vuhtthIbdmpiythifihhlwiththe
po-ihhexoeptiolthstthevuhntwodifluututdmtotoflot
one-outthaxdou. ThivuiotioI-ightheaqnldedtodlowior
vuiotionintheadanatolmnlu Undfiuighthe
Wfl-vuiutonotoulyiftheydiflaotnootinwhtoeto‘mte
thehlhmtionufigntoflstmmtmh-tabofltheypodbly
difluhthelmhutheirghlctioumlptoflotm.

Th'nnltentiouvonldoppomtlynotdtctholitolthuuud
mtheoutehtedtoqmtificotio-mtiooedoombs. But,itwooldhe
WhmfiWMbh-doofloofiwm,
duos accord“ to Itflituinl unethical views, the W
Whemdmaauctiolhwtodowithtbw
ammuuumwwdmmtmm
action. Butlhmnotyetgimthb'I—etheottutiooitm

6"....,[ v t. \ {A "\v~.if'rl’ {5;i

Ha. 3.34 ‘M‘b‘ H! H H 09'! h 'i rr-I..«'r‘.’ 'tl‘! luoi’ ifflltll’fl’ ILH'K r'lv‘l

" 'i ’i I. M NH ..' III-ti’i‘1li1i~x$“flt‘ 'nnt’ - gunk ~I In! E '5”? n , E.

.: «um “10!

um» I in ”“44! 113‘ H! Univhu'Olnn' 'U-«H’U‘. b 'IHH i'iiiwd' ”N .‘uMHl

H ..| mm." a: -'-t~ Mom um lN-HM-dtu mm duh! l|'~.‘d.i"a‘,'!llll

wur Mm 1. Mai 1w; na~m-.i»1«.:--im us li«;m.- «I i” In llo!~t~s‘1*_i"-lil Iztmmw

H; (l 1.! ill! "II Htl In lo! .Hl‘H‘v on 6\ vaf-‘nvr'h III. "I“! ‘4" “4;.- ll 4‘ . . o .. ‘2 ‘5

. l I u
an; Nam u.» haunt“. M :.:--.:.s ”Mum“! ma: ml... :4 mvll Mun-w b

5 hit: 9 rum! ”wl"! 2H1 in it§~1z:.“...~~-.Il we?! .1 ,‘gi. hi

(:1. mum! 1:: hr 3:.1 :1 cu Imp.“ 'I. 'l-nfit 1m} h 2!“: I11] any... I ~ rump-gin.

. . n . I
" «NI ,1}, ll “-4... lwl .IH inumul wwn ‘m . ml 11 -’.rh -H.H.m-t \ U-ul

"‘94’

Ill 18 u u] II 31!. 40.3.31!!!“ Hui] 'I'»'::.- ~. .H m EJiL.l

‘-’ "4 "33’ Vii" N's! Nuimvs‘lb biwu lllvglfi'lwl. .wH

4" Him ’I II .HoJ 4 rm; "0 I 'tl-Hul 1.! slui'nrumvmq- «* l-‘nh‘l I 'n‘uw n

wrmnnrzu v.1! “(mum mt luisuu

xuz' la) la. "Jamal“. In nulir'd u} 'c ...itt

What Up'vtln'i '13“ r 11'" I is "li' dawn. lig-T! ”Ail! 5!! u] gulfi'lu u at: 9 .1“.-

I : I l
tin-WW" ‘uH I‘M” In“ It! 't'mi “curt: lit; in muffle “.0le 'I-II ‘;.'Hltuisll"olD"

ltI“'u "I“ in é'w-Iiwi'n'vhl ‘uil Ii'll!.a Chi! LIII- “I ah ii“ I"

m ‘ smurf". sq

z'U'v-i N III‘UH"HR mi! ”Moi Nah u'rnu WI tun 'Ul 'i l Hui "an

CHAPTER FOUR
OBLIGATION, FORBIDDANCE
AND PERMISSION

1. MORAL PROPER TES AND MODEL CLASSH’ICA TION

In ends to include object m ucriptiou at obligation,
mammmumwwumm.

1.9 Daontic Operators: O, F and P.
The W Vb In:

3.2.12 OM

3.2.13 Fad,

3.2.14 PM.

Themtotrunhtomfludthiorn'abohfigsdtohhgitfiont
M¢','ahhbidduhomhiuilcit0bonttht¢,ud'abpamittod
tobrhgitMthat¢',mtivoly. Tnthcouditio-mdbphyodby
WM Forobligstiouucfiptiou:

DD: hOa¢HD(-|Ba¢->F8a).
Thi'ntony,a'nobligodtobriuitabonttht¢jutincuos
wda’ohihmtobringitsbontthtfihthflabmwbo
auctioned. 01’. {film mah- a’o “flaring auction uprevuttbio. Notice
MWbdufiudhmdthmdebglfltydby
hflingtohopobliptionnthathlilmdthopmitivehlfiflmentof
obiiption. ThildiotingliohuthomtiaotDBClmmthouinwhichthe
truthco-ditioudobfigflionmtacuminmofkeptobliptiom

'
H
‘1
‘ l
, ‘5
A
-0!
4"
Inn-«o
pm
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VI ‘ I 1 1 I 1 l ) ‘ . I ' 1
l '5 5’ ..\ ‘|( I b i | i ‘\\J’ ' ‘I‘ |“ i \ 1 5\ \‘1 H "I \
Hi4." H1" _’QI .1.1’c‘i"11arfl ‘r‘ji‘M'J'gJ " if ;.¢ 'ytvlii I" ‘,I '1 nth. H;

[Io-n- 9:!“ ”Us xHI'iHl'oltq 1hr ~l “‘9“ 1’ c! , p... ,,. "iii It"! -'lni"1 lath ””1. 1 § “iihi
I ""t‘ i ,‘) "'1 1"": '\\) I. _.‘.,t‘ ..'

“‘ 'tii’l :u’i:;‘z“.;" "“ , 'i“

”huh. H ‘Qlll'tci w 1::- w 1.. r! “ Oll‘iw‘i ‘Hu- in or. n] H 1‘" 'iii.;o9‘,‘li u. Hz. v u 1

a-wn-sa'l‘u] a: 1." illlh 31.1.: him”. in ‘--1 Mid mun s'wi '4: =1] 1| .‘ ."u H. '!

M ts width Wu; 'r'llui!.1oll'.~l wt": 1' zéwn‘ru? s1 hu‘ Muir. 3. .mM H‘
apart"! w. w-m Hi. 1.; r-wnil 1:.ulunmu‘u3-

! "1 .. 'i I ‘ ' 3‘!

K w: l 1!! hp! 7 u :21 u“ in il “1‘11 1:] bum-“u I a .ihr. | 1 ‘1 h i

”1 Hi ‘1'!“ ’ dl 3' in!“ .i 7 Hu'i 111‘10- il ‘43; vi \‘1 .I.‘ J r' .. 1U ""11 "'1""N‘ '

wimx' 21".th #me u» ~ "n -» ‘Jil um! r. .» nun! 'd In? r— 1; ‘ilnli :n.

I: L. I ”1"! a-j' "I?" “(qr-inf.) h: w.” Ali! 1" mill '1 ”I "in“ ’l‘ I li'll‘i: :i'g‘.’ ‘1‘!

I“ 517"”;I10i'.” ‘illii‘t-t. ‘Ilii I.) M'IQ‘ti .5? {Lu} ' ~,H:1 [LAM 5.1:, {"2- 4 u. "ugdj

". 1 _ 1 1 a:
.1! 1.4..” u. we. :11 “in” [.1 .' 1.. a .numn w «.1 . "2. arm.” 1: run; .114": '.n
‘H' .1. l~- rt «4 1H rm'hd 1!. ._. '« awn; . 1 mud ’n In [I mum...» “my

65

insteadofbtokenonea. Hintikkg, for example, recommends thutOtbbetrue
justincuecb'ntmeinzllthcpouibbwofldowhmtheobfigttiontodocb
iukopt.

FIGURE 7
OBLIGATION

,/..} m,

 

htorinthuo

 

fiBaofi}
-J

Snppoaingnbthenutufliutmomutnhtivoto
In, Omit in tn. nt 3 since in all historic
mtfinhgmbpou’bkrehtivotomhwhich
Milwawillhnuctinud.

InChWTwoitwunoticodthchummm
notoriounoddthauudDBCactionucriptio-thuuudhbdlingof
thmtookadmhgcdthiu. Formphthoactiouthooryufloguof
modalthu'anuhbelladD‘. hkuphgwiththuemtiouthis
unloawillhotppuutinthilchput. mephflthoobfiption
armin- 0a(¢-’1P)*(00¢+0GW) ii I'llpb' K. D(¢*¢)*(D¢-’D‘W). vim
cachwcnmolOaflatuyag-nta)iuphcadwithu. Alinpmiou
W't'pmdhgthhbdhdmwupmdormtunoddbto

1 g ‘1 i ‘ I‘.‘. ‘ . ..Y I Q ”‘3 '1: ‘0; J1 . 1 .
I4 1 in -I P‘ ‘Hi‘ Hrlkn‘l r""- N N. "W": "”1 " ll. '0' t '1 i x l.‘ ':
It'd
s 1:1 In 1:
1‘ 1! 1’11 1"
I..
In yta. .r . A U
n H IE1 l -
r» in; ul
h:

n! -/;i~:1 l Iclwu‘. H] l. .71 '10-) ff)“ '1 . . g: ‘3".‘1‘l'fl'
r :15. 11:1 Lu 4.! ”mini: n! h~ nun ., -' 'H --:
".an IN 131 £11 ‘ ’1 Law; , a.- «H! 1.14” ,;.!.a-..~ . .. .

in;:.y|1n.r;e. «1 Jun a“ .s‘m’lt n1 a?!

11"II10'. 3‘.” 21' ”h .314 ’1 "3 it” 't-i': 2""! c1 -" ’7 '7 oi "~1 1" w 1 H»
I I I .

1' vv "1h! 1"3' " " 'H‘ U | .21 ‘ H HIH'V'. "i 1 1‘1“ ’ W ”'1. it I "Hi (”‘H‘h‘ ‘3
s ‘r .Itbih Jim ‘21! ulna! 5'; "Y . . £11.31 '1"? vi...” In . .b‘fll mt 4: .. i r .. 13‘
‘l..‘ ”-l'nhl'! ”1": w." 3:! 92 H" m'wg" A Ii! ‘1 lr-gl‘Mw rJ‘ '4 ‘ I r‘ h 'H:
n H “ WM '11' I1 .‘~t wl 1.": 1-31 'I'=l'§';tl‘» Hill IN HI ".3“! it hi 0; fl 1 stHI.
"HEN t.‘ ' 1‘ ‘4' 15;. ,1! find. I: [,..',o , .k j- 1, I I “mug/inn
.h ‘1 i H! "I a! “H H 1"1'11‘;‘*‘1 (J ‘~ My: '93" "1.1‘ . ' ‘ 1 tgll'o'i'll! D II) 01”.".

3 at 1'vinvu'1umi' ' ‘Iu hurt-1 a; “-111 w-H; m'm i'uini wlil Imamr-M .-,':nl-H.i»

68

befonndinAppendixC. ThemleRthoidainDBC:

111Eo BQHfl
BMHOQ’W

Button-Ila:

13.12 Q-fifl
OM4O¢I¥I

dos-0t. Contruytoaxpocmthobgicdwdwhtis
obliguorymnotmlyohliptory. Ollywht'uoqninlenttowhatis
OMB-boom. Them-ontorthilliuwithmtionucription.
Failiutobtingfinbontdoanotutnilhflingtobriuviboutmihfi
ataibv. Thqmmighthenpmvaubbvm'nhedilthcvontof
thrhg¢sboatwithoutboingumhblymflediorhifingto
brilz‘wdmt.
Coin“

'c. =(owaowh0aww).
Mayhemlginnot:

tM. an(¢w)-»(0awoaw.
Ouwonldocpoctthutflabobfigedtobrhgtheooqjuctio-‘Avgbont
thumbnhooblipdtohting¢ubo|tudtobriu¢ubut Theron-on
aohhhthoWicldntb-ucfiptiou. Thmtunodolio
pouibhdlceBa(¢A¢)doulo¢ahilBa¢.
thhrdthoioilowhghold:

N. fi0a(¢"1¢)

RN, Egg

Boundthhthuocuboloanbgybotmthoobliguion
MMdDBCudthmdmddlymmu,N,udRN
anhoidm hummmmxbm.m

. l
.1.‘ r- .h| 9103' l! “4", ‘ ,

in.

I i" . .1, u”: ' , u, . j 1"
'y 1;
C
HH| "Ii! 1 a
" u 1 ii" :
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t 11 1. a ll: ('1 $11.11)", ”“ . |’; .; 1 A .H‘ ,""‘l'.\‘ '.'.5’ '1‘ "g.‘i"i I ' .h H ’7’;
‘ “5’" ‘ ' ¢‘i" '1 ”Q?!” ’13:" '1HHQ‘.111H 53.1» “"11 l~~zl ‘Hfi In": zit
" ’1 “éi' ‘5 ""II 05' I“I” ('Iii "id. 1’1 ”airfi'i‘. ‘0‘1‘ I]: 3.“..41'1 . a, 'I _<' 'it.'). Hi
' ' I
I! 4‘ ')I’ """‘II J L'3‘11‘i ‘6'. -'.' Ni '01!""' ‘~O‘| ('M"’ ’iilfllb ‘gfl‘fiii an! ‘¢1...'| ‘
' "’ "f‘ H' “”14”"! 4 Wk “VI".U "1 hi 1' 'Il‘.) 'mtl . 411:.” o
,ni. .1 1.1] ‘ ‘11”3‘H"! J} '3 11’ .1 "2511‘ 3,“;qu 1.3. .1“; H" u 3;,” .4 .:.!.','l
1114‘!“ ‘1 "1.1!.
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1; i A ‘1' 1. A . . it
‘1’”"5 JAR} "UH'HIUIN‘Vl '1” ..,!F!i'1 "i '0 JO 3‘5 a. h ”in1 Irv.) 'i [Mir-fl "11‘
‘* "‘~*‘- '1 "”1 .mmm v ”BIN“ m i-w. “mun .1 34mm cui . w...” '1 u. 4 n Hal.
2 illmlnl'flthh'b “nil *iuzlhnl‘vh‘ u ‘m .‘w rub'ltcéuatmil '0!“ OH «a flu ~.
' ' llh'v'I 1H! "9- i- l; A .;.-a w rm. ’ilzl:-'mni
su-m 'tulnwhwi nil in 'ahn u
i V I K’ I
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’ ;.«i<' s' U1‘oswl . '4‘ .1: .h 1.51 "i this“ "'11?! 31:31 h. '- '1” "n1
‘ ii'” i .H 'D'HHo'. ":91! MPH-4H 1m. It I! mix l-zlb' .h'r; h. 'I van! um?! "’
.' a . 1 v
't'-.---:."HI ‘HH u. 1.. :4. “tun ,

67

mu,N,c,deEhouinthem. BntinDBC,eventhoughMould
NomnottheauudRNodoeanothoid,Kbdou.

:K. =0a(¢»w)»(om»W).
Buttbbflowhxmtothowofl-hownmoddthuudomtz

Bo #¢»Oa10afi¢
4° flow-'OGOM
5° it 10afi¢40a10afl¢

Thtg'nlottthu'lnhoutexpuldingobliptionucriptio-toitmted

13.13 woman-vow
butcithcfihntedobliptionucriptioucunothondwod.

Thmthconditioubtbrbiddnce-cfiptio-mabopmtedby
mdadafinitiondtha’a:

DIF: hFa¢HD(Ba¢-’F8a).
abbrbiddafrombringingitsbouttht¢jutincaonwofa
brhsinx¢|boutha’abah¢nlctioudhthofnm Lihthedefinition
brobliption,thotnthconditiouioriorbiddmmgivaintamdoim
moistedwithdoingwhtouilpmhibitodho-doiu. Winn-obligation
ucfiptioumtrlenhtiwtouiudmm-cfiptioum
trunhtivotociudtmm TII'Idiltinctioucomportn with tint
mmmmammuwudhmud
mmmWMtMmtio-udthotbr
oomtniningaction. mathemnvutiouofhbaflium,hbobfor
lorbiddmucriptiouwillholollowdbytnhocriptod'f'. Thor-Infill,
bulb:

RE. M
In: Fm“ PW.

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Fain-’Farw
doeenot. 'l‘liiehobwiouehoeBaubdoeenotenuilBawevenifWiea
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shontbetcuifhebrilp‘wwontudheoubrinx¢aboutwithout
MVMutheeunetime.
M,N,endRN,donothold:
M. wFaMWPWamFW)

N, “awn.”
RN!
Eran
But the 1113
12.14 ung—
IaFa-1¢.

hokk. hotberwomit’llliveueflyioebiddathut 1¢bebeongltahont
where¢hetheeh Since-ocuevaviohteethbWthenleie
tektively We.
Furthermore, neither 0,, K, B, 4, not 5, m theeee:

0. we (Fm FWPFawW)

K. uFa(¢»v)-»(Fawav)

B, ޢ+Fa1Faߢ

4, #Fa¢+FaFa¢

5, hi 'IFa-I¢->Fa-IFa-|¢

PM '- ddled in term. at bebiddnce:

DP FPMH‘IFM.
hothcwuha'upelmittedtobfingfinboutjuthcueaienot
forbiddenhonhrhgilx¢sboet ahpumittedtobfingofieboutjustin

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69

cuetheactionofbfinsinxlbtbont'unotteinofcomm'neionfora.
hmmmdmmwmawqpbm
atmh'vbewdatth-D(¢+wwu
painted. Timmtwotheeeethatmenblethetheeeeefiminfledbythie
move,nne1y:
12.15 unweomu
12.16 1:013:11»th
hothrmuythingthdamfilybfinpeboutaieobfigedto
beingsboutuduythiuthstaleoeunrflyhfletobfingaboutab
forbiddeatobringebout. Shatteeeobligntiouudiorbiddmeecumer
heviohted,theteeeemtobelitfleofleneeinvolved.
Abo,itehon1dbenotedtht
12.17 t-Fa_L
bebeMthtbtouy,evel-yoneiedweyeiotbiddelhomdoingthe
inpo-ible.
THMmbeWbytheddith-dmmteud
emeoltheeeimpwvetheeinileritybetmDBCe-dthetnditionl
medic-madeufichgic. Thblbwiunotetioulconmfiouwill
enhancethepeldilgdm. H{DBC}'-theeetolelleeoepteb|e
13W of BBC, {@(nNhktchDO-t} '- the “beet of {DBC}
catehhgjdthaethDBthae¢ieMtne,vix.,
theeetofnodehoffl Mk¢ebbnviste'Eech-enberdbiesmodel
for¢".
MthdDBCmthmehwhichthewoidmof
Withhtlnbhnpo-‘bb. Itmishtbebelievedthtnndertheee
WMBMWWVNBMNVNEM,
wNiMMthm-dhcewtheeecondfiioumutbe

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70

eliminated in the definitions of obligation and forbiddanoe. In the
[We-mafia! intanntntiounnngontailforbiddenhomdoing
Wonkilhtnnucnpchonuctionioraispodbk. Thentof
MhWWFEmcmmi-duioflowm

FEPFw401FSG.

Shnihrithoutdm-ucopidinWWOE,

inwhichunpnta'uobligedtodonmothingonlyifaucnpingmction
hafntmpouibility.

OEU-Omfi-bo-IFSG
InthuainwanII-dthuillzfludw,

12.18 IBO‘IFSG
nboholtk. hothwmficvayngentilmtedthehtmpouibflityof
“pineal-0th.. TibimplinnthntinthuoinWMianIn-t
mt,ththtony,ov«ylneuilmhthnt(h)m<xinthae
kWh-o.

Doonticlogicin-nbodbcuthwhcipkthntnoonbobligedto

brincnbontthoimpo-ibhltnhdnflniu. Inmadicdoonticlym,
meoutnchuntowflotobmnumtbthfihoodd
10(¢r1¢)bdbcnuod. Whtbchhmmm
M10(¢A1¢)bnthnfihthntchhWhDBC,
M140.

whammnm.
Inthuointerpumionlnoono'lobligadtohringnhontthcbgicdly
impouibhntntoofnflnin. Itohonldbcnotdthntthoprinciplothtnoone
hobfigodtobrhgnbontbgicdhbohoodnbdflincthnthprhcipletht
Whmtconflict. hmdithhohttuba-ocintedwith
the out” O¢-v-IO'1¢ or the Mt 1(O¢A0-I¢). Auocinted with

co."..'.1| I

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111i cil run! a u . -! UH?! Mu? NIH" “FLU. “”0 WIHIUI 1! i111" JYui‘ 'Hh'
1.4...h I an. 15*.I. =' ‘I. .1» '5‘”: 11 'l'u311a. 9'! .i ,(H OH! ""l‘l1 NIH 'V'Hi’
.- (1. ‘ .‘ H i i
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rut'osr 'r‘ Mum'uv ni-nn-MH Iii minim In noun "- Wrauguu ml Him-u u ~
H: !' xi'lc’MJl ”I“ .mtl'l N'H! lli‘lw’ n! a.” «ll WM» mun '-) ‘H‘IhN 3'IH‘!!""
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71

th'l principle 8 the net of obligation—confidant interpretntionn of DBC,
WOO:
OCbM-"Im‘l¢.
Haiobfigadtobrhg¢nbonttbaabnotobiigodtom1¢nbont
hmmmmumummn,u¢»o¢
vin.,O¢-’P¢,hwdl—known. Mm,ithlboalhownthtDobnot
mthnthuuiorDBC. BntDo'nchu-nctu-‘uticdtheoetof
WWi-WWDG:

DCt-Oat-d’w.
hthunahobfipdtobrhg¢nbontonlyilabmittodtobdng¢
nbolt,ornotlorbiddutonhrilging¢nhut. hotkMinthae
Matthobliptiontobringofinbontutfithtitbnotnuinof
con-bimbbringitnbont. When-inOC,oblbntin-cnnnotconflict,in
DC,oNiptioucunotconflictwithlu-biddncu

Wmuwmmmmmbmmm
principlothntonghtimpliuan,thntoncilobiipdtodoonlywhntoneis
nblotodo. Thiptinciplohaboan-ocinbdwithtbthubchncmbtic
dthoOCintamtntio-nbon. But,onelnightnuocintothilplhcipbwith
thetwooorbdinta-pntntiouthntioflow. Thefiutnhtuthohntinn
principlntoobligntionnndthouoondtolorbiddnnco. Thoma!
Mon-m intupuhtio- (OK) have the {allowing chm-statistic
that:

OKs-”40M
abobligodtodo-onethingonlyifitipodbbioratodoit. Tlntais
oblipdtodooomethingcntnibththomdoit.

radiance-m inclination (FK) m hntinn a tu- no
WEN-ad:

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72

FKI=Fa¢-*O‘1M
abbrbiddufi-onbringingditbontonlyifitbpouibbthuarefrfin
fro-Mots“. MMaibl-biddenfmmdoingmething
utdbthatacutdnhfmnoodohg.

ThWWWmmamflicbumtmight
mummnmamnmudhh
W“ofli¢dt¢b¢h¢¢mtthbfiaflyimpodbb,boing
obfipdtobringtboutbothmoustcdnfllinudiucoutndictoty,
whammhpdmmmtodowhtmmt
do,wbein¢iorbiddahondoh¢vhdoumnotbdpdoiu. Nothing”
hanfltbontthotenputlrohfivitydobfipfio-udiorbiddm An
th-catmdtbmmuwflhatmfiumt
01:»me mlmmmmmm Formple,
finfithufidthtmflumobhodtonfichcoucfipfive
nflimymbwhafioymhmefiuuhtmtbdonln
Menard-obligation (00) hWnoobkflin-mumponfly
alum. Whataiobfigadtodoahmlyobipdtodo. Supposing
M M b Oil-ink“ to (¢A1P-I¢A-IF‘1¢), vim, Db M "It is
MWcaoM¢',MtbobflowiuutdW

00~00¢-’E00¢
Whfiith—chflWwfich
mwahmmmmmiabmm
{nu-hm...

FOu—FdaEFQ
mmmamMaoouor-mmmly
mat-W

Wmhmmbcumwwmmmhfiveor

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73

shoolnto u for a diflerent agents are concerned; whether what is obligflory
orbthiddaioracudiflcfmnwhotfliobligodorlorbiddenfmmdoing
whoroaaifl. Formmph,oumightuguothuwhttojudgeioobligodto
dodiflaufionwhtaoodimcitila‘uohlipdtodo. Thmflaios
WMahWhmflMMfiohwflhowmmt. In
them-fair(OF)intetpntotio-s,thhooflolnhtivitybnbdontu
buohliptio-mooloanod. hthaouogat'lobligodtodo
Wabilmouebobohligdtodofiuwofl:

on. (318)04* MOM.

Wbthaohthontdlorfiuucc-Idrmmhmiouin

umabmmmwmflmbnm.

Mama-2mm

hmmdmtmfihmfimchbdthumh

obhgodtohdngoho-toonomotafloinoulyifhoblotooaoodinto
Mitohout. CoorcionhualnodyhoounutionodinChptuTwoud
thenitwuuurtodthflooomionndlooufitymdhthcththom.
Asiathocuoolkntiuhtapntuiouthuomtwooorhof
inWWwflhthopI-hcipbthuohfipfionorbrhiddm
atdbhoodomfionooaciol. Thothuilchanctuhticdthoootof
Idiom intapntotio- (0A) compart- with the first at then Motive
W

CAI-00¢» '1(33)BzflBafi.
abohligodtohring¢ahoutonlyifithnotthocuethtthuohoome
whomatoomithdnghxtbshout. Oumkhtnythttaicxcuaod
Mnmflthmbmwhmuammthb
obligation. SinihrlyinthoootFA UM-uficoméu)onoia
forbiddoah'omdoingoomothingonlyifhobnotoomodintodoingit:

.3 v. in . ’2‘ 3 ti) .1) ,3. 'gl'I‘o Mum "a”; n“: 2‘ g: ‘an .2 1.

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74

FA: Papa ‘1(33)B:Bw,

memmmmm
paw-mm MNH‘IO‘I¢§I‘IF¢”‘IP¢ Thu

mmumwhmdm.

12.19

vis.,thbbothofiolDBC. Butthilhhahortdthohm-hflityof
PMH‘IQI‘T‘. hodctoathhth’ncouiduthoutolhoflicofly—
«autumn-(anwmmm

a-Pd-b won-w

DTI- PfiH flea-m

hotbewonh,abpuni~ltohch¢¢ohontludonlyiaisnot

ohbdtohdlgit

mmmaammuamh

MU‘O‘.

mfihi‘icmfi.

 

{CA}
{FA}
{05'}
{FF}
{0?}

{FE} “{OEhfi-{LC} +400} ”{00}

FIGURE 8
CLASSIFICATIONS
{DEC}
{00}/ A \
{F0}
{PK}
{DT}
}

{6K

{P}-*{Q}indiatuthatil¢iathubhl’
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75

identicdufaruthesiohoodiscomed.0flytheoetofOK
hWhWthuufldthusinthfiflcbbtthubinOK
hmfim-thtthubhandthfive.

2. DEON TIC PARADOXES

hDThWobflpfiou,brbiddu-ce,udpmhionm
intudofiubhoothstoulyouoithothmmdhopfinitm. Sinihrto
thWtbfldWMMPxpaflmw¢ba
MdDThW WWW-inpmthohcidflionof
thmdcooceptqbntthucbtdhdvuhgo. Lap,- 'Jouudiu'snd
bramtgFm,'uinforbiddafro-brhsilgitnbontthatkneodiu'.
hDThWFMHOa1¢buMudfmntthwith
Fmitiolbwnthth-Ipa,whichintony,:'uobligodtobfiuitgbont
“Jonah-«die.

Butth'nbtoomg. Oumbcbrbidduhomkiflinghnea
(bringhgitaboutthohdien)withoutttthnutimoboingobligodto
bringitdaontthstJonudoanotdie. UndermcircWWhitois
brbiddafronkiflthombntdouitionowfmnthi-thtminbo
obfigadtohringitsboutthntJoudoe-Iotdio? GimmWhitecould
goontdhbwnytomtoitthflhmdounotdimudhcwouldhe
Whmfihfiqhthbmtobfimdtoboahm

Forbiddmudobligflioumfudmtdlydifluutmof
bohvionloautnints. Forbidducuooutninmhtonhdnfmmoertdn
mmmmwmmm But,woording
btrdithdhmifitythodndomittingtobfing¢tbonthno

r!
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76

diflorent thu the sin of bringing '14. wont. In "Saints and Heroes",
Urmnoll7uotioodthtmootmetuthicdudymmnotabhtomthe
“manomdnwmdoedldmordhemism.
W,hDTthouwhothomkifling,
{armadbepahboblipfio-inanint. Mimmkoeping
dmhthimwithontwm. Onomight
cflthbthwdudummwhkhtmnhmmmflonor
fiWMWbWhfiM-abifity.

mmmmmmmmmdmmd
fichficmfioumofiaWWthMtboGoodSo-nfitm
par-doubtprobknbrthn. Tummammtw
“Mingus“ nifthogoodSmuita-helplkuwhowu
robhodthJoumtobboda-dflitbmththuhmbbed.
Smps'ThoGoodSmuitnhdpoJou'ndq-Umwu
robbod'. MMtomadk-ymnbwwaqhqud
2)istnuhtoqu. Accoudingtothonlo:

M—
want

itiofluwafronthdl)ad2)MF(paq),vis.,it'-iorbiddon
MthoGoodSunrituhelpoJou-whowurobbod.
ButthhpondootanotuboinDBC. Iath-‘Jolubrobbed'
:fimn'Jominhalpod'. LotgduotothoGoodSmu-ita. Thul)
cuboWBclp!APq1.(chmbbcyimtgbontbym
Inn-ed aunt than nglaPGfiBsql.) Support; robbing b Ion-hidden for
m,2)cuhotnnhted(x)fiqr Andimmthiothepuadmdcal
deofiammoflamfionedinthe

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A' ’ | l l ' l 0
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q». n“) W'ql;.;;.ith]ifl“ Writ ».t -'|v-,|lr‘ ‘g’¢l‘ii:” vu'} raj) “I ru'q-‘r _I:Ha In

'1” n a zwrt nut-r. .mzsi I'M-.1, 1i via 'I mums I-rt-x; In ("-9 u -‘~l mi: n... :2.»

Nu? ,; ...-j .Eq-a :q! ..::.. numl) ul inmw: gr) 2..“ I"’|.l\'3"l*g' "i“ -'|

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3' . ”-a .h :‘ 'i‘- «2d? “14!! 8:1; wt tf' i NH i'fi'l' "'1 llh‘: q ‘,;v..,l,,.,
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J I“ I " “'f‘ 4’ II Ill‘: / ',‘ o" ?I-: "I’~H?l.'!.“ lHILv ‘ 3' 3:» 'l

77

wtofdeonticthoofiudonotuheinDBCaince,uiothecauwith
WMhRmnquvfl,udthWonanctim’a
madam”. Bntothtdeonticmpuficlhrb'thouhvohinga
mmamw-m’summmm
bonedlyd'lpcuedwith. Moonflichwillbod'ncuodhChptaSix.

8. DEONTOLOGLSM, DIVHVE SANCTION AND MORAL ARGUMENT

TbmpthBCbhmdmbMo-sflymm.
Ammmmwmmmdumhm
idotkdwkhcuhhcmfidpmthflhmvhqwithm
Witpmhcuorthouinvolvodhibhflut. “the
Wmmmmdummmam
mtwhodouit,vh.,hhbahsmctioud. Mm,thuoptopatiea
hmtodowiththohdintauhdtbmtnardhghbgoodudevfl
mwmmmummwwwh "axis
obligadtobrhg¢nbolflhoquinhttofltbmibthcuthuab
hihntohring¢ibontmuumubhthuawmhomcfioudfl

hconpch,mcdhgtodooutobgicdmthomonlmiu
dunthmnthhflymbythmfidpmfiuit
In. AWMWWQMmu-euaho‘tnmfion’a
mmflthcuhfladbyudotkyuhilmMsbmtita
nor-1m Hyhidpofitioumhwhaouolthtwodomtiomd
attains-him Bothdifinoconnnndviuwnndhtuifion’unm

popnhtfomddeontology. Acoudhgtothoiomeroneisobfigedto

'M 'i W8) 'in ... .. rm. ml m - -m av , w. .4: u ~30~ ;- 1. ,. ‘ -..

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l ‘ I ‘ : 1

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L H‘ ”“11“ ‘}r¢.;il 4” I. ’H 1. 3'14"" "‘h' Juiml 'JIIcih u.- “‘li’l' I”! I ' ..- ... ..l Lil-H

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1““"3‘" 51‘1“ 1‘; No.5 I‘d} waif :-.J‘...‘\ ,irl \.:‘ \ :tl'x'...

u‘ m "1 H;- w—u-n Jig: 'it'vI-uri! ad ..3 iv ~1 4! Men «'1 4?} !-- Hi i 31; v4 *odi
Wu H ‘8 III: 3H ("35‘ up *! lc-fi' H" mi: Ir#:c~.l:!‘a:‘g"-v-I£':'v "boil «.3 ‘..-*li I-w'w‘
H‘t-F "I" “9. N ...‘\| I - II it I. u H ila'l'! [Inhal'ou’alln '- is” "I -I link is an" Ti;
"H t”"1"!i .Iz-nélxgl 0' W (I! f 14:“ III] ‘botuti! In f‘? mi» 4.} ll r'fl"! v; ,1..-
‘-4i- In ’Hlll‘flrvlq "15 its ‘3k in r‘Néi'!§J it; i. z~ ul wgii ‘P1.tn.w"'ill r'“':||".'-g)" unn-

at:. ugvvio‘ 'w- 1| ,lwiu' lug/l, .‘t‘ln.lil'ui'.r‘ )gaot‘NI did _ \ll 11 run: (all)! In . o;
.: "t e ”:4 iumit chi 312.2315; --‘. 1!}.‘316 ‘9111 it» ~!<‘)‘.w?‘sl !»-"M 'NH til!” (i. m "Ind
v. :.1«""‘;‘| Ithi ’I'm‘lbanl‘lur'v-un') flhb ls": I'mI-“II: ”Ii! Wuin'fl unit in";

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u I! J‘ail’ 'Vhl "l|| li‘:l. .. "I” f] I] ;)' I“ 3 “(1.... g ,o‘ g ‘4‘“ 3‘. ....”"d ‘.' "'}.I%-i(l

'5"°|'-“*I'Ui*' “if MN 1‘ mm -.; Minn-re um I. w dun Hun» . 2:12.! m «nag-u;

I . .
‘”' "' "-’ "9 ”WW "I" M‘M‘Iuil h. :t,"ti~mu~us m ‘jm‘u'tunm arm“. I! m. 1.

I I I . 9‘ . . ‘
H '6; "MN”: “dye.” 5’ " ”" ‘ "" ’.“ Human '1 In It. I! M hunk"; t.‘ 1! :h' tn; ;.
H’ 1’ it; a" ”fin”; " "V” ”313?. “ii-...! WW I”!!a"ii "3' ' i‘:;|i\!'i ‘... § ‘ . l2 Rafi} I .-( .'

.‘. |:.u~;g .w- «Il"olj'=|r lit-.7 u 4.“! (.l; u.“ (,3 "‘VBH" 1,". in. ‘HR ""4"“‘10VUUJ

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" - 41'4"" =3“ UN! ‘HH In ‘mu Ic «HI Hit/":1 rum}: M3 1.4.3.1 .us; 3:. ' la mu!
‘t! 'I; I“ Z '|'i.:. i'll‘. r r}... I '."..'.""c' ' n".-. .l‘i' ‘i 1"? i pl,’“l!. (. A..‘! .1.‘.;'§l.

v.1 ‘.. 3 ‘1 H! wife: 1 ufll-t' Moi! (v8 \ .3 m1. 4.)]. ”’31,“.11'hr,“ 1., {”3”} 1.er o“

78

bring¢nbontifudonlyifGodoommudsit,whethernnctionormud
inwdthonctionornot.Aocoldingtonmm-fl-
m—vadintnitionhn,ifwitno,itotmthianot
Mbthtntldnyotkmmntdl. Timitcnnnotbeinienod
onthobfidcamoothatinddmtacawhichbknowntobetmeud
moofldmonl'vinion'bnqnhodoothtthotntholnonlucriptiona
hpodblo. Itiufiomthiopooitioninmonlopilhmoiogthtthcnme
'intnitioniln'conu.
Daontobgicdviewadonothitwollintheirmtdoldinnry
mil which trout obligntion, lorbiddnnee, or permission ucriptionn no
ontdledbyuntmnbontmltinggoodorcvfl. Formpie,it'utypicnl
bro-atohoummabwheuSmithbobiigodtodomothingm
bewillbopuhhodifhodoanot. Notnllmonlmtomdthi-
Molecule. Muyofthunmcun'lticinthntbymbgythey
nttanpttonhowthtncatninnctionidntypednctionnflmd
whichuoobliptory. Theraknaddoonmm,wmost
churlyinthoiouncmo. Anditwumba‘dthtoudthe
tubdndaonticthoay'utooflunpmcdmhmvdidfmm
hwmwutMMIW-Mthhhfim
inthvnfldityudhvdiditywhnitmtoth.
Snppouthoonclndontonchnnm-utbow. Itinot
thidmiunchnmtohchdownbont
thewdahriuing¢nbontorhrbufin¢fmmthm. In
mmhthuewmlpocifiodintaudhnpending
auction. flthuomvdidmtqnnthdwthlwtidiumis
mired. Iwmmummwuwwmm.
htheemingpmtntMIhvemu-nlgmbinmind. Byuing

.n 11", a- ,1 .-..Inn~ .u‘a ,h' ,i; rizndu 4: gun! h r 4‘3 " H 'W

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Ilw' I '5
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(‘11 ii 'Hfi r~I| ,v 1. T.- l: [“5” £31. ’t.. ‘ in“ 3‘1. 1) 1" i. h .I..-..g.i'-| W1. ',, 4 l"
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.., “mun-m ii» mm as 'i» Will .0. 1n #1 mm u; M. WW! :4 .Imil unm- ”I Mum!»
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L o Ii ‘anH ,n Wynn i011/‘V 4‘” | ['l,;"x th‘ihj ‘v'n. ‘. ‘tfii ”a

79

several examples of mornl moment from the tradition of the Christin
ocriptnm,lwnnttoohow,firet,thntthmeineidethebiblicdtnditionnctu
iftheiroonoeptnotobiigntion,iorbiddonoe,udpndenoomnodifierent
tinthaedthhhtahcntomhoththooewhominidethetrnditionud
thouwhonnenot. Anddthonghthemmphooreoflbibiicnhlthinkthot
obviouohniluitieodnonlorgnnentntionontoidethehiblicdtrndition
hdiootethntthuebnothingoonoeptullyu-ulnbontthehiblicnlonee.
hmmthemrdmmptodomthveoumhhcmm
ondnnotherlornonchrhtioneornthm
Seoond,bytheeemmpleo,loilntoehowthntthoronghgoing
oouoqnentidhmudegohnmoorrectunetuthicnlviewo. Agninthot
themaphooomehonthehibliooltrnditionehonldhetohnun
reoommendntiontoChrbtionthinha-othntdeontoioghnhhnproperior
them. Andtheoimilnritybetwoatheoemmpleonndutn—biblicdmonl
momentohonldhetnhenunreoounadotionthntdeontoiog’umis
improper for everyone, the’utic belieh notwithetnnding. Third, the mplee
indicetethntit'unotdivineoommdbntdivinennctionthntbobligetion
Mandthudivineoonmldvieweehoddherejected.
Acoordingtopnndeontoioghn,oentenoeonhontmondue
independontofoentenoeonhontohiiptionoriorbidduoe. Inlifitofthe
Woloouoqmtiolwidonoelornonloonchfiouonemight
hvornmorenodenteiolmotdeontologhthntnflowooontenoeenbont
whatnflmornlucriptiouhntdounotnflownonlucriptione
toutoilthooenhoetoow
Bntbothnodernteudmtleontoiogi-nmrejectedinthe
folkn'ngexunploo. IntheSa-iptanod’eoommudouemhI-ly
mommiedbythreotoofpuiohmentond'lobediomeudpromieeeof

- 'l. ».'t vtil i«> i- .i: , ‘1 t.‘ ‘.:a'lt i»; valii. .t it ‘«t¢:‘ 1'- # A :i’o *

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t. I ' u , lei ‘ ‘ i ’ l o t
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l: 3 '. ‘ ‘
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.‘n-: I!» a; f. I 'szis Ii:'-clss I..u?rl!llll I! :.t'i . cava . ..;.. !E« .! .‘t 'v; ‘14! IL« I ‘olI-193 at.

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r"§|¢"|_'.fll’lr'fl‘)'l “5Ip'. "amt iuum ”I

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80

mardforobedience. Theeethruteorpmmieeeueoftenpreoentedu
mt evidence for, u implying the commands. Strictly, since imperatives
fib'Dofl'mudtthmthencabeloevidenoefortheir
tritium Bltil’it'uu—nedlotpupooudmmttht'Do
x!“btutamonnttothedechntive,'xiobliptory',uBohnerthu
w,fntmte-echinluboutmcfiouormudmymeu
mum HWWmhfimh-emdthbm
inthieway,thaeiprinofocicindicatio|thsttheymubdnotpnre
dealtobgiflninthehviewofthenordconceptgahceulctiolud
thmqmolactiol.
Hpmdeontolog’nn'noonect,theanpposthod’lconnl-dltobe
hfimwifiwhdbmriobeythod’oWhoflmmflno
Momma-ultimatum EvuflGodwunotebleor
dmpbdecfiedndbcmmthbthmudmkupingthe
Muafluiflbeobflguory.
FhutcouiderthemmutdICou-hthhulfi.

Forifthedeoduenotn’ned,thaCh-hthunotbeanbd
eithet. AndifChrieth-Iotbeanbed,yonrhithbfntile;
yum-tiflhyoudu. Thuthooelbowhohvefaflen
ubepinChrietmloet. Hulyiorthblflewehvehopein
Chr'nt,wemtobepitiednorethudlm.... chedead
mmtnbed,‘Letueotuddrhk,iortomomwwedie‘.(I
Corinthia- 15:16—18,32b)1’

Thetbtony,iftbmisnomtionudnohtmmudor
pubhmtnfluthbfib,noouiobfigedtonakothemifiou0hfinim
d'lciphlhipdemnds. Ithtobenoticedhaethtmdingtheoencfificeeis
notoeenbyPuluumta-y. Hebtdkinguhontthebuicmrifioee

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81

involvedinmokingoneaChriatim. Itiscleu'fromotherwinthe
pulhecorputhtPulbelievedthtGoddoeodistributeoomemudud
meteoutmpuiuhmtainthbpmtage. Butapp-mtlyhedoeenot
mummwmmmmumumm
mmmmwudmmdcw. "Keeping
M’sWhoflW‘hflb'WCfl’onflo
hthhhnmarfibhmbdmmmmmhthe
ththrutemd‘.fltbefabohoodoltheuchhmebout
Weadbolveoblhfion,npmdeoltob¢yiormiaont
olthequutiol. hmdthBCMPall’sWtie
understood a the fiction thtt “um-Imam) uhib 10”. By
oonhpofitionthhbhntmnttothech’nthflOmfiatflk
0(‘IW"FSG)- Thil'nentlibdbythBCudhi-ttbatdhneat
thatevenmodentedeontologydeniu.
MuyfinditdificllttoendouethethyofPul’smmt.
Pul'nview'ltoouflbh,toohnmotmndtoochfldihtoheoonoct. But,
thinPsdbpafib-bmtlywmmdam
ofmonldevelopmtwhichmtomedeficiut. Iwilld'ncI-thilview
Heron.
Seoondly,thotoomyolthebiblicdmmtuhvemord
acfiptio-loroonclldo-Mthtthmmmutfledby
mhouubootpnnflmt.0olfiduExodu20:4—6:

Mmtmdeioryounfluidolilthe
dayfihghhumoboveoroltheeuth
Youdnflmtbowdowntothnot
’ them;£orltheLORDyouGod,ama
God,puiul|ingtbechildruinttheoinol
hthetatothethhdadionrthgaeruionof

ms:

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82

those who hate me, but showing love to thousands
whoiovemeuldhsepmyoommdmonts.

Hmdivilspuishmtbsppsmtlyslficiuttossthhiishthsobligstionto
shstsinlromidolstry. Th'linugmtpsttusfrsqmtlyrsputedin
thsSctiptInsndbocs-sotthssimihritysotiosdhotmthoficodnszo
structusndthsmomguasisuminty-vs-sltnstylomoonminthe
ucisstsssroost,nsrglmtpsttmthstwsslotuiqsotothofiebnws.
ThswritorsottheOidTmtusintatosostsblhhilgthntGodnot
osiyisd’upisssodwithosrtsinsctionsadoommadsubstatioshomthem,
butsbothhthswillsctulbwryouthisthmtstopln'nhthosswhodo
notshstsin. Thesswritorspon'utilprochimisgthstGodcs-udwilldo
whhthsthustas. WhyshonidJohovshbsssnsdI-sthcthuidob? Idols
cuprodmmrusfladthcbywhydnmtbsamutthcyny.
Jehovd,osthsothsshasd,°uwithontfsiisbistonwududpuishuhe
wilh. HckthsoslyGodtobsisusdudoheysd.

Bdounslogodwaslolnsd,norwiilthushc
osssl'torms. LmLsnthsLORD,ssdsport
honmthslsissossvior. Ihsvomodsdud
nvsdudproclsinod-Ludsotsomcionigngod
may“. Yousnnywitssuss',dsclsnsths
LORD,"thstIunGod. qusdhomssciat
dsysimhs. Noossmdslivorostotny
had. Whulsct,whocursvussit?'(lssish
43:10b-l3)

Allwhomahsidobsrssothing,s|dthsthilp
they Mm worthless. Thosowho would
spuhspiorthumblind;thsymksornt,to
theirowsshuns. Whoshspesogodudcsstsu
idol, which can ptofit him nothing? (finish 44:9,10)

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I' ‘-. it titai~1i “H .H hugi 14:41; “1;. -.1,::[ 1|

83

Chr'utian deontologists have noticed the regular pmximity of sentences
nhout divine command to seem threetening divine punishment or
promiingdivinerewudoonsequentondisohediesoeorohedienoe. Butsome
otthenchimthetthesesentenoesnbostmctionormwuderenotevidenoe
iotmorll-cfiptioubutmotivetiosgenentontoenooungehehevioris
noeoldwithobligntion.Themotivetionge-entorsmsuperflnolsforthe
morally-nettle. Thisviewoomportswiththepositionhvoredby

Theseviewegeinphusibilityhyeonpsringinhntiisnonideveiopment
withlnonlnnturity. Asechiiddoesnothnveh'nwillshnpedsimpiyby
beingtoidthetsomething'nhisdutyoroontru'ytoh’ndutyudneedsthe
inoentiveotsuctionudnwud,sosuctionnsdtewudthetnreostensibly
putoibihiiculmonlityoondesoesdtonhnneturslevelolmorul
understanding. Prom'lesolsnctionorrewsrdmnotpremisesinmonl
ugumest,butnotivetonenooursgingtheebsentionsorsctionanuiredhy
themonlsseriptions. ItissonetinessuggsstedthnttheOidTestement
dicussionsolmoniitynresupemededbythesuwiotptesentntionof
mornlityintheNewTestsmest. ButifthsNewTestenentptesentea
snpuiorlormolnordityudolmonidsveiopmt,thuehressostoreject
theviewofmonideveiopnentwehsvsheadbc-sing.

CouiduHehmslz:2.hth'-nonflydidscticpessuge1esus’supme
ssaifieisiectetthecrucinxion’nheidupsssnmnpieolnordmnturity.
Thel'eitsnys:

IntufixoureyaoIMtheeuthore-d
perfectetolourfnith,whoiorthejoy sethdone
' endumdthecross,

1 H an n ..v H- . :- In..~ "‘3 ‘III: 5 it ' ; AI 1 1 .
7 Jr ,m, . ,‘ 190:1“;- » a. 4” . u; ..g. ,1, rl ~~. 2 t.
t-‘ .1 - W :1 vi; "it! 1:: “MI .11 i - .l “i 11' .313o._glu t 1.1,,uw nun]. -. u
' .1, O 1"" It ‘.-'t° 1.01 1* Ii-ui PM?!“ Hit-«rt. , Hi ..3- =/ 'i' u ii‘A- ' H1 war ii'
‘I 0'? '!~ ' ,t i ': 11' hi rluifd‘tii 4‘ sin! .l;’ 'H . vti“; ;. i m! [Hi
‘I "4i i! It!” . H ' 1L H; . .- I11"! Iiit -l 0;. 1 n 1"?“ II "1.14 z . 1 r
l) -' 5 1. .9 »~ 1 ‘ ,1 ii H r'»- u: I: v.1 ,a . ‘h .,. (I . .’ w
' (i .Y. "11'11’. i- Ii ' i [1" s 1 . vii.
.n a, L. in NH: ii:i.“,.i. -.-. , «u: 1.! :1 and; m r' us . I
‘ inaun‘ i t. f iuul roll “tit: "11 . ‘z i: i.t§" [, r ,1. z: ¢.l u: t: u} o [H
.t w u in” '71» r 11 «.1 :1; . 2;": to flu: ., l :11 h ; 1r ' ii“ 4.2 i
'i‘ .3... - i *5 !m.‘wu inn H mm M~ ,II!‘ ‘z‘vl ‘ 1:; i|"iJPivv 1w ,<
‘ -! h' 1'! v. with“ ilH i'h 1! in "'w’ i I .. "II it "win: it Li 1
A! i'.a| [i] .. tfn’ It H ‘ '1‘ 1 in! U! u. o' '~;* in i - ‘.. i , }.Q.3.1 tn
~ I" ‘Hijr'l 11:. u; , -5' - w I:- ..i ‘ . a. E . ‘n . 6 u" t ' n.
I .I- 1 1'. ' ‘Hii int}: 1.; I- I ., 1:! i' 'H ..'1 . .3]! 1.: o
.1 Li! H; “1‘ 'lnji «Mir '1’1 I41 '- '1 ' 'Y " "‘ lruhi “'1' i' t't M o i‘ ‘3
H'v- 4*! "i . i N :4 ‘! it i i In t. ' - I.‘ n’ Hit 7' . on!
r: H- in»: '1! .2 «.5 hi'otiwp 1'0! .1 “1...: iu I c. J 1:3 I! 2 c it x-d'; will!
{it - ’ii w"- “191i ‘ = w. " ' Ev I 1 I. 12 W8 1 w
.r n .- [in :3 ‘v t. #1:} nl ‘i,in ..4- IN!” ":I L; \_ "1 , Hi“! I .1 u: {in .
Q61” litul.‘ in ”‘1, n. m. "11‘ '1.’ in ‘3 r‘l H i, .. i"! «i H; i L [1: Iii: .
f u ’1 "i I
- x I 1. :1 1‘ l. t l - ’0'" HI!) .' ‘ '
<- ..; .... v.1 ’tih ‘ ' 1 IIM i-- 1.“. IN‘
1;; H3 w; :31 ii:. I ‘I 3' ) '1'3' 1.. [£1 ”'9
. . ..i an: I» i ..s 1.1' -a ..g. u. .. n...
4 i .—.=j a-i‘WI,

ThejoyofleredmotivetedJesus’decisiontoendurethepeinofthe
crucifixiosnditssemsthettbjoyofletedwsstohehis. Thismotivation
beosseqnentiehticudwhnt'umoee,sinoeithestodowiththelongtenn
intel'estsolChI-‘nt,itisegoisticeswell. Hieionowetssreurgedtobe
motivntedhhehewqendthene'lnoindicetionthetheortheywouldbe
infantilehyheingsomotiveted.
Oloourse,thetypicnldeostologiceiviewbnoteliminetedbythese
passages. Peul’sergumentinICorinthiensmightsimplyhedecl-ndinvelid
esdthepessegeolflehrewslarejectedeseppmprietemonli-tmction.
Mmmightbdkvethflmddthehifliodwfitashoiduinhntfle
viewolmonlitysinoetheyinfionbringingspthnstsudpmmiseswith
grestugulu-ity. Ifindnothingoompellinginth'n. Mm,thesehlittle
inthehihliesltnditionthetindiostesuyothetmeteethicdviewthuone
like the oonsequentinl'ntic egoistic one we hnve been sdvoceting, elthough
cudultreetmentofindividuelpesseges'urequhedtoestshhhthb.
Theescep'at'lnotlettwithnoeooountofmonldevelopmentevenif
hedoesnotegnewiththetypiceldeontologist’sneoount. Anescepiet
sooountisuioflowereordingtothetyplceldeontologbt’ssooount,in
mordinhney,onebmotivetedtowudmonllyeooepteblebeheviorby
ssnctionendrewerd. Moraimsturitybleschedwhenosereoognisesthet
thesecennotheevidenoelotmonloonclusio-udtheymnotneededes
motivetors. Themonflymstmeremotivetedtodstysimplyheesuseitie
duty. Theescsp’utcenegreethetsomethingchugesintheoourseoimonl
develop-eat. Butwhetchuges'ntheimmediecyolgntificetionor
pun’lh-ent. Beingmotivntedhypostponedgntficetionorthefeuof
postponed punishment comes with moral meturity, not the elimination of

' l l
I it. I. 3 3i' ‘t"|'.l ”I ml ”I....Iria air/v.1 1:.” If. I~. l1-i’ . 1.3 I;I
.I ‘1 I‘ m V'Iii 541.1 'Nl (21 hi N In ~3m In. Mal JIM! run-WM. ll iiih II=II.I l v1.
"Ml ‘mw 'nil HUN ”I: HI rlwl ll "3:31? .“‘|-Im "I I. 1.?” HI! N -.H-"-“ .mm 1"" 4
‘ II I F I h
' .rWlH “'8 rl Null». #3.! 31—.” I'h 3 -II o -I ll bin} in rlr‘li‘JHl
ui iIi'HII'l c' 0!. it! ‘3}! 'tdi’ “-11’Ba.i?:i| III! -; ,’ ,I ’33! ml.” 1:] l i 'ilsItIIA
"~99 “th3“ 1m ‘ w vi 1'! ‘Iil‘IIu’aIl‘
cu” “i h'IIIMlIH'uz'I 3.4! w. .9 fi‘ .; i":: In... ,h . 13 .. I . 3.1. 3'
l :l I!“ ln'c1i.3".iI ‘hi II ...“, I 'I .I rull'ittlilu.’ 1 HI ' ; tilt. .v» it'ltl I" I #811
..‘EHIl I"! -i.i' iILl Nil ‘Htiu‘I'i'I'i'l-lb ' ‘. in! WV} Ll - '1 VT" l4 w‘ beéq Mi! ll!!-
. e I u - I I Q I O. l I 3 ' A
*1 9 lm m. Mun r"!-='-' l H II; Him-l 'vlil in l-mll 'Mii 1": "I la" In! ww- I.” w-I
.n r' 'hlh lkl lmI.‘ (M. m: III! ‘ Ill' "‘33 t}: in .II 14.! ' n 11.3; I u: h nu;
‘ . ' _ i I t ‘ -~ 5 I . I - .
I. , ‘3 “PM?! 'I ”is“? 'E’ mail Ill Lil" ,I ‘b L‘Ii: . '3 i‘sifi l lift uh I H 4' ”34’
l! HUI” H‘d.’ ll i-ll‘vtlIIfl '1-"w .II. whv.u.el i"ii litili HI,” ‘1 will“; Ill
TI «Hat-11H 'ztrr IIIIII}; Il'II-‘i ’erIi ‘«-'- w,.-.I II. .' '34 ‘I; , 3.. l I .u n. 'I,..:
s Ii ii‘llhi"" "’ 134573 ‘3 Al I" 1' 4] llIl 3" H Hi ..1 "ii i.‘i 1h»
‘. . I ~ lrl‘HH'l II'IJ'OW Iriv ill in 'I'II/IIrlg .31 ‘- M !' ‘I-I: .. «;I h '
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l" .llil3*"‘?'=ls i.‘!"3-IiI:iIl-< 'I i- 4‘) i‘: "‘1’! .n‘ .t 3: ml (-1. "5.! '5. d I; um I I
’-i 1II I! Ii oz. s]sl;’.14'~'rvt~ III' in”! i"! “' I l ‘III‘ I! Nil r. ' ‘ I I3)! I; “CHINE
IITIH " hm :ro I“'I "ll‘o [rial H l. «Ii u. I} a 'v olIlIuIt [I]: I: l 0.. ’l'tl to ~I-‘ um! .I'Hw.
(I “flier”! lI.:| ‘Igo, .H lug. rl'Ilrt‘; IILI"I it;!« {I [a lllt“l.i/'! ‘.a.i I. 9'“! I 'I II'
"Uh *1 ’3'3’EiE-* .'-l- III I - I vs 'HH’UH 't‘I'h'zll Will I- 'o. “mu
. n . . . 3'
, H II; o-‘ijlss I -l “I v'o‘»‘;!. ”I [I Ql' "‘3 r ibui lii' '. In! "41". Du ‘I 'lri 31"“
i: it w it i- I'I.I,'|l. I.I.. :1 'nIl .4 w ._ 2m M“. II Hill '.1 v,II l :3». g»
in ’l 5" I I‘ ’BC'HEIHE g“hl-b¢!MW} I' I if: " ;”.3 2H ' Junnidwi
Il-n . ‘3. l I‘ “iii .Q' ”:1...” II“, ['1‘ ,‘I 113—34 l~:I!l" i v . ,

85

gratification or fear eltogether. This '3 not to sey thet the longer the
postponementthegreetetthemelmeturity. Monimeturityisreeehed,l
«wholehebbtopostponethefllfilhnentofgntificetionuntflthe
wwwhaouhrsnotmuwlythewibdthepthhutthe
muddle-ext. Th'liwhntmuhesthesncrifieeoithecross
uplemelymonl. Jesuisdriventoitbythepromiseotfutumnwerd,
mudintheliisottheoomhgege,evsnthoughtheimmediete
mehlflehthemthomkus'temponl
penpectiwbdonthecrncifixiomwesepeisful.
hefldthhtherebehlesdingolpndentisisnd-onlom.
Dbcm'ngthereintiosotthesetwowiflhepostponsdutilChepterShc.

4. ALTERNATIVE SEMANTIGS

Thee-cepisteiementsotDBCce-heevoidsdhysevuuleltentiossin
thesementies. Asitstuds,theset{x:Rx,m}°utohethosghto{estheset
olmomentsposeibleeehtivetom. Letenedditioulhnctionhhendded,
such that tor every 0: and m, “ml-A when AQ{x:Rx,m}. Intuitively, A
ithesetoldeonticultunetivestominwhichaheepselldhbobligetions
udretninsfromh'liorbidduoes. Truthoonditionscenheesiollows:
010* MWB‘“ if (x)(h)((x€hx€Hun-*Wllht).
otherwbe it h f.
DU” garment-t if (X)(hl((x€hx€HMlPfiIWWN-fi.
otherwise it h f.

Under this oosstrul Oa¢+Po¢ end 00¢» wPa-up ere theses. Consideretion

. in. I I .l 1‘ up; an. all III'IIIIINII in‘IIIIH nil '5'» I III; III »III-II 'flr‘vu}
.III I Mn! Il'II‘Is'IfiaiKi‘J in JIIIIIlfifliIil 'Hil "'llt-‘I Inn-i NJ 'I-‘v’h‘ A! "I!” " 'UN .l’ ‘1'

'MH .Ihi IL: III vwvi'l ”Iii in 'Il". ”It“ (i'lnll iUIl '1: 'i ‘IIiU II 'ih :29! H 'II

I .m In "I IIII‘I'oIm w” . Wm IN! N r! “I?! I m w" 3 -~ -.~; 'onl 14?“!
. -, l I . _ I I ‘
In. I 4: 'ruuul In tvamn ‘Illi («I II (I! ti‘lltli) m 'ruwll. I mm It"' "mgvm
_ , 2‘ l , , . ., . . , I ¢ 1 ..
l~ "-I"Iol *III In!‘ H: l'I’J .3‘.’h “..IIIIIIII III. III 31. -:.l In l1f..) .I
.. Mug”! II ‘9" " lib-3! m “'"ij ‘Iii' I".l "ill '1‘ 'i o’” {1"il;"’ I. " ‘iei? r I :I"':'I w 51' I

Inn-WI ‘H’IN unI. mm» 'Illl ~u-I 3.; "R; w!

. A O .' I .’ .
:nwnu» :I.. 1m laid lletl-l‘ll'l-l lu ,kiHIszlnxi N d Mes-I 4w: In I44 III

I ‘ — .- s
-’ Tum; .t 1‘ lthlil lI‘bilI‘ I'rt =3 wt 11;” um w-m! in III-132311 w'I 1:31» I. .411

V , i V l A . 7'
"l I ".I (301.“ 13.")? I" It. l"!..IIJ/fs 1!] "LI 3. , 1 ‘3’ -~'.I I; ~ Ill Ill-lg. h 0 HI ,

"' 'IIi ’J- i-I iii-153w!“ "'i I i 3.! iIIi "Ii 1’; "W “ii" .431 - I." 3! " t ’ 'i'litéil'if' WI“
3~ ”'34, "~i I‘ lit-I3 'flI-I i'-Iie‘lll’Il I: ['8 I‘ll Hi It! ‘I I TI 3 ~I '=i "*‘l «1"‘H1 ‘ri'i i'
. . I I .
at". IIIHIII iIeI .‘.I .11 ‘H on” I... ;- llH «m HI .HII . pt” "I .«II - :1 II II?

-v:. 4- I» r'ls! in iii; 3‘3'1‘03 .. fin: N Ill hi u' "“/’III..:1‘I“I~ ”Mind! I. "' I" M

.r’m ‘3'»? a: mi "8': run“ in" '> 8‘? 'll mam Eni'wl “I?! I!'~ II Hunt»; ivn.
I'--‘.II..‘ *IaIlzwl .‘Ati .tH-Lw'l M It; I I
I II it ‘W‘JNI 'HI‘!

"Ii”? 3" '~ h “I '1‘st“ . l-ti 51:7

- .3 ..‘° IiIIIJwII IAII 1' i‘

"E ii" I: "“ .l '-"‘ .I I i ' \4 l’lil; _ i ‘; 1' i 3"lI- 3 " Ii i I“; '

86

of other systematic features of this semantic arrangement appears fruitful but
ismtpnrsasdhere.

Awardshonldbeaaidabonteoaditioaalobligation. Intheprevions
MdOEadeEhWawaydimposingtemporal
ahsohthmwasprssuted. Obligatio-aadiorbiddaacssametemalinthese
interpretations. Oicoarse,allmmplssofappueattsmporalrelativityoonld
hstmtedascoaditioaaloapropertissoftheageat. Forenampls,the
obligatioatomgiteriorcomiptivemifitarymieecoaldheconditiondon
thsagsatheingmalsandeighteu. Abo,theOFaadFtherpretations
mtamtodimiaateagut-to-amtdiflsmdohfigatioaand
Iorbiddanee. muddreqniriagthataflobligatioasaadiorbiddanoes
beahsolnteinthbway,onemightspeako€obli¢atioasaadforbiddaacssas
canditionaloaeertaiapmpatissolthsagent. Hahajsdgetheaais
obligedorforbiddeaiaaspecifisdway. hudsrtoaccomodateeonditional
obligationdhothhiadsoasmightaddptedicatssFo...F.tothesyntax
whetormalasdthslorul‘.aareweflbmsd,whsreaitheaameofan
agent. SutsacesdthstormFaatraashteordiaarysutaessdthefonn
'Agaataist'.

Intyptcalmonadictrsatmsatsdeoaditioaalobligatioamdmteaees
oftheformOdI/meduediatohglishas'¢hobligatorygiveathat
1V. TheDBCcoaatsrputwoaldheOaIII/thichcaahenadaed'ais
obligedtohr'ngitahontthatpgivathat‘fl. threthsohligationis
ouditbaflmapmputybehagingtomWwoaldheoltheiorm‘Fna
whue‘nkhtheatsnporaloperatorPorF. Ofcoarss,thisdossnot
dips-as with the dimcaltiss associated with attempts to define
coaditiooalhatioaiaternsdtheaprsuioasalrsadyinDBC”.

II. III’ . II I NI II .‘II 'O'I.II "l' I "If I.“ I‘. It! It III' I
.. III lI'IIII‘III I ?r I I

I. I ».'I III gtI-III. ‘I-IIII i3." )I:...dt iIlIn'II‘ I 4» «I I II I- I-IIIII I
.I. ,I II I .III ”In.” In -t H t; rIIIII ‘-I II'ISIII I I III's .‘I‘J in I' I! II II:
I" III III I. .I II III. .- I‘II'II.ZI§aI-' “II 'I.Il\ rI-IIM ..I III 'JII 'III (I‘M Im-Ii. «‘III
I I‘hl “ I. “1!" ' ’-i ‘39-"! U I. 'I': ’I- "I in; ,‘I' IUHI .5“ . III» I ' . 'I‘HIII
"I III‘. 'I I II‘ I» III “I EI‘IIm. I! I rI;IIIlIII I‘II r: II?'I I. ‘k‘i
I III I'tI I I III 4.: I 'I II .I . I .I I II' I“? (4!. I II; ’I -l . It :I-III. ._. III
iii IHH 'i I!!!“ i’ ‘IITI' «In! H . I17 'I III-I. K'iliiil "’ I . «I I'I? II ”II
III I III. .f. In I I-‘Ii'III--I II. In; I! III WI. 'III.II-‘III:I-I I-I II x I. In I. I.
-r-I I: III I~II -II ..~. an I- I.“ II III ‘.II.-I:'.rII in Ion-Inn .IIII" N‘IIIIinJJwI
I , I" I»! III! II «Huh 7I- II .‘III'. I~ III .III III: II. N l.“ I'I H II... -I. ~‘I
E II :9} ‘I' ‘ .if 3 I] :I II 79. MI“ in “III”! In; I | IIIIIH . I 13., ”II -I I II. .
QII'IAII "I 'I‘tltvl' II)" It? (I, 1"“:I “I Iltxll .- I -I I‘qu 8 I" II II IIIIIIIII III I ’IIiI
I II 'r "IuI (U . i , l r I? 'III IIIb II? .':III ‘IIIII Ki IIHI IIII.I‘ II- run-III‘ I
In 630.” “‘Hi‘ (I -I'I-II.'~ II‘HIII‘H I: w/ I'II. ~i IIII vi 'IIII I. r'LILnLI .1 ‘1 m4
. III! II H” III‘ III} Ir '{II ..- {LI 'I'I I “hit I I II'I II 'III' )1 'II. IIII I Ill 5'

.. I -I W -i'

.. I! I“. III“ IIIIIIIS.‘ in II IY-‘IIIIIII‘I. '3” r‘II‘HII‘ I? '5" I -I' II i1 III II 1;;
I {I 'I"; I} III; III... at 8“. rm I'Io‘g'.‘.I’i (IHH iI‘I'1' -:I II lib J II (“III ...
I :a-vI~.I~I 'ul H'II II min . II 'III Mama JItu‘i I-"IIIIII'I II I II.» ‘.=
II II I I' I ‘H'I’ I'Igi II ' .I i’ '31 I? III).‘ I'.‘ "I‘Iii IIIIIIII. H 1.: I" .Ii 34 I":
I III”; III III ‘I‘i Iva-IN . III ' I II Ii I III'II‘III A [III lI.’II IILII --
I‘. IMI- MI “I :m» I” I III I I' I. I Np: :I.IIII.IIII-II I; 'III I‘: IIII Ii 1
I ., ..I angIII-IIII. NW N IuIIm med. 'lHigl'IliLl‘ -I:{I Ii'l N ‘Ir 1,», '.
VIII III III' I‘II.‘ r‘!-1[I*“-I-i/' III! In IIII . III III-HuxliId-II! IIIIII

CHAPTER FIVE
COLLECTIVE ACTION
AND COLLECTIVE OBLIGATION

1. OBLIG'A TION HOLISM

Gmpodagntommetimanidtohveobfiguiou. Onemight
unformphthttFondMotorConp-beobl'gadtomlhctmonly
rdstivolynhutomoflhthtTomudDickmowpdtocoopentewith
mmthainafingbrtbeirqadmotha,otc. Mata-melanin]
mp0 8 "collectives“ philosophon lave acted whale ucriptiona of
cofloctiveobfigationmuythhgmthuabbmhtioubroonjoimd
Mormtobligfiiolucnptiou.

Ammtothbqneotioumwtlymotivflodbythopohfisflion
MmWfiIMMWthWW.Two
”mmththd’lpnte. Thofintcomthoumdacribing
cofloctiveatitiu,“eoocond,oochlociacokaudthohnhfiontotho
mam-cw» Thomtmveuymthofiuthu’uwhethor
Mummmwmhwmhma
thebehwinolhdividubcompanhgthocolhctivoorhmofthe
rehtio-hotwouthuahdividub. Alumnuivomtothilqueution
mflyMorfdbwithudfirmgtivon-pouutothoqwion,'m
Muycofloctivepeuou?‘ Thedaialofndufinblycolbctivepmpefliea
habdmdmmmopmt,n¢tqbficdm
Inbeliovingthfloolbctiveondthdrpmpufiumotherthucomtmctaof

87

n - 13‘s: -.. ‘n u d ml 1.5." I ‘la .- “UV. u“: r ’5 .h {u ‘u'..:.
H I «ha-nu M .1 1. "3M:- m ("U“gul ; 1m 3.- l-‘tv-i I H ., Hug); . lu’ I:‘
a . -. ~ - u' r man 'vt A III iw'l u'lu'i mu? .vm-a n .ai-h 3.." ro/HsJ H
1.. 1| ...-. H‘ .H' I. Hi N'v I": Ludo .’ '~ ll d-l 1'} 2:! mt LI 3 »5« lab aw:
i "U ‘O‘HILh Tsu'Héfl ' Mr“ ”If.“ r' ;]-'r'-I§ .31 "'rilit‘li-I'" .- “HI I‘
i. ,7 H41 In} .mwum ; m. m wait ku . u.“ mu. ”delight! up! u

g . in in“ 4H 1? I 4. ‘3' if HELP-nub“. ‘3'“. us”? ""6' ruli 'H t ../
wu‘" .wi‘rli‘wd‘lfll " '1‘ - ‘, -'~I *Ui'. Ill '13" HI ' "on! Ifi'FB (1 Ln"!!! In 3w U 2 .. -l
l‘~M-!0r"11r -.~ 3" all -u. vI-w lrfi'I Hui Usug-wh ‘bu: [H h ."l; H: ' '1'"

"at ' ”NEILI‘VI 13"“? but» ‘viuhi Lini‘Nm LMNW .ilt'n‘v Mi r «. eiu' 'hir‘ni‘

l'iH'qu in In 1‘ tr HI "III '1', HI .‘ "5‘13”.” 04': ‘14: I - : as n v. ruin: 3n (1.“:
I Q . 1 I ~ ‘ ’
L- r" [I'd HI ‘I-nlnr ll‘uui'th 'Hl 1""un ‘ ”4’1 r'w‘l' "M6; "I i m w an. an 1:!”
us]! In 1131)! [II '1“ QIHJ‘i‘iL! 'u.. I.(H‘.‘!". E-ra, 1:4!" .111}. .. Intitfii ..I whi
J u: '3 «I we 3. l 'Hin:nH. u' '.' wing” v. n' u who M m: .1!“ "I

I ‘1
00““- -- HT. --1 'vn'n} ': 51H¢1L -~ In; 53’! do" I” 'tHh' . ii‘v"l
”I: 1'. ' ‘1 7"}; I J; Hui." flu“! ix “it“ do ‘H’i ,‘piu. iv! 1.Hv!|iu . 1.913 ol :3
In \ H- , "..§:»-‘ 1\ In'vswqqo ... l-llh l‘\.\.."‘§ ~.|.".. Il-u‘ wc‘ni‘. .u w r

' 'I‘ i"‘ It ." !".‘ .‘.” O "'§""r“l " - *3." ").‘I’ "r" .‘ .l .v‘ ’ 1" ‘ '

88

observable objects and their properties, holists deny empiric'um and
traditionally they are hostile to liberal individualism as well”.
Ithasbseasaggestedtbattherationalstatnsolontlooksasbroadas
empiricisln or liberal individualism 'l beyoad mt. Although I
Wlwillaotarglethepointhere. Atanyrate,itwillbeclsarthat
bothempirichnaadindividnal'mnmotivatemyanabrs'u. Howthediscmsion
oleollsctiveactioaandcollectiveobligationnlatestoholism’nplain. That
coflectiveobligatiouoractiouueaotindividaallydefinable'lasnmcient
(bntnotaeeessary)coaditionlortbetrntho(netaphysicalholhm.
Throughout,by'actioaholism',ldeaotetheviewthatsonecollective
actioasareaotindividnallydefinableandby'obligatioaholim'theview
thatsomeeollectiveobligationsareaotthasdefiaable.
Thesecond'lsaeintheeoflectiv’lt/individnal'ltdebateboverwhether
thegeaeralisatiouolthesocialscieneuoaghttobetholghtoluexprusible
asseneraliaatio-olaoasocialscieaeesinthewaythegeaeralisationsof
chsmbhyanthonghtdbymvia.,as,iaprinciple,upressibleas
generalisatioasolphyu'cs. AccordingtonostindividaaMsocialscienee
geaeralisatioasoaghttobstreateduiltheyareexpredbleueoastractsof
psychology’sgeneraliaatioas. Ahhadditioatothetuminohclcdd'npnte
olthefiut’nsae,thesecoadatteatbtothestochuticelemtsdsocial
sciencegeaeralisatioas. ltra'nestheqsestioadwhethersocialscieat'nts
oaghttoeschew,orelimiaateasmnchaspossiblethestochasticvocabnlary
ofsocialscleaeeaeaeralisatioas. ThedbcI-ioalollowingdoesnotaddress
this-econdclasterdqnestioas.
Negativeandalfirmativeanswerstoobligatioahobmhavebeen
oflendandusdiacarioasways. Manselelasqaes,£orexample,claims
that philosophers holding to irreducible corporate responsibility are

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89

unwittingly allying with a new form of totalitarianism”. During the
Nuremburg triab collective obligation was a weapon oi the prosecution to
bringgniltonasmanyGermansaspossible. Morerecently,thedefendersof
LtWin’IamCalleyattemptedF-exonerationbyargningthathewasno
norethanamemberolalnrgercollectivewhichwas,intheirreckoning,the
locnsoltheobligationsviolatsdinthatinfalnonsmassacreatMyLai“.
Anyaxegrindingofth’lsortlmightw'lhtoindulgeinwillbedone
ehewhere.

lntheloflowing,atrnthconditionalssnanticsisattemptedfor
subscuattribntingactionsandobligationstocollectives. Thecentral
qnution'uwhetherthetruthconditionsoftbesesentencesmredncibleto
the truth conditions 0! sentences attributing actions, obligations or relations
tosingularagents. TheminqnestionintennsolthesystemDBCis
whethersenteneessuchasOonb,whereanamuacollective,arereducibleto
somesenminwhichnocollectivenamesandonlysingnlarpersonnames
appear.

Somdistingn'nhbetweentypesolcollectives. Forearample,a
govenmentorcorporationuighthaveobligationswhereasarandom
collection,snchasamob,nightnot. V‘n-giniaHeldflargnesthat'random'
collectivesdoinsonecoeshaveobligntions. JohnLaddsnggeststhat
'iornalorganisations' (e.g. eorporntions)thatpcflintheiridentity,even
nnderthesnbstitutionolindividnab,ananewtypsdcollectiveentity. He
clainsthatwhenasearlicdiscn-ionsolindividnalheedonversnsstate
powerandauthorityeouldseethepointoleontnctinrelationtoasingle
sovereign power, contemporaryd'nc-u'onscannotbecanseauthorityand
responsibility are now dillnsed through “formal organisations". "...their
powerandanthorityovernsiscontinnonsandblurred'“.

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90

But I am principally interested in determining whether any collective
units,actsorhnsobligations. Inheepingwiththecurrentliteratnreon
coflectivensponsibilitywhichbmoreoccupiedwiththemoralstatusolthe
corporationthuthatolanyothertypeolcolbctive,corporationswiflserve
asexemplarycollectivesatthecrncialjunctureot’myargument.
Furthermore, collective purpose and desire are more explicitly articulated in
thecueofcorporatiomthaninthecaseofothersortsolcollectivesandthis
mahesthemlucidexamples. Itmightbecontestedthatthisisnnfairand
thattn’besandlamiliesaremorelihelythnncorporationstohavestatusas
mornlagentswheathequantityandgenualityotsharedbelielistaheninto
account. Perhapsth'n'lso. Butthere'lnodeliberateunlairnessonthis
point. Andlbelievethatvariationinmmplesdoesnotmitigatethe
sncce-ottheargnment.

Asmentionedearlier,nccordingtoconseqnential'ltmetaethics,an
actionisrightorwrongeocclusivelyinvirtneotitsconsequences. 'ais
obligedtobringitaboutthat¢'bequivalentto'Nece-al-ily,ilalailsto
bringitaboutthatfitheaWwiflbethecue‘.Di&renthecificatiossolv
distingu'lh diflerent consequential-ms from one another. Hence
consequentialists might begin contemplating collective obligation by asking
whetherthespecifiedflrcssruulthomacollectiveactasdbtinctfromthe
actsolsingnlaragents. Myversionofconseqnential'lnhsscspid,and
assertsthatsomeone'uobligedtobringofiabontjutincasehewillbe
penalisedifhedoesnot. Sanctionistheoutcomeolanactiondetermining
itsmoralstatus. Sinceescap'umdefinesobligationintermsol’sanction,
coflectiveobligationiscompatiblewithescapimonlyifacoflectivecanbe
sanctioned.

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91

As we have seen in Chapter Two, sanction is ascribed relative to the
victim’s preference or good. 'Morr'u is sanctioned" can be true only if
Morris’preierencesamh-nstratedorilhlorrbsuflerssomeevil. Whetheror
notcollsctiveobligation'ncompatiblewiththeescap’utviewofDBCwill
depeadonhowprdennce,goodandevilareconstrued. Thereareonthe
wholetwocasestoconsider. First,ilpreierenceisconstrnsdasaconscious
desiretheathecompatibilitydepadsonwhetherornotacollelctiveagent
hasdesiresthatsanctionlrnstrates. Thiisnottosaythatcollectivesmust
havethesamedesiresaseingularageats. Collectivedeeires,ifthereareany,
anlihelytodiflerhomsingularageatdesires. 'Collectivefibsanctioned'
btrneonlyilflenduressomethingcontrarytoitsdesires. llnocollective
hasdesire,theanocollectivecanbesanctionedandthnsnocollectivecan
haveobligntions. Second,theprelerenceolderingollnnctiongintroducedin
Chaptaqumightbetaheninsteadasanorderiugolstatesolevents
accordingtothebenefitstheyinvolvelorsomething,andanentityneednot
havedesiretohavegoodsinthbsense. Wemightlitpo-ibleworlds
accordingtotheirbenefitstoapetunia,andhthissense,thepetuiamight
havegoodsandthnsmightbesuctionedand'lacandidatelorobligatious.
Thesetwopo-ibilitieswillbed'nc-edinturn.

lnlinewiththelirstco-trnaLPeterFrenchattemptstoshowthat
wastypuotcoflsctivodohavedeehqintentioneandgoabandthatsome
coflectivesaremoralagents. Heclainsthatcorporationshaveinteationsby
virtueolacorporateinternaldec'nionstrnctnnwm).

Everycorporationhuuintauddeciioustrnctuncm
structureshavetwoelementsotintelesttouhere:(l)an
a'ganisationalorresponsibilityllowchartthatdelineatesstations
and leveh within the corporate power structure and (2)
incorporate decision recognition rule(s) (usually embedded in

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9‘2

something celled “corporation policy”). The CID Structure is
the personnel orgnmut' ion for the exercise of the corporation's
power with respect to its ventures, and es such its primer-y
fuction'utodrswexperieneehomveriouslevelsofthe
eorporntion intoedecision—mhingsndretificetion process.
When operstive end properly ectivsted, the CID Structure
accomplishes e subordination end synthes’n of the intentions end
ectsotvsriousbiologieelpersonsintoeeorporetedec'nion. ’7
If, as French claims, corporetions have intentions end desires then they heve
somenentslstetes. Andthedefinitionofmentslstetesmightdetennine
whethercorporetionshevethem. Itseemsthetmentnlstntesnrelinkedto
sensory input and behavioral output. According to lunctionslism, e recent
doctrineinthephihsophyotpsycholosy,mtelstetuuelunctiouelstetes
ofuorgnnisrnthsthnveseuoryinputssugumentsnndheheviorsloutput
ssvnlues. PursuingFrench’ssuggestion,itlnightbessidtheteoI-poretions
hevehothsensoryinputwymeensdtheindividuelegentsthetmnkeitup)
udbeheviornloutputwywhetitsmemberstogetherbringeboutorwhet
theeorporetiouitselfbringsebout). Andefunctionslistdefinitionfor
eoflsctivemeutnlstetes'luplnusiblesseny. But,lunctionnlislnistoo
breed. Consider Ned Block's eounterexslnple:

SupposeweeouvertthegovenmeutdChinetol-nctionel’lm,
sndweeonvineeitsolficinlsthntitwouldenormousbrenhsnee
thehinternetionelpsestigetoreeliseshumenmindforuhour.
Wepmvideeechofthebiflionpeopthhinnnwithespecislly
designedtwownyrediotheteonnectsthelninthesppmpriete
weytootherpersonsendtothesrtificielbodyneutionedinthe
previousmmple....ltisnotetellobvioesthetthe
Chine-bodysyetem'lphysicslbvilnpodble. Itcouldbe
hnctionsllyequivelenttoyouiorsshorttine,seyenhour.”

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93

counterexnmple to the viev that collectives can have mental states. In
ThomnsNegel’ssrticle'Whet'lithketobeeBet', Negelsnysthereis
somethingthetit'ntobesbet. Whntitislihetobssbetcennotbe
csptnredbythemostcompletefunctiouldescriptionimsginnble. The
quelitetive ”feel“ at mental stetes '- lett out”.
Forourpurmthepointol’Bloch’sChinecountaexnmpleend
qu’ssuumutbthuhrmemflthaebnothingitislihetobex,
thenitishbethetxh-mentelstetes. Clearlythere'nnothhgitislike
tobetheChinsmind. Thereissomethingitislihetobeebet,even
thoughwecennpproechthisieelingoulybyimsginingoerselvestoturninto
bets,which'nnotthesemething. Butistheresomethingitisliketotee
corporstion? Formmple,’ntheresomethin¢itfeeblihetorecorporetion
towentsomeend? lstheresomethingitblihetotestribe,etemilyore
platoon? Th'l'ndmcultiormetoimngine. Immmebet,but
Icsnuotmbeinxetrihe. Mwflhoutthbqusfitythemutnlityof
coflectiveentitiesbethestsupect. Hcollsctivesdonothevementnlstetes
udhencedonothevedednssndintentMtheycnnnotheesnctioued.
Thueccordingtothefirstcoutruslotthepleiaencemhing,coflectiviesdo
notheveohligntionsontheescepitview.
Butecccrdingtothesecondconstruldprdereucewhereit'ntshen
upodbrawhethuwnotapuetergthereisnosppereetobjectionto
collectiveobligstiou. FiningChryslerCcrporstionlwmilliondollersbbed
iorChryslerCorporetion,sndthecorporstioucenhesenctionedsndcen
heveobligntions.
But,ithdiflculttodetnchsnnctionhumthenotionthntitslweys
involves the frustrntion of some preference or desire of the victim. Moreover,
it seems to me thet in sanctioning situations, goods and evib for objects that

u" ‘ . all? 2 i w! . u .
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94

have no mental states are always relative to the preferences of objects that
do. WhatmahesalwmilliondollarfinebndiorChryslerCorporation?
Whatcomestomind'lthefr-trationddesirethatcomutoindividuals
whoownstochandpreierthelargestpmfite,individuabwhcsesalary
dependsonthefinnncialconditiondthecorporatiomindividuabwho
stronglyd'nlihetheunfavorablepublicitysuchafinewillgenerate,etc. So
thesecondoptionisnotasattractiveasitappearsatfirst. Inmy
judgment, neither '3 very attractive.

2. REPRESENTA TIVE VICTNS

Althoughthenonexistenceolcollectivementalstatesdamagesone
versionotobfigationhdinn,thereisanotherwayofnnderstudingcolbctive
obligationswheseanescapistviewisespoued. Itmightbeuguedthat
thelearecollectiveectienethatcannotbedefinedintermdsinguhragent
actions. Hso,collectiveentitiesmighteucistandbringabontcertainstatee
olaflairsalthoughtheyhavenodesiresorintentionsinsodoing. Evenif
collectiveshavenointeationsordesiresoftheirown,andalthonshthey
cannotthemselvesbesanctioned,singularagentswhoactaetheir
representativescanbe. HeachexecntiveboardmemberolFordMotor
CompanycanbesanctionediorsomethingtheFordMotorCompanybrings
about,thenperhapsFordhlotorCompanyhuobligatio-afterall.

Theplausibilityofth'nmowehrelntedtotheplauibilityolvariation
inobligaticnrelativetosocialrole. Asoldier,Shinner,hillinganenemy
soldier,Carpenter,inatimeclwarisnotsanctionediorit. HShinnerhills
Carpenterwhenneitheroithenarewearingnniiormandwhentheir
countriesalenotatwar,sanctionmightvery wellheappliedtoShinner.

J.' l‘.'t'~‘ I ",.' -t .l'| '~" luq I‘V‘.’ 2 ‘.‘l .‘I‘ '. ‘, l. t ‘ 3|

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It: hr 'l’r‘ wl N ri’ t‘lo‘ ”"13. .rnil “I l! ". “ti "HI 1": '1 i'IH‘ .’ ‘ l’ H ‘vl ’
.. . hm: :2 .1- :I' 1‘: . ~22 . mi: . 1 41.1.2: . 1:. 2oz! .' .. . .
t't furl-Hg"; ”ill 'quIj : 1.1.. "2 L ' 3 'uj-lvh .1 ;-.I '1'! Wig: 1!: [‘33: l'.
M iii lr’ll law VII-'3': 1;; “ . ‘11! ‘ ’1'!» wt. h ‘l A. ll.' "f" l“ "h ”1
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95

Similarly, a guardian might be auctioned for not providing appropriately for
achildwheuuothenannotmctioaedforfaflingtopmvideforthbchfld.
Obligatioucaavaryeveawithiathelileolliagnhragutodependingon
chamhthemogahabboocialmbtheyplay. Mouthportaatioronr
W,maocialmhainwlveoaeiadividnalnfiaiagapenaltyfor
whateoneoaeebehaldoae.
Remtativeobligatioahaopleatyoioppoaeata AgainstitHD.
Wam'fllwmahedtopatiorwarduethicalpriaciphdputicnlar
outainty,itwoaidbethataooaecaaherupoafible,iatheproperlyethical
me,iottheooadactotaaotha"°. 'l‘hecertaiatyolthepriacipkisnot
cleartoall. W.H.Wahh,iotencampie,ia'Plide,Shame,and
Reapeuibility'atteadatoveryobvioucuuwhmaptatahpridein,“
uhameior,orbearrupoaaibilityiorwhatothenbriasaboat”. ANN-1,101-
mnmhofieapu'lhediorhhchiid’oactioa. lament-thunder
inmadebecauetheiathahaadeepetpochehthaah'lchildaadlegal
redre-atthechild’oeacpeale'naotieuible. And-anewoaidcallthilan
exampkotlegaLbataotmonLre-poacibility.
Mmu,hiatoricalmpluotoaepenoahearhgthepeaaltylorthe
deedaolnothatanphatilakaithoaghnchviearioupualisingisoften
couidaed morally primitive. Ia orthodox Chritiaa aoteriology,
nbatitatioaaryaaactioa'uveryhportaataaditmthatthuemwayo
todhtiagn'nh acceptabhfionaoaaeeeptabbmdwtative
sanction without rejecting the whole idea as primitive.
Ammiagthepla-ibilitydthewtativevictinvaaioaof
oNikatbawhdanpaeJoaoilnactioI-dhwhatSnithbrinpabont.
chilhrcpuuatefiucaactioathenmutheoo-erdatioacoutitntingthe
"plantation between Jones and Smith, for example, that Jones volunteers

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" I . m? It»! Luz-n “a '3 >3 ,HHM rug. r;- um 15 2‘) w 3:...;:;.m :13 .

96

to snfler Smith’s sanction after Jones learns about it. Or that Jones is
pickedbyalotterytosnfleriorwhatSmithdidsinceSmithcannotbe
located. Orperhaszonesisthsnsarestrehtiveomeithsothatcnstom
appliesthssanctiontoJoneswhenSnithoaanotbspsnaliasd. Whatever
thbtehtionhmppooswsadanfitothswfiolDBthueQrepmsents
themtativsrslationbstwsenaandflananfltra-latesssntencesof
thsiorn'fl'ursprsssntativsiora'. Notsthatthelsoanbeniorethanone
wtafiwbrmotnonsiorthatmatta. DDoonldhsrsvisedas
010+:

Df0+ WHD('IBa¢-'(33)(QIISAFSSD-
hothawordaaisobligedtobfingitabostthatofijnstiacaseitis
aeoessarythatifahihtodosothensousnprsssntiveolawiflbe
sanctioned“. UnderthiscoastrnaLonsnightholdtotheobligationholist
visu-ooilsctivescanhaveobligatiou—whihdsnyiacthatcollsctivescube
sanctioned.

8. ACTION HOLISM

Whatthsobligatioaholisthasyottoshow,¢ivenhipnunitofthe
mutativsnnctionmnte,isthatactioaholhniddsndbio,via.,that
thueanooliectivesamongthsaguts. Thanarspn'uslsciscasesof
irndsciblyoonsctiveactiouFormmpls,

1) Ton,DickaadHan-ycanisdthspianospstah.
mutant-amount»

2) ToucaniedthspiaaonpthsstairsandDichcan-isdthspiano

npsta’n'oandHaI-rycanisdthspianonpstairs.

ThepianocannotbscarriedbyTomalone,Dickalone,orHarry

up; it) in my 4 "a. n .‘iui ' .g . It w, 1.1.. . z
‘ f I; "'0' f' r ’9 I‘tgbl|' "\ ’ "31 ' lail'fli "" 'l - "‘ i I" "‘
. it “:n“ c do :0 ‘3ini,i'-'I r “In“ ‘ H '4 r 1] ’ "bait. l ' il'3|.u'l
} , «It r u: .3». .t t; ‘L. In . s Hiigflf H ..l I] r‘lun in I). 1w“ '9“! ,. 3,.“
. . .
.1! .' .,. tl'uu N "4 i ' . N ‘Hll U. . lol~il "I ' v. il'Ilo 5' 4'
4 i: "‘ o"la.i iii-2.: . “,5 tultx 1‘1: 4' ' h i II" .t' '1 t (“it '19] .21.
’Hh' {" T'HI‘ "N. ”b"! ii)!" ICEI1‘ ‘I 9 t'i '0 - . - in I". f HM“. Hi,
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H“ int ‘,',i\_ ; J i‘/ t i
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r' mm; tunihi "t 'Hwisr (in H ". ‘..'tf'u: ii ' W. I! 1n» i
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97

alone, but together they can carry it. Bringing it about that a piano is
carried upstairs seems to require collective agency. No doubt, there are
otherostasiblyooflectiveactiouthatdonotrsquirethementionofphysicd
pal-I'bilityJormue.

3) Tom,DickandHa|-rycaniedthepencilupstairs.
Obviouslyasiaguhragentislikelytobesflctocarryapencilupstairsbut
princiseiethetruthoonditionsolB)mdbtincthomthoseol4);

4) TomoarriedthepencilupstairsandDickcarriedthepencil

upstairsandHanycaI-riedthepencilupstu'rs.

GeraldMaueyhassuggestedthatthevalidityolcertainarguments
involvingreierenoetoooflectivu'anotoapturedbyboohaspredicatelogic
andthatthhbgicisinsuficient(evenusententialiogicalonebinsaficient
toa-essthevalidityofsomeargumentsthatareproperlyassessedby
elementarylogic). Hisexamplesot‘inierenossnotcapturedbyboolean
pndicatelogicare:

(Al) Tom and Dickcarriedthe piano um'

Dichand'l‘omcarriedthepianoupstairs.

(A2) Tom, Dick and Egg are shimates.

DicLI-larryud'l‘onareshipmates.
(A3) T Dickand are
TomandHu-ryareshipnates.”

Suchpredicatesss'canied thepiaaoupstairs'and'manufactures
wvehicles'annotusuallyascribsdtosingnlaragents. Yetthese
pmdicatuaresyntactiodlyinditingubhabbfiom'osniedapencilupstaiu"
ud'madeahookrug'whichare. Masseynotioesproblemswithtwokinds
of argument. First, with those involving collective actions (Al) and second,
those involving the relation between persons within a collective (A2) and

' 1

~ I

l‘ ' ' y, 4 v . ‘. .1 i . l‘
ol- ' In: . . I 'Jlir‘i. i~ ‘ugl. "l .i‘ '1. z ' '2
(in: it a: P.) w?" \(l:§'- 143 (v!) 1,. ’1'»h 1‘... , ‘3‘ 0 lo
I 1 l
J r .../'9 "I1 .l.t/ ‘i i
"'lu.a~'t' H at 1 Mil lr‘l- : | 5'18 1 t .' Ii I' . v! t
( llgil’l“? li' {; «I f ".1312: I l 'tulh t. . ’o'l] r-‘l cc 'h. , 3. It rl'n’
,t' it} " 3 li' ‘Ih'lx J l‘t. (in ’Ih J "'lt I ‘lti“| Hi. I) ..l '1 ‘Hi ".‘ ‘
ta t? M. 'Ml I H!“ ‘I .l ml I’M; r; ’.~= n I" ‘» ' l- ‘l4.o-' uh I
‘l‘ "' ‘1‘. 9’ ' "I L" . ' ”I c. u ll“‘ fil. ‘f'"i‘l
Ilfli"i.n I! a '1 a) L. I’Hil- I H‘ s W! P" ' ‘ Dr (I w"“ I a, . l
”I ”b it! aq‘n i ll l‘O'liil-ll- I1 ‘l I: "'1 l? I Ml 'tl l’in 'oif.‘ In!
’ iii.‘ I‘l (" Qii""a ’1" ll ll .3"?1. ’4' ”I. t ‘ 'l ’3‘ i 'l-‘oii «'l l ‘l ’I ‘ ,3 si' itl‘
lahrrt'n-«h 'fz: °'l'( H. is.” . «in c, "I or in M .o. i I H w» (-1
‘I‘l [ti I-WU? )t,‘ it!” tf'v find?“ )1 I‘li~l:¢~.i~l'l r'oii \ NH I‘ll illalt .I
l 0‘ ' i‘
,- :«;.: .HH; ' l N'st :i H H! u' l A:
' '.
r ,‘i‘ ir‘(!l '1.‘|\ ' g ‘A".i'i o ""'l ‘l“‘* ..il
r'" 1 .17 " h ' it i l n .i If; n 1 I l
I ‘V‘ 4 I. r
-~l' 1!» mi» mul MW. in“! Jul
1 ‘ ‘ .
«wen-(~14 w”. ,I:;.. an» ,4 A .h l t- l
‘V
H . ‘! ‘t.h . ii is It Hi' I
‘ ... gw q z ,1, ’11.! m ”mu; " It I IH'Ht‘ an arm w? l s
4 . l :1 I. l
- .‘t{ r ‘i' -b l Sit ti. 0” ‘j'hsit t" '3‘,“ .' lot" 0 a“; u. | .I i ii (
' n it iI '1 .1 i“‘¢:li{'1 tW‘ 5. H! J '01! .(H .l H . I": "u "
, , ' ‘- _- . r
v 4 [i 3] Jult.»:l » “at"; f! . 1 lg . II _31 4.x. 4 h 1. ‘ ‘7'
’R. I,-'\ I ‘ .‘JH ' J' l“ i "I. 2. 'Il.‘ 5.13‘!’ "Ju a] I" o: it t'lql‘ '( ‘.-
‘ - l .N .n "v‘ .; Pitt 311% ' viii : ' .i 1

98

(A3). I do not plan to treat inferences of the second type. With aspect to
inferences of the first type, DBC oflers a solution to Mamey’s difliculty.
(Hi rev'nion, called menological predicate logic, which allows, for example,
thefnsionofDichandHan-ytohaveapropertyincommonisvery
interesting, but will not here be d'ncusssd).

Aslightrevision'mthesyntaxolDBCallowsiorcollectiveaction
ascriptionsauumingthat any actingcollectivecanbedenotedbyl’ntingesch
singular agent involved. Let 3.2.8 be replaced by 3.2.8‘ u iollowe: Where
each a, '- a name

3.2.8‘ Boo...a.¢.
For example, if 'a' translates 'Tom' and 'b' truslates 'Dich' and 'p"
traulates'Thepianoiscarriedapstairs',thentheDBCssntenceiorl)is
'PBabp'.

Revisioninthesemnntics'nahorequired. Let9.12 bereplacedby
9.12* as iollowe:
9.12" Where a, is a name and 45 is a wfl, gflBao...a.¢I)‘-t ill

(i) (A-flm.ao)f\«nflm.a.)*(X)(h)(x€A*:tI¢B'-t)) and

(ii) (1"-“mail”*(le(x€r":lI¢D‘-lllo
The function I has been designed to depict the bringing-it—about-that
relation between agentsandstatesotaflairsasananowingotalternative
soenariosthatcucometopnss. Thesnmnarrowingtahesintoaccountthe
statesotaflairsbronghtaboutbyallagentsatamoment. SeeFigureO.

ABinferencessuchas(Al)arevalidintherevised DBC,whichshall
heual'terbecalledDBC‘. InorderiorMassey’scI-itic'mtobelethalto
DBC‘ there must be some sequence oi terms ...,a1,...,a,,... such that where d)
is a wfl

w- (B...,a,,...,a,,... -» B...,a.,...,a,,...).

_/il-o Nile. I a. 1' :i. -'.l:ls( b "'I'fiQI ’1 i ‘9. 1 if”) ‘ ° 'l ' tlt'

:. -‘ . L‘l .« 4 d”; ll-lelil MIMI “Iii? ;:.--',} Mu .'-.,w":‘|‘-.cl l". '. ,sl‘ 13"; will;

. ,3 . pm): i m llrtqmu) a; HILrl Hi 13H. 3 Em; A - I in Hm: v.3 Itli
”PM/:1 will 'hl ~«tl‘ui l- n in” Jul .h'r'w .w
‘4' 1).; ill; I H 3" “pl ’1'“). "43! J" EL”: " ”ii; iii ll » "i I" It: 2“ I.
1 u ' ”Ill. .t 4i i'x'l’ll “l. "J I'II' " ‘ ’11 ' ' yétl '4'. (h t ‘l' ‘ . H." 'l- ‘H‘ " l
H .’ ’2'! o ’l #8 ‘ t I! l i this a. '1 l l») ‘ , hi i,’ . 1,
mm u h M .211“

u- : ~ - ll: - r ' u . .
hm, A 1‘! rm «*an ii l-IIE. 11w. "‘*i1~l~‘.ti I. ll w (win -'~ In!
, . I .. : ' , . . ,, . ’ ' .
'I ~ 'Hl Hn'luvr‘ ’4. : ‘Mi: it‘d! . (nun-no l'atllt- ’1 nuts) m; Infinl hull
H ' '0
‘3 l!
l ‘ 'HH ml Ll‘ ’tl l-‘lervl \ Th w. (nun 2V 'll nl 1..(/I...I

”'12": . .' n (It, ,. g . .,. ., . , . 1‘ " .1.
7' i ‘ t" H .g I 'l l t“ ‘l“ l. .. ‘. . g 1’ a

(‘J “r ‘ ‘. {fl '0‘!" l- ‘ ." A ill! . .E." ; -; ‘ ....
--‘| Mum H ...!t‘ ..‘H “all 3'1 ; 1- u; s- «‘ ;~-ia u v... «M l Hull 1.; l -:..|
(i ‘ . ‘ l i‘} }.'\'l”l‘l ‘10I’ 6 If: r' ll '2‘” it; f' ', p “LI: ,".'."‘.’ u _‘ f,‘ .l “‘4‘. l"‘

‘. 4W»! r~ ml.” whipl ‘ ”Indus“! Hill? 4;: .r‘rt.) ..l 'vulul 111-.» um: r-wuulnfi

I. '1“. t 'm’ if -1 :m s ... w'i: :L. lit. I-i mu»; 7:2 .‘h-H «1253:; in womb
t ‘u-J . "l i ir'li” ’l ‘N- :‘I {film-3 W}. l'/] r.” li 'f!’ I” ll . cil l.f
" ' h ‘1 ill I. liilli’l r . n ;.,. In. (.l H; :zl .‘ .2; I I i;;, I ...; (mfg. ' 3
. ‘1 Us « ll U" . .‘, . 'i_“l‘vl l-‘- ' xi ".5“ w “51'” "i 3:"Ulgl ' 3 . l'i‘l
It '1 l l

99

FIGURE 9

givutbenctionnolanndfi

nflmomentnnooeunryntm
givcnfl’nnctiann

Bnttb'nbhnpodblodncetbonttboonticinmcfionthnthmAinthe
condition'nonlerblind.
Bntnctionindividuhtnincflnctauutthtthotntbconditiomior
any antenna of the torn BarnBafi are the name no
(3V0)...(3W.)(Baovoa...ABa.V.). For mph, thnt the truth conditions for
'Dicknndfinrrybcingitnbonttbnttbophnohcnrriednptbootniu‘need
notmtiontbofnfionolDicknndHnrrybntonlytbodnuhrmtDick
nndtbooinxnhrngentflu-ry. htnitively,wemightthinkofthew‘u
dotnifingthobodflymborpbyficdtombmubtnbontbyTomud
Dick. Haenpncticnldiflcnltym Marathons-antennas? Can
netionindividnnl'mbomnintninedwitbonttbem? hordinnrydioeourae
tknmmcoflecfivcnctionuaiptiouhtwhichtbmmnomm
mtmiptionndtbomn'litonort.
Buttboplnnuibfitydnctionindividnnhbainilutothephuibifity
oftednctio-dcbm'lttytopby-‘a. Tomyknowlodge,noonehu
estnbliuhednphysicnltrmlntionforeverycbemicnloentenoe. The

. I
Pt" I" Hi in
M. l‘.'.r‘ --ll r. {111” II-
r'zh 1.3. .J. n]~51.4 |.l
m n 'i *2 ..1,| "In“ :11 m
.i I! :“r'v‘ O I'i.‘ r :9] .l“ 0"! 'l g in; .
. l-HK s l- ”Lulu m! fl--..
l
. . .' A! r ... x.” 11.. u
.Iw r' r e H" ;
'l', 3, .- fli';ilt l1 JI HUI. I'rl‘ )3! 'l.;‘ gil In ‘I '9 1 :i: an 1 .1 7, hi 3"”
; ...! l '!1 fi| Ii' .1, b"
l‘v‘ ' "*Jlfl 4w) ”H‘li ‘H,’ it I' l;l ‘- !29 H “ l: J H, 1 r'.‘ 'L “IN
" :H' "3‘ ."' ‘r 'l H, "i a; 1" "1: i'i "
ivl Muuslyi 'u: filt"‘ 9r ' it {"91“ "i 11.] ‘1 v.~A. a O . .' l 1 l
9 ' - r I I. ‘ o « "
. rl In» * hi 0 n! '3 +12; '9 will”; ”ml IRE! h J, l; ‘ l 9 3'th l‘llls A '3 é
' r' I‘M -. : ’ '1» ..1 Am Ind wull mu. '4 ."l h ' 1 9' W1" :1 43. mi sun
; O ' o
: nil 1k: “1sz ‘H'J'l‘ 't'J ‘ ~HII 4' (I'LH v.‘ ‘1'. .' .‘ul- ‘nh .o l
‘ _ I . I I ' 0': t 1
um ax-v Hi Jim!» “Prilhhl r"="t‘~o {ts-Orin} In M‘ I: :h-IH Ill: .-l 'w NH. .1:
l J ‘5 “I”. ‘!r N” "HS '.\l'it ‘l-uu-W I 7.!) Ital" l ‘\ u ; iri..
.' . . . 1 , . . . .
" u» .h W. us- In ul r ’l "'1'!” as‘1:;;.*"s«:t '1: mvuhoU-I am Wm :
J3. x ‘3 H8 ‘I"-111 H 4:!” :3! ram! 3;: we: ”'h: m WP; 3.4': “U" .m ‘H .1
I'hw w-wldp"! “1.13 In .1011 ‘l. 3 Mini
tn a we!" m lei-33‘ rt Mir-Hum “'1 -! u-n' 4‘ in r'm-‘t :1 ,; m *6"
v H i "’l ("'H‘i l'..' ‘4'. r“. 'I‘ ' “‘ Hi Id '31.; t' ' n 'l I "01’ U i"
w m w. 'esulx '. ..1 .: c .1»... 1* u my . .. ' . tn.

100

motivntion for showing thnt the chemical—to-phyeicnl trnnelntiona are
pouible wee systematic. And if put of the philosopher’e tank is to elucidate
the relntione between the sentences in different scientific theories, the
ndnctionotchem’ntrytopbyeicewuvnluble. Infnvorofindividnnliemit
shouldbenotedthntpmponentedthieviewdonotclnimthntoollective
netionnentemeehnvenoneefnlfunctionorthnttheyehonldbebnn'nhed
fromthedieoonrneoleocielecienee. Bnttheydoclnimthnttheyahonldbe
beniehed,ifpouible,homnphiheophicdnooutrnctionnnditnppennthnt
ehnplicityudpuoimonymmedbynctionindividul'lmmorethuby
netionhol'lm. Pahnmthennnlogybetweennctionindividnnliemnnd
chemienl/phylicnlrednction'ltoonnguine. Puhnpetheteble-epistemic
vnlneinehowinghowtheindividulhtdiepeueowithpncticnflyvduble
eoflectionnctionuaiptiomthuinehowinghowchemletrycnnbendnced
tophynieo.

Therebnnotherpncticnlproblem. Inordinnrydieoonree,wenre
necnntomedtouingindividnnlumenforindividulngente. But,eepecinlly
inthcuedhrgempotumcuwennmenflthelinglhrngente
involvedinnnonteniblyeollectivenction? Whichngentlnretobeinclnded
onthel'ltao...a‘whenwenreeonlidefin¢thenctioneol(}enenlMotom
Corporation? Thiienpecinflyeomplicntedoincethelbtdempbymetock
holders,etc.chnngeednily. Theeolntbntothiedmcnlty'lliketheeolntion
tothelnnt. Inprinciple,iteeemthntthereienorennonwhythelietof
dunkmtninvolvedinhnpouiblenlthonghverydificnltorpethnpe
impouibletonnoertnin. Thimblemnndtbelnetindicntethntnlimitie
behxrenchedinhnmuepitemiccnpncitywhenindividulilmiemnintnined.
Adechionnlntivetotheindividnnl'lti-neeeemtoinvolvenchoioe
between two dkvnlnee. On the one hand the individunl'ut rinks poetnlnting

U ID I t e . [f‘
V ' -c I f. t‘ t H g I ! 0'
:i‘ ”1"Nti int” 3 N' 1:! .... In3 H‘ ' ‘ L "t '1' ’19
1 ~ Wuhan I ’ l"l.‘ 1:. mums I ’ , u. Hi
;I‘ . :s 2! u .t- Bu '. I a , ~IH in rlu'nt.u['-i¢
4 vi 3 trilhvaw ["1‘ ”At! l I' ‘f 't I l”. H 'Hl
. . i '. l I 1 j
» Hm“ I 1.3 lhul In” . A I ml l. \I 1'! w L. I ~ ~
. . l {a ll l t'l4 'lily l ," 3?. ~‘ r I! |t\ .al urn .:. l-: IR |_ .
‘ law '1' i an git. mm... ”In: t . 1 MI.» u ;..
I- it”! it 7'1. l ts U l ‘4 ' :Hoh fl. "3:
t. -3 'a ' ' "" -'l i'l"-sl' 1". -: l" "13;,..?§i" W", A ”"1"
. l I l .
l H I in .. .s .i "I a" ' .a inallfll Hill" u“
5.3, l ‘9! Uh ' J 'i U” ‘- . ”I 't 144/!» 5"!" i“ h 4‘ at?
'N .. “t In .2.Lai' H: h rxtui H ' ; , l‘
, «IV D it! i f tit D s l: ' ‘ llt t‘ r‘uu a ‘2 . .;.l .46 3:
‘ I i' '- 1! “:1 1n ‘nuti ”‘1 1 - -;2'..!in’l‘w! ‘
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.‘ iH >M ~ I ‘ ti v D r. ,1 3 J ., ; l ”\ ‘3! 1M1.) 3,
. I I1 :h - ' [. HIM. 'a. ..H " H t 4;, 3 'x ?. .II II
I!“ _r y I I;:', ttl ‘r!’ 'l‘t’ 'l,l:i' i: g, :“l 'I l ' ' :1
li't‘.’ ‘3 ”.3 AI 1"] 4.1.15 "lfl' all I; A u ..31 .
a ' ' '
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.1, ..t
a Y . ' '3

101

truth conditions which are out of humnn epistemic reach. The truth
conditionseitherholdortheydonot,evenifnoneofuscsntellwhether
theydo. Ontheother,theholistviolntesordinnryscruphsngninstthe
«items at irreducibly collective agents, or worse yet, collective persons with
mentnlstntessndnll. Itseemstomethntthereishopeforlessoflensein
theindividnsfldhection,nndthishope'nmorenttrnctivethnnviohtingthe
dictntesdpnrsimony.
Amgthethesesforcollectivenctionsscriptionsis:

12.20 un-IBao...a._|_,
since the intersection involved in the truth conditions for collective action
ucriptioncnnnotbeempty. Aboitintobenotedthnt

13.15 béBaflo...fl.¢->Ba¢,

vim, thnt (I together with floufin bring it sbont thnt ob does not entail that a
nlonebringsdinbout. Abo,

13.16 staflo...B.¢-’ nBafi.
hothawomitdounotbllowthntilatogetherwiththecooperntionof
Bo...fi_brings¢sbout,thenadoesnotbring¢nboutslone. Furthermore,

13.17 fiBmfi-wuBaflrfilp.
Thntitosny,thepouibilityisnotrnledontthntaslonebrings¢sbout
and a in cooperntion with [30.43. brings ¢ nbont. Moreover, the collective
versionofRE‘holdssndRM.doesnot,nsistbecnsewithsingulsrngent
nncriptions.

1.11..

« t

o

p . if H ti‘ o l (I - i a i I“)
'- 'H . :v 3 \ it al "u L . l i" i'i' ‘ 1"..11“ "l‘-'-"!' “‘
..g r .,i.i-r ,‘y... J wfl.’ : .11 M‘i l'..\1 ‘uii t! I)" ollii
:lI-r, I) 1 -' . v, i“! I I; l' ‘iil ‘i. ‘v .I l" I" . ,i’o‘clu ': 49 H “11.4
1;” r hi Ill "3“! (a . n! lmi» 'Hll c"- rail” ll ii» mm ”Jr No.1 '5”
Hum! u 3! ‘ 15) 115112;. lull -l mutt ...3 1”“. 'HH ruv In: .i‘lnlil'.“ m.
H xv! 11.31 1! ' ‘1. f
”I " ‘tlilfl u e~ H“! ’r‘ III! r .1: 11.; .w. mil 1 n ".hqu.‘
. . I- i
'a. .uHJJI lnrl -.4~H 1n. 1'. .‘l' ‘1 ur 1“” lil it"a"’*’ittlii i!" "-1'.
l: H! " :l ‘- . t't “l ‘1 - . I",’Il'! 1'1 it 011;! 1' w I~ ti
: . . ‘- . ‘
t-fi'il't it'll K'Hl: ,' ”Hit it. ' n ii 1.11 l l. 3'1 l l4;l=’ l ll..1i .1
V.“ illnnih’ 4 r :1"! Mini.
Mi * ' t ‘t v '1 i
,.,.., 'ill! "in/'4 in}! Hurt it 1:33.‘ If! ’!i In" 3"“ ‘I H ’ lw’l l 2. ' ill
'1: fH‘t ..1 sin iluvih : u :0 l- u .2 cl: ’3 u nil “H.313. r",la.": . “s.
.1 * .1 .t
kgkl'i‘i th'lln s' 3.4!] 533.: hue-l ‘Lll rtl (E.l’ it" H :Ili H H, at ' '11
. . l ,1'3I‘ti'i‘flis. idol-3' ‘ v 4‘13 in l «'l .o . l' ' 1' i -t
C.” 'ti“ ll 0“ it." Nil 7': r: hu-l ' t ~31 it’d in!" H lsh: c 1 u! n J"! I
rd. 1. "l

CHAPTER SIX
THEISM, VOLUNTARISM AND DETERMINISM

1. ACTION POWER

It'nwidelybelievedthatthereareseveralagents,eachuniquely
contributing to the way things turn out. Any position regarding determinism
oughttogivesomeaccountofthisbeliefandintheprocessexplainthe
interplay between action ascriptions and descriptive natural law and between
the actionsofdistinct agents. InChapterThree,someattention was given
to coercion and in Chapter Five cooperative actions involving several agents
wereconsidered. Inthischapter,theinterplay°ucenterstage,especially
wheredivineandhumanactionsmightconflict.

In the semantic structure at BBC, the moment In 0! evaluation '3,
fromitsownpersective,theprsssnt moment. Theset{x:Rx,m},istobe
thoughtofashavingthemomentspossiblerelativetomasmembers. Itis
intermsofthissetthatthetruthconditionsiorsentencssottheformD4)
mpresentedinChapterOne. Thesubset {meflmfin represents the set
ofmommtsnecessaryatmgiventheactionsclagenta,crmomentsthat
actualh'utorymustpassthmughbecauseofwhatadoes. Characteristicsof
thbsetalongwithtruthconditionsiorsentencesoitheiormBalpwere
uploredinChapterTwoandobjectlanguagesutencesoftheformme
weretakenastranslationsofordinarysentencessuchas'abringsitabout
that d". In Chapter Five the feasibility of collective action ascription was
considered. There the set {xszKm,a,)n...flflm,ak)} where each atII is a

102

s

.

V‘

I.
.-
--.-
.r

‘ " i ' g i l
' ’I'l t. 11' ‘ ~ ' ’ ' i h * 'i
l c‘ . 3 '0. In. H I/. 1" ’4 il.! ‘ ”in
”an, uczl . 3 i ‘ - In lulu; 1'; ill .1 In‘.

. NH .1." U ‘leHWm I H. z a! .‘lvl ".11? a H! 4 u . ..r;..
”,u?.1',1‘[ f r w.'- z 1' fl». ' if: r' x': b I ir _ i3. - l 4 '9!!!
- [Hi '1' 1' ti 1 I" 1n; ' I i' w g” “"0. ' ' HI

,- 1“. 1‘ t , ‘ . p1 , .t- . ‘ ,. t t 1... .. . H H

i Tim»: 1 1 .i- , 3 w: 1.1.. - 22v 'azv‘d

t In W In vuuwl Mil , ii- i h "I‘ ' "HM = W i 1
:at . : Jir ‘vlt 'll'U-‘l‘lill . ’F’ tl'.‘ :33 '1‘! t I-" II 1’! * .' in. .l
”:slu” . .-. 'vl -. {Li't‘l 0! ' ii "s1 Ilnun- "*7. .1: mi ..ti .4. P u ‘L‘
"...! '1” I an m' «'1v‘l""$ ‘. «ins-g! ' .m‘ ;~ '2: 1‘ . 3.; 1 m
.. "l" ‘ MM 1 r} 'wi: ‘H:: -. 1 I- I» 5 m t-v‘n "! nu.
vuwu' -' it: I. '1 14' w :t. H H‘ 2. . ml rm: ' 1'
{Ad , "lv ' 1 id .8 'i . i‘ 1' .h s l I 1 hi I l
I. ., "I 1 !H r' In Ilw « lHi , I ll ' l' I H - . 1' v f lnzi
. i 3.. n v ' , 11 ‘. J I I, in .5 .4' I nl [H i .1 1|.
i.v: ' 91' .g,» p, 31', . . , 1 I. 1! ~) --,I'
( : . ... > I 'l 1.1:! .» . I v w! tll L I“

103

name, was to be thought of as the set of moments necessary at m given the
actions of agents away Sentences of the form Bum were taken as
translations of 'a and 3 bring it about that W. If the list (11,...01,l includes a
nameioreveryagent,thesetrepresentsthesetofmomentspossibleatm
given what every agent does. In other words, Barnum is a translation for
“(b 'u the product of all actions". These situation are depicted in Figure 10.

HwetakethefreedomofquantifyingoverwflsoiDBC,wecansee
howvariousmetaphysicalpositionscanbeexpmedintheaotationofDBC.
According to some metaphysicians, the iollowing is true:

PU (¢)(¢»(3:.)...(1s.)3s.,...s.¢)
unleadicontainssomewflofthetypeBMiasawell—iolmedpart. One
might call this weak personalism or pluralistic voluntarism. According to
thkview,evmythingthatisthecase,apartfiomactiouthemselves,springs
homagency. Thisviewrulesoutraadomnessifwhat'utruerandomlyis
not brought about.

Butinorderforaneventtobedeemedraadoln,notonlyisit
neceuarythattheeventnotbebroughtabout,bataboitrnastbethecase
thattheevent'unotcausedaccordingtoanaturallaw. HEDW-vmholds
onlywherethereisaaaturallawaccordingtowhich¢iscausedbymone
mightcouidertheioflowingthes'nwhichseunstoapresathemajorclaim
oinaturallawdeterrnin'un. Thisthes'ucornbinesDBCnotationwith

LU (¢)(¢-'(3W)(1P is 1‘ W3" Mnl Null-fit! aEUW-*¢)).
laotherwolds,everythingthatisthecue'ndeterminedbysomedescfiptive
tutu-l M W-

The theses PU and LU resemble those that follow. According to the

first, called PE (th'l resembles PU), at least some events spring from action.

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FIGURE 10
ACTION, COLLECTIVE ACTION AND POSSIBILITY

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105

PE (w)(¢a(3«.)...(3:.)B:o.-.s.¢).
AgainitseemsthatwffsottheiormBfl'Wshouldbekepth-omcbinorderto
protecttheplaasibilityoftheview. Accordingtothesecond,calledLE,
thuearesomeaatarallaws.

LE (fiN‘thMW is e We at“ MIN“? AEDW-'¢)-

Neither PU nor PE is incompatible with LU. In other words, one
coaldbelievethateverythingorsomethingsspringfromactioaandatthe
sametimebelievethatactionsareasubeetolthinpcausedbynaturallaw.
Thbgivesprioritytonaturallawoveraction. Hencesomewouldwantto
holdPUanddenyLE.

Butthelatterviewcountersthepopalarbelidthatagencyhas
impersonaldescriptivenaturallawasacontextaadthatagentscanase
lawfulconnectionsumeauintheaccomplishmentolcertainends,butthese
lawfulcoanectionsarethemselvesnotsabiecttochangsonthebasbolagent
initiative. Haviewingreateragreementwiththispopularbelidisdesired
sentencesottheiormcbofLUcouldberestrictedsothattheycontainno
well—iormedpartsofthetypeBap. OronemightsimplyembraceLEand
PE.

Anotherviewadvancedbysomethe'stsisthat

Tl (33)(¢)E(¢-'BI¢)-
chueisbutoaexfikethhwehavetheclaimolsomemoaotheiststhat
Godbringsaboutallthat'lthecase. BataccordingtoDBC,some
constraints on ¢seem in order. There aresomeaentencse, 2+2-4, for
mmphwhichanneceuarihvtrue,that‘n,theymtrueateverypossible
moment. lnondertobring2+2=4 about, Godmustbeassigned every
possible momentatevery moment. ItlollowafromTl that ¢+D¢isa
thesi. If we suppose not, then there must be some moment m and sentence

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V such that at some moment n possible relative to m, w is the case and
somepoaiblemomentn'possiblerelativetomatwhichWisnotthecase.
ButinorderiorittobethecaseatmthatGodbringsaboutevery
seatence,includingtheaecessitations,hemustbeassigledevery moment
pomibbrelativetom. Hso,itwillbefabeatmthatGodbringsWabout,
sinceinoneoithemomentsheisassignedatm,uamelyn',¢isfabe. In
otherworfiTlruleaoutthebeliefincontingeacyaltogether. Noeventand
noactioniscontingent. EventheactioaolGodinbriugingeverything
about'naecemary.
TheproblemTlposescanbeseenbyattendingtotheDBCthesis:

1231 (WWMWWMPWW)(°VA°1¢AW)D-
Inotherwords,atanymoment,anyagentwhobringssomethingnecessary
about,doesnotbringanythingcontingentaboat. Someweakeaingin'l‘lis
moreinkeepingwiththeassertionoletmngthefuticvolutarbtssachas:

T2 (3I)(¢)E((<>¢A°"¢)-'B¢)-
HereGodbringaaboatallthat'ucoatingent. Thiincludesactionssothat
accordingtothbview,Godbrinpaboutallcoatlngentactions. Butsince

12.22 (4’)“ 0W 0 'NMM) * “Gil/)(DVABG’WD.
ilGodbringsabontanycoatingentstateolaflairs,hebrhgaaboutnothing
nece-aryandthusgivesupanycoatroloveraaturallawiftheseare
aece-arilythecase.

But couider another alternative. Assuming diagramming conventions

asdepictedinFigunlO,wemightsupposethatateachmomentthepictur-e
issomethinglikethatdepictedinFigurell.

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107

FIGURE 11

 

lnth'ndepictionwem’ghtthinkolGod’sactions
as narrowing thecoarseolevents with variation
accordiagtotheseveralpossibifitiulabellsdflm).

PerhapsGoddoesnotdetes-ninewhattielwearatm. Bat,hemight. He
mightdeterm'newhattielwearbatnotwhatkinddsandwichlhavefor
lunch. ThevariatioastopsshortolGoddster-hingwhatbaecessu-ilythe
cmwhkhhustraagecouequsncssaswehaveseea,butthestrengthof
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asrrowsthecourseh’utoryioflowgbatdoesaotbringabostevuyth'mgabout
that(shortofaecessity)happsns. Thissssmsaplaasiblealternative
accord'ngtotheDBCsemanticsandisdeservingdmorecareful
coasideratioathanlamabletogiveithere.

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108

2. ETHICS, DIVINE POWER AND PREVENTABILITY

Consider how these matters impinge on obligation and prohibition. If
God’acommandtoatobringcfiabont'uenficientiorD(1Ba¢->FSa)then
onemightaayGodcontrobth'nobligation. MootChrietiaathe’utebelieve
thhwenfltheyholdadeontobgicalviewofmetaethice. HT2iea|oo
embraced,Godabocontrobwhichobligationlareheptaadwhichbroken.
Animilareitnatioahoideioriorbiddanceo. Butth'n'nintolerahleiorthe'nte
andnontheistealike;fortheietebecanoeitoeemetomakeGodgufltyforeine
(althoughaewehaveoeentBMdoeenotentailBflaldaeioobvioue
ngBa¢dounotentaflfiBg¢)aldiornonthe'utohecoueT2aflowetoo
much divine control over actions.

ItmightbeargnedthnttheDBCanalyebolmoralproperty
aocriptioneie,eepeciallyaparthomthebticconeideretioae,tooetmng.
Snppooeafaibtobring¢about. Thicaabeaeinofcomm‘uiononlyif
theappiicatioaoiaanctiontoa'nanpmentabieainpflciter. hotherworde,
auction’efntnreoccnrmcenaltheuetoppobie,notonlyaofaraoa’e
powers of action are concerned, but as far as anyone’e or any combination of
agentactiom'ucoacerned. Butanetioningiloomethingthatfallibieagente
do,andbecaaoeo(thereaioccarrenceottriedactioaothatfail,itmightbe
thateomeonetrieetooanctionaintheeventola’efailue,bnteomehowor
otheraeocapee. Ifhecangetawaywithnotbringing¢abont,thntie,if
hecaneacapenece-arypu'nhmentalaconaeqnencedhiofaihretobring
¢abont,thenheienotobligedtobringitahont.

ch'neitnatioa’utakentoindicetethattheDBCanalyeieaeit
stando'ltooetronx,aomeremedyhpouible. Onemightweakenthe
nnpreventability requirements of the analysis thus far presented. Instead of

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109

OmbbeingeqnivalenttoD(-IBoaI>->F8a)aehaebeenenggeeted,itcanbe
treatedaseqnivaientto UhBads-iF-IBa-ISa). Accordingtothe latter,aie
obligedtobring¢abontjutincaoehecannotpreventh°nowneanctionin
theeventofhiafailmaithoaghitnighthiltocomeaboatloroomeother
tea-on. PerhapaBakerwillnotbeaanctionediorfaiiingtobringcbabont
andyetBaker'uobligedtobI-ingdiabont. Bakercannotdoanythingto
pmenttheaanction,bnthemightgetoatofitaonethehu. Thieetill
leavesitthecanethatifacanhimoefleacapefatnreeanctionintheevent
thathehibtobrins¢abont,hebnotobligedtodo¢.

8. PRUDENCE AND CONFLICTHVG OBLIGATIONS

hAflcoryofJadichawhchimothatthed'sthgni-hingieatmof
ametnethicaltheory'nthereiationiteepoueabetweentherightandthe
good”. Utilitariantheoriee,ioreacampie,aeaertthatanactionhobligatory
jantincueitrenlteinmoregoodthanitaomi-ion. Aawementioned
winninPriorbelievedthattbeucaphndtheAnduoonianehnplification
waonotnatnral'lticbecauetheneceuityinvoivedintheapplicationof
anction'mvolvedthemoralnotionofdeaut,via.,abiorbiddentobfing¢
aboutifandonlyilaonghttoheaanctionedintbeeventthathebringacp
about. Theweakeningconaideredinthelaataectionweake-theneceuityof
aanctiondefinitiveofobligationandiorbiddance. Andth'nweakeningmight
bepreierudbyonewhowantatoavoidPrior’aargnnentacainatthe

Batifitinnot,there'netillawayolmainta'nin¢natnraliemwithin
theDBCanalye'n. SnppoaeMcClellandrobothebankandthatheienot
pnn'nhed for it. It seems that McClelland was morally forbidden to do this

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110

even though he got away with it. He ought to be punished, even though he
is not. If a naturalistic view is behind the escapist metaethical doctrine, one
mightsayoneoltwothinp. First,ilone°latheist,onemightmaintain
thatGodwillpunhhthisdeedinthenextliIeevenilMcCleflandescapesin
th'none,andsoit'nindeedmoraflyiorbiddea,eventhonghitboksasif
McClelindescapes. Hewillnotnitimately escape. Kant,iorexample,in
thencondCritiqegbecansehewashothendbytheineqaityinvoivedinthe
goodandevilconsequeacesevidentinthhlife,argeathatthischcumstance
requinsthepostulationofacontinnedliieafterth'lone,andiorsimilar
reasonsthereisasnpremebeingwhowillseethatpan‘nhmsntsandiewards
commensuratewithobedienceuemeetedont. Thisseemsliheapiausible
viewfortheists. Ofcourse,ifthe standaidbywhichGod'appropi-iately"
dhcatupenhhmentandnwardbnotnatualisticallyundsrstood,naturalism
iaihevenhere.
Onthsotherhand,onemighttaketheintnitivelymoredificultmute
andsagpstthatoarintuitionsbehindthebeliefthatMcClellandismordly
iorbiddentombthebankaremistaken. H'nescapefromsanctionerodeshis
moraiforbiddance,sotospsak. ButtheintuitionsaboutMcCielland’sdeed
alenotentilelym'lguided. Someoneehe,orsomecollective,oughttohave
sanctionendClellandiorhisdeed. McClellanddoesaothavethemoral
iorbiddancebecaasesomeoneelsedoesnotkeephisobligationtosanction.
Theobligationtosanction,ortheobligationtobringitaboutthat
McCleflanddoesnotescapeil’herobsthebaanightbeconsidereda
secondorderobiigation. McClellanddoesnothavethefirstorderfobiddance
becausesomeoneehedoesnotkeepthesscondorderobligation.
hbothdthuepositionthuebconsidenbleintuitiveoflense. The
oflense comes when three beliefs are attractive. First, if it is desirable to

u ’ s . 9f; .t W!" t' w 1' o M ..
in }:-.u- e;t|.;i:l.o~.l I «.v! all I ".1! Mi 1 ’ r: 5' t. Hv. .. 1' 5 s
,1. .fi. m "Hm 41 1H t. rl WW It i J. .30 «'N' iH m . 13' T, .1
. . . 4 ”L1 I: 1mm :3” iron a“! m I'm-m ri~i 1 m. 1 HM: w» : ,.
- c ( vi 1 z is m I! I v t :i. r‘ M! .‘Ifi’tmu ..‘w‘z u: at H cu‘ h... tn. «..i"
1 Itil’h “ ‘lurl 31“,] ‘u‘cgtvu: 13' ‘o.,[} i” "1!. igou ut‘ «i! ”j i153,75,.' JJ,
H- '\ i-Ol‘ll 'g,| 11’1“;qu 'Ili? Hi io'i‘l uhni v" '1 "Hi 'lr italli um i". l in: . o
"I" 0 “”13 l- i? -" vi)‘ 0 it. *‘n-i II I“ a; a -: H 1.: ~ H . it i 2‘,“ L.”
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I ‘ o i“ 17!!!! 'IH ”MI l-n. r"'l'~t' l'ul l I 4-" 5- ¢ :. Ii " '- .1: :1
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nu ., in Milan ”'4; I “'srsirv‘t 'I ‘H N' .izlut’v n! ‘1 i i-- iilw'i ati
'! i' 6: 3 'rfii ’ I ‘tLiirh‘ “ u r“ H “l “rat“? tl lio’. "

 

lll

disbelieve that God exists, particularly, a God who interferes in the desires
and preferences of humans and has ability to sanction; secondly, if the belief
isattractivethatdeathisfinalinthatthereisnolifeafterth'nonein
whichtheapparentinequitiesarersolved;udthhdly,ifitisattractiveto
believethatthebestsanctioningmachineryallowspeopletogetawaywith
doingoromittingtodowhattheyan—relyforbiddenorobligedtodo,
then,ucapilnuanaturalisticmetaethicaltheory'nunattractiveindeedu
comparedtodeontolog'lm. Itloohstomeasifsomebelievethatpeopleare
obligedtoactasifthere'naGodwheaofcouuetheremightnotbeudif
obligationistobecountenancedatallwithoatpresupposingtheism,
deontologymustbetheonlyoption. Th'nloohstomelikehavingone’scake
andeatiagittoo.

What about prudential concerns? In Chapter Three, Reecher’s
semanticsforpreferencewasintrodaced. There,itwassaggestedthatina
sanctioning situation SaH(33)(BsbaAa1¢/¢), vis., a b auctioned just in
casesomeonebringsitaboutthatasuflers¢wheiehewouldprefer1¢ In
Rescher’sterms,thetruthof¢mustbeafirstorderevilfora. Sentences
oftheformM/varetruejustincasethepo-iblemomentsinwhichcbis
trnearehigherona’saidologicalscalethanthceeinwhichWistrue.
Moreoverthuelocutionsmaybetakenasdeclarationsthatpbfirstorder
better for on than is W. In this compu'uon 1mm) must be larger than
y(m,a,¢)inorderfor¢tobefirstorderbetterforathanw.

Inh'narticleRescherpresentsanothersortofgoodwhichhecalls
'diflerential preference'“. To adapt Rescher’s position for BBC we might
add “other function * lunch that *(m#.¢)-r(m.a,¢)-r(m.a, 14>).
Intuitively, if 5(m,a,¢)>g(m,a,‘1¢), then at m, a has differential preference
for ¢ over mp. New sentences for difl‘erential preference ascriptions of the

1‘ l l l'g . Q]. Q ‘ . l V I ;.\I" l I . l“i l' a; . ‘i ' ‘1 l‘ “
v/“ iiI‘ I l. }‘ «v1 Igtt' ill:' I‘ o."' .. ”I. "vll ill‘Ili‘ lcl“x'-'l'|.' '0‘! ‘l '1: 'l'
. N at' I” l . wl lit-"'1 TJ. '.'li~1’. 1 I6 .‘ului 'HH" ir‘hl w“ 5‘ .il ' 2 all "I
q. l » 'ltll hi “I ln’lul “N“ . ... . ,y |. 1 .l ”I 'u' ,v p l, ‘.
r I
I u :1; Hi i H .h 4 In . lb 1 o. l u . “hi I i ? ll .‘H V 1! ‘HI
i ‘ in" M ll' 9 all 'l .11.)! ' {'t. ‘vtd '3’ (A ..Il 3: lllrt ' I: i 'II lawlr-iql t
vm ful I" m "Tull ' l'w In i. .. . . ..' I rl H I H H ' t " l" I‘
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“'1 l‘ ‘41‘ H .l'
,,",' _..! lfll-i ‘ 3 ‘ ,‘ H p' - ,. ‘ id 3 ‘v. l,| :1, it ‘1 r
‘ o l . . -.-o v V
m but“ I l. :M «bl! H .H t-I . mum’s. '1 c “I . «... In In“ .
”all 1“». l‘llli--' a, 1 ‘. l ,l .\ (1 5.31.3, \' l x. ,‘ ..., 1.. :9" L 1'. ‘1'»;
. .
in I“. ls‘ l. (I H; 'n‘ x:v .' K‘ 1‘ :L/ i‘ t‘. it 1.. ' H .- . .l'. '0"!!" N. : '
-u .- u h-l lzrt Wit-Hi s, l-! a, -.. I. mu , In mud nu menu , ' l» ’-
. .; 'N 11. r?|l"l.l 'm 'H' ")1 ~' ° ' H‘ ‘ HI 1’:? 'm a. 1 Mini N” I”
.‘ u .: Il'wlrl u . .1 v. u x-h‘v it a - a. r- w ‘l w om mr'
e 5 - I
1 . , ,, | h,”,,.;"_~ 3“ u', I. 3’1 pl ..., a”. .,,i p l‘ ‘0r'-3.a l-v «. ... I4
- l . 4" 24H1! ‘ 1.4m L‘H-io ‘lwih '1. h! J ‘ :.'l 2'; W'i "l
5 ’Hm'? ' l i 21' in: I 4 'r5 A I“: -'l-'~’ f? I ‘ 11‘
s f l . l"! ii. “ I ‘ i "‘ ’ Ll " l 3 " r l " " ‘t' '1‘
a w» ’« ‘ ’l‘il l'rl'“ I ' ' 1'---l.l t. - H: "UL: litill'id.‘
m ' HM“ , Ml' 151’! ‘1 n. Hm ._.-. 141’ M.
r ..3 p...'..~.l t3“! /{ .l x H H. li'lnl .\ “l"l" :_ . ,llb) '.l ’lN/llll'

l" .a PM! xi ll ' .t. l. l .H' 2'43 'tul'r ‘ h . '1' ‘ ’

112

type A*a¢/1p might be added with truth conditions as followe:

9-15* .‘nlIA*a¢/1PIJ"=* if! *(m.a.¢.)-I*(m,a.1II)-
Theeeeentencuuertthottbieemterdiflerentidgoodtoathnniew.
Inotherworde,ahuehigherdiflemtinlprderenceior¢thnnfor¢.
Perhnpethebeetillutretionwillinvotvetheeeriouieuedconflicteof
obligntion. Thushr,wenretouderetudthntnnctioningienotthe
exclusive province of perticulur persons or particulu' institutions. Hence,
Wibonmightbeennctionedh'omonedirectiouifheminwithhieiover,
undnnctiouedfromunotherifhedoeenot. Supposingthennctionis
unpreventebieinbothcuee,Wihonhunconflictofwhntheieobligedto
donndwhetheieforbiddentodo. Hecunnotwin. Suppose, "Wilson’s
parentecuthimoflfromtheirwill‘btruhtedpud'Wihouwilllooee
hijob'btrenelutedq. SuppoeeeleothntbnuneeWibonundthotr
transluc- "Willo- moves in with his lover“. U‘Bbl‘"F(33)(BQAAb'Ip/p) is
true and huce Fbr '3 too. D('IBhr-9F(3:)(BaqauAb1q/q) '3 true and hence
0hr in. Wilson has n genuine conflict. But suppose Wibon’e parents are
very wealthy, andhecungetuotherjobifhelooeeethieone. Loosingthe
job,inotherworde,ilmuchh-oied'lvnluetoWihonthnheingwritten
outolh'nperent’ewill. Suppoeethereueiourmolnentepouibleetmwith
the {allowing value. for dm,b,¢).

moment true eentencee 9 value

In paq 2
m' pa fit; 10
n 'Ipaq 100

n' "lpA ‘Iq 110

H o . * Htii -| ' t” ’ I I ’
. ... I 2 3 , I .
. H Hi :i 1.." “’3‘... Us 10.3%: h «at g ifixil i)" r‘ ...: H"
J In“ . i . qol Ital”! H I a .l't Ii In 1"]. hi 0, '3 1 H ‘ . I‘M
. 'u'i {II c I “Hr/I! r'!‘ II‘I'w. ‘fi '1 lib-Int HIM I. with. m] law! an m
.r ’. u n ;,...um: 11;.» 1+1! 9 1.. kiwiqm :1“: Hi .11? ,. t! .. :1
~. . -c it“: n 'IH 1|.i n I 1:13 In wed-yr res} 194.! q 'H r; In 0 N‘- ,. I: ..I.
t ' ‘ .; a!!! N no ”will my! I: a. Ix-u'lu Ham 4,3. 1: i. m .u ”lam -'. H . ;:.
" ..,~ "'1‘ ni9~~~IlIHI 7 =: .. .1 '- l I. me new ' II, w:
i 9 it) i n 314;" ll, ' In :1 6% "L” H H l. y or: I Ii “u! H. ulm it
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t .3 {SM 3 f. nun...
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1 iv a ’ It!
.1: .i

I In.

113

Here A*b-Ip/ “Iq. In other words, nlthough Wilson has the conflict between
forbiddnnce and obligntion, it is clesr that in the interests of prudence, he
ought not to move in with hi lover. Here the well noticed ambiguity of
'ought'comutotheiore. SomethnesbyssyingthstWibonoughttodox,
it'lheingusertedthstWilsouisobligedtodox. Thessmesentence
mightsssertthstitisinWilson’sbestinteresttodox,whetherheis
obligedtodosoornot. Thbsortolconflictbetweenobligstionor
iohiddsncesndprudenceiscommou,sndespecisllyhnportsnttosome
the'uts.

Forenmple,inActs5,thespostlePeteristhmtenedbythe
Ssnhedrinwithsomesortofpun'nhmentifhepreschesinthensmeofhsus.
ButhesbofesrsGod,sndthepun°uhmentoiGodifhedoesnotpreach(or
themsrddGodifhedoes,orboth)mskehimrespondthstheoughtto
obeyGodrstherthsnmen”. ItskeitthstPeterbelievedthstitwss
prudenttoriskthepunishmentoftheSsnhedrinrstherthsndisobeyGod.

ChristisntheistssometimesfscethesortofcouflictthstPeterdidsnd
duringthetimesofmostsevuepersecutioniorthem,it"smuingthstthe
fesrolGodshouldmskethemendurethemosttortuousssnctions. The
pointcith'lssfsrssDBOisconcernedisnottoslgsethstChr'stisnshnve
sdiflerentconceptofobligstionorprudencehomsoschristisnorsthe‘nts.
Ithinktheyhsvethesemeoue. Bothueorshouldheegoistssnd
consequential”.

Here, of course, I oflend not only may nonthe’sts, but my theists
sswelliflholdsnsturslisticviewolthegood. Andldonothopeto
minhothol‘theseintellectuslhsttleshere. Iprdersviewofthegood
sccordingtowhichit'lslwnyslelntedtointerestsndneednotberelntedto
any property outside of interest. This sounds like R. B. Perry’s view in

t H ,‘1 l i ll .u A 0'1 . 1 l
“J '* l 'l . ' It ‘ ‘l .. .‘ I!
... it's», I i. u Itlt .. . 6 .' xi i i .1 . H. I’luul ml
. ,.q|-a li'h 1' It .14 ‘ .t ‘3, r “r... H' .. \i tg.l I'l r'v‘,
a?“ i I' l l .i" l .11, l M til I 'l' I .
' " ‘l I 'I ' l Ii it 4' ll :4 4 4. rt 1 l
I,” “I N . l.!.n.'a h 'p , r .1 .: t- Iv uh
H n; 1:1.zaIn, o i 14’ .l .HlmlIII .~,. In ill:
‘ 'l ih'Hil I" Ii 'lllv‘Ilt‘h 'Hs :. r‘ l .H u“, w
c: .s 1|.l 1.. (In. n. ml o‘ I. I,.-). r: 4.1: 2., .1 . .ul
.' in." r'tn [a I}! 'l t u : In .~,'. . l .‘ Lulu I r ,
1.1 sg-“l ltlt; ;. l Uni 1:41:11 0; all In .- I l ..1 H 1 .
IJil lII Ialil I ll ll} '0 Ill 0 “I n .I.'. 1.3,”
II" ul- Il-cl l'a‘: OI tr! '4» ‘ ’ ' HHl-l.‘
|sl cl Hull loloinl. .u) ll‘ .1.‘ '1 n‘ r n l 161:!” r ’l‘ "3.
. tut. ’l H t' a i In. “hits. u'l' ; 0’ w‘ l, r. L: r‘tl I.
. I I4: . ,; Mliwl mu ”:1! ‘I ima. I .. .Izl' hum! Haul!"
I w-l I 11:!!! u . b v 7 Ian: »1 I: MI . nun 'l -‘ 6 wt l-! we;
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4 ‘IIl I'IlgltH a I 'nt, :L-I l In!“ up: i 1.0.91 I
la;-
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.4. .‘ fl '9”; . mil [1 I- l} lia'i.a-.l;- in 3 l’hul
-. x 3‘. rel-'2; é .,, wt '- ‘uLni :ul-l ~l . H ..I I. ,
' 1- .1 r. , ,1“, l .,. I H ! ‘34; a! . L. I. ll -HI '6
’ . l l . o‘u .l . 3.11‘ {I .1 tvl h:

I.

II-‘

l‘t‘

114

General Theory of Value“. Meet theiste will want to know how Inscriptions
of goodness to God can be no construed. In other words, how can believers
necfibegoodneutoGodifgoodneubundel-etoodinthiewny? Otherewill
wuttoknowhowlmcphinthenppuonteimihfitybetweenthegoodnof
onemtudthegoodeofuother. Butldonomonthannieetheee
clouds of dust here, without showing how they no to be settled.

’fi
' «:1

’«
‘HUHi

o
t

 

NOTES

18ee Rudolf Carnap [1950] Logical Foundations of Probability (London:
Routledge and Kegan Paul) Chapter 1 and Appendix J for explanations of

explication.

2H. G. Bohnert [1945] ”The Semiotic Status of Commands", Philosophy of
Science 12:302.

3A. R. Anderson [1956] ”The Formal Analysis of Normative Systems" .
Reprinted in N. Rescher (ed.), The Logic of Decision and Action [1966]
(Pittsburgh: University of Pittsburgh Press) 98808 147—213.

4Jaako Hintikka [1981] "Some Main Problems of Deontic Logic". Printed in
R. Hilpinen (ed.) Deontic Logic: Introductory and Systematic Readings [1981]
(Dordrecht: D. Reidel Pub. Co.) pages 59-104.

5W. V. Quine [1986] Philosophg of Logic, Second Edition, (Cambridge:
Harvard University Press) page 35.

5 "D" for "deontic', "B“ for the bringing-it—about—that relation, and 'C"
for consequentidism.

7S. Knuuttila [1981]. "The Emergence of Deontic Logic in the Fourteenth
Century". Printed in R. Hilpinen (ed.) New Studies in Deontic Logic [1981]
(Dordrecht: D. Reidel) pages 225—250.

8A. N. Prior [1958] "Escapism the logical Basis of Ethics“. Printed in A.I.
Melden (ed.) Essays in M oral Philosophg (Seattle: University of Washington
Press) pages 135—159.

9A. N. Prior [1967] Past, Present and Future. (Oxford: Clarendon Press). See
pages 122—128.

10R. A. Thomason [1970] ”Indeterminist Time and Truth-Value Gaps",
News's 36:264—281.

”David Lewis [1986] On the Pluralitg of Worlds (Oxford: Basil Blackwell),
P888 2.

12A. N. Prior [1967] Past Present and Future (Oxford: Clarendon Press). See
pages 226—227.

115

116

18N. Rescher [1966] "Semantic Foundations for the logic of Preference".
Printed in N. Rescher (ed.) The Logic of Decision and Action (Pittsburgh:
University of Pittsburgh Press) pages 37-62.

“N. Rescher loc cit page 44.

“A. N. Prior [1958] “Escapism: The logical Basis of Ethics". Printed in A.
l. Melden (ed.) Essays in Moral Philosophy [1958] (Seattle: University of
Washington Press) pages 135—159.

16N. Rescher, loc cit, page 46.

"J. O. Urmson [1958] ”Saints and Heroes“ Printed in A.l. Melden (ed.)
Essays in Moral Philosophy (Seattle: University of Washington Press) pages
198—216.

13A. Al-Hibri [1978] Deontic Logic: A Comprehensive Appraisal and a New
Proposal (Washington: University Press of America) surveys the deontic
paradoxes and provides bibliographic information.

u‘All quotations from the Bible are from the New International Version
published by Zondervan Corporation, Grand Rapids, 1978.

20B. F. Chellas [1980] Modal Logic: An Introduction (Cambridge: Cambridge
University Press) discusses some of these difficulties in Chapter Six.

21M. Blodbeck [1958] "Methodological Individualism: Definition and
Reduction“ Philosophy of Science 25:1-22. Page 1.

22M. Brodbeck, loc cit, page 3.

23M. G. Velasques [1983] "Why Corporations are not Morally Responsible for
Anything They Do" Business and Professional Ethics Journal 2:(no. 3) 1-18.
Page 16.

2‘H. Fain [1972] “Some Moral lnfirmities of Justice". Printed in P. French
(ed.) Individual and Collective Responsibility (Cambridge: Schenkman Pub.
Co.) pages 19—34. Page 19.

245V. Held [1970] 'Can a Random Collection of Individuals Be Morally
Responsible?“ The Journal of Philosophy 67: 471—481.

“l.ii

Hi-

I
I
.g.
\
ll
"vlfi

.0

117

2“J. Ladd [1970] "Morality and the Ideal of Rationality of Formal
Organizations“ Monist 54:488-516. Page 489.

27F. French [1979] ”The Corporation as a Moral Person" American
Philosophical Quarterly 16: 206-215. Page 212.

”N. Block [1980] "Troubles with Functionalism'. Printed in N. Block (ed.)
Readings in the Philosophy of Psychology Vol. I (Cambridge: Harvard
University Press) pages 268—305. Page 276.

29T. Nagel [1980] 'What is it Like to be a Bat?". As Reprinted in N. Block
(ed.) REadings in the Philosophy of Psychology Vol. 1 (Cambridge: Harvard
University Press) pages 159-168.

30H. D. Lewis [1972] "The Non-Moral Notion of Collective Responsibility".
Printed in P. French (ed.) Individual and Collective Responsibility (Cambridge:
Schenkman Pub. Co.) pages 121-144. Page 121.

”W. H. Walsh [1970] "Pride, Shame, and Responsibility“ Philosophical
Quarterly 20: 1-13.

32 G. J. Massey [1976] "Tom, Dick, and Hairy, and All the King’s Men"
American Philosophical Quarterly 13: 89-107. Page 89.

33.1. Rawls [1971] A Theory of Justice (Cambridge: Harvard University Press).
3“N. Rescher, loc cit., page 42.
3“Acts 5:29

35R. B. Perry [1926] A General Theory of Value (longmans Green and 00.).

‘l

l)

t

1

4"

I.‘.

APPENDICES

1.1
1.1.1
1.1.2

1.2

1.3
1.3.1
1.3.2
1.4
1.5
1.6
1.7
1.8
1.9

3.1
3.2

3.2.1
3.2.2
3.2.3
3.2.4
3.2.5
3.2.6
3.2.7
3.2.8
3.2.8*
3.2.9
3.2.10
3.2.11
3.2.12

Appendix A
DBC

Atomic Formulas

Terms

Names: Lower case letters a through e with or without subscripts.
Variables: lower case letters a through 3 with or without
subscripts.

Atomic Sentences: lower case letters p through r with or without
subscripts.

Connectives

Truth Functional Connectives: “I, a, v, +, H, T and _|_.
Grouping Indicators: (, ) and /.

Tense Operators: P and F.

Quantifier Key: 3

Modal Operator: D.

Action Operator: B.

Axiological Operator: A.

Deontic Operators: O, F and P.

Formulas: Finite sequences of atomic formulas.

Well- Formed Formulas (wfis)

lf ¢ is an atomic sentence, t!) 'u well-formed.
If¢and¢arewffs,xavariableandaaterm,thenthefollowing
are well—formed:

“K6

WWII)

MW)

(lb-Ml!)

WWW)

P0

F lb

Baal:

Baa-«am

13¢

(3’04,

AwN‘W

00¢

118

“1
.'-.||
1. l‘ -
l i 1
‘ 1
l" l
P. l l' I |
,3: .
l h ' ’ '
O t r...l'
1‘. p ‘1: 8

l~1 a l
v t
1 .
11 1‘ ls l
i I
I I

3.2.13
3.2.14
3.3

7.1
7.2
7.3
7.3.1
7.3.2
7.3.3
7.4
7.4. 1
7.4.2

7.4.3
7.5

 

119

Fat!)

Pad)

T and _L are well-formed.

Nothing eke '3 well—formed.

Freedom and Bondage: An occurrence of a variable x is free
(bound) in a formula ‘W iff it falls within no (some) well—formed
part (30¢ of W-

Sentences: Well—formed formulas having no free occurrences of
variables are sentences.

Instances: Wherediisawff,aavariableandfianame,¢a/Bis
an instance of (3:04).

An Interpretation of DBC is an ordered quintuple ll-(M,m,<,l,g)
where;

M is a nonempty set.

me M.

< is a binary relation on M.

(x<y ay<z) +x<a.

((x<yaa<y)-»(x<ava<x)).

Rx,y H {s:a<x} I: (2::(y)

I is a function such that:

where d: is an atomic sentence and XEM, l(x,¢)€{0,1}.

Where iEP and XEM, [(m,i)=A where

(i) AQlem}.

(ii) mEA.

(iii) afi-‘flmnwflmfll

Where a is a name, mEM and h is a real number, g(m,a,¢)=h.
h is a history in interpretation 2‘ ifl:

i) hQM,

ii) (x¢yax€hay€h)->(x<yvy<x).

iii) XEh"(Y)(Y<X"Y€h)

iv) (xeha(3y)(X<y))-:(3y)(X<yay€h).

Variant Interpretations: Where Ila-(M,m,<,f,g) and

$2 (M',nr',<',l',g') are interpretations of DBC, ll and B are
fl-variants iff MaM', m-rn',<=<' and where [l is a name, I and
I'differatmostinwhat theyassigntoflforanyxEM.
Evaluation: Where (I) is a wff, let .5111be abbreviate "the truth
value of d) at world m relative to history h containing m under
interpretation ll".

.\‘

.11]

... 1..
.1 I 1.1
,[ll‘fll‘ ‘
I. r
l
0
ll
. D.
A l H
a ll ‘|‘«
U
I: ’ V:
l
'1 ll
_ 41--
. 'v;l|
h
(. a t

.,I .‘

a

l
[.l‘
.'lit
‘I ll 'a
I
-[1]r...
i"-
, ll
2~uh
H b “.i
i
4.
.. o‘
t I
I .
v
t
v
I
1
l
1
I
,.
.ot
I

9.1

9.2
9.3

9.4
9.5
9.6

9.7
9.8
9.9
9.10
9. 1 1
9.12

9.12*

9.13

9.14
9.15

120

Where 438 is an atomic sentence, mania if fim,¢)=l, otherwise it
is 5.

Where (I) is a wff, gq-upnlzi if mount, otherwise it is f.
Where «p is also a wfi, “(myopia if both mental and
:(I'Wflxst, otherwise it is f.

IF.(I(¢VNJ)I]3=t if either gflflfist or [MW/[Fat otherwise it is f.
loll(¢"WDx=* if either lull¢Dx=l 0' MW’DL‘Q otherwise it i! f-
i'iill(¢“'ll’)1133* if either hfl‘bllx't "Id lsll‘l’llx'”, 01' loll ¢Dx=f
and won‘t-sf, otherwise it is f.

gflTnxat for every m and h.

Minx-f for every m and h.

{.[IPchl‘zt if (3x)(x<mA;[[¢I]3:-t), otherwise it is f.

gflF¢D3=t if (3e)(m<xs;q¢DI-=t), otherwise it is f.

{(Ilfldillxst if (x)(Rx,m-»:[I¢I]‘=t), otherw'ue it is f.

hump“ if

(i) (X)(h)(x€l(m.a)-':(I¢Il“-t) and

(ii) (x)(h)((x E {szx,rnax ¢flm,i)} 9§H¢D3-f)).

Where a, is a name and d) is a wff, {[IBao...an¢D3=-t iff

(i) (Aaflm’a0)n'“nflmtan) " (’0 (ll) (X ‘5 13"],‘1111’11x 3 0)

(ii) (I‘={szxsnAXM}+(X)(h)(x€P-':ll¢D“-f)).

Where x is a variable, ¢ a formula and (3x)¢ a sentence,
lI(3x)¢I)g=t ifl' (Icllx/flngat under some fl—variant B of ll where ,8
is the earliest name not appearing in d).

lollAwN'll’Dx" if llmiai¢l>9lmiaflpli otherwise it i3 1'.

Where *(m.a.¢)=r(m.a.¢)-r(m.a. 1d,). MAMrb/Wllht if
*(m,a,¢)>*(m,oz,¢), otherwise it is f.

i=O¢H1C11¢.

i=SaH(3:)(Ba¢aAa'I¢/¢).

=OQ¢HU(fiBa¢"FSG).

=FM“D(W"FSO)-

i=Pa¢H1Fa¢h

measure: it (x)(h)((xehsxeNa,m))+;qsa¢nr-t), otherwise it
is f.

“mania: if (x)(h)((thsth(a,m))-v:(Ianp])3=-=t), otherwise it
is f.

Oaths» D( nBa¢+(33)QasaFSz).

I!"

.
. : '
v‘ I' h '
I ' I 'k ’ ‘ I .
,
‘. ‘l I; I

, .. t‘ I .i‘t I 'i
ll ' t . .
; ' p.’.")]litt '
'l I ~ " I.‘-"l ll l
, . . ti "w i
I, t ‘
1. . " ] ‘ 't ;
.-'i .- = 1 "i” i ’ ‘
Ill . i"
I.
! s t I )1:
1 ' .M.
E I . v
I ' ' '
.' ‘ ‘. it
[v rl‘i' ’ * ‘
.' t l: :
. '. I H ’
(‘0 ‘ ‘_ —.1 I ‘.,
I. . 1"
I
l on 1 " " ’ ‘ f
I
V. 1
i.’ ' ‘
w, n. H, v H

APPENDIX B
THESES AND NONTHESES

t= ‘IBQL

I=Ba¢4 1(33)B:r1¢
5%

'=B(X¢-"W

t= 0M» O¢

t= Elm-r 13¢

l= (Baucha (WM 0 111/) -> ‘IBa'w
t=BaD¢H DBa¢

'= (3)1141" HGSM

'== (33)G¢"G(33)¢

|= (33)D¢-' UGSM’

'= Amt/we “AON’M

= “WM

~= (M/pAAap/WPWN
=92—

I==Fa'1¢

'= DEM-'0”. Ind

l= D ‘IBmfi-rFmb

i=Fa_|_

FKI= 0 117801

i=Pa¢-» “loa‘l¢

l= fiBao...an_]_

'= (¢)(’W)((D¢A 30¢) " “(EN/NOVA 0 ‘WABG’WN
'= (¢)(( WM 0 WNW) -' ‘(NHU’WABOI‘WD
HLHW

=BG¢H 30119

5%

i=Ba¢-’Ba‘l'

'= (WARN) *BOIWM‘W)
=Ba(¢*‘W)*(BG¢*BOI’W)-
”Well

i=Ba¢-+ eBa-ub

l= ‘IBaflba ‘l¢)

EQ—

|= ‘IBa'r¢

121

13.1
13.2
13.3
13.4
13.5
13.6
13.7
113.8
13.9
13.10
13.11
13.12

13.13
13.14

12‘).

r: eBa-ubv-Ime
r=0a¢<~>0mll

r= (WAOGW) *OOIWMW
1=00l(‘li"‘l’)“(0011153001110
=M_

1= Fa¢HFaw

l= PM» 0 “IFSa
I=Oa¢4 0 nFSa

= 101101“ '1¢)
i=0a¢+ nOa-Idi
i=0a¢+Pa¢
=00!!!“ 030195

t= Fab-r O flBa¢
=00¢nE001¢

t= Fa¢+EFa¢

t= (3:)Oz¢-» (s)Os¢
*= (whit-4317:3111.
i=0a¢+ ‘I(3:r)Bs-|Ba¢
'= Fail-r ‘I(3=)B:Ba¢.
1=Poz¢4~> “IOa‘up

bé P¢4 UP¢

e orb-:Bwb

be ‘IBa_L

it (BondivBa'W) —’ Ba(¢V’W)
6* Ba(¢V1l’)"(Ba¢VW)
be BaBMi-rBwb
1=(3103le3010160111

.... (30431049 (NW)
¢H(33)¢-»(33)H¢ and

9* C(33)¢-*(3=)G¢

9* 0(33)¢*(33) 51¢

is...“—

4W

séOaOmp-eOaa'i
M_
FadwFoM

eeyap

123

st Hallo... 16.35" Bad),
be Baflo...fln¢-r ‘Ime.
be Barb-r 'IBaflo...fln¢
.... Bamv 'ub)

ES;

he 8044:1111!) -* (WABG’WL
¢0al¢h1lil *(WAOGW
#00131»! 'Mb)

5%;

herb-rOa-IOa-ub
héOGIb-rOGOwIi

he nOa-ub-rOa‘IOa-ub
I?" Fal‘bh‘l’) *(FOHIM F0110)
#4:an 1¢)

5%.;

he (waa FG‘W) -> Fama'W)
... Fae->19) -> (Fawmm
stop-v Fa-IFa-up

st Forth-rFaFadi

st ‘IFa‘I¢-’FG‘IFG'I¢

APPENDIX C
PROOFS AND COUNTERMODELS

Several notational conventions simplify the proofs and countermodeb. Let
(Xialldlllg‘t abbreviate (x)(h)((xehAXEIIm.a))*tflollht). Let (x)fit[¢D§=t
abbreviate (x)(h)((x E h ax E (y:Ry,m} ax ¢I(m,a))-r:(1¢113 - t). Let
(Monongsi abbreviate (k)(31)((x€hax€flm,a))agfldijnxst). And let
(3105111ng =t abbreviate (3x) (3h)((x E h ax E {yzRy,m} ax £flm,a)) agfllbllxs t).
The same conventions apply where t '3 replaced with f.

REa BQHfl

l= BailiHBmII.

Proof. Suppose t=¢H’W. If RE, does not hold then for some interpretation
If there is an m and h such that either (i) gums nBaWDIst or (ii)
hU‘WAmWD‘3L If (i) i! the case “MI “MIND!“ “4 (X)ECI¢DI=7-
But since =4,qu by assumption. (XMIWl-t and (Xth‘lIDI-f as well.
and it follows from th'n that if (i) 'l the case then :(IBwWIF-t. But this
contradicts i). The situation is similar in case (ii) is true, QED.

RM. EL
mesons.

Suppose ¢"’W is (paq)-’p, which is a thesis. Further, suppose
(x)a[[(paq)])3=t and (x)&[I(paq)D‘-f. By truth conditions 9.12 it follows
that g,(I(BosIJ]]3=t. Since (x)a([(paq)1]1=t, (x)a[[pI]3=t as well by truth
function. But if (3x)E(IpD‘-—-t, which is not incompatible with

124

i ' ' i
p s i
I {If I' i I l / 11 v‘ (' II I 3'
i i 0‘ '. lisi | ’- i i
. l., ..l' D 1 . "' v 'I.
' '1 I ‘ ,‘ t i
‘\ ", oA ' v" ‘ 7A..
l t 0‘. ~i-i “i ' ’ .H
. >3 w : gf' . A.
. i . '
l
. l :1 it'll ' i ‘ i'
' 0‘ t ‘ "'
l i ‘1'. i ‘ 3 '1" ' "’ '
H ¢ . . 'a' n t- .1 ' "’ ' it '
t;. . . :H H ' ‘ " '
l - . i .I . I -- ”hi .3"
' i
, Hi: i .' l ‘ l i i” ‘1
V 'l‘.‘~ ‘ l .9 v
. o 3 , ' i 'i‘
n .1 . at I i i I:

1‘25

(x)fi[[(paq)])3=f above, it follows from conditions 9.12 that gflBa¢D3=fi 21
is a countermodel, QED.

(31‘ = (WABG'W)"BQ(¢A’W).

Proof. Suppose “Bum 3010)]th. By truth function it follows that
{.[IBath‘xt and gflBmI/m‘at. From the former by conditions 9.12 it
follows that (x)a(I¢D‘-=t and (x)?i[I¢Il3=f and from the latter that
(Klatl’WB"* "Id (X)5‘I¢D‘=f- Th5! MN “I“ (x)atI(¢W)D‘=t "Id
(x)flfl(¢AW)D‘-f and from th'n by conditions 9.12 it Ms that
fulIBa(¢A‘W)B’=t '9 W011, QED-

M. whom-«ammo.

Prod Suppose tint (x)alI(¢W)Il"-t and (XWI(¢W)B"-f guaranteeing
the truth of the antecedent “Emmy/)1)! Suppose that
(3x)(fi(I¢D‘=tAE(IV/D'=f). This makes gamut-f. From th'n it follows

that {MWABQMD‘BF which makes 3 a countermodel, QED.

K. =Ba(¢->w->(Ba¢-»Baw.

Intheprooftherearetwocasestoconsider. i) First,assumethat
flm.a)¢A- 1f :flBa(¢-W)D‘=t then (XWM'WD‘I'R But if so
(xfiflcbn‘s t by truth function and it followe from th’n by conditions 9.12
am amntsf. summing that the eon-squat oi K. :uw»mn* is
true thus ruling out a countermodel in the first case. ii) But, second,
assume that I(m,a) = A. In this event, the truth of the antecedent of K“,

.0

126

gIIBa(¢-Ml/)D3=t, guarantees that (x)fi[[¢->¢Dx=f by conditions 9.12. A
countermodel in this second case requires gflBa¢D1=t and from this it
follows by 9.12 that (x)fifl¢]]3=f. But if so, (x)(‘xfldi-vwn1st which is
impossible. Q.E.D.

13.8 at ((32)Ba¢-+ BaCle.

Suppose that gfl(33)Ba¢Il'=lt. By condition 9.13, it followa that
gum/5118:: for some fi-variant 3 of It. If so, (x)(xflcpslflDU-t and
(XWUMKD”=V I-lld hence (Xlaflatlflls't- But “PM ChlaflW/ 311““
for some fi-variant E of 2‘. It follows that 1(x)E[IBa(33)¢Il'-f and hence
hflBa(3¢)¢D3=f making 2‘ 3 WWW QED-

RE0 0==QH1
n=Oa¢HOaVA

PM 53PM “I“ '=¢""'W "Id hflWBht- By D"),
hfl0(fiBG¢*FSOl)D"* also. Hence, i) (x)(h)(RLm-rgfl'Ime-rFSallxa-et).
Assume um A={x:Rx,mA§flfiBa¢D3-f} and that B={x:Rx,mA:[IFSa]]3=t}.
Since BtfiH‘W it followe from RE‘ that (x)(h)(xEA-bgflfiBaWIflzf) and thus
by truth function that (x)(h)(xeA-rgfl-IBa'w-rFSaD‘at). It abo follows that
(x)(h)(xEB-rgflfiBa'w-vFSaD‘st). Because of the truth conditions for
coaditiouab together with i), AUBcmeLm} and hence
(x)(h)(xe{szngl-rgflfiBa'w-rFSaD3-t). This makes %UD(WB¢I‘W"FSG)DI
true so that {HOMD'Bt only if gflOa‘WD‘Bt. By replacing ‘W with ¢, the
same procedure as that followed above shows that “own!“ only if
fallMDht, QED.

“tr

'1

i‘l'

‘1‘:

l
Ht
I
.;

t.
1 ."
I ’i;
E.
.J I
it Hi

1"

v.

127

0. =(0a¢.0aw)->0a(¢w).

Proof. Suppose not. Then ,‘JIOMAOG‘WD38t and “Camry/mud for
someX,handm. FromthefabehoodofthelatteritfollowsfrcmeO
that gflD(-iBa(¢Av/)->FSaB3-=f. Hence,
(3t)(RX,IIIA§fl'IBQ(¢AW)DthA:flFSGDxBn. If :[I-IBGMA'W) then by truth
function and 0. either :tI-imeD3-t or :[I-IBawn‘st and hence either i)
gawwamnrst or ii) gawmai‘SaDI-t. If i) is true then
gIIOaIbD‘sf, contradicting the assumption that gflOwaOa'WB‘It. But if
ii) is true then mownhf contradicting the same assumption, QED.

M. ammo-«0mm»

Proof. SupposethatinXthereareonlythreepossiblemomentsrelativeto
m, m, m’, and m". And further assume there are but three histories in 2‘
distinguished by containing three moments, meh, m'Eh' and m"€h”. At
moment m, gamer. uFSallxat, at moment m', fiflmfiafimFSallxst and at
moment m", 2.414“ WWAFSall‘I-t. The action assignments at the three
moments is as follows: flm,a)-{m), flm',a)-{m',m"} and flm",a)-{m',m"}.
The antecedent of Mo must be true in this situation since at m,
gtIBaMA'yl/m‘st, which makes the antecedent of Mo fake. At m',
'gflFSall‘st and at m", guflFSaD‘st making the consequent of Mo true at
both moments. Thus, gfl0(1Ba(¢A¢)*FSa)D!-t from which
hIIOaMMWD’fl folio". 30*. M‘WB‘“ Ind HIFSGD’I? mtkins
gIIDthp-eFStxmsi'. From “in it followa that {[[Oadilflaf from which
the falsehood of the consequent of Mo followm QED.

‘ J‘
‘1: 9 .
z . '1 .1; 1 ; .. 1.“.
t ‘14 l.‘ t. i o
‘ 1 -"' ‘ illl ' i
. 0‘, .s i o' ti ii I-
H. . a , .t_ .3;
m' : mm: t4" nt‘.
t :
lit‘i ' . H 1‘ i ' I
t-9 '1: 'Il‘ It ~H. It
‘! "io'n t‘ ,i lot
I Ill, '4' OA . t
H. m: .l l: .. .a . . .l«
.' crs‘ 1m; . u' 11.;-
.‘ h .-r lu .
a. ' ~ -t I. Hi i
,1 u i, ’i"t’l -* ‘t t
Ilatfl ch -‘ I
.t t— " . i‘ ‘ i‘nll ‘
H ,. ' . .- , ... '

c‘ t .
i'I'n u‘ .I .' .H .1 .
4. “i t 5 .
l‘r - I 1
n. ’_l " 1'
‘ q. l I. i
1: it ‘1 ' ,1. '3. b
,. ' , "llc, o ; ' l.)
., ' I . '
v'l'i“ ’v' «' la‘i - 'i .
' i l ....“l! ,:
it o_ '1.
t
1'. l,‘ A
.1}? 5,. ' ' 13"
3 ' u. - u ;:,.'
f... if [it ‘A . .
f. : . ,
_\ '11
1M: rffl..
. . .. H use. :1 i
n '1 r i; ,, ,,

/t

128

o =00t(¢-"W) *(W*W)-

Proof. Supposing U at m and h 'n a countermodel for K0, it must be the
M ““3 HIOMW’WBI't, hflMth‘ “Id tailo‘l'blllx'f- In order for

9. 00¢me there must be some n and 11', such that Rn,m and
‘;(IBa'¥/I)3=f and I",(I-IFSaIF-d. There are two cases to consider in the
falsehood of IfiJIBtrM)‘. i) It might be that (EMafl-nplflat. In order to
maintain the truth of :[IOaIbD‘ of thesis K0, it must be the case that
.tIBaell‘fl “110° ‘LU‘FSGDI‘L and ““3 (”Quaint lid (lel‘flfl'f- Bu
00, ‘LUBG(¢*‘W)D3=f since at the X “Ch “I“ "",ll"‘Wll"t "Id ‘le¢ll!=*,
and since fifl'IFSall‘at, gflOa(¢->‘W)]]x=f contrary to the assumption. ii)
it might be that (3):)EU'WD‘IIt. But if so,,([Ba(¢-’w)])‘ will be fake as well
and since l-‘nfl‘wFSaB3=t, momwwnt will be fake as well, again
contradicting the assumption, QED.

The following proofs show relations between diflerent interpretations of DBC
as depicted in Figure 8.

{LC}->{OE}.

Proof. lfxatmandhisacountermodehthenforsomeagenta,

gflo ‘IFSthSF. Hence, {.[IDFSallI-t. But since l-B'1(¢A1¢), FB‘IBG(¢A 111))
since (¢A‘l¢) must be true at the moment ofevaluation in order for a
sentence of the form Ba(¢a '1¢) to be true there, and th is imponlble.
Hence, gflBaMA 1¢)I)3-t and th'n makes gflEKfiBama u¢)-’FSaI)‘=t which
by definition is equivalent to ”[0“ch '1¢)I). But this makes the thes'n of
LC interpretations false. A countermodel is impossible, QED.

H l! -
i t
h l". l '- .1 H
..;1. , ..3 , .
g. .1: l lrtc‘l
l ”a... i i
. 1, l '
.. a. .. t (a! ..
is i " z
.7 I ' .;
' 1 -im m-.
.. .. u":
. A —
r ‘._ .l'
.“y ‘ lhi l‘Hfi
l i
. g , .

v
’lr\!

‘—‘

' b l g. t
l
I H u“ w ! l."'
l l I
' " ei'l " . i
e. 1' I: ‘
1 ' i
. ‘Qg.‘ t. ‘-i"
. ' l
v. i ‘ I.
c .a , [J
3 :
iflf'i'oi‘t'l ‘. f H
l e j l‘ s
I'I}‘ ' l ' ‘l l
. vi :,' '. l-
1. ‘ ‘ l"t !
/ 1 lit,
1 u l! 'i

."i

129

{OE}-{LC}.

If not then i) Homo. -1¢)D3=t for some 2!, h, m, and ,0. Since
‘IBG(¢A 10b), gflDFSflllxxt as well. But if I=Oa¢+UuFSa, then by i) and
MP, .510 1WflD3-L This is impossible, QED.

{FE}->{LC}.

Proof. Since I=-IBa(¢A mp), so is Fatwa mp). If Fa¢+<>-:FSa, then it
follows that = OFSa. But if so, = ‘10G(¢A mp), QED.

{OCP‘lLC}.

Proof. Suppose not. Then there is some 2‘, m, and h such that

“Gama ~1¢)])38t, vis., gflDhBaMA u¢)->FSa)])‘-t. But B'lBa(¢A 14))
and so for every x such that Rx,m, gamut-h The thesis of 00,

Oath» flOa-Mb, requires then that 5:10am. ‘l¢)-"10a‘l(¢A‘l¢)DxSt and
since the antecedent is true, i) {[I-IOa-IWM fi¢)1)‘ must be true as well. It
follows from this by thes'u DfO that gfl-ID(-nBa-i(¢A-1¢)->F8a)l)3=t. Since
it has already been shown that :flFSaD‘lt for every x such that Rx,m,
gum-Bang»; w¢)->FSa)DIst, vis., max-um; mm]! But this contradicts
i), QED.

{LC} *{OC}.

Proof. If not then gflOmbAOa-Idmzst for some I, m, h and a.

I'lilk

it'i

Alol'

HHI‘

Hui

1..

130

t=Ba¢v-IBa¢ by truth function. And for all x such that Rx,m, and
:[IBa¢D3=t thesis D. requires that, :[IfiBomquxst as well. But since
{(IOa-ubD3=t, :[IFSaIFat also. But, for all y such that Ry,m and
:flflmeI)‘=t the assumed gflOalbD‘st require that, :[IFSanat also. But
since {szs=xvs=y}={x’:Rx’,m}, gflDFSaIFIt. Because t=-1Ba(dn\ 'I¢),
HIUP'BOIMA ‘|¢)*F‘30)D‘=t “Id “In! by DD. hflanM ‘1¢)Il’=t.
contradicting the thesis for LG, QED.

{OK}-b{LC).

Suppose t==Oa¢-'0Ba¢. If tat-10a; then gflflthL-rFSbIF‘Bt for some
3, m, h, and b, viz, gflOcLLDxat. But it follOtVs from the OK thesis and
MP that gfloBinist. But this is impossible since =18a_|_, QED.

{DC)-{LC).

Suppose that gflOaJJW-st for some 2‘, m, h, and a. It follows from
r=0a¢+Pa¢ that gflPaLB‘ct, vim, gII-IFalll‘st. According to DfF, i)
,‘,,[I<>(Ba_L-’FSaD3=f. But since BuBaL, :lIBaL-tFSaD-zt for every x
such that Rx,m and hence {[[O(Ba(¢r1¢)-vFSaI)at which contradicts i),
QED.

il-

. l l
'l

t

I l-il

.‘ 1‘

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12.11 r= Audi/10+ “IAa‘W/¢.
Proof. Suppose not. Then gflAatb/wnx=t and gflAa’W/¢D3=f for some 2‘,

m, and h. From the former it follows that g(m,a,¢)>g(m,a,¢) and from the
latter that the denial of this is true, which is impossible, QED.

12-13 '=(Aa¢/’WAG’WP)"AG¢/P.

Proof. Suppose gum/enlist and gflAa'W/pn1at which makes the
antecedent of 12.13 true. It follows that 9(m,a,¢)>s(m,a,'W) and thus that
y(m,a,1p)>g(m,a,p). This makes it impossible that gflAmb/plflsf, QED.

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