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I4 "0 (m. ,u Illlllllllil llllilllilllllllllllllllllll 3 1293 00893 7728 This is to certify that the thesis entitled A SURVEY OF MICHIGAN CHIEFS OF POLICE REGARDING DEPLOYMENT OF AUXILIARY POLICE PERSONNEL presented by MICHAEL S. MARTIN has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for MASTERS CRIMINAL JUSTICE degree in %/ Major professor Date May 6, 1991 0-7639 MS U is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution LIBRARY Michigan State University PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or before due due. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE r _. .. .’ 'thfi' '.,. m) \1' .’ \fl» JL J l.— W If“ =____l Lfil L__ lL——l MSU Is An Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution chHt 4—— A SURVEY OF MICHIGAN CHIEFS OF POLICE REGARDING DEPLOYMENT OF AUXILIARY POLICE PERSONNEL By Michael S. Martin A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE School of Criminal Justice College of Social Science 1991 ABSTRACT A SURVEY OF MICHIGAN CHIEFS OF POLICE REGARDING DEPLOYMENT OF AUXILIARY POLICE PERSONNEL By Michael S. Martin The purpose of this study was to explore the extent to which auxiliary police are utilized in Michigan. Data was gathered from self-administered questionnaires sent to police chiefs of every public law enforcement agency in Michigan; of the 641 mailed questionnaires, there were 489 usable responses (76%). The major findings of this study are as follows... * There is no relationship between use of auxiliaries and presence of a police union or type of police agency. * Police agency size significantly (p= .00) affected use of auxiliaries. * There is no relationship between use of auxiliaries and attrition/hiring of full-time officers. Three types of auxiliary police were identified; part-time police, reserve police, and police support personnel. The study revealed that 85% of the respondents reported using one or more types of auxiliary police. The majority of police auxiliaries perform activities that are directly related to policing, and are not considered "service activities." ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I would like to convey my thanks to the persons who assisted me in completing this research project. My sincere thanks to Dr. Frank Howath, thesis committee chairman, for the enduring patience and guidance he gave me during the completion of this thesis. A special thanks also goes to Mr. Dennis Payne, and Dr. David Carter, committee members, who gave their time and input. Deep appreciation is extended to the Michigan Chiefs of Police for their responsiveness to the questionnaire which comprised the basis for this thesis. My deepest thanks to my wife, Tammie, for her constant support, enthusiasm, and encouragement throughout this project. She is a vital asset, and without her this endeavor could not have been completed. I would also like to thank my kids, Michelle and Michael, for being patient while I completed this thesis. Lastly, I would like to thank selected members of the Lowell Police Department for their helpful comments, suggestions, and support. Imput from Chief Emmons on the topic, along with ideas from the Lowell officers regarding the survey questionnaire, greatly assisted me in this study. TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES vi CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION .............................................. 1 Problem ............................................................................................... l Complexities of Policing ..................................................................... l Pressures on Police Agencies ............................................................... 2 Non Full-time Police ......................................................................... 3 Purpose of the Study ................................................................................ 5 Need for the Study .................................................................................. 5 Definitions ............................................................................................ 6 Organization of Remaining Chapters .............................................................. 7 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................... 8 Historical Overview ................................................................................. 8 Policing Before There Were Police ......................................................... 8 Establishment of Formalized Auxiliary Police ............................................................................... 9 Previous Research Efforts ........................................................................ 10 Other Information Sources Which Shed Light on Auxiliary Police .................................................................. 17 Problems With Previous Research .............................................................. 18 Summary ........................................................................................... 19 CHAPTER III DESIGN OF THE STUDY .................................. 2 1 Methodology ....................................................................................... 21 Survey Area ........................................................................................ 22 Construction of the Questionnaire ............................................................... 24 Survey Mailings ............................................................................ 25 Response Rates ............................................................................. 26 Questionnaire Variables ........................................................................... 27 Independent Variables ...................................................................... 27 Dependent Variables................................ ........................................ 29 Variables Modified ................................................................................ 31 Research Questions ............................................................................... 35 Footnotes ........................................................................................... 36 CHAPTER IV RESULTS .................................................... 3 7 Research Questions Which Apply to All Survey Respondents ...................................................................... 37 Research Question #1 ...................................................................... 38 Research Question #2 ...................................................................... 39 Research Question #3 ...................................................................... 39 iv CHAPTER IV, continued Research Question #4 ...................................................................... 40 Research Question #5 ...................................................................... 41 Research Questions Which Apply to Only Auxiliary Police Users .................................................................. 42 Research Question #6 ...................................................................... 42 Research Question #7 ...................................................................... 44 Non-Users of Auxiliary Police .................................................................. 44 Research Question #8 ...................................................................... 45 Research Question #9 ...................................................................... 46 Research Question #10 ..................................................................... 48 General Results of the Survey ................................................................... 49 Part-time Police Personnel ................................................................. 50 Reserve Police Personnel .................................................................. 50 Police Support Personnel .................................................................. 52 Summary ........................................................................................... 53 Footnotes ........................................................................................... 55 CHAPTER V DISCUSSION ................................................. 56 Restate Purpose of the Study .................................................................... 56 Demographics of Auxiliary Police ............................................................... 56 Activities Performed by Auxiliary Police ............................................................................. 59 Rationale for not Utilizing Auxiliary Police ............................................................................. 62 Conclusions ........................................................................................ 64 Limitations of the Study .......................................................................... 65 Recommendations for Future Research ......................................................... 66 APPENDICES........... ....................................................... 67 Appendix A Survey Questionnaire ........................................................... 67 Appendix B First Letter of Introduction ..................................................... 69 Appendix C Survey Return Address ......................................................... 70 Appendix D Second Letter of Introduction .................................................. 71 Appendix B Other Reasons why Part-time and Reserve Police Personnel are not Utilized ................................................................... 72 Appendix F Other Activities Performed by Reserve Police and Police Support Personnel ....................................................... 73 Appendix G Related Readings ................................................................ 74 REFERENCES . ................................................................ 7 6 LIST OF TABLES TABLE PAGE 2.1 2.2 3.1 3.2 4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 4.7 4.8 Activities Reserve Police Personnel Perform .......................................................................... 12 Duties and Responsibilities carried out by Reserve and Auxiliary Police ............................................ 14 Area of the State of Michigan by Type of Police Agency the Respondents Reported Being From ...................................................... 32 Use of Auxiliary Police by Michigan Police Agencies ................................................................. 34 Use of Auxiliary Police by Area (>me ....................................................................................... 38 Use of Auxiliary Police by Type of Police Agency ............................................................................ 39 Use of Auxiliary Police by Presence of a Collective Bargaining Unit ............................................................................. 40 Use of Auxiliary Police by Police Agency Sin ................................................................................. 41 Use of Auxiliary Police by Attrition/hiring of Full—time Police in Past Five Years .................................................................. 42 Years Each Type of Auxiliary Police Have Been Used by Police Agency Size ................................................................................. 43 A Rank-ordering of the Proportions of Police Agencies With Regard to the Reasons Part-time Police Are Not Used ............................................................ 45 A Rank-ordering of the Proportions of Police Agencies With Regard to the Reasons Reserve Police Personnel Are Not Used .......................................................................................... 47 TABLE PAGE 4.9 A Rank-ordering of the Proportions of Police Agencies With Regard to the Reasons Police Support Personnel Are Not Used ......................................................... 48 4.10 Types of Activities Performed by Reserve Police Personnel .................................................................. 51 4.11 Activities Performed By Police Support Personnel .......................................................................... 52 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE PAGE 3.1 The Regions Which Make Up the State of Michigan ....................................................................... 23 INTRODUCTION PROBLEM Complexities of Policing Since the establishment of public police agencies the nature and scope of policing has become increasingly complicated. Numerous factors described below have contributed to make the job of policing complex. An array of technological advances in the 19808 has enabled police personnel to more quickly, easily, and accurately analyze evidence, thus identifying criminal offenders. Computers and telephones in patrol cars allow police personnel to access a host of information sources quickly to effectively carry out their job. D.N.A. (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) blood-typing, Preliminary Breath Testers (P.B.T's), Automated Fingerprint Identification Systems (A.FJ.S.), and advanced vehicle radar devices each have greatly enhanced the ability of the police to detect and apprehend offenders. These innovations are of little use unless police personnel are aware such tools existandaretraimdarxieducamdtoutilizethem. Legal issues also contribute to the complexities of policing. Decisions police personnel make in a matter of minutes or seconds are often analyzed by legal scholars for months or years before the legality of a police officer's decision is known. Police personnel are bound by Michigan's State Constitution when carrying out their duties, so it is imperative for such personnel to understand the constitution and apply it to their everyday activities. The decision to shoot or not shoot. chase or not chase, could easily have long lasting negative afl’ects on many people if police personnel make the wrong decision. Similarly, criminal laws change over time and new laws are added, which also complicates the policing function. 2 Another factor which adds to the complex job of policing is public scrutiny of the police. Woods (1971) points out that police personnel "must realize that they are public servants; a sort of people's advocate, on permanent retainer to represent the public interests against private intrusion on their rights" (p. 47). Because police personnel are public employees, there is pressure to ensure that the public's interest is carried out and not the interest of the police. In order to fulfill public needs police are often forced to wear many hats. Police are often called upon to be quasi priests, lawyers, doctors, psychologists, referees, race car drivers, and sharp shooters. Beckrnan, (1980) states "police personnel are not only supposed to be strong and trustworthy; they are also expected to be intelligent, diplomatic, and charismatic" (p. 88). Trying to be all things to all people makes policing difficult at best. Because policing is complex and complicated, training mandated for full-time police personnel has steadily increased. The Michigan Law Enforcement Officers Training Council has increased the minimum number of hours of police training for police officers from 296 in 1982 to nearly 500 in 1990. Pressures on Police Agencies The criminal justice system is over taxed. Each of the four components which make up the system - law enforcement, prosecution, the courts, and corrections - are lagging behind in carrying out their unique functions. To complicate matters more, there is may an illicit drug epidemic in the United States which demands the immediate and undivided attention of the police. Pressures on policing parallel the complexities involved in the policing function. Taylor, (1982) cites "Crime threatens to become our greatest public concern. This concern is coupled with increasing public pressure for lower taxes and improved productivity. Federal budget cuts eliminating programs and resources have complicated the situation even further 3 by gradually reducing capital resources to law enforcement agencies" (p. 87). Additionally, police are expected to provide public services such as house checks, unlocking vehicles, crime prevention techniques, and assisting citizens with an assortment of non-criminal situations. Police agencies are forced to do more with fewer resomces. At the same time police administrators are expected to maintain exceedingly high training and education standards for police personnel in an effort to increase efficiency, decrease waste, and minimize negligence. Non Full-time Police As the task of policing continues to become more complicated and complex, police training increases proportionately with the level of job difficulty. At the same time there are persons deployed at police agencies to perform activities who have little or no police training. Often these persons wear a police uniform, and in some instances carry a weapon. These persons are not considered full-time employees but often perform activities which are carried out by full-time, trained police officers. These personnel may perform a variety of police activities, and the names given such personnel vary as much as the police agency which deploys them. Because of the variation in name or job titles, all personnel who are deployed on a non full-time basis shall be collectively referred to as auxiliary police personnel. The US. Department of Justice (1972), in it's study of volunteers in law enforcement suggested that at least tlnee-fomths of a police oflicer's time is spent performing community service activities. The study recommended that such community service activities could be performed by volunteers. It is not known ifauxiliaries are perfuming policing activities according to the study's recommendations or if they are being uscdas adifi’erenttypeofpolicepersonnel appointedtocarryoutothertypes ofpolicing functions. 4 One of the most common names given to auxiliary police personnel is Reserve Police Officer. Other names employed by police agencies to describe their auxiliaries include, but are not limited to: auxiliaries, specials, sheriffs posse, cadets, community service workers, and part-time police officers. There is no particular method agencies use to choose a name for their auxiliary personnel, and a specific name is not necessarily associawd with the activity(s) performed. Basically, the names given to all types of auxiliary police personnel maybeasuniqueasthegeographicareawherethepolice agencyislocated. Some of these personnel are paid while others receive no compensation for activities performed. Generally, persons deployed on a non full-time basis are employed full-time in jobs not associated with policing. Employment as an auxiliary police officer may be viewed as added income to some, regarded as a non-paying hobby by others, and considered an educational experience by still others. There are some police agencies who utilize one or more types of auxiliary police personnel. On the other hand there are other police agencies who choose to deploy only full-time police officers to carry out policing functions. The kind of uniform worn, training received, activities perfumed, and level of compensation given persons who are deployed on a non full-time basis also varies from one police agency to the next. Ultimately, police administrators control how, when, and where, auxiliary police personnel are utilized. While attention by police officials is being focused on full-time police personnel, the various types of auxiliary police personnel literally go unnoticed. Very little information is available about the various issues regarding auxiliary personnel. For that matter, there is not any general lmowledge base from which to draw information concerning auxiliary police. Little is known about which police agencies utilin auxiliary personnel and which agencies refrain from using such personnel. There is confusion as to the reasons why some police agencies deploy auxiliary personnel while other agencies shun the use of such personnel. 5 Only four Research endeavors (Bushey, 1976; Qrddington, 1974; Unsinger, 197 3; and Survey of Reserve Police, 1969) could be located to form an information base from which conclusions may be drawn about auxiliary police personnel. Due to the number of studies and their dated information, strong conclusions can not be comfortably made. Because of the information void regarding auxiliary police it is difficult to tell iftheir use is a new innovation in policing or if such personnel have been used effectively over the years. The division of Michigan state government which oversees all aspects of police training and qualifications is the Michigan Law Enforcement Officer’s Training Council. According to the Training Council persons who are not deployed by a police agency on a regular basis (Michigan, Report of the Attorney General, 1973) do not fall under the Training Council's mandates. Therefore, the Training Council is not engaged in training or regulating many types of auxiliary police personnel. PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The purpose of this project is to explore the extent to which auxiliary police personnel are utilized within Michigan. It is hoped that this study will shed light on the numbers and typesofauxiliariesused,areaofstateandtypeofagencytheyaredeployedin,andthe activities thesepersonsperform. Thisreseerchis alsointendedtoexposetherationale some agencies offer for either using or not using auxiliary personnel. NEED FOR THE STUDY Theresultsofthis endeavorare ofimportance foravarietyofreasons. First, afirm information base regarding auxiliary police personnel is needed before more empirical studies can be performed to discover the benefits/drawbacks of using auxiliary police personnel. 6 Second, the types of activities performed by auxiliary police are important to know in order to determine if policing in general is encompassing other areas of responsibility not formerly thought of as a policing function. If there are new areas of responsibility for police agencies to contend with, perhaps the overall mission of policing should be altered. New areas of responsibility may also necessitate new or different training standards for police; both full-time and auxiliary designations. Lastly, the information derived from this project is nwded so the policing community can become farniliarized with the positive and negative aspects of utilizing auxiliary police. It is hoped that this study will illuminate most facets of auxiliary police personnel, and as a result agency administrators will be more informed of the major issues related to auxiliary police personnel. C Because of the lack of current information regarding auxiliary police personnel, there is a need to gather updated, accurate information about such personnel. This study is intended to fill that need. DEFINITIONS Police Personnel: Are persons appointed, hired, or employed by a public law enforcement agency to perform activities at the request of the police agency. These persons may or may not receive compensation for activities performed. Police personnel do not include neighborhood watch groups or citizen vigilante groups, such as the Guardian Angels. Citizen-based groups who patrol in their personally-owned vehicles or walk on foot to detect and report criminal activity are not considered police personnel. Although some of these groups may have implied or expressed approval from a police agency to per'fam various activities, these groups are not directed by the police agency, nor do they wear any type of uniform or insignia which identifies them as being part of the police agency. 7 Full-time Police Personnel: Are persons who wear a standard police uniform and are employed 32 hours or more per week by a public police agency. They have met M.L.E.O.T.C. training standards and are regularly employed to enforce the general laws of the State of Michigan. Regular Police Officers: Are persons who have met M.L.E.O.T.C. standards, and are employed for any number of hours per week or month by a public law enforcement agency in Michigan. They enforce the general laws of the State of Michigan. Auxiliary Police Personnel: Are persons who are deployed by a police agency less than 32 hours per work week to carry out activities. This person wears a uniform or insignia which identifies him/her as a member of the police department. This person may or may not receive compensation for tasks performed, and at least 1/2 of their time is spent performing police activities. Chief Administrator: Is the chief law enforcement officer of a public law enforcement agency responsible for deploying police personnel. ORGANIZATION OF REMAINING CHAPTERS InchapterlItherewillbeapresentationofthehistoricaloverviewofauxiliarypolice personnel as they have evolved to the present. Also included within chapter 11 will be a listing of research efforts which encompassed one or more types of auxiliary police personnel. Chapter III presents the methodology of the study, modification of variables and presentation of the research questions. Presented in Chapter IV will be the results of the study along with a description of the significance of the results. Finally, in Chapter V, conclusions about the findings of the study will be discussed along with recommendations for further research. CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW Chapter II contains an historical overview of Policing as it relates to auxiliary police personnel. Research encompassing auxiliary police personnel is discussed, and problems with that research are addressed. HISTORICAL OVERVIEW Policing Before There Were Police Historical writings (Greenberg, 1984) relevant to policing indicate that some of the first peace keepers were probably private citizens. If one individual in the community disobeyed a rule or norm, other members took corrective action against the wrong deer. ‘Greenberg also points out that during the reign of Roman emperor Augustus (63 BC.- AD. 14) citizens were organimd into a semi-military force known as the Vigiles. "The Vigiles were responsible for fire protection and street panel" (p. 15). Various citizens took tm'ns keeping the watch during night time hours. According to Critchley (1972) during the reign of Alfred the Great (870-901) in England, responsibility for peace keeping fell under the domain of each community. King Alfred felt that "the citizens had a social obligation to assist the government in monitoring order. Males were enrolled for police purposes from groups of ten families known as a tithing, and they were headed by a tithing man" (p. 2). It was the tithing man's duty to solicit his neighbor's help to pmsue persons suspected of committing criminal acts. If the suspect got away a fine was paid to the government by the tithing. 9 From 1285 to the era of Sir Robert Peel in the 1800's, many laws in England became more formalized, and specific people were paid exclusively to enforce those laws. Some of these full-time forces, called the Charlie Watch (Beckrnan, 1980), were associated with wide spreadccrruption due to low pay and the view that policing was a low esteem occupation. According to Beckman (1980) the first Sheriff's Office was established in America in the state of Virginia by colonists from England. Although full-time police personnel were now in place in certain cities, service on the night watch was still the duty and responsibility of the citizens on a rotational basis. Eventually enthusiasm for the night watch waned and it became evident that a full-time police force was needed. Establishment of Formalized Auxiliary Police It wasn't until 1915 that one of the first of many auxiliary police units was formed. The Citizens Home Defense league was formed by the New York Police Department "to assist in times of emergency" (Greenberg, 1984, p. 50). At the onset of the League's formation, no police training was offered to auxiliary volunteers; the League's dress was different from the regular police, and the League did not carry out the same functions as the regular full-time police. According to Smith (1960) perhaps the most wide spread use ofauxiliary police personnel came during America's involvement in world wars. Not only was there a manpower shortage at home as a result of the conflict, many Americans felt that enemy invasion was imminent. "Citizens in the suburbs and in the cities were encom'aged to volunteer their time to the police department in the name of national security" (p. 102). According to Dow (1978) during World War II and the Korean Conflict, many police agencies lost full-time personnel to the war effort. This depletion of manpower necessitated the emergence of auxiliary police personnel; generally called reserve or auxiliary police. 10 Since the establishment of these auxiliary police personnel during the war effat there has been expansion in the activities which they perform. Although global conflict over the years involving the United States cartribuwd to the enlistment of auxiliary personnel into police ranks, special problems within America's borders enlarged their numbers. One such problem was the introduction of the autanobile into society. Wales (1916) writes that as a need to improve traffic conditions, the mayor of Berkley, California, deputized a number of citizens to act as auxiliary policemen with the authority to enforce city traffic ordinances. The Outlook (1916) reported that in Chicago, Illinois, a citizen's auxiliary police force was famed and used to make observations of everyday violations and report them to the police. As auxiliary police personnel continued to be deployed throughout the United States, activities performed by these personnel expanded In Florida (1962) Highway Patrol auxiliary officers assist in patrolling. California has deployed auxiliary police marine units (Lucas, 1963), and Community Liaison Patrol Officers (Biggs, 1986) to patrol beaches. Washington State utilizes senior citizens to perform house checks (McLean, 1987), while in Arizona, reserve police officers are used to augment regular panel faces, dependent upon training (Lesee, 1985; and Deitch. 1985). Other types of deployment involving auxiliary police include: neighborhood team policing in Oregon (Brown, 1976); cadets handling non-criminal calls for service in Michigan (Rice, 1977); auxiliaries in New York City perfa'm observer patrol (Cohen, 1984); and seasonal officers who augment regular staff dming the summer months in New Jersey due to an influx of tourists (Donahue, 1982). PREVIOUS RESEARCH EFFORTS In 1969, the Arlingtar (Virginia) County Police Department surveyed 57 police agencies whose jurisdictions encompassed populations of 250,000 or more citizens. These police 11 agencies were selected from across the United States, and sent a mail-in questionnaire. The survey was directed at obtaining infamation about reserve police personnel. However, the term "reserve" was not specifically defined. Forty-eight police agencies fran 23 states responded to the survey (84% response rate), and 34 (71%) of those respondents reported utilizing reserve police personnel. Of the police agencies who repa'wd deploying reserve police personnel, 22 (64%) granted their reserve personnel full police powers while on duty. The same number of agencies also allowed their reserve personnel to be armed Although the army did not specify any numbers regarding the wearing of a police uniform, it was reported that "most of the reserves were uniformed and equipped the same as regular officers except for minor differences such as badges, patches, etc." (Survey of Reserve Police, 1969, p. 3). All 34 agencies who repormd utilizing reserve persarnel said their reserve personnel are required to attend classroom training. On the average, reserve police personnel numbered 14% of the regular, full-time police face in manpower within each agency utilizing reserve police personnel. The stn'vey also found that reserve police personnel generally volunteer their time when perfaming activities at the request ofthe police agency. At the same time, 27 (79%) ofthe agencies who reported utilizing reserve police personnel required the reserves to work a minimum number of hours per month for the parenting police agency. The survey results indicated that reserve police personnel duties ranged "from harbor patrol to investigations in the detective division of the police agency" (Stn'vey of Reserve Police, 1969, p. 3). The types of activities performed by reserve police are listed in Table 2.1. 12 Table 2.1 Activities Reserve Police Personnel Perform Types of Patrol (N) Duties (N) Other Types of (N) While on Assignments Patrol A. 2nd manin A. Operate A. Clerical 13 acruiser 27 Radio 28 B. Radio B. Foot B. Direct Dispatch 11 Patrol 14 Traffic 33 C. I.D. C. Two Reserves C. Escat Bureau 8 alone in Prisoners 21 D. Answer acruiser 6 Phones 6 NOTE: The air-ta m Table 2.1 are from "Survey of Reserve Police" by Arlingtar Co. VA. Police Dept, 1969, p. 13. As indicated in Table 2.1 three types of activities performed by reserve police were profiled. They were: types of patrol, duties while on patrol, and other types of assignments. Most of the police agencies who deploy reserve police use their reserves in routine patrols as a second man in a cruiser with a regular officer (N=27). On the other hand only 13% (N=6) of the responding agencies reported allowing two reserves to patrol alone. The vast majaity of respondents who reported using reserve police personnel indicated that operating a radio (N=28), directing n'affic (N=33), and escorting prisoners (N =21), were activities their reserve personnel perfam regularly. Other activities performed by reserve police persarnel included: being utilized as clerks at the police agency (N=13); answering phone calls for service and dispatching patrol cars (N=17); and perfaming activities in police agency identification bureaus or sections (N=8). The findings of the survey indicated that the agencies who received more volunwercd time fran reserve personnel were those agencies which deployed reserves on routine patrol with a regular, full-time police officer. The survey also found that if naining and standards for reserve police are similar to those for full-time officers, reserve personnel were apt to volunteer mac of their time to the police agency. 13 In a second study, Peter Unsinger (1971) used two types of surveys in a effort to gain knowledge about reserve police personnel. First, field interviews were conducted at 18 difierent police agencies in four states. After the interviews were completed, a 13 page mail-in questionnaire was constructed and sent to 498 police agencies in 17 different states. One hundred thirty-one (26%) of the questionnaires were returned. Unsinger obtained the names of police agencies who used reserve/auxiliary police from state law enforcement planning commissions or civil defense organizations in each of the 17 states. If there were reserve/auxiliary police personnel utilized in a police agency, and such personnel numbered more than ten, a questionnaire was mailed to the police agency. All police agencies having less then ten reserve/auxiliary personnel were not included in the sru'vey. Unsinger profiled three different volunteer police classifications which he analyzed: A. Reserve Peace Officer - an individual who cooperates with and assists the legally constituted law enforcement agency... without canpensation. This individual has full police powers, and can be considered an adequate replacement to a regularly employed and salaried peace officer. B. Auxiliary Peace Officer - similar to a reserve peace officer except that instead of full police powers to execute the office, the individual renders assistance to a regularly employed and salaried peace officer. The exercise of certain limited powers duties without supervision may be allowed. C. Civil Defense Peace Officer - individuals who are sanctioned to assist local authorities in the maintenance of law and order arly in declared emergencies (p. 1). After analyzing the field interviews and questiamaire results, Unsinger found that the majority of the respondents indicated that reserve/auxiliary peace officers are thought of primarily as "patrol support", "foot panel", and "second man in the panel car" (p. 31). Presented in Table 2.2 are the duties and responsibilities which reserve and auxiliary police carry out as reported by the mail-in questiarnaire respondents only. 14 Table 2.2 Duties and Responsibilities Carried Out by Reserve and Auxiliary Police Duties and Allowed at Present Not Allowed Responsibilities (N) (N) Guard Prisoners 118 5 Search Prisoners 113 10 Detain Prisoners 110 13 Guard Businesses 103 19 Search Businesses 105 16 Collect Evidence 97 25 Write Reports 96 27 Investigate Vehicle 65 51 Accidents Conduct Raids 73 49 Arrest Violators 96 28 Conduct Routine Patrol 104 20 We data in TablemVolunteerism in Law Enfacement: The Development of Quantity and Quality of Personnel in Reserve and Auxiliary Programs" by Peter Unsinger, 1971, p. 29. Unsinger also reported on a variety of "specialty work areas" which reserve/auxiliary police personnel perfam activities in. One hundred six (81%) of the respondents who utilized reserve/auxiliary personnel reported that such personnel were used to perform n'affic assignments. Eighty-six (66%) utilized reserve/auxiliary police personnel at one time or another as radio dispatchers, and 66 (50%) who deploy reserve/auxiliary personnel reported that the transportation of prisoners is perfamed by their personnel. Public relations activities were also perfamed by 50% of these agencies who utilimd reserve/auxiliary police. The survey also included types of tasks which historically are not associated with auxiliary police personnel. Assignments in detective bureaus were perforrnedby 42% of the agencies utilizing reserve/auxiliary personnel, 44% reported performing detentiar tasks, 47% carried out n'aining assignments, and 39% were utilimd in juvenile bmeau tasks and vice investigations. Less than 30% of the respondents who deploy reserve/auxiliary police allowed their personnel to perform the following activities: process criminal records, assist 15 in identification bureaus, perform property and maintenance functions, assist with personnel functions, assignments in crime or photography laboratories, being involved in planning and research activities, and taking part in agency intelligence gathering assignments and inspections of agency personnel/facilities. Unsinger concluded that retention of volunteers (reserves and auxiliaries) will be higher when a greater variety of usage occurs. '"Ihere are vast personnel resources within the canmunity that law enforcement can draw upon for the many tasks perfamed by local police agencies at little or no cost to government" (p. 154). Another study directed at auxiliary police personnel was conducted in Arizona by T.G. Coddington (1974). All seventy-eight public law enforcement agencies in Arizona were surveyed by mail-in questionnaires and asked to report on the use of reserve police officers. Seventy-two agencies (92%) responded and 34 (47%) police agencies reported utilizing reserve police personnel. Coddington (1974) defined a reserve police officer "as a nar-regular sworn member of a police agency who has regular police powers while functioning as the agency's representative" (p. 1). Reserve personnel may or may not be canpensated for activities performed, and they participate in perfaming activities at the police agency on a regular basis. Onlyreservepersarnelwhowerecertifiedwiththe stateofArizonawereincludedin the survey. (In Arizona reserve police personnel must receive the same minimum training as full-time police). The survey found that 8 police agencies (23%) placed restrictions on reserve police officers. Allotherpolice agencies whoreported utilizingreservepolice (77%) indicatcdthat their reserves could perform all the duties per-famed by regular, full-time police officers. One agency repatcd that it paid it's reserve personnel for all on-duty work performed by the reserves. Sixteen (47%) of the police agencies reported paying reserve personnel for activitiesperforrnedat specialevents. Onlyone agencyrepatedthatreservepersonnelwear a different uniform than the regular, full-time police personnel. Twelve (35%) agencies 16 reported using insignia on the uniform worn by reserve personnel which is different from the uniform worn by full-time police. The remaining 21 police agencies who deploy reserve police (64%) indicated that there is no difference in the uniforms worn by reserve and full- time police persarnel. Coddington concluded that generally reserve police personnel in Arizona were generally utilized in the same manner as regular, full-time police officers. In 1976 Keith Bushey reported how reserve police personnel are utilized in police agencies. Information regarding reserve personnel was obtained through interviews at police agencies in California which had reserve police programs. "A considerable portion of this report... is based on the subjective beliefs held by the author" (Bushey, 1976, p. 74). Bushey defined a reserve officer as "a limited and temporary sworn member of a law enforcement agency, having regular police powers while functioning as a representative of the agency, compensated or non-compensated, on a regularly scheduled basis" (p. 4). Bushey identified two types of reserve police officers: the reserve generalist and the reserve specialist. The reserve generalist is selected fa' the purpose of performing general policing activities and must meet the same or similar requirements established for regular, full-time police personnel. Once properly trained, the generalist could perform any police- related task. Bushey stressed that unless otherwise indicated, reserve officers given such duties should be accanpanied by a regular officer (p. 27). The reserve specialist performs a specific activity as opposed to the wide array of activities encanpassed by the reserve generalist. Entrance requirements for the specialist are not as strict, as the level of expertise need only be directed at are specific function or activity. Speciality activities include: canmunity relations officer, search and rescue, canine specialist, marine patrol, photography, clergy, aero-squadron, and computer specialist. There was no quantitative data in the report. There was also no indication given about the sizes or types of police agencies Bushey collected his infamation fran. The bulk of the repat consisted of an exhaustive review of the potential uses of volunteer reserve police personnel 17 OTHER INFORMATION SOURCES WHICH SHED LIGHT ON AUXILIARY POLICE Police trade magazines such as W W, and the EBJJAE WM (see appendix G) provide sane insight regarding how, why and where auxiliary police personnel are utilized. As previously ciwd, an array of auxiliary police personnel are performing varied tasks in California, Arizona, Texas (Buckley, 1966), Florida, New York, Michigan and Kansas, (Lucas, 1963) to name several states. The Michigan Law Enforcement Officers Training Council (M.L.E.O.T.C., 1987) surveyed all 646 police agencies in Michigan regarding use of part-time police personnel. The term "part-time police officer" was defined as a persar meeting minimum n'aining standards for police officers set by the Training Council. No infamation was obtained about any other type of auxiliary police personnel. Four hundred ninety-six (77 %) of the police agencies renrrned the mail-in questionnaire. The results revealed that about 260 (52%) of the respondents utilized part-time police persarnel. The army also indicated that the respondents deployed 1,109 part-time police persarnel throughout the state of Michigan. According to police agency size, 36% of part- time officers were used in small (0-10 full-time) agencies, 11% were deployed in medium sized agencies (1 140 full-time), and 2% of the part-time personnel in Michigan were found in large (41+ full-time) police agencies. The Council also broke down use of part-time police personnel into five regions of Michigan. Thirteen percent of the part-time personnel were deployed in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, 7% were utilized in Northern Lower Michigan, 14% were used in Western Lower Michigan, 11% worked in Conn-a1 Lower Michigan, and 4% were found in Southeastern Lower Michigan police agencies. 18 PROBLEMS WITH PREVIOUS RESEARCH The faemost problem with the cited studies is that they are dated. With the exception of the M.L.E.O.T.C. survey of part-time police, nearly fifteen years has passed since other types of auxiliary police personnel have been snrdied. What might have been um 15 years age may not be one today. Many variables concerning policing may have changed since these snrdies were canpleted. Thus, the studies do not accurately reflect the current status and deployment of all types of auxiliary police personnel. Another problem with the previous efforts is fragmentation of the research. Each study focused on only are or two types of auxiliary police personnel. A review of the literature has shown that there are numerous types of auxiliary police personnel in different areas of the counny. There are no studies which encompassed all fams of auxiliary police personnel. Previous research also failed to provide reasons police adrninisn'ators have for not deploying auxiliary police personnel. Perhaps there may have been certain events which occurred during the time of the studies which necessitated the use of auxiliary personnel in some agencies, while negating their use in others. It is not known whether police adminisn'ators did not want to utilize auxiliary personnel, or if their use was restricted by sources outside the control of police adminisn'ators. Most of the previous research also failed to specifically define auxiliary police personnel. There were no definitions of what a Reserve was, as opposed to what an Auxiliary was. Clearer, more unifam definitions of auxiliary police personnel would allow for better understanding of such personnel. That is, a Reserve officer in Marquette, Michigan, and a Reserve officer in Detroit, Michigan, should have the same minimum mining and perfam the same activities to hold the title "Reserve Police Officer". Reserves should carry out the same activities which are unique only to reserve police personnel. Sirrrilarly, part-time police, or any other type of auxiliary police personnel should have a 19 certain level oftraining and carry out activities unique only to the particular type or classification of auxiliary personnel. Then, when discussing reserve police personnel it would be understood that reserve police in Detroit and Marquette have the same level of naining and perfam the same activities. A point should also be made about the legal issues related to auxiliary police personnel. Each of the previous snldies was conducted in different states within the Uniwd States. Since each state has it's own unique regulatay laws, it may be legal to utilize one or more forms of auxiliary police personnel in one state but not in another. Also, new laws may have been enacted in the states where the previous research was conducted, thus possibly changing the makeup of auxiliary police personnel. For example, Flaida law allows for full-time, part-time, and auxiliary officer deployment, while Montana law allows for full- time, reserve, and auxiliary police only. Fa' the above listed reasons, previous research efforts focusing on auxiliary police do not give the interested reader a clear and acctnate representation of deployment and use of auxiliary police personnel in Michigan. It is the intent of this research effat to classify auxiliary police in Michigan and then to obtain infamation about the deployment of and activities performed by auxiliary police. This research will also attempt to discover the rationale police adrninisn'ators give for not “.1. . g '1' police. SUMMARY Histaicel writings indicate that our first peace keepers were private citizens who performed order maintenance as an obligation to the community. After the first full-time police departments were formed, auxiliary and reserve police units were formed. These units assisted the agency during times when full-time officers were called to the war effort. Threat of attack from other countries and emergence of the autanobile also necessitated the 20 use of auxiliary police personnel. As mac police departments throughout the country were formed, those auxiliary police personnel were used in a variety of tasks including: panel, investigation, search and rescue, and crime prevention. Very few research efforts were located which addressed auxiliary police. Most were dated with the most recent being 1987 and none of the efforts were inclusive of all forms of auxiliary police personnel. Trade magazines in policing assisted in illuminating where auxiliary police personnel are deployed and what activities they perform. CHAPTER III DESIGN OF THE STUDY Chapter III contains the methodology, make-up of the survey area, and questionnaire consn'uction. The chapter concludes with a description of the variables employed in the study, modification of certain variables before analysis began, and a listing of the research questions to be addressed. METHODOLOGY In order to evaluate the extent to which auxiliary police persarnel are utilized in Michigan, the author decided to survey chief law enforcement administrators of public police agencies by use of a mail-in questionnaire. All village police agencies, city police agencies, township police agencies, county sheriffs deparnnents, campus police agencies, park police agencies, harbor police agencies, public school police agencies, and airport police agencies were included in the sample. Four sources were used to identify the name and address of all police agencies within Michigan, along with a listing of the chief administrator of each agency. They were: 1. Michigan Law Enforcement Officers Training Council, 1987. If no chief of police was listed, the questionnaire was addressed to "Chief of Police." Otherwise the questionnaire was addressed to the name ofthe chief adminisnator by name as noted in one of the four sources listed above. 21 22 SURVEY AREA Michigan consists of 83 counties within it's borders. For pln'poscs of analyzing the data the five rcgiars established by the Michigan Law Enfacement Officer's Training Council in it's survey of part-time police personnel were used. These regions included the following counties: Region I. Upper Peninsula: Gogebic, Ontonagon, Houghton, Keweenaw, Baraga, Iron, Marquette, Dickinson, Menominee, Alger, Delta, Schoolcraft, Luce, Mackinac, Chippewa. Region 11. Northern Lower Michigan: Emmet, Cheboygan, Presque Isle, Charlevoix, Otsego, Montmorency, Alpena, Annim, Ieelanau, Benzie, Grand Traverse, Kalkaska, Crawford, Oscoda, Alcona, Manistee, Wexford, Missaukee, Roscommon, Ogemaw, Iosco. Region III.Southwestern Lower Michigan: Mason, Lake, Osceola, Oceana, Newaygo, Mecosta, Muskegon, Kent, Montcalm, Ionia, Ottawa, Allegan, Barry, VanBuren, Cass, Berrien. Region IV. South Central Lower Michigan: Clare, Gladwin, Arenas, Isabella, Midland, Bay, Gratiot, Saginaw, Clinton, Shiawassee, Eaton, Ingharn, Livingston, Kalamazoo, Calhoun, Jackson, Washtenaw, StJoseph, Branch, Hillsdale. Region V. Southeastern Lower Michigan: Huron, Tuscola, Sanilac, SLClair, lepeer, Macomb, Oakland, Wayne,Monroe, Lenawee, Genesee. Figure 3.1 represents a pictaial description of the five regions which canprise the state of Michigan. Region I encanpasses all counties in Michigan's Upper Peninsula. Region II is canprised of all counties in North Lower Michigan. Region III includes 16 counties in Southwestern Lower Michigan. Region IV includes 20 counties in Southcenn'al Lower Michigan. F‘mally, 11 counties make up Southeastern Lower Michigan. Region I: Upper Pen. Region II: N.Lower Pen. Region III: S.Western Lower Pen. Region IV: S.Central Lower Pen. Region V: S.Eastern Lower Pen. 23 FIGURE 3.1 Regions Which Make Up the State of Michigan 24 CONSTRUCTION OF THE QUESTIONNAIRE A questionnaire was developed based on interviews with police officials, police officers, and a review of known survey research in the area of auxiliary police personnel. After numerous drafts of the survey instrument were complewd, a pretest of the questionnaire was conducted on full-time and auxiliary police personnel in order to highlight any ambiguous words or phrases. The pretest was also intended to identify any other problems regarding the variables used in the questionnaire. The pretest sample was comprised of 13 people (including one former chief of police, and two sergeants) whose police experience ranged from six months to 28 years and education from twelve to sixteen years. Based on comments, suggestions, and constructive criticism of the pretest sample changes in the questionnaire were implemented. Once the changes were completed and it was clear that the sample group could offer no other critical canments, the questionnaire was drafted into its final form (See Appendix A). To insure that there was uniform understanding among survey respondents the term "police personne " needed to be mac narrowly defined. As a result of the questialnairc pretest, three primary traits separated police personnel; level of police naining, type of uniform wan, and amount of time spent at the agency. The three traits divided all police personnel into four types. They are: 1. Police Support Personnel - These types of personnel are not M.L.E.O.T.C. certified and wear uniforms or insignia unlike a standard police uniform. These personnel are not considered full-time employees, although more than one-half of their time is spent performing police activrties. Examples of names given to police support personnel may include, but are not limited to: Community Service workers, clerical workers and jail workers. 2. Reserve Police Personnel - Reserve personnel are not M.L.E.O.T.C. certified; however they do wear a standard police uniform. Reserve police are not considered full-time employees. Examples of names given to these types of police personnel may include, but are not limited to: Auxiliaries, Reserves, Cadets, Specials, and Sheriffs Posse. 3. Part-Time Police Personnel - These personnel are M.L.E.O.T.C. certified, they wear a standard police uniform, are not considered full-time employees, and carry 25 out their function less than 32 hours per week. This designation of police personnel also includes those personnel who are deployed on a seasonal basis such as summer or winter tourist areas with a temporary influx of people. 4. Full-Time Police Personnel - These personnel are considered full-time, year-round employees (32 hours per work week) who wear a standard police unifonn and are M.L.E.O.T.C. certified. When defining auxiliary police personnel, the amount of compensation given to part-time police, reserve police, or police suppat personnel was not a factor considered. Survey Mailings Two mailings of the questionnaire were utilized fa' this study. The first mailing was canprised of a letter of inn'oduction and explanation from the author (see Appendix B), a questionnaire, and a self-addressed postage-paid return envelope. In the letter of introduction and explanation respondents were told that only aggregate infamation about the survey results would be reported, and that all individual respondents would be anonymous. However, all questionnaires had printed on them individual identification numbers which corresponded with the name of the police agency to which it was sent. The purpose of the ID. number, as stated in the introduction letter, was to monitor the returned questionnaires and identify those non-respondents for a second mailing of the questionnaire. The questialnaire included a return address with a post office box number at Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan, (see appendix C); this was clearly printed on all questionnaires and envelopes. Also, to encourage the mm of the questionnaires, respondents were requested to write their Originating Agency Identifier (O.R.I.) number at the bottan of their questionnaire if they desired to know overall survey results. O.R.I. numbers are assigned to all public law enfacernent agencies in Michigan by the Michigan Department of State Police, Law Enforcement Information Network Policy Council, and are unique to each police agency. 26 In May of 1988 the first mailing of the questionnaires were sent via first class mail to all police agencies in Michigan. Three weeks after the first mailing a second mailing of the questiarnaire was sent to these agencies who had not returned the first questionnaires. The second mailing consisted of a letter soliciting prompt return of the questionnaire (see Appendix D), another questionnaire, and another self-addressed, postage-paid return envelope. After another three weeks elapsed questionnaires returned from the first and second mailings were canbined. At that point the survey was completed and the data analysis began. Response Rates The first mailing of the questionnaire resulted in the team of 361 usable questionnaires out of 641 potential respondents; a response rate of 56%. In addition, two questionnaires were returned not filled out, one questionnaire was returned but was not usable while two were retrnned marked "unable to deliver" by the post office. And finally, two questionnaires were renrrned not filled out but each had a note attached to it saying that the police agency no longer existed. In the secald mailing 271 questionnaires were sent to those police adminisn'ators who did not respond to the first mailing; in the secald wave of mailings 128 (47%) usable questionnaires were returned. Three mac questionnaires were rennned but were not usable. Therefac, 500 out of a possible 641 questionnaires were returned, which represents an overall response rate of 78%. Of those 500 questionnaires returned, 489 were usable; a response rate of 76%. 27 QUESTIONNAIRE VARIABLES Independent Variables "Type of police agency" was included as an independent variable in the analysis. Police agencies in Michigan were broken down into 5 types of agencies. They were: municipal police agencies, township police agencies, county police agencies, campus police agencies, and non—naditional police agencies. Municipal agencies included all police agencies in city, municipal, and village governments which had direct control over their respective police deparnnents. Similarly, township and county agencies included all police agencies which the township or county government had direct control. Campus police agencies included all college campus police agencies who were responsible for public law enfacement on their respective campus. Police agencies who's sole responsibility is public law enforcement in parks, airports, schools, and harbas or beaches were categorized as non-naditional police agencies. The5categorieswhichcomprised '"I‘ypeofpoliceagency"wercusedtoseeifthetype of police agency was related to the use or non-use of part-time police, reserve police, and police support personnel. "Police agency size" was also used as an independent variable in the study. The size of police agencies was determined from responses to the question "What is the number of full- time police officers used at your agency?" The raw numbers of the responses were totaled, and it was found that the median number of full-time police officers in the responding agencies was seven while the mean number was 32. After viewing the data it was felt that the number which mac accurately reflected the average size1 'of the respondent police agencies was seven full-time officers. The variable "Police agency size" was dichotomized into small police agencies (0 to 7 full-time police) and larger police agencies (8 or more full-time police) for several reasons. 28 Dichotornization was necessary to see if police agency size effects the deployment of or activities performed by auxiliary police personnel. Other impatant factor considered was the effect police agency size would have on the reasons police administrators offer for not deploying part-time police, reserve police, and police suppat personnel. And finally, the two levels of the variable "Police agency size" were essential in discovering if the numbers of full-time police officers deployed in the five years previous to 1988 was relawd to the deployment of auxiliary police personnel. The variable "Area of state" was also utilized as an independent variable in the analysis. As outlined earlier in Chapter III, the state of Michigan was divided into five regions. The entire Upper Peninsula was named Region 1. Region II encompassed the nathern half of the Lower Peninsula while Region III included areas of Western Lower Michigan beneath Region II. Regiar IV included areas in South-cenn'al Lower Michigan beneath Region II and to the right of Region 111. And finally, Region V calsisted of all areas in southeastern lower Michigan beneath Region II and to the right of Region IV. All the regions canprised the variable "Area of state." The rationale used when forming the various regiars of "Area of state" was to see if different areas of the state were impacted differently regarding the deployment of part-time police, reserve police, and police support personnel. Another independent variable used in the analysis was "Collective bargaining unit". Respondents were asked on the questionnaire, "Are the full-time police officers at your agency organimd by a police union?" The answcrwas categorized by the response of: "yes", or "no". Hence, the two responses (yes and no) comprised the variable "Collective bargaining unit". The dichotomization of "Collective bargaining unit" was necessary in order to discover if unions were associated with deployment of part-time police, reserve police, and police support personnel. 29 Dependent Variables "Auxiliary police personnel" was one of the primary dependent variables used in the analysis, and consisted of three different categories. They were: part-time police personnel, reserve police personnel, and police suppat personnel. On the questionnaire respondents were asked, "What is the number of part-time police, reserve police, and police support personnel used at your agency?" The responses to the question fa' each of the three categories was dichotanized into "use" (a response of 1 or more) and "non-use" (a response of 0). Since the basis of this study is to locate where part-time police, reserve police, and police suppat personnel are used and the number deployed,the use of such personnel needed to be addressed. Another dependent variable used in the analysis was "Non deployment issues". If respondents did not use are or mac categories of auxiliary personnel, they were asked, "If your agency does not use part-time police, reserve police, or police support personnel choose the three most mportant reasons why they are not used." The answer choices were: "Not a need for them," "Police union won't allow their use", "Not enough money in police budget", "Liability reasons", "Not adequately trained personnel", "A deterrent to professionalism", "Lack of interested persons", and "Incompatible with regular officers.” There was also a space for respondents to list other reasons for not using the particular personnel. Respondents were asked to rank-order their responses from one to three with one being the most important reason for not using the personnel. The purpose of rank-ordering is to expose those reasons which most directly affect the decision not to deploy part-time police, reserve police, and police suppat personnel. Once the reasons are exposed they can be evaluated for their legitimacy. The analysis will also attempt to see if non-use of part-time police, reserve police, and police suppat personnel is rclatedtoaparticularreasona'groupofrcasons. 30 The dependent variable of "Activities performed" was also used in the research to identify the activities performed by reserve police and/or police support personnel. If reserve police and/or police support personnel were reported as being deployed, the respondent was asked to check the space provided next to the activity if it was performed by their reserve and/or police support personnel. The following thirteen activities were liswd on the questionnaire: Patrol alone in a patrol car. Ride along in a patrol car with a regular officer. Walk a foot beat alone or with another officer. Complete traffic accident reports. . Answer phone calls while at the police agency. Enforce selected criminal ordinances. Enforce selecwd non-criminal ordinances. Transport criminal offenders. Paid to perform all or selected activities. Never paid for performing activities. Assist with booking and /or jailing of ofl‘enders. Provide security at selected public/private events. 111. Required to work a minimum number of hours per month at the agency. r‘rrt'r'rm rap 0.9 0‘99 There was also a space provimd for the respondents to list any other activities performed by their reserve and/or police support personnel (See Appendix F). The responsestothisvafiablewereintendedmshedfightonanydifi’erencesorsimilaridesin activities performed by resave police and police support personnel. Other dependent variables include: "Years auxiliary used" and "Attrition/hiring of full- time police in the past five years". The variable "Years auxiliary used" was initially collected as interval level data but, for analysis purposes was dichotomized into "a recent innovation", (0 to five years) and "long standing practice" (over 5 years). Respondents were asked, "what is the number of years part-time police, reserve police, and police support personnel have been used at your agency?" It was necessary to compare the number of years part-time police, reserve police, and police support personnel have been usedwithpoliceagency sizeandareaofstatetoseeifagencysizeand/m'areaofstateare related to the length oftime auxiliary police personnel have been used. 3 1 "Attrition/hiring of full-time police in the past five years" was comprised of the following categories. They were: more full-time police officers than five years ago, fewer full-time police officers than five years ago, and exactly the same number of full-time police officers as five years ago. The categories were necessary so they could be compared with the use of part-time police, reserve police, and police support personnel to see if the number of full-time police personnel changed from 1982 to 1987. Any change in the number of full-time police personnel may be linked to the use or non-use of one or more categories of auxiliary police personnel. VARIABLES MODIFIED Once the data was received it was apparent that several variables would have to be modified, and a new variable added. The survey reported low numbers in some variables, making analysis less meaningful if left unchanged. At the same time these variables had many categories or levels, which would make analysis too complicated and less meaningful. For these reasons the variables "Area of state", "Type of police agency", and "Attrition/hiring of full-time police in the past five years", were modified before analysis began. A new variable "Categories of auxiliary police use" was also added. The frequencies for the variables "Area of state" and "Type of police agency" are presented in Table 3.1. 32 Table 3.1 Area of the State of Michigan by Type of Police Agency the Respondents Reported Being From Type of Agency Non Mun. Twsp. Co. Campus Trad. Area of State Region 1 31 3 9 1 1 Upper Peninsula Region II 27 2 14 10 Northern Lower Peninsula Region III 89 12 15 2 1 Southwestern Lower Peninsula Region IV 72 30 16 7 3 Southcentral Lower Peninsula Region V 112 24 10 4 3 Southeastern Lower Peninsula TOTAL 331 7 l 64 15 8 RESPONDENTS (68%) (15%) (13%) (.0396) (.0296) As indicated in Table 3.1, several categories which represent the type of police agency cannot be included alone in the analysis due to their small numbers. For the ptn'poses of this study, "Township", "County", "College Campus", and "Non-Traditional" police agencies were all grouped together to provide the greatest frequency throughout the entire 33 analysis. Hence, the variable "Type of police agency" was collapsed into two categories. They were: municipal police agencies, and other police agencies. Similarly, the categories of the variable "Area of state" were collapsed to provide for the greatest frequency throughout the analysis. Regions I and II were combined to form a category called "Northern Michigan" while Regions III, IV, and V were joined to form a category called "Southern Michigan". The collapsing of the variable in this manner was done to increase the frequencies in Northern Lower Michigan and in the Upper Peninsula. This form of the variable "Area of State" allows for more meaningful analysis between populawd Southern, Lower Michigan and sparsely populated Northern Lower Michigan combined with the Upper Peninsula. As outlined earlier in Chapter III, "Attrition/hiring of full-time police in the past five years" was originally comprised of three categories: more full-time police officers than five years ago, fewer full-time police officers than five years ago, and exactly the same number of full-time police as five years ago. The original intent of this variable was to see if the deployment of auxiliary police personnel irnpacwd upon the expansion of full-time police personnel deployed at present as opposed to five years ago. It is more meaningful to dichotomim the variable into two categories: "The same or fewer full-time police officers as five years ago" and "More full-time police officers as five years ago". The same number of full-time police officers as five years ago and fewer full-time police officers as five years ago equate the same thing - no expansion of the deployment of full-time police personnel. Since the objective of "Attrition/hiring of full-time police in the past five years" was to compare those agencies who expanded use of full-time police and those who didn't with deployment of auxiliary police, it makes more sense to combine the three categories into two. Lastly, after the data was received it was apparent that many police agencies deployed more than one type of auxiliary police. In order to deal with this unforeseen widespread multiple use of auxiliary police personnel, it was necessary to create a variable "Categories 34 of auxiliary police use". The frequencies for "Category of auxiliary police used" are . presented in Table 3.2. TABLE 3.2 Use of Auxiliary Police by Michigan Police Agencies Number of Police Agencies Category of Auxiliary Used N (95) 1. Use Part-time Police Only 80 ( 17.3 ) 2. Use no Auxiliary Police 69 ( 14.9 ) 3. Use Part-time and Reserve 65 ( 14.0 ) 4. Use Reserve and Police Support 62 ( 13.4 ) 5. Use Police Support Only 57 ( 12.3 ) 6. Use Part-time, Reserve and Police Support 54 ( 11.7 ) 7. Use Reserve Only 44 ( 9.5 ) 8. Use Part-time and Police Support Personnel 32 ( 6.9 ) As indicated in Table 3.2, there are eight different use categories listed. Categories 1, 5, and 7 are those police agencies that deploy only one type of auxiliary police personnel. Category 2 signifies those agencies who do not deploy any type of auxiliary police, while category 6 lists the number of police agencies who use all of the auxiliary police personnel liswd in the survey. And finally, category 3, 4, and 8 consist of those police agencies who utilize a combination of any two types of auxiliary police. In order to make the variable "Category of auxiliary police used" less complicated and more meaningful the 8 categories were collapsed into 4 categories. All agencies who used only one type of auxiliary police personnel formed the category "Single users". Agencies who used combinations of two types of auxiliary police were collapsed into "Multiple users". Agencies deploying all types of auxiliary police remained the same, as did agencies 35 who deploy no auxiliary police. The method used to collapse the categories was chosen in order to analyze any differences between the use categories and the number of full-time police officers used. RESEARCH QUESTIONS The study is based on the following research questions: 1. Is area of state (Southern Michigan, Northern Michigan) related to the use of auxilrary' police (used, not used)? 2. Is the type of police agency (Municipal, other agencies) relawd to the use of auxiliary police (used, not used)? 3 . Is there an association between the presence of a collection bargaining unit (have union, no union) in a police agency and the use of auxiliary police personnel (use, don't use)? 4. Is the size of a police agency (smallJarger) associawd with deployment of auxiliary police (use, do not use)? 5 . Is there a relationship between use of auxiliary police (use, don't use) and the number of full-time police officers (same or fewer full-time police than 5 years ago, more full-time police than 5 years ago) currently deployed as opposed to five years ago. 6. Is police agency size (small or larger) related to the number of years (0-5, 6 or more) the type of auxiliary police (part-time, reserve, police support) have been used? 7. Do the categories of auxiliary police use (use only one type, combination of any two, use all types) vary with regard to the number of full-time police deployed at the police agency? 8 . Are the reasons for not using part-time police personnel different for those agencies that use no auxiliary police versus those agencies that do use auxiliary police but not part-time police? 9. Are the reasons for not using reserve police different for those agencies that use no auxiliarypolice versus those agencies thatdo use auxiliaries butnotreservepolice? 10. Are the reasons for not using police support personnel different for those agencies thatusenoauxiliarypoliceversus thoseagenciesthatdouseauxiliarypolicebutdo not use police support personnel? 36 FOOTNOTES--CHAPTER III 1Of the reporting police agencies, 50% employed seven or fewer full-time police officers. Because of the large gaps in numbers of full—time police officers in those agencies using more then seven, coupled with Detroit's disproportionately high number of full-time officers (4,944), the author chose the median number of full-time police officers (7) to describe the average police agency size. CHAPTER IV RESULTS In this chapter, the results are presented as they apply to the auxiliary police personnel outlined in Chapter III. The information is presented in forn' sections--research questions which apply to all survey respondents, research questions directed at only users of auxiliary police, research questions involving non-users of auxiliary police, and a general description of auxiliary police personnel in Michigan. RESEARCH QUESTIONS WHICH APPLY TO ALL SURVEY RESPONDENTS In this section of Chapter IV research questions one through five as outlined in Chapter III will be addressed, and by use of bivariate statistical methods (Chi Squarel for statistical significance, and Phi2 for a measure of association) answers to the research questions are presented. Because only two variables are compared in each question, Phi was chosen as a measrne of association. For purposes of this research, a relationship is considered significant if it achieves a probability level of .05 or less. As a review, auxiliaries are police personnel who are deployed on a non full-time basis to carry out activities at the direction ofthe police agency. Three types ofauxiliaries have been identified for use in this study. They are: part-time police, reserve police, and police support personnel. Part-time police wear a standard police uniform, and have minimum police training as required by M.L.E.O.T.C. Reserve police also wear a standard police uniform but do not have minimum police training as required by M.L.E.O.T.C. Finally, police support personnel have no minimum police training as required by M.L.E.O.T.C. and wear uniforms or insignia uner a standard police uniform. 37 38 Research Question #1: Is area of state (Southern Michigan, Northern Michigan) related to the use of auxiliary police (used, not used)? The bivariate relationship between area of state and use of auxiliary police is presented inTable 4.1. TABLE 4.13 Use of Auxiliary Police by Area of State Area of State Auxiliary Police Use Northern Southern Michigan Michigan (N) (95} (N) (96) Auxiliaries Not Used 23 (33) 46 (67) Auxiliaries Used 62 (16) 332 (84) x2(1)=12; p=.00; Phi=.l6 Table 4.1 indicates that there is a statistically significant relationship between use of auxiliary police and area of state (p=.oo) but the relationship is weak (Phi=.16).4 It appears that more police agencies in densely populated Southern Michigan are using auxiliaries while fewer police agencies in sparsely populated Northern Michigan utilize auxiliaries. 39 Research Question #2 Is the type of police agency (municipal, other agencies) related to the use of auxiliary police (used, not used)? The bivariate relationship between use of auxiliary pOIice and type of police agency is presented in Table 4.2. TABLE 4.2 Use of Auxiliary Police by Type of Police Agency Auxiliary Police Use Type of Police Agency Municipal Other Agencies N (96) N (96) Auxiliaries Not Used 50 (72) 19 (28) Auxiliaries Used 265 (67) 129 (33) x2(1)=.73; p.=.39 As observed from viewing Table 4.2, there is no statistically significant relationship between use of auxiliaries and type of police agency (p.=39). Research Question #3 Is there an association between the presence of a collective bargaining unit (have union, no union) in a police agency and the use of auxiliary police personnel (use, don't use)? The bivariate relationship between presence of collective bargaining union and use of auxiliary police is presented in Table 4.3. 40 TABLE 4.3 Use of Auxiliary Police by Presence of a Collective Bargaining Unit Presence of a Collective Bargaining Unit Auxiliary Police Use Have Union No Union N (96) N (96) Auxiliaries Not Used 53 (78) 15 (22) Auxiliaries Used 268 (70) 114 (30) x2(l)=l.7; p.=.l9 The results in Table 4.3 indicate that there is no statistically significant association between the presence of a collective bargaining unit and the deployment of auxiliary police personnel (p.=.l9). Research Question #4 Is the size of a police agency (small, larger) associated with deployment of auxiliary police (use, do not use)? The results of the bivariate relationship between police agency size and use of auxiliary police is presented in Table 4.4. 41 TABLE 4.4 Use of Auxiliary Police by Police Agency Size Police Agency Size Auxiliary Police Use Small Larger N (96) N (95) Auxiliaries Not Used 23 (33) 46 (67) Auxiliaries Used 209 (53) 185 (47) x2(l)=9.1; p=.00; Phi=.14 Table 4.4 shows that there is a statistical association between use of auxiliaries and the size of a police agency (p.=.00), however, the relationship is weak (Phi=.14). The analysis indicates that larger police agencies (8 or more full-time police officers) tend not to deploy auxiliary police while smaller agencies (7 or fewer full-time police officers) are more apt to utilize auxiliary police personnel. Research Question #5 Is there a relationship between use of auxiliary police (use, don't use) and the number of full-time police officers (same or few full-time police than 5 years ago, more full-time police than 5 years ago)currently deployed as opposed to 5 years ago? The bivariate relationship between use of auxiliary police and attrition/hiring of full-time police in the past five years is presented in Table 4.5. 42 TABLE 4.5 Use of Auxiliary Police by Attrition/Hiring of Full-time Police in Past Five Years Attrition/Hiring of Full-time Police in Past Five Years More Same/ Fewer Auxiliary Police Use Full-time Full-time N (96) N (96) Auxiliary Not Used 20 (29) 48 (71) Auxiliary Used 102 (27) 276 (73) x2(1)=.l7; p=.67 Table 4.5 indicates that there is no statistically significant relationship between use of auxiliary police and attrition/hiring of full-time police personnel in the past five years (p.=.67). QUESTIONS WHICH APPLY TO ONLY AUXILIARY POLICE USERS Research Question #6 will employ the use ofChi Square as a basis for a test of significance while Phi is used as a measme of association. Oneway analysis of Variance (Anova) was used in Research Question #7 to determine if the number of full-time police officers employed in agencies using auxiliaries are difi'erent with respect to the categories of auxiliary police use. Research Question #6 Is police agency size (smallJarger) related to the number of years (0-5, 6 or more) the type of auxiliary police (part-time, reserve, police support) have been used? 43 Bivariate analysis was done on years each type of auxiliary police personnel were used by police agency size. The results of the analysis on each type of auxiliary with agency size are collectively presented in Table 4.6. TABLE 4.6 Years Each Type of Auxiliary Police Have Been Used by Police Agency Size Police Agency Size Type of Auxiliary Small Larger N (‘16) N (96) Part-time x2(1)=8.6;p.=.00 Phi=.20 0-5 years 30 (62) 13 (33) 6+ years 132 (82) 28 (18) Reserve x2(1)=l3.6;p.=.00 Phi=.25 0—5 years 29 (94) 10 (05) 6+ years 74 (42) 102 (58) Support x2(1)=5.4;p.=.01 Phi=.l8 0-5 years 14 (54) 12 (46) 6+ years 43 (30) 99 (70) As shown in Table 4.6, there is a statistically significant relationship between the type of auxiliary used and police agency size. However, the relationship is slight (p=.00, Phi=.20) for part-time police, slight (p=.00, Phi=.25) for reserve police, and weak (p=.02, Phi=. 18) for police support personnel. The research indicates that part-time police personnel tend to be deployed for six ormore years previous to 1988 in small police agencies (7 or fewer full-time officers) while larger police agencies (8 or more full-time ofiicers) have only recently deployed part-time officers in the five years immediately proceeding 1988. 44 Contrary to part-time police deployment, the analysis shows that reserve police personnel tend to be deployed by small police agencies only recently in the past five years previous to 1988. On the other hand, larger police agencies tend to deploy reserve police for six years or longer previous to 1988. Similarly, police support personnel tend to be deployed in larger police agencies for six years or more previous to 1988 while small police agencies tend to have deployed police support personnel only recently in the five years preceding 1988. Research Question #7 Do the categories of auxiliary police use (use only one type, combination of any two, use all types) vary with regard to the number of full-time police personnel deployed at the police agency? In the 181 police agencies who deployed only one type of police auxiliary there was a mean of 24 full-time officers. In the 159 police agencies who used a combination of any two types of police auxiliaries there was a mean of 48 full-time officers. And finally, in the 54police agencies whoutilizedallthreetypesofpoliceauxiliaries therewasameanof20 full-time police officers. Analysis of Variance revealed that the mean numbers of full-time police deployed by these three types of agencies were not significanty different F(2, 391)=.47, p=.62. Put another way, the numbers of full-time police at a police agency are not affected by the deployment of auxiliary police. NON-USERS OF AUXILIARY POLICE Research questions 8, 9, and 10 are addressed only to those respondents who reported drattheydidnotdeployoneormoretypesofamriliarypolicepersonnel. Because ofthe way in which the data was gathered fa questions 8, 9, and 10, proportions will be used in 45 answering each question. The proportions for non-users of auxiliary police personnel with regard to reason given are the same in Table 4.7, Table 4.8, and Table 4.9. Research Question #8 Are the reasons for not using part-time police personnel different for those agencies that use no auxiliary police versus those agencies that do use auxiliary police but not part- time police Presented in table 4.7 is a list of reasons respondents were given to choose from and a comparison of the proportions of responses given by non-auxiliary police respondents. TABLE 4.7 A Rank-ordering of the Proportions of Police Agencies with Regard to the Reasons Part-time Police Are Not Used Category or Agency Non-Use Use Other Types Reasons For Not Use No Of Auxiliaries Using Auxiliaries Auxiliaries But Not Part-time % 96 1.Police Union 32 34 2.Not Enough Money 23 23 3.Not a Need 18 21 4.1.iability Concerns 11 6 5.Not Adequately Trained 9 8 6.Deterrent to Professionalism 7 8 7 .Lack of Interested Persons 0 0 8.1ncornpatible With Regular Officers 0 0 100% war"— As indicated in Table 4.7, non-users of auxiliaries cited "Police union" (N =32%), "Not enough money" (N=23%), and "Not a need" (N=18%), as their first, second, and third most important reasons, respectively for not using part-time police. Similarly, those 45 agencies who deployed other auxiliaries but not part-time personnel cited the same top three reasons (N =34%, N-23%, N=21%) for not deploying part-time police personnel. Eleven percent of those agencies who use no auxiliaries cited "Liability concerns" as a reason for not using part-time police while only 6% of the respondents who deploy auxiliaries but not part-time police listed "Liability concerns" as a reason for not deploying part-time police. The proportion of respondents was nearly equal for the reasons "Not adequately trained" (9% for non-auxiliary users and 8% for other auxiliary users) and "Deterrent to professionalism" (7% for non-auxiliary users and 8% for other auxiliary users.) Finally, neither the non-users of auxiliary police nor the users of other types of auxiliary police listed "Lack of interested persons" (0% response) and "Incompatible with regular officers" (0% response) as reasons for not deploying part-time police personnel. The information indicates that the proportions for the reasons given by non-auxiliary police users and users of other auxiliaries but not part-time police are not different from one another. Research Question #9 Are the reasons for not using reserve police different for those agencies that use no auxiliary police versus those agencies that do use auxiliaries but not reserve police? A list of reasons respondents were given to choose from and a comparison of the proportions of responses given by non-auxiliary police respondents are presented in Table 4.8 . 47 TABLE 4.8 A Rank-ordering of the Proportions of Police Agencies With Regard to the Reasons Reserve Police Personnel Are Not Used Category of Agency Non-Use Use Other Types Reasons For Not Use No Of Auxiliaries Using Auxiliaries Auxiliaries But Not Reserve % % 1.Police Union 32 12 2.Not Enough Money 23 36 3.Not a Need 18 19 4.Liability Concerns ll 13 5.Not Adequately Trained 9 13 6.Deterrent to Professionalism 7 3 7.Lack of Intereswd Persons 0 2 8.1ncompatible Mth Regular Officers 0 2 TM 100% A comparison of the proportions in Table 4.8 indicates that while "Police union" is the number one reason given by non-users of auxiliaries (N =32%) for not deploying reserve police, agencies that use other types of auxiliaries but not reserves listed 'Liability concerns" (N =36%) as their most important reason for not deploying reserve police. Nineteen percent of the respondents who used other types of auxiliaries but not reserves listed "Not enough money" as their second most important reason for not using reserves. "Police union" (N=l2%), "Not adequately trained" (N=l3%), and "Not a need" (N=l3%), were next in order of importance as reasons for not using reserves given by respondents who use other types of auxiliaries. Finally, 3% of the respondents who use auxiliaries but not reserves listed "Deterrent of professionalism" as their most important reason for not using reserves. Two percent listed "Lack of interested persons", and another 2% cited "Incompatible with regular officers", as the number one reason for not deploying reserve police personnel. 48 The proportions for the reasons given for not using reserve police are different for non- users of police auxiliaries and those agencies who use auxiliaries but not reserve police personnel. Research Question #10 Are the reasons for not using police support personnel different for those agencies that use no auxiliary police versus those agencies that do use auxiliary police but do not use police support personnel? A list of reasons respondents were given to choose from and a comparison of the proportions of responses given by non-auxiliary police respondents are presented in table 4.9. TABLE 4.9 A Rank-ordering of the Proportions of Police Agencies With Regard to the Reasons Police Support Personnel Are Not Used Category of Agency Non-Use Use Other Types Reasons For Not Use No of Auxiliaries Using Auxiliaries Auxiliaries But Not Police Support % % 1.Police Union 32 7 2.Not Enough Money 23 26 3.Not A Need 18 37 4.Liability Concerns 11 17 5.Not Adequately Trained 9 6 6.Deterrent to Professionalism 7 1 7.Lack of Intereswd Persons 0 5 8.1ncornpatible With Regular Officers 0 1 100% 100W“— 49 Table 4.9 indicates that 37% of the respondents who use auxiliaries but not police support personnel listed "Not enough money" as their most important reason for not deploying police support personnel. "Not a need" and "Liability concerns" were also listed as most important reasons for not using police support personnel by 26% and 17%, respectively, of those agencies who use auxiliaries but not police support personnel. Those agencies who use other types of auxiliaries also lismd "Police union" (N =7%), "Not adequately trained" (N=6%), "Lack of interested persons" (N =5%), and 1% each for "Deterrent to professionalism" and "Incompatible with regular officers.” On the other hand non-users of police auxiliaries listed "Police union" (N =32%), "Not a need" (N=23%), and "Not enough money" (N =18%), as their top three reasons for not using police support personnel. Non-users also showed some support for the reasons "Not adequately trained" (N =9%), and "Deterrent to professionalism" (N =7%). None of the respondents who do not use police auxiliaries listed "Lack of interested persons" or "Incompatible with regular officers" as reasons for not deploying police support personnel. The proportion of agencies who don't use auxiliaries are different from agencies that do use auxiliaries but not police support personnel with regard to the reasons given for not using police support personnel. The reasons non-users of auxiliary police give for not using police support personnel differ in rank from the reasons given by police agencies who use auxiliaries but not police support personnel. GENERAL RESULTS OF THE SURVEY As cited in chapter III, information for the survey was obtained from 489 self- adrninistered questionnaires. The median size of each reporting police agency was 7.0 full- time police oflicers. Eighty-five percent (394) of the respondents reported deploying at least one type of auxiliary police personnel. Of those respondents 34% (156) deployed at least two types of auxiliaries while 12% (54) police agencies reported utilizing all three 50 types of auxiliaries outlimd in Chapter III. Only 15% (69) police agencies said they did not use any auxiliary police. Three hundred thirty-nine (70%) of the reporting agencies said their full-time police personnel are organized by a union. When asked about attrition of full-time police personnel, 27% of the respondents said they cmrently had more full-time police officers then five years ago, while 73% reported having the same number or fewer full-time personnel then five years ago. Part-Time Police Personnel An average of four part-time officers were deployed at those agencies who reported using such personnel, with a total of 986 part-time officers reported being used statewide. Police agencies deploying part-time police personnel reported that they had used such personnel at their agency an average of 15 years. The respondent also reported that 42% of part-time police personnel are organized by a union. Because part-time personnel are M.L.E.O.T.C. certified, they can perform the same activities as a full-time police officer. Therefore, activities performed by part-time officers are already known. Reserve Police Personnel There was an average of 14 reserve police personnel per police agency at those agencies who reported utilizing such persarnel Statewide, a total of 4,277 reserve police ofiicers were used. Thirty-five Writ of the respondents who used reserve police personnel indicated that their personnel were organimd by some type of union. Police agencies who reported using reserve police personnel also indicated that they had used such personnel an average of sixteen years. 51 Thirty-one percent of the respondents who utilize reserve police personnel reported that their personnel were'paid for all or select activities performed at the direction of the responding police agency. A full 53% of the respondents indicated that their reserve police personnel are never paid for performing activities. Of those agencies who utilize reserve police personnel, 56% of the respondents required reserve personnel to work a minimum nmnber of hours per month at the deploying agency. Types of activities performed by reserve police personnel are illustrated in Table 4.10. TABLE 4.10 Types of Activities Performed by Reserve Police Personnel Type of Activity Carried Out by Reserve Police N % l. Patrol Alone {3 . 2. Ride Mth a Regular Officer 209 (89.3) 3. Walk a Foot Beat Alone or with Someone 128 (54.7) 4. Complete Traffic Accident Reports 52 (22.2) 5. Take Complaints Over the Phone 119 (50.9) 6. Enforce Selected Criminal Ordinances 45 (19.2) 7. Enforce Non-Criminal Ordinances 64 (27.4) 8. Transport Prisoners 59 (25.2) 9. Assist In Processing of Criminals 127 (54.3) 10Provide Secrnity At Public/Private Events 205 (87.6) From viewing Table 4.10, two activities - Ride With a Regular Officer and Provide Security at Public/Private Events—appear to be the predominate activities carried out by reserve police personnel. In stark contrast, only 9.8% (N =23) respondents allowed their reserve police personnel to patrol alone in a patrol car. (See Appendix G for other activities performed by reserve police personnel). 52 Police Support Personnel Responmnts who reported utilizing police support personnel indicated that an average of four such personnel were deployed at each agency. There were a reported total of 2,565 police support personnel being used statewide. Agencies utilizing these personnel reported that their agencies had been deploying such personnel for an average of 17 years. Thirty-five percent of those respondents who deploy police support personnel indicated that their personnel are organized by a union. Fifty-two percent of the respondents who utilize police support personnel said their personnel were pa'ul for performing all or selected activities performed while only 7.9% were never paid for performing activities. Thirty-three percent of the respondents required police support personnel to work a minimum number of hours per month at the deploying agency. Types of activities performed by police support personnel are presented in table 4.11. TABLE 4.11 Activities Performed By Police Support Personnel Type of Activity N % 1 . Patrol Alone 1 l (5.5) 2. Ride With a Regular Officer 33 (16.3) 3. Walk a Foot Beat Alone or With Someone 20 (9.9) 4. Complete Traffic Accident Reports 27 (13.4) 5. Take Complaints Over The Phone 135 (66.8) 6. Enforce Selected Criminal Ordinances 20 (9.9) 7. Enforce Non-Criminal Ordinances 37 (18.3) 8. Transport Prisoners 34 (16.8) 9. Assist in Processing Criminals 59 (29.2) 10.Provide Security at PubliCIPIivate Events 42 (20.8) 53 Table 4.11 indicates that the activity "Takes complaints over the phone" is carried out most frequently (66.8%) by police support personnel, "Working security at selected public/private events" (20.8%) and "Assisting in the processing of criminals" (29.2%) by a larger number of the respondents who reported utilizing police support personnel. (See Appendix G for additional activities performed by police support personnel). SUMMARY The‘major findings of the analysis are listed below. 1. Eighty-five percent of the reporting agencies deploy one or more types of auxiliary police. 2. More auxiliary police are being deployed in Southern Michigan while fewer auxiliaries are used in Northern Michigan. The strength of the relationship is weak (p.=.00, Phi=. 16). 3 . There is no statistically significant relationship between use of auxiliary police and type of police agency. 4. There is no statistically significant relationship between presence of a collective bargaining unit and deployment of auxiliary police. 5 . There is a statistically significant relationship between use of auxiliaries and police agency size (p.=.(Xl), but the relationship is weak (Phi=.14). Smaller police agencies more often utilim auxiliary police while larger agencies tend not to use auxiliaries. 6. There is no statistically significant relationship between use of auxiliary police and attrition/hiring if full-time police personnel in the past five years previous to 1988. 7 . Historically, part-time police personnel have been used in small police agencies for six or more years previous to 1988 (p.=.00, Phi=.20). Reserve police personnel tend to be deployed in small agencies five or fewer years previous to 1988 while 54 larger agencies have deployed reserves for six or more years previous to 1988 (p.=.00, Phi=.25). Police support personnel haVe been used six years or longer in larger police agencies. At the same time small agencies have only recently deployed police support personnel within five or fewer years previous to 1988 (p.=.00, Phi=. l 8). 8. The categories of auxiliary police use do not vary with regard to the number of full- time police personnel deployed. 9. The proportions of responses by agencies who do not use auxiliary police and agencies who use auxiliaries but not part-time police are the same with regard to the reasons why part-time police are not used. 10.The proportions of responses by agencies who do not use auxiliary police and agencies who do use auxiliaries but not reserve personnel differ with regard to the reasons why reserves are not used. 11.The proportions of responses by agencies who do not use auxiliary police and agencies who do use auxiliaries but not police support personnel differ with regard to the reasons why police support personnel are not used. 55 FOOTNOTES--CHAPTER IV lChi Square (X"’) is used in inferential statistics as a basis for a test of significance. The "Chi-Square test", when applied to a given cross tabulation, measures the independence between the expected score and the observed score. X2 is always a positive number and will not equal zero if there is difference between expected and observed scores. 2Phi (0) is a measme of association for nominal level data which has fixed limits (0 to +1) in 2 x 2 tables. 0 indicates no association while +1 points to a perfect association. (See Loether and McTavish, 1974 for a more in-depth discussion of Phi). 3Missing data are excluded from all tables in this chapter. 4The scale presented below is used when referring to the strength of a given association in Chapter IV: .8 - 1.00 = strong relationship .6 - .79 = moderate relationship .4 - .59 = fair relationship .2 - .39 = slight relationship .0 - .19 = weakrelationship CHAPTER V DISCUSSION Chapter V contains a discussion based on the research outlined in Chapter IV. The discussion is divided into three sections - demographics of auxiliary police personnel, activities performed by auxiliary police personnel, and agency rationale for not utilizing auxiliary police personnel. Chapter V closes with conclusions based on the findings, a discussion of the study lirrritations, and recommendations for future research. RESTATE PURPOSE OF THE STUDY The pmpose of this project was to explore the extent to which auxiliary police personnel are utilized within Michigan. It is hoped that this study will shed light on the numbers and types of auxiliaries used, area of state and type of agency they are deployed in, and the activities these persons perform. This research is also intended to expose the rationale some agencies offer for not using auxiliary personnel. DEMOGRAPHICS OF AUXILIARY POLICE The study found that 85% of the police chiefs who responded to the survey reported utilizing one or more forms of auxiliary police personnel. However, when looking at the raw numbers, all types of auxiliary police personnel totaled 7,828. When compared to the number of full-time police personnel deployed in the State of Michigan 18,000 (UCR, 1988), the ratio is about one auxiliary police person for every tluee full-time police officers. The previous research efforts did not include all types of auxiliary police personnel in their 56 57 analysis, so there is no standard for comparison. The 3 to 1 ratio indicates that auxiliary police personnel are abundant throughout Michigan. An average of four part-time police personnel, 14 reserve police personnel, and four police support personnel, were reported being deployed in police agencies using such personnel. One reason for the variance in the nmnbers of personnel deployed could be the amount of compensation given to such personnel. Fifty-two percent of the respondents who deployed police support personnel reported that such personnel were paid for performing all or selected activities. Of the respondents who utilized reserve police, only 31% reported their reserves were paid. Since part-time police have the same training as full- time police personnel, it was assumed, that part-time police were compensated. Perhaps because the majority of part-time police and police support personnel get paid for their services, their deployment has been kept at a minimum. On the other hand, maybe more reserve police personnel are deployed because most police agencies do not have to pay for reserve police utilization. The Arlington County, Virginia (1969) study only cited "that duty hours were volunteered" (p.3) by reserves. Respondents reported that part-time police, reserve police, and police support personnel had been deployed at Michigan police agencies an average of 15 years, 16 years, and 17 years respectively. At face value it appears that, compared to the history of policing, the various types of auxiliary police personnel have been utilized for a short time. The analysis revealed that historically, part-time police have been deployed longer (6 or more years) in small police agencies (7 tr fewer full-time) compared with five or fewer years in larger agencies. Although no scientific proof exists to explain the variance in years used, one possible explanation could be that smaller agencies pay part-time personnel and largeragencies didn't. Or, hiringpractices in small agencies are suchthatapersonmustbe deployedonapart-timebasisforaperiodoftimeas partofprobation before becorninga full-time officer. Another explanation could be that smaller police agencies have had a greater need than larger agencies to enlist part-time personnel. 58 Conversely, reserves are deployed longer in larger police agencies while small agencies have just begun to use reserves in the five years immediately preceding 1988. One explanation for this finding could be that historically larger police agencies need assistance with non-dangerous law enforcement activities, hence the longer use of reserve police. It could also be argued that small police agencies cannot afford to hire more full-time officers but at the same time these agencies need help with direct law enforcement activities. Because of this predicament the small agencies tend to deploy part-time personnel, and have done so for many years. The findings of police support personnel with regard to number of years used nearly paralleled those for reserve personnel. The same arguments or explanations why reserve personnel are used longer by larger agencies could be presented for police support personnel. An interesting finding resulting from the analysis indicated that the type of police agency hasnoirnpactorrthedeploymentofauxiliarypolice. Itcannotbesaidthatonetypeof police agency has preferential deployment of auxiliary police. It appears that municipal, township, county, college campus, and non-traditional police agencies each share to a certain degree in deploying auxiliary police in Michigan. The size of a police agency has some influence on the deployment of police auxiliaries. Small police agencies (7 or fewer full-time) are more apt to deploy auxiliaries than larger police agencies (8 or more full-time). Although unexplained by the research, this finding could be a result of small agencies needing personnel to carry out policing activities but the financial resources are not available to hire more full-time officers. As a result the agencies deploy auxiliaries to assist with the policing function. Another interesting finding concerning police agency size and deployment of police auxiliaries was that thenurnberoffull-time officersdidnotvary with regardtothe categories of auxiliary use. The research found that the numbers of full-time police in agencies who deployed one type, a combination of any two types, and all three types of 59 police auxiliaries did not vary significantly. Put another way, agencies who deploy all three types of auxiliaries do not have fewer full-time officers than in those agencies that use only two types. And agencies who deploy two types of auxiliaries do not necessarily have fewer full-time officers than agencies who use only one type. This analysis adds strength to the argument that auxiliaries do not affect the number of full-time officers deployed. This study has also shown that area ofthe state ofMichigan has a slight impact on the deployment of police auxiliaries. The research indicates that auxiliaries tend to be deployed in Southern Michigan. One common sense explanation of this finding could be that the majority of police agencies are located in the Lower Peninsula (Southern Michigan). Finally, the analysis has shown that the use of auxiliary police has no effect on the attrition/hiring of full-time police officers. Auxiliaries had no efi‘ect on the hiring or lay-off of full-time police. So the statement that auxiliaries are taking the jobs of- full-time police officers is not a valid one. Because none of the previous known research efforts concerning police auxiliaries did not employ the use of inferential statistics in their analysis, there are no known current studies similar in nature from which to compare this study. ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY AUXILIARY POLICE In order to discuss the types of activities performed by the various designations of auxiliary police personnel it is necessary to first discuss the legalities of performing police- related activities. In Michigan, the Michigan Law Enforcement Officer's Training Council regulates standards for police personnel. Accordingly, if a person enforces the general laws of the state and is regularly employed (deployed, appointed, directed) by a police agency (Report of the Attorney General, 1984) then the person must comply with the minimum training standards set forth by M.L.E.O.T.C. In this study part-time police personnel are 60 defined as having met the minimum training standards. Therefore, they can perform any and all activities legally mandated by a police agency. Reserve police personnel and police support personnel, on the other hand, are not covered by M.L.E.O.T.C. guidelines. Responses to the activities on the questionnaire varied widely for reserve personnel and police support personnel, with several exceptions. The percentages for both types of personnel were very low for the activity "Patrol alone". Less then 10% of reserve police and less then 6% of police support personnel perform this activity. Generally, patrolling alone is a highly responsible activity in which the individual is unsupervised. The individual must also take appropriate police action if necessary. Because the activity is visible and hazardous, trained personnel in a police uniform are generally selecwd for such assignments. A lack of training indicates that no reserve or police support personnel should be performing such an activity. The activities "Enforce selected crinrinal ordinances", "Enforce selected non-criminal ordinances", and "Transport prisoners" are also activities performed by very few reserve police and police support personnel. Only 19% of the reserves and 10% of the police support personnel enforced selecwd criminal ordinance. As eluded to earlier, this type of activity implies direct law enforcement action on the part of the person performing the activity. Similarly, 27% of reserve police personnel and 18% of police support personnel enforced selectednon-criminalordinances, while 25% ofreservepoliceand 17% ofpolice support personnel transport prisoners. Reservepolice andpolice supportpersonnelwerein starkcontrastfrom eachother when comparing the remaining activities listed in the survey. The predominate activities carried out by reserve police were "Ride in a patrol car with a regular ofi'rcer"(89%) and "Provide security at public/private events"(87%). Police support personnel performed the same activities at a rate of 16% and 20%, respectively. "Walking a foot beat alone or with a regular ofi'rcer" and "Assist with processing of criminals" were activities performed by 54% of the reserve police personnel while the percent of police support personnel who 61 carried out the same activities was 10% and 29%, respectively. Thimen percent of police support personnel completed traffic accident reports while 22% of reserve police perform such a task. Lastly, 67% of police support personnel handled complaints over the phone while 51% of reserve police carried out the task. The figures show greater numbers of reserve police personnel are performing those activities which involve close proximity to direct law enforcement activities. Riding with a regular police officer, walking a foot beat, transporting prisoners, and providing security at events are all activities which generally take place under public scrutiny, and are closely relawd to those "general" policing activities carried out by personnel who have M.L.E.O.T.C. mandated training. On the other hand, those activities that are removed from direct police-citizen types of contact tend to be performed more by police support personnel. Taking complaints over the phone is an example of activities which are one step removed from direct face-to-face, police-citizen contact. One rationale for the difference in activities performed by reserve police and police supportpersonnel couldbe thekindofthe uniform worn. A standardpolice uniform may allow reserve police to carry out some activities, which without the uniform, these personnel could not perform. Conversely, the activity may also dictate type of uniform. In those situations where police-citizen contacts are made department policy may dictate that a standard police unifonn be worn. If reserve police are performing activities that involve any degree ofpolice-citizencontactthen apoliceuniforrn may havetobeworn. Another possible explanation for the difference in personnel who perform the activity could be public perception of the police. When citizens see persons carrying out police related activities perhaps the public expects, or even demands, that the persons acting in an officialcapacityshouldbeinanofficialuniforrn. Because of the varying definitions of auxiliary police in the previous research efforts it is difficult to compare and contrast the findings with this study. Although the activity 62 carried out may be uniform across police agencies, the types of personnel who perform the activity are different, therefore no comparison can be made. RATIONALE FOR NOT UTILIZING AUXILIARY POLICE The analysis revealed some puzzling, and contradictory results concerning unions and the non-use of police auxiliaries. Three hundred thirty-eight out of 489 respondents reported the presence of a police union at their police agency. Furthermore, analysis showed that smaller agencies tend not to employ a union while larger agencies tend to have unions. However, when comparisons were made between unionization and use of police auxiliaries it was found that there was no relationship between the two. That is, there are as many agencies with unions who employ auxiliaries as there are agencies without unions who use auxiliaries. When the number one reason for not using auxiliaries were compared for part-time, reserve, and police support personnel, police unions were at the top of the list. Those agencies who didn't deploy any type of auxiliary ranked police unions, lack of money, and not a need, as their top three reasons for not deploying all types of auxiliaries. The other agencies who used auxiliaries but not part-time police paralleled the non-auxiliary users with the top three reasons for not deploying part-time police. The reason "Liability concerns" came in a distant fourth while there was little support for the reasons "Not adequately trained" and "Deterrent to professionalism". There was no support at all for the reasons "Lack of interested persons" and "Incompatible with regular officers". Sixty-five percent of all the respondents who didn't deploy part-time police listed unions as their number one reason for not doing so. The rank-ordering of the reasons for not deploying part-time police as illustrated in Table 4.8 (Chapter IV) could be a result of the level of police training given to part-time personnel. Police administrators are not as worried about liability issues when deploying 63 part-time police because these auxiliaries have the same training as full-time officers. On the other hand part-time police may want to be paid for their services because of their training. This would explain the high number of responses to the reason "No money". Furthermore, because part-time officers can perform the same activities as full-time personnel, police unions probably fight to restrict and/or eliminate part-time use for such assignments as overtime fill-ins. Unions were also high on the list of reasons why reserve officers are not used. Those respondents who did not use any type of auxiliaries rank-ordered "Unions", "Liability concerns", and "Not enough money" as their top three reasons for not using reserves. In a somewhat different pattern those agencies who used auxiliaries but not reserves ranked "Liability concerns", "Not enough money" and "Not a need/not trained" as their top reasons for not deploying reserves. Only 38% of all non-users of reserve police listed unions as their number one reason for not utilizing such personnel. Conversely, nearly 60% of the non-users liswd liability concerns as the number one reason for not deploying reserves. And 37% of the non-users of reserves listed not enough money as their number one reason for not deploying reserves. Because thereis alackofpolice trainingon tlrepartofreservepolice, administrators are probably more worried about liability issues. Also, reserves wear a standard police uniform andcarryoutsorne activities similartofull-time police sotheymaybeperceivedas athreat to full-time officers by police unions. Again, the issue of money is ever-present. Apparently some police officials feel that if reserves can't be paid then they shouldn't be deployed. The reasons "Incompatible with regular officers", "Lack of interested persons", and "A deterrent to professionalism" each got some response but the response was minimal. Police officials must not view those three reasons as legitimate reasons for not deploying reserve police. Police unions have a marginal affect on the deployment of police support personnel. Only 36% of respondents who don't use police support personnel listed unions as a reason 64 for not doing so. Fifty percent listed "Not a need" as a reason for not using police support personnel while 60% listed "Not enough money" as a reason for not deploying such personnel. Training and type of uniform may have something to do with the responses given by non-users of police support personnel. Because those types of auxiliaries do not have minimum police training and do not wear a police uniform they do not carry out law enforcement related activities. Therefore, administrators may not perceive such personnel as being a liability risk. Similar to part-time police and reserve police, the majority of agency administrators apparently feel that police support personnel should be paid for activities performed. These personnel are perceived as less threatening to the livelihood of full-time personnel because police training is not the same and a police uniform is not worn. Very few respondents listed "Deterrent to professionalism", "Lack of interested persons", and "Incompatible with regular officers" as a reason for not deploying police support personnel. CONCLUSIONS Part-time police, reserve police, and police support personnel are deployed throughout the state of Michigan in large and small police agencies, and perform an assortment of activities. Part-time personnel have full police power and authority and can carry out all policing functions. Reserve and police support personnel carry out limited police activities which support full-time police personnel. Although these personnel occasionally perform service-oriented activities similar to those recommended by the US. Department of Justice (1972) a majority of activities performed by reserve police and police support personnel serve to augment and support the policing efforts of full-time personnel. Contrary to the fact that law enforcement is becoming more complicated and complex this study revealed that there are some persons performing law enforcement activities who 65 are not fully trained to provide such activities. Of the respondents who deployed reserve police, 20% reported that their reserves enforced selected criminal ordinances. Twenty-five percent reported allowing reserves to transport prisoners, and nearly 10% reported that their reserve police patrol alone in a patrol car. Similarly, of the agencies who deploy police support personnel, 10% reported allowing their police support personnel to enforce criminal ordinances, 17% allowed police support personnel to transport prisoners, and 5% allowed police support personnel to patrol alone in a patrol car. The type of uniform worn and police training received dictate the type of activity performed. Police support personnel are generally removed from direct police-citizen contact and carry out no criminal law enforcement activities. Reserve officers have direct police-citizen contact but are limited in the law enforcement activities they can perform. LIMITATIONS OF THE STUDY There were several limitations inherent in this particular study which need to be addressed to realistically access the validity and reliability of survey results. Two components of the 8111'ch respondents nwd to be given consideration. First, the respondents truthfulness when answering the questionnaire was unable to be verified. Because of the attrition rate of chiefs of police some respondents may not have been at their respective agency long enough to know all there is to know about the history and use of their auxiliary police. Hence, the chiefs may have given incorrect information relating to auxiliary police. Second, non-response to the survey may also have to be considered when evaluating the validity of the study findings. There is no way to know why over 20% of the respondents chose not to answer and return the questionnaire. Because of this "unknown" there is always a hint of bias when evaluating the study results. Questionnaire construction may have also created validity problems in the study. Because the responses were already written out, the respondents may have felt limited in 66 their response. Even though there were spaces provided to add additional responses, the respondents may have felt obligated to restrict their answers. The sample size itself should be considered a limitation of the study. Using respondents solely from Michigan only limits the overall knowledge of auxiliary police. RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESEARCH This study of auxiliary police personnel has shed light on many characteristics of such personnel within the State of Michigan. This study was, however, descriptive in nature, and as a result several research recommendations can be suggested to further the information base regarding auxiliary police personnel. In order to improve upon the present study, future research could collapse types of auxiliary police personnel into one or two categories to ensure adequate frequencies for inclusion of all intended variables. Also, variables which were used in the present study could be collapsed differently. This alteration may yield different results. In order to gain more precise knowledge, future research should include more specific questions about auxiliary police use. Such research questions could include: Is there an association between use of auxiliary police personnel and a reduction in the overall crime rate in a given area? Is there an association between auxiliary police and the amount of money a police agency spends? Is efficiency of a police agency associated with the use of auxiliary police personnel? Finally, the research method itself could be changed. Phone interviews with respondents, or ride-along observer methods may provide the researcher with more insight into the auxiliary police concept. APPENDICES APPENDIX A SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE 67 SURVEY OF LAN ENFORCEMENT AGENCIES REGARDING POLICE PERSONNEL Various factors have prompted the start-up and/or expansion of the types of personnel needed to deliver police services. In order to evaluate the extent to which the various types of personnel are used in Michigan you are requested to reply to this survey. Please pay particular attention to the criteria for the categories listed below when answering each question. For the purposes of this study it makes no difference whether or not part-time police officers, reserve police officers, or police support personnel are paid for the activities they perform. POLICE SUPPORT PERSONNEL A. Not M.L.E.O.T.C. certified. 8. Wears a uniform or other insiginia unlike a standard police uniform. C. Are not full—time employees. D. More than 5 of their time is spent performing police activities. (Examples may include: Community Service Workers. clerical workers, jail workers) RESERVE POLICE OFFICERS A. Not M.L.E.O.T.C. certified. 8. Wears a standard police uniform. C. Are not full-time employees. (Examples may include: Auxiliaries, Reserves, Cadets, Specials, Sheriff's Posse) 1. What is the number of full-time police 2. What is the number of part-time police PART-TIME POLICE OFFICERS A. M.L.E.O.T.C. certified. 8. Wears a standard police uniform. C. Are not full-time employees. (Includes seasonal employment) FULL-TIME POLICE OFFICERS A. M.L.E.O.T.C. certified. 8. Wears a standard police uniform. C. Employed 32 hours or more per work week. officers at your agency? officers at your agency? 2a. If used, for how many years has your agency used part-time police? 3. What is the number of reserve police officers used at your agency? 3a. If used, for how many years has your agency used reserve police? 4. What is the number of police support personnel used at your agency? 4a. If used, for how many years has your agency used support personnel? 5. At the present time does your police agency have: (Circle a, b, or c) a. More full-time police officers than 5 years ago? b. Fewer full-time police officers than 5 years ago? c. The same number of full-time police officers as 5 years ago? ‘9 um.-‘ -fl QUESTIONS 6, 7. AND 8 EACH CONTAIN EIGHT DIFFERENT RESPONSES. YOU ARE REQUESTED TO CHOOSE ONLY THREE RESPONSES FOR EACH QUESTION BY PLACING .1 NEXT TO THE RESPONSE WHICH IS YOUR HOST INPORTANT REASON. 82 NEXT TO THE RESPONSE THAT IS YOUR SECOND HOST INPORTANT REASON, AND .3 NEXT TO THE IMPORTANT REASON. RESPONSE THAT IS YOUR THIRD HOST 6. If your agency does not use part-time police would you choose the three most important reasons why they are not used. (If part-time police are used go to I7) Not a need for them Police union won't allow their use Not enough money in police budget Liability reasons List any other reasons you have for not using part-time police: Not adequately trained personnel A deterrent to professionalism Lack of interested persons Incompatible with regular officers ‘Aiee '.f n ‘A—r—fl .‘ 68 7. If your agency does not use reserve police would you choose the three most important reasons why they are not used. (If reserve police are used got to [8) Not a need for them Not adequately trained personnel Police union won't allow their use A deterrent to professionalism Not enough money in police budget Lack of interested persons Liability reasons Incompatible with regular officers List any other reasons you have for not using reserve police: 8. If your agency does not use police support personnel would you choose the three most important reasons why they are not used. (If support personnel are used go to [9) Not a need for them Not adequately trained personnel Police union won't allow their use A deterrent to professionalism Not enough money in police budget Lack of interested persons Liability reasons Incompatible with regular officers List any other reasons you have for not using support personnel: 9. Are the full-time police officers at your agency organized by a police union? (Check the space next to yes or no) YES NO 9a. If yes, does the collective bargaining unit effect the hiring or tasks performed by: (Circle yes or no for each category) Category one: Part-time police officers YES NO Category two: Reserve police officers YES NO Category three: Police support personnel YES NO QUESTION :10 DEALS ONLY WITH RESERVE AND POLICE SUPPORT PERSONNEL. IF YOUR AGENCY DOES NOT USE THESE TYPES OF POLICE PERSONNEL STOP HERE AND RETURN THIS SURVEY IN THE ENVELOPE PROVIDED FOR YOU. ALL OTHERS CONTINUE ON TO QUESTION .10 10. Below are listed some activities which reserve police and/or police support personnel might perform at your agency. Review each activity then check the space under the column of the personnel who perform the activity. (If an activity is not performed by either personnel type then leave the column blank) k. Assist with booking and/or jailing of offenders k. 1. Provide security at selected public/private events 1. RESERVE SUPPORT POLICE PERSONNEL a. Patrol alone in a patrolcar a. ( ) ( ) b. Ride along in a patrolcar with a regular officer b. ( ) ( ) c. Walk a foot beat alone or with another person c. ( ) ( ) d. Complete traffic accident reports d. ( ) ( ) e. Answer phone calls while at the police agency e. ( ) ( ) f. Enforce selected criminal ordinances f. ( ) ( ) g. Enforce selected non-criminal ordinances g. ( ) ( ) h. Transport criminal offenders h. ( ) ( ) i. Paid to perform all or selected activities 1. ( ) ( ) 3. Never paid for performing activities j. ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) m. Required to work a minimum number of hours per month at the agency, m. ( ) ( ) List any other activities performed by your reserve/support personnel: IF YOU WISH TO RECEIVE SURVEY RESULTS WRITE YOUR O.R.I. NUMBER HERE- HI_ -. _—_- ‘nImIT.’ 7 “n." APPENDIX B FIRST LETTER OF INTRODUCTION 69 FIRST LETTER OF INTRODUCTION Dear Police Administrator, I am a student at Michigan State University currently enrolled in the School of Criminal Justice. I am undertaking a research project to gather information about the various types of police personnel used in Michigan Police agencies. I request information from you about the types of personnel used at your agency, The purpose of this project is to evaluate the various types of personnel being used in our state. For this sm'vey police personnel have been divided mto four categories: (1) full-time police officers ,(2) part-time police officers, (3) reserve police officers, and (4) police support personnel. The type of uniform worn, level of police training, and number of hours engaged in activities at the direction of the police agency will determine which category your personnel fit into. Your are invited to participate in this research effort by completing the enclowd questionnaire and returning it in the stamped, self-addressed envelope provided. The questionnaire is easy to complete and will only take about 10 minutes. Please be assured that your responses will be held rn absolute confidence, with only aggregate information being reported in the study. The number written at the bottom of the first page of the questionnaire identifies you only for the purpose of indicating your return of the quesu'onnaire so that you will not be bothered by unnecessary follow-up reminders. If you wish to receive a summary of the information obtained from this study, write your police agency O.R.I. number at the bottom of the second page of the questionnaire. I urge you to participate in this project. Should you have any questions about the response to the questionnaire items, please give me a call at (616) 897 -7926. Please return the completed questionnaire by May 31, 1988. Thank you for your cooperation and support of this project. Sincerely, Mike S. Martin Criminal Justice Programs Michigan State University APPENDIX C SURVEY RETURN ADDRESS 7O SURVEY RETURN ADDRESS Please return to: CRIMINAL JUSTICE RESEARCH PROJECT Michigan State University P.O. Box 6603 East Lansing, MI 48826 APPENDIX D SECOND LETTER OF INTRODUCTION 71 SECOND LETTER OF INTRODUCTION T‘-“ _—.——--. .,.-_, ‘CIL‘.- m: o... Dear Police Administrator, 1’ I recently sent to you a questionnaire relating to police personnel used at your agency which you returned several weeks ago. Since I have not received your response I am again asking for your cooperation. It is imperative that as much information as possible about police personnel in Michigan is received in order for me to finish my studies. The information requested about the personnel at your agency would help me obtain my objective. I have enclosed another questionnaire and a self-addressed stamped envelope for your convenience. Please give me a few minutes of your time by filling it out and sending it on it's way. If you have any questions about the responses to the questionnaire items, please give me a call at (616) 897-7926. Thank you again for yom' cooperation. Sincerely, Mike S. Martin Criminal Justice Programs Michigan State University APPENDIX E OTHER REASONS WHY PART-TIME AND RESERVE POLICE PERSONNEL ARE NOT UTILIZED 72 OTHER REASONS WHY PART-TIME AND RESERVE POLICE PERSONNEL ARE NOT UTILIZED Other Reasons Part-time Police are not Used A. Scheduling Problems. B. Personnel Recordkeeping Problems. C. On Job Training is last because part-time move on. D. Only authorized so many employees as established by budget. E. Part-time unable to adequately follow-up on complaints. F. Would not stay long at the agency. G. Few qualified persons available. H. Cost is not worth it. 1. Trouble convincing city council that there is a need for them. J. Choose a reserve program instead. K. Hard to find certified officers willing to work part-time. L. Police work is full-time profession requiring continuous on job training. M. Not available when needed. N. Most want to work full-time. 0. Board Policy. P. Rapid Turn-over. Q. Layoff of full-time officers stopped all use of Part-time. R. Not worth the time and trouble. _—_ J- 'QOuM-L~‘-—l gun-‘1". . ‘ - Other Reasons Reserve Police Are Not Used A. Not enough adminisuative people to monitor their activity. B. City council has a problem with allowing reserves being deployed. C. Current police prohibits their use. APPENDIX F OTHER ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY RESERVE POLICE AND POLICE SUPPORT PERSONNEL 73 OTHER ACTIVITIES PERFORMED BY RESERVE POLICE AND POLICE SUPPORT PERSONNEL Other Activities Performed By: Reserve Police (N) Police Support (N) Crime prevention programs 4 Matron duties 1 Child watch 1 Payroll 1 Bike safety program 2 Computer operator 5 Traffic control at parades 2 Typing/filing 13 Act as a regular while on Dispatchers 10 duty.They don't, however Secretaries 2 sign trafic citations or Order supplies 1 work without a regular Keep court calendar 1 officer. 1 Conduct animal census 1 Child I.D. fingerprinting 1 LEIN operator 1 Weather watches 1 LEIN dispatcher 2 "Eyes" for stakeouts 3 Receptionist 1 Escorts 1 High school liaison 1 Transport Dignitaries 1 Serve subpoenas l Dispatch l Harklle evidence/Lost Vacation hmne checks 4 property/Bikes 2 Conduct stn'veys 1 Field crime Same duties as full-time 1 processing 1 Park patrol 1 Administrative functions 1 Gun registrations 1 Fingerprinting 1 ~ Marine patrol 2 Cooking for inmates 5 Chaplains l Ammal control\ .3 . E- APPENDIX G RELATED READINGS 74 RELATED READINGS Becker, Harold K. W. Metechen, NJ.: Scarecrow Press, 1970. Berkley, G.E. W, Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 1969. Bohardt, P.H. "Viable Police Reserve." W February 1977, pp. 9-15. Bradley, Vincent. "Pacific Groves's Auxiliary Police Marine Unit." M, August 1963, p. 8. Bristow, A.P. WWW Spfingficld. IL: Thomas Books. 1969. Carter, David L. "Administrative Issues in the Management of a Small Police Department." A Training Supplement for Police Chiefs and Police Managers. Michigan State University, 1987. Courley, G.D. WW. Springfield, IL: Charles C. Taylor, 1961. Dubin, Morton. "The New York City Auxiliary Police." 1.41m August 1973, pp.95-97. Florida, State of. Florida Statute 943.13. 1986. Greenberg, Martin A. "The Police Officer of theTwenty-first Century: He is already on the Scene." £91m, February 1972, ”66.67. Greenberg, Martin Alan."Auxiliary Police and Drug Abuse Prevention." W October, 1989. Heininger, Bruce L. & Urbanek, Janine, "Civilianization of the American Police: 1970- 1980." WWW Vol END 2 1983 pp 200-205. Kakalik, James S., and erdhom, Sorrel. Wm. California: Rand Corporation, 197 1. King, Everett M. W Springfield, IL: Charles C. Thomas Books, 1960. Kinley, Norman J. "Reserve Police Corps." W April 1968, pp. 52 8: 54. MacKay, Gillian. "The Citizen's call to arms." Madam, August 23,1982, pp. 46/47. Michigan. Public Acts of 1965 No. 203. Michigan. Public Acts of 1971 No. 31. Michigan. Public Acts of 1976 No. 442. Michigan. Report of the Attorney General (1977-78) Opinion #5265. 75 Montana, State of. State Law 7-32-201 thru 235, Regulating Reserve and Auxiliary Officers, 1987. Moore, Mark H. and Kelling, George L. "To Serve and Protect: Learning from Police History. " Enhliflnmst. Winter 1983. More, Harry, review of "Jefferson County's Ace in the Hole-The Jeep Patrol." by Jim Martin. Police, July-August 1968, pp. 23-24. And "The Auxiliaries in our Community." by Richard H. Miller. Police, September-October, 1967, p. 41. , 5th ed.,International City Managers Association, 1961. ' ' ' ' , American Police Reserve Guide. Washington, DC: American Police Reserves Association, no publication date given. Ostrowe, Brian B. & DiBiase, Rosanne, "Citizen Involvement as a Crime Deterrent: A Study of PublicAtti-tudes Toward an Unsanctioned Civilian Patrol Group." Journal WWW Vol II: No 2 PPo135 193- Russell, N.H. "One Way to develop a Department's Resources." W November 1974,pp. 66-67. Sherman, E. W. Ed. James Q. Wilson. California: ICS Press, 1983. Shidel, Terrance J. and Komara, Donald F. "Orientation and Training Programs for Auxiliary Police." W November 1974, pp. 55-59. Skousen, Cleon W. "Does a Police Reserve Really Pay Off?" mm March 197 3, pp. 8-15. Swanson, C.R. Jr. "Police Minimum Standards and Auxiliary Officers." W, August 1971, pp.60-63. Toobin, Jeffery. "Why I Walk the Beat." WM October 1983, pp. 52- 53. ImininaManualImAnxilimfiolice Michigan Office of Civil Defense. January 1954. U- S Departmcnt 0f Justioc W Washington. DO: U. S. Government Printing Office, 1975. REFERENCES REFERENCES "A Volunteer Police Force." Ihgfluflmk, February 16, 1916, pp. 262-263. Beckmag. En'k Went Chicagm Nelson-Hall. Inc. 19 0. Biggs, Michael, "Summer Beach Patrol." W June 1986, pp. 6-10. Bressler, Marvin, and Kephart, William M. "IncreasingResponses to Mail Questionnaires: A Rcmh Study " Warmly 1958 Brown, Lee P. "Neighborhood Team Policing and Police Reserves." W, December 1978, pp.59-61. Buckflsey, Ernest L. "Fort Worth' 3 Ready Reserve. 'W November 1966, pp. 2-39. Bushey, K.D. "Innovative Utilization of PoliceReserves." Masters Thesis, California State University, 1976. Coddington, T.G. "Survey of Reserve Law Enforcement Officers in Arizona." Research Practicum, University of Arizona, December, 1974. Cohen,Larry, & Mannion, Thomas. "Auxiliary Highway Patrol in an Urban Environment." Wt, September 1984, pp. 39-41. Cn'tChley. TA. W 2d ed Montclair. NJ.: Patterson-Smith, 1972. "Directory of Law Enforcement Agencies in Michigan". Michigan Bell, 1987. Deitch, L. I. and Thompson, L. N. "The Reserve Police Ofi'icer: One Alternative to the need for Manpower." W. May 1985, pp. 59-61. Donahue, William B. "Summertime Cops.” W February 1982, pp.3-9. Dow Ronald E W New York Conference of Mayors, Report #78-1, 1978. "Florida's Patrol Auxiliary." The Police Chief, April 1962, p.45. Gmnbcrg. Martin A. W WCSIPOI'L CI‘: Greenwood Press, 1984. Lesce, Tony. "Reserves in Small Departments." W June 1985, pp.33-38. Lucas, HE. "Police Reserve Lends Valuable Aid." W, February 1963, p.20. McLean, Herbert E. "Bellingham's Friendly Forces." mm, June 1987, pp. 26-30. 76 77 Michigan, "Michigan Law Enforcement Officers Training Council Survey of Agency Demographics." Department of State Police, Michigan Law Enforcement Officers Training Council, 1987. Michigan, Department of State Police, "Michigan Law Enforcement Information Network Operations Manual." 1987. "Michigan Police Directory". Michigan Release Publishing Company, 1987. Michigan, Report of the Attorney General. (1972-73), Opinion #4790. Rice, James E. and Zavislak, Henry C. "Police Paraprofessionals 1n Jackson, Michigan" IhcfiolicLChief. Jan 1977 PP 4748 Smith, Bruce, W. New York: Harper & Bros, 1960. Sm'vey of Reserve Police. Arlington, VA: Arlington County Police Department, 1969. Taylor, Maria B. "Volunteerism, A Police Department's Response to Changing Times." W January 1982. PP- 1741- United States, W, Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington DC, 1987. U. S. Department of Justice, ' Springfield, VA: National Technical Information Service, 197 2 Unsinger, Peter Charles. "Volunteerism in Law Enforcement. The Development of Quantity and Quality of Personnel in Reserve and Auxiliary Programs." A Dissertation, University of Idaho, July, 1971. Wales, James E. "A City's Volunteer Police Force." W February 1917, pp.201-202. Woods, Arthur. W New York: Arno Press, 1971. ‘ttttttt