THES ummummm MW in WWW 300996 165 1 run-tuna... - LIBRARY Michigan 5mm Uméaxrséfl . ... ..-'u.—. w"; This is to certify that the thesis entitled CHLOROPHYLL a IN THE PLANKTON AND MACROPHYTES OF TWO LAKES presented by Maureen M. Wilson has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for M. 8. degree inEisheLiesLand Wildlife aim, M4 Major professor Date \5 Februarll \‘18’0 0-7639 1-, 42$sz OVERDUE FINES: 25¢ per day per item RETURNING LIBRARY MATERIALS: Place in book return to remove charge from circulation records CHLOROPHYLL a IN THE PLANKTON AND MACROPHYTES OF TWO LAKES By Maureen M. Wilson A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Fisheries and Wildlife 1980 ABSTRACT CHLOROPHYLL a IN THE PLANKTON AND MACROPHYTES OF TWO LAKES By Maureen M. Wilson The phytoplankton and macrophyte chlorophyll a and secchi disc transparency of Skinner Lake, Indiana, and Lake Lansing, Michigan, were examined during 1978 and 1979. Chlorophyll a was used as an indicator of standing crep. Phytoplankton chlorophyll a values of these lakes were within the range typical of freshwaters, with the exception of those from the hypolimnion of Lake Lansing. Here, the values were high due to the presence of photosynthetic bacteria. Transparency values for both lakes were low. A comparison of phytoplankton chlorophyll a and transparency values of these lakes to trophic classification schemes indicated that both lakes were eutrophic. Macrophyte chlorophyll a values were expressed on an areal and lake total basis. In a compari- son of the two lakes, Lake Lansing had relatively low standing crops of primary producers. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I wish to express my gratitude to Dr. Clarence D. McNabb, my major professor, for his advice and encouragement during my graduate program. I also wish to thank Dr. Niles Kevern and Dr. Richard Merritt for serving on my graduate committee and for their review of my thesis, all of the graduate students at the Limnological Research Laboratory for their help and ideas, especially Ted Batterson, Fred Payne, Doug Pullman and Bob Glandon, and the Laboratory Director, John Craig. Finally, I wish to express a special thanks to Paul Savage for his unending moral support. Resources for scientific work were provided by U. 8. Environmental Protection Agency, Clean Lakes Program, under Grant No. R 80504601 to Michigan State University. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS Page LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . L . . . . . . iv LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 METHODS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 mwmms.. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ... . 14 DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 LITERATURE CITED . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 APPENDIX . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 iii Table LIST OF TABLES Page Water transparency determinations for Skinner Lake and Lake Lansing, expressed in meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l8 Estimates of the chlorophyll a content of vegetation types in the littoral zone of Skinner Lake, August 8-9, 1978. Vegetation types are shown in Figure 1. Values given are the mean i one standard error of the mean estimate . . . . . . l9 Estimates of the macrophyte chlorophyll a content of lit- toral sampling zones in Lake Lansing, September 8-13, 1979. Sampling zones are shown in Figure 2. Values given are the mean :_one standard error of the mean estimate . . . . . . . . 20 Michigan self-help chlorophyll a and secchi disc criteria used for trOphic classification (Anon. 1978) . . . . . . . . . 22 TrOphic state index parameters for Skinner Lake and Lake Lansing, 1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 Record of observations on the physiOgnomy of vegetation on transects in Skinner Lake, Noble County, Indiana, on August 8-9, 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3S Species of aquatic macrophytes in Skinner Lake during 1977 and 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 Record of observations on the physiognomy of vegetation on transects in Lake Lansing, Michigan, on September 8-13, 1978 . 43 Species of aquatic macrophytes in Lake Lansing during 1977 and 1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S4 Phytoplankton biomass estimates for Skinner Lake, expressed as mg/m3 chlorOphyll a. Values given are the mean :_one standard of the mean estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 Phytoplankton biomass estimates for Lake Lansing, expressed as mg/m3 chlorophyll a. Values given are the mean ilone standard error of the mean estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 iv The occurrence of chlorophyll a in littoral plants of Skinner Lake. August 8-9, 1978 . The occurrence of chlorophyll a in random samples of littoral plants in Lake Lansing, September 8-13, 1978 . 57 59 Figure 10. LIST OF FIGURES Basin morphometry of Skinner Lake, Indiana, showing sampling stations for phytoplankton chlorophyll a (*), limits of ve- getation types and macrophyte sampling transects (T1-T4)' Depth contours are in meters . . . . . . . . . . . . Macrophyte sampling zones (A-E) for Lake Lansing, September 8-13, 1978. Circles represent stands of Nuphar sp., the square, Pontederia cordata, and the triangle, a mixed stand of Scirpus. Description of the zones is in the text. Same pling stations for phytOplankton chlorophyll a samples were located along the transects T1 through T6 . . . . . . . . . Aquatic plant sampler, shown with plastic collecting cham- bet 0 O O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Seasonal phytoplankton abundance in Skinner Lake, Indiana, as determined from chlorophyll a values . . . . . . . . . Seasonal phytoplankton abundance in Lake Lansing, Michigan, as determined from chlorophyll a values . . . . . . . . . Average summer secchi disc and chlorophyll a values of 80 Michigan lakes (84 basins) in 1978 Self Help water quality monitoring program. From the 1978 Annual report . . . . . Depth-time diagrams of isopleths of dissolved oxygen (mg/l) for the north basin of Lake Lansing, 1978 . . . . . . . Depth-time diagrams of isopleths of dissolved oxygen (mg/l) for the south basin of Lake Lansing, 1978 . . . . . . . . Depth-time diagrams of isopleths of dissolved oxygen (mg/l) for the north basin of Lake Lansing, 1979 . . . . . . . Depth-time diagrams of isopleths of dissolved oxygen (mg/1) for the south basin of Lake Lansing, 1979 . . . . . . . . vi Page 11 15 16 . 23 27 28 29 30 INTRODUCTION Under the Clean Lakes Program, the U.S. EPA has chosen Lake Lansing, Michigan, and Skinner Lake, Indiana, to test the effectiveness of various lake restoration methods. Lake Lansing is undergoing hydraulic dredging to deepen the littoral zone and improve shorelines. The practices used at Skinner Lake are designed to hold nutrients and soil on the watershed. These practices include sediment basins, minimum tillage, livestock ex- clusion, group tile mains, terraces, tree planting, vegetative cover and grassed waterways. One evaluation of these practices will be to compare the standing crop of the primary producers of these lakes before and after the application of the treatments. Few studies on the primary producers of Lake Lansing have been con- ducted. Jackson (1963) found a diverse algal flora in Lake Lansing with bluegreen algal blooms occurring occasionally, generally in the fall. Young et a1 (1974) quantified phytoplankton production in that lake using CO2 data. They found secchi disc depths of l-3m during the growing sea— son. Neither of these studies used chlorophyll a as an indicator of the primary producers. Chlorophyll a is found in all photosynthetic organisms which are known to give off oxygen in photosynthesis. It has been used as an in- dex of photosynthetic capacity (Manning and Juday 1941; Verduin 1956; Ryther 1956), and recently as a measure of phytoplankton abundance in empirical models interrelating lake trophic status parameters (Dillon 1 2 and Rigler 1974; Carlson 1977; Nicholle and Dillon 1978). In this study, chlorOphyll a was used as a measure of phytoplankton and macrophyte standing crops in Skinner Lake and Lake Lansing. The purpose of this study was to characterize and to compare the phytOplankton chlorophyll a, secchi disc transparency, and macrophyte chlorophyll a of the two lakes, as well as to serve as a data base for the assessment of the ef- fectiveness of the restoration methods. DESCRIPTION OF STUDY AREA Skinner Lake is located in Noble County, in northeast Indiana. The lake has a surface area of 49.4 hectares and an average depth of 4.6m. Its morphometry is shown in Figure 1. Residences rim the lake except for an area in the southwest quadrant which is used as cropland. The watershed has an area of 3,813 hectares, 68% of which is used for crops and livestock. The remaining 32% is in woodlots and wetlands. The lake has considerable overland inputs, in the form of runoff throughout the year, and a nearly continuous discharge. It typically stratifies ther— mally from May to September. During the sUmmer of 1978, a preliminary mapping study showed that the littoral zone of Skinner Lake was inhabited by macrophytes from the shoreline to a depth of approximately 3m. Nearly all the area within this zone appeared suitable for growth. Four distinct vegetation types occurred in Skinner Lake (McNabb 1978). Location of these vegetation types are shown in Figure 1. Type 1 vegetation consisted of a horizon— tal zonation of Scirpus americanus Pers., Ngmphaea odorata Ait., and Ceratophyllum demersum L. Type 2 vegetation occupied the Rimmel inlet delta located at the southern end of the lake. This vegetation type in- cluded Potamogeton pectinatus L., Zanichellis palustris L., and a film of Spirogyra lying on the deeper sediments. Type 3 vegetation was made up of a low density-high diversity group of plants. These included Chara globularis Thuill., Lgngbya sp., Scirpus validus Vah1., Pontederia 3 .mHOuoa a“ mum mu50ucoo some: .Aqalaev muommcmuu wcfiaaamm muznaouome can momma coaumu Iowo> mo mafiafia .Arv m Haunaouoazo acuxcmHQOuxsa wow meowumum wcwamemm m:«3o:m .mccacCH .Oxmq uocsaxm mo muumEonauoE cwmmm .H ouswwm u u j E 000 Emmanhmfiu ¢ we»... _ o 5 cordata L., N. odorata, Nuphar advena Ait., Potamogeton nodosus Poir., and Potamogeton crispus L. in the inshore area, and C. demersum in the deeper water. Type 4 vegetation consisted of the water lilies (N. advena and N. odorata) and C. demersum. This type was disturbed along the east portion of the south shore by boating pathways leading to shoreline re- sidences. Lake Lansing is located in Ingham County, Michigan, northeast of the Michigan State University campus. It has a surface area of 182 hec- tares. The lake is divided into two basins as shown in Figure 2. It is shallow, averaging less than 3m in depth, with a maximum depth of llm. Water enters the lake through seepage, precipitation, and overland flow from urban and agricultural areas. Runoff from 80% of the water— shed passes through extensive marshlands before entering the lake. The lake has a relatively long retention time; the water in the basin is essentially standing. It was stratified thermally from May to September of 1978 and from June to September of 1979. A preliminary mapping of Lake Lansing vegetation conducted during the summer of 1978 showed that the plants did not form such discrete types as those of Skinner Lake. Still, the littoral zone of the lake could be divided into five areas based on the plant communities found there. These are shown in Figure 2. The south basin (A), was occupied mainly by C. globularis, and Najas flexilis (Willd.) Rosth. and Schmidt. C. globularis grew almost exclusively in area B, while a vascular hydro- phyte mixture consisting of C. globularis, Heteranthera dubia (Jacq.) MacM., vallisneria americana Michx., C. demersum, Myriophyllum sp., and N. flexilis existed in area C. A mixture of these species, with a higher per cent cover, was found in area D. Area E was occupied by a C. r-CD Figure 2. Macrophyte sampling zones (ArE) for Lake Lansing, September 8-13, 1978. Circles represent stands of Nuphar sp., the square, Pontederia cordata, and the triangle, a mixed stand of Scirpus. Description of the zones is in the text. Sam- pling stations for phytoplankton chlorophyll a samples were located along the transects T through T 1 6' globularis—N. flexilis association. Beds of Nuphar advena, Pontederia cordata, Scirpus americanus and S. validus were present along the in- shore areas of the south basin and along Transect 3. Shaded portions of Figure 2 indicate areas of the littoral zone of the lake which were not colonized by plants. METHODS Phytoplankton chlorophyll a determinations were made for Skinner Lake and Lake Lansing during the 1978 and 1979 growing seasons. Water samples from Skinner Lake were collected at stations shown in Figure 1. Composite samples were made up to represent the trophogenic and tro- pholytic zones. These were assumed to be those areas above and below the growing season metalimnion. In 1978, water was taken from 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5m depths at each of the four stations with a plastic Kemmerer bottle and equal volumes from each depth were used to make a composite sample. This was done in duplicate. Water samples were also taken in duplicate at 0.5, 1.5, and 2.5m from the bottom of the lake at each of the four stations. Composites were made of these using volumes propor- tional to the volumes of the sampled strata as determined from hypso- graphic data on the lake. During the 1979 sampling period, only one composite sample was made up for each of the two zones. At the time of sampling for chlorophyll, transparency measurements were made with a standard 20cm secchi disc. Phytoplankton chlorophyll a estimates were made for the littoral as well as the pelagial zones of Lake Lansing. During the 1978 sampling period, samples from the littoral zone were composited to represent the 0-1, 1-2, 2-3, and 3-4.5m contour intervals. Equal volumes were com- bined from the mid—point of each of the above contours on each of the six transects shown in Figure 2. Samples representing the upper pelagial 8 9 zones of each of the two basins in the lake were composited from equal volumes of water taken at depths of 0.5, 2.0, and 3.75m from the sur- face. The north basin lower pelagial zone sample was composited from water taken from 5.0, 6.0, 7.0, and 8.0m depths in proportion to the volumes of the 4.5-5.5m, 5.5-6.5m, 6.5-7.5m and greater than the 7.5m strata, as determined from hypsographic data on the lake. The south basin lower pelagial sample was composited from volumes of water from' 5.0 and 6.0m depths in proportion to the volumes of the 4.5-5.5m and greater than 5.5m strata. Due to lack of meaningful differences in the individual chlorophyll a values from the littoral zone and the upper pelagial zones of both basins, waters from these locations were col- lected as above and composited by equal volume into one sample repre- senting the trOphogenic zone during the 1979 sampling period. Hydraulic dredging began in late June of 1979. In mid-August of 1979, chloro- phyll a sampling was terminated because of interference in the analysis caused by turbidity in the samples. In the laboratory, 500ml replicate aliquots of well mixed sample were filtered through Metricel-Gelman filters with 0.8micron pores at a vacuum of less than 20cm of mercury. Filters were placed in dark bottles containing 25ml of 90% distilled-in-glass acetone for 20 hours under refrigeration. Pigment extraction was completed by macerating the sample using a hand glass-to—glass tissue grinder. The extract was then cleared by centrifugation. A recording absorbance scan from 800nm to 400nm was obtained using a Varian Super—Scan 3 spectrophotometer with a 2.0nm bandwidth through a 10cm pathlength cell. SCOR/UNESCO trichro- matic equations given by Strickland and Parsons (1972) were used to calculate concentrations of chlorophyll a. 10 Littoral zone macrophyte communities of the lakes were characteri- zed by physiognomy and chlorophyll a studies. The physiognomy of the vegetation types of Skinner Lake was described by observers moving along 60m lines marked at 5m intervals laid over the water along transects shown in Figure l. Voucher specimens were collected, identified, and placed in the permanent herbarium research collection of the Limnolo- gical Research Laboratory. Physiognomic records and a list of aquatic macrophytes in Skinner Lake are presented in Tables Arl and Ar2 of the Appendix. Samples for chlorophyll a determinations were collected from macrophytic vegetation in horizontal and vertical zones along the tran- sects. Four samples were taken from each major vegetational zone on a transect. Bulrushes were taken from 10 x 10cm plots. Submersed vege- tation within bulrush stands was sampled with the cylindrical sampler shown in Figure 3. The sampler was made of an iron cylinder with sta- bilizing fins. A plastic collecting chamber was placed along the in- side of the cylinder and folded outward underneath the attached cutting band. After free-fall, vegetation inside the cylinder was collected by tightening a noose around the plastic chamber at the sediment surface, and placing the contents on a No. 30 U. S. standard sieve. The sampler has a cross section of 181.4cm2. Four petioles with leaves were col- lected as separate samples from lily and pickerel weed beds. Chloro- phyll a per m2 was obtained from the product of the chlorophyll content of the petiole and leaf and the number of these per m2. The vegetation beneath the lilies and pickerel weeds and the submersed vegetation out— side these stands was taken with the sampler. For these, chlorophyll a per mzvalues were obtained from the product of the total amount of pig- ment in the sample and the cross sectional area of the sampler. The 11 /\ K V— I \ I ‘ x \ V Figure 3. Aquatic plant sampler, shown with plastic collecting chamber. / // 12 area covered by the vegetation was estimated from Figure l, by multi- plying the length of the shoreline occupied by the width of the zone of occurrence. The diverse vegetation of the inshore area of the east shore (type 3) was treated as a unit, with the mean chlorophyll a repre- senting the vegetation extending from 0-3.5m depths. Transect 4 repre- sented the areas occupied by type 4 vegetation, except the disturbed area of the south shoreline. Here, the area covered was estimated to be 50%. The physiognomy of the macrophytes of Lake Lansing was described along the six transects used in water sampling (Figure 2). The data from these observations and the list of macrophyte species of Lake Lansing are given in the Appendix, Tables Ar3 and A94. For chlorophyll a analysis, samples of the vegetation in Lake Lansing were taken from within the zones mapped in Figure 2. The num— ber of samples was dependent upon the heterogeneity and per cent cover of the vegetation found there. A total of 176 samples were taken. Submersed vegetation was taken with the cylindrical sampler. Petioles with leaves were taken as separate samples from the water lily, pickerel weed and bulrush stands. Chlorophyll a values per m2 were calculated as above. Areas covered by the vegetation zones were estimated by pla- nimetry of Figure 2. Samples were drained of water in the field, placed in marked plas- tic bags and stored in styrofoam coolers on the return trip to the la- boratory. Samples were then frozen until they could be handled. On analysis, plant samples were ground in a measured volume of deionized- distilled water using a Waring blender. Distilled-in-glass acetone (100%) was then added to a 10ml aliquot of the mix until the specific 13 gravity, as measured with a calibrated hydrometer, reached that of 90% acetone. Pigment extraction was completed under refrigeration for 20 hours. The same spectrophotometric procedure described above was used on the macrophyte samples. The trichromatic equations of SCOR/UNESCO were again used to calculate chlorophyll a concentrations. Knowing the volume of water used in blending, the volume of the aliquot taken after blending, and the degree of dilution of the aliquot with acetone, chloro- phyll a concentrations were converted to quantities per sample. RESULTS Seasonal phytoplankton biomass estimates for Skinner Lake and Lake Lansing are presented in Figures 4 and 5, respectively. Chlorophyll a values for both lakes are recorded with standard errors in the Appen- dix, Tables AeS and A26. Biomass estimates for the trophogenic zone of Skinner Lake ranged from 6.27 to 35.50mg/m3 chlorophyll a, averaging 16.59mg/m3. In Lake Lansing, values ranged from 4.75 to 20.97mg/m3 chlorophyll a, in the trophogenic zone, averaging 14.18mg/m3. The sea- sonal tropholytic phytoplankton biomass estimates of Skinner Lake gene- rally followed the pattern seen in the trophogenic zone (Figure 4). These values ranged from 3.05 to 17.10mg/m3 chlorOphyll a, with an average value of 8.28mg/m3. In Lake Lansing, the seasonal biomass esti- mates for the phytoplankton of the tropholytic zone of the north basin, were slightly higher than those of the trophogenic zone, ranging from 5.15 to 20.30mg/m3 chlorophyll a, with an average value of 14.99mg/m3. Estimates for the biomass of the tropholytic zone of the south basin were over ten times higher than those of the trophogenic zone during July and August of 1978, and over three times higher during July, 1979. Chlorophyll a values of this region dropped with those of the rest of the lake during September, 1978 and May, 1979. Values for the south basin ranged from 3.20 to 263.1mg/m3 chlorophyll a, averaging 48.59mg/m3 for the sampling period. Water sampled from this location appeared dark green in color, and contained H28 during periods of stratification. 14 15 .mo:~m> m HH>SQOhoHso Eouw confiEHOuOC mm .mcmfiwcH .oxmq umccfixm :H oocmvcsnm scuxcmHQOumza amsommom .¢ ousmfim mum. aka. . .oo .33.. . oa< . :2. _ 2.2. . x32 . . .oo . Eom . 02L :2. T wean 0:20.32... lllll econ 2:80.30; 1 11111! C) l (SW/00.!) '6 "(Momma 16 cmwficow: a :w oocmpeaam acuxcmHOOumca chommom .m muzwwm mnm. mum. o=< :2. as... is: so now 95 as. 17 The chlorophyll scans showed a peak at 654nm rather than the charac- teristic phytoplankton peak at 663nm as seen for the waters from other locations in the lake. Water transparency determinations for Skinner Lake and Lake Lansing are presented in Table l. The average secchi disc value for Skinner Lake during the 1978-79 sampling period was 1.37m. The values ranged from a low of 0.72m on 2 July 1979 to a high of 2.48m on 16 July 1979. An average value of 0.95m was found for Lake Lansing. Values ranged from 0.66m taken 18 June 1979 to 1.14m taken 7 May 1979. Estimates of the chlorophyll a content of vegetation types found in the littoral zone of Skinner Lake are found in Table 2. Total area covered was 13.4ha or 27% of the lake's surface (McNabb 1978). Chloro- phyll a content was estimated by multiplying the average chlorophyll a value of the vegetation by the area estimated to be covered by that vegetation type. The sum of values for the vegetation types represents the total macrophyte chlorophyll a value in Skinner Lake at the time of sampling. This was estimated to be 1.9kg chlorophyll a. The estimates of the macrophyte chlorophyll a content of the lit- toral sampling zones of Lake Lansing during September 8413, 1978, are presented in Table 3. The total area suitable for inhabitation by macro- phytes was estimated to be 118ha or 65% of the lake's surface. Total chlorophyll a values for the sampling zones were calculated in the man— ner given above for Skinner Lake. The total lake macrophyte chloro- phyll a value was estimated to be 6.1kg. Chlorophyll a content of indi- vidual samples from Skinner Lake and Lake Lansing are found in the Ap- pendix, Tables Ar7 and A-8. 18 Table 1. Water transparency determinations for Skinner Lake and Lake Lansing, expressed in meters. Date Transparency Skinner Lake Lake Lansing 7/10/78 1.48 7/14/78 1.07 7/24/78 0.94 8/7/78 1.25 8/14/78 0.94 8/21/78 1.22 9/6/78 1.38 9/25/78 1.44 0.93 10/9/78 0.96 10/23/78 1.55 11/6/78 1.93 1.14 4/23/79 0.87 1.11 5/7/79 1.40 1.14 5/21/79 2.18 0.94 6/18/79 1.55 g 0.66 7/2/79 0.72 0.93 7/16/79 2.48 0.83 7/30/79 0.96 0.85 8/13/79 1.48 0.84 8/27/79 1.27 0.90 9/17/79 1.20 10/3/79 1.03 10/24/79 1.09 19 Table 2. Estimates of the chlorophyll a content of vegetation types in the littoral zone of Skinner Lake, August 8-9, 1978. types are shown in Figure 1. Vegetation Values given are the mean :_one standard error of the mean estimate. Vegetation Plant Chl a Estimated Total Type Aggregation 2 Area Chl a (mg/m ) Covered (kg) (ha) 1 Scirpus americanus 37.51 0.62 0.233 and understory Ngmphaea odorata 18.61 0.37 0.069 and understory Nuphar advena 9.51 1.15 0.109 and understory Ceratophyllum 12.915.78 1.56 0.201 demersum 2 Potamogeton 9.310.90 0.06 0.006 pectinatus 3 Scirpus validus 17.5:2.02 Potamogeton nodosus 4.0:2.17 Ceratophgllum 13.9:6.11 3.44 0.406 demersum 4 Nuphar advena 12.21 3.10 0.378 and understory Pontederia cordata 19.31 0.69 0.133 and understory Ceratophyllum l3.8t5.03 2.75 0.374 demersum Lake total 1.9 1These values represent the sum of the mean chlorophyll a values of the emergent or floating-leaved species and the understory of the submersed plants. 20 Table 3. Estimates of the macrophyte chlorophyll a content of littoral sampling zones in Lake Lansing, September 8-13, 1979. Sampling zones are shown in Figure 2. Values given are the mean :_one standard error of the mean estimate. Sampling Mean Estimated Total Chl a Zone Chl a Area ‘ for 2 (ha) Sampling Zone A 8.5:8.2 13.27 1.128 B 7.7:i.5 23.38 1.800 C 2.2:0.6 29.13 0.641 D 4.1:0.3 38.52 1.579 E 6.2:l.8 12.98 0.805 EMERGENTS Pontederia 12.4:d.2 0.03 0.004 cordata Nuphar advena 4.1:0.9 0.99 0.041 S basin Nuphar advena 4.4:0.8 0.04 0.002 N basin Mixed 7.2:3.3 0.84 0.060 Scirpus sp. Lake total 6.1 DISCUSSION With the exception of the tropholytic zone of the south basin of Lake Lansing, phytoplankton chlorophyll a concentrations of the two lakes were within the range of values commonly found for natural waters (Talling 1974; Wetzel 1975). Vertical distributions of chlorophyll a in Skinner Lake followed the pattern described by Ichimura (1955), in which higher Clevels of chlorophyll a were noted in the epilimnion. In Lake Lansing, these higher levels were found in the hypolimnion. Because of the spe- cialized conditions of the south basin of Lake Lansing, it will be treated later in the discussion. Secchi disc depths were generally low for both lakes. In Lake Lansing, this was thought to be due to wind-induced mix- ing of the loose organic sediments. In Skinner Lake, high silt loading may have contributed to the low secchi transparencies. Chlorophyll a-secchi disc relationships have been used to typify lake trophic status. In efforts toward a state inland lake management program, a eutrophication warning system was established in 1974 by the Inland Lake Management Unit of the Michigan Department of Natural Re- sources. The purpose of this program is to assess the trophic status of Michigan's lakes by gathering annual baseline trophic level data, using citizens as active participants. With these data, changes over time may be noted, causes identified, and recommendations made. The rate of eutro- phication is dependent upon the amount of nutrients entering a lake and their retention time there. As these increase, there is usually a 21 22 related increase in the algal standing crop and a decrease in water trans- parency. This self-help program monitors the eutrophication of lakes through chlorOphyll a estimates from the epilimnion and water transparency values (Anon. 1978). Samples are taken by members of the lake associa- tions from May through September, and analyses are performed at the De- partment of Natural Resources Laboratory. Trophic classification, chloro- phyll a and secchi disc criteria used in this program are given below. Table 4. Michigan self-help chlorophyll a and secchi disc criteria used for trophic classification (Anon. 1978). Trophic Chlorophyll a Transparency condition (ug/l) (feet) oligotrophic 0- 4 >'15 mesotrophic 4-10 6.5-15 eutrophic >10 < 6.5 According to this scheme, both.Skinner Lake and Lake Lansing are eutrophic lakes. Figure 6 shows the curvilinear relationship between water transparency and chlorophyll a observed in the lakes of the self- help program during 1978. Data points for both Skinner Lake (SL) and Lake Lansing (LL), fell below the curve, suggesting that, for Lake Lansing in particular, the turbidity was due to nonalgal sources. It is of in- terest to note that Figure 6 indicates that as chlorophyll a values ap- proach values greater than 30ug/1, secchi disc depths remain unchanged. This is not reflective of what actually occurs in lakes (R. Mikula, pers. comm.). The secchi disc values should continue to decrease as the chloro- phyll values increase. In that case, Skinner Lake and Lake Lansing would better fit the curve. 23 .uuoaou Hmacc< whoa may Scum .Emuwoua wcwu6uficoe xufiamsc Hauma mam: «How mmma CH Amcfimmn «my moxma :mw«56fiz cm «0 mo=Hm> m Hahsaouoano can unfit Hzooom seesaw owmuo>< .c muswwm “(:3 o =2a8ozo 3323 CG mm on 6.? 9.? 0%” On ON ON 0. O— P n n p u p p n p n b (seal) asgo moses aDDJanv 24 A similar classification scheme was developed by Carlson (1977). In order to more clearly delineate the divisions of the trophic contin- uum, oligotrophic-mesotrophic-eutrophic, he develOped a trophic state in— dex (TSI) for lakes using a scale of 0-100. This index may be calculated from any of the following parameters: summer secchi depth (SD), chloro- phyll a (C), and total phosphorus (TP). Values for these from Skinner Lake and Lake Lansing are given below. Carlson included the three vari- ables because he felt that secchi disc values may be misleading as a tro- phic indicator in colored or highly turbid (nonalgal) lakes; that chlo- rophyll a may be the best estimator of algal populations during the grow— ing season; and that phosphorus may not be a good indicator of growth in lakes that are not phosphorus limited. Table 5. Trophic state index parameters for Skinner Lake and Lake Lansing, 1979. Secchi disc Chlorophyll a Total phosphorus ("0 (mg/m3) (mg/m3) Skinner Lake 1.48 13.7 40.67 Lake Lansing 0.85 12.7 49.67 Calculated TSI values for Skinner Lake are 54.3(SD), 56.2(C), and 57.6(TP); for Lake Lansing: 62.3(SD), 55.5(C), and 60.5(TP). Assuming that a lake with Carlson's TSI <40 is oligotrophic and >50 is eutrophic (Reckhow 1978), both Skinner Lake and Lake Lansing are eutrophic, as seen above using the self-help program classification. In Lake Lansing, the T81 value from the summer chlorophyll value (55.5) is lower than those based on secchi disc and total phosphorus. This may have been due to the high nonalgal turbidity. 25 The relationship between phosphorus and chlorophyll a is the basis of many lake models, since phosphorus is a commonly limiting nutrient. The development of models such as that of Dillon and Rigler (1974), al- lows predictions to be made about the effects of various stresses On the environment. This model compares the average summer chlorophyll a concen- tration to the spring total phosphorus concentration, giving a regres- sion line with the formula: log10[Ch1 a] = 1.449 loglO[P] - 1.136 Spring total phosphorus values from samples collected 23 April 1979 were 31mg/m3 for Skinner Lake and 41mg/m3 for Lake Lansing. From these va- lues, calculated chlorophyll values for Skinner Lake and Lake Lansing were 10.6mg/m3 and 15.9mg/m3, respectively. The average measured summer (May-September) chlorophyll a values for Skinner Lake and Lake Lansing were 13.7mg/m3 and 12.7mg/m3, respectively. Considering possible sampling error, these lakes show a reasonably good fit to the model. The classi- fication schemes and models mentioned do not take into consideration the chlorophyll a levels of the hypolimnion, which as seen for Lake Lansing, may be an important factor. The presence of high levels of chlorophyll a in the hypolimnetic regions of lakes has been observed in previous studies (Manning and Juday 1941; Czeczuga 1965; Takahashi and Ichimura 1968; Brooks and Torke 1977). In their studies, Czeczuga, Takahashi and Ichimura found chlorophyll a absorbance peaks at 654nm as compared to 663nm for phytoplankton. This peak was thought to be due to the absorption of chlorobium chlorophyll 650 (Stanier and Smith 1960; Jensen et a1 1964) similar to the Chloro- bium limicola Nads. chlorophyll found by Czeczuga (Ibid). 26 C. limicola is a photosynthetic bacterium which uses hydrogen from the decomposition of HZS’ the presence of which regulates their growth. Other requirements are the presence of light, which is usually at inten- sities of less than 10% of surface illumination, and pH values of 6.5- 8.0 (Takahashi and Ichimura 1968). Hypolimnetic waters from lakes of Czeczuga's study were dark green in color. Conditions similar to these were found in the hypolimnion of the south basin of Lake Lansing. The pH values for this region were near neutral, ranging from 7.1 to 7.9 during stratification, while pH values for the rest of the lake ranged from 8.0 to 9.1 (Siami 1979). It is thought then, that the chlorophyll a levels of the tropholytic zone of the south basin are due to a bac- terium not unlike C. limicola. Inspection of the plankton samples from Lake Lansing during the 1978 sampling period showed a dominance of a sulfur-containing bacteria. The chlorophyll values of the lower north basin did not reach the levels of the south basin, probably because ther- mal stratification and H28 persistence in that basin was periodically disrupted by storms (Figures 7-10 and Siami 1979). South basin chloro— phyll a values of 1979 were also not as high as those seen during 1978. Stable stratification did not develop here until late in the sampling period of that year. Diminished water transparency suggested in Table 1 may have been an important factor as well. The average growing season trophogenic phytoplankton chlorophyll was expressed on a per m2 basis by multiplying the values per volume by the depth of the trophogenic zone. The depth of the trophogenic zone was defined as the depth of the mixing zone on the assumption that phy- toplankton within this layer were periodically brought up to the surface where light was available for photosynthesis. The depth of the 27‘ oxma mo :Hmmn sumo: osu new AH\mEV cowkxo wo>aommfiv mo mnuoaaowa mo mfimumec oawulnuaon mwmim>oz . mmmoeoo __£2__¥ q _9_~ mumZthmw .5393 >42. .wmaa .wcfimamq mza. u—J” P-Q 2m __ _ ‘1. is \ N e.» n ,_ .. .n ouswwm 2T. .o L. \.m a .m an._ mm mm \ lvm w. .m( .N ~§_ J 28 .mema .wEAmemA oxmg uo cfimmn nuaom osu pow Aa\wEv cowhxo wo>~ommfic mo mLuOHaomH mo mamuwmwp medulnuama .w ouswwm mmm2w>oz mmmPFuo mums. whamm .5292 >42. mzaa >52 0 . «a «e' no (“0 Hld30 Gd 29 mmmzmhhum .anaa .wcemema mama Lo semen sumo: one new Aa\mav cowzxo co>~ommfiv mo usuoaaomw mo mEmuwnHv mafiulnuama .m ouswwm H0 "'05 T 1 a I 1 _ .\ 582 52. ~22. , >4: K) (D F- CO V’ (W) Hld30 30 .mmmq .wcwmcmd oxma mo canon nusom ocu ecu Aa\msv :owzxo po>~ommwv mo mnumaaomw mo mamuwmfiv NEHulzuaon mmmSMFlwm hmawn< xdna wzna has. —m .cH unswem (ONO (m) Hld30 31 trophogenic zone during the growing season on Skinner Lake was taken as 4.0m; on Lake Lansing as 3.8m. These chlorophyll a values for Skinner Lake and Lake Lansing were 66.4mg/m2 and 53.9mg/m2, respectively. Growh ing season phytoplankton chlorophyll a totals were calculated by multi- plying mean values per unit volume by the volume of the trophogenic zone; 1.14 x 106m3 for Skinner Lake and 2.0 x 106m3 for Lake Lansing. Totals for Skinner Lake and Lake Lansing were 17.9lkg and 28.36kg chlorophyll a, respectively. Comparing these values, and total macrophyte chlorophyll a (Tables 2 and 3), Lake Lansing had relatively low standing crops of pri- mary producers. This may have been due to the differences in watershed and nutrient loadings of the two lakes. The agricultural watershed of Skinner Lake is over 4.5 times larger than the predominantly marshland watershed of Lake Lansing. A study of growing season rain-related loading from urban, wetland and agricultural sources of the watersheds of these lakes by Glandon et a1 (1979) showed that agricultural watersheds expor- ted approximately 10 times the nutrient levels per hectare as those ob- served for marshlands. In the macrophyte standing crop study, chlorophyll a values in Skinner Lake and Lake Lansing were measured in August and September, 1978. Sampling was done at this time to correspond as close as possible to the time of peak standing crop. This method also serves for ease of replication in post—treatment studies. The use of pigment analysis in macrophyte standing crop studies is not well known. Studies using this approach have found highly significant correlations between the above- ground dry weight and chlorophyll a content (Bray 1960; Boyd 1970). The study by Boyd also indicated that maximum quantities of pigments/m2 in Typha sp. are found just before peak dry matter standing crop. Total 32 chlorophyll a values for the macrophytes (Tables 2 and 3), normalized to the area of the littoral zones of the lakes showed that Lake Lansing appeared to have relatively low standing crops of macrophytes (5.2mg/m2 chlorophyll a) in comparison to the Skinner Lake (1.4mg/m2 chlorophyll a). Differences in watershed and nutrient loading may have had an effect on the differences in the macrOphyte and plankton standing crops of these lakes. LITERATURE CITED Anon. 1978. Annual report, Inland Lake Self Help program-A coopera- tive lake riparian Michigan DNR project. 35pp. Boyd, C.E. 1970. Production, mineral accumulation and pigment concen- trations in Typha latifolia and Scirpus americanus. Ecology. 51(2): 285-290. Bray, J.R. 1960. The chlorophyll content of some native and managed plant communities in central Minnesota. Can. J. Bot. 38: 313-333. Brooks, A.S. and B.G. Torke. 1977. Vertical and seasonal distribution of chlorophyll a in Lake Michigan. J. Fish. Res. Board Can. 34: 2280-2287. Carlson, R.E. 1977. A trophic state index for lakes. Limnol. Oceanog. 22(2): 361-369. Czeczuga, B. 1965. Chlorobium limicola Nads. (Chlorobacteriaceae) and the distribution of chlorophyll in some lakes of the Mazur Lake district. Hydrobiologia. 31: 327-333. Dillon, P.J. and F.H. Rigler. 1974. The phosphorus-chlorophyll rela- tionship in lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 19(5): 767-773. Glandon, R.P., F.C. Payne, C.D. McNabb, and T.R. Batterson. 1979. A comparison of rain-related phosphorus and nitrogen loading from urban, wetland, and agricultural sources. In Proceedings of Na- tional Conference on Urban Stormwater and Combined Sewer Overflow: Impact on Receiving Water Bodies. In press. Ichimura. S. 1955. On the standing crop and productive structure of phytoplankton community in some lakes of central Japan. Bot. Mag. Tokyo. 69(811): 7-16. Jackson, D. 1963. A taxonomic and limnological study of the algae in Lake Lansing. Master's thesis. Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan 48824. 215pp. Jensen, A., 0. Aasmundrud, and K.E. Eimhjellen. 1964. ChlorOphylls of photosynthetic bacteria. Biochim. Biophys. Acta. 88: 466-479. Manning, W.M. and R.E. Juday. 1941. The chlorophyll content and produc- tivity of some lakes in northeastern Wisconsin. Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts & Let. 33: 363-393. 33 34 McNabb, C.D. 1978. Aquatic macrophyte, planktonic chlorophyll a, and transparency studies on Skinner Lake, Noble County, Indiana. EPA Clean Lakes Program Progress Report. Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan 48824. 22pp. Nicholls, K.E. and P.J. Dillon. 1978. An evaluation of phosphorus- chlorophyll-phytoplankton relationships for lakes. Int. Revue ges. Hydrobiol. 63(2): 141-154. Reckhow, K.E. 1978. Quantitative techniques for the assessment of lake quality. EPA Report No. EPA-440/5-79-015. Michigan State Univer- sity. East Lansing, Michigan 48824. 146pp. Ryther, J.H. 1956. The measurement of primary productivity. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1: 72-84. Siami, M. 1979. Distribution and abundance of benthic macro-inverte- brates in Lake Lansing. Master's thesis. Michigan State Univer- sity. East Lansing, Michigan 48824. 107pp. Stanier, R.V. and J.H.C. Smith. 1960. The chlorophylls of green bac- teria. Biochim. BiOphys. Acta. 41: 478-484. Strickland, J.D.H. and T.R. Parsons. 1972. A practical handbook of seawater analysis. 2nd ed. Bull. Fish. Res. Bd. Canada, 310pp. Takahashi, M., and S. Ichimura. 1968. Vertical distribution and orga- nic matter production of photosynthetic sulfur bacteria in Japanese lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 13: 644-655. Talling. J.F. 1974. General outline of spectrophotometric methods. In A Manual on Methods of Measuring Primary Production in Aquatic En- vironments. Vollenweider, R.A. (ed.) International Biological Pro- gramme IBP Handbook #12. 225pp. Verduin, J. 1956. Primary production in lakes. Limnol. Oceanogr. 1: 85-91. Wetzel, R.G. 1975. Limnology. W.B. Saunders Co. Philadelphia, Penn. 743pp. Young, T.C., R.K. Johnson, and T.G. Bahr. 1973. Limnology of Lake Lansing, Michigan. Institute of Water Research, Michigan State University. East Lansing, Michigan 48824. Technical Report No. 43. 77pp. APPENDIX 35 nacmmno :Ouomoauuom auocom: acoam .m to mm on “uncuuuoccs voxuz mucuuuovcs coauosnan ooauuan no ouauooo nouzmiaz coxai o» coves :Ou toaOEouom vouooHIvooun oucoaucoo a can: anua noun: flouu Io cud cw unem0quosu .m anus: cued unucuuo o>onu use o>onu no museum on nucoaqpom >u0uuuo>o pouncenau can nusunsn m.h|m aqucommmocuam uofimz o.n ow emumo mm .m m.n mm .mm Eswwlm Oau z ~.n on educasaon mango h.n mv Esmuoswm n.« ov ooouuao amun3 Enauwzm6ucuoo b.~ mm no EU nic m.~ on cu mucosavoa as .wuououovcs Nooxqz H.H m~ no.9 ON aucosacon a.o mu loan lo c- an unecoquosa uamuqom mucuuuovcs e.o an econ odeouuo ueaan cauuosnan ~coxqs m~.o m uueosuuom «auououo>o saw) auouuuo>o ensues: mu: 9 o a .5 ...: i. 55.6 amaze: mx¢oo » munonmm amass xhnzazzoo a¢>¢maz~ shame roan soumzeze sommzu::oo manoz .mxmq uoccaxm ca muoomcmuu co cowumuowo> mo >Eocwowm>na one no mcoqum>uomno mo vacuum .HI< OHANH 36 wood panama Inna macadaoooo can ooouuau an uo>uo~ osc- :u«3 ooouuau o>ono so an on oco>vo Magma: can uaoucooo o>ono oouuoansu coca ocuvnuu no cannedvom uhuounuo>o auan noun) 30-o> w~uo~ seamedmu .m n.u:ououm ooouuzn no ow lsuuosoc .w .auOuuuocca pounce Inna no ounu than as wood Anecdnoooo saw) ocean:- o>ono 20 av ecu mco>cn henna: auouuuovca menu Oucomuo quucooo nu“: aneua unmadcom ”aneuuuo>o Iuo>o hauu noun: sundae owlwa n3: Nam .M Saunas—0v .m commune an an auouauoccs noun: commune an om ouuuoco .m aneuuuovca ocean panama o>oao Ins. vogue sue: >u0ua no mucosqpom .auOuauo>o tuo>o >dqn noun: Duds: -|m.h .3. .2. .e. uzo=m «warez mz¢ou a manommm uaaa wBHZDSZOU A<>¢NBZH shame soak BUEmZ‘GB sommz<¢h aozcamna A.u.coov HI< OHBMH 37” 30A uq nooeocqaou no muwncoc ecu .vonusuuqvcs aaouuan nu noduou mush undo ozu no mansiono cuozuaou on» unouounou o» :0 cu ow uuoncouu on» uOu vonuuouoc no sawuauouo> one nouoza successon 0:» ca po>uouno a0: Ono) ..Nu czmxm uOu umooxo .o>ona tau-«u once» 0» :0 ad a :« amuoomm :«uun cuppa: 0:» no gone: as» o» yuan .:o«unuomo> was» we unfiqu caucu50n on» an cauuuxo . a a: ..o. 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