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"J ”‘1; ' (.1 3 r, fiEf/x '6-"1 “filial-0' TY L BRARIES llllllilllllllllllllil 3 1293 00913 4 3 This is to certify that the thesis entitled Drop Heights Encountered in the United Parcel Service Small Parcel Environment in the United States presented by Thomas Martin Voss has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for M. S 0 degree in Packfiing S. Paul Singh, Ph.D. Major professor Date April 15, 1991 0-7639 MS U is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution UEiiriAfiY girlichigsn PM: l University PLACE IN RETURN BOX to remove this checkout from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or before date due. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE 11911, 1 2: mg ILMAY 112003 - g ‘6 5': ‘ MSU Is An Afflnnetwe Action/Equal Opportmlty Institution cftckcm‘mfl' TE DROP HEIGHTS ENCOUNTERED IN THE UNITED PARCEL SERVICE SMALL PARCEL ENVIRONMENT IN THE UNITED STATES BY Thomas Martin Voss A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTERS OF SCIENCE School of Packaging 1991 ABSTRACT DROP HEIGHTS ENCOUNTERED IN THE UNITED PARCEL SERVICE SMALL PARCEL ENVIRONMENT IN THE UNITED STATES BY Thomas Martin Voss Packaged goods move through various logistical networks each day all over the world. Packages moving through these various networks are exposed to dynamic forces such as drops, tosses, and kicks. This study investigated the effect of drops, tosses and kicks encountered in the United Parcel Service (UPS) small parcel environment in the United States. The effect of the weight and volume of packages shipped was studied. The results of this study showed ‘the highest, drop observed in the UPS environment in 35 roundtrips from Lansing, MI to Monterey, CA was 42.1 inches for the Small size package. The size of the package had no significant effect on the drop heights" Lighter yweight. packages for' the smaller size experienced higher drop heights. Weight did not have a significant effect on the Medium and Larger size package drop heights. 95% of the drops occurred at 30 inches for the Small/Light package, 24 inches for the Small/Medium package, 18 inches for the Mbdium/Light package, 24 inches for the Medium/Medium packages, 26 inches for the Medium/Heavy package, and 18 inches for the Large/Medium and Large/Heavy packages. Copyright by THOMAS MARTIN VOSS 1991 DEDICATIONC In memory of my father, John William Voss. ACKNO'LEDGEMENTB I am sincerely grateful to my major professor, Dr. S. Paul Singhm His guidance and input on this achievement have been invaluable. Thanks to John Antle and Eastman Kodak for the equipment used in this project. Thanks to Stan Preskitt and the other employees at Dallas Instruments for sharing their knowledge of drop height recorders. Thanks to Linda Graesser and Bill Hall for extending their friendship to me. I am indebted to Tom Schultz and Tina Coughlin whose friendship I value greatly. I will never forget the support and companionship they provided during my academic career. Thanks to my graduate committee, Dr. Gary Burgess, Dr. Julian Lee, and Dr. George Mase. Finally, I feel especially thankful to my mother, Lois Voss and my sister, Marla for their support. TABLE 0? CONTENTS Eégg LIST OF TABLESOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.0.0000...O. Vi LIST OF FIGURES................................ Vii 1.0 INTRODUCTION............................... 1 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW.......................... 4 3.0 EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN 3.1 MATERIALS............................. 7 3.2 SIZE/WEIGHT CONFIGURATIONS............ 8 3.3 ZERO G DROP HEIGHT CALCULATION........ 19 3.4 EQUIVALENT DROP HEIGHT CALCULATION.... 20 3.5 DROP HEIGHT RECORDER INFORMATION...... 24 3.6 INSTRUMENT CONFIGURATION.............. 24 3.7 INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION................ 25 3.8 DATA ANALYSIS......................... 27 4.0 DATA AND RESULTS........................... 32 5.0 CONCLUSION................................. 42 LIST OF REFERENCES............................. 43 APPENDICES APPENDIXAOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 44 vi LIST OF TABLES Table Bags 1. LABORATORY DROPSOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO00.00000 27 2. 5 FOOT LABORATORY TOSSES................. 28 3. 10 FOOT LABORATORY TOSSES................ 29 4. LABORATORY KICKS......................... 30 5. EVENT IDENTIFICATION..................... 33 6. DROP HEIGHTS FOR PACKAGES SHIPPED BY UPS. 35 7. TOSSES FOR PACKAGES SHIPPED BY UPS....... 36 8. KICKS FOR PACKAGES SHIPPED BY UPS........ 37 A1. INDIVIDUAL DROPS....... ............ . ..... 44 A2. INDIVIDUAL KICKS......................... 51 A3. INDIVIDUAL TOSSES................... ..... 61 vii figure 1.Drop Height 2.Cushion 3.Cushion 4.Cushion 5.Cushion 6.Cushion 7.Cushion 8.Cushion and and and and and and and LIST OF FIGURES BEE Recorder orientationOCOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight 9. Package Flow Path Placement in Small/Light Packages..... Placement Placement Placement Placement Placement Placement in in in in in in Small/Medium Packages.... Medium/Light Packages.... Medium/Medium Packages... Medium/Heavy Packages.... Large/Medium Packages.... Large7Heavy Packages ..... for UPS Ground Transportation......... 10. Cumulative Percent vs Drop Heights for Small Packages.. 11. Cumulative Percent vs Drop Heights for Medium Packages. 12. Cumulative Percent vs Drop Heights for Large Packages.. viii 9 10 11 .1;2_IHIEQQEQIIQH Transporting goods safely from one place to another is a function occurring commonly every day. The distribution of packaged goods occurs through various logistical networks that are vast and complex. In the United States goods are transported by several different modes such as truck, rail, air and water. Some companies primarily operate by providing the service of managing this complex logistical problem. One such company that moves goods from one location to another is the United Parcel Service (UPS) established in 1907 in Seattle, Washington. UPS started out as a messenger service, filling a void created by the absence of phones in many homes,(UPS, 1990). The first vehicles used by UPS were motorcycles. UPS then shifted to the delivery of parcels, delivering purchased goods for three of Seattle's largest department stores. The company's delivery area slowly spread as word of the company's reputation spread. In 1913 the first automobile, a model T Ford, was purchased by UPS. Comparatively, UPS now has a fleet of 116,000 delivery vehicles. The clean, brown, UPS delivery trucks are commonplace and easily recognizable with the UPS insignia displayed on the side. (UPS, 1990) UPS kept growing and changing. By 1930 UPS had services 1 2 also in the East and Midwest. In the 1950's, factors like the presence of easily accessible shopping areas and the commonness of automobile ownership slowed the delivery of store purchased goods (UPS, 1990). At this time UPS made a major shift which undoubtedly insured their continued success. They decided to acquire common carrier rights allowing them to deliver any package to any customer. This put UPS in direct competition with the United States Postal Service. The acquisition of common carrier rights was a lengthy endeavor which took nearly thirty years. Finally in 1987 UPS became the first parcel delivery company to deliver to every address in the United States including private citizens and businesses. The present delivery system used by UPS is much more complex than the initial "fanning out" method utilized at the company's advent. The present system used is called the ' "hub and spoke" method. The hubs are sorting facilities in which the parcels are sorted and redirected to individual "operating centers". At these "operating centers" the delivery trucks are loaded with parcels to be taken to their final destination. Each of the separate 1,750 operating centers is responsible for an individual territory thereby covering every section of the UPS delivery area. Presently UPS delivers about 11 million parcels and documents daily. In 1989 UPS had 244,00 employees and delivered a volume of 2.8 billion parcels and documents shipped by over a million customers (UPS, 1990). 3 All goods moving through such networks are exposed to dynamic forces such as drops, tosses, and kicks. All of these generally occur as packages are handled, sorted, and distributed through various segments of the shipping environment. In order to measure the various levels of these dynamic inputs it is necessary to instrument dummy load packages with accelerometers and recording devices that can measure and record changes in acceleration. One such device called a Drop Height Recorder is commercially available from Dallas Instrument located in Dallas, Texas, (Dallas Instrument, 1990). This recorder has a built in triaxial accelerometer, a power source, and a memory device to store shock pulses that describe the acceleration-time history of the various dynamic inputs. 212_LIIEEAIEBB_B£!IE! Several studies have been done examining different distribution environments. Different logistical channels expose packages to many internal variables. The countless package and distribution channel combinations make detailed studies expensive and time consuming. Even the examination of one single distribution channel is a lengthy endeavor. Information regarding a distribution environment is very valuable. This information can be used to design packages, develop material specifications and to create accurate performance tests (Ostrem, 1979). For this reason many studies have been done for individual products through distinct channels. Many distribution channels are constantly changing as different products are passed through them. Information regarding dynamic movements encountered in the UPS small parcel environment is not readily available. This study will provide a broader insight into the dynamic events occurring in the UPS environment. One study conducted by Ostrem and Godshall examined shipping environment hazards for different modes of transportation. This study reviewed all the available information regarding the common carrier environment. One of the hazards of handling discussed is free fall drops. Free Fall Drop Height is defined as the vertical distance from the ground or impact surface that the package falls 4 5 (either intentionally or accidentally) under the influence of gravity. Ostrem's review of previous studies showed a trend of drops from low drop heights occurring more frequently than drops from higher drop heights (1979). The articles cited in Ostrems report lack the depth to draw anything more than general conclusion. Since the time of Ostrem's study, technology to accurately and easily monitor distribution environments has become much more available and affordable. In one study done at The Michigan State University, School of Packaging test standards were created in an attempt to reproduce the damage incurred in the parcel post environment. The study examined the laboratory test methods standardized by Technical Committee D-10 on Packaging of the American Society for Testing and Materials. The goal of the study was to develop standard input levels for the various existing laboratory test methods (Goff, 1974). Laboratory reproduction of damage incurred was used in that study. However the actual environment was not monitored in that study. Other studies have been conducted using Drop Height Recorders. These attempts to evaluate a distribution environment differed from this experiment in the method used to analyze processed data. The previous studies did not differentiate between free fall drops, tosses and kicks. Another difference was that the Zero G channel drop heights were considered to be true drop heights. This study 6 accounted for the variation of drops, tosses and kicks and separated the processed data based on lab simulation tests. Specifically the objectives of this study were; 1. Measure the dynamic impacts that packages encounter in the UPS Small Parcel Environment in the United States. 2. To determine the effect of weight and size on the drop height experienced by packages handled in the UPS environment. 3. To predict expected drop heights observed by packages in the UPS environment using a 95% confidence level from measured data. £12.!ZEEEIHEEIAL_D§§IQE 3.1 MATERIALS Careful consideration and much planning went into the design of this experiment. The small parcel environment was evaluated for the United Parcel System domestic shipments. The goal of this experiment was to send different size parcels with differing weights through the United Parcel System and record the different dynamic influences the containers were exposed to during shipping. All the containers had Drop Height Recorders (DHR) placed inside them. Different size corrugated containers were used. The' three different sized corrugated containers were denoted as Small, Medium and Large in this study. The sizes of the containers are as follows (inside dimensions): Small: 12 x 12 x 12 inches (single wall, B flute) Medium: 18 x 18 x 16 inches (single wall, B flute) ‘Large: 26 x 20 x 19 inches (single wall, B flute) All containers were "H" sealed using double-ply reinforced, water activated, gummed sealing tape. A two inch thick cushioning material (Ethafoam 220, Dow Chemical Co.) was carefully cut and packed around the Drop Height Recorders in the corrugated containers. The cushions were out very carefully as to provide a very snug fit for the drop height recorder. The drop height recorder was .7 8 oriented in the same way for every shipment (Figure 1). Sometimes additional weight was required in order to bring the weight of a container\cushion\drop height recorder combination up to the desired level. The extra weight used was in the form of thin lead plates. All attempts were made to position the weights in a symmetric fashion. The recorders were placed in the geometric center of the box. 3.2 SIZE/WEIGHT CONFIGURATIONS There were seven different size/weight configurations used in the experiment. They were: Small/Light (Figure 2), Small/Medium (Figure 3), Medium/Light (Figure 4), Medium/Medium (Figure 5), Medium/Heavy (Figure 6), Large/Medium (Figure 7), and Large/Heavy (Figure 8). The cushioning was cut so as to place the Drop Height recorder near the center of the corrugated containers. Due to the large void space in the Large box, it was physically impossible to meet the Light Weight category by using the filler medium. Also it was physically impossible to meet the Heavy Weight category in the Small Size box withOut damaging the recorder. Therefore the Size/Weight combinations eliminated were Small/Heavy and Large/Light. The weight categories were as follows: Light: 20 lbs. Medium: 30 lbs. Heavy: 45 lbs. In order to increase the reliability of the collected coanotO 39002. «:20: no.0 up 0.59.... J | «:2 N TOP k: 12in. FRONT Q i... 12in. 12in. l I: Ethafoam DHR - Lead Plate EflDE 1 — RR Total Weight: 20 lbs. Figure 2: Cushion and weight placement in Small/Light packages (cross-sectional views) 10 TOP \\ 18in. FRONT s1 V & l 18in. D Ethafoam DHR SIDE 16 in. i Total Weight: 20 lbs. Figure 4: Cushion and weight placement in Medium/Light packages. (cross—sectional views) 12 TOP T | l 18 in. 1 It 18 in. 9" FRONT T [:1 Ethafoam - Lead Plate -DHR SIDE 16in. .i. Lfl Total Weight: 45 lbs. Figure 6: Cushion and weight placement in Medium/ Heavy packages. (cross-sectional views) 14 TOP I.\\\\\‘I 26 in. FRONT Ni T 20 in i 1:] Ethafoam DHR EflDE I“ 1 9 in. h .1. Total Weight: 30 lbs. Figure 7: Cushion and weight placement for Large/ Medium packages. (cross-sectional views) 15 TOP _T I\\\\l 20111. 1.32373. ;1 26in. FRONT SIDE T I N V f l 19 in. §\\ - .L Total Weight: 45 lbs. Figure 8: Cushion and weight placement for Large] Heavy packages. (cross—sectional views) 16 17 data multiple repetitions of each Size/Weight classification were done. Each of the seven Size/Weight combinations was repeated five times for a total of 35 trips. The containers were mailed through the United Parcel Service system on over the road carriers. The containers were mailed from the Michigan State University, School of Packaging in East Lansing, Michigan to Lansmont Corporation in Monterey, California. Figure 9 describes how these packages were handled and shipped for each trip. The packages were picked up by a UPS employee and loaded in a small truck called a "Package Car". These are then taken to the Lansing UPS sorting facility, called a hub, where they are sorted. These are then shipped to Toledo, Ohio on a commercial truck called a "Feeder". At Toledo they go through another sorting facility. The packages are then loaded on trailers and shipped TOFC (trailor on flat car) to Northbay, California. Here the trailer is removed from the flat car and attatched to a truck changing it back into a "Feeder". The "Feeder" then travels to the Northbay, California hub. There they get sorted and loaded into another "Feeder" which travels to the UPS hub in Monterey, Califonia. Then the packages are sorted and loaded in "Package Cars" which deliver the packages to the Lansmont Corporation office in Monterey, California. These packages were then return shipped the next day back to Lansing. The entire round trip duration is approximately ten working days. The data for each trip in this study reflects a round trip shipment. School of Packaging East Lansing, MI “Package Car" UPS Lansing, MI Hub “Feeder’ S L UPS Toledo, OH HUB 3 “TOFC” Northbay, CA ‘I “Feeder’ UPS Northbay, CA Hub ] “Feeder" UPS Monterey, CA Hub “Package Car" Lansmont Corp. Monterey, CA *Trailor removed from railroad “Flat Cat”. A return trip would be identical but backwards. Total round trip duration is 10 working days. i I! Figure 9: Flow Path for a Package from Lansing, MI to Monterey, CA Via UPS Ground Transportation. 18 19 3.3 ZERO G DROP HEIGHT CALCULATION The distance the drop height recorder has fallen can be calculated from the time of free fall which is recorded on the zero-G channel using the following equation: a, - 12": (3-1) where: h drop height distance acceleration due to gravity (386.4 in/sec2 or 9.8 m/secz) free fall time to» n“ 3.4 EQUIVALENT DROP HEIGHT CALCULATION The equivalent drop height is calculated from the acceleration data collected by the Drop Height Recorder. When the unit records an event, the velocity change for that impact can be calculated by determining the area under the acceleration-time curve. Once the velocity change has been determined the equivalent drop height is calculated using the following equation: AV’ 1 h - _ a . — 3-2 ° (1.+ e) 29' ( ) where; AV velocity change for each channel coefficient of restitution acceleration due to gravity axis of orientation P411 (0 The equivalent drop heights are calculated for each of the three axis. The total drop height is calculated by adding the individual axis drop heights as described by (3-3), ie. 20 3 he total -2 I101 (3-3) 3.5 DROP HEIGHT RECORDER INFORMATION The DHR-l Drop Height recorder is a small, lightweight unit that will record dynamic events. The unit measures 6.5 x 6.5 x 6.5 inches and weighs about eight pounds. Within the unit is contained a triaxial accelerometer. This accelerometer detects the events the drop height recorder is exposed to during shipping. The events these accelerometers encounter are stored for further analysis and report generating. The Drop Height Recorder is constantly monitoring it's environment. When a dynamic event occurs the acceleration levels experienced by the three accelerometers is sent through a low gain amplifier. The signal is then digitized and sent to the central processing unit which checks to see if any accelerations experienced exceeded the trigger level. If the trigger level was surpassed then the signals are saved in Random Access Memory as impact acceleration/time history. If the trigger level was not exceeded then the information is not retained. The acceleration data for all three channels is processed to determine drop height and impact level. Another type of data the drop height recorder can collect is the free fall or zero-G signal. This information is ' 21 derived from the accelerations experienced by the triaxial accelerometer. The same signal which passes through the low gain amplifier also passes through a high gain amplifier. From there the signals from the three accelerometers are rectified and summed. This information is called the zero G or free fall channel. After this fourth channel's signal is created, it is processed together with the signal sent through the low gain amplifier. This information is stored in the random access memory for further analysis. The recorder uses the time the unit stayed in free fall to compute a drop height. This is explained later on in this chapter. The DHR-lC Drop Height Recorder software is helpful in the analysis of the collected data. Reports of the collected events can be generated through the use of this software. The information which can be included in a report include: event number, event date, event time, event battery voltage, event temperature, event pulse width, peak acceleration, normalized acceleration, velocity change, zero G event drop height, equivalent drop height, equivalent drop height for each axis, percent deviation between zero G event drop height and equivalent drop height. The drop height recorders configurations can be set with different parameters. These programmable variables include the drop height trigger level (G's), the memory retention mode and the data collection mode. There are several choices of memory retention. The first 22 is ”single" or "full\stop" mode. Here the unit will stop recording events once the memory has been filled to capacity. The second choice is the "wrap" mode. In the “wrap" mode once the memory is filled the incoming data replaces the oldest or first recorded data. This results in the most recent events being captured. The third and final memory retention mode is the ”max" mode. In the "max" mode once the memory is filled the unit will only record an event if the event is of a greater magnitude than the lowest recorded events. This will give a record of the peak or maximum values. The sampling rate is also set in the configuration menu. When the DHR unit experiences an event it creates a waveform signal from the x, y, z, and zero G channels. The sampling rate (times per second) can be set high or low to capture events of different frequencies. The drop height recorders have several different ways in which it can collect data. The first is the "snap" mode. This is where the unit remains in a state of inactivity until a preset time arrives. At this time the unit wakes up and becomes active. Now the unit will record the first event it is exposed to regardless of the signal magnitude. It then returns to its previous state of inactivity. The second mode of data collection is the "trig" mode. Here the unit remains inactive until a preset time and then it becomes active. During this active time the unit will record any event which exceeds the preset trigger level. 23 After an event is recorded the unit returns to its inactive state. The third mode of data acquisition is the "normal" mode. In this mode an event is recorded each time the preset trigger level is surpassed. The fourth and final mode is called "both". It mixes the "normal" and "snap" modes. In this mode the unit becomes active for a preset period of time and records all events which surpass the trigger level. Within the configuration menu a pre and post trigger period needs to be set. The DHR unit is constantly monitoring the environment. Once the unit is exposed to a dynamic force which exceeds the preset trigger level, the events occurring during a specified window of time are recorded and stored for later analysis. The duration of this window is determined by the length of the pre and post trigger times. The size of this window also limits the total number of events the unit is capable of capturing. The length of time the Drop Height Recorders will continue to function and record events is limited by the duration of the battery life. Each unit has two battery packs, each with 4.9 ampere, D cell, nickel cadmium batteries. The manufacturers of the unit, Dallas Instruments, state that the maximum event recording duration is about fourteen days. This optimum duration occurs at a temperature of 20° Celsius. Exposure to temperatures above or below this temperature will cause the battery life to be shortened in direct proportion to the magnitude of 24 difference from the ideal temperature. 3.6 INSTRUMENT CONFIGURATION It is important to understand the functionality and calibration of the DHR units. At the onset of the experiment each of the five Drop Height Recorders to be utilized were dropped from heights of 24, 36, and 48 inches using a free fall drop tester. This data was recorded and examined to verify that the equipment was accurately recording the event it was exposed to. Within each DHR a trigger level had to be set. The objective was to set a high enough trigger level that would keep the unit from continuously being triggered and yet be sensitive enough to measure a majority of the impacts. The trigger level used for the Large and Medium sized containers was 6 G's. The trigger level for the Small sized container was 10 6'5. The difference in G levels was because the Large and Medium sized containers had more cushioning than the Small sized container and therefore needed a lower trigger level. The configuration menu of the drop height allows certain variables to be selected. The data retention or memory was set in the "max" mode. The data collection variable used was the "normal" mode. The pre and post trigger times were 750 and 1000 milliseconds respectively. The sampling rate was set at 1000 samples per second. Drop Height recorders require proper charging and 25 maintenance. When each Drop Height Recorder returned from a trip it was charged for at least 48 hours. The nine volt batteries in each of the Drop Height Recorders were also changed monthly. 3.7 INSTRUMENT CALIBRATION It was necessary to understand how the DHR units functioned when subjected to the various impacts described earlier as free fall drops, tosses and impacts. A free fall drop consists of the package falling purely under gravity in the vertical downward direction. This would result from the packages slipping from the operators hand, dropping off from a conveyor due to jamming caused by other packages in the front, packages falling from the top of a stack during shipping, etc. The second type of impact described as a “toss" usually is very common as packages are manually sorted. Operators will usually "toss" or throw packages in various sorting bins or stacks. As a result the package travels both laterally and vertically, staying weightless before impact. Lastly "kicks" are referred to when a package experiences a lateral impact as a result of impact from automatic ~sorting equipment, or from sliding into other stationary packages. It is important to understand how these three categories are sensed by the DHR unit. During a free-fall drop, the unit's zero g channel shows great accuracy as compared to 26 the equivalent drop height. This is mainly due to a changing "e" value due to the drops on various edges, corners or faces and the variation in impact surfaces that may result in large errors for the equivalent drop height. Lab calibration showed the "zero g" channel to be more accurate. For the categorization of different impacts it was important to measure the "unit ratio”. This is defined as the ratio between the drop height measured using the zero 9 channel and the calculated equivalent drop height. Unit Ratio = Drop Height using Zero g Change; = Q2 (3-4) Equivalent Drop Height he For free fall drops this ratio generally always lies between 0.5 and 2.0 (Table 1). For tosses the units stay weightless for a much longer time. The actual drop height predicted by the zero 9 becomes very large and inaccurate. However the equivalent drop height is much lower. As a result the unit ratio becomes large. Lab simulated five and ten foot tosses show that unit ratio higher than 2 are usually common (Tables 2 and 3). Similarly in the case of a kick the "equivalent g" channel computes a drop height based on the velocity change of impact, however the zero g shows almost no drop. This was also seen in lab simulations (Table 4). It is clear Event # mmflamthH 27 Table 1 - Laboratory Drops True Drop figiggt 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 24 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 36 48 48 48 27.7 23.8 26.7 24.5 25.4 24.3 24.0 24.6 26.4 26.7 25.2 24.3 30.4 30.1 36.5 39.1 39.1 40.0 34.5 34.7 44.3 0.7 45.4 Drop Height ___1222_§__ Drop Height Minus}. 25.5 19.6 16.4 22.2 26.4 24.5 28.1 30.7 34.8 34.2 26.6 32.5 32.7 32.2 35.3 43.8 32.7 53.0 47.5 56.4 44.1 1.9 42.8 Unit Ratio 1.09 1.21 1.63 1.10 0.96 0.99 0.85 0.80 0.76 0.78 0.95 0.75 0.93 0.93 1.03 0.89 1.20 0.75 0.73 0.62 1.00 0.37 1.06 28 Table 2 - 5 root Laboratory Tossea Event # Drop Height Drop Height Ratio __Z££9_Q_ 1 75.4 23.0 3.28 2 77.3 9.3 8.31 3 85.1 33.2 2.56 4 105.7 22.5 4.70 5 83.8 27.9 3.00 6 104.5 40.3 2.59 7 86.4 10.8 8.00 8 105.1 9.0 11.68 9 105.4 36.8 2.86 10 102.0 31.8 3.21 11 81.3 26.2 3.10 12 104.8 33.6 3.12 13 93.0 9.6 9.69 14 104.8 13.1 8.00 15 34.5 49.4 2.12 16 34.7 2.7 7.78 29 Table 3 - 10 Foot Laboratory Tosses Event # Drop Height Drop Height Ratio __Z!.L¢_9__ 1 106.8 0.4 267.00 2 104.0 0.5 208.00 3 93.8 2.1 44.67 4 94.8 0.5 189.60 5 77.1 0.5 154.20 6 103.4 5.4 19.15 7- 76.8 0.4 192.00 8 86.9 1.0 86.90 9 102.8 0.4 257.00 10 101.2 3.3 30.67 11 92.7 0.2 463.50 12 94.0 0.2 470.00 13 66.3 0.2 331.50 14 84.1 0.5 168.20 15 84.8 0.2 424.00 30 Table 4 - Laboratory Ricks Ratio Drop Height Drop Height Mm Event # 00000000000000000 00000000000000000 1.5621372001536649 00.000.000.000... 90696626552559908 1 1 1. 00000000000000000 00000000000000000 12345678901234567. 11111111 31 that this would result in a much lower unit ratio. Unit ratios less then 0.5 were interpreted to be due to kicks. Therefore the data was analyzed and the following conditions were used; If Unit Ratio < 0.5, the impact is a kick. If 0.5 5 Unit Ratio 5 2.0, the impact is a free fall drop. If Unit Ratio > 2.0, the impact is a toss. 3.8 DATA ANALBIS At the conclusion of each trip the Drop Height Recorders information was uploaded into a computer hard drive with the use of Dallas Instruments "DHR Software". Printouts of all the files were created and stored. Using the DHR software report generating software the report data was imported into Lotus Symphony software for analysis and tabulation. 4 AT ES Dynamic events occurring in the small parcel environment are very complex to measure and analyze. The dynamic impacts a package goes through can be separated into free fall drops, tosses and kicks. The dynamic impacts for this study were recorded and the individual kicks, tosses and drops for each Size/Weight repetition are listed in Table A1, A2 and A3. Table 5 summarizes the number and type of events the different Size/Weight repetitions were exposed to during each round trip. The Medium/Light configuration showed the highest average events occurring. The individual drop heights were examined to determine the minimum, maximum and average for each Size/Weight configuration repetition (Table 6). The maximum individual drop heights experienced by the different Size/Weight configurations were; 42.1 in. for Small/Light, 23.1 in. for Small/Medium, 37.2 in for Medium/Light, 40.7 in for Medium/Medium, 30.9 in for Medium/Heavy, 30.1 in for Large/Medium, 18.8 in for Large/Heavy. The largest overall drop height experienced was the 42.1 inches for the small/Light configuration. The individual tosses and kicks were examined to determine the maximum and average impact levels and toss distances (Tables 7 and 8). 32 33 Table 5 - Event Identification Shipment Type Trip # Number of 1§i§212219h£1 ______. .3222££_ IEDEQSH 22522; 2:22; Large\Heavy 1 18 5 7 6 Large\Heavy 2 12 5 4 3 Large\Heavy 3 11 5 5 1 Large\Heavy 4 14 6 3 5 Large\Heavy 5 11 19 _§ _i ave. 15 ave. 7 ave. 5 ave. 4 Large\Medium, 1 31 17 9 17 Large\Medium 2 53 23 15 15 Large\Medium 3 32 12 11 9 Large\Medium 4 41 25 6 10 Large\Medium 5 22 19 _2 _; ave. 36 ave. 17 ave. 10 ave. 11 Medium\Heavy l 27 7 10 10 Medium\Heavy 2 28 14 9 5 Medium\Heavy 3 11 2 7 2 Medium\Heavy 4 18 8 5 5 Medium\Heavy 5 52 12 15 i6 ave. 27 ave.10 ave. 9 ave. 8 Medium\Medium 1 14 8 5 1 Medium\Medium 2 43 13 18 12 Medium\Medium 3 48 21 14 13 Medium\Medium 4 6 4 2 0 Medium\Medium 5 2g, 14 _§ _4 ave. 28 ave. 12 ave. 9 ave. 6 Medium\Light 1 23 11 8 4 Medium\Light 2 69 30 25 14 Medium\Light 3 55 22 20 13 Medium\Light 4 52 21 16 15 Medium\Light 5 14 22 25 i1 ave. 55 ave. 24 ave. 19 ave. 13 Small\Medium 1 5 0 3 2 Small\Medium 2 10 5 4 1 Small\Medium 3 25 9 6 10 Small\Medium 4 4 2 1 1 Small\Medium 5 i2 _2 ._§ _3 ave. 12 ave. 4 ave. 4 ave. 4 34 Table 5 (cont'd) Shipment Type Trip # Number of WEI—MIMMM Small\Light 1 25 8 8 9 Small\Light 2 28 12 9 7 Small\Light 3 25 13 4 8 Small\Light 4 25 8 6 11 Small\Light 5 1; ‘_§ _2 _2 ave. 23 ave. 10 ave. 6 ave. 8 35 Table 6 Drop Heights for Packages Shipped by UPS (Roundtrip) (Lansing, HI. . .Honterey, C)... . Lansing, HI) Size Height Trip number Drop Height¢in) e Small Light 1 9 32.3 0.3 9.7 2 7 14.2 1.1 6.3 3 8 14.3 0.3 6.4 4 11 42.1 1.6 12.4 5 2 2.8 0.5 1.6 Medium 1 2 23.0 2.8 12.1 2 1 14.7 --- 14.7 3 10 23.1 1.2 15.4 4 l 8.7 --- 8.7 5 4 9.9 2.6 4.9 Medium Light 1 4 13.0 0.2 4.8 2 14 13.9 0.4 3.4 3 13 15.7 0.3 4.7 4 15 27.6 0.4 4.9 5 17 37.2 0.4 8.8 Medium 1 1 0.7 --- 0.7 2 12 13.2 0.2 4.5 3 13 40.7 0.4 9.6 4 0 0.0 0.0 0.0 5 4 15.2 1.0 7.3 Heavy 1 10 9.1 0.5 4.6 2 5 30.9 0.7 *** 3 2 11.2 1.1 6.1 4 5 2.2 0.5 1.4 5 16 28.9 0.8 7.5 Large Medium 1 5 12.5 0.4 *** 2 15 19.8 0.5 7.7 3 9 12.6 0.9 5.0 4 10 30.1 1.5 *** 5 3 17.5 1.2 11.8 Heavy 1 6 10.7 2.2 5.9 2 3 18.8 1.0 8.7 3 1 6.9 --- 6.9 4 5 17.0 0.9 6.2 5 1 15.0 --- *** C Size Small Medium Large 36 Table 7 Tosses for Packages Shipped by UPS (Roundtrip) (Lansing, MI...Honterey, CA... Lansing, MI) Weight e o Light Medium Light Medium Heavy Medium Heavy Trip Ul#UNHU'l-bUNHU'I-hwNHUIhUNHm-bUND-‘UIDLJNHUIDUNH 0 number coast-Imeuwcnexooo H mumeqsoon-I 76.4 97.6 35.2 84.6 42.8 67.4 35.5 100.9 77.3 105.1 30.7 98.1 79.8 186.4 104.8 104.0 104.3 97.6 10.4 86.6 86.9 63.6 81.3 62.3 104.8 103.7 105.7 106.0 47.7 101.7 28.8 12.3 103.7 23.5 99.8 Toss Distance(in) V 32.4 35.5 17.1 32.7 33.8 38.5 24.1 49.8 77.3 34.3 11.8 24.9 28.2 30.1 36.2 38.8 24.4 34.7 6.15. 17.8 35.6 18.6 40.2 21.6 35.7 43.9 24.5 25.7 20.6 26.9 22.1 12.0 45.8 19.0 53.1 37 Table 8 Ricks for Packages Shipped by UPS (Roundtrip) (Lansing, MI...Monterey, CA... Lansing, MI) Sise Weight Trip number Impact Leve1(in/sec) 0 ate 0 e Ave Small Light 1 7 274 125 2 12 330 133 3 14 151 87 4 8 138 79 5 5 148 103 Medium 1 0 0 0 2 5 205 119 3 9 181 95 4 2 111 87 5 3 124 110 Medium Light 1 10 167 so 2 22 408 101 3 22 148 62 4 21 192 72 5 32 399 108 Medium 1 8 321 107 2 13 100 58 3 21 239 84 4 3 111 94 5 14 138 70 Heavy 1 7 169 73 2 14 180 78 3 2 57 46 4 7 72 41 5 19 255 79 Large Medium 1 17 171 77 2 23 247 79 3 12 103 62 4 25 338 85 5 10 91 59 Heavy 1 5 127 74 2 5 141 79 3 5 273 112 4 6 101 61 5 10 204 72 38 In order to show the effects of size and weight on drop height experienced the data was analyzed to determine cumulative percent of occurrences for a given drop height for each Size/Weight configuration (Figures 10, 11 and 12). The height from which 95% of these drops occur is usually a standard test practice used by industry for lab testing. Figure 10 shows that for the Small package the weight had a significant effect on the drop height. Ninety five percent of all the drops occurred at or below 24 inches for the Small/Medium and 30 inches for the Small/Light configuration. The Medium and Large Size containers were not significantly affected by weight. Figure 11 shows that weight had little effect on the Medium Size container. Figure 12 shows the Large container was also not affected by a weight change. Percent CUMULATIVE PERCENT OF DROP HEIGHTS MEDIUM SIZE BOX 1 00 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 1 0 ~ 0 . 1 1 1 n 0 20 40 Drop Height (inches) Figure 11: Cumulative Percent vs Drop Height for Medium Packages. 40 5. CO C 0 The study showed the following conclusions: The highest drop observed in the UPS environment for thirty five roundtrips from Lansing, MI to Monterey, CA was 42.1 inches for the Small size package. The size of the package had no significant effect on the drop heights. Lighter weight packages for the smaller size experienced higher drop heights. Weight did not have a significant effect on the Medium and Larger size package drop heights. 95% of the drops occurred at 30 inches for the Small/Light package, 24 inches for the Small/Medium package, 18 inches for the Medium/Light package, 24 inches for the Medium/Medium packages, 26 inches for the Medium/Heavy package, and 18 inches for the Large/Medium and Large/Heavy packages. 42 43 LIST 0? REFERENCES Brandenburg, R.K and Lee, J.J. "Fundamentals of Packaging Dynamics." MTS Systems Corporation. Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1990. Dallas Instruments. "Operation and Maintenance Manual for Model DHR-10 Drop Height Recorder." Dallas Instruments Inc. Plano, Texas, 1990. Dallas Instruments. "Your Shocking Environment." (Vol. 1, No. 1). Dallas Instruments, Inc. Dallas, Texas, 1988. Goff, James. "Development of Performance Standards for Parcel Post Packages." Michigan State University. Project No. 3108, 1974. Hanlon, J.F. "Handbook of Packaging Engineering." 2nd. ed. McGraw-Hill Book Company. New York, New York, 1984. Ostrem, F.E. and Godshall, W.D. "An Assessment of the Common Carrier Shipping Environment." Forest Products Laboratory, U.S. Department of Agriculture/ University of Wisconsin. Madison, Wisconsin, 1979. United Parcel Service. "Packaging for the Small Parcel Environment." United Parcel Service of America, Inc. 1976. United Parcel Service. "Behind The Shield." United Parcel Service of America, Inc. 1990 United Parcel Service. "News from United Parcel Service." United Parcel Service of America, Inc. 1990 APPENDIX 44 APPENDIX A Table A1 - Individual Drops V. WWW). 2291192135199 Small/Light 45328239 11223200 1 32 1 12346789 4212016 1614984 1 1234567 Small/Light 66309239 07014349 1 1 12345678 Small/Light 12.4 35064379610 e e e e e e e e e e 6 68912709220 2 1 1 41 12345678901 11 Small\Light 85 20 Small/Light Small/Medium 12.1 45 Table A1 (cont'd) ggggiggrggigg Trip 1 Egan; t D . i . Ave,(in.) Small/Medium 2 1 14.7 14.7 Small/Medium 3 1 22.4 15.4 2 12.2 3 17.6 4 1.2 5 22.4 6 16.1 7 9.3 8 21.3 9 23.1 10 8.6 Small/Medium 4 1 8.7 8.7 Small/Medium 5 1 4.6 4.9 2 2.8 3 2.6 4 9.9 Medium/Light 1 1 0.2 4.8 2 13.0 3 1.2 4 4.9 Medium/Light 2 1 0.6 3.4 2 13.9 3 0.8 4 0.4 5 1.7 6 4.2 7 0.4 8 0.6 9 9.3 10 10.5 11 0.7 12 1.2 13 0.7 14 3.4 Medium/Light 3 1 7.6 4.7 2 1.2 3 0.8 4 0.6 5 15.7 6 0.4 7 9.2 46 Table A1 (cont'd) 1 Ave. Mina tin. Tri mil-3&8 839846 300441 10 11 12 13 8 326469998324993 4.4799062277047338 201070000310507 02146714783130221 1 2 1 1 131 12345678901 5 12345678901 11 1 11 234 111 4 5 Medium/Light Medium/Light 23 11 1 546 1111 1 Medium/Medium Medium/Medium 1234 47 Table A1 (cont'd) in. V0. ratio Tri Eggnt t D o t CO 7863255 4011034 5678901 11 1 5 3594130309476 0.0.0.0000... 3256113891001 1 2 1 4 1234567890123 1111 Medium/Medium Medium/Medium Medium/Medium 2000 5121 1 1 1234 Medium/Heavy 4491851023 3159804823 123456789m 12345 Medium/Heavy 48 Table A1 (cont'd) WM). mum 9911;192:9919; Medium/Heavy Medium/Heavy 12345 Medium/Heavy 0932991358394899 eeeeeeeeeeeeoeee 5042013210933189 1 2 21 1234567890123456 1111111 12345 Large/Medium Large/Medium 08310579460257 79118632277105 11 1 1 12345678901234 11111 49 Table A1 (cont'd) WM). mmot O on 11.3 15 Large\Medium 956996063 71130n187 123456789 .3174665.21:5119 9.2411627.4110.z 111 3.1 123456789m Large\Medium 11.8 Large\Medium 327492 220298 123456 Large\Heavy 085 186 Large\Heavy Large\Heavy 02920 72092 1 12345 Large\Heavy 50 Table A1 (cont'd) Qonfigggatiog T;ip_£ figgg§_£ ngp nt.(in.) Ave,(in.) Large\Heavy 5 1 15.0 15.0 51 Table A2 - Individual Ricks Rick Vector Sum Contiggration T;ip_£ Evegt t igpgg; Lgvei(inzsec) Ave. 117 125 90 54 144 71 126 274 Small/Light 1 \IO‘UI-FUNH 112 133 41 257 54 55 118 38 182 99 93 221 330 Small/Light 2 HIJP‘ bOP*O\OGDQ(nUIbLJAJH 87 87 29 123 116 71 43 151 125 109 10 71 11 38 12 85 13 48 14 115 Small/Light 3 \omqmmeuNH 138 79 119 79 88 45 46 77 Small\Light 4 \IO‘U‘I-bUNI-J 52 Table A2 - (cont'd) Rick Vector Sum nggigggation Trip t Ezgg§_£ Impagt Lgvei(in[sec) Ave. 8 38 124 103 64 47 134 148 Small/Light 5 U'I-bUNI-J H O O Small/Medium 1 205 119 71 182 74 61 Small/Medium 2 UIbUNH 181 95 153 Small/Medium 3 64 95 76 22 85 170 \DmxlmUl-bUNI-‘I 111 87 63 Small/Medium 4 NH 124 110 95 112 Small/Medium 5 uNH 68 60 41 167 59 72 45 34 29 28 61 Medium/Light 1 OOmQGUI-buNH H 115 101 28 124 Medium/Light 2 UNH 53 Table A2 - (cont'd) . Rick Vector Sum senfignrafiea 2212.2 Ezens_£ Ianest_Lezeliinleesl Are. 4 139 5 94 6 42 7 42 8 26 9 7o 10 408 11 67 12 231 13 40 14 68 15 136 16 63 17 31 18 127 19 76 20 116 21 93 22 78 Medium/Light 3 1 29 62 2 83 3 106 4 45 5 66 6 32 7 36 8 33 10 75 11 148 12 108 13 48 14 54 15 148 16 7o 17 58 18 40 19 18 20 22 21 41 22 50 Medium/Light 4 10 72 1 2 37 3 45 4 65 5 76 54 Tabla 12 - (cont'd) Kick Vector Sun ng£1gggation Trig t figegt t Ingact Levg111nlsec) Ave. 6 15 7 18 8 116 9 28 10 25 11 133 12 89 13 157 14 192 15 53 16 76 17 167 18 54 19 74 20 24 21 68 Medium/Light 5 1 88 108 2 124 3 149 4 58 5 31 6 44 7 67 8 35 9 38 10 81 11 144 12 106 13 42 14 119 15 48 16 68 17 102 18 399 19 103 20 155 21 105 22 133 23 129 24 208 25 266 26 170 27 107 28 52 29 140 30 58 55 Table A2 - (cont'd) Rick Vector Bun angiggzatiog Trig 1 ngn; t Igpac; Levg;(;gzsec) Ave. 31 80 32 13 Medium/Medium 1 1 6 107 2 70 3 321 4 24 5 80 6 213 7 71 . 8 69 Medium/Medium 2 1 25 58 2 37 3 72 4 53 5 77 6 45 7 100 8 71 9 89 10 57 11 28 12 32 13 69 Medium/Medium 3 1 120 84 2 33 3 59 4 41 5 139 6 30 7 114 8 35 9 63 10 28 11 112 12 100 13 74 14 131 15 59 16 88 17 87 18 90 19 239 20 88 21 37 56 Table AZ - (cont'd) Rick Vector Sum angiggrgtLon Trig t fizggg_£ ngect Levg;(in[sec) Ave. 87 94 111 84 Medium/Medium 4 (AMP 58 70 102 53 94 66 55 87 46 134 10 47 11 138 12 14 13 33 14 55 Medium/Medium 5 \qumU‘l-hUNH 36 73 33 47 162 169 35 27 Medium/Hegvy 1 \lOSUIbUNt-I 83 78 180 41 68 106 95 73 69 61 10 41 11 54 12 113 13 63 14 46 Medium/Heavy 2 \DmQOSUI-hUNH Medium/Heavy 3 1 57 46 2 35 Medium/Heavy 4 1 61 41 57 Table A2 - (cont'd) Rick Vector Sun Qggfi1ggrgg1gg g;1g_£ nggt t :ngect Levg;(ig[sec) Ave. 2 72 3 14 4 17 5 11 6 70 7 47 Medium/Heavy 5 1 106 79 2 48 3 62 4 32 5 76 6 120 7 48 8 52 9 28 10 255 11 110 12 86 13 17 14 42 15 76 16 56 17 - 99 18 20 19 173 Large/Medium 1 1 40 77 2 78 3 51 4 73 5 37 6 119 7 39 8 171 9 99 10 132 11 98 12 72 13 45 14 41 15 57 16 80 17 78 Large/Medium 2 1 38 79 2 25 58 Table 12 - (cont'd) Kick Vector Bum conggggratiog 1:12 i ggegt t gmggct Lgve;(1n[sec) 1ve. 3 92 4 37 5 33 6 . 102 7 93 8 29 9 52 10 47 11 53 12 83 13 65 14 84 15 70 16 197 17 101 18 76 19 45 20 66 21 149 22 33 23 247 Large\Medium 3 1 72 62 2 90 3 103 4 35 5 18 6 35 7 85 8 43 9 44 10 61 11 79 12 73 Large\Medium 4 1 11 85 2 107 3 70 4 42 5 56 6 74 7 43 '8 64 9 338 10 84 11 58 12 44 (LOW; Large\Medium Large\Heavy Large\Heavy Large\Heavy Large\Heavy 59 Table 12 - Trig 1 Kick Bvegt t 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 H UluhUNl-J U'InbUNi-I‘ U'I-hUNt-l ommxlmU'I-bUNH ccoaap (cont'd) Vector Bun 1W2). 171 58 37 45 87 55 97 147 45 79 176 76 59 87 41 60 82 84 35 28 57 91 23 39 63 127 81 62 110 63 70 141 9 7O 38 45 273 133 43 29 81 46 AVE. 59 74 79 112 61 60 Table 12 - (cont'd) Kick Vector Sum Qggfiggration Trig f ng35 i Imgggt Levelginlsec) Ave. 68 101 mm 5 72 122 84 96 35 53 61 29 204 30 Large\Heavy 5 o~oa3qoo~+a H 61 Table A3 - Individual Toeaee T088 T088 gzent £ Distgggg gig) Ave.(in1 contiggratign Trig t Small/Light Small/Light Small/Light Small\Light Small/Light Small/Medium Small/Medium Small/Medium 1 oedema-wand NH mama-um»: ubUND-J \OCDQO‘U'InbUNI-J uNH fiUNH UlbUNH 17.7 76.4 62.5 39.6 21.5 13.5 23.1 46.5 7.5 11.7 34.2 11.5 11.8 97.6 70.4 28.5 14.8 3.9 14.7 35.2 19.2 33.1 37.7 7.4 84.6 14.2 42.8 24.9 36.9 11.3 67.4 12.5 15.5 35.5 33.1 89.5 43.5 23.2 67.4 100.9 32.4 35.5 17.1 32.7 33.8 38.5 24.1 49.8 62 Table A3 - (cont'd) Toes Toes gontiggration Trig i Event t gistggce (in) Ave.(in1 6 29.7 Small/Medium 4 1 77.3 77.3 Small/Medium 5 1 16.5 34.3 2 57.1 3 105.1 4 9.7 5 8.4 6 9.3 Medium/Light 1 1 30.7 11.8 2 23.8 3 5.3 4 0.4 5 7.8 6 22.0 7 2.3 8 2.3 Medium/Light 2 1 4.7 24.9 2 21.9 3 2.8 4 32.4 5 2.1 6 29.1 7 63.1 8 9.2 10 2.6 11 6.7 12 18.9 13 36.0 14 14.1 15 20.8 16 42.3 17 28.9 18 40.7 19 22.8 20 11.4 21 98.1 22 53.0 23 2.7 24 25.7 Medium/Light 3 1 30.6 28.2 2 70.2 63 Table 13 - (cont'd) Toes Toae goggiggragion grig_£ fizgnt t gigtggce (1g) Ave.(ig) 4 14.1 5 17.1 6 9.9 7 2.3 8 79.8 9 57.1 10 11.4 11 1.9 12 65.8 13 1.9 14 16.0 15 49.4 16 7.1 17 67.2 18 1.0 Medium/Light 4 1 2.4 30.1 2 58.6 3 6.5 4 3.4 5 73.5 6 42.5 7 50.8 8 10.9 9 2.9 10 4.0 11 17.3 12 4.2 13 3.2 14 34.2 15 38.2 16 24.0 17 39.8 18 17.6 19 86.4 20 58.4 21 18.1 22 91.4 23 22.3 24 9.9 25 26.0 26 26.0 27 65.8 28 11.3 29 23.4 Medium/Light 5 1 23.9 36.2 64 Table 13 - (cont'd) Toes Toea ggngiggragion Trig i Bvegt t gigtggcg (in) Ave.(in) 2 23.5 3 47.5 4 55.4 5 37.2 6 3.1 7 10.6 8 104.8 9 5.7 10 11.8 11 87.4 12 20.3 Medium/Medium 1 1 33.9 38.8 2 104.0 3 5.7 4 11.8 5 31.0 Medium/Medium 2 1 7.2 24.4 2 21.7 3 8.3 4 1.8 5 2.9 6 13.0 7 2.0 8 2.3 9 7.2 10 59.0 11 104.3 12 27.0 13 1.2 14 2.8 15 89.8 16 11.1 17 76.1 18 1.7 Medium/Medium 3 1 52.2 34.7 2 38.0 3 2.0 4 7.3 5 1.1 6 14.9 7 14.9 8 78.6 9 3.5 10 97.6 6.15 1ve,(in) T088 37.0 91.1 15.3 32.6 giggggcg (in) (cont'd) 65 11 12 14 T088 13 figent t Table 13 - ation Tri i Medium/Medium C 17.8 42368679 74415692 2 8 12345678 Medium/Medium 35.6 5859966895 7454208667 832 5 84 123456789m Medium/Heavy 18.6 893157586 000000000 111241193 2 1 326 123456789 Medium/Heavy 40.2 1234567 Medium/Heavy 21.6 62.3 Medium/Heavy 66 Table 13 - (cont'd) T088 I1'088 Congiggration Trig i nggt 1 gistggce (in) Ave.(in) 5.6 10.2 2.8 27.2 12.2 35.7 18.3 24.9 46.3 4.2 20.0 50.4 29.7 7.6 10 5.4 11 22.0 12 104.8 13 54.6 14 100.1 Medium/Heavy 5 DQOU‘I-‘IUNH UlabUN 103.7 43.9 70.2 84.6 13.9 54.6 18.7 2.6 3.5 Large/Medium 1 QQGU‘l-waH 1.1 24.5 105.7 104.0 4.9 Large/Medium 2 \OQOUI-FUNH H U 0 H o HrahIm