TRENDS lN MlCHlGAN AGRlCULTURE
WOO-1945

Thesis for the {Dears-o of Ph. D.
M!CH!GAN STATE COLLEGE
Wifliam Edward Dickinson

1950

This is to certilg that the

thesis entitled

TRENDS IN MICHIGAN AGRICUL’l'URE, 1900-1915 2

presented hg

WILLIAM E. DICKISON

has been accepted towards fulfillment

of the requirements for

& degree in- Farm Management

  
  

Major professt r

2%,; 6
Date Au ust l4 1950 ”

 

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TRENDS IN MICHIGAN AGRICULTURE

1900 - 19h5

by
William Edward Dickison

A THESIS
Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan
State College of Agriculture and Applied Science
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Agricultural Economics

1950

/ m
H"

TRENDS IN MICHIGAN AGRICULTURE

1900 - 19h5

VITA

William E. Dickison

Personal
Age: 28 Religion: Protestant
Birthplace: Sault Ste, Marie, Mich.Height: 5' 10"
Nationality: Scotch-German Weight: 180 lbs.
Marital Status: Married Health: Excellent
Education

High School: Sault Ste. Marie High School, 19uo.
College: Cadet training Indiana Central College.
Michigan State College, B.S. Iguo; M.S. 19u6.
University of Minnesota, l9h6-h7.
Michigan State College, l9h7-SO.
College Activities
Student Grange, Overseer; hpfl Club, Treasurer; Block and
Bridle, Treasurer; Ag. Econ.-Farm Mgt. Club, Vice President
and Agriculture Council Representative; Sears Scholarship
Club; Michigan Country Life Association.
Affiliation
FarmHouse Fraternity; Rotary; Masonic Order; Veterans of
Foreign Wars.

Practical Training and EXperience

Farm: Worked on home farm until enrollment at M.S.C. in lQhO.
Work: Graduate Assistant Farm Management Department, M.S.C., 19h8
Director of Rudyard's Veterans Institute, June, 19h8
to September, 19h9; County Supervisor, Farmers Home
Administration, September, l9h9 to date.
Military
Enlisted U. S. Army Air Force, December, l9h2. lst. Lt.,

Lead Navigator with 8th Air Force, England. Discharged October,

--|.J

AC KNOW LEDGI‘L‘ENT

The writer wishes to express his gratitude to Professor
E. B. Hill and Dr. K. T. Wright for their counsel and sug-

gestions on the preparation of this manuscript.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER
I. INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . .
The problem . . . . . . . . .
II. LAND AND NUMBER OF FARMS . . . .
Soil Resources . . . . . . . .
Number or Farms . . . . . . .
Size of Farms . . . . . . . .
Land-in Farms . . . . . . . .
Value of Land and Farms . . .
Summary . . . . . . . . . . .
III. FIELD CROPS . . . . . . . . . .
A. Forages . . . . . . . . . .
Alfalfa . . . . . . . . . . .
All Tame Hay . . . . . . . . .
Summary . . . . . . . . . . .
TB. Grain Crepe . . . . . . . .
Corn . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Corn Silage . . . . . . . . .
Oats . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wheat . . . . . . . . . . . .
Winter Wheat . . . . . . . .
Spring Wheat . . . . . . . .
Barley . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rye . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bucktheat . . . . . . . . . .

PAGE

CIO‘O‘I-‘H

13
17
21
25
27
27
27
33
37
39
39
in
1+9
55
SS
o1
6h
69
73

CHAPTER

Emmer and Spelt .

Soybeans. .

Grain Crap Summary

Miscellaneous Field CrOps

Field Beans
Potatoes. .
Sugar Beets

Fla-Xe e e e

Miscellaneous

Field Crop Summary

Fruit Section
Apples. . .
Peaches . .
Grapes . .
Pears . . .

Cherries .

Plums and Prunes

Strawberries

O

9

Field

Raspberries . .

Fruit Summary .

Vegetable Section .

IV. LIVESTOCK AND POULTRY

Dairy Cattle

Beef Cattle e e e e

S'inOeeeee

0

iii

PAGE

76
78
81
83
83
87
93
98
99
100
105
107
109
111
113
115
117
119
121
123
128
132

1115
1 so

iv

CHAPTER PAGE
Sheep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Horses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161
Chickens . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
Turkeys . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171
Summary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17h

v. INCOME . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176
VI. AREA TRENDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Region 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185
Region 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187
Region 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 188

VII. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION . . . . . . . . . . . . 191

BIBLIOGRAPHY O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 195

LIST OF TABLES

TABLE PAGE
1. Number of Farms by Size Groups in Michigan,

Census Years 1920, 1930, who and 19115 . . . . 9
2. Number of Farms by Size Groups in the United

States Census Years 1920, 1930, 19110 and 19L15. 10
3. Comparison of Food Produced Per Acre and Total

Digestible Crude Protein and Total Digestible

Nutrients Per Acre From Crops Raised, Grain

Only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Nb
h. Sales of Whole Milk as a Percentage of Total

Iilk and Cream Sales United States and Lake

States, l939andl9l17 1311
5. Live Weight Production Per Beef Cow in Pounds

1920-19118.................. 1110

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE

1.

2.

3.
1..
s.

7.
8.

9.

10.
11.
12.
13a.
13b.
1h.

15.
16.e
16b.

Type of Farming Areas in Michigan (Natural Line
Basis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Type of Farming Areas in Michigan (County Line
Basis) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Distribution of First Class Land in Michigan . .
Number of Farms 1900 and 19115 . . . . . . . . .
Percent Change in Number of Farms 1900 to l9h5
by Type of Farming Area . . . . . . . . . . .
Average Size of Farms in Acres in 1900 and 19MB
Number of farms under 10 Acres in Size 19h5 . .
Percent of Total Land in Farms 1910 and 19h5 . .
Percent Change in Total Land in Farms 1910 to 19h5
by Type of Farming Areas . . . . . . . . . . .
Value Per Farm.Land and Buildings, 1910 and 19h5
Value of Land in Dollars Per Acre 1900 and l9h0
Alfalfa Acreage, l9hh. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alfalfa Yield in Michigan, 1920-110 . . . . . . .
Alfalfa Acreage in Michigan, 1920-hb . . . . . .
Acres of Alfalfa 1930 to 19AS by Type of Farming
Areas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Percentage of Tillable Land in Bay, l9hh.. . . .
Yield of All Tame Hay in Michigan, 1900-AB . . .
Acreage of All Tame Hay in lichigan, 1900-AB . .

PAGE

11

12

15
16

19

32

35
35

vii

FIGURE PAGE
17. Acres of All Hay 1930 to 19h; by Type of

Farming Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
18. Corn Acreage Harvested for Grain, 19hh. . . . . N2
19. Acres and Yield Per Acre of All Corn Harvested,

Michigan, 1900-AB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A3
20. Corn Grain Yields, Average in Bushels Per Acre
_ for Census Years 1899 to l9hh . . . . . . . . 1H1
21. Acres of Corn for Grain 1930 to l9h5 by Type of

Farming Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . AS

22. Corn Silage Yields, Average in Tons Per Acre for

Census Year's 192LL to 1914A . . . . . . . . . . 118
23. Cat Acreage, l9hh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
aha. Oat Yield in Michigan, 1900-AB . . . . . . . . 52
2hb. Oat Acreage Harvested in Michigan, 1900-MB . . 52

25. Cat Yields, Average in Bushels Per Acre for
Census Years 1899 to 19hh . . . . . . . . . . 53
26. Acres of Cats 1930 to l9h5 by Type of Farming

Areas.................... Sh-
27. Winter Wheat Acreage, l9hh . . . . . . . . . . 57
28a. Winter Wheat Yield in Michigan, 1921-h8 . . . . 58

28b. Winter Wheat Acres Harvested in Michigan,

1921-h8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
29. Winter Wheat Yields, Average in Bushels Per

Acre for Census Years 1929 to l9hh . . . . . 59
30. Acres of Winter Wheat 1930 to l9h5 by Type of

Farming Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

FIGURE

31a.
31b.

32.
33.
_ 3M.
3m).

35.

36.
3730
37b.
38.

39.

h0a.

hl.

A2.

u330

Spring Wheat Yield in Michigan, l917-h5 . . .
Spring Wheat Acreage Harvested in Michigan,
l917-h5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Spring Wheat Yields, Average in Bushels Per
Acre for Census Years 1929 to l9hh . . . .
Barley Acreage, 19hh. . . . . . . . . . . . .
Barley Yield in Michigan, 1900-AB . . . . . .
Barley Acreage Harvested in Michigan, 1900-RB
Barley Yields, Average in Bushels Per Acre for
Census Years 1899 to l9hh.. . . . . . . . .

Acres of Barley 1930 to 19h5 by Type of Farming

Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rye Yield in Michigan, 1900-N8 . . . . . . .
Rye Acreage Harvested in Michigan, 1900-MB .
Rye Yields, Average in Bushels Per Acre for

Census Years 1899 to l9hh
Acres of Rye 1930 to l9h5 by Type of Farming

Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Buckwheat Yield in Michigan, l900~h8 . . . .
Buckwheat Acreage Harvested in Michigan

1900-he . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Buckwheat Yields, Average in Bushels Per Acre

for Census Years 1899 to 19hh . . . . . . .
Emmer and Spelt Yields, Average in Bushels Per

Acre for Census Years 1909 to l9hh . . . .

Soybeans Yield in Michigan, 192h-h8 . . . . .

viii

PAGE

62
62
63
65
66
66
67
68
7O
70

71

72
7A

71+

75

77
79

FIGURE

Lab.
1111.

115.
héa.
h6b.

L17.
LL80
14-930
h9b.
so.
51.
52.
53a.
53b.

5h.

55.

Soybeans Acreage Harvested in Michigan, 192h-h8
Soybean Yields, Average in Bushels Per Acre for
Census Years 1929 to l9hh . . . . . . . . . .
Field Bean Acreage, 19hh. . . . . . . . . . . .
Field Beans Yield in Michigan, 1909-ha . . . .
Field Beans Acres Harvested in Michigan, 1909-h8
Bean Yields, Average in Bushels Per Acre for
Census Years 1899 to 19hh . . . . . . . . . .
Potato Acreage, l9hh. . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Potato Yield in Michigan, 1900-ha . . . . . . .
Potato Acreage Harvested in Michigan, 1900-NB .
Potato Yields, Average in Bushels Per Acre for
Census Years 1899 to l9hh . . . . . . . . . .
Acres of Potatoes, 1930 and 19h5, by Type of
Farming Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sugar Beet Acreage, l9hh . . . . . . . . . . .
Sugar Beets Yield in Michigan, 1909-M8 . . . .
Sugar Beets Acreage Harvested in Michigan,
1909-ha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sugar Beet Yields, Average in Tons Per Acre for
Census Years 1899 to l9hh.. . . . . . . . . .
Acres of Sugar Beets, 1930 to l9h5, by Type of

FarmingAreaS................

ix

PAGE

79
80

8h
85

86

89

90

91

92

9t

95

95

96

97

Acreage of 10 Crops, Average Yield Per Acre in

Michigan, 1870-19hh.. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fertilizer Consumption United States, 1910-ha

Michigan, 1928-h8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percent Change in Number of Apple Trees 1910 to

FIGURE
56.
57.
58.
l9h5 by Type
59. Percent Change
19h5 by Type
60. Percent Change
l9h5 by Type
61. Percent Change
19h5 by Type
62. Percent Change
l9h5 by Type
63. Percent Change

6h.

65.

66.

6?.

I 68.

1910 to 19h;

Percent Change

19h§ by Type

Percent Change

19h5 by Type

of
in
of
in
of
in
of
in
of
in
by
in
of
in

of

Farming Areas . . . . . . . .
Number of Peach Trees 1910 to
Farming Areas . . . . . . . .
Number of Grape Vines, 1910 to
Farming Areas . . . . . . . .
Number of Pear Trees 1910 to
Farming Areas . . . . . . . .
Number of Cherry Trees 1910 to
Farming Areas . . . . . . . .
Number of Plum and Prune Trees
Type of Farming Areas . . . .
Acres of Strawberries 1910 to
Farming Areas . . . . . . . .
Acres of Raspberries 1910 to

Farming Areas 0 e e e e e e 0

Tree Fruits and Vineyards, 19hh.. . . . . . . .

Comparison of Composite Yield Indexes of 11 Field

Crops and 5 Fruit Crops Percent of Normal, Michigan,

1929-u600eeeeeeeeeeeeeeeee

Vegetables Harvested for Sale, 19hh . . . . . .

PAGE

103

10A

108

109

112

11h

116

118

120

122

125

126
131

FIGURE

69.

70.

71.
72.

73.

75.

76.

77.

78.

79.

80.

81.
82.

83.

Whole Milk, Percent of Dairy Production Sold as
l9hb.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Milk Production Per Cow Milked on Farms, United
States, 1909-N7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Milk Production in Pounds Per Cow, l9hh . . .

Number Dairy Cows 1930 to l9h5 by Type of Farming
Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cows and Heifers Milked During l9hh, Number
January 1, 19h5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cows and Heifers, Milked Percent of Farms
Having l9h5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cows and Heifers Not Milked During 19hh, Number
January 1, 19h; . .. . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of All Cattle and Calves United States
and Michigan, 1900-RB . . . . . . . . . . .
A11 Hogs and Pigs, Number January 1, l9h5 . .
Sows, Percent of Farms Having Sows in l9h5 . .
Number All Hogs 1930 to 19h; by Type of Farming
Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Number of All H0gs United States and Michigan,
1900-AB . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sheep and Lambs, Number January 1, 19h5 . . .
Number Sheep and Lambs 1930 to 19h; by Type of
Farming Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ewes, Percent of Farms Having Ewes in l9h5 . .

xi

PAGE

139

lho
lhl

1&3

1&8
1119
152
153

15h

155
157

158
159

xii
FIGURE PAGE
8h. Number of All Sheep and Lambs United States
and Michigan, 1900-ha . . . . . . . . . . . . 160
85. Horses and Colts, Number January 1, 19h5 . . . 162
86. Number Horses 1930 to 19h5 by Type of Farming

Areas.................... 163
87. Horses and Mules, Percent of Farms daving l9h5 16h
88. Chickens, Number Raised in l9hh.. . . . . . . . 166

89. Number of Chickens Raised, 1930 to 19h5 by Type

of Farming Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167
90. Hens, Number Per Farm Having Hens in 19h5 . . . 168
91. Hens, Percent of Farms daving Hens in l9h5 . . 169
92. Number of Eggs Per Layer on Hand January 1,

United States and Michigan, 192h-h7 . . . . . 170
93. Turkeys, number Raised in l9hh . . . . . . . . 172
9h. Number Turkeys Raised 1930 to 19h5 by Type of

Farming Areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173
95. Gross Income For Farm by Counties, Michigan 1929 182
96. Gross Income For Farm by Counties, Michigan 1939 183
97. Gross Income Per Farm‘by Counties, Michigan 19hh 18h

98. Regional Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190

TRENDS IN MICHIGAN AGRICULTURE

1900 - 19h5
William Edward Dickison

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The primary purpose of this study is to determine the
changes and trends taking place in leading products in
Michigan agriculture for interpretation and use in promot-
ing more sound farm management. Secondly, to predict in so
far as possible the future developments that seem likely to
take place in the major enterprises in Michigan agriculture
such as trends in types and numbers of livestock, and kinds

and acres of creps grown.
THE PROBLEM

Successful farming depends on the pr0per utilization of
land, labor and capital to secure the greatest net returns
over a long period of years. The proper use of these factors,
however, requires that farmers know (1) the changes and
trends taking place in Michigan agriculture, (2) the import-
ance of Michigan agriculture in the national picture, and (3)
the effect of national trends on the major enterprises in
Michigan agriculture. Farmers have great difficulty in get-

ting a picture of these trends and changes so that they can

make desirable adjustments in their own farm organization
and plans.

Data are now available but not in a form that farmers
can best use. Insufficient attempts have been made to inter-
pret and analyze these trends, the knowledge of.which is
necessary for successful and efficient organization and oper-
ation of lichigan farms. There is a need for information on
an area and county level that the Extension Service and others
working with farmers may use. There is a need for information
on changes taking place in Michigan agriculture for policy
making decisions.

The general organization of the remainder of this thesis
will be as follows: Chapter II, Land and Numbers of Farms;
Chapter III, Major Field Craps with a section devoted to the
important fruit growing areas and important truck crop areas;
Chapter IV, Livestock and Poultry; Chapter V, Income; Chap-
ter VI, Area Trends; and Chapter VII, Summary and Conclusion.

The major source of data used were the Agricultural Cen-
sus of 1900, 1910, 1920, 1925, 1930, 1935, 19h0 and 19h5. In
addition, the 2522 Reports 325 Michigan, the Delay Situation,'
Livestock ing _M_e_g._t_ Situation, Poultry and pggSituation, and
the £221.81tuation published by the Bureau of Agricultural
Economics were also used.

Michigan is divided into 17 Type of Farmdng Areas which

are shown in Figure 1 on a natural line basis. In order to

3
incorporate county data into area data these type of farmp
ing areas were placed on county lines as shown in Figure 2.

A type of farming area refers primarily to the kinds and
amounts of the different crop and livestock enterprises comp
posing the farm.organization. Type of farming areas are
usually determined by natural and economic factors but may be
modified or influenced by biological and personal factors.

At present political conditions are often very important in

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CHAPTER II
LAND AND NUMBER OF FARMS
Soil.Rescurces

Figure 3 shows the distribution of first class land by
counties in Michigan.1 The land classification in Figure 3
was determined by rating the various land types upon the
basis of their physical suitability for the prevailing types
of farming, in conjunction with farmers' present and past ex-
perience on a particular land type. Any soil or land type
which is given the rank of first class for general agricul-
ture must be suitable for the successful production of a.nump
ber of craps, but not for every crep. We find that those
counties with the greatest amount of first class land are in
the southeastern part of the state. All are in Type of Farm.
ing Areas 1, 5, 6, 7 and 8. Counties with the least amount
of first class land are $11 located in the northern half of
the lower peninsula and the upper peninsula.

In the national picture Michigan ranks 26th among all
states inkthe amount of land in farms and 16th in the amount

2
of land available for crops.

 

Adapted from.Table 3 Agricultural Land Classes in
lichigan by Counties from.Michigan Special Bulletin 231
Agricultural Land Classificati n and Land Types 2; Michigan.

g/ Cro Re ort for Michi an, Jam, 19110 U.S.D.A. with
Michigan Department o?_IngcuIéure.. .

 

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89 West of Greenwich 85

 

Number 2; Farms

In addition to the census definition of a farm given
below, the farm.must consist of three acres of land or have
produced agricultural products valued at $250 or more.

This definition of a farmmwas essentially the smme for the
19h5. 19ho, 1935, 1930, and 1925 Censuses of Agriculture.
The definition used for the 1920 and 1910 Censuses of Agri-
culture was somewhat more inclusive. In those years farms
of less than.three acres with products valued at less than
$250 were included provided they required the continuous
services of at least one person. Because of the difference
in price level, the $250 limit for the minimum.value of
products for farms of under three acres resulted in the in-
clusion in l9h5 of more farms at or near the lower limits
of value or acreage than were included in the earlier
censuses.

The number of farms in Michigan reached a high point
of 206,960 in 1910 and since then has decreased to 175,268

ensus of Agriculture l9h5, P VII. "A farm.is all
the land on which some agricultural Operations are performed
by one person, either by his own labor alone or with the
assistance of members of his household, or hired employees.
The land operated by a partnership is likewise considered
a farm. A 'farm! may consist of a single tract of land, or
a number of separate tracts, and the separate tracts may
be held under different tenures, as when one tract is owned
by the farmer and another tract is rented by him. ‘When a
landowner has one or more tenants, renters, croppers, or

managers, the land cperated by each is considered a farm.”

y/' Census of Agriculture l9h5.

in 19h5. Although the total number of farms has been de-
creasing certain size groups of farms have decreased less
than others and some have increased as shown by Table 1.

Table 1. Number of farms by size groups in Michigan, Census
YEEFS 1239 19_92.

-- ,2 _ - __,-_-.____ --—_ .“

     

Census A Acreage Size Group
Year

 

‘Unaer 10 - 20 - ‘100 - 260 - 500*- 1000 a
Total 10 .19 99 259 499 999 over

1920 196,hu7 6,003' 6,7u1 112,156 65,881 u,839 63A. 193
1930 169,372 5,780 6,u55 89,933 61,126 5,275 636 . 167
19h0 187,589 12,675 18,951 86,810 62,001 6,220 763 169
19h5 175,268 11,202 s s 62,091 8,h571gxit 21h

 

*not available

The increase or decrease of farms by size groups has
been somewhat different in Michigan than in the United States
(Table 2). The decrease in the 20-99 acre group has been
greater in Michigan than in the United States, also the 260-
h99 acre group has increased in Michigan while decreasing in

the United States.

10

Table 2. Number of farms by size groups in the Unitgd States
Census Years 1920,,1930, l9h0 and 19h5

 

Census ' Acreage Size Group
Year Under 10 - 20 - 100 - 260 - 500 - 1000 &
Total 10 19 g,, _99 259 A99 999 over
Thousands

 

 

1920 6,hh8 289 508 2,978 1,980 h76 150 67
1930 6,289 359 560 2,815 1,863 u51 160 81
19h0 6,097 506 559 2,512 1,796 h59 16h 101.
19h; 5.859 59A 526 2,286 1,693 A73 17h 113

 

Within Michigan there has been a variance in the
trend of farm numbers. The number of farms in Michigan
have decreased 1h percent since 1900. All areas have shown
a decrease except 9, 1h, 15, 16, and l? which have shown an
increase in number of farms (Figures h and 5). These areas
are all in the northern part of the state where the develop-
ment of agriculture has been later than in the southern part.
The leading counties in number of farms are Kent, Allegan,

Berrien, Saginaw and Genesee.

 

gy' Changes in Farming, p. #2.

 

 

CRAM’S
8k: 11 Outline Map

MICHIGAN

SCALE

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THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
mommwous

1900 19h5

Mic gan Tr nds 593 91 279

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13

Size f Farms

 

 

The average size of Michigan farms has been slowly inp
creasing from.86 acres in 1900 to 105 acres in l9h5. Farms
of smallest size are found in the Southwestern Fruit and
Truck Garden Area, and regions nearest urban areas where
more part time farming takes place. Largest farms are
found in the northern part of the state where land values
are lowest (Figure 6).

Paradoxically farms under 10 acres in size have been
increasing in number, from.7,066 in 1900 to 11,202 in
l9h5 or 59 percent (Figure 7). Part of this increase is
probably due to the higher price level which has resulted
in.more small tracts of land meeting the minimum require-
ments of $250 worth of agricultural products.

In general, the increase has been fairly constant
throughout the state although.there are some marked ex-
ceptions. ‘Wayne, Macomb, Oakland, Genesee, and Saginaw
Counties have all had a greater increase of farms under
10 acres than the other counties. Each of the above counties
has a large urban pepulation which may have accounted for
this large increase of small.farms.

Several counties have shown a decrease in farms under
10 acres. These are Huron, Sanilac, Jackson, Branch, Hills-
dale, Lenawee, Ionia, Montcalm, Kalamazoo and Jackson have

a substantial urban pepulation. A

1k

Farms from 10 to 19 acres in size have also been in-
creasing in number as have farms in the 260 to h99, 500 to
999, and 1000 and over acre groups. The largest decrease
has taken place in the 20 to 99 acre group with a smaller
decrease in the 100 to 259 group (Table 1).

This shift can be characterized as a trend toward
larger, more commercial family farms rather than toward
large-scale farming. It has been made possible and has
been accelerated by technological changes, especially by

ad0ption of mechanical power and complementary equipment.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CRAM’S
88x 11 Outline Map

MICHIGAN

SCALE

a common? 48

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THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
INDIANAPOLIS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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ICHIGAN “a ALKAS" Mam 0800!» noon
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17

Land ;5_Farms

 

About half of the total land area in Michigan is in
farms. This varies from over 85 percent in most southern
counties to less than 20 percent in the majority of the
northern counties (Figure 8).

Although the percentage of land in farms has shown
a slight increase of h.percent for the state since 1900
there is a definite trend for the percentage to decrease in
the south and increase in the north (Figure 9). Type of
farming areas 1, 2, 3, L1. 5, 6, 7, 1o, 11 and 13 have .11
shown a decrease in total land in farms. All other areas
have shown an increase of land in farms.

Those counties with large growing urban pepulations
such as Wayne, Macomb, Oakland and Genesee have shown the
greatest decrease. This trend is likely to continue as
long as opportunities are open for employment in the cities
resulting in small.and unproductive farms shifting from full-
time to part-tune operation, and even to rural homes on
which little or no farming is done. If depression conditions
should prevail for any 1ength.of time this trend could be
reversed, as many unemployed peeple are likely to try to
make at least a part of their living from.the land.

As good roads, electricity, and other conveniences

become more readily available in rural areas more and more

18
people engaged in non-farm.employment will seek to establish
rural homes. Thus the number of part-time farms and rural
homes will be augmented from two sources: Farm peeple
shifting from full-time to part-time farming, and urban
peeple seeking homes on the land.

Counties with the most land in farms are Sanilac,
.Huron, Saginaw, Tuscola and Lenawee. These are larger than
the average county, but in addition are all located in
areas having a high percentage of first class land.

Some new land may be brought under cultivation by
irrigation, drainage, and clearing but the total acreage
is not likely to be large.w Probably about half of these
develOpments would take place on existing farms and the

rest would involve bringing new areas into production.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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LE}END
T figure 1910
— B ttom r1 ure 19115

to as ta :7 £6 as 34 a; 82
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21

Value of Land and Farms

The value of farms in Michigan reached a high of
$8,976 per farm.in 1920 and then decreased steadily to a
low of $h,205 per farm in 1935. Since then the value has
increased to $6,8h3 per farm.in 19h5 (Figure 10).

Farms with the highest average value are found in
those counties with a large urban population. Wayne County
had the highest value per farm in 1900 and 19110. In 1915
Oakland County replaced‘Wayne County.

The counties with the highest value per acre are not
identical with those having the highest value per farm.
However, Wayne County leads in both value per acre and
value per farm. In addition Oakland and Macomb Counties
have both a high value per acre and per fsruu These three
counties either contain large urban areas or are adjacent
to urban.centers, which would result in higher values be-
cause of location (Figure 11).

The effect of city buyers who are looking for homes
or a small place in.the country raises the land values or
tends to keep them at a high level. The natural productivity
of the soil, or any future income is only incidental to the
majority of these buyers, as their income and living comes
from the city and not from.the farm.

All areas in the state have shown an increase in value

per farm with Areas 8, 9, and lhwshowing_the largest

22
increase in value per farm. Likewise all areas have shown
an increase in value of land per acre with areas 13 and 17

showing the greatest increase.

 

 

47

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

CRAM’ S
835x11 Outline Map
- MICHIGAN
SCALE
14 __ °'° ‘° """ .5
- Fig. 10. Value per farm, land and buildi 3
use}? 1910 and 19115.
0013:3121? ”729-82 ggg “Egg? LUCE
1510742680 3 9 317 25§§§ 296g ”Egg .
3088 3175 01 ‘6
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LEGEND
Top figure 1910
Bottom figure l9l15

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Longitude West a o]

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CRAM’S
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MICHIGAN

SCALE

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common? .
THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
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1900 2h £3100»? EEK 5,, «Q. w “33‘ 23
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LEGEND I
Eifitiig‘é‘EZm-e 33133

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

25

Summary

Most of the first class land in Michigan is found
in the southern half of the state, with the greatest con-
centration in Areas 1, 5, 6, 7 and 8. First class land is
found only in limited areas throughout the northern half
of the Lower Peninsula and the Upper Peninsula.

The number of farms have decreased lh.percent in
Michigan. In the northern part of the state Areas 9, 1h, 15,
16 and 17 have shown an increase in the number of farms.
All other areas have shown a decrease.

The average size of Michigan farms has been slowly
increasing, with only Areas 3, 6, l3, and 17 showing a
decrease. At the same time the number of small farms under
10 acres in size have been rapidly increasing.

Approximately half of the total land area in Michigan
is in farms. There has been a tendency for the land in farms
to decrease in the southern half of the state and increase
in the northern half and Upper Peninsula.

The average value per farm.and value of land per acre
has increased in every area. The highest value per farm
and per acre is found in.those counties with or near a
large urban center.

Looking into the future, some of the same forces are

likely to continue to influence changes in the number and

26

sizes of farms as have operated over the last two decades.
We might eXpect a further large increase in the number of
part-time farms and rural homes. The full-time family-
operated farms are likely to be fewer and larger. There
might be some further increase in the number of large-scale
farms, but they will still constitute a relatively small

percentage of the total number of farms.

CHAPTER III
Field Crops
A. Forages

Forages occupy a position of great importance in
Michigan agriculture. Forage production takes up over a
third of the tillable land and has a greater average annual
value than that of any other crop except corn. The most
important form of harvested forage is hay because it does
not deteriorate rapidly in storage, is fed to all forage-
eating animals, can be handled commercially, and can‘be
produced without great expense for labor, machinery, and
buildings. Hay is a necessary crop in a good rotation and
because of the great number of different plants that may be
utilized for hay makes possible the production of hay where-

ever it is possible to produce crops at all.
Alfalfa

Alfalfa was introduced in the western states about
1850 and for a long time was regarded as a western crop.
It does not do well on sour soils and lack of lime may have
been largely responsible for its poor showing in the eastern
half of the country.

As recently as 1920 more than 80 percent of the alfalfa
acreage in the United States was west of the 95th meridian.

28
The acreage in the eastern states has increased until dur-
ing the past decade 52 percent of the total acreage was
.east of this line. This expanded eastern acreage is due
primarily to information on methods of production, and to
recognition of alfalfa as a superior forage crop, rather
than to develOpment of varieties adapted to eastern
conditions. Also there are no alfalfa varieties that are
very well adapted to eastern conditions, chiefly because
there have been relatively few intensive breeding programs
in the East.6

The increase in.acreage of alfalfa is one of the most
remarkable changes that has taken place in Michigan agricul-
ture since 1899. In that year 35 of the 83 counties re-
ported no acreage of alfalfa hay at all. In l9hh all but
one of the counties were growing alfalfa and that one
Keweenaw County had reported alfalfa on the three previous
census reports.

The leading counties in acreage of alfalfa in l9hh
were Oakland, Sanilac, Saginaw, Montcalm and Jackson
(Figure 12). The acreage of alfalfa declined somewhat
after l9h2 (13b). This decrease in acreage was prob-

ably due to the increase in cultivated crops such as beans

 

9/ 1948 Yearbook of Agriculture p. 358.

29
and soybeans whose production was stimulated by the war.
Another factor may have been the high cost of alfalfa
seed.

Every area in the state has shown an increase in alfal-
fa acreage from 1930 to l9h5 (Figure 1h). Areas showing
the greatest increase are 7, 9, 10 and 1h.

The main reason for this marked increase in alfalfa
acreage may be found in Figure 13a which shows the yield of
alfalfa hay from 1921; to 19%. The yield of alfalfa has
been higher than the yield of all tame hay for every year.
The yield of alfalfa is also included in the yield of all
tame hay which largely accounts for the narrowing of the
margin between them in later years as alfalfa hay has ac-
counted for an increasing percentage of all tame hay acreage.

One reason for the higher yields of alfalfa is the
deeper root system.of the plant which often reaches 10 to 12
feet thus enabling it to reach water where other forage
plants are unable to and not because it can survive on
less water as many people have believed.

Alfalfa is susceptible to winter killing and heaving
which has slowed its advance in the northern part of Mich-
igan especially in poorly drained areas such as Chippewa

and Mackinac Counties.

.E—T—T—Ffl —r

30

N 09 l7 0‘ I 5 84 I3 32

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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33
11 Tame £131

 

In addition to alfalfa other important tame hays
are clover and timothy, sweet clover and soybean hay.
.Clover and timothy are by far the most important having
an acreage about equal to that of alfalfa.

Hay is the most important crop in Michigan in acreage
comprising about a quarter of the tillable land. Hay acreage
increased from.l9 percent of the tillable land in 1899 to
30 percent of the tillable land in 1921;. It then dropped
to 20 percent in l93h.and has since increased to 25 per-
cent in l9hh.(Figure 15). Most of this increase in hay
acreage since l93h.has taken place in the northern part of
the state as Areas 1 through 8 all show a decrease in hay
acreage (Figures 16 and 17). The large hay acreage in the
northern part of the state is due1:o the lack of competing
crops and limited choice of crops available to northern
farmers.

The leading hay counties in Michigan are Sanilac, St.
Clair, Chippewa, Huron, and Allegan. Nationally Michigan
has been among the first 10 states in hay acreage and

production.

 

3h

(HKALTS
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THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
mounmuvous

F g. 15. Percen e of illabl land
y, 19

47 41

46

45

MI HIGAN

ichigan Trends, Hay 26
25 39 7 82

31 35'h2 39

”ND 19
2,281,h 2 26 3o 31 22 23 1

2,625,1 3 27 23 17 16 , 16 25

23 23 18 16 18 27 ”

2.907.h
2,606, 1 21 21 17 21 23 22

2,301.3 8 18 19 1 22 16
2,758, 8 3 16 17 23 23 18 2
2:788, 7 25

42

 

10 in hay.

        

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37
Summary

Alfalfa has shown the greatest increase in acreage of
any Michigan crop, but has declined somewhat since l9h2.
This rapid increase in acreage has been largely due to its
high yield per acre. Tame hay acreage has been decreasing
in the southern half of the state and increasing in the
northern half. Areas 5 and 8 have the largest acreages of
both alfalfa and all tame hay.

With the emphasis on conservation and soil maintaining
systems of farming the acreage of hay and pasture is like-
ly to increase.- As farmers include more hay and pasture in
their crop rotations the gradual shift that has taken place
toward higher quality and higher yielding legume hays is
likely to be accelerated. This higher protein content of
the hay crap will help to balance the ration, and the in-
creased yield of hay will offset at least part of the re-
duction in volume of production that otherwise would ac-
company a smaller acreage of intertilled crops.

Shifts in the direction of more hay and pasture, that
induce production of more milk and meat, need to become
the most profitable production alternatives in the areas
where such shifts are desirable, if the changes are to be

carried out by the farmers. If market forces are not

38
sufficiently strong to bring about the shifts that are
needed to achieve the goals of conservation and high-
level nutrition these shifts could be accelerated by either
support prices for milk and meat or assistance in lowering

the cost of producing these products.

39

B. Grain Crops

Corn is the most important cereal grain grown in
Michigan and is followed by oats, winter wheat, barley,
rye and buckwheat in that order. In the United States
wheat ranks next to corn in importance. Oats, barley,
and corn are used chiefly as feed for livestock and are
called "coarse grains" to distinguish them from wheat, rye,
and buckwheat, which are used for food and are generally

referred to as "food grains."

Corn

 

The United States is by far the greatest corn produc-
‘ing country in the world growing over half the world's corn
acreage. Corn ranks far ahead of any of the other cereals
in importance for livestock feeding, over 90 percent of the
corn crOp being fed to farm animals. It is very palatable
to livestock and highly digestible.

Although Michigan is north of the corn belt, l,h00,306
acres of corn were harvested for grain in 19hh. Corn pro-
duces more total pounds per acre and more total digestible
nutrients than any other grain crop in the areas and on
land to which it is adapted, as shown by a comparison with
other Michigan grain crops using average yields (Table 3).
Corn is equaled in digestible protein per acre by barley and

exceeded only by soybeans among Michigan grain crops.

L10

Michigan corn acreage is concentrated in the southern
part of the state particularly in Lenawee and Monroe Counties
(Figure 18). Since 1899 corn acreage in Michigan has in-
creased 18 percent. This increase has taken place in Areas
1, 8, 9, 12, 1h and 16 as all other areas have shown a de-
crease in acreage since 1899. In the past decade and a half
corn acreage has increased in most of the southern part of the
state with Areas 1 and 5 showing the greatest increase
(Figure 21). Area 7 is the only area showing a decrease in
corn acreage since 1930 and the reduction did not occur until
l9h0. Areas 13 through 17 grew too little corn to show any
significant change in acreage.

The percentage of all Michigan farmers growing corn
decreased from.7h percent in 1919 to h} percent in 1929
and then increased to 66 percent in 1939. The corresponding
national figures for the same periods were 77 percent in
1919, 66 percent in 1929 and 68 percent in 1939.

Much has been written about hybrid corn and the in-
creasing yields that have been brought about through its
use. However little has been said about the protein con-

tent of corn*which has been slowly decreasing falling about

 

Bureau of Agriculture Economics. A_Gra hic
Summer of Farm Crops (United States Department of Agri-
culture Miscellaneous Publication No. 512, l9h3) p. 17.

hi

one percent in the last 25 years. This loss of one per-
cent protein has significance in that considering the
large tonnage of corn harvested, this one percent drop
in protein content of corn is the equivalent to the pro-
tein content of the entire soybean crop of the nation
grown for seed.

The average yield of corn harvested for grain by
counties in Michigan is shown in Figure 20. In 19141; the
leading Michigan counties in acreage of corn were Lenawee,
Monroe, Hillsdale, Branch and Washtenaw all of which are
in an area having higher than average yields. Prior to
193h.we find Allegan, Kent, St. Joseph and Cass Counties
among the leaders in acreage, all of Which are in an
area having lower than average yields. The trend appears
to be for corn production to become concentrated in areas
having higher than average yields.

It appears that the yield of corn per acre in Michi-
gan has not increased greatly since 1900 (Figure 19a).
Probably the influence of hybrid corn has been less in
Michigan than in corn belt states because Michigan is out-

side the corn belt except for the few southeastern counties.

 

$7 5. EoEstedt, "Newer Knowledge of Feeding Live-
stock , Shorthorn World, p. 108, August 10, 19h9.

 

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Counties with corn y e .-
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ho

Table 3. Comparison of feed produced per acre and total di-
gestible crude protein and total digestible nutrients per
acre from.crops raised, grain on11;_

 

Average 2 TDN33 Digestible
Weight Michigan Pounds pounds protein

per yield per per pounds per

Crop bushel per acre acre acre acre
Corn 56 31 1736 1391 115
Oats 32 32 102A 718 96

Winter

wheat 60 19 11uo 913 98
Barley LB 2h, 1152 895 115
Rye 56 12 672 511 67
Soybeans 60 1h Bio 736 283

 

 

I. Boss and G. A. Pond, Modern Farm Man ement
(Sain Paul: The Webb Publishing 50mpany, I957) pp. E§£
. g/ Average Michigan Yields are an average of 8 cen-
sus reports.

TDN and Digestible Protein percent from.Morrison's

Feeds and Feeding, let edition, Appendix Table 1.

h?

Corn Silage

 

Corn is the most important silage crop in the United
States constituting about 85 percent of the acreage of all
crops cut for silage. In Michigan corn comprises over 90
percent of the acreage of all crops cut for silage. Corn
silage is fed principally to dairy cattle during the winter
months. Some is fed to beef cattle and a smaller quantity
to sheep.

About 6 percent of the United States corn crop is made
into silage. In Michigan from 15 to 20 percent of the corn
crop is made into silage, but the acreage of silage corn is
steadily decreasing. In l92h there were 325,770 acres of
silage corn in 1929 296,810 acres and in 1939 23u,387
acres.

Acreage of corn silage has been increasing in Sanilac
and St. Clair Counties until they were the leading counties
in acreage in 1939. ‘Yields have been above state average
in these two counties (Figure 22). Ottawa, Kent, and
Allegan Counties have had below average yields and they
have also dropped from.among the leaders in acreage of corn

silage.

h8

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Q 89 I! I? 9‘ 85 ‘- 84 l}
I 49
CRAM’S
835x11 Outline Map
MICHIGAN
SCALE
4 0 lo 40 m.
gr m: 6501362022122va COMPANY -7 40
“mat-9' Fig. 22. Born silage yie ds, avlrage
in to per acre for ensus
ye rs 192k to 19 . a
6 o
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LEGEND LAM-om LKASK MgRDWAWOIA
fff‘S‘ ”ft 5 s 6
Co t1es* ith yields of ‘b"'°"“:.:‘. 5:33.. 3.93... ‘ '°'°°
co n for s lage equal to 0* S S 6 )4. 6 6
44 tat averag .M ’1», Mason LAKE Eco us: at: «(an
_ s s 6 e 6 , _ _
«u- nly imp rtant corn grow-q» 0...... mm m" '9‘“ 9 " .9
n8 coun ies shaded. 6 6 5 3§C§'7 “m“ .“bm_
*4:- tate av rage 7 tons per " '“""““" 8
“”332” «.7 7 8 .,
“'— 6 - ' , 8 IR? ‘3
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A LEG N ARM' I3 mm . 00"
6 7 7_ 7 _ ,
A sense $30 cameos Acxson
6 6 6 6
.... A33 8M2? . "Ilsa-.1 I‘ll
.7, 6 “3 y 9

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

E 87 Longitude West 86 a] Greenwich 85

.u... M «...-......“

 

 

 

 

119

Oats

Oats rank third in acreage among the cereal grains in
the United States and are next to corn in importance as a
feed grain. In Michigan oats rank next to corn in importance
exceeding the wheat acreage. The valuable bone and muscle-
building ingredients contained in cats make them.the prin-
ciple small-grain feed for young livestock, horses and breed-
ing stock.

Michigan oat acreage is approximately one and a quarter
million acres or about ten times the barley acreage. Oats
are less demanding in soil and climate than barley and thus
are usually easier to grow, although they do not produce as
many pounds per acre, total digestible nutrients or protein
as barley.

The leading counties in oat acreage are Sanilac, Huron,
Saginaw, Lenawee and Tuscola. In general those counties with
the largest acreage of oats arealso counties with better
than average yields (Figures 23, 25).

Only Areas 1, 3, 6, and 7 have shown a decrease in cat
acreage all others have increased since 1899. Areas 9, 10,
and l? have shown the greatest increase although they do not
grow the largest acreage of cats (Figure 26). About 11 per-
cent or the tillable land in Michigan has been planted to
oats since 1909. Oat acreage is quite likely to remain high

SO
in Michigan due to its pOpularity as a livestock feed and
the ease in which it is grown. I

Since l9hO oat yields have reached new heights. Prior
to then no definite trend could be noted (Figure 2h).

51

CRAM‘S
8’51: 11 Outline Map

lflICflHICLAIQ

0 I0 20. 4 mu
common?
THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
mommwous

 

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Fig. 25. Oat yields, ajerage 1n
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55
Wheat

In the United States wheat is second only to corn in
importance among the cereals, while in Michigan wheat ranks
third. Approximately 75 percent of the wheat acreage is win-
ter wheat with the other 25 percent devoted to spring wheat
including Durum wheat. Usually most of the wheat is raised
for the manufacture of flour and human food, relatively little
being fedt:o livestock. However, when wheat is low in price,
or when feed grains are short in supply and there is a sur-
plus of wheat it has been used extensively for livestock feed.

;The wheat by-product feeds such as wheat bran and middlings
are the most important by-product stock feeds.

Prior to the 1930 census winter wheat and spring wheat
were not separated but were included together under one head-
ing. The percentage of all farmers growing wheat in Michi-
gan has been decreasing from.52 percent in 1919 to 38 per-
cent in 1929 to 37 percent in 1939.

Winter'Wheat

Most of the winter wheat grown in Michigan is classi-
fied as soft distinguishing it from.the hard winter wheat
grown in the Great Plains.

Winter wheat acreage has expanded rapidly in Michigan
since 19h3. In that year about 670,000 acres were in.winter

56
wheat, in 19h8 almost l,h00,000 acres were in winter wheat.
Before 19h3 acreage varied between 700,000 and 1,000,000
acres (Figure 28).

In l9hh.the leading counties in winter wheat acreage
were Lenawee, Clinton,Sanilac, Eaton and Monroe all of
which had yields above average (Figures 27, 29). In 1930
Calhoun and Allegan Counties were among the leaders. The
yield per acre has been below average for these two counties.
Thus there appears to be a shifting of productionto areas
having high yields per acre. If this trend continues one
would expect Saginaw, Tuscola, Gratiot and Washtenaw Counties
to be leading winter wheat counties in the future. They all
have fairly large acreages of wheat and have had yields
considerably above the state average.

All areas in Michigan except Areas 2, 3, and h have
' shown an increase in acreage of winter wheat (Figure 30).
Since l9h0 these areas have increased in acreage also. The
largest percentage increase has taken place in Areas 1h, 15,

and 16 although the total acreage grown is still small.

 

(ntAbe
8351: ll Outline Map

MICHIGAN

SCALE

0 IO 0 00“.".

comment
THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
INDIANAPOUC

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f THE GEORGCE Ft! c3214 COMPANY
Fig. 29. Winter wueat yields, a erage
“mm” in bushelu per acre for census are
929 to 19hh.
HOUGD‘ITO
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61

Spring Wheat

Spring wheat acreage in Michigan is only a fraction of
winter wheat acreage and has been decreasing steadily from.a
high of 109,000 acres in 1919 to 2,000 acres in 19h; (Figure
31). This sharp reduction in spring wheat acreage undoubt-
ably is one of the reasons for the decrease in prOportion
of farmers growing wheat in Michigan. However, spring wheat
acreage has increased somewhat in Areas 1, 3, h, S, and 13.

Probably the greatest single reason for the decline in
acreage of spring wheat is the low yield. Spring wheat
yields have been consistently below that of winter wheat and
much lower than yields of other spring grains.

In addition to lower yields the acreage of spring wheat
seems to be constantly shifting from county to county. How-
ever Monroe County was the leading county in 1939 and l9hh.
Monroe County also has a higher average yield than any other

county (Figure 32).

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MICHIGAN

SCAL!
o to 20 ... I.
comment

THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
INDIANAPOLIS

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1929 to 19uu.

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61;
Barley

Barley ranks fourth in importance among the grain crops
in the United States. In Michigantshe barley acreage is con-
centrated in the "Thumb" with Huron, Tuscola, Sanilac, Sagi-
naw, and Gratiot Counties leading in acreage (Figure 33).

Under Michigan conditions barley produces more total
pounds, total nutrients and protein per acre than oats, des-
pite a barley yield below that of oats (Table 3).

The counties with the highest barley yield per acre also,
have the largest acreages of barley, with the exception of
Sanilac County (Figure 35). In 1909 Sanilac County led in
barley acreage, the low yield per acre may have been a strong
factor in the decrease in acreage in Sanilac County.

Acreage of barley in Michigan has fluctuated sharply
leveling off at about 125,000 acres in the last few years
(Figure 3h). Since 1900 only Areas 1, 6 and 13 have shown
a decrease in barley acreage (Figure 36).

Barley requires a well drained heavy soil where summers
are cool. It is especially suited to a short growing sea-
son. lt is unlikely that Lenawee and Monroe Counties will
be found among the leaders in barley acreage again. It is
however very possible that barley acreage will expand in
those northern counties with heavy soils where the growing

season is too short for corn.

 

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END

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MI IGAN
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CHLALTS
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MICHIGAN

SCALE

0 I0 20 40 co m“
COFYRIGHT
THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
INDIANAPOLIS

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THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
INDIANAPOLI:

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69
512

Eye has steadily decreased in acreage in Michigan from
over 900,000 acres in 1919 to less than 100,000 acres in.
l9h8 (Figure 37). It has shown the greatest decrease in
acreage of any grain crOp grown in Michigan. Rye one of
the hardiest of cereal grains has been traditionally
planted where soil and fertility conditions have been ad-
verse to other cereal grains, which is undoubtedly a
factor in its low acre yields. This has resulted in rye
being the least profitable of small grains.

Only Area 1 has shown an increase in rye acreage all
the other areas show a decrease (Figure 39). The leading
counties in acreage of rye in l9hh were Oceana, Allegan,
Ottawa, Van Buren, and Montcalm. Unlike the other cereal
grains the leading counties in acreage of rye have yields
below the state average (Figure 38). While the other cereal
grains have centered their production in one area rye pro-
duction has shifted from year to year settling in no specific
area.

Another reason for the marked decrease in rye acreage
is that as a feed crop rye is unpalatable, and more apt to
cause digestive disturbances than barley, corn or wheat.
About 60 percent of the rye crop is used for feed and seed;
about 20 percent is used for flour, and the remainder is

utilized in the distilling industry.

 

 

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COPYRIGHT

  

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THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
INDIANAPOLI;

 

 

 

Fig. 381 Rye Yields, verage 1n
.bushels per ac e for c§nsus y ars

 

1899 to 191111

 

 

 

 

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73
Buckwheat

Buckwheat acreage has fallen sharply in Michigan from
a high of 95,000 acres in 1918 to about 25,000 acres in
l9hfl (Figure MO). The national trend has been much the
same with 58 percent of the 1929 acreage. Buckwheat has
the ability to utilize relatively unavailable forms of
plant food, and thus grows on poor soils better than most
crops. Because of this it has been a valuable plant to
plow under and supply organic matter and plant nutrients
in an available form.

Although buckwheat acreage has decreased in all areas
except 12, 1h, 15, 16, and 17 it may increase in the future
if agriculture conservation incentive payments are con-
tinued. Production of buckwheat appears to be continually
shifting and has not centered in any one area although Ion-
roe County has led in acreage most years. Monroe County

has also had yields above the state average (Figure hi).

 

I. 1!! I lull I

 

 

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END

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age 12

 

 

(HLALTS
8351: ll Outline Map

MICHIGAN

SCALE

0 to 20 4 so mun
comment
THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
mnuanarous

Fig. hl Buc eat yi lds, a erage
in bu els acre or can 3
ears 1 99 to

’0' °
12
12 12 11 1
11 12
10 10 10 11 11

CLARE

11_ 9 1 10 1o

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: uno JJ-I-
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9 10 9 11 9

1 12“
3 11 11 11 3

11 12 13 12 12

12 13 13 12 12 13
12 12 15‘ 13 1 13 13
11 f 15 1h. 15

g \

 

 

   

Longitude We“ Greenwich

0/

 

75

47

46

45

43

62

 

 

 

76
Emmer and Spelt

Emmer and spelt are types of wheat similar in feeding
value to oats and commonly called speltz. In Michigan the
total acreage has increased from.6,7h2 in 1909 to lh,935
in 1939. They were not reported in the 19h5 census.

In 1909 the leading counties in acreage were Alcona,
Schoolcraft, Menominee, Cheboygan and Ogemaw all in the
northern part of the state. By 1939 the main producing
area appears to have shifted to the southwestern part of
the state, with St. Joseph, Cass, Kalamazoo and Berrien
Counties leading in acreage. Chippewa was the only northern
county remaining among the leaders. The average yield of
emmer and spelt by counties for Michigan is shown by Figure
112.

Since emmer.and spelt are noted as a poor land crop
they may continue to increase in the southwestern part of
the state even though yields are low simply because it does

better than cats or barley.

77

CRAM’S
83x 11 Outline Map

BnICHHHCLAJJ

SCALE

0 IO 20 e co m“.
COPYRIGHT
THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
INDIANAPOLI‘

ig. h? Emmer and Sp lt yie s,
aver e in b hols p r acre or
ce sus ye s 1909 to 19 .

W
46

‘5

LEGEND 1h 20 20

c unties th e and 20 5 17 16 an
to or
ove st e aver e.*“ 21 23 2o 23 16

1 1 10 ““-
State a erage 2 bushel 9 7 25 53 .

per acr . 1 18 '27 ,

16 2o 27' 1h. 21 )1 25 1 a
18 26 26 23 23 '28

2o 18 2h 23 '

42

22 22 31 29" 3S

 

Longitude Wee! of Greenwich

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

{I‘ll {( 11. I‘ll ...'IIJIII. I I I III. I l .11: I ll r
I'll | .I II, II‘
J II! II (I. l!

78
Soybeans

Soybeans were mentioned in United States literature for
the first time in 18011 as being "adapted to Pennsylvania.”
For the next 90 years they remained a rare garden plant. In
1898 the United States Department of Agriculture began to
introduce new varieties and started improvement through
breeding and selection. At present over 100 varieties are
grown and developed for seed in the United States.9

Soybeans were first reported in the 1920 census in Mich-
igan. From 1919 to 1939 various counties led in soybean
acreage including Sanilac, Saginaw, St. Joseph and Arenas,
but by 1939 production became centered in Lenawee and Non-
roe Counties. These two counties also have had high yields
(Figure uh).

It appears that after soybeans were introduced in Mich-
igan a long period of experimentation.went on'before pro-
duction became centered in Monroe and Lenawee Counties.-

From 1936 to 19h2 soybean acreage rose rapidly from
about 15,000 acres to 115,000 acres, since 19112 it has
dropped to 60,000 acres (Figure LB). All areas except 9, 1h,

and 17 have shown an increase in soybean acreage since

1929.

 

27 The Soybean and How It Grew, The Borden Company.

‘I J ll llll. [I .'

 

80

 

CRAM’S

835: l 1 Outline Map
MICHIGAN

III-u

common-n
THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
momuaeoua

Fig. Soyb an yie 3, av age
in b shels r acre or can us
ears 1 29 to

 

END

 

 

so
yi 1ds equ to or
ab ve stat averag .%§

* ate ave age lh‘
shels r acre. 10 13 13

11 11 12

10

 

 

 

 

Longitude West 0/ Greenwich

 

81

Grain CrgpSummary

Corn acreage in Michigan has increased 18 percent since
1900. Corn produces more total pounds per acre and more
total digestible nutrients than any other feed crop and is
the leading feed crop in Michigan.

Oat acreage is about 10 times the barley acreage in
Michigan and oats is the second most important feed crap
ranking next to corn. Oat acreage is fairly well distri-
buted throughout the state.

Winter wheat acreage has expanded rapidly in Michigan
until it is almost as large as the corn acreage. A consid-
erable portion of Michigan's wheat is used for livestock
feed.

Spring wheat acreage has been decreasing, only about
2000 acres being grown in l9h5. The low yields of spring wheat
compared to other spring grown grains have probably been the
greatest factor in this decrease in acreage.

Barley acreage in Michigan is concentrated in the
"Thumb." Barley is also raised in many northern counties
having a heavy soil. In these localities it is an important
feed crop.

Rye acreage has also been decreasing rapidly in Michigan.
Low yields are probably the major factor in this decrease.
Although only a small acreage is grown mixed grain acreage
has been increasing. The higher yields obtained are

probably the factor responsible for the increase in acreage.

82

Emmer and spelt acreage is also increasing and may
continue to increase particularly in southwestern Michigan
simply because it produces better there than any other grain
crop. A

Buckwheat acreage has decreased to about 25,000 acres.
This crop may increase in acreage in the future particularly
if agriculture conservation incentive payments are continued.

Soybean acreage has increased greatly since its intro-
duction to Michigan. Acreage has decreased the last few
years but soybeans will continue to be an important crop

in southern Michigan.

83
C. Miscellaneous Field Crops

Field Beans

Field beans have been increasing in acreage in Michi-
gan from 167,025 acres in 1899 to cover 600,000 acres in
l9hh. Only Areas 1 and 3 have shown a decrease. The majority
of the beans grown in Michigan are the white pea or ”navy”
bean. About 85 percent of the United States crop of navy
beans is grown in Michigan. These are practically all used
for human consumption.

In 1899 Genesee, Eaton, Livingston, Shiawassee and
Jackson Counties were the leading counties in bean acreage.
By l9hh.Huron, Tuscola, Sanilac, Saginaw and Gratiot
Counties were leading in acreage of field beans. These coun-
ties all have yields well above the state average (Figure
hY). Jackson and Livingston Counties have had yields well
below the state average which probably accounts for their
decrease in acreage and decline from among the leading been
growing counties. Bean production has expanded and become
concentrated in the counties of the Saginaw Valley where
yields are higher.

With this expansion and concentration of bean production
in a more favorable area, bean yields per acre have tended

to be higher (Figures h5, h6).

 

 

 

47

 

Fig. LL .

GEND
a e total 630,392 acres.

dot re resents 500 acr s.
CHIGAN

Mic gan re 8

Year

1899

191
192
19
19

longitude

   

West

0/

Fie

 

Greenwich

8h

(HKALTS
88x 11 Outline Map
MICHIG

SCALE
0 no 20 4 00““

comment
THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
INDIANAPOLIS

bean reage, 19

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09 7 8‘ 85 ¢ 83
a I _
CRAM’S
83ixll Outline Map
MICHIGAN
.CALE
' 0 IO 20- 40 ”M
. gr ' THE 550353722?" COMPANY -1 “
“wanna-w: F1 . 11.7. Eean yie lde, av age in
bus els pefl acre fer cens 3 years
.. J mm 1899 to 2.91.... ..
ONTOOMOOI AIAGA
AROUU’TE
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"‘NISTEE fig!) AUKEE 3:30P! I0“
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a . I I

 

3’ 88 87 Longitude West 86 o] Greenwich E5 8‘

 

 

87

Potatoes

Potato production requires a cool moist growing season
and potatoes prefer a loamy, fertile soil. Potato acreage
has been falling in Michigan from.about 320,000 acres in
193A to 100,000 acres in 19h8. Since 1930 only Area 17 has
shown an increase in potato acreage (Figure 51). In this
respect potato acreage has paralleled rye acreage.

There has been a marked shift in the areas of potato
production in Michigan since 1899. In that year Montcalm,
Kent, Oakland, Wayne and Mecosta Counties were the leading
counties in acreage. In l9hh Montcalm, Bay, Presque Isle,
Oakland and Houghton Counties were the leading counties in
acreage. In 19h? Bay County exceeded Montcalm in potato
acreage for the first time and has since maintained first
place. Potato yields are much higher in the northern
counties_of Presque Isle and Houghton (Figure 50). However,
potato acreage has remained large in Oakland County and ex-
panded in Bay County because they are closer to the large
city markets (Figure hB). The growers thus save a consider-
.able amount on transportation which gives them a larger net
return per bushel enabling them to compete even.with.their
lower yields. In addition Bay County potato producers are
able to place their potatoes on the market somewhat earlier

than others and thus secure a premium for early potatoes.

88

The general upward trend of potato yields in Michigan
is the result of two things (Figure h9). One is the adoption
of a.whole group of improved practices such as raising higher
yielding varieties, use of more fertilizer, and more effective
insect and disease control. The second is that these improve-
ments, combined with mechanization, have pushed more of the
production into the hands of specialized commercial growers
who use the new methods on large acreages, in areas that are
especially adapted to potatoes.

Thus the harvested acreage of potatoes has gone generally
upward in California, Idaho, and Maine; while in the Lake
States of Minnesota, Wisconsin and Michigan acreage has had
a downward trend.

Although the potato stands second only to wheat as a
human food, the per capita consumption has decreased from
196 pounds in 1909 to 1&0 pounds in 1939. Consumption is
likely to decrease still further if potato prices are pegged
at prices out of reach of that segment of the population

that normally would be the largest user.

 

 

 

 

 

801'68.

Ea h dot

resent 100 ac es. :1

CHIGAN

Mic gan Tre 3

Acres

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9 83
. 533
,232

3 :60
2 8,56
l ,720

Longitude West 0] Greenwich

 

 

 

(HLALPS
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MICHIGAN

LE
0 no 20 4 mu
COPYRIGHT

THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
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38

(flLALTS
8’5xll Outline Map

BIBCfliFGhAlq

SCALE

0 I0 20 I so mu
COPYRIGHT
THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
. INDIANAPOLIS

F . SO. Potato yields, aver in
ushels er acr for c 3 yo 3
1899 to 19

10 8

8 96 86
END Cum:

0
ties V th pota o 9 85 01 81 86

1ds equ 1 to or um
ve stat aver- 1 86 98 100 38

.* “, 7 99
[:3 3 at. 95

ate av age 97 7 87 9? 9S 8?

shels r acre.

90 86 95 85 80 8h

82 83 87 87 85 7
71 32 68 78 96 87

     

Longitude mm of Greenwich

91

 

 

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93

agar: ____Beet.._s._

Successful production of sugar beets requires an
adequate supply of moisture, warm days, and fairly cool
nights during the growing season. Sugar beet acreage in
Michigan has decreased from a high of 150,000 acres in 1933
to 50,000 acres in 19h8 (Figure 53). Michigan sugar beets are
grown mostly on heavy, fertile soil in the Saginaw Valley
(Figure 52). This area has had the highest yields in the
state (Figure Sh).

Sugar beets in Michigan are grown without irrigation
thus average yields are only about half that obtained under
irrigation in Western States. Despite this there are many
more sugar beets grown in Michigan today than in 1899. How-
ever, the lower yields in Michigan are probably responsible
for the decline in acreage that has taken place since 1933.

In l9hh the leading counties in acreage of sugar beets
were Tuscola, Sanilac, Saginaw, Huron and Bay. All of these
'counties have had above average yields. In 1899 Ottawa County
was one of the leading counties in sugar beet acreage, but
yield per acre was below average which may have been a
factor in the decline of sugar beet acreage in Ottawa County.

Future acreage of sugar beets in Michigan will depend
in part upon the amount of protective tariff and import

duties on sugar from other countries.

 

 

 

 

END

a e total 156,991.}. acres.

c dot re esents 100 acr 8.

MI HIGAN

Longitude Wu: 0]

—~-._._—.

Greenwich

CRAM’S
83:: l 1 Outline Map
MICHIGAN

SCALE
0 no 20 to “ma
comment

THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
moumnous

eet ac age, 1 141+.

 

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49
CRAM’S
83x11 Outline Map
MICHIGAN
“AL!
0 :o 2 a no“
” a4 COPYRIOH?
r— THE GEORfig|fiNEm= COMPANY
'3 Fig. 5b,. ‘ Sugar be t yiel s, aver go
in tons per acr for ca sus ye rs
J 1899 to 19th.
01‘ "
mm
.c M
"- AL I! gan HIPPIWA
ACKI'MC
46 \ can ' \
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HARLEVOI ‘ A
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fit:
u'“ no «at: you cacao: ”you
sewn: “‘V‘" ‘
LEGEND ”Amati: (x I no: loom
0R UKEE COIWI
“ Counties 'ith sug r beet ...... mm .... 3&3” . , .
state ave] age.* ‘-. it 7 7 7 "
um tvmoo £0087 ._ 7‘ um Lg. -- -
s 7 7 3ng 9 . ..
woman: 7 Jr. ff} .'
. «at-State average 8 tons m, 7 :18 '9 ‘ 9 8
43 61' acre n ("1an IA 2 . is“. “an 81' .
W ; KL. 7‘ 7 7 LAM?
7 7 8‘ a '83:.” D
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h BUR! ‘cauooun _ . AWE;
7 a 7 a a ,3?
. Ass ”log“ at? A . -
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-mr...—_ —— - .---.- ...—-.‘

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W“H ‘ : I . I : i

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Fig. $5. Acres of suga ar beets,%1943_dI to 19I+5 bytype of__..__.+.~: -a-
I -I i- ‘ famine M? :as. ...... . ..... ;
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930 3 1+0 L5 1930 35 LID us 950 5: uO—“IIS

 

98
F1

Almost the entire acreage of seed flax in Michigan is
grown in Chippewa and Mackinac Counties. This acreage has
developed since 1929 and has averaged over 5,000 acres for
the past decade. Weed-free land is needed for successful pro-
duction.

Future flax acreage will depend on the price and comp
petition from alternative crops. Since flax is about the
only important cash crOp grown in the area it appears that
acreage will stabilize at the present level. If production
incentives are maintained at high levels flax acreage is very
likely to increase.

In the past considerable fibre flax has been grown in
the ”Thumb" but acreage has gradually decreased due to high

labor demands.

99
Miscellaneous Field Crop Summary

Field bean acreage has expanded greatly in Michigan.
Most of this eXpansion has taken place in the Saginaw Valley
where a favorable soil and growing season are found.

- Potatoes have been decreasing in acreage in the state,
although certain counties have increased potato acreage such
as Bay, Houghton and Presque Isle. Area 17 is thefonly area
showing an increase in acreage. Changes in eating habits,
quality of Michigan‘potatoes and marketing methods are factors
which have contributed to this decrease in acreage.

Sugar beet acreage has been decreasing. The low yield
per acre of Michigan sugar beets as compared to Western
yields, competition from field beans and potatoes, and the
high labor requirements have probably all contributed to
the decreased acreage of sugar beets.

Flax seed production will probably remain centered in
Area 15 where favorable soil and climate are found. The
lack of a competing crOp is another factor in favor of its

continued production in this area.

lOO
$29.93....st

Several definite trends have taken place in Michigan
agriculture since the turn of the century. The introduction
of alfalfa has been one of the most important, increasing
from.an insignificant acreage in 1899 to almost half the total
hay acreage in l9hh. The growth of soybean acreage has been
a valuable addition to Michigan agriculture especially in
the southeastern part of the state.

The shifting of production of certain crops to the
-most favorable areas is another trend that has been noted.
It is significant that these crops which have been increasing
in acreage or maintaining a high acreage have centered their
production in the most favorable areas. Corn, wheat, oats
and beans have all tended to increase in areas having the
best yields.

Likewise those crops which are decreasing in acreage
such as rye and buckwheat have found no favorable area of
production. Michigan farmers seem.to be following the I'I.a'w
of Comparative Advantage" or the tendency of each area to
use their resources in the production of those creps which
will give the greatest returns. A very good example of this
is the replacement of grasses by higher yielding alfalfa in
areas adapted to alfalfa production. ‘

It is very doubtful if the yield per acre of Michigan

field crops has increased as greatly as some writers would

lOl
lead one to believe. Not only is this true of Michigan but
of the United States as well. Yields of 10 crops have not
shown a trend to increase until about 19h0 (Figure 56).
Whether this trend will continue or is a temporary phenomenon
remains to be solved through time.

Sherman E. Johnson has written, "The increases above
the 1935-39 average reflect partly better-than-average
weather, but more especially the combination of greater use
of lime and fertilizer, legume rotations, winter cover crops,
terracing, strip cropping, contour farming, crop variety im-
provement, and some shifting to creps that yield a larger
product to the acre."10

The use of commercial fertilizer was greatly accelerated
in the immediate prewar and war years (Figure S7). A con-
siderable part of larger farm.production can be attributed
to the greater use of lime and fertilizer. The potential
contribution of these materials to the establishment of
stable and soil-maintaining systems of farming will be of
great importance.

On many soils it is necessary to apply lime in order
to get full use of commercial fertilizer, especially the
phosphates. Lime and phosphate applications are required

for successful stands of legumes and grasses that are so

 

IO] Yearbook of Agriculture, 19h3-h7, Science and
Farming (Washington, D.C.: United States Government Print-
ing Office, 19u7), P 926.

102
necessary in a good crop rotation, and for soil maintenance.

The increase in consumption of fertilizer is actually an
acceleration of a long-time upward trend that was interrupted
in the severe depression of the early 1930's. The largest part
of the increase has been applied to the cash crops, although
a growing proportion of the fertilizer now goes on legumes
and grasses. Lower prices for farm.products undoubtedly
would mean some decrease in purchases of fertilizer for cash
crops, but it does not seem.at all probable that sales would
drop back to prewar levels.

From the standpoint of maintenance of land resources
Michigan Farmers are vitally interested in the use of lune
and fertilizer for the establishment of crap rotations that
contain sufficient acreages of grasses and legumes. Greatly
increased consumption of lime and fertilizer for this purpose

would help to achieve more stable systems of farming.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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105

Fruit Section

In the United States acreage of deciduous fruit trees of
bearing age reached its highest level in the late 1920's and
early 1930's. During the last decade the acreages of most of
the deciduous fruit trees have declined gradually but citrus
trees has increased; this is attributed almost entirely to
the rapidly expanding production of citrus fruits.

Per capita consumption of 18 fruits and berries increas-
ed from.an average of 170 pounds a year for the period 1910-1h
to an average of 200 pounds a year for the period 1935-39.
Average annual per capita consumption of apples for 1910-1h
was 67 pounds; for 1935-39 it was only 1,2 pounds, whereas
consumption of citrus fruits per capita increased from.l9
pounds per year to 50 pounds between the same periods.

The annual per capita consumption of oranges increased
about 150 percent from 1920 to 19h0, lemons 165 percent,
grapefruit 200 percent, cherries hSO percent, grapes 33 per-
cent, and pears about 50 percent. Peaches, plums and
prunes remained about the same except for slight year-to-
year fluctuations.11

Trends in number of fruit trees from.l910 to 19h5 were
determined for each area using all counties. The census of
1910 instead of 1900 was used because several severe storms
struck the state between 1899 and 1906 which killed many
trees and damaged many more. Michigan has not experienced

2:7 A Gr hic Summar g£_Farm.Crops, United States De-
partment 6? gr culture, , P 33.

106
such a severe storm since 1906. For that reason it was
thought the 1910 census would be more typical of tree nump
here than the 1900 census.

Data were used for only the important fruit growing
counties from.the other censuses. An explanation of how
these counties were selected will be given under the various

fruit crops.

107
Apples

The counties selected as important were the 21 commercial
counties as listed in the Crop Report for Michigan. They are
Antrim, Benzie, Grand Traverse, Leelanau, Manistee, Mason,
Muskegon, Newaygo, Oceana, Allegan, Berrien, Cass, Kalamazoo,
Kent, Ottawa, Van Buren, Calhoun, Ionia, lacomb, Oakland
and Hayne. In addition data was used from.16 other counties
which had over h0,000 apple trees in.l9hh as reported by
the l9h5 census. They were Cheboygan, Genesee, Hillsdale,
Huron, Ingham, Jackson, Lapeer, Lenawee, Livingston, Mont-
calm, Saginaw, Monroe, St. Clair, Sanilac, Tuscola and Wash-
tenaw Counties.

Apple trees have decreased over 30 percent in Michigan
since 1910. All areas show a decrease in apple trees except
3, 9, 11;, 16 and 17 (Figure 58). This decline in numbers
has taken place chiefly on general farms with small orchards
and.in low producing orchard areas. This decrease in numbers
has been offset by increased bearing capacity in the more
productive commercial areas such as Area 3.

The leading counties in number of apple trees are Berrien,
Van.Buren,Kent, Oakland and.A11egan. These five counties
have led in number of apple trees since 1899, although Alle-
gan has fallen from‘second place in 1909 to fifth.p1ace in

1914..

 

.... 33...: ..J ,3. ...... 1:... .2. L2,. :12. 1:“ Ode-On ONLEH

109
Peaches

The counties selected as important were those with over
50,000 trees in l9hh.as reported by the l9h5 census. Hichigan
circular bulletin No. 177 ”Peach Culture in Michigan" was used
as a guide. Counties selected as important were Allegan,
Berrien, Kent, Mason, Oakland, Oceana, Cass, Ottawa, Van.Buren,
and Wayne. Of these Berrien, Van Buren and Allegan Counties
lead in number of trees in that order. Prior to 1925 Oceana
and Kent Counties exceeded Van Buren County in number of
peach trees, but since the peach is the most tender of the
tree fruits commonly grown in Michigan it seems doubtful if
they will again achieve such a large number of peach trees.

Peach trees have increased 59 percent in Michigan since
1910. Most of this increase has taken place in Area 3 with
smaller increases in Areas 2, h.and 6 (Figure 59). Areas 13
and 17 have also shown an increase while all other areas
have decreased. The three leading states, California,
Georgia, and Michigan in that order normally produce about
one-half of the total United States peach crop.

 

. CL TKLL :V:. ....m... «.:. IUZ. 2.1 ONXCG ON ...."

 

‘ 111

Grapes

The counties selected as important were those which had
over 50,000 grape vines in l9hh.as reported by the 1935 cen-
sus. These counties were Allegan, Berrien, Cass, Kalamazoo,
Kent, Macomb, Monroe, Muskegon, Oakland, Oceana, Ottawa and
Van Buren. Of these Berrien and Van Buren Counties account
for about 75 percent of the grape production of Michigan.

The bulk of the Michigan grape crop is consumed fresh or
made into Juice. The California crop which is about 90 per-
cent of the total United States production is utilized quite
differently. About us percent of the grapes are dried, 32
percent are crushed by commercial wineries, 13 percent are
used as table stock, and 10 percent are used as juice stock.

Grape production has decreased 6 percent in Michigan
since 1910 (Figure 60). Most of this decrease has taken
place in Areas 1, 2 and h. Area 3 with the largest number
of grape vines has remained the same, while most of the

northern areas show an increase.

 

CL .71». xl._1. ”.2. .1. ZUZ. tel ONXCN 0.. ...r

 

ll3
Pears

The counties selected as important were those with over
10,000 trees in l9hh as reported by the l9h5 census. These
counties were Allegan, Berrien, Grand Traverse, Kent, Macomb,
Mason, Oakland, Oceana, Ottawa, Van Buren and Wayne.

Berrien, Allegan, and Van Buren Counties in that order
has led in number of pear trees since 1909. Mason County
has been consistently increasing in pear production since
1930.

Pear trees have decreased 5 percent in Michigan since
1910 (Figure 61). Areas 3, h, 11, 1h, 15 and 17 have shown
an increase, while all others have decreased. The number of
pear trees in the United States has decreased 32 percent
since 1929.

Over 70 percent of the United States pear crop is pro-
duced in the three Pacific Coast States with California the
leading producer. Pears are produced mostly under irrigation,
and the quality of fruit is high. The Michigan crop is not

irrigated.

{J72

 

Iul ONION ONJH H

115
Cherries

The counties selected as important were those with over
50,000 trees in l9hh.as reported by the l9h5 census. These
counties were Allegan, Antrim, Benzie, Berrien, Charlevoix,
Grand Traverse, Leelanau, Manistee, Mason, Oceans and Van
Buren. In addition Charlevoix County was added.

In 1909 Van Buren, Allegan and Berrien Counties led in
number of cherry trees. In l9hh.Grand Traverse, Oceana, and
Leelanau Counties were leading in number of cherry trees.
Cherries which are better adapted to short growing seasons
than other Michigan tree fruits are moving northward.

Cherry trees have increased 269 percent in Michigan
since 1910 (Figure 62). Most of this increase has taken
place in Area 11 although Areas 3, h, 10, 12, lh.and 17

also show increases. All other areas have decreased.

X 42.

 

I... ONION ONLHH

117

Plums and Prunes

The counties selected as important were those with over
10,000 trees in l9hh.as reported by the l9h5 census. These
counties were Allegan, Berrien, Grand Traverse, Kent, Mason,
Oakland, Oceana, and Van Buren. The leading counties in nump
ber of plum and prune trees since l92h.have been Berrien and
Oceans.

Plum and prune trees have increased 22 percent in Michi-
gan since 1910 (Figure 63). Areas 3, 6, IS, 16 and 17 have
shown increases while all other areas have decreased.

Most of the Michigan production is consumed fresh or
canned while the Pacific Coast production which is about 80
percent of the United States total is dried for the market.

 

.... I... Jutlv 3.....‘r

 

 

 

 

119

Strawberries

 

The counties selected as important were those with over
100 acres of strawberries in l9hh as reported by the l9h5 cen-
sus. These counties were Allegan, Barry, Berrien, Cass, Kent,
Monroe, Oceana, Ottawa, Van Buren and Wayne.

Since 1899 Berrien and Van Buren Counties have led all
others in strawberry acreage. Strawberries have decreased 30
percent in Michigan since 1910 (Figure 6h). All areas have
shown a decrease in acreage except Areas 9, 13, 1h and 17
which have shown an increase in strawberry acreage.

Strawberry acreage has tended to decrease in the
southern part of the state and increase in the northern

areas.

120

‘Iwn‘u Fran

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121
Raspberries

The counties selected as important were those with over
100 acres of raspberries in 19hhm These counties were Alle-
gan, Alpena, Berrien, Cass, Genesee, Kent, Monroe, Oakland,
Ottawa, and Van Buren. Berrien and Van Buren Counties have
led in acreage since 1919,

The largest increase in raspberry acreage has taken place
in the northern areas of the state (Figure 65). Michigan
raspberry acreage has increased 28 percent since 1910. Mich-
igan has the largest acreage of raspberries in the United

States.

 

(Jr: I... 35.0: Gain.»

123

Fruit Sumarz

The census data on fruit shows some glaring inadequacies.
In most years only total number of trees and total production
were given rather than the number of bearing trees and pro-
duction. If the latter were recorded it would be possible to
compute yield per tree which might reveal important trends.

However, one does find that the number of apple trees,
peach trees, plum and prune trees, and pear trees have been
decreasing steadily. Cherry trees have been increasing in nump
her with the area of production shifting from.Allegan, and
Van Buren Counties northward to Grand Traverse, Oceana and
Leelanau Counties. Grape vines have decreased in number frdm
18,320,731 in l93h.to 10,355,h96 in l9hht The percentage of
tillable land in tree fruits and vineyards has remained
about the same (Figure 66).

Area 3 the main fruit area, has shown an increase in
every kind of fruit except strawberries. This would lead
one to believe that fruit growers are attempting to diversify
their operations and reduce risk by planting more than one
kind of fruit. The decline in fruit tree numbers has taken
place largely on general farms with small orchards. This de-
cline in numbers has been partially offset by increased
bearing capacity in the more productive commercial areas.

Fruit production varies greatly from.year to year with ‘

variations in the weatkn r. In this respect the fruit grower is

121;
less likely to obtain a normal crop than the field crop
farmer (Figure 67).

This is probably the greatest single reason why fruit
trees are decreasing in the general farming areas. It is
quite likely that this trend will continue. Fruit trees are
increasing only in those areas best adapted to their pro-
duction and there a trend toward diversified plantings is

noted.

 

 

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127

The 1939 Annual Crop Summary of Michigan has the follow-
ing to say about the origin of the index on which Figure 67
is based. "In order to obtain and annual indication of re-
lative total crop production in Michigan we have evolved a
composite index fer the year 1929 to date. The 16 crops
used comprise about 96 percent of the value of all crops for
which estimates of annual production are made. The period
adopted as the base was the 10 years, 1928-37. ‘Yields of
field crops for the base years were converted to 100 per-
cent equivalents by dividing actual yields by the respective
condition percentage for the last month in which condition
was asked. The average of these 100 percent equivalent
yields for the 10 years of the base period was multifplied
by the acreage of the crop in the current year to obtain a
100 percent potential production. Such potential production
was then evaluated by the average price of the crop for the
base period. 4

In the case of the fruits, the officially adopted par
production for the current season was evaluated by the aver-
age price for the base period. Each composite index was
then computed by combining the percentages of par or normal
yields (production in the case of fruits) obtained each year
for1:he crops used in the index, each crop being given a
weight corresponding to the par valuation derived in accord-

12
ance with preceding paragraph."

ual Crap W, 1939. P 5.

128
Vegetable Section

Here again in collecting data on Michigan truck crops
one finds the census very inadequate. The census did not show
any data on truck crops until 1925 and 1930 and then on only
five truck crops giving acreage but not production.

The Crop Report for Michigan lists Michigan as being
among the leaders in cucumbers, both pickle and market, celery,
cantaloupe, onions, market asparagus, and canning beets. It
seems that the Federal census could do a much more sensible
and greater service could in securing information on these
important vegetables rather than recording information.on
pecans, sweetpotatoes, yams and tobacco as is done at present.

Data were used on five crops cabbage, snap beans, peas,
tomatoes, and sweet corn in important counties. Counties
which.were considered as important.were those which grew over
200 acres of the vegetable in l9hhe

The counties which grew over 200 acres of snap beans
were Allegan, Antrim, Bay, Charlevoix, Kent, Lake, Macomb,
Mason, Mecosta, Missaukee, Monroe, Newaygo, Oceana, Osceola,
Saginaw, St. Clair and Wayne. Mecosta, Missaukee, and St.
Clair were the leading counties in acreage.

Important cabbage growing counties are Allegan, Kent,

Macomb, Monroe, Saginaw, St. Clair, and‘Wayne. Of these

129
Macomb and Wayne Counties are the greatest producers.

The important counties in sweet corn acreage are Allegan,
Antrim, Bay, Berrien, Genesee, Grand Traverse, Ionia, Jackson,
Kalamazoo, Kent, Lenawee, Livingston, Macomb, Monroe, Oakland,
Ottawa, Saginaw, St. Clair, Shiawasee, Van Buren, Washtenaw
and Wayne. Of these Wayne and Monroe Counties are the leaders
in acreage of sweet corn.

The important counties in acreage of tomatoes are Bay,
Berrien, Ionia, Jackson, Kent, Lenawee, Macomb, Monroe,
Oakland, Saginaw, Van Buren and Wayne. Of these Berrien
County is the greatest producer of tomatoes.

The important counties in acreage of peas are Eaton,
Genesee, Huron, Ionia, Jackson, Muskegon, Newaygo, Saginaw,
St. Clair, Sanilac, Shiawasee and Tuscola. The leading
counties in acreage of peas were Sanilac, Shiawasee and Bay.

In general the leading counties in truck crop pro-
duction are those with large urban areas or adjacent to
such urban areas. Although one finds such northern counties
as Mecosta and Missaukee among the leaders in snap beans and
Antrim.in sweet corn.

Since 193h about 1 percent of the tillable land in
Michigan has been in vegetables (Figure 68). It is very

likely that the acreage of vegetables grown in Michigan will

130
remain at this level or increase as the per capita consumption
of various vegetables both fresh and canned has been stead-
ily increasing. This is probably duetso the publicity given
to their importance in balanced diets through indication of
the vitamins contained in each vegetable as well as the

calorie content per serving.

 

 

 

 

 

 

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CHAPTER IV
Livestock and Poultry

Nearly two-thirds of the farm income in Michigan is con-
tributed by livestock and livestock products. The largest
single source of income is derived from the sale of dairy pro-
ducts followed by meat animals, poultry and eggs and wool in
that order.

The consumption of food products of animal origin may be
limited by their cost or by taste preference. In countries of
dense population, the consumption of animal food products is
low, and the consumption of cereals and vegetables high, be-
cause cost favors the plant foods. In countries of abundant
land areas, where animal life may be more economically main-
tained, the tendency is toward larger consumption of animal
products. Within any country taste preference has the larger
influence in determining the amount and variety of animal
food products consumed in families of high income, whereas
cost has the larger influence in families of low income.

Although the need of the general public for animal pro-
ducts creates a demand for them, farmers would not engage in
livestock production without a profit incentive. This incen-
tive is found in the ability of animals to bring about an

increase in the farm income by converting many cultivated

133

crops into animal products of great usefulness and value,
grazing of grass and other growth from nontillable areas,~
converting many otherwise useless by-product feed materials
into useful animal products, providing an evenly distributed
:market for labor, reducing the cost of transportation and
:marketing of the products of the farm, contributing important

items to the food supply of the family at lowest cost, and
conserving soil fertility.

13h

Dairy Cattle

Michigan ranks fourteenth among the states in numbers

of all cattle and calves, eighth in numbers of milk cows

and heifers, and sixth in milk production. Dairy products

are the largest single source of farm income in Michigan

comprising about a fourth to a third of all farm.income.

Dairy enterprise also provides veal calves, steers and cull

The number of milk cows in the United States increased

steadily from 1867 up to the droughts of 193A and 1936. Al-

though the number of milk cows has failed to keep pace with

the increase in population the production and consumption of

milk has more than kept pace with the increasing population.

In the mid 1930's a marked trend from.the sale of farms

separated cream to sales of whole milk was started in the

United States and continued through l9h8. This trend had

more affect in the Lake States, including Michigan, than the

rest of the countryas shown by the following comparisons

(Table h).

Table h. Sales of whole milk as a percentage of total milk
and cream sales United States and Lake States,

 

State.& United States , . 1939 19k?

 

Michigan 55 82
Wisconsin {Z . 93
Minnesota 55
United States 55 77

 

 

for Michigan, l9h7.
t

nation. U.S. Bureau 0

135

Most of the whole milk sold in Michigan is sold in those
areas adjacent to large urban centers (Figure 69). Whole
milk sales are also high in the western part of the Upper
Peninsula where many cheese plants are located.

A definite upward trend in milk production per cow may
be noted in Figure 70. This trend was interrupted briefly
during World War I, and then again for a longer time in the
drought and depression of the 1930's.

The two most influential factors in achieving a still
higher national average production per cow would be more feed
per cow and better balanced rations. Because such a large
proportion of the feed used by a dairy cow is required for
maintenance, underfeeding means that most of the feed is used
for body maintenance, and a relatively small part of it for
milk production. Where dairy production is only a sideline
underfeeding is rather common.

However there are economic limits to increased feeding
which are reached before the physical limits are approached.
These economic limits will vary with the price of the pro-
duct in relation to the cost of feed, and in relation to
other expenses. Many farmers feed their cows at levels far
below the economic limits, even when milk is high in price
in relation to feed. 0n the majority of farms to increase
the feed supply per animal, would increase both output per

15

head and net income to farmers.

 

15/ Changes in Farming, U. S. Bur. of Agr. Economics,
June, 19h8.

136

In general the counties in Michigan with the highest
milk production per cow are those located in areas having the
highest percentage of first class land (Figure 71). In
addition most of these counties sell a high proportion of
fluid milk, which would indicate that dairying was more than
just a sideline enterprise. Likewise most of the counties
having low production per cow are located in that area of
the state having a low percentage of first class land and low
crop yields; also only a small proportion of the milk sold
is sold as whole milk.

One exception to this is the counties in the Saginaw
Valley area where some of the best land in Michigan is found.
Huron, Saginaw, Bay and Midland Counties have all had low
milk production per cow. These counties have consistently
ranked considerably higher in numbers of all cattle than in
numbers of dairy cows, which would lead one to believe that
more beef or dual purpose type cattle would be found in this
area. Since the census is not clear in enumerating beef and
dual purpose cattle it is quite possible that producers in
this area have shifted from milking cows to raising calves
or from beef to milk depending on which price seemed most
favorable, with the inevitable result that production per cow
has remained below the state average. In addition a smaller
percentage of the milk sold has been whole milk than in the

neighboring counties.

137

Milk production per cow in Michigan has consistently
been above the United States average. Milk production per
cow in Michigan has been below milk production per cow in
Wisconsin for herds under 30 cows. For herds of 30 cows and
over production per cow has been higher in Michigan than in
Wisconsin. Highest milk production per cow is found in the
far western states and New England, while lowest production
per cow is found in the south and southeastern region of the United
States. The states having the highest percentage of their
milk sold as whole milk tend to have the highest milk pro-
duction per cow.16

Dairy cows, and cows and heifers milked have increased
greatly in Michigan (Figures 72, 73). The greatest percentage
increase has taken place in the northern part of the state.

At the same time dairy cow numbers have increased, the per-
cent of farms having dairy cows has dropped (Figure 7h).

Some reasons for the importance of dairying in Michigan
are that it utilizes the family labor, gives a good return
per dollars worth of feed fed, and risk from price fluctuation
is not great. Although the dairy farmer that continually
pays a long price for replacements has a greater risk than the
one that raises his own herd replacements.

The past 10 years have witnessed the rapid growth of
dairy breeding c00peratives for artificial insemination.

Through artificial insemination significant increases in

 

3£77The Dairy Situation, January, l9h9, Table 8.

138
production per cow have been achieved on a wide scale in a
relatively short time. It is very likely that the use of
artificial insemination will increase in the next few years.
On January 1, l9h8 Michigan led all other states in the nump
ber of dairy‘breeding cooperatives and was third in total nump

ber of cows bred.

 

12/ Dairy Breeding Cooperatives, Farm Credit Adminis-
tration, January, l9h9.

1 e

 

 

 

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THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
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CRAM’S
88x 1 1 Outline Map

MICHIGAN

SCALE

 

 

 

 

 

 

4 o to 20 co 00 an
common: 45
THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
INDIANAPOLIS

 

 

"D Fig. 73. Ccms and heifers milked dur-
'xtwuuaw ing 19,414.. Number Eanuary 1, 19145.41-

 

 

 

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. . . u . » ‘ o '
....o. *= 9’29. 9'.“ as". AW.

Number {jg.,'.‘527;.';:;34;' .Cffih
Year Bows and Heifers .93“, F‘Y‘Y"? fast. as“, a“: .. .1

 

 

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1900 563 . 905 m. 4s, . .

 

 

 

43

 

i933 $333395: I??? ::.:ez. mu w .:.. s"??? "" u.
1925 823.118 - ::.-:3: .--:.:~';-:- -' = ... ~
1930 7&6’10’4 “RF-"79.1 A w. :.z'rwv-x :32". ,- '. : ‘
19 8 ,853 ‘ .9323; 4,2363 “9'9"". ”cm" "AYIE

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1915 951.276

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Each d>t represents 500 head.

’0 __
09 T 97 Longitude

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West 86 a] Greenwich 85

....~._

 

 

 

 

 

 

(HLALTS
8351: ll Outline Map

MICHIGAN

mu

o 10 20 so am
COPYRIGHY
THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
INDIANAPOLIS

 

 

. 7 Cows he ers mi d,
pere t of f hav , l9 .

72 56
55

’0

79 83
68 8 8
81 3 92

 

 

all? 8 79 83 8h 79

a 7
175.9 69 ° 87 87 7

10 183 , 7
167,27 35 73

7h 69 8h 85 81
72 h 78 73 73 56

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cans heifer milked . 71 75 86 79 71

 

 

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3113:? 33:2?

 

 

 

Longitude West of Greenwich

 

 

114-5
Beef Cattle

It is almost impossible to secure a clear picture of
the number of beef cattle from the available data. The
census has recorded beef cattle only a few times and one
can only assume that the cows and heifers not milked are
kept mainly for beef. There are indications that this
figure is considerably lower than the actual number of beef
cattle. The 1925 census lists 69,889 beef cows of which
h2,3ll were milked. If we start on the assumption that cows
and heifers not milked are mostly beef cattle, then the
number of beef cattle in Michigan has more than tripled
since 1920 (Figure 75). Beef cattle have increased in all
areas except Area 15.

The periodic increases and decreases in cattle numbers
commonly called the cattle cycle have been held responsible
for the increases and decreases in the supply of beef.
Typically, beef production is on the increase at the time
the peak in cattle numbers is passed, and reaches its own
peak about two years later. It then declines as cattlemen
sell fewer calves from the current calf crop and fewer
cattle from inventories.

For the past several years another factor, productivity
of the cattle herd, has exerted great influence on the supply
of beef. The productivity of the national cattle herd is

1&6

more important than the size alone. Productivity as
measured by annual live weight production has trended up-

warg steadily over the past three decades as shown by Table
l

 

 

 

 

 

 

5.
Table 5. Live weighg production per beef cow in pounds
20-1 United States.
Period Live weight production per cow
Pounds
1920-29 386
1930-39 399
19h0-h8 LL52

 

This increased production per cow has been accomplished
through the adaption of new practices for raising and feed-
ing cattle putting gains on faster now than in earlier years.
Stockmen are taking advantage of the rapid growth that
young livestock will make and are holding back fewer animals
for the slower gains obtained at older ages. Two year-old
cattle require from.93 to 95 percent as much feed as 3-year-
olds, yearlings 85 to 90 percent and calves 70 to 75 per-
cent.20

Michigan.has not shown the variations in cattle hump
bars that the United States as a whole has (Figure 76). In-
stead of decreasing from 193A to 1938 and then increasing

 

'lg/ Productive Level of the Cattle Herd in Relation to
Prospects for Output of Beef and Veal. The Livestock and
Meat Situation, June, 19k9.

l9 Adapted f om Table 9, The Livestock and Meat
Situa on, June, 19 9.

gQ/ Feeding cattle for Beef, Farmers Bulletin No. 15h9.

11;?

Michigan cattle numbers increased steadily from 1935 to l9hh.
The most probable reason forishis is the high percentage of
dairy cattle in Michigan which has tended to modify the
cattle cycle, cyclical variations being due largely to
variations of cattle other than dairy cattle.

Commercial feeding of cattle in Michigan is confined
to those counties in the southern part of the state which
produce a surplus of feed crops such as Lenawee, Hillsdale
and Monroe Counties. Thus most of the beef enterprises
carried on in Michigan are breeding enterprises which re-

duces risk and amount of capital needed.

 

______________T______T____.

84 83

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

(HlAbe
8351: ll Outline Map

BflICHHflI3flka

SCALE
o lo 20, co on
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commem-
THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
mounarous

 

 

 

 

Cows and heifers not

)hh, numfer January 1, 19h5.

ilked

47

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

  

 

 

 

 

 

 

  
 

  

 

 

 

  
 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

46

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43

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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47
LucT'
HIPPEWA
' MA .
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LKASK 'O‘F . (.38600; AL‘cm.A-.
ICHIGAN fl - . 1': ‘
Michigan Trends mm“ ......
'Y ar Num er cows and hail-
rs not ilked
*

1920 50.6 7
13

1925 * ~—

#930

19140 . ....... ”moo". fig“??? : . . ,.

.:..... ' ' " ‘ ‘ ‘
ef cows and heifers.
1|
Each lot repr sents 16 head. _J“
90 09 *3 86 B4 w5'3

 

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150

Swine

Swine production is usually closely identified with the
production of corn, thus one finds that the leading Michigan
counties in numbers of hogs also raise large acreages of
corn. The leading counties in numbers of hogs are Lenawee,
Hillsdale, Ionia, Washtenaw and Monroe (Figure 77).

The number of all hogs and pigs have varied greatly in
Michigan. Dropping from a high of 1,215,833 head in 1910
to a low of h88,966 head in 1935 and then gradually increas-
ing to 680,683 head in 19h5. It appears that hog numbers
will likely remain some where in the vicinity of the l9h5
level which is considerably below that reached in 1910.

Since 1900 all areas except Area 17 have shown a de-
crease in hog numbers. At the same time the number of farms
having sows have decreased greatly (Figure 78). Area 5 leads
in total number of hogs followed closely by Areas 1, 2, and
8 (Figure 79). Very few hogs are found in the northern part
of the state due to the lack of corn.

In general the cyclical variations in Michigan swine
production have corresponded closely with the variations in
national production (Figure 80). Michigan hog numbers
reached a low point in 193s and then increased until 19kb,.
Since then hog numbers have steadily decreased in Michigan.

It is very difficult to obtain any measure of change in
production or efficiency of feeding hogs from.the available

151
data. However information obtained in the Corn Belt over a
period of years on feed consumed by hogs indicates a reduction
of 10 to 15 percent in the quantity of feed used per 100
pounds of pork frdm the decade of the 1920's to the decade
of the 1930's.21 The number of pigs saved, the prevention
of disease, the improvement of breeds, and the feeding of
balanced rations all tend toward increased efficiency in the
use of feed. Even more improvement in this direction may be

expected as work is now underway to produce hogs that are

there efficient of feed into pork of the more desirable cuts.

 

217 "Feed Consumption and Marketing Weight of Hogs", by
L. Jay Atkinson and John W. Kelin, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture.
Tech. Bul. 89h, 19h5, pp. 192.

 

 

 

 

85

 

 

 

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DJPCHHICEAJN'

COAL!
0 lo 20» h ....

 

 

 

 

 

" 4 common? GI
THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
momma-cue

KMINP Fig. 770 All ‘ 88 and pl 3, tinnber
Ja ary l, 19 S.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

     
   

 

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MICHIGA

 

  

 

 

Mi higan T ends

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

and igs

 

 

1,165,200
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1,106,066

855,368
596.55?
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911,5 680, 683

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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Each dpt repre ents 500 head.

‘9 a 87 Longitude West 86 of Greenwich 3°

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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MICHIGAN
SCALE
4 0 IO 20 ‘0 50““
gr THE csonaéfigggm COMPANY
Kma‘ fig. 78. Sows, percent of far 3
2 '” having sow in 19145.
I A uouonvo
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one 3 2 ”‘th A Lu‘c't—r
2 5 ALG w 5&3." ll NIPPEWA
2 9 ..
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MICHIGAN m .. orseco °'“‘° ......
Hichigan Trends, Sows “mm ““5" “r"... °8°°°* MW
" ‘ 27 21 26 26
AMSTEE OERXO M'JKEE (3:30“ W m
Ce 18118 N or f rm % 18 26 31 20 28 26
31' h V1213 SO 8 men um: oeceo use this!) mum
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19 10 48(- uowtcai am 1 MGIMW 2 13
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49'2'9‘ 92,- 279 ’47 ”I‘m" uowu we was“: sauna: new e7
“f 8 15 (+0 (414- ' 21 20 'flh
1930 35.911; 21 , ...... ...... w ....
1935 1.6.092 2h 19 1 28 29 22 1h 7
A 808$” ‘ngo CALHOUN Acm" AYIE
1930 55.172 29 1 2h 33 30 37
as; “:3" “-28 Lil"! I
191:5 h1.296 2h ......‘3. 37 142 39 3 38 32 /
% of total far 8
Not av ilable
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930 35

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156
Sheep

Michigan sheep production is concentrated in the south
central part of the state (Figure 81). The leading counties
iri number of sheep and lambs are Washtenaw, Lenawee, Clinton,
lkigham and Jackson. Most of the sheep raised in Michigan are
ir1 farm flocks. The lQhO census reported an average of 31
ewes per farm reporting ewes.

Since 1900 Michigan sheep numbers have decreased over 70
percent. Nationally the sheep industry has moved westward from
New Englani as the country developed until now it is concen-
‘trated in the Edwards flateau of Texas. Only the northern
areas of Michigan, 13, 1h, 15 and 17 have shown an increase
in sheep numbers (Figure 82). However this part of the state
still has relatively few sheep. One reason for this may be
the lack of cleared land.

The number of farms having sheep have decreased even more
rapidly than the number of sheep (Figure 83). This may be an
indication that Michigan farms are becoming less diversified
than they were he years ago.

Since 1939 Michigan sheep numbers have decreased more
rapidly than before. The scarcity of fence material during
the war and increased competition from other enterprises
probably accelerated the decline in sheep numbers. At present
sheep numbers are at an all time low. Cyclical variations in
sheep numbers do not correspond very closely for the United

States and Michigan (Figure 8h).

 

M CHIGAN
Michi an Tre

 

——-—--

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THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
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anuary l, l9h5

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% of otal farms
Farms reporting sheep

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ca I I l ‘9
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‘3 IONIA CLINTON I n: gr: I! ‘,EER
920 23 33 was“ 11 “m 6 43
v 17uv use “”0 $3;
930 EATCN map An TON 1’
16 16 21 2 6
935 CALHOUN JACKSON
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Horses

Horse numbers have been steadily declining in Michigan
as more farmers shift from.anima1 power to mechanical power.
This has resulted in more land being made available for the
production of food crops for human use or feed crops for
production of livestock. Land thus released in the United
States between 1920 and 19h5 was enough to feed 16 million
head of cattle. The saving in grain alone from.the smaller
number of work animals amounted to about 13 million tons in
19hh, or enough to feed 25 mdllion hogs to market weight.22

The distribution of horses is general throughout the
state, the density corresponding fairly closely with the hump
ber of farms (Figure 85). The decrease in horse numbers has
been less in the northern part of the state (Figure 86). How-
ever the number of horses has decreased more rapidly than the
number of farms having horses (Figure 87).

One can expect a further decline in the number of horses
as more farms secure tractors and horses cease to be the
major source of power. The increase in number of small
tractors fitted with equipment suitable for use on small farms

should also tend to reduce horse numbers.

2;? Yearbook of Agriculture l9h3-h7, U. S. Dept of
Agricu ture, p. 925-

 

 

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Lengltude West of Greenwich

 

 

 

 

 

165
Chickens

 

Most of the chickens in Michigan are concentrated in the
southern half of the lower peninsula with Allegan, Saginaw,
Lenawee, Ottawa and Monroe Counties leading in the number rais-
ed (Figure 88). Areas 5 and 8 have the largest number of
chickens followed by Areas 1 and h (Figure 89). The number of
chickens raised has increased from 9,967,039 in 1909 to
21,311,712 in 19hh. Every area in Michigan has shown an in-
crease in the number of chickens raised.

Since 1900 the average number of hens per farm.has
doubled, increasing from 113 in that year to 85 in 1915 (Fig-
ure 90). At the same time the percentage of farms with hens
has dropped from.91 percent in 1900 to 76 percent in lQhS
(Figure 91).

Not only have chickens become concentrated in larger
flocks on fewer farms but the number of eggs per layer has
increased greatly (Figure 92). Michigan production per layer
has also been above the production per layer in the United
States. The National Poultry Improvement Plan which coordi-
nated Federal, state and commercial activities has probably
been responsible for a large part of this increase in pro-
duction due to a wider use and better supervision of improv-
ed breeding methods. Improved feeding and systematic culling
have also contributed to this advance. This increased product-
ion means that the poultry enterprise has been transformed from

a sideline to an important phase of the farm business.

 

 

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168

 

 

 

 

CRAM‘S
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MICHIGAN

scan
0 so 20 w so”
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COPYRIGHT
THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
INDIANAPOLIS

Fig. 90. B ns, n er per arm. ing
hens in 19h

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THE GEORGE F. CRAM COMPANY
INDIANAPOLIE

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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171

Turkeys

Turkey production in Michigan has increased almost 150
percent since 1900, all areas showing an increase except
Areas 16 and 17. For a number of years Sanilac County was
the leading producer but in l9hh.the leading counties were
Ottawa, Gratiot, Benzie, Kent and Charlevoix in that order
(Figure 93). The leading areas in total numbers are Areas
1;, 8, 12 and 5 in that order (Figure 91+). Q
Normally one would expect turkeys to be raised only
where an adequate supply of feed grains were available, but
in the past few years several northern counties have gone into
turkey production quite extensively. Lack of competing enter-
prises and fewer disease problems may tend to keep these
counties in the turkey business even with higher feed costs

and a lower selling price.

 

 

 

CRAM’S
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MICHIGAN

SCALE

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COPYRIGNT
THE GEORGE P. CRAM COMPANY
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1711

Summary 23 Livestock and Poultry

Section

Nearly two-thirds of the farm income in Michigan is
contributed by livestock and livestock products, with dairy
products the largest single source of income. The majority
of the livestock enterprises carried on in Michigan.are
breeding enterprises. Thus the risks encountered from.price
fluctuations are not so great as those encountered in non-
breeding enterprises which tends to keep capital losses at a
minimum therefore creating a more stable agriculture.

The leading livestock areas of Michigan correspond
very closely to those areas which lead in the production of
feed crops such as corn, oats, barley, wheat and soybeans.
Thus it appears that in Michigan for an area to be success-
ful in livestock production it must first be able to produce
the necessary feed crops or a major portion required to sus-
tain that livestock.

Several definite trends are noted in Michigan livestock
production. Dairy cattle, beef cattle, poultry and turkeys
have all been increasing in number while swine, sheep and
horses have been decreasing in number. Livestock production
as measured by egg production per layer, milk production per
cow, and live weight production per beef cow has increased
greatly. In addition there are indications that feeding
efficiency has increased substantially and that improvements

have been made in breeding.

175

Greater increases and improvements seem to have been
made in livestock production than in crop production which
was fairly constant until the last decade. It seems that in
the future even greater improvements are possible in live-
stock production as more knowledge is acquired in feeding
and breeding. Milk production per cow seems likely to in-
crease as long as whole milk sales remain high. In the future
more improvement can be expected from artificial breeding as

it becomes more widely used.

CHAPTER V
INCOME

Theoretically the farm price reaches its maximum in the
vicinity of the market where transportation expenses almost
disappear, its minimum at the periphery of the trade area
where the difficulties of marketing are greatest and its
gradations are located concentrically around the market. It
also follows that agricultural goods become more expensive
as the market is approaohed, and that industrial goods are
at a minimum in the market area and at a maximum.where trade
with the market stops. This price spread between the price
of the product and the expense of producing the product is a
determining factor in the optimum degree of farming intensity.
Those areas nearest the market are likely to carry on inten-
sive methods of farming and those farthest from the market
extensive methods of farming.

The final result of this intensification is an increased
land value which once originated, forces the maintenance of
that intensity of farming, if the going rents and other costs
are to be met. Also, the individual farmer in a given type
of farming area must farm as intensively as the average far-
mer in order to pay going rents and costs.

The 1930, 19h0 and l9h5 censuses contained a figure re-
presenting the total value of farm products which was the
value of farm.products sold plus the value of farm products

used by farm households. This figure gives an approximate

17?
measure of gross farm income which is comparable for the
above three censuses. This measure of gross farm income will
differ somewhat from.the gross farm.income used by some states
because it includes the value of farm products used by farm
households, however other states include this figure in com,
puting gross farm income.

A high farm income is necessary if farmers are to have
electricity, water, modern homes and farm buildings, adequate
machinery, adequate food and adequate medical care. Likewise
those farms with high gross incomes are more likely to have
higher net returns. It is therefore essential that if Mich-
igan's farm.families are to lead richer and fuller lives
they must have high incomes.

Within Michigan there is a wide variance in gross in-
come per farm from county to county (Figures 95, 96 and 97).
The counties were divided into four quartiles on the basis
of income. The first three quartiles each contain 21
counties and the last only 20 as there are only 83 counties
in all.

In 1930 all of the high income counties were in the
southern part of the state near the larger cities and in
areas having the greatest percentage of first class land.

But by l9h§ several northern counties have appeared in the
tap income group while some southern counties have dropped

out of the top group.

178

Several factors have probably been the cause of this.
The increasing number of self-sufficient farms in some
southern counties has tended to lower gross income per farm.
From 1930 to 19h5 Genesee County dropped from the top to the
_bottom group while the number of self-sufficient farms rapid-
ly increased.

Three northern counties which were in the top income
group in 19h5, Leelanau, Grand Traverse and Oceana, are
important fruit growing counties. In the fruit areas cli-
mate and price influence income much more than in other
areas in Michigan. In addition the improvement that has
taken place in Michigan roads would tend to facilitate
marketing and place the northern part of the state in a
better competitive position, particularly if volume in-
creases.

In 1930 only 5.2 percent of Michigan's farms were
classified as self-sufficient as compared to 17.6 percent
in.l9h5. The percentage of some of the other leading farm
classes in 19h5 were Dairy 25.6, General 20.8, Crop 12.0,
Livestock 8.6, Poultry 5.3, Fruit h.1 and Vegetable farms
2.6

In l9h5 two percent of the farms produced nothing
while the upper 16 percent of the farms produced 52 per-
cent of the farm products sold or used. The rapid increase

of self-sufficient or subsistence farms in Michigan has

179
tended to widen the gap between the commercial and non-
commercial farmer.

The future income received by Michigan farmers will de-
pend upon several factors. Some of these factors are the
size of population, level of employment, purchasing power.
that is available for consumers to buy farm products, po-
tential volume of farm output, interregional competition in
production of agricultural products by other states, and
the rate of technological development in different states.

The population of the United States has been steadily
increasing. Between 1919 and 19h? farm output per capita has
increased by from 10 to 15 percent.231t appears that the
shift from animal to mechanical power will rapidly proceed,
but its affects on total output will diminish progressively
as horse and mule numbers decline toward minimum.levels. In-
creased output then will come largely from.higher production
per acre and per animal at a rate dependent upon new ad-
vances in technology.

Under conditions of prosperity a large volume of farm
products might be marketed without heavy downward pressure
on farm prices. Certain commodities such as wheat, cotton
and potatoes are likely to remain out of balance in relation

to their prospective market outlets. It appears that attempts

 

22/ Changes in Farming, p 56.

180
to reduce volume of output through production controls will
be ineffectual, as other products could be substituted.

To reduce the total volume of agricultural output it
is necessary to shift either capital, land or labor re-
sources out of agriculture. Present indications are that
an adequate supply of capital is needed for equipment and
farm operations in order to achieve the most effective and
efficient Operation of the farm business. Too often the
individual farmer has too little capital invested for an
effective combination with the land and labor resources
available.

Thus it appears that the only effective means by which
the volume of output could be reduced is by a shift of
workers from farming to other occupations. This could be
accomplished only if non-farm employment is available for
those who cannot find opportunities in agriculture. A
movement of this kind would have the effect of decreasing
the number of workers in agriculture and increasing the
number of consumers of agriculture goods. Under conditions
of depressed prices such a movement is very unlikely. Dur-
ing the depression of the early 30's a net landward move-
ment occurred.

An outlet for farm products might be found in inter-
national trade. A large volume of eXports would require

the acceptance of goods and services in exchange. Michigan

181
farmers would then have to produce on a low cost basis in
competition with other areas, and take and hold the lead
in productive efficiency. Exports of non-farm products
also help to create domestic employment and therefore in-
crease the purchasing power for food and fiber.

Only through abundant and profitable production can
farmers make full economic use of their resources. The
nature of farm costs makes abundant production the most
profitable use of their resources by individual farmers.
Even when prices go down as a result of higher production
the farmers who use the technological improvements have the
protection of larger output and lower unit costs. It is
the farmers who cannot take advantage of cost reducing im-
provements who will have lower incomes if the price goes

down because of a larger output.

162

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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CHAPTER VI
Area Trends

In order to facilitate and simplify the summary of
Michigan's 17 different type of farming areas, the state
has been divided into 3 regions as shown in Figure 98.

The first of these regions includes type of farming areas
1 to 8 inclusive and is that part of southern Michigan be-
low a line from Bay City to Muskegon. Region 2 is the
northern part of the lower peninsula and includes type of
farming areas 9 to 1h inclusive. Region 3 is the upper
peninsula and includes type of farming areas 15, 16 and

17.
Region 1

The southern half of the lower peninsula contains
the greatest amount of first class farming land in the
state and consequently most of the agriculture in the state
is located in this region. It contains almost all the acreage
of corn, sugar beets, soybeans, beans and grapes grown in
Michigan. This is the oldest agricultural area in the
state, thus one notes that acreages of many crops have de-
creased such as hay, wheat, rye, potatoes and buckwheat.
0f the livestock enterprises only cattle, both dairy and

beef, and poultry have shown an increase.

186

This is an indication of two things,first farms are
becoming more specialized and secondly the rapid growth of
urban areas has enroached upon the agricultural land. Since
1930 the type of farming carried on in many of the counties
has changed considerably. By l9h5 self-sufficient farms
were the predominating type in Cass, Genesee, Wayne, Macomb,
Oakland, and Midland Counties. There were a large number
of self-sufficient farms in several other counties includ-
ing Monroe, Barry, Kalamazoo, Berrien, Kent, Ottawa, Mus-
kegon, Eaton, Ingham, Jackson, Livingston, Lapeer, St.
Clair and Saginaw Counties. In a period of low farm.prices
and industrial unemployment these self-sufficient farms
would be in a very unfavorable position due to extremely
low income and could present a serious problem in the af-
fected areas.

All kinds of fruit have been decreasing in this
region except in Type of Farming Area 3 where increases
are noted. There is both a trend toward diversification
in the commercial fruit area and a trend away from fruit
production on general farms in non-commercial areas.

In general this region is favored by several advan-
tageous factors, among these are the nearness to markets,
large percentage of good agricultural land and the wide

selection of crops that can be grown.

187

Region 2

This northern part of lower Michigan presents many
different problems than the southern part of the state.
This region contains no large cities and has a very high
percentage of poor land.

The number of cherry trees has increased greatly in
the counties of Grand Traverse, Leelanau, Benzie, Antrim
and Charlevoix until now this is one of the 1eading<3herry
producing sections in the United States. Dairying has
also increased making it the leading type of farming in
the majority of these northern counties. Self-sufficient
farms are predominant only in Benzie, Emmet and Crawford
Counties.

The development of good roads has greatly aided this
region by bringing the farms closer to market and making
the region more accessible to tourists. 'The increased
number of tourists greatly increases the size of the local
markets.

Any further agricultural expansion is most likely
to occur in cattle, poultry or special vegetable crops
such as beans, peas, or sweet corn. The large area of
forest land will prohibit any large scale develOpment of
agriculture in this region, mainly because the best econ-
omic use of a great part of this land appears to be in

forests.

188

Region 3

Agriculture in the Upper Peninsula still remains in
a pioneering stage. There are three distinct agricultural
develOpments separated by vast acreages of forest and cut
over land. These are located in Chippewa and eastern
Mackinac Counties, Houghton and Ontonagon, and Menominee
and Delta Counties. There are other scattered agricultural
areas that have developed around mining or lumbering
enterprises.

The overall agriculture of this region is increasing
in size. The numbers of almost all classes of livestock
except horses have been increasing as has the acreage of
most crops. However the develOpment of agriculture re-
ceived a serious setback in the 1930's when non-farm em,
ployment soared to new heights. Only in recent years has
it regained the losses suffered then. Self-sufficient
farms are predominant in only Luce and Schoolcraft Counties.

The future of agriculture in this region depends very
largely upon future markets. Any improvement in trans-
portation will tend to improve the competitive position of
the region, with other parts of the state. The ever grow-
ing number of tourists are an added incentive to local
markets. It appears very likely that the population will
not decrease and may very well increase in the future

particularly if any new industries are develOped in the

189
region. Thus one can look forward to an expansion of
agriculture in those undeveloped areas having suitable
agricultural land. However it is very unlikely that agri-
culture will ever develop to the stage reached in southern
Michigan due to the large aggregate area of forest land,
cut over land and swamp land.‘ This type of land is more
suited to recreation and forestry and should be utilized

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CHAPTER VII

SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

Diversity is the one characteristic that best des-
cribes Michigan's agriculture. There is no sharp line
between diversification and specialization in Michigan
agriculture. Very few Michigan farms depend on a single
source of income or a single product, even the specialized
fruit farms generally have several kinds and varieties of
fruit. Thus there is a greater variance in the degree of
diversification than there is between the diversified or
specialized farm.

The causes of this great diversity in Michigan agri-
culture are many and varied. Climate, topography, soil
types, markets, and economic conditions have all contri-
buted to this diversity. In addition, Michigan is very
much different from other states in that it is composed of
two peninsulas which adds greatly to transportation prob-
lems. Michigan farmers are probably less influenced by
what neighboring states are doing because of this isolation.

Agricultural production is influenced both indirectly
and directly by changes in technique. Indirectly because
agriculture participates in the improvements that orig-
inate in other fields of the national economy and direct-

ly in that agriculture develOps better techniques. Every

192
improvement once it is made either increases output or
decreases production costs. It can then be stated that a
yield-increasing-improvement tends to strengthen the com-
petitive portion of areas close to the market; while an
improvement which reduces transportation costs strengthens
the competitive portion of the areas far from the market.

Developments in farm mechanization such as the increase
in tractors, combines, corn pickers, field balers, milking
machines and the shift from steel to rubber tires have had
a marked influence on Michigan agriculture. This increase
in labor-saving macnines means that the farmer is able to
handle more land and livestock in the same amount of time,
with the result that the progressive farmers buy or rent
more land in order to utilize more fully these machines and
reduce the investment per acre. One would then expect the
commercial farms to become larger in size and fewer in
number. A greater difference between the commercial and
-subsistence farm then becomes apparent. There are many
indications that this is now happening in Michigan. As
more machines become available this difference will become
greater for the smaller farm is at a greater disadvantage
as these technological changes take place.

If Michigan industry continues to expand or if there
should be a trend toward decentralization of industry creat-
ing more non-farm.work, then the number of part-time and

subsistence farms would probably tend to increase.

193

As this trend toward fewer and larger farms and
fewer farm workers continues, it creates a problem of what
to do with the displaced farm workers. Most of these will
have to be absorbed in industry and more farm youths will
have to train for other positions. Those who do not secure
adequate training or do not have the ability needed for
successful farm management will be at a serious disadvan-
tage.

Operators of small full-time farms will have the
greatest difficulty in adopting new machinery and techni-
ques. They will have a much better chance of becoming
successful if they develop specialty lines which would en-
able them to compete with the larger family farms.

Most of the improvement and increase in production
that took place in Michigan crops before l9hO came about
through the introduction of new crops rather than through
the improvement of the original crops. Since l9h0 almost
all creps have shown increases in yields. This may
have been the result of soil conservation practices started
in the 30's, the use of more fertilizer, the use of im-
proved varieties, favorable weather, or the shift of
production to the most favorable area. Probably all of
these factors have had an effect on the increase in yields.

Through a combination of using better breeding
animals, feeding methods, sanitation and other improved

practices farmers have made great improvements in livestock

19h

production. Greater improvement can be expected in the
future, for the farmer has a greater number of factors
under his control. The weather is still a major factor
in crop production but is of much less importance in live-
stock production. If livestock improvement districts
were organized in the same manner as soil conservation
districts even greater improvement in livestock production
could be achieved.

The future Michigan commercial farm.will be larger
with a high investment in labor-saving machines. It will
require a well-informed Operator with the knowledge and

ability to manage a highly complex business.

2.

3.

h.

1910 -

1930 -

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Agriculture Census
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Agriculture Census
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Micaigan,

Michigan,

Michigan,

Michigan,

Michigan,

Micnigan,

Michigan,

Michigan,

United

United

United

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196

Crop Report for Michigan, United States Department

of Agriculture and Michigan Department of Agriculture.

--’

CrOp Report for Michigan, United States Department

of Agriculture and Michigan Department of Agriculture.

CrOp Report for Michigan, United States Department

of Agriculture and Michigan Department of Agriculture.

--’

Crop Report for Michigan, United States Department

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Crop Report for Michigan, United States Department

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Crop Report for Michigan, United States Department

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Atkinson, L. J., Kelin, J. W.,

19h5 - Feed Consumption and Marketing Weight of Hogs,

Technical Bulletin 89h, United States Department of

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17.

18.

19.

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2h,

250

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Bohst edt ’ Go ,

19h9 - "Newer Knowledge of Feeding Livestock," Shorthorn

 

World, August 10, 19u9.
Boss, A., Pond, G. A.,

19h?

Modern Farm Management, Saint Paul, Minnesota.

The Webb Publishing Company, h9h pp.

l9h9 - Feeding Cattle for Beef, Farmers Bulletin lSh9,

United States Department of Agriculture, 61 pp.

19h3 - A Graphic Summary of Farm Animals and Animal Products,
Miscellaneous Publication 530, United States Depart-

ment of Agriculture, 88 pp.

........ ’

1943 - A Graphic Summary of Farm Crops, Miscellaneous
Publication 512, United States Department of Agri-

culture, th pp.

l9h9 - The Livestock and Meat Situation, Bureau of Agri-

cultural Economics.

19h9 - The Foultry and Egg Situation, Bureau of Agricultural

Economics.

19h9 - The Wool Situation, Bureau of Agricultural Economics.

27.

28.

29.

198

........ ,

l9h8 - The Soybean and How it Grew, The Borden Company.

....... 9

19u3-19h7 - Yearbook of the United States Department of
Agriculture.

...... 1

19h8 - Yearbook of the United States Department of Agri-
culture.

Veatch, J. 0..

l9hl - Agricultural Land Classification and Land Types of
Michigan, Special Bulletin 231, Michigan State

College Agricultural Experiment Station.

..Ill 1' I II’