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A Computer-Aided Comparison of Walter
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Martin J. Furey, III

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A COMPUTER-AIDED COMPARISON OF
WALTER JERROLD'S "GOLDSMITH" POEM
TO THE GOLDSMITH CANON
BY

MARTIN J. FUREY, III

A THESIS
Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF ARTS

Department of English

1992

éflfiécr7

ABSTRACT
A COMPUTER-AIDED COMPARISON OF
WALTER JERROLD'S "GOLDSMITH" POEM
TO THE GOLDSMITH CANON
BY

MARTIN J. FUREY, III

In the 1990 number of Studies in Bibliography, Professor
Arthur Sherbo presents sixty-eight lines of verse attributed to
Oliver Goldsmith by Walter Jerrold in the November 1914 issue of
The Bookman of New York. Jerrold found the verses in a scrap—
book; he was unable to ascertain their place of publication and
offered no support for his attribution. Jerrold's discovery was
lost to Goldsmith scholars: the verses are neither contained nor
dismissed in Friedman’s edition of The Collected werks, nor is
the Bookman article mentioned in the New CBEL.

The thesis offers an extensive comparison between the
Bookman poem and the five-volume Friedman edition. Using a com—
puter, and positive and negative controls, I conducted twelve

tests that suggest, to a considerable degree, that the poem is

indeed Goldsmith's.

.P..

iii

This thesis is dedicated to my parents,
with thanks for their encouragement,
to Professor L.H. Wright,
who taught me the meaning of scholarship,
and to Professor Arthur Sherbo,
who inspired me to examine the very interesting
role that technology can play in attribution study.

 

 

 

iv

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to thank the Department of English, the College of
Arts and Letters, and the University for the fellowship support
that made this project possible. I particularly thank Professor
William Johnsen, Graduate Chair of the Department of English, for

obtaining the funding that financed my software purchase.

 

V

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Tables .................... . .......... .... ............ ..vi
Introduction........ .......... ...... ............ . ......... ......1
Discussion of Method...... .......... . ............ .. ............. 4
Test for Noncanonical Language .............. . ......... . ..... ....8
Examination of Most-Used Words ........... ..... .............. ...10
Test for Rhyme Concordance...................... ............... 13
Search for the Repetition of Proximate Word Pairs ...... ........14
Individual Words of Interest ....... ... ......................... 17
Conclusions.. ..................... . ............................ 20
Recommendations............ ....... ........... ..... .. ........... 21
Appendix A (Repetition of Bookman Proximate Words).. .......... .23
Appendix B (Repetition of Goldsmith Proximate Words) .......... .37

Appendix C (Repetition of Crabbe Proximate Words)..............38

Appendix D (Textual Features for the Jerrold
Poem and Controls given as percentages). ......... ..39

vi

LIST OF TABLES

Bookman Verses' Most-Used Words..... ........... ...... ......... .10

The Deserted Village's Most-Used Words. ....... . ............. ...11

The Village's Most-Used Words..................... ............. 12

1

INTRODUCTION

Pascal tells us that "Quand on voit le style natural, on
est tout étonné et ravi, car on s'attendait de voir un auteur, at
on trouve un homme." Those of us engaged in attribution study
based solely on internal evidence must hope that his style
naturel is wholly conjectural; indeed, one must desire the
converse--only by glimpsing the marks of the man or woman may one
claim to have found an author.

Such is the situation with Professor Arthur Sherbo's dis-
covery published in the 1990 number of Studies in Bibliography.
While examining the November 1914 issue of The Bookman of New
York, Professor Sherbo came upon a contribution by Walter Jerrold
that claimed sixty—eight lines of verse from a newspaper clipping
for the Goldsmith canon.1 The clipping was found in a close-
packed scrapbook and was cut so close to the type that further
bibliographic information was unobtainable.

Jerrold offered no argument to support his attribution,
remarking only that "there seems no reason to doubt their genu-
ineness." I checked volumes forty and forty-one of The Bookman
for scholarly debate on the article, but found none. Jerrold's
discovery became lost to Goldsmith scholars: the verses are nei-
ther contained nor dismissed in Arthur Friedman's edition,“ nor

is the Bookman article mentioned in the New CBEL.

 

1 Vol. 40, pp. 253-4.

3 The Collected Wbrks of Oliver Goldsmith, (Oxford: The
Clarendon Press, 1966). All volume and page references are to
this edition unless otherwise stated.

2
Professor Sherbo's contribution to SB outlines some
striking parallels between the Bookman poem and the Goldsmith
canon. I asked him if I might attempt an extensive comparison
between the Bookman poem and the five volumes of Friedman's edi-
tion using computer searching techniques and was encouraged to.

The Bookman "Verses" offered by Jerrold run as follows:

VERSES
Written by the late Dr. Goldsmith
Addressed to A FRIEND

O Firm in virtue, as of soul sincere,
Lov'd by the muse, to friendship ever dear!
Amongst the thousand ills of thousand
climes,
To name the worst that loads the worst of
times,
Is sure a task unpleasing to pursue,
Trackless the maze, uncertain is the clue;
The Ruling Passion still by all confess'd,
The master key that opes each private breast
Here fails; this darling child of nature's
school
Submits to custom's more resistless rule.

Should I recount the vast unnumber'd train

Subjects or Vice of Folly's motley reign;

A heedless multitude, a giddy throng,

The theme of satire, and the scorn of song!

To scan their wild excesses, or to name

Their crimes would put the modest muse to
shame.

Yet may her pow'r endeavour to controul

That leading vice which animate the whole.

While chief amongst the dissipated train,

The soft-ey'd Lux'ry holds her magic reign;

Alas! what refuge can fair Virtue find

The soul corrupt, what laws, what tie can
[bind?]’

 

3 This emendation occurs in the Bookman text; I presume
it is Jerrold's. The rediscovery of the scrapbook, or the
clipping's original place of publication, would elucidate the
matter.

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Us'd to deceive and tutor'd to beguile,
Death in her charm and ruin in her smile;
Like some trim harlot while the idle stands
And binds our youth in Philistean bands.
'Tis she that bids enervate arts arise,
That swells the dome to emulate the skies,
That fills the city and the crowded port,
That bids ten thousands to the mart resort;
While want, that meagre looking fiend, in-
vades
The rural seats and hospitable shades;
While the poor peasant the sad change de-
plores,
In secret pines, or quits his native shores,
Seeks better seats in other climes to gain
Or sink at once beneath the whelming main.

Is not Refinement still the source of care,
Ev'n to the best that breathe the vital air?
Ev'n Learning's self corrupted by her art,
The mind enlarging oft depraves the heart
How small the gain improvement can bestow
When taste refin'd but brings refined woe.

0 sweet Simplicity, celestial maid,

Still at thy shrine my artless vows are paid,
Do thou and Nature still direct my way,

Who follow Nature cannot go astray;

Nor let the great, nor let the grave despise
The humbler blessings from thy reign that

rise:

No joys like thine from pomp or learning
springs,

The boast of schoolmen, or the pride of
kings

What if we rove where rigid winter reigns,

O'er Zembla's wastes or Lapland's dreary
plains;

Where Lux'ry yet has no soft art displayed,

Where yet Refinement never raised her head;

Where no choice stores the steril lands af-
ford,

But rear alike the reindeer and his lord;

O'er moss-grown deserts these content to
stray,

Those wait in caves the wish'd return of
day;

Yet Nature feeds them, yet alike they prove

The gracious hand of all sustaining love:

How high joy sparkles on each savage face

When bright'ning ether calls them to the
chase,

 

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Well may their hearts with purest transports
Few gigwtheir wants and small their source of
Whilzgebur soft sons an hapless race remain
In Lux'ry's lap condemned to every pain
Ev'n in enjoyment pine their hours away
And fall at last to anxious cares a prey.

To even a casual reader of the verses, it is evident they
suffer from all the poetic vices of Goldsmith's era, including
stock diction or phraseology. Many of the rhymes and adjectives
sound as if they were drawn from a poetic dictionary like Joshua
Poole's English Parnassus.‘ Doctor Johnson suggests that ”by the
internal marks of a composition we may discover the author with
probability, though seldom with certainty."’ Given a poem filled

with "anxious cares," "dreary plains," and "melancholy trains"

even probable attribution is an elysian prospect.
DISCUSSION OF METHOD

I approached this project as an experiment in method.
Recent advances in optical character recognition software have
made accurate computer concordances available to us (all of us
willing to spend considerable time scanning an author's works
onto our computer's hard disk and editing the resulting files).

Reducing Friedman's five volumes of Goldsmith's works to
machine readable form took just over one term. Editing the

machine-readable text took the greater part of a second term.

 

‘ (London, 1657,77).
9 From Johnson's first note on The Two Gentlemen of
verona (1765).

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5
The task involved joining words hyphenated between pages and
removing headers and footnotes so that "word counting" tests
would not be skewed by textual apparatus. Moreover, I had to
edit all five volumes for optical scanning errors. The software
I used to scan the WOrks, OmniPage 1.0, had a 97% effectiveness
level.“ Thus there were over 11,000 errors to be corrected
throughout the 2,253 pages of text in the Friedman edition. I
was able to find many of these errors by compiling a forty-five
page Goldsmith spelling dictionary, merging it with my word pro-
cessor's spelling program, and "spell checking" the entire canon.
Other errors were found through more traditional means.

The extensive preparatory work required for this sort of
undertaking is, nevertheless, worthwhile. With the computerized
concordance, I could find all instances of a word or phrase (up
to six words in combination) in under a minute. But the value of
the computerized index lies more in substance than speed. Fried—
man, for example, indexes eighty-five passages concerning ”Na-
ture.” It is one of Goldsmith's most-used words and one of
Friedman's most indexed. The computer reveals 607 references to
nature in the works. Recourse to Friedman's index alone would
have left 86% of Goldsmith's thoughts on nature undiscovered.
However, therein lies the difficulty of computer—assisted study;

Michael Farringdon's warning is incontrovertible:

 

' The most recent release of the product, OmniPage
Professional 2.0, is 99.7% effective, as it can be taught the
eccentricities of a particular font. Additionally, it is 30%
faster than OmniPage 1.0.

while the computer is invaluable for collecting
and rearranging data very quickly, and for doing
calculations, there is still a massive amount of
work to be done in . . . analyzing the raw results
obtained from the computer--this type of exercise
should not be undertaken lightly just because a
computer is going to be used.”

So while the computer can offer one 607 passages on Nature, it

cannot analyze them.

Whenever possible, I offer with my results a numerical
computation. Thus I offer such measures as percentage of rhyme
concordance. Additionally, I used a commercially available ”text
profiler" to generate further statistics, such as percentage of
prepositions, author's average word length, percentage of ex—
clamations, and percentage of interrogatives. These are found in
Appendix D.

I met with a member of the Michigan State University
Statistics Consulting Department to determine what tests I might
offer to indicate exactly how concordant or dissonant the Bookman
verses are with the Goldsmith canon.‘ The answer I received was
not what I hoped for.

A simple paired t-Test is not useful here because the

verses might have been written by absolutely anyone living during

Goldsmith's time. other familiar attribution studies (e.g. the

 

7 Martin C. Battestin, New Essays By Henry Fielding: His
Contributions to the Craftsman (1734-1739) and other Early
Journalism With a Stylometric Analysis by Michael G. Earring-
don (Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia, 1989),
pp. 554-5.

' I thank Mr. Suman Majumdar for researching this matter
and consulting with me on several occasions.

 

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7
attribution of the Federalist Papers or Donald Foster's examina-
tion of Elegy by W.S.) have had the luxury of knowing who might
have written the work--and who other possible authors might be.
With the Federalist Papers, one has a small group of colonial
Americans to consider. Foster could reasonably limit his study
to Shakespeare and people writing during the same period whose
initials were W.S.. I was told that the only way I could obtain
the measurement I desired was to optically scan the works of a
large number of eighteenth century authors and compare the Book-
man verses to all of them. Such an undertaking, unfortunately,
is beyond the scope of a Master's Thesis.

However, to provide a useful reference point, I have
repeated all tests for authorship with both positive and negative
controls. My positive—control was the first forty-eight lines of
Goldsmith's Deserted Village. My negative-control was the first
sixty—eight lines of Crabbe's The Village. I selected these
works because they share much in the way of common language,
though they present quite different villages, and espouse diverse
attitudes toward primitivism. Two of the most-used words in the
Crabbe sample are among the most frequently found in the Bookman
verses. Since many of the experiments I conducted reduce poetry
to ”the words,” I thought it important that some of the words be
identical.

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8

TEST FOR NONCANONICAL LANGUAGE

My first task was to discover whether the "Verses" con—
tain a large number of words not represented in the established
Goldsmith canon. As it happens, there are six. There is no in-
stance of "scan,” (1. 15), nor is there any instance of "harlot"
(l. 25) in Goldsmith's poetry or prose. "Philistean" (l. 26),
”whelming” (l. 36), "reindeer" (l. 56), and ”ether” (1. 62) are
also absent. Whelming, however, is of borderline significance;
"whelming main," which is a commonplace, sounds quite like
Goldsmith's "stormy main" in the Monthly Review (I. 117). In
short, only 0.98% of the words in the Bookman verses are absent
from Friedman's edition.

Eight other words do not occur in Friedman's edition in
the exact form found in the Bookman verses. These are: the
poetic "opes," though one certainly finds "opens"; "ills," though
there are many instances of "ill"; the adjectival "enervate,"
though Goldsmith uses it three times as a verb; and "enlarging,"
though other forms of the verb are common. "Steril" always is
spelled ”sterile,” "lux’ry" always is spelled "luxury," and
”bright'ning" always is spelled "brightening.“ Finally, the hy-
phenated compound ”moss-grown" is not represented in Goldsmith's
-known writing, although the words occur separately. I do not
consider the imperfect concordance of these words with Friedman's

volumes to be of any great consequence.

 

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9

The positive—control search revealed that thirteen words
from my "Deserted Village” sample occur nowhere else in the
Goldsmith corpus. These are: "auburn," "lovliest," "loitered,"
"cot," ”gambol," "frolicked," "mistrustless," "smutted," "tit-
tered," "stints," "sedges," ”glades," and "lapwing." They
represent 3.70% of the words in my control sample. In short, the
known Goldsmith sample had 2.65 times more "discordant" words
than the Bookman verses.

The negative—control search revealed that seventeen words
from "The Village" are not represented in Friedman's edition.
These are: ”labor," "Corydons," "Mincio's," "Tityrus," "grazes,"
”midday," "fervid," "dewy," "feebler," "ills," "tinsel," "cot,"
”myrtles,” "o'erpower," "withering," "brake,” and "blighted." I
did not consider "Echoes" in line eighteen discordant, since this
spelling occurs three times in Friedman's edition (though
Goldsmith shows a marked preference for "ecchoes"). Thus 3.48%
of the words in the Crabbe sample were discordant with the
Goldsmith canon.

I undertook this test with the goal of elucidating
whether the subject was worth investigating. If the Bookman
verses were highly noncanonical, one could dismiss the pos-
sibility of Goldsmith's authorship outright. However, they are
highly concordant, and the test puts Goldsmith's authorship
within the realm of possibility. One can assert little else how-
ever, based on these data, as the negative control proved more

concordant than The Deserted Village.

 

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EXAMINATION OF MOST-USED WORDS

In my next test, I identified the most-used words in each
of the samples and queried how concordant these words were with
the canon of Goldsmith's poetry. In this test, I examined only
substantives, verbs, adverbs, and adjectives. The results, in

tabular form, appear below:

TABLE 1: HOST-USED WORDS OF THE BOOKMAN VERSES

Nature.............=19
Reign..............=12
Soft...............=04
Art(less)(s).......=32
Clime..............=08
Muse...............=02
Refine(d, ment)....=04
Soul...............=18
Source.............=03
Thousand(s)........=03
Train..............=15
Lux('ry)('s).......=11
Vice...............=06
Virtue.............=19
Joy(s).............=19
Friend(ship).......=4l
Corrupt(ed)........=00
Love(d)............=32
Pine(s)............=01
8chool(men)........=04
want(s)............=30

Only "corrupt" did not appear in Goldsmith's poetry. On
average, each of the most-used words in the Bookman verses oc-

curred 13.48 times in Goldsmith's poetic canon.

 

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Only eighteen words from the Deserted Village sample were

used more than once. Their concord

ance level, shown below, has

been corrected for expected matches (id est the sample's matches

with itself).

TABLE 2:

Bowers...........07
Charms...........31
Sports...........08
Sweet............16
Village..........18
Round............29
Smiling..........09
Brook............05
Day..............31
Green............08
Looks............09
P1ain............15
Please...........14
Seats............03
Shade............06
Swain............08
Toil.............12
F1ed.. ..... ......08

MOST-USED WORDS IN THE DESERTED VILLAGE

-4 =03
-4 =27
-4 =04
-4 =12
-4 =14
-3 =26
-3 =06
-2 =03
-2 =29
-2 =06
-2 =07
-2 =13
-2 =12
-2 =01
-2 =04
-2 =06
-2 =10
-2 =06

The raw average is 13.16 matches per word. The corrected

average is 10.5 matches per word.

Once again, the Bookman verses

are slightly more concordant with Goldsmith's poetry than the

positive control.

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TABLE 3: MOST-USED WORDS IN CRABBE'S THE VILLAGE

Poor000000000000090016

Shepherds ...... ..... 01
careOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 17
Happy..... ..... ..... 07

Labor............... 05
Pains............... 01
Peasants............ 00
Sing................ 05
Song....... ..... .... ll
Bards............... O3
Boast............... 05
Complain............[01] allowing "complained"
Easy................ 01
Fortune ..... ........ 07
Light............... 05

Muse................ 02
PaintOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 02
Pipes............... 00

MOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 12
Rhyme............... 00

8cenes.............. 04

The results of this test are quite interesting. They
suggest that, even though these poems were written in an age
known for the use of "stock diction," indeed, stock subject mat-
ter, individual poets nonetheless write about ”nature's reign,"
”sylvan scenes," and the "modest muse" with characteristic fre-
guencies.

The results of this test are clear-cut. The most-used
words from the Crabbe sample average only 5.00 matches per word
with Goldsmith's poetic canon, even though two of the words--
"muse," and "reign"--are among the most-used words in the Bookman
verses. Moreover, both the positive control and the Bookman
verses show a similar and high level of correlation with

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TEST FOR RHYME CONCORDANCE

Since I am dealing with poetry, I thought it appropriate
to conduct a rhyme concordance test. Specifically, I examined
whether the rhymes in each of my samples are duplicated in
Goldsmith's poetry.

The Bookman verses*have thirty-four rhymes, fourteen of
which are in Goldsmith's poetry. These are: climes:times,
school:rule, train:reign (found twice in the Bookman verses),
name:shame, stands:bands, arise:skies, port:resort, carezair,
art:heart, maidzpaid, reigns:plains, prove:love, and glow:woe.
The Bookman verses' rhymes are 41.18% concordant with the rhymes
of Goldsmith's known poetry.

Interestingly, this level of concordance is identical to
that found in The Deserted Village. The following rhymes from
the first sixty—eight lines of the poem are repeated in the
Goldsmith corpus: ease:please, green:scene, shade:made,
ground:round, face:place, seen:green, day:way, f1ies:cries,
allzwall, hand:land, pride:supp1ied, began:man, store:more, and
rose:repose. Hence, there is 41.18% concordance.

Crabbe's The Village was significantly less concordant.
Only seven of the first thirty—four rhymes are found in
Goldsmith's poetry. These are: past:last, strayzway,

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singular], trace:p1ace, hearts:parts, and hide:pride. Here, the
rhymes are 20.59% concordant-—exactly half as congruent as the
Bookman verses or The Deserted Village.

The Bookman verses and The Deserted Village were identi-
cal not only in their percentage of rhymes concordant with
Goldsmith's corpus, but also the frequency with which their con-
cordant rhymes appear in his poetry. It happens that 41.18% of
the couplets in The Deserted Village and 41.18% of the couplets
in the Bookman verses may be found in Goldsmith's known poetry.
However, if each Bookman rhyme had one use in Goldsmith, while
each Deserted Village rhyme had seven, the raw 41.18% "level of
rhyme concordance" would obviously be meaningless. However, it
happens that the average number of rhymes found per search are
identical. Both the Bookman verses and The Deserted Village
averaged 0.676 rhymes per query (and 1.643 average rhymes in
Goldsmith for each of their fourteen successful matches). Crabbe
averaged only 0.588 rhymes per query (and 2.583 average rhymes in

Goldsmith for each of the seven successful matches).

SEARCH FOR THE REPETITION OF
PROXIMATE WORD PAIRS

In my next test, I searched for the repetition of
proximate word pairs. Specifically, I looked for repetition of
syntactically or semantically related words from the Bookman

verses (and the two controls) in the Goldsmith canon occurring

 

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15
within eighty characters of each other.’ I used this small
search radius to decrease experimental artifact; I did not want
to find unaffiliated "matches" occurring several sentences apart.

This approach impressed me as less subjective than a
search for common imagery as it relieved me from the potentially
prejudicial processes of identifying the "important” images,
giving those images names, and embarking on a grail quest for
canonical similitude. The process, as far as the Bookman verses
were concerned, yielded 519 "possibly parallel passages." The
vast majority of these might be considered examples of stock dic—
tion. A large representative sample of the 273 searches is con—
tained in Appendix A. There were, on average, 1.90 matches in
the canon per query.

I made 116 searches between The Deserted Village and
Friedman's edition, on which I found 265 matches, or 149 matches
adjusted for the sample's matches with itself. A representative
sample is offered in Appendix B. The positive control, then,
proffered 1.29 matches per query. The matches between The
Deserted Village and the canon are no more remarkable than the
canon's "parallels" with the Bookman poem. One finds matches on
such pairs as parting:summer, glassy:brook, and light:labour.

I made 104 searches between Crabbe's The Village and
Friedman's five volumes. I found only forty-six matches, or 0.44

matches per query. A representative sample (including all the

 

’ I used "Dragnet" software from Access Softek to ac-
complish this.

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matching word pairs, since the sample was so discordant) is found
in Appendix C. Virtually all matches between Crabbe and
Goldsmith are examples of "stock diction." The forty-six
matches include such pairs as: golden:age, poet's:rapture,
peasant's:care, reign:land, and happy:youth.

The parallels demonstrated by this process are, on the
whole, unremarkable. It should be noted, though, that many of
the “parallels" between the Bookman poem and the Goldsmith canon,
enumerated in Appendix A, were written within a three year time
period. The largest concentration of matches occurs in An En-
quiry into the Present state of Polite Learning in Europe, which
Goldsmith started in 1758. In this work, we find ”firm virtue,"
"the folly of the multitude" (as in Bookman 11. 12-13), "laws
that bind” (Bookman 1. 22), ”poor peasants" (Bookman l. 33),
"learning and art" (Bookman l. 39), "refined taste" (Bookman 1.
42), and ”improvement's gain” (Bookman l. 40), amongst others.
The Monthly Review for 1757 and The Critical Review for 1759 are
also notably prominent in Appendix A.

The largest concentration of Bookman words in the Fried—
man edition occurs in a review of Barrett's Ovid's Epistles,
Translated into English verse found in The Critical Review for

January, 1759. Dobson writes:

Of teazing suitors a luxurious train,
From neighb'ring isles have cross'd the liquid

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Melanthius add, and Irus, hated name}
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17
Unfortunately, this review is merely attributed to Goldsmith. If
future scholarship can establish the canonicity of this essay,
one could argue that lines ll-16 of the Bookman verses parallel a

poem which Goldsmith said he admired.

INDIVIDUAL WORDS OF INTEREST

There are several words in the Bookman verses worthy of
further consideration. The most curious is surely ”Zembla.“
This uncommon word, found in the Bookman verses, is used by
Goldsmith in The Citizen of the world:

How shall our unhappy grandchildren endure the
hideous climate! A million of years will soon be
accomplished, they are but a moment when compared
to eternity, then shall our charming country as I
may say in a moment of time resemble the hideous
wilderness of Nova Zembla (II. 374).
Thus while the Bookman verses praise the rigors of northern life,
this passage in Goldsmith ponders whether a climate change
brought on by "equatorial obliquity" might bring England herself
under Zembla's reign. Moreover, the ”hard primitivism" of
"Lapland's dreary plains" (Bookman l. 52) is twice duplicated in
the canon. "Lapland" occurs once in The Citizen of the WOrld
(II. 444), and once in The British Magazine (III. 113).

The Bookman verses’ preferential use of the word ”thou—
sand" to mean "a lot" also might suggest Goldsmith's authorship.
”Thousand” is decidedly Goldsmith's preferred word for expressing
enormity: it occurs 218 times in Friedman's edition, more than

”hundred,” and far more than "million,” which occurs only eigh-

teen times. I suspect that the ratios of "hundred" to ”thou-

 

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18

sand," "thousand" to "million," and "million" to "billion" might
prove useful tools for dating works of uncertain authorship. As
science has progressed, our idea of enormity has been inflated.
Carl Sagan is known for his use of "billions and billions"; for
Goldsmith, "thousand" sufficed. Additionally, the other word for
immensity used by the Bookman author, namely "vast,” is used 48
times in Goldsmith's known writing.

The word "celestial” should also be considered. In the
Bookman verses one finds "0 sweet Simplicity, celestial maid” (1.
43); Goldsmith has a corresponding use of the expression:

Thou, mildest charity, avert the lance;

His threatning power, geeleetiel meld} defeat;
Nor take him with thee, to thy well known seat

Leave him on earth some longer date behind

(III. 352).
There are ten other uses of ”celestial" in Goldsmith, including
one celestial muse (which is Goldsmith's preferred spelling), and
a "celestial Virgin Mary” (I. 64), who is herself a celestial
maid.

"Emulate,” which is another unusual word in the Bookman
verses, also is paralleled in Goldsmith's poetry. In Edwin and
Angelina, Goldsmith writes:

The blossom opening to the day,
The dews of heaven refin'd
Could nought of purity display,
To emulate his mind (IV. 50).
Additionally, one finds ”refined"--another Bookman word.
The Bookman author inflects many words with the suffix

"less." These include "trackless," "resistless," and "heedless,"

"artless,” and "hapless." Goldsmith’s habits are consistent with

 

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19
.this type of inflection, and all of the words are found in the
canon. The word "trackless," found in line 6 of the Bookman
verses, is contained twice in the canon. The first is a discus-
sion of "trackless desarts" in The Citizen of the werld (II. 20);
the second, also from The Citizen of the werld, includes a dis-
cussion of the migrations of the Russians:

The fertile valley and seft climate will ever be
sufficient inducements to draw whole myriads from

their netiye_desarts the treefileee wild or snowy

mountain (II. 354).
"Resistless" also is found twice in the canon, once in The
Citizen of the werld (II. 314), and once in "Retaliation" (IV.
355). "Heedless" is found three times in the canon-~twice in The
Life of Richard Nash (III. 331 & 369), and once in The Traveler:
”There in ruin, heedless of the dead,/ The shelter-seeking
peasant builds his shed” (IV. 255). "Artless" is found twice in
Goldsmith--once in The Bee (I. 501), and again in The British
Magazine (III. 128). Finally, ”hapless" is found twice in the
poetry. The first is in Edwin and Angelina

Whene' er he spoke amidst the t;ein_,

How would my heart attend . .

Yet still (and hepleee_be the hour)

I spurn'd him from my side,
And still with ill dissembled power,

Beneid,his love with p;1§e,(IV. 204)

The lines surrounding this quotation contain additional Bookman
words as well. The other use of "hapless" is in The Deserted
Village:

Those poisonous fields with rank lnxgrienee
crowned

Where the dark scorpion gathers death around;

Where at each step the stranger fears to wake

 

 

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The rattling terrors of the vengeful snake;
Where crouching tigers wait their negleee_pgey
(IV. 300).

Here, as in the closing lines of the Bookman verses, the hapless

are preyed upon under luxury's undesirable reign.

CONCLUSIONS

Appendix D summarizes the results of my tests for author-
ship, including the grammatical features statistics I generated
with Grammatik III software.1° These included: average sentence
length, percentage of interrogatives, percentage of exclamations,
percentage of sentences in the passive voice, percentage of
prepositions, average word length, and average syllables per
word. As one may note from the table, all these features-~except
average sentence length--suggest a strong affinity between the
Bookman verses and Goldsmith's known work.

My statistics consultant entered the tests from Appendix
D into a statistics package and ran a regression on them. The
plot of standard residuals suggested that all the features I ex—
amined may be considered ”significant evidence," with the excep-
tion of ”average sentence length," which fell outside two sigma
limits.

The tests for most-used words, rhyme concordance, level
of concordant rhyme duplication, percent of interrogatives, per-

cent of prepositions, average word length, average syllables per

 

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21

word, and proximate word duplication suggest, to a remarkable de-
gree, that the Bookman verses and The Deserted Village share a
common author--Oliver Goldsmith. My statistician's correlation
matrix (so far as the textual features in Appendix D are con-
cerned) suggested that the Bookman verses and Goldsmith's poetry
are similar at the 98% level. On the same criteria, Crabbe was
35% similar to the Bookman verses and 41% similar to Goldsmith.

However, I do not claim to be 98% certain that the Book-
man poem was written by Goldsmith. The longer I worked on this
project, the more I became convinced that all eighteenth-century
poetry is 98% alike! I back away from such a claim for two rea-
sons: first, my sample size is far too small to make this claim;
second, I suspect that there is ”auto-correlation" between some
of my tests. For example, a work's percentage of long sentences
and its percentage of prepositions undoubtedly are related. A
positive result on both tests should not make one twice as sure
that the verses are Goldsmith's. The 98% statistic is predicated
on that sort of assumption. Nevertheless, the twelve features
taken together make a compelling case indeed. I offer below some
thoughts on what our profession requires to achieve a level of

certainty superior to that I can offer here.

RECOMMENDATIONS:
I close with some thoughts on the possibilities that op-
tical character recognition technology presents for literary re-

search. I very much hope that "negative—controls," such as the

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22
ones I employed throughout this study, will someday no longer be
required. A properly funded national center for canonical
studies could preserve our literature in an enormous database.
Our libraries are filled with books printed on acidified paper
that are slowly turning to dust. They could and ought be
preserved electronically.

If the copyright laws were amended so that publishers
were required to provide the center with an electronic copy of
every book they print, these works also could be added, and
within a few decades we would possess a resource invaluable to
canonical study, source study, and the study of theme and im-
agery.

One would no longer have to argue that "Crabbe's poetry
is less like Goldsmith's than this unknown." One could state,
”This poem is more like Goldsmith's known writing than any other
published English author's." I do not suggest that such a
resource would end canonical debate. It would, however, endow us

with more certainty than our profession has hitherto known.

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23

APPENDIX A

The following is a list of Bookman proximate word sear-
ches made against the Goldsmith canon. The search pairs are
listed in the order they occur in the verses. These "key words"
are underscored in the representative quotations, as are any
other Bookman words occurring within reasonable proximity to the
search pair.

I realize fully that many of these quotations are exam-
ples of "poetic diction.” I am moreover cognizant that
phraseologic parallels tend not to convince (and that an
abundance of such parallels convinces one even less). However,
to exclude these data would be methodologically unsound. If a
number of stock phrases from the Bookman verses, e.g. "luxurious
train," were not found in the Goldsmith canon, their absence
might become part of an argument against Goldsmith's authorship--
particularly where one could evidence Goldsmith's preference for
an alternative equivalent stock phrase. Thus I have included the
vast majority of such quotations. The parenthetical references

are to volume and page number of Friedman's edition.

msmma:
l. The dramatic poet, however, who should be, and
has often been, a £11m champion in the cause of
11:13:, detects all the new machinations of
vice, levels his satire at the rising structures
of folly, or drives her from behind the
retrenchments of fashion (I. 324).

mew:
1. Were you with ardent lgvg of 211:3; fir'd,

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24

And did you thirst for equity and truth,

Why should Religion's sacred leg: offend?

She's too severe. Severe she is to those

Whom yiee delights, but not to Zirtne}e_f11ende,
For yiee then, Epicurus, you contriv'd

A friendly refuge, to each miscreant kind

(I. 74).11

2. One man who is yigggege from the leye of yigtee
(II. 50).

3. He has been long taught to detest vice and leye
211£n£.(ll. 276).

4. Fortitude, liberality, friendenie, wisdom,
conversation, and 1e1e_of country, all are
21139:: entirely unknown here (III. 65).

5. Pride seems the source not only of their
national vices, but of their national yirtnee
also. An Englishman is taught to lgve his king
as his friend (II. 27).

6. You see, my dearest firiend_. . . went of
prudence is too frequently the gent of yirege;
nor is there on earth a more powerful advocate
for yiee than poverty (II. 38).

LQYE.& Efilfiflnfifllfi:
He followed the dictates of every newest
peeeien, his leye, his pity, his generosity, and

even his friendeniee were all in excess
(III. 325).

2. Ye mueee and graces mourn His death; Ye powers
of leye, ye choirs of youth and virgins
(III. 377).

3. The friendehie between him and BOLINGBROKE,
seems at this time to have been singere and
disinterested (III. 442).

4. And Leye_and friendenie'e finely pointed dart
Fall blunted from each indurated heart
(Iv. 259).

5. From better habitations spurn'd,

Reluctant dost thou rove;

Or grieve for friendeh1p_unreturn'd,
Or unregarded leye (IV. 49 & IV. 201).

nun1n§.& EAfifilQfl;
1. A taste for vain pleasures and foolish expence

is the ruling peeeien,of the present times
(I. 437).

 

11 In this passage from The Monthly Review for July 1757
(xvii. 44-7), Goldsmith quotes Dobson's English translation of
Cardinal De Polignac's Anti-Lucretius.

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25

2. They are dangerous fictions, where love is the

neasinn.(11. 340).

3. Like man he imitates each fashion,

And malice is his ruling,passign (IV. 411).12

Q!fiIQfl.8 BQLB:
1. Our great emperor’s displeasure at your leaving
China, contrary to the rules of our government,
and the immemorial custom of the empire, has
produced the most terrible effects (11. 38).

QHfiIQH.& fiflflfl11=
1. The females . . . demand your submission to this
execrable custom; and you submit, as if the evil
was irremediable (I. 78).

'QHEIQH & QfllLDBEEt

1. Among the customs peculiar to this people, that
of the children}: being held in the greatest
dependence (1. 53).

2. But the custom was now changed; for it was
perceived, that a man bred up from ghildhggd_to
the arts either of peace or of war, became more
eminent by this means (II. 105).

DARLING & CHILD:
1. My thlfiJ--To undo my daglingi (IV. 92).

2. Though we have lost a darling thld: yet still
you will find comfort in your other children.

. 'We have indeed lost,’ returned she,

'aodarlingchilsi.‘ (IV. 155).

MAIQEE & EQHQQL=
1. History, politics, poetry, mathematics,
metaphysics, and the philosophy of nature
are all comprized in a manual not larger than
that in which our children are taught the
letters (11. 124).

QHLLQ & HAIQRB.& 332531:

1. The duty of children to their parents, a duty
which natn;g_implants in every breast forms the
strength of that government which has subsisted
for time immemorial (II. 177).

LUXHBX.& IBALE.AED,HAME.& SHAME}
1. 0f teazing suitors a luxurious,trainJ

 

1' From the poetry Friedman considered to be of
questionable authenticity.

 

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From neighb'ring isles have cross'd the liquid
plain.
Here untentteel}d_the audacious crews teeett
Rifle your wealth and revel in your court
Melanthius add, and Irus, hated nemei
A beggar rival to compleat our eneme (I. 159).13
2. You will find poets, philosophers, and even

patriots, marching in lnxntyle,tte1n,(11. 51).

EQLL1.& BQLILIQDE;

1. Men of real genius, were lost in the multitude,
or, as in a world of fools, it were telly to aim
at being an only exception, obliged to conform
to every prevailing absurdity (I. 267).

EEL2.& EXQEE§=
1. In gtlg_ezeeee_the vulgar bteeet_takes fire,
Till, buried in debauch, the bliss expire
(IV. 258).

SQEI.& £13:
1. while all that lay behind, as far as the eye
could reach, seemed gay, lnnettent, and capable
of affording endless pleasure (II. 136).
2. And a 59ft sleepiness of eye added irresistible
poignance to their charms (II. 443).

LUXERI.& EELQH=
1. Man seems the only growth that dwindles here.
Contrasted faults through all his manners teten,
Though poor, lnnntteee, though submissive, vain
(IV. 253).

EQEI.& IBALH=
1. Cyrus Comes the world redressing
Love and pleasure in his ttetn
Comes to heighten every blessing
Comes to setten,every pain (IV. 230).

LA! & Elfin;
l. Grecian or Roman rules will not be generally
b1nd1ng_in France or England; but the leg:
designed to improve our taste (I. 294).
2. In like manner his happiness will incline him to
bind himself by no in! (II. 335).

 

1’ The lines are not Goldsmith's, but rather Goldsmith
quoting Barrett's translation of Ovid's Epistles (1759).

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27

QQBBHEI & XLBIQE=
1. You are geeg to all the purposes of piety and
xtttne. You are as odious to God as a
carcase that lies putrefying in the churchyard
(III. 362).

Qflbflfl.& DEAIH:
1. He comes! receive him to thine iron arms;

Blest queen of death) receive the prince of
charm.

Far happier thou, to whose wide realms repair,

Whatever lovely, and whatever fair.

The emtlee of joy, the golden hours are fled:

Grief, only grief, survives Adonis dead

(I. 165).1‘

ARI & HEART:
1. Hail to him with mercy reigning
Skilld in every peaceful ett
who from bonds our limbs unchaining
Only binds the willing heat; (IV. 230).

EQQB,& EEAEAEI:

l. The Lord is a poor tyrant, and the neeeent_a
nee; slave. . . . It is broken into small
portions among the nee; neeeente, whose sweat is
to support the idleness, perhaps, of twenty
superiors (I. 94).

2. No product here the barren hills afford . .

Yet still, even here, content can spread a
charm,

Redress the eltme, and all its rage disarm.

Though nee; the neeeent'e-hut, his feasts though
small,

He sees his little lot, the lot of all

(IV. 256).

3. vain Transitory Splendours! . . .

Obscure it sinks, nor shall it more impart

An hour's importance to the 2221 man's heart;

Thither no more the neeeent shall repair

To sweet oblivion of his daily care (IV. 296).

LEARNING & 531:
1. They are farther useful in promoting the
advancement of other kinds of leetntne; for, an
acquaintance with the causes whence the atte_and

 

1‘ In The Critical Review for March 1759 (vii. 260—3),
Goldsmith quotes these lines from The Death of Adonis by the
Rev. J. Langhorne.

 

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10.

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28

sciences had their r13e,(I. 118).

[They] were possessed of all the leatntne_then
in being. Agreeable to the natural course of
things, the ante had their periods (I. 121).

In fact, those men who have taken so much pains
to reduce what is properly a talent to an att,
have but very little advanced the interests of
leatntng by their means the mine, attentive to
her own operations (1. 169—70).

Ve must not look for the origin of ante or
leatntng, which are the offspring of security,
opulence and ease . . .. The sciences might
have been cultivated to add strength to the
[tatng community, and the polite atte_introduced
to promote its enjoyments. Lfiaafllflg, when
planted in any country, is transient and fading
nor does it flourish till slow gradations

of tmntegement have naturalized it to the

soil (I. 261).

Ptolemy Philadelphus . . . or Charlemagne, might
have invited learned foreigners into their
dominions, but could not establish leatntng.
While in the radiance of royal favour, every att
and science seemed to flourish, but when that
was withdrawn, they quickly felt the rigours of
a strange climate (I. 261-2).

DALEMBERT, has united an extensive skill in

scientifical leatntne, with the most tettnee
taate_for the polite atta_(1. 302).
Essay writing, which may be considered as the

att of bringing leatning from the cell into
society, is chiefly encouraged by the

multitude (III. 162).
The leatntng of the Romans might justly be
stiled, the truest tetinement on common
sense (I. 265).
It implies a contradiction, for men to be at
once leatnlng the liberal atta, and at the same
time treated as slaves (I. 336).
And to this knowledge she added that of polite
leatning, and the ant of oratory (I. 402).
How have we spent whole days together in

those atta by which European writers
got within the passions, and led the reader as
if by enchantment (II. 221).
In the ant of physic with which you are yet
unacquainted. . . I . . . do hereby invite you
to a trial of leatntng_upon hard problems
(II. 284).
A kingdom thus enjoying peace internally,
possessed of an unbounded extent of dominion,
and leatntne the military att at the expence of

 

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19.

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581.8 QA§E=

29

others abroad, must every day grow more

powerful (II. 353).

More time will thus be spent in leanning the
ante of litigation than in the discovery of
right (II. 391).

During his administration, whatever advantages
could be derived from ante, leazning, and
commerce, were seen to bless the people

(II. 400).

Those societies so laudably established in
England for the promotion of anee and leanning,
have ever thought of sending one of their
members into the most eastern parts of Asia

(II. 420).

This dislike of leaxning the polite ante by
precept, the manner in which they are generally
taught made him appear . . . as endued with but
a very ordinary capacity (III. 228).

In these his Honour is complimented as the great
encourager of the polite ante, as a gentleman of
the most accomplished taste, of the most
extensive Leannlng (III. 346).

The ante and leagning of succeeding states take
a tincture from those countries from whence they
were originally derived (V. 278).

Such a quackery of leaxning, acquired by the
easy ante of quoting from quotations, by
consulting books, but not from reading them

(V. 280).

Painting has now become the sole object of
fashionable gaze; the title of connoisseur in
that an; is at present the safest passport into
every fashionable society (II. 148-9).

In every nation there are enough who have no
other business or gage but that of buying
pleasure; and he taught them, who bid at such an
auction, the are of procuring what they sought
without diminishing the pleasure of others

(III. 307).

IASIE & REELNEMEHI:

1.

It is seldom that those who have been bred
frugally during the younger part of life, after
a certain age gain new taetee for lnxnzy and
maximal; (III. 85).

(Charles I] possessed a refilned_taete for the
liberal ante, and was a munificent patron

(I. 47).

From the prevalence of a taeee like this, or
rather from this perversion of gaeee, the

’-

30

reiined_European has, of late, had recourse even
to China (I. 170).

4. [The countries of Europe's] attempts served in a
subordinate degree to assist and reiine the
tflfiti of their cotemporaries (I. 291).

5. He was equally a martyr to ignorance and tagge,
to reiinement,and rusticity (III. 207).

LMERQXEHEEI & REEIHEHEHI3

1. Where religion is imperfect, political society,
and all laws enacted for its imnzgyemene, must
be imperfect also; religion is but philosophy
reiined, and no man could ever boast an
excellence in politics, whose mine had not been
previously opened and eniaiged_by the
institutions of theology (V. 299).

2. We may here trace the gradations of its
impingement or decay, mark in what degree
conquerors introduced rejinemen§_among those
they subdued (V. 278).

GALE & IHBBQXEMEEI;
1. If every artist would but discover what new
observations occurred to him in the exercise of
his trade, philosophy would thence gain

innumerable impregemenia (II. 420).

EHLARQE.& MIND:
1. Could I eniange one mind, and make the man who
now boasts his patriotism, a citizen of the
world (III. 68).

EQE & HEABI=
1. But nothing could a charm impart
To sooth the stranger's wee;
For grief was heavy at his neane,
And tears began to flow (IV. 49).

QELEEILAL & MAID & SHEEI=

1. Thou, mildest charity, avert the lance;
His threatning power, eeeieeiiai,maigj defeat;
Nor take him with thee, to thy well known seat
Leave him on earth some longer date behind
(III. 352).

2. And steady loyalty, and faithful love.
And thou, ageee Poetry, thou loveliest main,
Still first to fly where sensual joys invade
(IV. 303).

HALD.& IBALH.& QLIflEfi.& HALE;
l. The smiling long—frequented village fall
Beheld the duteous son the sire decay'd

 

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1.

31

The modest matron and the blushing maid
Forc'd from their homes a melancholy train
To traverse eiinee_beyond the western main
(IV. 267).

Since that time all the ye!a_addressed to love
are in reality paid_to the idol (II. 445).

EQLLQ!.& uaxuar;

1.

We even ought to [infringe upon those laws]

. . . and adhere to naenne strictly. To be
entirely explicit, those who ieiieg the letter
of the law must be often guilty of injustice

. . . more unnatural . . . than those from which
they profess to deter us (I. 202-3).

A poet should boldly fieiieg_na;n;e_in the dress
she wears at present (I. 217).

This is in fact not igiigging the resemblances
of naenne, but forcing a similitude (I. 234).
This might be instanced in Dante, who first
figiigged,na§n1e, and was persecuted by the
critics as long as he lived (I. 317).
Eeiie11natgne, returned the other and never
expect to find lasting fame by topics which only
please from their popularity (I. 447).

nature is now feiiggeg_with greater assiduity
than formerly; the trees are suffered to shoot
out into the utmost inxnnianee; the streams, no
longer forced from their natiye beds (II. 134).

names 121m:

1.

Happy they who pursue pleasure as far as Manage
diieeie, and no farther; pleasure rightly
understood, and prudently fieiigged, is but
another name for yirtne (III. 149)!

Therefore criticism must understand the nagg;e_
of the climate and country, &c. before it gives
rules to digee; Taste (I. 296).

When as yet savage, and almost resembling their
brute partners in the forest, subject like them
only to the instincts of natnre, and dizeeeeg by
hunger alone in the choice of an abode

(II. 354).

It is thus that reason speaks, and untutored
naenne says the same thing. Savages that are
diieegeg by natnnai law alone are very tender of
the lives of each other (IV. 150).

Some find protection in holes in which natnie,
has dineeeeg_them to bury themselves (V. 243).
Swans, geese, ducks, and all such as Nainne has
diieeieg to live upon the water (V. 253).
Writers . . . have composed their works with

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great labour and ingenuity, to dlraur the
learner in his progress through narura (V. 351).

8. I have formed a kind of system in the history of
every part of animated naruraJ dlragrlng_myse1f
by the great obvious distinctions that she
herself seems to have made (V. 353).

BLEE£1N£.& 813E.& CHARM:

1. If we are insensible, that arlsaa only from an
happy constitution; that is a hlasslng,
previously granted by heaven, and which no art
can procure (II. 200).

2. Yes! Let the rich deride, the proud disdain,
These simpler blessings of the lowly train

To me more dear, congenial to my heart,

One narlxa,gnarm, than all the gloss of art
(IV. 297).

28122 & KINGS}

1. Two klnga_shall quarrel though they have
kingdoms to divide them. Sure, my friend, the
cruelty and the prlfla_of man have made more
desarts than narura ever made (11. 48).

2. Lakes, forests, cities, plains extending wide,

The pump of xlnga, the shepherd's humbler prlg§_
(IV. 250).

QHQLQE & LANQE=
1. When they are well settled here, then, where
they have such a vast extent, and gnulua of
fresh lands for this commodity (I. 107).

ARI & Larger:

1. Their former wealth had introduced luxury; and
wherever luxurx,once fixes, no arr_can either
lessen or remove it (II. 107).

2. Lnxnrx.is the child of society alone, the
luxurious man stands in need of a tnuusand,
different §L£1§£§.t0 furnish out his happiness
(II. 52).

3. You never studied the tormenting art; of
ingenious rarlnamgnr . . . low much more
purified and rarlnau_are all your sensations
than ours . . . a stream untasted before is new
luxury . . . too raflnau for western
imaginations to conceive (II. 67).

4. The arts and the commerce of luxury_only
encreased the enmity of kingdoms, (III. 166).

5. When no ar§§,are encouraged but the QLL§ of
luxury, every mind will be set upon trifles
(III. 171).

6. Ministers and Governors first teach their

 

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33

subjects the arts,of luxurluua necessity
(III. 172).

To see profusion that he must not share;

To see ten unguaang_baneful 飣§ combined
To pamper luxury, and thin mankind;

To see those lay; the sons of pleasure know
(IV. 299).

mfihflXHBX:

1.

2.

The vulgar unfurnished with the luxurluua
comforts of the 39;; cushion, down bed, and easy
chair (II. 364).

The Galatians, sujrangu,by the luxurlanuy of
their country, no longer bore any resemblance to
their intrepid ancestors (III. 113).

LQXQBX.& BEELHEHEEI;

1.

2.

Those who have been bred frugally during the
younger part of life, after a certain age gain
new tastes for luxury and rarlnamanr (III. 85).
The man, the nation, must therefore be good,
whose chiefest luxurlaa consist in the

rarlnamanr of reason (I. 337).

mam:

1.

Some of them have peculiar merit, and are
adorned with eloquence and narura; but still he
seems in lay: with them (I. 192).

Such a conduct must disgust every spectator who
luyas to have the illusion of narura strong upon
him (I. 390).

The natural consequences of security and
affluence in any country is a lay: of pleasure;
when the gangs of narura are supplied, we seek
after the conveniencies (II. 105).

Too dangerous a scene for a youth of passions as
strong as his imagination, in lay; with
pleasure, and, as yet, seeing human natura only
on the pleasing side (III. 229).

Nor this the worst. As narurgfs ties decay,

As duty, luyaJ and honour fail to sway,
Fictitious bonds, the bonds of wealth and law
(IV. 264).

WEILQYE:

1.

An innate luya of change, furnished with a body

capable of guaralnlng every fatigue, and an
heart not easily terrified at danger (II. 421).

EMBESIHAMB

1.

To the assemblage of so many gifts from nature,
it was expected that art would soon give her

 

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34

finishing hand (III. 439).

2. Intent on high designs, a thoughtful band,
By forms unfashion'd, fresh from narura'a_nanuj
(IV. 263).

EAXAQE.& EASE;
1. Their colour almost approaches blackness, and
their faces are as sayaga as their manners
(III. 69).

191 & BBLQEIEH;

1. But whence when 19y_should brlgnran oer the land
This sullen gloom in Judah's Captive band
(IV. 219).

2. Those faded eyes, which grief for me hath
dimm'd, With guilty 19y reanimate their lustre,
To nrlgnran_slavery, and beam their fires
(I. 177).

fiEABKLEfi & £91:
1. She now suarxlgs_with 19y (II. 318).

QLLEE.& ELEA§E=

1. Laws grind the poor, and rich men rule the law;
The wealth of gllmaa, where sayaga nations roam
(IV. 266).

83581.8 1358329313:

1. I sustained the loss with intrepidity; my son is
made a slave among barbarians, which was the
only blow that could have reached my naarr: yes,
I will indulge the tranauurrs,of nature for a
little (II. 94).

2. Tender naarra, languishing eyes, Leonora in lgye
at thirteen, ecstatic uranauurra, stolen
blisses, are the frivolous subjects of their
frivolous memoirs (II. 313).

3. Still holding the dear luyad_child in my arms, I

asked my naarr_if these transuurra were not
delusion (IV. 179).

HEART & QLQK:
1. Sighing we pay, and think e'en conquest dear,
QUEBEC in vain shall teach our breast to gloy,
Whilst thy sad fate extorts the naarr wrung tear
(IV. 413).1‘

 

1’ This passage comes from "On the Taking of Quebec,"
which is a poem of uncertain authenticity.

9n

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35

mam:

1. In the midst of abundance, banish every
pleasure, and make, from imaginary yanrs, real
necessities. But ray, very ray, correspond to
this exaggerated picture (I. 413).

2. There might be rauar,uanra, and even fagar,
pleasures (I. 441).

3. If their language be defective and barren, they
have but fay ideas, and consequently do not yang
a language more copious (III. 80).

4. In a fax years it was a common saying, that
there were three strange gangs at wakefield
(IV. 22). ‘

525116132113:

1. Thou only Esra‘s drooping suns can'st chear,
And stop the guru Dey'd Virgin's trickling tear
(III. 352).

2. My children, the offspring of temperance, as
they were educated without sufrnaaa, so they
were at once well formed and healthy; my sung
hardy and active, my daughters beautiful and
blooming (IV. 19).

 

82111851311151:
1. All earth-born garaa are wrong:
Man gangs but little here below,
Nor ganra that little long.
guru as the dew from heav'n descends,
His gentle accents fell (IV. 47), (IV. 200).1°

EEE&S!AN.T_S_=
1. Such are the gnarma to barren states assign'd;
Their gangs but ran, their wishes all confin'd.
Yet let them only share the praises due, If run
their ganra, their pleasures are but ray
(IV. 257).

W331 & W93:
1. You have, whose years a sire's instructions
yang, Think how Laertes drags an age of yuaa
(Io 160).
2. Arise ye sons of worth, arise
And waken every note of gag,

 

1' These lines occur twice in the Goldsmith canon: once
in the Vicar of wakefield as "A Ballad," and once in "Edwin
and Angelina," which is also known as "The Hermit." Fried-
man's introduction to ”Edwin and Angelina" contains an account
of the textual conflation.

 

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36

When truth and virtue reach the skies,

'Tis ours to weep the gang below (IV. 331).
3. AUGUSTA'S gar; had well supply'd.

And ah! she cries, all ya; begone,

What now remains for me?

Oh! where shall weeping flan; repair

To ask for charity? (IV. 338).

391189382581:

1. Like a superannuated aayaga of the forest, he is
starved for gang of vigour to hunt after prey.
Thus gaming is the source of poverty, and still
worse, the parent of infamy and vice (III. 386).

WISEAIE:
1. What yet untasted banquet, what luxury yet
unknown, has rewarded thy ualnfiul_adventures!
Name a pleasure which thy narlya_country could
not amply procure (II. 176).

AHXLQQB.& CARES:
1. Hence each departing sail a letter bears, To

speak (if you are found) my anxluua,gar§§,
(I. 158).

37
APPENDIX B
The following is representative of the Deserted Village
proximate word searches made against the Goldsmith canon and the
number of matches found per query. The numbers below are not ad-
justed for the poem's matches with itself, thus all instances of
"1" would register as ”0” were The Deserted Village not part of

the established canon.

SWEET & AUBURN......................3
LOVLIEST OR PLAIN & VILLAGE.........4
HEALTH & PLENTY.....................1
HEALTH 0R PLENTY & CHEAR............2
LABOURING & SVAIN...................1
SMILING OR VISIT & SPRING...........1
PARTING 0R LINGERING & SUMMER.......2
LINGERING 0R DELAYED AND BLOOMS.....3
DEAR, LOVELY 0R INNOCENCE & BOWERS..3
INNOCENCE & EASE....................4
SEATS & YOUTH.......................1
VILLAGE & TRAIN.....................1
13. LOITER & GREEN........... ........ ...1
HUMBLE & HAPPINESS..................5
15. SHELTERED & COT.....................1
16. CULTIVATED & FARM..... ........... ...1
17. BUSY & HILL.........................1
18. DECENT & CHURCH....... ........... ...1
19. SEAT & SHADE....... ..... ............1
20. LABOR & FREE........................1

(nooqmmwat-I

IahJH
uohao

p
.5

38
APPENDIX C
The following is representative of the George Crabbe
proximate word searches made against the Goldsmith canon and the
number of matches found per query. Only 14 of 104 searches un-
covered a match. Examples of stock diction matched most heavily

against the canon.

VILLAGE & LIFE........... ........ ...0

EVERY & CARE........................14

YOUTHFUL & PEASANTS.................0

DECLINING & SWAINS..................0

LABOR & YIELDS OR PAST..............0

CARE & REIGNS.......................0

HOUR & LANGUOR......................0

AGE & FINDS.........................1

REAL & FORM OR POOR OR PICTURE......6

DEMAND & SONG.......................0

MUSE & GIVE.........................10

FLED & TIMES........................0

13. HARMONIOUS & STRAINS................0

14. RUSTIC & POET.......................0

15. NATIVE & PLAINS.....................0

16. SHEPHERDS & VERSE...... ..... ........0

17. COUNTRY'S & BEAUTY..................0

18. NYMPHS & REHEARSE...................0

19. TENDER & STRAIN.....................0

20. THE REMAINING MATCHING SEARCHES NOT LISTED ABOVE ARE:
GOLDEN & AGE, NUMBER & SYLLABLES, PEASANT & CARE, HAPPY &
YOUTH, TRUTH OR STRAY & NATURE, REIGN & LAND, RUINED & SHED,
PINE & BREAD, PEASANT & PIPES OR PLOD OR PLOUGH.

O O O O O 0

@mQO‘U'lfiOONI-J

Hrah-
IQPMO

 

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39

 

APPENDIX D

TEXTUAL FEATURE: I BOOKMAN I GOLDSMITH I CRABBE
1. PERCENT UNREPRESENTED I I I

WORDS I 0.98% I 3.70% I 3.48%
2. AVERAGE OCCURRENCE OF I I I

POEM'S MOST-USED WORDSI 13.48 I 13.16 I 5.00

IN GOLDSMITH CANON I TIMES I TIMES I TIMES
3. PERCENT OF RHYMES THATI I I

ARE CONCORDANT I 41.18% I 41.18% I 20.59%
4. AVERAGE # OF TIMES THEI I I

CONCORDANT RHYMES ARE I 1.64 I 1.64 I 0.59

DUPLICATED IN CANON I TIMES I TIMES I TIMES
5. PROXIMATE WORD PAIRS' I I I

AVERAGE OCCURRENCE IN I 1.90 I 1.29 I 0.44

GOLDSMITH CANON I TIMES I TIMES I TIMES
6. PERCENTAGE OF I I I

INTERROGATIVES I 7.14% I 7.77% I 47.05%
7. PERCENTAGE OF I I I

EXCLAMATIONS I 14.28% I 11.74% I 11.76%
8. PERCENTAGE WRITTEN IN I I I

THE PASSIVE VOICE I 10.71% I 7.53% I 5.88%
9. PERCENTAGE OF I I I

PREPOSITIONS I 9.21% I 9.73% I 10.25%
10. AVERAGE WORD LENGTH I I I

(NUMBER OF LETTERS) I 4.43 I 4.41 I 4.46
11. AVERAGE SYLLABLES I I I

PER WORD I 1.33 I 1.35 I 1.32

12. AVERAGE SENTENCE I I I
LENGTH (WORDS) I 18.89 I 23.05 I 28.70

 

 

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40

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Battestin, Martin. New Essays by Henry Fielding: His
Contributions to the Craftsman (1734-1739).
Charlottesville: The University Press of Virginia, 1989.

Friedman, Arthur. The Collected WOrks of Oliver Goldsmith.
London: Oxford University Press, 1966.

Sherbo, Arthur. English Poetic Diction from Chaucer to
WOrdsworth. East Lansing: Michigan State University

Press, 1975.

------ . New Essays by Arthur Murphy. East Lansing: Michigan State
University Press, 1963.

 

    
   

             

   

 

 
   

 

 

     

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