___I M EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL FACTORS IN RELATEGN TO LAND USE: , A STUDY OF GOGEBIC AND ONTONAGON COUNTIES, MICHiGAN Thou] in: tho Dawn of Ph. D. MlCHiGAN STATE causes Cliffoafi R. Humphtys WSZ 'nmnnmmmmm ' 3 1293 00996 3293 This is to certify that the thesis entitled "The Evaluation of Physical Factors in Relation to Land Use: A Study of Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties, Michigan" presented by Clifford R. Humphrys has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Ph. D. degree in Soil Science An?" Major professor Date November 26,1225 a, e m m] on” 9‘0 In" U4 Jo THE EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL FACTORS IN RELATION TO LAND USE: A Sl'UDY OF (DEBIC AND ONTONAGON COUNTIES, MICHIGAN By Clifford R. Humphrys A THESIS Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Apiculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DCUI‘OR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Soil Science 1952 13"“, ‘tflé, I n Inst n: Przfessc-r 1 51111325 which :" .75.“! Of; In 115.: ka '0. A. islf 3.735., Profess 13m am 51;, l, 0" 9; N3 n31}. lptrecia: ”31% In 1! 32:31:51,... F- ' '. , .- brie at o f AC KNWLEDCMENT I on lost deeply indebted to Professor L. R. Schoennann and Professor Eheritus J. 0. Veatch for their encouragement and guidance which they so generousif‘proffered over a period of new years of graduate work. I all also grateful to Dr. L. H. Turk, Dr. E. P. Whiteside, Dr. L. A. Holfanger, Dr. R. Barlowe, Dr. R. C. Ball, Dr. I... W. stel, Professor I. F. Schneider and Mr. P. H. Barrett for their advice and suggestions relevant to the data and the compilation of this study. Appreciation is also expressed for ideas and information secured frulir. F. P. Strusaker, Mr. C. E. Miller, Mr. J. Stephansky, Mr. W. Colburn and Mr. '1'. Tucker of the Michigan Department of Conservation. 301241 THE EVALUATION OF PHYSICAL FACTORS IN RELATION TO LAND USE: {A STUDY OF GOGEBIC AND ONTONAGON COUNTIES, MICHIGAN By Clifford R. Humphrys AN ABSTRACT Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies of Michigan State College of Agriculture and Applied Science in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DCBTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of Soil Science Year 1952 .Approved ‘1. >¢H7. 2;;;g;£1: .4. .4 "“ __?~_._—. m— Clifford R. Humphrys THLSIS ABSTRACT Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties are considered typical of the cut- over region of the upper peninsula of Michigan. early exploration and develOpment was initiated in lbhO by prospecting for copper and iron. Beginning in 1890 the lumbering industry took interest in the vast stands of virgin pine which became accessible after the railroads were extended into the area. The supply of pine lasted for about twenty years and now the last of the virgin hardwood is being cut. After the pine was cut, farmers were encouraged to settle much of the burnt-over stump land and some of these original pioneer settlements prOSpered and are now stabilized communities. In 1900 the United States Government began to acquire land for a federal forest and the acquisition prOgram was aided by the reversion of large tracts of land to the State by tax delinquency. The ownership of most of the tax reverted land in Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties was con- veyed to the United States Government by exchange for other lands located within State forest boundries elsewhere in the State. With the advent of the automobile and a primary system of state and county highways, the area was opened to development for recreation. Intensive utilization of the lake region of Gogebic County commenced in 19h0 as the'Wisconsin Land O' Lakes area was extended northward. The object of this study is to review the historical, soonomic and physical characteristics of Gogebic and Ontonagcn Counties and to attempt to project any land use trends that may exist. In the final analysis of ..-7, ‘.~.v¢ . . ... '. _ . .._,_ . . ¢-.-4- . :- -.-. — r . «A-v.‘~ - , 4 ‘ - .__ I r- J'~nv .~ . .- . .~ ., .4_ u, " C.‘ ‘ 1.- , , . ‘-~-.- .. . A. u . J" A -- .. r‘"'«". 0" “,. A - ‘ ' . v u. U‘ r '0 9‘ _ ' v " s - ‘- o.‘ present and future land use 3 Clifford R. Humphrys it also appeared advisable to compile an ideal land use map based upon the natural characteristics of the land. A summary of acreage in each of the major land uses is hereby listed: Present Land Ideal Land Use Use (Acres) (Acres) National Forest Leona) 37h ,000 Private Forest 2h6,720 398,000 County Forest 35,720 Farm Land 2h0,800 h05,000 Mineral Land 118,0h0 16,060 Speculation lh8,6h0 Public Recreation h5,960 87,000 Private Recreation 60,0h0 150,000 Water Power h3,h90 h3,000 Game Management 93,000 ‘ 1. Based upon present intent of ownership. 2. Based upon natural land characteristics. RULE 0? CONTENTS \ PAGL II‘JTNODUCTION........ ...... . ........................... . ...... 1 PART I EABJ£(.EXPLORATION. ..... .. ............. . .......... . ........... . ..... 2 COpper............... ............. . ........................... 5 Silver.... ...... . ........ . ............... . ......... ........... 9 IrOnOOOOOOOIOOOO. 000000 0.0.0.0.... 0000000 O 00000 O .......... 0... 10 .Agriculture... ....... . ...... .. ............ . ............... .... 13 Lumbering... .......... . ............. ... ...... . ................ 17 Transportation ...... ................ ............. . ........... . 21 Recreation ........... . ............. . ............... . ......... . 22 PART II LNAJOR NATURAL LAND DIVISIONS OF GOGthC AND ONTONnGON COUNTINS.... . 23 Definition of a Natural Land Division. .......... .... ......... . 23 Criteria Used to Establish N atural Land Divisions ............. 23 Natural Land Division8. ................ . ........... . ......... . 27 l. Gogebic Lake BencheS.. ....... ........ ..... . ........... 27 2. Ontonagon Lake Plain...... ......................... ... 31 2a.Glacial Lake Nipissing Beach ........... . .............. 37 3. Chippewa Moraine.... ................ .... ........ ...... 38 u. Tula Till Plain. ..... ............. . ...... . ........ to S. GOgebic Iron Range ................ . ................ ... L2 6. Van Buskirk Granite Knob Plateau..... ..... .. ...... .... S 7. Watersmeet Plateau... ................... . ............. h? 8. Porcupine Mountains ....... ............. ......... . ..... b9 9. Norwich-Rockland Cooper flange ....................... .. 51 10. Ewen Lake Plain ................. . .......... . .......... Sh lOa.Rubicon Sand PlainS.... ......... . .......... . ......... . 57 ll. Paulding Sand Hills ............. . ........ . ............ SE 12. Nisula Highland8................ ......... ............. c0 13. Imp Lake Flain.... ................... ...... ......... .. 61 1h. Shore Types of Ontonagon and Gogebic Counties.. ..... .. o2 (lriteria Used to Classify Shore Types. . .. . .......... ..... 6h IList of Criteria Used to Classify Shore Types. ...... ...... CS Aquabeach......... ............................... ........ 65 Amphibeach........ ..... . ..... ....... ....... ... ........... 66 Bluff. ....... ... ..................... . ...... . ........... . 67 Dynastatic Line ............ . ...... . ........... . ...... .... O9 Adjacent Land Type................... ....... . ............ 09 Continued TABLE CH? CCMTENTS -- Continued PAGE I. Misery Bay Shore Type ..... . ...... .. .................... 7O Subtype Ia. Union Bay Shore Type .................. 60 Subtype lb. Mineral River Shore Type. ....... ...... 62 II. Iron River Shore Type......... ........... . ...... . ...... 8h III. Lone hock Shore Type. ............................... ... to Subtype Illa. Tiebel Creek Shore Type. ..... ....... 92 Subtype lllb. Porcupine Mountains Shore Type ..... . 93 IV. Montreal River Shore Type ............. . .......... . ..... 97 V. Fourteen Mile Point Shore Type.. ........ ............. 99 VI. Black River Shore Tspe ............................... . 102 Subtype Vla. Montana Creek Shore Type ............. lOb Subtype Vlb. Little Girls Point Shore Type ....... . 107 Subtype Vlc. Lake View Shore Type ................ . 109 General Remarks on Lake Shore of Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties 111 Explanation of Lake Shore Survey'Map.. . . ................. 113 15. Survey of Inland Lakes of Gogeoic .and Ontona gen Counties .............. . ................. . ...... ... 11h Procedure........... ........ .... ........ .... ...... llu Criteria ............ . ............................. llh Summary of Criteria........ ........ . ............. . 117 Conclusion3............ ........................... 125 Practical Value of This Classification ............ 125 PART lll SOILS OF GOGESIC AND ONTONAGCN COUNTINS... ........................ .. 126 Major Soil Catenas ........... . ................. . ............... 126 1. Iron River Catena..... ...... . ................. .. ...... . 126 A. Iron River silt loan ..................... . ..... 127 B. Tula silt loam... ....... . ..... . ...... .... ...... 129 C. Skanee silt loam ........ ...... .......... ....... 130 D. Adolph loam ....... . .............. . ............. 131 II. watton Catena ...... . ..... .................... ..... 131 A. 'Watton silt loam........... ................ .... 132 B. Tolfree silt loam... ...... . .................... 133 III. Ontonagon Catena.............. ......... ................ 13a A. Ontonagon silt loam... ..... . ....... . ........... 13b B. Ontonagon clay ...... . ........ . ....... ... ..... .. 130 C. Bergland clay.................................. 135 IV. Bohemian Catena ....... . ............... . ................ 139 A. Bohemian very fine sand, silt and clay......... lhO B. Brimley very fine sand, silt and clay.... ..... . lbl C. Bruce very fine sand, silt and clay............ 1&3 Continued TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Continued PAGE V. Rubicon Catena A. Rubicon sand........ ...................... ..... th B. Autrain sand... ......... ... ...... . ............ . 1&6 C. Saugatuck sand.... ...... . ...... . .............. . lho D. Newton sand ..... ....... ............. . ......... . 1&8 VI. Kennan Catena ............. . ............ . ............... 1L8 A. Kennan silt loam. ..... ................... ... 1&9 B. Gaastra silt loam. ...... ........ .. ...... ...... 130 C. Channing fine sandy loam and silt loam. ....... lSl Morphology and GenesiS. ................................ ..... 152 Summary of Land Type - Cover Type Relationships ...... .......... 105 PART IV PRfiSENT LAND USE..... ..... . .................... . ................ .... 166 Legend For Individual Areas ......... . .... ........... ......... 168 Evaluation of Land by Present Use Areas............. ......... .. 172 I. National Forest........ ......... . ..... . .......... ...... 172 II. Private Forest... ...... .... ..... ....... ...... . ...... ... 176 III. County Forest. ......... . ............ . ................. . 179 IV. State Land........ ......... ........... ............... .. 180 V. Farm Land. ........ . ...... . ............. ...... .......... 180 VI. Mineral Land.. ............. . ...... ...... ...... . ...... .. let VII. Speculation .......... ...... .............. ... ...... ..... 168 VIII. Public Recreation.... ......... 1....... ...... . ...... .... 190 IX. Private Recreation... ..... . ................. . .......... 197 X. Water Power......... ..... ...... ...... ..... ............. 201 PAhT V MAP OF PROJECTED TRL‘INDS OF LAND USE BASED ON PRLSENT USE AND POLICY. 2011 1. Agriculture ....... . .......... .... ............... ............ 20b 2. Private Recreation —- Intensive... ..... . ............ . ....... 206 3. Private Recreation -- Extensive. ....... . ...... .............. 208 b. State -- Intensive use areaS..........; .................... . 208 5. State -- Extensive use areas...................... ........ .. 209 6. Federal -- Intensive use area.... ..... ................. ..... 209 7. Federal -- Extensive use areaS..... .............. . ....... ... 210 8. County -- Intensive use areaS.................. ......... .... 210 9. County -- Extensive use areas........ ............ .. ...... ... 210 10. Private Forestry -- Pulp production. .......... .............. 210 Continued TABLE OF CONTENTS -- Continued 11. 12. 13. 1h. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. PART VI PAGE Private Forestry -- Timber production ................. . ..... 211 Federal -- Intensive... ..... . ......... . ...... ...... ........ . 212 Federal -- Extensive .............. . ......................... 212 State -- Intensive... ...... .. ..... .... ........ . ........ ..... 212 State -- Extensive. ........................... ... ......... .. 212 County Forest —— Intensive ................................ .. 213 Mining -- Intensive. ..... . ......... ... ...................... 213 Mining -- Extensive ....... . ........ . ........................ 21h Water Power -- Intensive. ............. . ............. . ....... 21h ‘Water Power -- Extensive. ............ . ............. ......... 21h Game Management ............................................. 215 PROPOSED TNNNDS OF LflND USE BASLD ON NATURAL LAND CHPRACTNRISTICS... 216 Future Development of Agriculture.... ......................... . 216 Agricultural Potential...... ................. . ................. 220 1. Agriculture ...... . ........... . ......................... 220 2. Private Recreation.... ......... . ...................... . 22a 3. Public Recreation ..... ... ..................... .... ..... 227 h. Game Management.... .................. . ........ . ...... .. 228 S. Private Forestry ....................................... 229 6. Public Forestry -- U. 8. Forest Service......... ....... 230 7. Mining.......... .................. . .................... 230 8. Vater Power.... ....................................... . 230 Summary of acreage dedicated to proposed major land uses....... 231 BIBLIOGRAPHY. ..... ...... ........... . ...... . .................. . ..... . 232 APPENDICES APPENDIX A -- Inland Lake Survey Data Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties. . . . . ..................... . . . ...... . . 2314 APPENDIX B -— Character of the Farmer. ..... ........... . .. 236 IPPENDIX C -- Table of Inland Lakeshore Frontage Gogebic and n1 Ontonagon Counties ..... .. ........................ cuO INTRODUCTION Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties are located in the extreme western end of the Upper Peninsula of Michigan. Their combined area exceeds one and one-half nillion acres and nest of the pepulation is concentrated in the towns of the Gogebic Iron Range and former mill towns. By virtue of distance and comnications, this area is more closely associated with the major cities of Wisconsin, Minnesota and Illinois, than with the netrOpolitan centers of southern Michigan. . Except for a relatively small acreage of land being utilized for iron lining and agriculture, the present land use is extensive and this region constitutes the western end or the upper peninsula cut-over wilderness. Questions arise about the place of this region in the economy of land use. Has past use been logical or has it resulted in depletion and destruction? Is the present use of land logical and rational? What intelligent specula- tions can be ads as to the trends of future land use? To formulate an opinion about such questions it will be necessary to study the history of past use, the natural character of the land surface and shore areas of water bodies and to analyse the physical and economic character of present land use. The field data included in this study was compiled during the progress of the Soil Survey nade under cOOperative agreement between Michigan State College, Michigan Department of Conservation and the United States Dopart- nent of Agriculture . PART I ”I EARLY EXPLORATION It is not known when.a.nigratory tribe of Indians discovered specimens of 'float' copper in the area now known as Ontonagon.County. The first specimens were probably found in stream.beds during fishing Operations. This soft virgin copper was easily worked into useful implements such as skinning knives. In time this area, the Keweenaw Peninsula, and Isle Royale, becals the source of malleable cOpper for all the Indian tribes of North and South.Anerica. Local tribes undoubtedly learned the barter value of this red.netal and sought it in greater quantities. Later, whole tribes :Iust have temporarily nigrated to these first crude mines to hack out small snounts of the netal from the rich veins with crude stone tools. The mining was undoubtedly carried on by large groups, for when the Minnesota mine was Opened on.one of these old shafts, ten tramrcar loads of stone implements were removed Iran the space in front of the five foot thick vein of copper. Another primitive shaft discovered in the Porcupine Mountains was driven into rock for a distance of 92 feet indicating that this ancient mine had been worked for several centuries. All of the white nan's discovery mines ‘were located at pits or tunnels previously worked by liners of an older age. 'Whmn.Colunbus landed in Yucatan and when.Cortez inwaded.Hexico they discovered virgin copper implements. No source of virgin cepper other than the Lake Superior Region has been located in North or South America. White men pushed into the Lake Superior region in search of fur and had ample opportunity to observe the use of copper by the Indians, but this local curiosity probably did not seem too important. The fur traders also brought firearms and steel iuplements to the Indians so that the use of capper declined rapidly. Early trading posts are known to have been estab- lished at Ontonagon, Silver City, Lake Gogebic and at the mouth of the Presque Isle River. In 1665 an explorer, probably a Jesuit Priest, travel- ing up the Ontonagon River, found a copper boulder, cut off a piece and sent it to King Louis lhth. This fragment of copper proved to be the incentive for the fabrication of stories describing I'nountains of solid capper'. The sea powers of the world were keenly interested in a source of virgin cepper for use not only in the manufacture of utensils but also to sheath wooden ship bottons. In 1767, Captain John Carver explored the Ontonagon River Region and in his published report says “the Ontonagon River is remarkable for its abundance of copper.‘ This report led to the formation of the English Copper Company, which financed an expedition led by Sir Alexander Henry and John Carver. This expedition explored the area adjacent to the Ontonagon River in 1771 and even sunk a tunnel but no copper was found .1 After ex- tensive exploration in the Lake Superior Region, Sir Henry concluded in 1772 that “the country must be cultivated and peopled before copper can be 2 During the international boundary conference in 1783, profitably mined." Benjamin Franklin insisted that the Keweenaw Peninsula and Isle Royals be inside the United States boundaries . General Louis Case and Henry Schoolcraft 1. History of Upper Peninsula of Michigan, p. 510. 2. Geological Survey, Michigan Vol. 1, 1869-73, p. 66. [J reported the discovery of the Ontonagon River capper boulder to Congress in 1800. By 1822, the Commercial aspects of Lake Superior were well enough established to prompt a group of New York Opportunists to request mineral rights on 10,000 acres of land in exchange for enough copper to sheath the ships of the United States Navy. The copper boulder, which was the only tangible evidence of the hidden mineral wealth was purchased from the Chippewa Indians in 18141 by Julius Eldred, a Detroit hardware man, for the sun of 8150. Before Eldred could love the boulder to Detroit for use as a curiosity, James K. Paul landed at the nouth of the Ontonagon River early in 18113 and laid claim to it and pre- empted a claim on the land that was later to become the Village of Ontonagon. After the ratification of a treaty with the Chippewa Indians in October, 18h2, the United States Government issued the first leases for the explora- 1 Ontonagon tion and lining of capper in and near the Porcupine Mountains, County was laid off, boundaries defined and naned by an act of the Legisla- ture entitled ”An act to divide the Upper Peninsula into six Counties and define the boundaries of sane, approved March 9, 18h}. . . . All that portion of the State enbraced within the line between range 37 and 38 west and north boundary of township 341, the Montreal River and Lake Superior, shall be laid off as a separate county, and be known and designated as the County of Ontonagon, together with Isle Royals." The word Ontonagon, supposedly was originated fro:- the exclamation of an Indian girl who was playing on the shore with a wooden bowl. The bowl floated out of her reach and she 1. History of Upper Peninsula of Michigan, Western Historical Co., 1883, 1:. Eli. [1‘ exclained "Ont to us gon" or 'My bowl is gone.” The demand for mineral leases increased to the extent that the United-States Government erected a building at the site of the Village of Ontonagon and established a mineral agency in 181411.]- Also in 181414, the presence of lean magnetic iron are near Upson, Wisconsin was announced by Dr. A. Randall, an assistant on the United States Geological Survey who had accompanied a Land Office Survey party. COPPER Mining for c0pper began in earnest in 181:5, when the Ontonagon Mine, later to become the famous Minnesota Mine, was opened on the site of an ancient pit.2 Progress was slow and it was not until June of 18149 that the first shipnent of three tons of c0pper left the Minnesota. Only mass cepper was produced and later in the Operation of the nine, a mass was discovered that weighed 514'] tons. The labor of 115 men working for 15 months was required to cut this huge mass into pieces that could be lifted from the nine. All Michigan capper occurs as pure malleable natal. The earliest nine's tunneled and drifted through the trap rock in search of masses of capper, but later nines worked anygdaloid ores and flake capper in conglomerate. The capper was deposited in porous lavas by hot chemical saturated water from underground . 1. Michigan Pioneer Collection, p. 511. 2. Ibide’ Pe Sue ecologically, the capper bearing trap rock occurs as a narrow corridor running down the center of the Keweenaw Peninsula and southwesterly for about 20 niles. The igneous rock "backbone" consisting of a series of parallel ridges has a width from two to eight miles. Pure nuggets of silver were also found with the copper masses. Most of the silver was 'highgraded' by the niners and carried out of the nines in lunch pails. The mining con- panies were organized to nine copper, and silver was a by-product, the owner- ship of which was somewhat of an embarrassing question. Some companies had nore income fron silver than fron capper. Silver undoubtedly served as an incentive for the niners to work more strenuously and the nining companies suffered in silence . Copper nining in Ontonagon County, as a specific enterprise proved to be a niserable failure to the financiers and investors of Boston. or 112 nining conpanies organized to operate in Ontonagon County, only the Minnesota Mine paid nore dividends than it collected in assessnents. The najority of the conpanies were outright stock ventures designed to fleece innocent in- vestors. The exchange of stock netted handsome profits for a select few, but the value of all of the copper ever produced fell far short of the capital invested. In Houghton and Keweenaw counties, several of the nines were nore productive and Operated on a slight nargin of profit to and including the period of World War I. Several of the Ontonagon nining conpanies were well organized and ad- ninistered. Capital was generously provided by investors for use by nining executives of high integrity who had an honest faith in the capper resources. The Victoria Mine is a unique example of a well planned organization. This conpany built a 5,000 horsepower hydraulic compressor in l90h to supply power for nining the amygdaloid ore found in hard conglomerate. Three intake tunnels were drilled 300 feet down through rock to a huge domed compression chamber and a drain from the bottom of the chamber was cut back up to the river level. ‘Hater fed into the intake tunnels 'entrained air” which was carried down to the domed compression chamber where it was re-8 leased and captured. .Air pressure of 117 pounds per square inch could be naintained and was used to run.hoisting:machinery, rock cutting drills and even a converted steam locomotive to haul the ore and waste rock. Available ‘water for this plant was maintained by a system.of three dams; Victoria Dan located h,000 feet upstrean.fron the conpressor, Gogebic Dan at the north end of Lake Gogebic and Cisco Dan at the north end of the Cisco Chain of Lakes. Tourists and visitors remember this compressor as the site of 'the Geyser.” 'Hhenever the pressure exceeded 117 pounds per square inch, the air would escape from the underground chamber through a safety vent and 'would throw water and.nist 150 feet into the air on which the refracted sunlight would be displayed as a spectrum or miniature rainbow. The extent of copper nining is also indicated by records ef the White Pine Mine. Stean.was the source of power at this location and during the relatively short period of operation, seven square miles of virgin hardwood timber was cut for fuel. The "capper boon" in.0ntonagon.County can now be considered as little ncre than an extended-test. Only a fraction of the copper reserve was ever even tapped either because of the dispersed nature of mass lodes, the hard- ness of the anygdaloid ores or the low grade of the shale ore. The I'boon" served a greater purpose by drawing a hardy stock of pioneers into the wilderness and created a demand.for the subsequent develoPment of the trans- portation system which made possible the utilization of iron, timber and agricultural resources. First, the ”voyageurs' in sturdy canoes, then.later sailing vessels Operating from Sault Ste. Marie, formed the first link between the Ontonagon Country and the eastern seaboard. After May 8, 18h9, when the prepellor ship lapoleon landed hh passengers for the Minnesota.Mins, the steam vessel took over the lake route. iDuring the Civil War, the value of capper rose to 50 cents a pound and construction of the Military Read, now known as Route U. S. 135, was authorized from Green Bay, Wisconsin to Rockland, Michigan. Pour sections of land to be located within six miles of the right of wawaere granted by the U. S. Government for every mile of road constructed. It is said that the crooked nature of the road not only increased the total mileage but also aided in the selection of better mineral lands. 1 In June, 1862, M. de Pontalba, a French Marquis began the construction of a copper smelter which was finished by fall of the same year. It cons tained two reverberatory furnaces and one cupula with a capacity of 15 tons per day. The Frenchman was a novice in the business world and his lordly ego was rudely insulted during negotiations for ore, and he had the smelter works dismantled and returned to court life in.France. The possible success of this smelter is of little significance for sufficient capital was avail- able to have built other smelters if the demand had developed. Ore from the Ontonagon area was later shipped via railroad to plants in the Keweenaw Peninsula for bencficiation and smelting. The “copper boon” which started in labs had all but died by 1880. A few nines, such as the Victoria and White Pine tried to reorganize and install lore efficient nining eQuipnent, but production of copper became history in Ontonagon County after 1921 when the war narket collapsed and the price of copper fell. SILVER Silver had been recognised as an associate of capper ever since nining operations began. Indians frequently brought in chunks of "float" silver to barter with the traders at the early fur posts. Austin Corser, .. employee of one of the Porcupine Mountains nines, discovered a rich outcrOp of a silver vein on the Little Iron River by accident, while hiking cross country to the Village of Ontonagon. By cautious questioning, he found that the land had been granted to a railroad conpamr by the United States Government. Be genbled seventeen years of his life against the chance that the railroad conpany would let their grant expire. Having built a crude cabin over the - outcrop and zealously guarding his discovery for the entire 17 years, he was rewarded by winning his gamble. The railroad grant expired in 1872 and Corser sold his slain. Records do not indicate how well Corser was rewarded for his tedious vigil, but Silver City still remains as a nonunent to his patience . The very nature of the discovery was enough incentive to attract prospectors and capital fron the jaded fortunes of “King Copper". Scores of nining conpanies were organized, however, only six nines adjacent to the Big Iron River ever produced ore in appreciable quantities . a mall snelter was even constructed but the ore produced only ‘33.28 per ton and after P 10 five hectic years, the Silver Boon joined Capper in the saga of Ontonagon County . IRON In 18147, three years after the presence of iron had been discovered on the west end of the Gogebic Iron Range, Gogebic County was established. The nane Gogebic was derived from Agogebic Lake which means smooth rock in Objibwa dialect. Previous to 18147, Gogebic County had been a part of Ontonagon County. In 1871, T. B. Brooks and R. Pumpelly, members of a state geological survey party, traced the iron formation across the Montreal River, eastward into Michigan to a point near Wakefield. The first discovery of a commercial iron ore body is credited to Richard Langford, a trapper, in 1879. While hiking over a hill south of the present city of Bessemer, he observed red iron ore in the roots of an over- turned tree. He took some samples back to the Village of Ontonagon and con- fided in I. B. Moore, who innediately formed a nining company and began exploratory work. Other important discoveries followed quickly; George A. Pay located ore at Wakefield in 1881, Langfrear Norrie sunk the first shaft on the range at the Ashland location in 1881 and began work the following year on the location which later became the great Norrie Mine at the City of Ironwood. Sufficient exploration had now been completed to verity the connercial aspects of iron ore on the range, but transportation facilities to ship ore were non-existent. Supplies had to be packed overland fron the Village of Ontonagon on the old Bessener Trail or fron landings at the Montreal and Black rivers on Lake Superior. Proven land could be acquired for as little as $1.25 per acre. The Milwaukee and Western Railway Company had been organized to build a railroad fron Milwaukee to the Village of Ontonagon to ship lumber from the pine nills. When the line reached Watersneet, the exploratory work on the iron range was well advanced and the board of directors decided to extend the railroad to Bessemer for iron ore rather than to the Village of Ontonagon. When this fact becane known, fabulous fortunes were made by the sale of iron lands. In October of 1881;, the Colby Mine of Bessemer shipped 1,022 tons of ore by flatcar to Milwaukee where it was transferred to barges and towed to Erie, Pennsylvania. With an almost unlimited reserve of ore and transportation now avail- able to carry ore to a ready market, the growth of the I'Range" settlments nushrooned. Development was rapid, as noted by the completion of the first hotel in Bessener in 1881;, the sons year that the railroad was completed. Bessemer and Ironwood becane rivals for the location of the county seat. Iromlood was first in size but Bessemer was more centrally located and finally was selected as the county seat. Wakefield and Ransay also grew and prospered with the Iron Range. From Wakefield, the iron range extends westward through Ramsay, Bessemer and Ironwood to a point immediately south of Mellon, Wisconsin. It lies inland from Lake Superior 12 to 25 niles and is easily identified by two prominent parallel ridges of hills. The southerly range of hills narks the south extremity of the iron fornation and the north range is the south front of the szeenaw lava flows. The valley between these hills has been eroded 12 out of the soft sedimentary deposits. Although the range is 80 miles long, it rarely exceeds one-half mile. in width. Geologically, the ore formation pitches steeply to the northward at approximately 63°. This steep pitch combined with complex faulting and lateral displacement has made accurate diamond drill exploration difficult and expensive. Formations not only have to be located, but their depths have to be accurately mapped before efficient development can be planned. The 36 mines working in 1937 were all deep shaft mines except one open pit at Ramsay which produces about 20% of the Gogebic Iron Range iron ore. Soft hematite ore is produced with a 53.h0% content of natural iron. It is mixed with lower grade Lake Superior Ores to upgrade the final product. V I.” “an ll '1 a... A. O. 4 .n v an M ii V a "r not am Ir a Aw w, . an "a . meme“. 5 wxsconsm m TN! “(In IRON [ANSI WAIIMLQ “KM. 1° “TRIAL. WIS. Seen er lune 13 By the sun-er of 1885, the first ore loading dock had been completed at Ashland and thereafter the Range shipped its ore to this point for im- mediate trans-shipment or for stockpiling. Lake freighters 600 feet in length run between Ashland and Cleveland laden with 10,000 to 12,000 tons of ore, depending on the depth of water at the 500 Looks. The shipping season begins with the ice breakup in the middle of April and continues to the freeze in November. During the winter the shaft mines stockpile are on their locations, but the Open pit mine shuts down its Operations. The iron economy was founded by cautious experienced companies whose record of sustained production is reflected by the prOSperity and growth of Range conunities. Lunbering has passed its peak without competing with iron production which continues in its ranking position ,‘ and agriculture does not have the soil and climatic resources to become a serious rival. Recreation alone has a bright future for expansion. The visible threat to the Gogebic Iron Range is the increased utilization of foreign ores from South America, Puerto Rico and New Foundland. AGRICULTURE Agriculture was slow in growth and development during the capper boon. The peOple were chiefly professional miners or prospectors, many without fuilies. The larger nining communities were doninated by a company which often provided for all the demands of life including housing, food, trans- portation, churches, health service and recreation. The working hours were 10118 throughout the entire year and gardening was probably linited to flowers and mall vegetable gardens. Land for forms was not readily available because mining companies controlled large blocks of land and huge govern- ment grants were easily acquired by railroads, road building companies and canal conpanies. Agricultural deve10pment of the Upper Peninsula was sup- pressed by companies interested in blocking in mineral and timber holdings because they believed that agricultural expansion would increase the value of land and also absorb the labor supply. Cost of clearing land and the short growing season also impeded agricultural deve10pment. The Elnons farm near Rockland, established in 1851;, was the first farm of record in the area under consideration. In 1857 , the Minnesota Mining Company produced h,000 bushels of potatoes on its land at Rockland, supposedly for use by its employees . These potatoes were valued at $1.00 per bushel. It is of interest to note that the worst flood ever recorded on the Ontonagon River occurred in 186’; with the water rising twenty—seven feet and three inches above the low water mark. This fact tends to refute the nodern argument that floods are caused by indiscriminate clearing of land. At this date, little land was cleared, in fact, lumbering had not even begun. On December 14, 1867, a society was organized, called the Ontonagon Agricultural Society and the first fair was held the following year. Large scale agricultural develOpment did not appear until the “Pine Barons“ had stripped and burned the pine flats extending from TOpas‘to Trout Creek. Their operations cleared the land and brought in people to the mill towns along the railroad. Real estate promoters had only to repeat a process which was already history in Wisconsin. Similar lands in that state were appropriately named the "Cloverland of U. S. A." and sold to newly arrived i-‘nigrants. After the pine had been cut andthe slash burned, an l'.’ 1 LJ -’ 15 excellent cover of volunteer clover would invade the denuded land. That area from Hatchwood to Braces Crossing became the "Cloverfield of Cloverland" and white pine sttmp land brought premium prices from 1890 to 1900. Lumbering, with its busy logging camps and sawmills provided a ready market for all food stuffs, hay, horses and hegs. Farming could be started immediately on this cut-over land for the fields could be plowed and grain produced between the stumps. Lumbering in those days, utilized horses in large numbers so that there was a constant demand for hay. Also , unlike mining, lumbering was in part a seasonal occupation. Cutting, skidding and hauling operations were confined to the winter months to reduce road building costs. Ice roads could be easily built across even the worst swamp in winter. Farmers could conduct their normal activities in the summer and then work in the logging camps in the winter, leaving their wives and children in charge of the winter chores. Fortunately, many Finnish workers were attracted to the lumbering industry during this period. They were familiar with forestry work and were quite at home in a land where cows had to be kept in the barn seven months of the year. The population of the Ewan-Bruces Crossing area is still dominated by a strong Finnish ethnic concentration. Oddly enough, the pattern of life is still the same; farming in the sumer and logging in the winter. Ewen, although originally a mill town, has persisted as the hub of the southern Ontonagon County farm area. The horse methods of logging have now been replaced with the catter- pillar tractor but hay still remains as the primary agricultural product; the 'Cloverfield of Cloverland' now mports a stabilized dairying con- mi». ' 16 Two other farming communities of recognized importance can also be cited in Ontonagon County. The area south of Mass grew in much the same fashion as the Ewen area, peepled by Finnish immigrants and specializing in dairying. The farms near the Village of Ontonagon are of a more recent age than those previously described. Here, there is a more mixed ethnic grouping of people and the agriculture is more diversified with specialized craps such as potatoes and beef cattle being produced. It is here also, that the hepes of future agricultural expansion will be tried and proven in Ontonagon County. In Gogebic County, farming has never prospered to the same extent as in Ontonagon County. By 1890, the iron mines located between Ironwood and Hakefield were the hubs of thriving communities . Unlike the situation in the 'pine flats' of Ontonagon County, the iron mines required full year labor and time was not available for clearing land. The logging industry came in later and was mechanized when it did enter this hardwood area thereby ' eliminating the duand for hay. Transportation facilities were also better developed so that agricultural products could be shipped in from the south and west. The iron mining companies acquired and still control large blocks of forest land to supply its mine timber demand. Has-messed with the above restrictions, agriculture advanced slowly. Unfortunately, the earliest farms were located, through necessity, in the near vicinity of the "Range“ , where soil conditions were less favorable than other sites which could have been selected. Host of the farms were cleared by liners in their spare time as rural residences and for a source of additional income. Practically all the cleared land is located within six 17 “ammo IN AN UNDIRUROUND 'mn'r Figure 1. Tinbering in an Underground Drift niles or the City or Ironwood. Dairying is the most common type of farming with sons specialization in potatoes and fruit. LUMBERIN G Hills were first built and operated to cut labor for nine installations and housing during the copper been in Ontonagon County. In 1850, the Harris and Vogtlen Hill at Minnesota Landing comenced operations and supplied ’ labor for Rockland, Greenland and Ontonagon. Pine could be easily driven down the Ontonagon River to the mill site. Very little hardwood was out except for nine tinbers and other heavy construction. Another mill was built in the Village of Ontonagon in 1852 which had a daily capacity of 5,000 board feet per day. Lulber Iron this mill was used mostly within the village for house and stores. 18 Up to 1880, very little lumber was shipped out of Ontonagon, for the local demand kept up with production. It was about this date also that the copper boon began to fail and possibly the lumbering era was initiated by companies with large land holdings. Having failed in their original intent to produce copper, and having available transportation and labor supply, they decided to recoup their losses by lumbering. In 1881, the Ontonagon Lumber Company built a mill with a capacity of 200,000 board feet of lumber and 300,000 pine shingles per day. Other nills were built about this same time in Ransay and Harenisco. Harenisco began as a mining camp but commer- cial iron ore was not discovered and it finally became a mill town, with other mills being built in 1897, 1909 and 1922. Even today, it is solely supported by the one remaining mill which is harvesting the last local remnants of virgin hardwood and hemlock. The early mills were located along available transportation routes, as in Gogebic County, where they were located on the railroad extending from Watersmeet to Ironwood which had connections to Milwaukee. In Ontonagon County, the Rockland and Ontonagon mills were located on the Ontonagon River which was used to drive pine logs to the mills and to transport the finished lumber. During the period of 1890 to 1910, after the railroad was built through Trout Creek, Ewen and Bergland with outlets to the south and east, that vast stand of white pine extending from Topaz to Trout Creek and southward to Interior was slashed . The pine was of the highest quality and a large percentage of it was processed by the Diamond Hatch Company which had mills in Hatchood and Ontonagon. Other large pine mills were located in Ewen, 19 Interior, Choate, Robbins and Calderwood. Interior had the largest double band pine mill in the Upper Peninsula but its timber reserve lasted only for five years. The company was organized chiefly to saw lumber so it did not acquire a large timber holding and was forced out of business by other companies organized for combined logging and milling Operations. Loading stations that boasted pOpulations of 100 or more peeple were located at Paulding, Craigsmere and Barclay. Today, except for Ewen and Ontonagon, these locations are but memories to the older residents. Second growth timber up to 1h inches in diameter now grows on the old railroad ballast and in the main streets of these once vibrant communities. The pins mills were highly specialized, so they cut very little hardwood and even the hemlock was left or destroyed by the slash fires that seemed to be a part of pine logging. The slash from pine resists decomposition and remains a dangerous fire hazard for as long as 16 years. It was customary for the larger companies to burn their slash left from each winter's logging. They hired specialized burners and their only objective appeared to be the protection of their remaining timber stand. Little interest was shown in the holdings of rival companies or the small private blocks. This procedure of burning slash was a powerful argument used by compamr acquisition men who could practically dictate their prices for small private holdings. It became a standard procedure to sell out or be burned out. The pine slash fires were of such intensity and extent that the clay plain was completely denuded. The humus was burned off leaving the red clay exposed. There are areas today, where huge pine stumps are merely resting on the surface of the clay, attached in place only by their tap roots. Frequent grass fires 20 in combination with the cold wet clay soil, has retarded vegetation growth and little humus has accumulated. During wet weather, it is difficult to walk across some of these sticky |'clay barrens'. When the forest growth was removed from this broad flat clay plain, the pair drainage was peatly improved and a corresponding increase in the growing season resulted. Older residents in the vicinity of Matchwood remember when corn could be grown without difficulty. The growing season was lengthened by about six weeks, but this temporary condition lasted for only 15 years. As the pine stands were expended, the lumber men turned their attention to the hardwood forests. The hardwood in this geographic region has a very slow growth rate and a four foot hard maple is frequently 1100 years old and produces dense hard lumber admirably suited for flooring, veneer and finish stock. it first only butt logs were out, leaving the remainder of the trees to rot. Later as the number of mills. increased and competition became keener, methods of utilization became more efficient. The hardwood mills were located on railroads within easy hauling distance of the logging chances; at Ironwood, Bessemer, Connorsville, Harenisco, Watersmeet, Bergland, Ewan, Trout Creek, Mass, Lake Mine and Ontonagon. Today, there are still active hardwood mills in these towns but they are decidedly on the decline. One of the largest of these mills, located in the Village of Ontonagon, was sold for scrap in 1951. The supply of timber has diminished to the extent that transportation costs for moving logs to these mills is a determining factor in their continuation. Small portable mills that can be set up on a logging chance, saw the available timber and then move on, are now better suited to the existing conditions. There were about 50 of these small mills in operation in 19149. 21 The best hardwood was cut in the period of 1910 to 1910. In 1920, some second growth timber released by pine logging, had reached saw log size and lumbermen began to utilize it. Much of the aspen that replaced the white pine attained a size by 1930 that would produce pulp and box wood bolts. During the war years of 1910-15, most of the remaining virgin hard- wood was slashed and even the hemlock was logged. Hemlock had been over- looked by both the ”Pine Barons" and the ”Round Forty Hardwood Kings" because it is soft, brash and will not serve for finish lumber, but it was desirable for crating war materials and brought premium prices in the early forties. The lumbering interests, in the past, cut their timber and moved to new locations, selling cut-over lands cheaply in large blocks or merely let it revert to the State for tax delinquency. «War 35% of both Gogebic and Ontonagon counties is now owned and administered by the U. 3. Forest Service. This land is well stocked and is again beginning to produce forest products. State agencies also administer large tracts for parks and forests. Today, pulp and paper companies are building up sizable holdings again, with emphasis being placed on short term rotations and permanent management. With intelligent planning and administration, forestry definitely has a lasting future here . TRANSPORTATION Chronological development of major transportation facilities in Gogebic "“1 Ontonagon counties: 1650 Canoe, via Lake Superior . 1&0 Sailing vessel, via Lake Superior ‘- ‘:fn P-‘f'l .‘ "u- 0-,] - . "4' QF . . .:JJ !-a- 1" 1 . . "L‘BOAngc‘ n ’he. 1550 from, . ~ :~ ‘7‘ «.41 ngr“\. ‘3. . I . D‘A ‘ OI§C “~ : 18h? 1859 1860 1877 1879 1880 1880 188k 1888 1890 22 Steam vessel, via Lake Superior Plank Road, Ontonagon to Rockland Military Road, Green Bay to Ontonagon Stage Line, Ontonagon to Hancock Plank Road, Ontonagon to Greenland Bessemer Trail, Ontonagon to Bessemer Ontonagon and Brule River Railroad, Ontonagon to Rockland Milwaukee Railwayr Company, Milwaukee to Bessemer Duluth, South Shore and Atlantic Railroad, through Trout Creek and Bergland County Roads and State Highways REDREAT ION Chronological development of recreational deveIOpment in Gogebic and 1850 1860 1900 19oh 1905 1910 1926 19hh Ontonagon counties: Trout fishing in Lake Superior Deer hunting Cottages built on shore of Lake Superior and Lake Gogebic Cottages built on Cisco Chain of Lakes Picnic area at Black River Harbor Picnic area at mouth of Presque Isle River Lake Gogebic County Park Black River Harbor County Park Lake Gagebic State Park Marion Lake U.S.F.S. Park Porcupine Mountains State Park PART II 23 MAJOR NATURAL LAND DIVISIONS OF GOGEBIC AND ONTONAGON COUNTIES Definition of a Natural Land Division A natural land division is anarea of land having a constant associ- ation of geomorphological features, soils and vegetation. It is a broad feature of significant area and is an especially useful tool for the agri- culturist, forester, biologist, economist and land planner. Its ultimate value or use potential can be considered as constant. Criteria Used to Establish Natural Land Divisions _G_egmorphological form was a major criteria used in the delineation of the natural land divisions . This particular area is in the glaciated region of the United States and its geomorphological character is generally a re- sult of glaciation. Moraines , till plains, outwash plains and glacial lake plains are the components most frequently considered. Geologically the area is young and stream action has not progressed sufficiently to change the character of the surface since the retreat of the ice. Along the shore of Lake Superior much of the original Lake Nippising beach has been cut away by wave action leaving a bluff 60 to 80 feet high in nany places. In some areas rock outcrop projects through the mantle of glacial debris, and although the actual area of exposed rock is admittedly small, it is the dominant feature of that particular natural land type. 214 Surface Geology of Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties from F. Leverett -- above lake limits Horaines -- lake washed Plains -- Plans -- sandy loam - Sand or gravel plains - Sandy plains not associated with moraines sandy to clayey loam :1 Sandy plains inside the limits of glacial lakes Lake clay areas m Areas with rock formations at surface Glacial lake outlets 25 The soils found in Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties are formed from heavy lacustrine clay to coarse outwash sand and gravel. Arm given natural land division is dominated by soils originating from a common parent material. For example, the Ewen Lake Plain represents the bed of an ancient glacial lake. Primarily the soils are derived lacustrine clay but there are also present islands of till, gravel bars, sand veneered areas and organic soils. Stream action has also altered the form of the original lake bed. Veggtative cover is not as well correlated with major land divisions as it is with land types and soil types. In some major natural land divisions there are definite species which are dominant; the original cover of the Rubicon Sand Plains was jack and red pine, a pure stand of white pine was found on the Men Lake Plain, and on the several natural land divisions hav- ing soils deve10ped from Iron River till, the character of the vegetative cover is similar except for slightly different preportions of species. The same species are found on all these divisions but the proportions differ as a result of some difference in the ecologic site factors. 26 .l . |.I'|.I I'l- Iulll lll’ I‘.\.Il.|.l|. I" 27 Natural Land Divisions 1. Gogebic Lake Benches 63": (ole 80M! \ Won ['14 Bluff \S‘A'efc/r of Cégeéic [aft gene/78.: Figure 2 Figure 3. View west from center of Sec. 16, T 51 N, R h3 W showing step like arrangement of benches down to Lake Superior. 28 The Gogebic Lake Benches is a narrow natural land division, one to four miles wide, paralleling the shore of Lake Superior in Gogebic County and the extreme western part of Ontonagon County. Its total area is approximately 85 square miles. A wave cut bluff, varying in height from 15 to 80 feet, is found along the entire shoreline and the average eleva- tion at the top of this bluff is 620-690 feet. Extending south from this bluff there are a series of indistinct lake benches that rise to an eleva- tion of approximately 1150 feet. In the vicinity of Black River Harbor a height of 1150 feet is attained within a distance of less than one mile from the lake shore 3 the slepe in this area is much steeper than normal for the division. Host of the slopes in this natural land division average from three to seven per cent. Local relief, excluding the channels cut by streams, is normally five to twenty-five feet. It could be called gently sleping land. There are a few locations where the clay has been deposited or pushed up on the side of the moraine that forms the south bOB-ndry of this natural land division. This land has slepes of eight to fifteen per cent. The drainage pattern is unique in many ways. It consists of numerous, short, straight, parallel, deeply channeled intermittent and permanent ltreau. These streams flow directly across the lake benches without leandering and enter the lake but their course is usually normal to the shortline. Except for the three large rivers, the Montreal, the Black and the Presque Isle, :11 these streams have their origin within this natural land division. Submerged barrier bars located at the mouths of the “301‘ streams and rivers, restrict small craft entry unless a channel YR 29 is dredged. A permanent drag line is in operation at the mouth of the Black River . The three large rivers have cut deep gaps through the Chippewa Moraine and their drainage basins include several other natural land divisions. Their channels, which frequently exceed 75- feet in depth, leander some but their valleys rarely exceed one-quarter nile in width. The prominent paralleliss exhibited by the drainage pattern is indicative of the series of unifomly slaping benches, easily erodible clay and the extrene youth of the drainage system. The steep gradient has enabled all these streans to cut deep V-shaped channels through the relatively thin nantle of clay which varies in thickness fron 10 to 50 feet, with sons locations probably having a thickness as great as 100 feet. ‘ L..- --.. =4 ' 30 Figure 5. V-shaped ravine, Sec. 17, T 51 N, R h3 W. The bedrock in this area is steeply tilted strata of Freda sandstone and Nonesuch shale.l There are apparently three resistant strata present as indicated by the presence of three sets of water falls on the larger streams. Rapids on all the streams are common since most of the streams have cut through the clay and have even trenched the rock. The mouths of some of the smaller intermittent streams are hanging as much as 75 feet above lake level at the bluff. Within one-quarter to one—half mile of the lake shore, lost of these steep sided channels are 30 to 70 feet deep, whereas at a distance of one mile inland from the lake only the largest of the streams have channels of no to 50 feet in depth. Most of the streams have shallow drainage ways from five to fifteen feet deep. 1. Geological Map of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan, compiled by Helen M. Martin. ‘E 31 The interfluves are level and unbroken since no subsequent streams have deve10ped from the primary streams. The entire supply of water, carried by all but the largest streams, originates at the extreme headwaters of the streams or is supplied by seepage. The frequency of the streams, which varies from five to fifteen per mile, and their depth has a profound influence upon road construction closely adjacent to the shoreline. No lakes or large swamps are found within this natural land division. Many remnants of old beach lines, gravel bars and sand bars were found on these benches and although these features have no strong topo- graphic significance, they are the local source of gravel for road con- struction. There are occasional small outcrops of sandstone on these benches with some narrow outcrops that extend for almost two miles. Forest cover originally consisted of upland hardwoods and hemlock with occasional pure stands of hemlock. (h‘adual uplift, accompanied by active wave cutting has accounted for the relatively smooth or even bluff type shore line, unmarked by embayments or natural harbors . The dominant soil is Watton silt loam. 2. Ontonagon Lake Plain The Ontonagon Lake Plain, extending from the Porcupine Mountains to Houghton County, lies parallel to the shoreline and is approximately 12 miles wide at all points in Ontonagon County. The total area of this natural land division, including the lake shore sand features , amounts to about 1:80 square miles. 32 Skei‘cé of Orr/anger; [ale 10/4/27 Figure 6 The elevation at the Village of Ontonagon is approximately 620 feet and at its southern extremity the plain attains a height of 1150 feet. There is a 500 foot change in altitude but the slope is so gentle and unifon that one is not cognizant of the rise when traveling south from the lake shore across this plain. All of this plain except the extreme eastern part is relatively smooth. The drainage pattern is made up of numerous straight, parallel, shallow channeled intermittent and permanent streams . All streams except the Iron, the Ontonagon, the Flintsteel, the Firesteel, the East Sleeping and the Hisery Rivers could be classified as intermittent and sometimes the volume of flow is even greatly decreased in these larger streams dur- ing late summer. Some instances were noted where several streams, spaced 33 less than one-quarter mile apart, flow eight to ten miles on parallel courses even though the direction of the streams changed abruptly. Figure 7. Section of aerial photograph showing marked "parallelism. of stream courses. Sec. 11;, T 50 N, 1?. 1:2 w. Existing maps indicate only the major streams, but field investiga- ti‘ma indicate that the frequency of the shallow drainage ways often emBeds 15 per mile. A parallel drainage pattern such as this could only develop on an exceedingly smooth, tilted plain of fine textured material. All streams have emergent barrier bars at their mouths which completely blocks their entrance to the lake and the littoral current running to the east is sufficiently strong to rebuild these barrier bars rapidly after each breakthrough. Jetties have been built at the mouth of the Ontonagon River and a drag line is used at Silver City to keep the channel 3h open. All the streams that flow through this natural land division, except the Ontonagon River, have their origin within the lake plain. A zone one-half mile wide on both sides of the Ontonagon River is severe- ly dissected by deep subsequent dendritic ravines which were apparently started by seeps and springs. The Ontonagon River is deeply trenched and thereby draws on the ground water of the adjacent land. Steep escarp- nents, 20 to 60 feet high cut into the thick clayey deposits, are common along the river. Rain-drop pedestals one to one and one—half inches high have been observed after heavy rain stoma on freshly graded road shoulders. Earth slides, caused by current undercutting and saturation, are also common along the bluffs of the Ontonagon River valley. Figure 8. Section of aerial photograph illustrating deep dendritic ravines common along Ontonagon River. Sec. 30, T 50 N, R 39 W. . The Iron River has developed a dendritic pattern and has begun to establish a meander valley which in one location is about one-half mile 35 Figure 9. Bluff along Ontonagon River. Sec. 27, T 50 N, R 39 W. wide and 75 feet deep. Parallel streams in the Ontonagon Lake Plain have begun to develOp subsequent streaans and stream capture is evident in many places. The channels cut by the streams in this division are not as deep as those found on the Gogebic Lake Benches but this is in part due to the fact that the mantle of clay over bedrock is thinner here and the gradient is not as steep. Except for the extreme east, and the ex- treme west parts, where the thickness reaches 100 feet, the thickness is PPObably not much over 25 feet. The underlying Freda sandstone and Nonesuch shade in this division rarely outcrops for the strata are hori- zontal. s10pes found in this division, except for the stream channels and the land in the extreme eastern section, are gentle. Nearly all the land °°uld be classed as gently sloping, with slopes mostly within a range of t“ t0 five per cent and rarely in excess of seven per cent. Local relief 36 Jug/low Drain”. H6]: “MW Jn‘rfkm Figure 10 on the interfluves varies from five to fifteen feet. He lakes or large "ups are found in this division. Sons of the level interfluves are P°°r1y drained but they would not be classed as swamps. Harv remnants 0f 01d beaches, gravel bars and sand bars are found along the south border of this division. These are remnants of the old glacial Lake Duluth shore Line and sons are distinct enough so that sections four to ‘1'9 Iiles long could be easily delineated on aerial photograph. The extreme eastern section of this division, which includes the drama“ basins of the East Sleeping and Misery Rivers, is dissected to Such an extent that it now shows little resemblance to a lake plain. The dendritic drainage pattern is well deve10ped. Interfluves have been 37 completely worn away so that now only steep sided ridges remain. The dominant lepes vary from eight to twenty-five per cent and local relief ranges from 25 to 100 feet. The original forest cover of the Ontonagon Lake Plain was upland hardwoods and hemlock but pure stands of hemlock were common. 2a. Glacial Lake NipissinLBeach This relic beach is considered as a component part of the Ontonagon Lake Plain, but its characteristics are sufficiently different from the lake plain to justify its delineation. It consists of a series of sand bars and level to gently slaping sand deposits underlain by Freda sand- stone, Nonesuch shale and reworked lake clay, The sand bars vary in width from 30 to 100 feet and their crests usually stand five to fifteen feet above the intervening swales. These relic sand bars are parallel to the present shore line and to each other. Usually there are three or four of these old bars but in some locations there are as many as six. The land mass in this area is undergoing gradual uplift and a wave cut bluff two to thirty feet high is found along the present shore. The mice are frequently flooded in the vicinity of streams and river mouths. Relic sand bars are confined near the former shore line (one-tenth mile) but the level to sleping sand deposits may extend two to three miles inland. Figure 11. Cross section of relic sand bar. Sec. 35, 'r 52 N, a how. 3 . Chippewa Moraine Jkeffi of (656/6959: Margin: ... ~———.»—— (XI/96¢ wa Moraine Figure 12 39 Figure 13. Chippewa Moraine. View east from Copper Peak Fire Tower. The Chippewa Moraine is located immediately south of the Gogebic Lake Benches. It is an area of highland two to three miles wide extend- ing from the Montreal River to the Porcupine Mountains and having a total area of approximately 52 square miles. The highest land has an elevation of 1350 to 1160 feet. This natural land division is composed of two fairly distinct moraines. The north slape of the division is steeper than the south slope. If the Chippewa Moraine is observed fron Zion Mountain in Ironwood, its crest appears as a level continuous line against the horizon. The crests of both moraines are quite level and in several places where the two moraines join, comparatively level areas two to three square miles in area are found. The dominant slope for the division would be five to twenty per cent . ho Individually, these moraines are broken by saddles, but as a unit they present a drainage barrier that has been breached in only three places by najor streams; by the Montreal, the Black and the Presque Isle Rivers . All the tributary streams drain to the south before they join the rivers and flow north. It is 300 to 1100 feet higher than the division to the north and to the south. Rock outcrops were observed in several places indicating that the noraines have rock cores. One particular narrow sandstone outcrOp can be traced from the vicinity south of Little Girls Point eastward alnost to the Ontonagon County line . The original forest cover consisted of sugar maple, elm , basswood, henleck, white spruce, balsam fir and some white pine. h. Tula T111 Plain Jigs; of 7524 757/ FA,» (Zn/black“: Mfd/M L76 777/171?!” golf: 1;?” 170/7 0 Figure 1h Figure 15. Tula Till Plain. View north- east from Sec. 33, '1‘ he N, R 115w. The Tula Till Plain is the most extensive natural land division of the area considered, having a total area of approximately 608 square miles. It occupies the central part of Gogebic County and nearly three townships of south western Ontonagon County. Its total acreage in Gogebic County is equal to hS per cent of the entire county. The elevation of true plain varies from 1200 to 1500 feet. About 25 per cent of the plain is composed of extensive tracts of level poorly drained land. Although the drainage pattern is very weakly developed there are few areas of swamp land present. Bed rock is apparent- ly relatively close to the surface and is a limiting factor in the growth of a more adequate drainage system. Included within this level portion of the plain is the old glacial outlet that flowed west from the north b2 and of Lake Gogebic. The original forest cover consisted of a mixture of upland and swamp hardwoods with appreciable amounts of swamp conifers. The remaining parts of the plain consist of the gently sleping lower shoulders of the Chippewa Moraine, the Gogebic Iron Range and the gentle slepes associated with major stream valleys. The sloPes range from one to eight per cent. Level portions of the plain have a higher elevation than the gentle slopes associated with major streams. The original forest cover consisted of upland hardwoods and hemlock. Rock outcrops are found occasionally but they would not be considered a common characteristic. Exceptional areas: East and west of the north end of Lake Gogebic for a distance of five or six miles there are a series of long north and south oriented swamps separated by low, gently sloping interfluves. From the Gogebic County Airport, east to Connersville and Thomaston and continuing east to Tula and Jack Spur there is a broad level poorly drained plain with very little rolling or sloping lands. Swaxnps are not prevalent but drainage is poor as indicated by increased amounts of swamp conifers in the forest cover. 5. gagebic Iron Range ; The Gogebic Iron Range is a loose chain of high steep-sided, bold, cliffy knobs, partially interfilled with glacial till and having frequent north and south saddles. Some of the saddles are up to a mile in width. The range extends from Ironwood to the south end of Lake Gogebic. It is one to three miles wide and has an area of approximately 56 square miss. The elevation of this natural land division varies from 1600 to 1800 feet. 571%ch of Gaye‘s: Iron Rage 6”: In» Rage 5/. 7;” Plain ,4 m,“ nan/Hm .1/ //// 2’ —-\ / FF a /,—— _/ é __‘ \——_ 2.— /:-_— _ —j:_\__ 1:: /_,1: -—_’%_T :«2- : :: ...—’__-_,/ /r~; \_ _ _ = /- ‘>—"‘.— / //’r-/ : " ,— ___:; // /¢/ \_ — g- : __.._, /’ a \\ — =’;_—’ “"——:.. ; é — *—.-——— :- _ _~:. / \ x -— :1 f 2 : 2 2' z' I ‘ \—_ 2‘— "r‘ " E ;—/ ’ I v\¢ 1 _ ‘1 7 ~ 4' 4r ‘0 - . , ‘ . ‘ s n t"’ I ) “v~‘. '1 . ' . a ~l . ‘- TI/I. ‘ '1 1' \ ”IL. ‘ ’ -“ _'_:—"\\‘—,’ 4' ’ fist/r " 4’ I K )- )r I a " Figure 16 Figure 17. Gogebic Iron Range. Sec. 10, T h? N, R 145 W. hh Figure 18. County quarry, Sec. 33, T 148 N, R hSW. Showing thin mantle of drift found on high rock knobs. The Montreal, the Black and the Presque Isle Rivers flow through this division but it is doubtful if they out water gaps. It appears more likely that these gaps or deep saddles existed prior to the development °f a drainage system. Many short seguents of tributary streams extend bet"Ween the knobs from both the north and the south sides. The rock knobs ha“ steep slopes and stand 200 to 250 feet above the adjacent tableland. 8°18 of the knobs have level crests and shoulders but most of the slopes ”'0 from eight to twenty per cent. Bedrock outcrop is common and the northern and southern slopes are inclined to be cliffy. hS Geologically the area is noted for its exceedingly complex system of faulting. The most common rocks are slaty iron fomation, quartzites, jasper conglomerate, ferruginous cherts, greenstone, green schists, Jupillite and slate. The original forest cover consisted of sugar maple, elm, basswood, white pine, white spruce and an occasional red oak. 6. Van Buskirk Granite Knob Plateau chfcli of Van awko'rk P/ofisau 75/0 7;” flirt Van Bus/Kirk P/afbw M If“ Figure 19 The lost proninent characteristics of this plateau are the numerous low bald granite knobs. The knobs are well rounded and appear to be of a concordant level. Few rise over 50 or 100 feet above the surrounding country. The plateau itself stands at an elevation of approxinately h6 Figure 20. Van Buskirk Plateau. Sec. 13, T 1:6 N, R 147 w. thO feet. Under natural conditions the knobs were covered by a thin mantle of soil but agricultural clearing and forest fires have aided in uncovering them. The frequency of these knobs is variable but one can be found in nearly every 10 acre area, but the actual area of bare rock probably does not exceed three per cent. Except for the bedrock outcrop, the land is gently rolling and very few slopes would exceed eight per cent. Host of the land has slopes of three to eight per cent. Lowland areas between the knobs are poorly drained and often swampy, but the close tan-echelon pattern of knobs is continuous, even through the swamp- land within the natural land division. In many locations, the area of poorly drained land equals the area of gently sloping land. Evidently the glacier retreated rapidly over this pitted rock plateau, and only a thin mantle of till was deposited. The subsequent deveIOpment 117 of the drainage system is consequently very slow, because the streams have to cut down through the rock to adequately drain each individual depression. One area of this division is located southeast of Ironwood and the other is located northwest of Harenisco. Their conbined area is approxi- nately h? square miles. 7 . Waterneet Plateau J/fC/c/I of Mfirfl‘nfl?‘ Io/Ofiau H ”In: ""3: JR \\‘ \‘ \\ 11) I "' Figure 21 The Ustersneet Plateau extends from Chaney Lake to Lac Vieux Desert and has a total area of approxinately 261 square miles. Its elevation varies frou 1600 to 1800 feet with a gradual increase in elevation toward the south. The topography is generally conposed of short, low, unoriented, steep-sided ridges with numerous snaps and lakes in the depressions. Usually these ridges are low and do not exceed a height of ho feet above h8 Figure 22. Aerial view'of“Watersneet Plateau. Sec. 1, 2, ll, 12, T hh N, R 39 W. the level of the plateau but there are several areas with norainic hills that are 100 to 150 feet high. There are no major, high well defined moraines present and the area could best be described as a broad norainic plateau with numerous, low, narrow, sharp ridges and unoriented drumloid hills. Host of the soil is clay till except in the vicinity of Land O Lakes where there is an area of level sandy outwash plain which has numerous small pit lakes and swaups. Many former lakes have now receded leaving only a swamp and possibly a very small body of open water. Few of the swamps or lakes are drained since the depressions are deep enough and expansive enough to prohibit any runoff over or around the unoriented ridges and drumloid hills which provide natural basins. In sandy areas where seepage can operate freely, the bottoms of these basins are dry except in the periods of snow melt or rainy seasons. The vegetation in these dry bottoms indicates that flood- ing occurs frequently. The drainage systen is not well developed due to the ridge and basin tepography however many of the lakes have short tributary streams that 119 drain into then. There are also several "chains“ of lakes with connect- ing channels which probably represent the remains of ancient lakes that were once quite extensive. 8 . Porcupine Mountains Jkefc/r of [Qt-“961’”: ”Olin/air): «get-ml Goo Ml Figure 23 , Figure 21;. Porcupine Mountain southwest from Government Peak. 50 The Porcupine Mountains are located 16 miles west of the Village of Ontonagon, adjacent to the shore of Lake Superior. Their total area is approximately hl square miles. Government Peak has an elevation of 2023 feet and is the highest point in Michigan. This natural land division is more truly a hilly area but the local name "Porcupine MountainsI has been accepted and is now in general use. The greatest relief is on the north boundry of the mountains. From the lake level up to the crest of the escarpment at the Lake of the Clouds there is an increase of elevation of about 1100 feet. This rise occurs within a distance of one and one-half miles and is visually exaggerated by the smooth contrasting surface of Lake Superior. This north part of the nountains is composed of two east and west narrow outcrops of con- glomerate one-quarter to one—half mile wide and five miles long. The southernmost of these two outcrops is locally called the "Escarpment." Its southern exposure is a sheer escarpment of 300 to hOO feet in height. Figure 25. Escarpment west of Lake of the Clouds. 51 The southern part of this natural land division is composed of rounded, granite-cored hills which have been interfilled with glacial till. These hills stand up 250 to hOO feet above the tableland to the south. Host of the valleys are broad and the slepes up to the crest of the hills are usually under 10 per cent. Bedrock outcr0ps are comon but their total area is probably not over five per cent. The stream pattern is well develoPed with small streams in all of the valleys. Host of the division is drained by the Carp River and its tributaries. Two lakes are found in this division: Lake of the Clouds and Mirror Lake. The original forest cover consisted mostly of sugar maple, hemlock, elm, basswood, yellow birch, white Spruce, white pine and balsam fir. 9. Norwich-Rockland Cgpper Range Sksfsfi of MrwI‘cfi'RM/cm/ Wfictgc Maw-54w (yang. any “Ah ,_ [w (Clo P‘in .::P. / "24:" ...- //l\ ___ ____. /r‘ ' %/,,p\ :2; , ’7/I(\\"//'7I\\\-—.— _ 9%-» / ’ '3' ' ——--"" :- ’1' x,» , / «xx/z '. ,/ \i —_.- .. // 477// 6- ~‘.:'/%///“\ \- {:5 // 5,?1'/;E —=.'// II \ —‘—"£_;‘ // -,?/.7’:,_ __.,_ ‘,. w _=//;.. ‘ j" / — __-:__"' “'1': F F- 56:— a; . x :23, /77\<\~= ~ . / / X ...-2 f. .0 ._.._, -:.::_.;£ ,6 \ " ‘ b .- '- 5”; I g x x‘ a I‘. x ‘ x x x x x ' x " x 7m; (...-4.5.!) Figure 26 S2 Figure 27. Norwich-Rockland Copper Range. View north- west from a location two miles south of Mass sawmill. Figure 28. Norwich-Rockland Copper Range. North of Mass. This section of the "Capper Backbone" consists of a range of flat topped knobs and hills whose south exposures are frequently escarpments 53 mflflO to 300 feet in.height. The range is broken by numerous saddles and divides that are often two miles wide and some of which are low enough to be filled with glacial lake clay. Clay till and gravel deposits are found on the shoulders of the knobs, so that usually only the crests and the escarpments are bare rock outcrOps. The elevation of the knobs vary from thO to 1550 feet. The division rarely exceeds three miles in width and extends from Bergland through Greenland and to the Houghton County line. The north slopes are a continuation of the Ontonagon Lake Plain and rarely exceed 12 per cent. The cast and west 510pes of these knobs and hills are generally 15 to 25 per cent and the escarpments on the south side are often perpendicular. The Ontonagon River which has a drainage basin of 1250 square miles1 flows through the range at Rockland. At this point there is a wide valley between the high knobs which is partially filled with glacial lake de- posits. The river has to cut a channel of 300 to £00 feet deep through this material but has trenched the bedrock only slightly; The Ontonagon River is the only large river that flows across the "Copper Backbone". All the other streams associated with these knobs and hills are only'small tributary streams that drain the valleys and saddles. They flow either north to Lake Superior or south to the Ontonagon River. The original forest cover consisted of sugar maple, hemlock, elm, yellow birch, basswood, white spruce, white pine and balsam fir. The escarpments and steep rocky south slopes originally had a cover of white pine, red pine and white spruce. 1. Surface Geolggy of Michigan, Frank Leverett. 10. Ewen Lake Plain jkefci of [won 10". P/ein “Mt/r ‘fi‘k/CHJ C’s/ck Raye [wen lake 86m My fund ”0'”: Figure 29 Figure 30. Ewen Lake Plain. N W W from Paulding Fire Tower. 5h 55 Figure 31. Ewen Lake Plain. View southwest from See. 26, T h8 N, R to W. The Ewen Lake Plain is an extensive natural land division located in the east central part of Ontonagon County. It is approximately 16 miles wide north and south and 2h miles long east and west with a total area of 350 square miles. It represents the lake bed of old glacial Lake Ontonagon and the elevation varies from 1100 to 1300 feet. It is not a smooth level plain but is composed of broad level interfluves with gently sloping and rolling shoulders. Land adjacent to the major streams is usually deeply dissected. The divides or interfluves are wide, level and poorly drained even when closely associated with deeply trenched streams. The valleys are also broad, level and poorly drained. Slopes found on the divides and in the valleys rarely exceed three per cent. The slopes of the shoulders of the interfluves 56 Figure 32. Ewen Lake Plain. Rolling shoulders of interfluves. Sec. 21, T he N, a how. generally do not exceed five per cent but occasionally reach eight per cent. About half of the area has a slope range of zero to five per cent, the remaining land has slopes generally from five to eight per cent with occasional slopes of eight to fifteen per cent. The drainage pattern is of a dendritic nature but only the major streams have an appreciable gradient. Those tributary streams extending back into the broad drainage ways of the lake plain have a very gentle gradient so that surface drainage is quite slow. The soil is very heavy, red plastic lacustrine clay except for occasional islands of till that project up above the level of the old glacial lake and frequent sand smears representing relic sand bars and recent alluvial deposition. Down- ward percolation of surface water through the clay is exceedingly slow. Although drainage is slow there are no lakes and only a few swamps present 57 in this division. The lacustrine clay is deep enough so that development of a drainage system is not impeded by bed rock at shallow depths. The land adjacent to the major streams is dissected by deep V-shaped channels of short intermittent streams. This zone of dissection is rarely over a mile Hide and usually only about one-half mile wide. The original forest cover consisted of pure stands of White Pine. 10a. Rubicon Sand Plains Figure 33. Rubicon Sand Plain. Sec. 29, T 50 N, R 37 W, This narrow sandy plain extends along the east boundry of the Ewen Lake Plain and is considered to be a part of the glacial Lake Ontonagon basin. It is one to four miles wide and twenty miles long and has an elevation of 1100 to 1150 feet. The total area of this division is 51 square miles. 58 The surface of this plain is relatively smooth with low swells. Streams flowing through this plain have out deep V-shaped trenches into the water deposited sands. These trenches are sometimes as much as 60 feet deep and usually have a trellis pattern of deep ravines cutting away fits the trench. Figure 3b. Rubicon Send Plain. Ravine adjacent to East Branch Ontonagon River. Sec. 12, T h8 N, R 38 W. The original forest consisted of jack pine with some red pine and white pine. ll. Paulding Sand Hills The Paulding Sand Hills extend from a point two miles east of Bruces Crossing south to Sucker Lake and then eastward becoming narrower at the Houghton County line. This division has a total area of approximately 116 square miles. The elevation of the hills varies from 1500 to 1700 feet. 59 Jfiefc/r of flu/Jpg J'ana/ [Vi/k Figure 35 Paulding Sand Hills. View west from Paulding. Figure 36. These hills are unoriented, steep sloped, narrow tOpped and frequently two to three miles long. The intervening valleys are narrow and swamps are common. There are also several small lakes present. Bond Falls Basin is an artificial storage reservoir which has an area of almost four and one-half square miles. The crests of some of the hills stand as much as 300 feet above the adjoining valleys but most of them are only 100 to 150 feet higher than the adjacent lowland. Few areas of rock out- crOp were observed and it is assumed that these morainic deposits are of considerable thickness. Except for a few hills with level tops and the wider valleys, the land is quite steep with slopes of five to fifteen per cent“ There are also several small sand plains areas included within this division. The stream.pattern is well develOped and all streams drain northward. Since the soil is dominantly sandy, it is quite probable that this natural land division contributes ground water to the flowing wells of the Ewen- Bruces Crossing area. The original forest consisted of a mixture of hardwoods, hemlock and white pine. 12. Nisula.Highlands Only a small portion of this division extends into Ontonagon County. This division consists of gently rolling morainic uplands that were subsequently reworked or washed by glacial Lake Duluth after they had been laid down by the glacier. The slepes generally are three to eight per cent with very few slopes over eight per cent. The elevation of these highlands varies from 1150 to 1300 feet. 61 In certain locations that were inundated by the glacial lake waters, there are broad benches present. 13. Egg Lake Plain Only h8 square miles of this plain lies within Gogebic County. Considering the entire division, it is a broad till plain with low roll- ing hills and knolls. Drumlins are of common occurrence beginning a few miles east of the Gogebic County line. Within the area under consideration the dominant topographic features are low hills with long gentle slopes and wide almost level valleys. The slapes rarely exceed eight per cent except for an occasional steep sided hill. The original forest consisted of sugar maple, elm, yellow birch, bass- wood, and white spruce with an occasional white pine. Figure 37. Imp Lake Plain. Sec. 36, T Eh N, R 38 W. 62 1h. Shore T as of Ontona n and Go ebic Counties (total linear neasurement--82.E miles} During the glacial period the great mass of ice depressed the earth surface to a limited extent. After the ice retreated the pressure was released and gradual uplift began. Relic beaches of higher glacial lakes are now tilted toward the south. The Duluth beach at Calumet has an elevation of 1303 feet. Southeast of the Porcupine Mountains its elevation is only lle feet.l Lake Superior came into existence after the retreat of the ice and wave action started to attack the shore line. The gradual uplift was not sufficient to raise the old lake floor high enough to cause the formation of an emergent bar and subsequent lagoons but it did aid in the formation of the wave cut bluff. The basin of this lake is deep and debris from shoreline abrasion could be easily removed by wave action. Littoral currents are dominantly to the east and are sufficiently strong to keep barrier bars erected across all the stream mouths except when they are in flood stage. Figure 38. Aerial photOgraph illustrating easterly littoral drift. Vicinity of Sil- ver City. 1. Surface Geology of Michigan, Frank Leverett. 63 The abrasion platform now in existence is still narrow, indicating that retrogression is still in its youth. In some locations the bluff is 80 feet high with the lower ho feet consisting of upturned sandstone and shale strata. In areas of horizontal bedding the bluff is not as strongly developed. Storms most frequently come from the northwest and account for the easterly littoral drift. The shore line is very smooth and regular with no well developed natural harbors. Lone Rock, which lies 150 yards off- shore and having an area of one-half acre, is the only detached mass of rock along the entire shoreline. This smooth shore line is in strong contrast with the Canadian shore line which is quite irregular. Shallow bays have begun to form in areas where the bed rock is depressed and several have been closed by bay mouth emergent bars so that the original bay is now occupied by swamps. Figure 39. Emergent baymouth bar and adjacent swamp. Sec. 1;, T 51 N, R th. 6h Some indication of the rate of retrogression can be shown by a study of the original General Land Office survey. Government lots in the vicinity of Silver City have'been cut back about 30 feet since 18h7.1 Both the east and west sections of this particular shore line are oriented NE-SN. The central section from the Porcupine Mountains to the Village of Ontonagon is oriented almost true EAfl. Submarine bars are found off shore east from Union.Bay. There are usually a series of three or four of these bars present but none are of the emergent type. Criteria Used to Classify Shore Types This classification system was fermulated to delineate shore types on the basis of their natural characteristics. No effort was made to evaluate the utilitarian potentialities of the shore line during the survey. Also, it was deemed advisable not to map shore types in the field but to only collect detailed data, sketches and photographs in the field stage. These data were subsequently plotted on a suitable, base map so that shore types could be established that would be consistent for the entire shore. Certain factors had to be arbitrarily selected, such as collecting data only out to the six.foot contour. These decisions were based on limiting survey conditions such as time, equipment and weather conditions. 1. Register of Deeds, Ontonagon, Michigan. 65 If this system of classification is scientifically executed, then the resulting shore types can be easily correlated with practical and aesthetic values. Shore types can then be rated for recreational de- velopment, erodibility, source of building materials and for all other uses. This system.of classification is much more useful than one with a single purpose such as suitability for swimming beaches or cottage sites. 3600 5,0: firm/m Q] 9001/01": line 1 [and 7-130 aMf —\ ”or-ml Mr Linc — ‘W L Apaches/v [a Figure ho List of Criteria Used to Classify Shore Types Agggbeach: that zone extending from.the normal water line out to a depth of six feet. 1“ 'Width -- feet . 2. Material Sand -- white (in the detailed shore type descriptions "sand" will mean white unless designated as black) Sand -- black 66 Gravel -- rounded Gravel -- flattened (sandstone gravel) Gravel -- mixed Sandstone slabs 6-18 inches (Maximum measurement) Sandstone slabs 18 inches-6 feet (Maximum measurement) Boulders 6-18 inches (diameter) Boulders 18 inches-6 feet (diameter) Sandstone bedrock Igneous bedrock Clay Silt Muck Peat 3. Surface Configuration Even lepe Submarine bars Large slabs Large boulders Stepped sandstone (horizontal strata) Upturned sandstone (vertical or tilted strata) Amphibeach: that zone extending from the normal water line inland to the base of the bluff or to the limit of storm.wave action if a bluff is absent. 1. ‘Width -— feet 2. Haterial (same as for Aquabeach) 67 3. Slope h. Vegetation S. Limmo-fluvial debris; trees, logs, timbers, net floats, cans, bottles, etc., originating from streams draining into Lake Superior, erosion of the lake shore, refuse from lake ships and loss from log and pulp rafts. This debris is thrown up on the Amphibeach by storm waves and frequently constitutes enough mass to materially affect the character of the shore type. Figure hl. Limno-fluvial debris. glgffz An almost perpendicular slope occurring along the landward lhnit of the Amphibeach caused by the active wave cutting of the land surface. 1. Height -- feet ‘ 2. Material -- Soil type names used to indicate that the bluff is cut from the associated substratum. 68 3. Slope -- degrees )4. Character -- Wave cut bluff Sand dune Ice rampart Wave cut berm 5. Vegetation 9.. Absent b. Stabilized -- vegetation growing “in situ' c. Vegetation slump -- A root mat of trees, shrubs or grass that has been undercut by wave action and which is hang- ing on the bluff by its intermeshed root systems. Mature trees are often held at an almost horizontal posi- tion . Figure h2. Vegetation slump. 69 gynastatic Line: Separates the dynamic zone of wave action from the static zone of unaltered land. It is located at the landward limit of storm wave action. Since there is usually a bluff present the location of the dynastatic line is easily determined. In some locations it is not easy to establish its exact position. Storm waves fre- quently throw material over low bluffs and baymouth bars. ‘Wind action may also carry sand over the crest of the bluff and even build miniature dunes. Adjacent Land type: The land area inland from the zone of wave action was designated as land types. A land type is defined as an area having similar associations of geomorph010gic forms, soil associations and vegetative cover.l’2 In the field survey of the shore line, aerial photographs are of the greatest usefulness. ‘With them it is always possible to plot data accurately and they also serve as a source of measurements. Two sets of photographs taken about ten years apart serve to indicate changes in the shore line. Photographs taken during northwest storm periods are helpful to indicate the presence of submarine bars and rocks on the Aquabeach. Any sortie taken two days to two weeks after a heavy rain will be of very limited value in locating shallow water features. The streams draining into Lake Superior carry a heavy load of reddish silt and clay especially 1. Soil Survey of 0ntonagon.County5 Michigan. 2. Soil Survey of Gogebic County, Michigan. 70 after a rainstorm. This suspended material is caught by the easterly littoral current and the discolored area is sometimes five to seven miles wide along the shore. During, and for a few days after, any northern storm, the water level is raised by the accumulation of water translocated by the surface horizontal current initiated by strong northerly winds. Southern and western winds would have the effect of temporarily lowering the water level in this part of Lake Superior. In the winter and Spring ice action occurs. The ice is frequently three to four feet thick and some blocks piled up on the shore are 30 by 50 feet. Strong northerly winds force ice inland as much as 75 feet where a high bluff is not present and it may be piled 30 to ho feet high. I. Misery Bay Shore Type Total linear measurement -- 21.9 miles. I flak/7 of M's-cry Ba)! Shorefylbe alv/I 84 fccf ”Jada-rind ' \ Bar: 7R s-J inf ‘ I die? Aqvahca‘ «lu-Jufie/ ”M I 10-40 In! 7] fic/ic sand 8.»: 71 Figure hh. Misery Bay Shore Type. See. 10, T 53 N, R 37 W. This shore type is one of the most extensive types found in Ontonagon and Gogebic Counties. It is found only from Union Bay to Misery Bay. Aguabeach: Varies in width from 100 to 300 feet wide. Composed dominantly of white sand with some gravel and a few locations have sandstone slabs. This gently sloping beach has three to four well developed submarine bars, the first of which is about 60 feet lakeward from the normal water line. The mean slope is very gentle and probably does not exceed two per cent. égphibeach: Usually 20 to 30 feet wide but may reach a maximum of 50 feet. Com- posed of white sand with some gravel intermixed occasionally. Sandstone bedrock is exposed in a few places and some sandstone slabs may be found. The slope is approximately one foot rise per ten feet of width. 72 Bluff: Generally two to six feet high with a slope of 80 to 90 per cent. The material is Wallace sand substratum which has a well develoPed, thick dark brown hardpan. This hardpan is often mistaken for bedrock. Figure hS. Fragments of I'Hard pan" on belch. Adjacent Land Type: . Wallace and Saugatuck sand. This land type consists of low parallel relic sand bars with intervening swales which are sometimes occupied by swamp. These relic sand bars are 30 to 10C feet wide and their crests rise 15 to 50 feet above their adjacent swales. There are usually three or four of these relic bars remaining along the shoreline. They were laid down on a sloping lake terrace, so that each successive bar, passing in- land, is slightly higher than its lakeside neighbor. This is a retrograde shore type and the bluff is slowly moving inland. Consequently the 73 location of the bluff varies in relation to the relic sand bars. The dynastatic line may fall on the crest of a relic bar or on either side or even cut into a swale. Figure h6. Showing cross section of a relic sand bar. The forest cover is usually a mixture of paper birch, aspen, red maple, ash, elm, white spruce, hemlock and balsam fir. Frequently there are pure stands of white birch and aspen found on this land type. Occasional groves of white pine are also present. Minor Associates: At the mouths of the larger rivers there is evidence of dune forma- tion. The coarser suspended material is dropped when it enters the lake. The littoral current is also interrupted by the river current and drops part of its load. Subsequent wave action moves this material to the Amphibeach where it drys and is subject to wind erosion. 7h Figure h7. Dune formation at mouth of Misery River. Micro-features: ‘Wind erosion -- when the bluff is cut into'Wallace and Saugatuck substratum, loose sand is often blown up over the bluff and deposited as a miniature dune. It completely covers the ground vegetation. Figure h8. Sand deposited by wind on crest of bluff. 75 Berm -- Storm waves carry sand from the Aquabeach and deposit it on the Amphibeach, raising its level as much as four feet. After the storm, normal wave action cuts these temporary berms out and carries the sand out into the lake again. The bluff, if it is low, may be completely obliterated by the berm resulting from a storm of high intensity. Usual- ly this berm is removed within a few days by normal wave action. Figure h9. Bern being removed by normal wave action. Figure 50. Bern three feet high being removed by normal wave action. 76 Figure 51. Close up view of berm showing stratification. Emergent Barrier Bars -- The littoral current is strong enough to keep barrier bars erected across the mouths of all the drainage ways. Streams found in this shore type have emergent bars across their en- trances. The water dams up in the river mouth until it overflows the bar and cuts a temporary channel for itself. During most of the year these streams are dammed. Field observations indicate that the spits always started to form on the west side of the stream entrance and closed toward the east to form an emergent barrier bar. Temporary prograding shore -- Certain sections of the shoreline are partially protected from northwest storms but are subject to northeast storms. The easterly littoral current keeps these areas filled with sand most of the time. Northeast storms remove this temporary Amphibeach and cut the bluff back. Figure 52. Sand 'spit" at mouth of Misery River. Figure 53 . Emergent barrier bar at mouth of Sleeping River. 77 78 Figure Sh. Limno-fluviel debris. Sec. 6, T 53 N, 12381». Limno-fluvial debris -— Floating debris could be dismissed with a simple remark that it is of a temporary nature and therefore not important. Field examination of the shoreline indicates that there is a correlation between the orientation or protection of a beach and the amount and perman- ance of floating debris. Shoreline with a northwest-southwest orientation always have considerable amounts of debris present. Some beaches used for recreation have been cleared often but the task has to be repeated every season. Shore line with a east-west orientation have little debris present. Artificial structures -- Jetties have been constructed at the mouth of the Ontonagon River to protect the channel from littoral drift. The area west of the jetties has been filled in with sand and now extends 300 feet into the lake. Figure 55. Limno-fluvial debris. Sec. 31;, T 51 N, R how. Figure 56. Liane-fluvial debris not present on protected beach. Sec. 10, T 53 N, R 37 W. 79 80 The railroad leading east from Ontonagon has been threatened by shore line recession and cribbing has been installed with coarse mine rock back fill to protect the tracks. The logs used are two to three feet in diameter and some of the mine rock is three feet in diameter, Stabilization of the shoreline is apparently a difficult problem. Figure 57. Cribbing along railroad at Ontonagon Subtype Ia. Union Bay Shore Type Total linear measurement -- 3.9 miles. This subtype is distinguished from the Misery Bay Shore Type by a more narrow Aquabeach, a wider Amphibeach and a higher wave cut bluff. These differences are probably a result of the steeper sloping wave cut lake terrace. SL157)? e Ia 3ke7‘c/z of Union Bay J/mre 7);: fie/ic J‘am/ Ear: B/u// r-zo feef \ Z'J fn/ ‘fnr Sub numb" 6." Ayua‘tach Ito-10M A! Much 1 Figure 58 Figure 59. Union Bay Shore Type. Sec. 15, T 51 N, R ha w. 81 82 Aquabeach: Varies in width from 100 to 150 feet with low submarine bars start- ing about 60 feet from the normal water line. The material is dominantly sand with occasional patches of gravel and infrequent outcrops of bed- rock. A shape of five per cent is common. Amphibeach: Normally 30 to 50 feet wide, composed of sand, with a slope of one foot rise per ten feet in width. Bluff: Five to twenty feet high, with a sloPe of 80 to 90 degrees and com- posed of“Wallace and Saugatuck sand substratum orVWatton clay substratum. Land type: Chiefly Wallace and Saugatuck sands which occurs as relic sand bars. Watton.Land Type is a lake plain which lepes gently downward toward the lake. The present forest cover consists of paper birch, aspen, red maple, elm, alder, basswood, white spruce and balsam fir. Subtype Ib. Mineral River Shore Type. Total linear measurement -- 1.2 miles. This shore type is related to the Misery Bay Shore Type in that the Aquabeach and Amphibeach are similar but a bluff is absent and the adja- cent land type is different. I Jul/”6c 16 Nlhora/ River slur! 75¢»: : Bertr- 5 \ flewfin luv/7}!” {Jun-p) \Jfld' lufi/‘en sly If- I 0 {def Figure 61. Mineral River Shore Type. Sec. 7,T51N,Rh1w. 83 8h Agugbeach: Varies from 150 to 200 feet wide with a series of submarine bars starting at about 60 feet from the normal water line. The material is consistently sand. Agphibeach: Only 15 to 20 feet wide and it could be called a berm, in that it is wave deposited. Its crest is higher than the adjacent land type. The slope averages about two feet rise per ten feet of width. Bluff: None present. Quite frequently wave action cuts a "nip" into the her- that may be two to three feet high. Adjacent Land Type: Newton Sand Land.Type —- This is a level swamp land type composed of poorly drained to wet sand lying about two feet higher than the lake. The vegetation is dense and consists of alder, willow, yellow birch, red.naple and.some aspen. ' Only two short sections of this shore type were designated. Both are found at the mouths of larger streams. It is possible that this sand is recently deposited in the area swept by the migratory stream channels where they enter the lake. There are a few low sand bars found in the vicinity of the river mouths. II. Iron River Shore Type Total linear measurement -- 6.5 miles. 85 H Iran Ever Slur-e pf: 50-»- lano/ a e - “figural-Jab». M \quf Ayva ‘csch m an 5:} Awe/lite.“ Ir- do fill Figure 62 Figure 63. Iron River Shore Type. Sec. 8, '1' 51 N, R MN. The principal characteristics of this shore type is a bedrock Aqua- beach, bedrock Anphibeach with a thin veneer of gravel and sandstone 86 slabs, a gravel and slab berm and a low level land type of thinly covered bedrock. The sandstone and shale strata are in a horizontal position. Aguabeach: One hundred to one hundred fifty feet wide, cut from horizontal. strata of sandstone and shale, the mean slope is about four per cent but it is not a continuous smooth slope. Slabs of rock are removed from the strata by wave action so that a cross section of the Aquabeach simu- lates a series of irregularly spaced steps. Very little fine material such as sand or gravel is present. Large slabs are present and they some- times project above the water surface. Amphibeach: Fifteen to twenty feet wide, composed of stepped sandstone and shale with a thin veneer of coarse gravel and slabs. Bedrock is frequently exposed. The mean slope is about one and one-half foot rise per ten feet of width. Very little limno-fluvial debris is found on the Amphibeach. High storm waves probably clear the gravel and some of the slabs from.the Alphibeach exposing bedrock . Bern: A gravel and slab berm is common in this shore type. Its crest is usually about three feet above the level of the adjacent land type. No vegetation is present but debris is concentrated on its crest. Adjacent Land Type: The adjacent land type is most commonly the sandstone phase of Watton clay. The soil is only one to three feet thick and lays quite level. 87 There are some sections of the shore type with exposed Sandstone Bedrock, Newton sand, andeallace Saugatuck Land types. Forest cover is dense and consists of red maple, alder, elm, yellow birch, aspen, white spruce, hemlock and balsam fir. Minor Associate: One short section of this shore type consists of a baymouth bar and an adjacent land type of swamp. The shallow bay is now filled with swamp, some of which is of the floating mat variety. Host of it has alder and conifer forest vegetation. The muck and peat is probably not over five feet deep and is presumed to overlay bedrock. Figure 6b. Gravel and slab berm. Sec. 9, T 51 N’,Rth. Micro-feature: At the mouth of Black Creek (T 53 N; R 37 U; Sec. 16) a peculiar berm formation was noted. This creek is dammed by a gravel barrier bar 88 and the berm is very prominent on the east side but normal on the west side. The berm on the east side is five to six feet high and sharply ridged with a total width of about 20 feet. Figure 65. Berm at month of Black Creek. Sec. 16, T 53 N, R 37 w. III. Lone Rock Shore Type Total linear measurement -— 8.1 miles. ‘ [in Lane Rec/r J‘I‘Ior: 7;: e Nquiy 7;”0“ In I ‘ Benn —\ (—51.7. \_ m In! 1 4: M l ‘ {at ‘7" Ayuo‘eazli loo ficf L— AMMI'éfla‘h Inf-20 figf Figure 66 ' I 89 Figure 67. Lone Rock Shore Type. Sec. 17, T 51 N, R 1.3 w. This shore type is associated with tilted sandstone and shale strata and prominent features of old glacial Lake Nipissing. Aggabeach: Approximately TOO feet wide, cut from sandstone and shale which is tilted five to fifteen degrees toward the north. The mean slope is about Six Per cent but it is not smooth. Large blocks have been removed from “‘9 Strata leaving an irregular angular surface. There are a few large slabs On the Aquabeach but no sand or gravel. Some of the more resistant “mu project above the water surface but Lone Rock is the only large offshore feature. It lies approximately 300 feet offshore, projects eight feet above the water level and has an area of about one-quarter acre. Figure 68. Lone Rock Agghibeachx Usually only 15 to 20 feet wide, composed of gravel, slabs and bed- rock. The slope is about one and one-half foot rise per ten feet of Width. Stem waves probably clear the gravel and 8.811 slabs exposing bedrock . Bern; A low born about two feet high is common for this shore type. It is °°lposed of gravel and slabs and comonly covered with limno-fluvial debris . LL“ 'aCent Land Type: Adjacent to the Anphibeach there is a terrace about 100 feet wide which is a remnant of the glacial Lake Nipissing terrace. It is level 91 and the tilted rock strata have only a very thin veneer of Watton clay covering it. Bedrock outcrops are common in this area. Inland from the terrace is the Lake Nipissing bluff which is about no feet high and has a slaps of I45 degrees. The area inland from the bluff is composed of indistinct benches of Watton clay. Forest cover consists of a dense stand of aspen, paper birch, sugar maple, elm, yellow birch and basswood with some spruce and balsam fir. Minor Associate: In Section 17, '1‘ 51 N, R h3 W, there is about a one-half mile of share type consisting of a gravel and slab baymouth bar. This bar is about 50 to 60 feet wide. Its crest stands about five feet above the Surface of the lake and about four feet above the surface of the adjacent "amp which now occupies the shallow bay. The Aquabeach is composed largely of tilted sandstone and shale with a veneer of gravel along the normal water line . Figure 69. Gravel and slab baymouth bar. Sec. 17, 'r 51 N, a low. 92 Subtype IIIa. Tiebel Creek Shore Type Total linear measurement -- 2.7 miles. 3066'}: E}; 77e6e/ Cree! I‘d-e 7);: '5‘,“ ' u: in.“ g‘ “ h" to f ' B/v” ‘.’°M_-\ “a, ‘ 3-3 50‘ L Aph‘mfi mfief‘ r \— An/‘Axlucé a-Is'fuf Figure 70 Tiebel Creek Shore Type is very similar to the Lone .Rock Shore Type except that it has a well developed bluff. AQuebeach: Approximately 100 feet wide cut from sandstone and shale which is tilted five to fifteen degrees toward the north. The mean slepe is about 81:: Per cent but it is not smooth. Large blocks have been removed from the strata leaving an irregular angular surface. There are a few large Slabs on the Aquabeach but no sand or gravel. Some of the more resistant strata project above the water surface. W222 Ten to fifteen feet wide, composed of gravel with occasional slabs and bedrock. The slope is about one and one-half foot rise per ten feet 93 of width. Some limno-fluvial debris collects at the base of the bluff. Bluff 2 Six to ten feet high, cut into reworked lake clay with a slepe of 80 degrees . merit Land Type: Inland from the bluff is an 80 foot terrace which is a remnant of the glacial Lake Nipissing terrace. It is level and composed of Watton clay. Forest cover consists of aspen, paper birch, sugar maple, elm, yellow birch, basswood and some white spruce and balsam fir. The Nipissing bluff is cut from Walton clay, has a slope of 115 de- grees and stands about 1.0 feet high. Subtype IIIb. Porcupine Mountains Shore Type Total linear measurement -- 7.5 miles. 5056,60 Ml Arcufine ”em/cm: Juan y}: ”I I}: 0' firm: ¢ * h f ‘ fit! 1 J A’s-lad mm. MT \1_ :luf daft/knot Jb-vofiuf Figure 71 This subtype is characterized by a bedrock Aquabeach and Anphibeach. 9h Figure 72. Porcupine Mountains Shore Type. Sec. 27, T 51 N, R hb W Aguabeach: Approximately 100 feet wide, cut from sandstone and shale which is tilted 10 to 20 degrees toward the north. The mean slope is about six ,per cent but it is not smooth. Large blocks have been removed from the strata leaving an irregular angular surface. There are a few large slabs on the Aquabeaeh but no sand or gravel. Some of the more resistant strata project above the water surface. Amphibeacha Thirty to forty feet wide, cut from sandstone and shale bedrock, With a slope of about one foot rise per ten feet of width. No sand or gravel is present but there may be a few slabs present. 9S Bern: Three feet high, composed of gravel and slabs. Usually there is a considerable amount of limno-fluvial debris present. Adjacent Land Type: Adjacent to the.Amphibeach there is a level terrace 100 feet wide. This terrace is a remnant of the glacial Lake Nipissing and is composed of tilted sandstone and shale with a very thin veneer of'Watton clay. Bedrock outcrops are numerous. Forest cover consists of a sparse stand of aspen, paper birch, red maple, elm, yellow birch, alder, white spruce and balsam.fir. Inland from the terrace is found the Nipissing bluff which is cut from Watton clay, has a slope of 1:5 degrees and stands about 140 feet high. Forest cover consists of a dense stand of aspen, sugar maple, elm, yellow birch, basswood, white spruce and balsam fir. Minor Associate: At one location there is an outcrop of sandstone conglomerate. This is a thick strata and produces a slightly different shore type when eroded by wave action in that the exposed bedrock is rounded instead of angular . Small pocket beaches of gravel are found between the outcrops of sandstone conglomerate bedrock. 96 Figure 73. Sandstone conglomerate outcrop. Sec. 23, T 51 N, R 13 w. Figure 7b,. Pocket beach. Sec. 23, T 51 N, R Low. 97 IV. Montreal River Shore Type Total linear measurement -- h.0 miles. 12- Monfrea/ River f/Iore 7;,6: MMH (/0, -fl Jfi '-J"\\-—J-—‘— I_--._-‘___r- -.I" B/u/[fl-u/uf\ U/z/urneJ fem/tin: anal J'ln/c Figure 76. Montreal River Shore Type. Sec. 11, T 148 N, a 1:9 w. 98 This shore type is unique in that it does not have an Amphibeach and has a vertical bluff that is 60 feet high in places. AgLabeach: Seventy-five feet wide, cut from upturned sandstone and shale strata with a mean slape of eight degrees. The rock surface is very irregular and angular due to the upturned strata of rock being cut back by wave action. Soft strata are hollowed out while the more resistant strata stand up in sharp relief. Slabs were common but no gravel or sand was observed . Anphibeach: Usually absent . suns: Forty to sixty feet high, composed of upturned sandstone and shale with a sloPe of 80 to 90 degrees. In this area the Watton clay is about 20 feet thick and a 60 foot bluff would consist of 20 feet or reworked lake clay overlying an almost sheer bluff of rock which varies from 20 to ho feet high. Adjacent Land Type: Indistinct lake benches of Watton clay which rise successively higher to the south. Forest cover consists of paper birch and aSpen. EEO? Associate: IThe mouth of the Montreal River is almost entirely blocked by a 99 gravel barrier bar. At the time of field inspection there was a very narrow channel through the bar but after a storm it is probable that this bar is continuous across the mouth of the river. Behind the gravel bar, the valley is filled with sand and silt which is possibly of fluvial origin. Figure 77. Barrier bar at mouth of Montreal River. V. Fourteen Mile Point~§hore Type Total linear measurement - 5.9 miles. Y Fourl‘een Ni/e P-inf Share 77./:- Rc/fc qu/ Bar: BIG!” J“! [Eff W H !-.1 fnf fwd—l].— PL—‘WgLJ 1 M5 In“ ‘ 9" LAWN-Mad: II-Jc flef Figure 78 100 Figure 79. Fourteen Mile Point Shore Type. Sec. 8, T 53 N, R 37W. Figure 80. Fourteen Mile Point Shore Type with thin veneer of sand and gravel on Amphibeach. Sec. 19, T 52 N, R 39 W. The principal features of this shore type is a bedrock Aquabeach, a thinly veneered bedrock Amphibeach and a low bluff cut from horizontal strata of sandstone and shale . lOl Aggabeach: Seventy-five to one hundred feet wide cut from horizontal strata of sandstone and shale with a slaps of six per cent. There are only a few slabs present on the Fourteen.Mile Point and the'Wolf Point sections but a thin sand and gravel veneer is present on the three western sections. Slabs of rock have been removed from the horizontal strata by wave action so that a cross section of the.Aquabeach simulates a series of irregularly spaced angular steps. Amphibeach: Ten to thirty feet wide, cut from horizontal strata of sandstone and shale with a slepe of one foot rise per ten feet of width. Only a few slabs and some gravel are present on the Fourteen Mile andeolf'Point sections but the three western sections may be completely covered by a thin veneer of sand and gravel. Very little limno-fluvial debris is present. Bluff: Three to five feet high, cut into horizontal strata of sandstone and shale with a slope of 60 to 90 degrees. The upper portion of the bluff is usually composed of Wallace and Saugatuck sand orVWatton clay. Adjacent Land Type: The adjacent land type is most generally Wallace and Saugatuck sand occurring as low relic sand bars. There are also some areas of very shallow Watton clay, bedrock outcrops and swamp. 102 Forest cover consists of either an aspen, paper birch stand or a dense stand of red maple, elm, alder, white birch, white spruce, cedar and balsam fir. Artificial Structure: For many years a boat dock was maintained at Fourteen Mile Point. A crib of large logs was anchored to the bedrock and filled with rock and although much of this crib has been worn away, part of it is still intact. Figure 81. Cribbing at Fourteen Mile Point Lighthouse. VI. Black River Shore Type Total linear measurement -- 10.9 miles. The distinctive features of this shore type is a gravel and sand Aquabeach and Amphibeach in conjunction with a steeply sloping bluff that attains a height of 60 feet. No bedrock is encountered. s on A I B/ac" River 550:? 7}]:6 W # (3!: Bench B/vff 40‘6flficf—\ ‘A—flmrfiv. (out Auckccfi lufuf‘ 141"”!ch JD fi-f Figure 82 Figure 83. Black River Shore Type. Sec. 3, T 119 N, R h6W. 103 10h Aggabeach: One hundred feet wide, with submarine gravel and sand bars and a mean slope of six per cent. No bedrock was observed. Agphibeach: Thirty feet wide, composed of gravel and sand, with a slope amount- ing to one and one-half foot rise per ten feet of width. Very little linno-fluvial debris was observed at the base of the bluff. Although the bluff is cut from reworked lake clay, no clay or silt was found on the Amphibeach. 'Wave action can easily carry away all clay and silt which is deposited out in the lake at greater depths. As the bluff is undercut, slumps occur, but they are quickly eroded away. No bedrock was observed. 9.123: A prominent bluff is present which varies in height from he to 60 feet with a sIOpe of hS to 80 degrees. Seepage is common and probably is a significant factor in slumping. The material is lacustrine clay, silt and fine sand which.has been reworked by wave and ice action. Vegetation slump is common. The vegetative root mat of trees, shrubs and grass slowly slides down the bluff when it is finally detached from the crest of the bluff. Trees found on the bluff are always standing at an angle normal to the bluff. If they had grown "in situ' they would be perpendicular to the earth.surface. No bedrock was encountered. Subtype VIa. IMontana Creek Shore Type Total linear measurement -- 7.8 miles. SAW. Ea Mnfana Creek figure 72/6: B/uf’fh- «R ‘ flu-f } I fink I’DI‘COKII rrt‘nf g— [Wilcogfi JO-vofn/ Figure 8b Figure 85. Montana Creek Shore Type. Sec. 25,.T hB N, R b8 W. This shore type has a bedrock Aquabeach and Amphibeach but the bluff is cut from reworked lake clay. 106 Aggabeach: Seventy-five feet wide, cut from sandstone and shale strata that are tilted 60 to 80 degrees toward the lake and having a.mean lepe of eight per cent. The s10pe is composed of irregularly spaced angular steps. Parts of the more resistant strata project above the water. No gravel or sand was observed but there were large blocks and slabs of rock present. Anphibeach: Thirty to forty feet wide, cut from steeply tilted sandstone and shale.' The slope is uneven and angular with sections of the tilted strata standing in sharp relief. Only a few slabs and some coarse gravel is found on its wave swept surface. Sections of the lake clay bluff fre- quently slump down on the.Amphibeach but it is quickly eroded away by wave action. nus: Thirty to forty feet high, cut from reworked lake clay with a 810pe of 80 degrees. Seepage is common and slumps occur frequently. The sur- face is too unstable for vegetation to grow 'in situ” but vegetation slump sometimes covers sections of the whole bluff. AdJacent Land Type: Indistinct benches of Watton clay parallel the shoreline. The surface of the bench adjacent to the lake is well dissected by streams flowing into Lake Superior and the average slope is approximately five per cent rising to the southward. 107 Forest vegetation consists of sugar maple, hemlock, elm, basswood, yellow birch, white spruce and balsam fir. Subtype VIb. Little Girls Point §h9re Type Total linear measurement -- 1.1 miles. 5gb»: It. #269. Girl: 3,-"7‘ J36." 7,7,6: “61,51: Ch] [ah Bans/I Bin/f Mfr 1-1 {a} M FQ’“ i r Ayah-«i m m/ 'l \J— A-ymuu «WM Figure 87. Little Girls Point Shore Type. See. 32, T h? N, R 11,8 W. 108 The principal characteristics of this shore type is a gravel Aqua- beach and Amphibeach with a prominent bluff cut from reworked lake clay. Aguabeach: One hundred fifty feet wide, composed of gravel with a mean slope of four per cent. There are a series of submarine gravel bars beginning at about 60 feet lakeward from the normal water line. figphibeach: Forty to eighty feet wide, composed of gravel and having a slope of about one-half foot rise for each ten feet of width. Very little limnc- fluvial debris was observed. Gravel barrier bars block all the streams draining into the lake. These bars are frequently four to six feet higher than the lake level and dam.the streams until they overflow the bar thereby cutting a channel to the lake. Figure 88. Barrier bar at mouth of Ikwesen Creek. 109 Bluff: Ten to twenty feet high, cut from reworked lake clay, with a $10pe of 70 to 80 degrees. Vegetation slump is common, with most of the trees being oriented normal to the bluff. Adjacent Land Type: The adjacent indistinct lake benches are composed of Watton clay. Numerous streams have cut V-shaped trenches and thoroughly dissected the lower benches next to the lake. Forest cover along the lake shore consists principally of paper birch with some aspen . Subtype VIc. Lake View Shorelype Total linear measurement -- 1.0 mile. syli‘yfiem—C lake Mew $54»: 7; c Mfu- C/C/ lake BOMA alvf/ J-lo fic)‘ —\ 1-4 ’03} L“ J. \_ [gyms hat/I 73" feel An’h‘dc “1‘ l5" 30 fee, _.-________..q. __._.._ vi __.._____ . Figure 89 Figure 90. Lake View Shore Type. See. 32, T h9 N, R hBW. This shore type has an Aquabeach cut from upturned sandstone and shade strata, a narrow gravel and bedrock Amphibeach and a bluff eight to ten feet high cut from reworked lake clay. Agfibeach: Seventy-five feet wide, out from sandstone and shale strata that have been upturned to almost a vertical orientation. The mean slape is about five per cent and there is only a thin veneer of gravel near the normal water line . w: Fifteen to thirty feet wide, composed of gravel and bedrock and having a slope of about one foot rise per ten feet of width. There was very little limno-fluvial debris present. lll Bluff: Eight to ten feet high, cut from reworked lake clay, with a sloPe of 80 degrees. The wave cutting process must be slower on this shore type, because there are trees growing on it four to six inches in diameter that are perpendicular. Adgacent Land Type: Indistinct lake benches of Watton clay parallel this shore type. The land immediately adjacent to the lake is dissected by streams. Forest cover consists chiefly of paper birch and aspen. General Remarks on Lake Shore of Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties l. The Aquabeaches of bedrock shore types have steeper gradients than other shore types . 2. The Amphibeach associated with bedrock types is narrow or in some cases absent. 3. Sand beaches are found only in sheltered locations or where wave action is cutting into land of a sandy nature. h. Limno-fluvial debris collects only on sheltered beaches. 5. The littoral current in this part of the lake is strongest and most consistently to the east. '6. Retrogression is taking place along nearly all of the shore line. m JIME J‘UflVEY WWW and cow's/c CWT/[J “HM/V an. nu: Whom—5,3...» awn-M542...» I-hhvunr”. Eta-bot any... 34»- no- mama—.15.. Wlfi- Amp-v film-mu u." r”. "Wfl'flrhr’. t-r-a. (“Ad-vhf.” ”Omar-7),. W'rMM-“vy W's-mMA-uhap «shirt-Ar u...“— 7;». j 1‘... mm a 74.n— _._r nun ..., (6‘00 0"”?! ":3: turf/7m. A J'w’ 0 5-0-0] (lo—J“ 1' (Moral {Io-a6- and run—I .’ 50.4!“ J“ (5“b0‘t" a" 5M0 504'... M " ”Av-l: —-— (M) 1"“ ---(M; w' ......e... a \v .;'>. 112 113 Explanation of Lake Shore Survey Map This map shows primarily the location and extent of the various shore types that were established. For ease of presentation the shore line of Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties was divided into three sections. Data presented on.map: l. The large Roman numerals (I-VI) indicates Shore Types. 2. Offshore from the shoreline of each section of the map there is a second image of the shoreline drawn, this is labeled "Normal Water Line". Plotted on this image shoreline is the pertinent data that was used to delineate the individual Shore Types: a. The width of the Aquabeach and its dominant material. A scale is attached to indicate width in feet and capital letters indicate material. (The scale represents horizontal measurements.) b. The width of the Amphibeach and its dominant material. A scale is attached to indicate width in feet and capital letters indicate material. (The scale represents horizontal measurements.) c. The height of the Bluff is plotted and there is a scale attached to indicate height in feet. The area representing the height of the Bluff has been cross-hatched to accentuate it. (The scale represents vertical measurements.) It is possible to analyze any Shore Type or section of a Shore Type merely by visually transferring its location to the offshore image. From this image the pertinent details for the Aquabeach, Amphibeach and Bluff can be quickly determined. 11h 15. Survey of Inland Lakes of Gagebic and Ontonagon Counties The number of lakes present, their variable character, their degree of utilization and their distribution makes it difficult to evaluate them fer even an extensive management plan. It is assumed that they can be grouped into classes with similar characteristics. In effect, this primary classification represents an extensive type of inventory that should be useful planning the future use of these lakes. Procedure A complete list of all lake characteristics was first compiled. Sur- veys have been.made of some of the larger lakes, but only meager data are available for others. The most determinate criteria available for all lakes were selected for this study: area, shape, maximum depth, bottom type, per cent shoal, vegetation, fish SpeCies, inlet and outlet. Criteria Area -- The area of each lake was taken from reliable lake surveys or planimetered on aerial photographs. Area is the most reliable criteria of the classification and is given in acres. Discrepancies undoubtedly exist in the cases of lakes with fluctuating water levels, adjacent areas of swamps, chain lakes or lakes with wide inlets or outlets. Even this quantitative characteristic is affected by arbitrary decisions. Shape -- The shape categories used are very simple and were designated after studying aerial photographs of the lakes. Round -- (with extension or constriction) Oval -- (with extension or constriction) llS Oblong -- (with extension or constriction) Chain Channel These shapes apply to present water surface and not to the original basins of the lakes. Maximum depth -- The maximum depths of the surveyed lakes were easily obtained from the contour maps, but in the remaining cases the data was less accurate. Sources of information varied from the Official Recreation Map of Gogebic County to local and personal experience. In many cases the tabulated maximum.depth is no more reliable than a guess. In Appendix A, which is a summary of all the criteria, the questionable depth data is indicated.with an asterisk. The maximum depths is given in feet. Bottom type -- Bottom types were divided into five main categories: muck, silt, sand, gravel and rock. In most instances, two or more of these types are present in a lake. The predominant type is listed first with secondary types listed accord- ing to their importance. The questionable bottom type data are indicated with an asterisk. In.many instances the character of the bottom observed near shore constitutes the only available data. Per cent shoal -- All lake area with less than 10 feet of water was arbitrarily designated as shoal. In the locality under consideration plant growth seldom exists in quantity in depths of more than.10 feet of water. Several lake survey sheets were planimetered to determine the per cent of shoal and the remainder of the surveys were estimated using the planinetered lakes as checks. The per cent shoal of the unsurveyed lakes was estimated with the aid of aerial photographs and field observations. 116 Since many of the observations were made early in the spring, before floating or emergent plants had.matured, some of the estimates are possi- bly low. All estimates made without the aid of surveys are indicated with asterisks. Some of the estimates so indicated are quite accurate, especially those near<3% or 100%. Vegetation -- Data on vegetation were collected in the field. The accuracy of these data are dependent upon the time of the observations, accordingly those observations made later in the summer are more accurate than those of early Spring. Practically all of the data on vegetation are marked with asterisks, indicating that it is the least reliable criteria used. Accurate data on vegetation would be a highly useful criteria, but the vegetation data available for this classification can not be considered accurate. Three degrees of vegetation density on the shoal were recognized: sparse, medium, and abundant. Nearly all the observations were made from the lake shore with the aid of aerial photographs. Fish species -- Some data on fish species were collected in the field _ from local people and by personal fishing trips. Few of the lakes have been thoroughly sampled and the only published sources of information feund were the 'Michigan.Lakes and Streams Directory"1 and the ”Official Recreation Map of Gogebic County".2 ' Only five species of fish were considered in this study; trout, pike, bass, bluegills and perch. They were listed for each lake according to l..Michigan.Lakes and Streams Directory, Michigan Department of Con- servation, l9hl. 2. Official Recreation Map of Gogebic County. 117 their dominance. Some lakes have only one dominant species while other smaller lakes have no game fish present. Inlet and outlet -- The existence of an inlet or outlet to a lake was easily determined for most of the lakes by examining available surveys and.maps. Additional information was obtained from aerial photographs. Doubtful instances, such as swamps, are indicated.with asterisks. Classification -- Four classes were arbitrarily established with approximate ranges for each of the criteria: area, shape, maximum depth, bottom type, per cent shoal, vegetation, fish species, inlet and outlet. A representative sample of lakes were tentatively classified into these four classes. After this trial was completed it was feund that many corrections had to be made for the original ranges of the criteria. Summary of Criteria Area -- Area does not appear to have any significance except for the lakes of’Class h, which are consistently under 25 acres in size. Class h lakes would include all of the old or senile lakes and they could be ex~ pected to have the smallest areas. As can readily be seen, by examining Appendix.A, small size, as a single factor, does not indicate a Class h lake. There are many small lakes in Classes 2 and 3. Class 1 lakes are usually of more than 75 acres in area but they could not be separated from Class 2 and 3 lakes by this criteria alone. Shape -- Class h lakes are either oval or round and could be due to the filling processes which tend to smooth off any irregularities that may have existed in its shoreline. As a lake approaches extinction its shape tends to become circular. Shape does not appear to be a very ~§- a‘ukKi-o 118 :ossoo sossoo soasoo cease 3mm soapso son now sossoo so: one: haamsm: pmasH mwflsmosflp maamm scopes .mmmn ammo: nosan .noaom .nmwn exam «amen oxHQ .psoap weaved» swam pneumonm op owned» nuance op museum shaman summon soapmpomo> . ROOHIOm mmmncz moanON mmm amps: Hsosu ammo pom sous pawn axons Mods spasm pad» .Hm>mam «pawn mam» Eoupom same onsm smog omnmfl some om:mm pupa no smog co spams assess: mason no Hm>o . wsoano no Hm>o manmfiam> Hosanna no wsoapo madam memos mw some: oHannw> hHoEosoNo manmwam> haosoaexe means 0» hobo send : sagas n cacao N wmdflo H andHU Magda ho mamm¢qo mach Ema mo «HmmBHmo_mOh nmsufiqmm WMDA¢> mmB m0 Hm<225m 119 Classification of the Lakes of Gogebic and Ontonagon.Counties, Michigan Area Shape Masinum depth Bottom type Per cent shoal Vegetation Fish Species Inlet Outlet gggebic County Beatons Clark Dutch Emelene High Little Oxbow Ontonagon.County Michigan Pond Tanlund Class 1 Usually over 70 acres Usually oblong or channel 60 feet or more sand, gravel, silt under 35% Sparse Primarily trout or pike usually none more frequently than inlet 120 Class 2 Area Extremely variable Shape variable [Maximum. 35-50 feet Bottom type sand, muck Per cent shoal 20-h0% Vegetation sparse Fish species bass, pike Inlet not common Outlet quite common Gogebic County Allen Anderson Austin Bay Big Bingateau Big Mosquito Boot Castle Catherine Cisco Crampton Crooked (Sect. 3: hh-ho) Crooked (Sect. 1h: hh-hl) Crystal Deer Island Dinner Duck East Bear FishHawk Gaylord Gflimmer Glass Grace Horseshoe Jane Joyce Julia LacView Desert Ontonaggn County . Bass Bond Falls Basin* County'Line Lindsley Little Bateau Little Duck Little Presque Isle Little State Line Long (Sect. 1: hh—hl) Long (Sect. 1: hh-hZ) Loon Lost (Sect. 21) Mamie Marion Mary Moon Moosehead Norwood Ormes. Plum Poor Rangeline State Line Sun Tamarack Taylor Tcnderfoot Thousand Island West Bay West Bear 'White Fish Molls Victoria Basin* Deadman GOgebic Mirror i'Water level fluctuates widely Area Shape Maximm depth Botton.type Per cent shoal . Vegetation Fish species Inlet Outlet- Gogebic County Bass Beaver Dam Beaver Station Big.African Big Marsh Birch Bluegill Bobcat Brown Carlson Cat Chaney Clover Corey Cox Coyote Crane Crystal Damon Deeryard Dorthy Doyle Ontonagon.County Blair Butterfield Camp Lake Clark Courtney Class 3 Extremely'variable usually oval or oblong 15-30 feet muck, sand ho-8S% Sparse to medium bass, perch, bluegills seldom common Dwarf Eagle Flicker Grass Hay Hattie Helen Henry Hoist Iskote Jay Jennings Katherine Katie Kickapoo King Kividera Kunsche Langford Lillius Little Bass Little Beatons Erickson Hemlock Little Dwarf Little Finger Little Langford Little Lois Little Moon Little Mosquito Louise Lumber Jack Miller Minnow Mishike Moraine Opal Ottawa Papoose Perch Peter Pigeon Pine Pomeroy‘ Porcupine Pygmy Johnson (Sect. 27: h7-39) Six Mile Steusser 121 Rainbow Raspberry Record Richard Rickles Ridge Roache Round Scout Snyder Softwater Sucker Teds Threelakes Central Trapper Twin Cranberry South Whistler 'White Wilson Class h Area Usually under 25 acres Shape ' usually oval or round Maximum depth 3-30 feet Bottom.type muck Per cent shoal 80-100% Vegetation sparse to abundant Fish species none, bass, perch, bluegills Inlet few Outlet usually @gebic County Alige Hook Basin Hotti Beaver Ice Bluegill Indian Bluejay' Joann Buck Kettle Burnt Lake 35 Camp Larry Clearwater Little African Cup Little Pomeroy Dellies Lost (Sect. A: h8-h7 Duck Lake on the Hill Elbow Elsie Feather Fleury Florence Fox Foxpaw Gallager Gennain Hartley Hawk Haywire Heart Heron Ontonagon County Behlow Duck Goose Jack Pine Johnson (Sect. 2: hl-38) Lake 19 Lost (Sect. ll) Lynx Marell Marsh Mink Mud Muskrat North Springs Orchard Osprey Pat Perch Pine Pint Plymouth Lake of the Clouds Lily Pond Mattie Pendock Pond Pine Robbins Pond 122 Queen Range Redboat Rogers Scaup Sophy South Twin Spirit Spruce Summit Sunday Taps Three Lakes North Three Lakes South Thrush Tri Trout Turtle Twin Cranberry North Twin Pups East Twin Pups West wellington Wilsons Spring Wolf Storms Suddens Union Springs weidman : bliJ 123 reliable criteria for any of the four classes of lakes. Oval and round lakes are dominent in Class h but they are also found in the other three classes of lakes. [Maximum,depth -- The maximum depth decreases evenly from Class 1 lakes to Class h lakes. It is apparently a very reliable criteria, for little overlap is present between classes. Maximum depth becomes more significant when considered in conjunction with per cent shoal. There are certain lakes that are comparatively shallow over their entire basins, but have one deep spot that may be 60 feet or more in depth. In these cases, the maximum depth.present was not weighed as heavily as the per cent shoal. Bottom type -- There is a distinct variation in the bottom types of the four classes of lakes. There is a tendency for’Class l lakes to have vsand bottoms and this is gradually lost in Classes 2 and 3 until the bottom becomes 100% muck in many Class h lakes. Per cent shoal -- The per cent shoal increases from less than 10% in some Class 1 lakes to 100% for many Class h lakes. The percent of shoal iJIClass 2 and 3 lakes may overlap considerably. The upper percentage range of‘Class l lakes is often similar to the lower percentage range of Class 2 lakes. Class 3 and h lakes have distinctive percentage ranges of shoal. Vegetation -- The value of this criteria shows very little correla- tion with the different classes of lakes. Sufficient data was not avail- able to completely utilize this factor. It seems probable that there should be a high degree of correlation for this criteria if complete lake 12h data were available. Partial observation from the shore offers only a very limited approach to this source of data. Fish species -- The classification indicates that each class of lakes have varied fish populations but that each class is dominated by a certain species: Class 1 lakes -- trout or pike Class 2 lakes bass or pike Class 3 lakes bass, perch and bluegills Class h lakes -- none, bass, perch, bluegills There are many exceptions to this generalization. If Appendix.A is examined, it will be seen that many Class h have trout. This can.probably be explained in.most instances by the fact that either the inlet or outlet is a trout stream, the trout migrate into the lakes during early spring and return to the streams as the lakes warm up. Inlet and outlet -- The presence of a free flowing inlet or outlet is apparently of little consequence in this classification. In this region most of the filling is accomplished by the accumulation of organic material. Soils - The soils type in which each lake occurred was originally tabulated. No correlation was noted, so this data was not included in Appendix:A. If all the small lakes and ponds were included in this study, there would be some correlation between soil type and Class of lake, in that the outwash plains are in part pitted and have numerous small bog and tarn lakes. Numerical Summary of Lakes Total number of lakes 262. 125 Class 1 lakes 9 3.b% of total Class 2 lakes 6h 2h.5% of total Class 3 lakes 96 36.6% of total Class h lakes 93 35.5% of total Most of the lakes have reached maturity or old age. Examination of aerial photOgraphs of the area indicates that many former lakes are now extinct. Occasionally, the genetic sequence, lake to pond to swamp, may be observed occurring in very close proximity. Conclusions 1. This is a start toward a better classification. 2. It represents one approach to classification with the data avail- able. 3. A more exacting classification could be made if detailed contour maps of each lake were available. Practical Value of this Classification From a land use viewpoint this classification has some value, in that 90-95% of the lake side cottages in the two counties considered have been built on the shores of Class 1 and 2 lakes. The classification.would be of some value for recreational inventory and planning purposes. PART III SOILS OF GOGEBIC AND ONTONAGON COUNTIES Soils develOped from similar parent materials, but having different profile characteristics due to difference in drainage, are known as catenas. These catenas are closely correlated with land tyPBS‘WhiCh were delineated during a survey conducted in the period l9h6 to l9h9, inclusive. Michigan State College, the Department of Conservation and the United States Department of Agriculture c00perated in making the land type survey. The soil names used in this study are not necessarily the same as those selected during the final correlation of soil names by soil scientists of the United States Department of Agriculture. Major soil catenas: 1. Iron River Catena 2.‘Watton.Catena 3. Ontonagon.Catena h. Bohemian Catena 5. Rubicon Catena 6. Kennan Catena I. Iron.River Catena A. Iron.River silt loam (well drained) B. Tula Silt loam C. Skanee silt loan D. Adolph loam (poorly drained) 127 A. Iron River silt loam Figure 91. Iron River silt loam. T 19 N, R h5w, Sec. 29 SE 1/h. Figure 92. Iron River silt loam. T is N, R usw, Sec. 29, SE 1/u. 128 Iron River silt loam T h9 N, R as w, Sec. 29, SE 1/h 2 to 0 inches, black loam (7.5 YR 2/0 moist*), crumb mor structure. 0 to h inches, pinkish gray (7.5 YR 7/2 to 6/2 moist), silty fine sand, fine crumb structure. pH 5.0 h to 18 inches, dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/b moist), silt loam, very fine crumb structure. pH h.5 18 to 28 inches, reddish brown (5 YR h/h moist), silty loam, compact till. pH 5.0 28 to 31 inches, pale red (10 R'6/2 moist), loamy fine and medium sand, compact platy till. pH h.5 31 inches +, pale red (10R 6/3 moist), loamy fine and medium sand to clay loam, cemented compact till. pH 5.0 Note: Very stony throughout complete profile. Slope e 3% to 20% Virgin cover — Either sugar maple or hemlock dominant with basswood, yellow birch, elm, white Spruce, white cedar and some white pine and ash. The ground cover under virgin forest consists of woods ferns, sarsaparilla, viola, false solomons seal, bed straw and occasionally a bunch of grass. ‘Windthrow is very common, especially in areas that have been Opened up by logging Operations, roads or farmclearing. Root distribution is shallow and it is not uncommon to see windthrown trees with a disk of soil 12-18 inches in thickness clinging to the root system. The upturned root system may have a diameter of 15 feet. Reproduction on this land type after logging is usually excellent. On burned over areas aspen may be dominant but hardwood Species are usually present as an understory. *’- Symbols represent Munsell color notations. 129 B. Tula silt loam Figure 93. Tula silt loam. T h8 N, R hh.W, Sec. 2, SH l/h. Figure 9h. Tula silt loam. T he N, R hhw, Sec. 2, 9:1 1/h. 130 fidasfltlbmg Location: T h8 N, R hh w, Sec. 2, SN l/h 2 to 0 inches, dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/2 moist), loam, crumb structure. 0 to 3 inches, pale red (10 R 6/3 moist), silt loam, crumb structure. 3 to 12 inches, yellowish red (5 YR h/9 moist), silt loam, compact fine crumb. 12 to 18 inches, reddish brown (5 YR h/6 moist), silt loam, massive compact till. 18 to 20 inches, brown (7.5 YR 5/L moist), silty fine sand, massive till. 20 inches +, weak red (2.5 TR 5/2 moiSt), loamy fine sand to loam, compact cemented till. Note: Usually stony throughout profile. Mottled be- low 12 inches. _ SlOpe - 0% to 3% Virgin cover - Red maple, yellow birch, balsam fir, white spruce, hemlock, white cedar, black spruce, elm, black ash, tamarack, basswood, alder and willow. Reproduction, even in the remaining virgin stands, is much more dense than on the better drained Iron River silt loam soils. Co Skanee silt loam Location: T 1:6 N, R 116 W, Sec. 18 h to 0 inches, very dark brown, peaty organic mat. pH 5.0 O to 3 inches, pinkishawhite silt loam, weakly fine plated, friable. pH h.0 3 to 20 inches, moderate yellowish-brown silt loam, weakly blocky to ortstein. pH h.0 131 20 to 28 inches, light gray and reddish brown silt loam, platy, slightly cemented till. pH h.0 28 inches +, reddish-brown stony silt loam. pH 5.0 Note: Mottled below 6-8 inches. Ortstein common. Mineral soil usually stony. SlOpe - 0% to 3% Virgin cover - Red maple, elm, ash, white Spruce, balsam fir, cedar and some yellow birch with an occasional tamarack. D..Adolph loam Location: T h8 N, R h5 W, Sec. 28 3 to 0 inches, moss and mold 0 to 6 inches, black muck 6 to 11 inches, mottled gray, silty fine sand, massive (cheese-like) 11 inches +, mottled pale red, silt loam, cemented till. Note: High water table. Mineral soil usually stony. SlOpe - 0% to 3% II. ‘Watton.Catena (Principal soils of the Ontonagon Lake Plain and Gogebic Lake Benches major natural land division) A. ‘Watton silt loam (fairly well drained) B. Tolfry silt loam (poorly drained) Profile descriptions: A. Watton silt loam ' Figure 95. Watton silt loam. T so N, R ho w, Sec. 35, NE 1/h, Nw 1/h. Figure 96. Watton silt loam. T so N, R No w, Sec. 35, NE 1/h Nw 1/h. 132 133 ‘Watton silt loam Location: T 52 N, R 38 W, Sec. 6, SE l/h 3 to 0 inches, very dark brown (10 YR 2/2 moist), granular mull humus. pH 5.5 o to 5 inches, pinkish gray (10 R 8/1 moist), coarse Silt loam, weak platiness. pH h.5 5 to 8 inches, reddish brown (5 YR 5/h moist) with flecks of light reddish brown (5 YR 6/h moist), silt loam, irregular medium granular. pH h.O 8 to 13 inches, reddish brown (2.5 YR h/h moist), silty clay loam blocks coated with pale red (10 R 6/3 moist) silt loam, blocky. pH h.5 13 to 22 inches, weak red (10 R h/h moist), silty clay loam, sub-angular to blocky. pH h.5 22 inches +, weak red (10 R 5/3 moist), clay loam, pseudo laminated and weakly plated. pH 6/0 Note: Not stony. Calcium carbonate may be present at 30 to 36 inches. Earthworms present in surface soil. SlOpe - 3% to 8% Virgin cover - Either sugar maple or hemlock may be dominant, with yellow birch, basswood, elm, white Spruce, balsam fir and some cedar. Frequently, pure stands of hemlock are found in this cover type. Occasionally, Specimens of ironwood and blue beech were found.in the understory. B. Tolfree silt loam Location: T 51 N, R 39 W, Sec. 6 2 to 0 inches, mull humus O to 8 inches, black, muck 8 to 1h inches, black, silt loam, coarsely granular. 13b 1b to 18 inches, olive brown (moist), silt loam, massive (cheese-like) 18 inches +, mottled weak red (10 R 5/3 moist), clay loam, massive. Notes: _Not stony. Organic layer of variable thickness. Slope - 0% to 3% Virgin cover - White Spruce, black spruce, hemlock, white cedar, tamarack with variable amounts of black ash, white pine, red maple, elm and aspen. III. Ontonaggn Catena (Principal soils of the Ewen Lake Plain major natural land division) A. Ontonagon silt loam (well drained) B. Ontonagon clay C. Bergland clay (poorly drained) Profile descriptions A. Ontonagon silt loam Figure 97. Ontonagon silt loam T 51 N, R 39 w, Sec. 18, SN l/h. Figure 98. Ontonagon silt loam T 51 N, R 39 w, Sec. 13, NE 1/h. Figure 99. Ontonagon silt loam T 51 N, R 39 W, Sec. 18, SJ l/h 135 Ontonagon silt loam Location: T 51 N, R 39 W, Sec. 13, NE 1/h 3 to 0 inches, dark gray, (5 YR h/l moist), silt loam, granular. pH 5 O o to 1/2 inch, light reddish brown (5 YR 6/3 moist), silt loam , granular . 136 1/2 to 5 inches, yellowish red (5 YR h/o moist), silt loam, fine crumb. pH 6.0 5 to 7 inches, light reddish brown (5 YR 6/3 moist), coarse silt loam, weakly platy. 7 to 25 inches, weak red (10 R 5/h moist), silty clay loam, sub-angular. 25 inches +, weak red (10 % 5/h moist), silty clay, laminated. Notes: Clay parent material contains calcium carbonate concretions. Not stony. Usually located near border of stream interfluves. Slope - 3% to 8% Ontonagon clay Fi e 100. Ontonagon clg T 8 N, R 39 w, Sec. 19, gl/h, 3d 1/h 137 u 2 O x I u < v D O a: QWOUNDVOOX Figure 101. Ontonagon clay T h8 N, R 39 W, Sec. 19, SJ l/h, SN l/h Ontonagon clay Location: T h8 N, R 39 W, Sec. 30, NW l/h 1/2 to 0 inches, dark reddish gray (5 YR h/2 moist), loose organic material, with light reddish brown (5 YR 6/3 moist), silty crumbs. pH 6.5 o to 6 inches, white to pinkish white (5 YR 8/1 to 8/2 dry), silt loam, platy. pH h.5 6 to 8 inches, light reddish brown to reddish brown, (5 YR 5/3 to 6/3, silty clay loam, sub-angular. pH 5.0 8 to 18 inches, weak red (10 R 5/h dry), clay, coarse blocky. 18 to 26 inches, weak red (10 R 5/2 moist), clay, coarse blocky. 26 to 38 inches, weak red (10 R 5/2 moist), clay massive with flecks of pink (5 YR 7/3 moist), calcium carbo- nate concretions. pH 8.0 38 inches +, weak red (10 R 5/2 moist), clay, massive, with pink (5 YR 7/3 moist) calcium carbonate con- cretions. 138 Notes: Effervescence starts at 23 inches. Not stony. Slope - 3% to 5% Virgin cover - White pine, white spruce, balsam fir and an occasions al cedar. Red pine was a dominant species in some stands. C. Bergland clay MWV‘W /.o ’1‘. flan 00. J7, 1.5. Figure 102. Bergland clay T he N, R 38w, Sec. 12, SE 1/h NW 1/h. MI E O a: I s) (. O O a: EWOlN-IDVGOX Figure 103. Bergland clay T he N, R 38 w, Sec. 12, SE 1/h Nw 1/h Bergland clay Location: T h8 N, R 38 W, Sec. 12,‘SE l/h, NW l/h 6 to 0 inches, black, well decomposed, muck O to 1h inches, black, clay loam, nut structure 1h to 18 inches, olive brown (moist) silty clay, massive (10 R 6/6 moist) 18 to 30 inches, light red, (10 R 6/6 moist), clay, very coarse columnar structure. 30 inches +, light red (10 R 6/6 moist), clay, massive Note: This location recently drained Slope - 0% to 3% Virgin cover — White spruce, black spruce, hemlock, white cedar, tamarack and variable amounts of black ash, red maple, elm and aspen. Bohemian Catena (Soils associated with several major natural land divisions) 1ho Bohemian very fine sand, silt and clay (fairly well drained) Brimley very fine sand, silt and clay Bruce very fine sand (very wet), silt and clay Bohemian very fine sand, silt and clay Figure 101;. Bohemian silt loam T 50 N, R 37 w, Sec. 30, NW 1/h Figure 105. Bohemian silt 10m ‘ T 50 N, R 38W, Sec. 9, center *_~_—-~ lhl Bohemian very fine sand, silt and clay Location: T 50 N, R.37'W, Sec. 30, NW 1/h 2 to 0 inches, black (5 YR 2/1 moist), crumb mor o to h inches, pinkish gray (5 YR 7/2 moist), silt loam, finely platy. h to 9 inches, yellowish red (5 YR 5/6 moist), silt loam, fine crumb. 9 to 21 inches, reddish brown (2.5 YR 5/h moist), silt loam , sub-angular. 21 to 31 inches, reddish brown to pale red (2.5 YR 5/h to 6/2 moist), silt loam, laminated. 31 inches +, light reddish brown (5 YR 6/3 moist), fine sand, laminated. Note: Slope - 0% to 3% except stream escarpments. Virgin cover - Sugar maple, hemlock, elm, basswood, yellow birch, white pine, white Spruce and balsam fir. Frequently, this soil type has a pure stand of hemlock or white pine and there is always more hemlock present than on adjacent areas of Iron River silt loam. B. Brimley very fine sand, silt and clay Brimley very fine sand, silt and clay Location: T 118 N, R 38W, Sec. 3, SJ l/h h to 0 inches, black, granular muck 0 to 12 inches, white (5 YR 8/1 moist), fine sand, very weakly platy. 12 to 15 inches, dark reddish brown (5 YR 3/2 moist), sandy loam, some granules and concretions. 15 to 28 inches, yellowish red (5 YR 5/8 moist), coarse silt and very fine sand mottled with reddish yellow (7.5 YR 7/8 moist), laminated. Figure 106. Brimley very fine sand T h8 N, R 38w, Sec. 3, SN 1/h Fi e 107. Brimley very fine sand ’1‘ Eng, R 38 W, Sec. 3, Si l/h 1112 ‘——~——-.. g.” ..f— I‘ ... lh3 28 inches +, reddish yellow and pink (5 YR 6/8 and 7/h moist), coarse sand. Note: Water table h-6 feet Slope - 0% to 3% Virgin cover - White spruce, tamarack, jack pine and some white pine. C. Bruce very fine sand, silt and clay ' ,‘K n '_...45.1 a! w .\ \.\ «..x xh\\ , ‘ A filing r» , , 7V ‘ .- ‘enel 1; ., fell". . \ -. . A u 1 n \7 K? _, ”...? Ch]. "' can . > x V 1 fi ~ ‘ g “...“.Hm. tin-Decr-vIOI-c—kplmllnr 1‘. ”ml"... ...-... «not... coma-1...»...M " ‘__ —" ’ ' 1 . j 3‘“ [mill-lulu) (plum) l .“M / ' here-e. DC 4 ‘ \, ,~ . lune-e In..." / ‘~ . e / , l/ V ~ .‘l. ‘A V ‘ ‘. \ A ,1 _> ,/'~ / / l h V K , f . :h “at. A “.11 I...“ 153 The soils of Gogebic and Ontonagon counties have develOped from glacial till and outwash deposits, glacial lacustrine deposits, a glacial lake comixture of till and lacustrine clay and possibly some loessial deposits or veneer. No residual soils were noted in either county. Along the shore of Lake Superior in Ontonagon County, there are areas where a thin layer of shale and sandstone gravel overlays shale and sandstone bed- rock. When first observed, these soils were thought to be residual, but the gravel appears to be wave deposited water worn gravel and there must have been a very thin smear of Watton parent material mixed with the sur— face gravel. Most of this gravel has almost completely disintegrated but the shape, color and texture of the individual pebbles can be observed in a carefully cut profile. Figure 116. Profile of Onota silt loam showing dis— integrated gravel overlying soft sandstone and shale. T 53 N, R 38W, Sec. 31;, NW l/h, NW l/h. A. The soils of the Iron River catena have developed on stony glacial till that has a silt loam to clay loam texture. These soils have been classified as podzols but could better be considered as brown forest soils 15b for they do not usually have a well developed bleicherde layer. The orterde is strongly develOped, especially in the lighter textured phases. The Gogebic soil type, which is a lighter textural associate, has a more characteristic podzol profile. A well developed G layer is found with the Iron River catena soils. Professor J. 0. Veatch has called this layer 'lixivium" and it is defined as a regional profile feature found in several different soils where compact clayey tills come close to the surface. It is a compacted, laminated, lighter colored horizon lying just above the clay parent. material. It may vary in thickness from 2 inches to 2 feet. Professor Veatch believes that this well delineated horizon was formed by percolat- ing water being held at the contact zone of unweathered parent material. Blanching occurs rather than eluviation. It is possible that this blanch- ing may be caused by reduction. Figure 117. Profile of Iron River silt loam showing well develOped "lixivium" at depth of 20 to 25 inches. T he N, R h? w, Sec. 6, SE 1/h, s» l/h. 155 The till underlying the soils of the Iron River catena is noticably compacted and may have a pseudo-laminated structure. Its texture is such that the weight of ice could easily have left it with horizontal structure. Pedologists in Wisconsin consider the silty surface of Iron River catena soils as a loessial veneer, but this theory is difficult to justify when such facts as the silt loam parent material, the dominant stoniness and the uniform thickness of the surface soil is examined and recognized.1 Surface soils are frequently heavier textured than initial field examinations indicate. The aggregated very fine crumb structure can be squeezed down between the fingers and becomes a silt or clay loam. These soils show a tendency to hold surface water from percolating downward. This is probably a reflection of the compacted parent material and possibly the G layer may stOp the percolation of water. B. The soils of the Watton catena are developed on what may be described as a comixture of till and lacustrine clays. These soils are confined chiefly to an even gently sloping plain along the shore of Lake Superior in Ontonagon County. It is possible that during the late stages of glacination this plain or rock shelf was covered by shallow imponded water. Drainage from the upland was to the north and originated in the morainic lands of the southern part of Ontonagon County and part of Gogebic County. The waters of this early drainage system probably carried a load of silt and very fine sand from the glacial deposits across the Ewen Lake 1. Soil Survey of Vilas County3‘Wisconsin,‘Wisccnsin Geological and Natural History Survey, p. 51. '4 'Wh '_.—ht ,1 ”*3. 156 Plain where it was mixed with clay and eventually this land was deposited as the Ontonagon Lake Plain. Portions of the Ewen Lake Plain are deeply trenched, eSpecially ad- jacent to the major drainage ways. In places the gorges are 1 1/2 to 2 ,miles wide and several hundred feet deep. The dissected portion of the Ewen Lake Plain now appears to be stabilized with stands of virgin timber growing on the steep sided gorges and ravines. It is also possible that during a period when the glacier was reced- ing, the initial drainage system carried clay, silt and fine sand into the area which is now covered by Lake Superior. A subsequent advance of the ice front could then have pushed this material back on to the Ontonagon Lake Plain where it was graded and leveled off by the imponded water. This theory is somewhat substantiated by the fact that Watton parent material is found on the north side of the northwest moraine in Gogebic County at heights 200 to 600 feet above present lake level. The clay loam parent material on the Ontonagon Lake Plain is remarkably uniform and its depth seldom exceeds 30 feet. It is easily distinguished from the clay material of the Ewen Lake Plain by its difference in texture, color and absence of laminated structure. Frequently, the parent material appears to be coarsely platy or pseudo laminated. This laminated structure may be due to the pressure exerted by the thick ice cap. At depths over five feet, the presence of free lime is quite equal to the parent materials of Watton and Ontonagon soils. Stones are found only infrequently in the subsoils of the Ontonagon Lake Plain. There are frequent smears of sand and several old gravelly beach lines which can be delineated over a 15? distance of 15 miles in some instances. Earthworms were present at all places where these soils were sampled. Common phases of Watton silt loam Figure 118. Watton silt loam. T 10 N, R h5 W, Sec. 5, SE l/h. Gogebic County. Stony--similar to Hibbing of Wisconsin. Closely related to Iron River silt loam. 158 Figure 119. Watton silt loam. T 50 N, R 37 W, Sec. 35, SJ l/h Ontonagon County. Few stones-— closely related to Munising. Figure 120. Watton silt loam. T 52 N, R 38 W, Sec. 6, SE l/h Ontonagon County. Influenced by sandstone and shale. kw rock fragments present in upper strata. Figure 121. Watton silt loam parent material showing concoidal blockiness of structure. T 52 N, R 38 W, Sec. 6, SE l/h Ontonagon County. C. The soils of the Ontonagon catena are feund in the bed of glacial Lake Ontonagon. This lake existed only for a relatively short geologic period of time, but a considerable thickness of clay, silt and very fine sand was deposited. Leverett stated that the maximum thickness probably approached 100 feet, but 50 feet would appear to be more appropriate. Islands of till are found within the boundaries of Lake Ontonagon and till supposedly underlays the whole area. The outcropping of till in forested areas usually has a dense growth of mixed hardwoods in contrast to the sparse stand of aspen which is found on the clay land. The parent material 160 is red, laminated clay which has free lime at the depth of four feet and nodules of lime at greater depths. Farther west in similar lacustrine clay, thin flat plates of lime are found. The laminated structure of this clay greatly impedes vertical movement of water and it is difficult to surmise how nodules could be formed. Figure 122. Parent material of Ontonagon clay and nodules of lime taken from T h9 N, R 39 W, Sec. 19, SN l/h, SJ l/h. The blocks of clay show white lime concretions. The nodules have been removed from their matrix of clay parent material. Limestone fragments in this area are extremely rare. Pieces of dolo- mite and fozzilized coral were found occasionally along the shore of Lake Superior. The fossils probably originated from Devonian and Silurian rock on the west side of Lake Winnepeg in Canada. ' 4 ‘lsraw 161 Figure 123. Parent material of Ontonagon clay and nodules of lime taken from T h9 N, R 39 W, Sec. 19, SN l/h, SJ l/h. The blocks of clay show white lime concretions. The nodules have been removed from their matrix of clay parent material. The soils of the Ontonagon catena are also classified as podzols but the leached A2 horizon is very thin and frequently absent. When found, the A; layer appears to be uniform silt and is sometimes referred to as a loessial deposit. No brown orterde layer is found in the clay soils. The Ontonagon silt loam soils have a well develOped leached A2 layer and a brown orterde. It is assumed that both soils developed from similar parent materials. The only factor of soil formation which could account for the a difference in surface texture is the degree of surface lepe. The silt soils appear to have developed on the more steeply sloping lands. D. Bohemian Catena. These soils are found on stratified silt, very fine sand and clay which is very well sorted. The texture of the surface is dependent upon the sequence of the various materials. Most frequently these soils are found on the side slopes of deep valleys or adjacent to ‘-~—~ .l. . .—r~: 162 major drainage ways. The stratification is horizontal and eliminates any possibility of wind deposition on the valley walls. If these major drain- age ways were suddenly flooded by a temporary advance of the ice front, they could have been filled with fine lacustrine materials which would differ considerably from the adjacent material. The absence of pebbles and stones indicates that this material was deposited in imponded water. Subsequently to the retreat of the ice, the valley could have been partial- ly scoured out again leaving very steep side slopes of stratified lacustrine sediments. The parent material of Bohemian Catena soils is classified as dangerous "frost heave" fill and subgrade foundation by highway engineers and is carefully avoided in road construction. E. Rubicon Catena. The soils of the Rubicon catena are usually medium sand are found on outwash or lake plains or on benches of major stream valleys. The Rubicon Sand Plain closely resembles a shelf of a lake on which wave action has thoroughly sorted out the clays and silts and left the sand. This plain is closely related to glacial Lake Ontonagon and is assumed to be merely a sandy portion of the old lake bottom. The extremely dry and extremely wet members of this catena have very weak orterde development but those soils that have been subject to a fluctu- ating water table (Au Train) now have thick ortstein layers. The ortstein layer may vary from one to five feet in thickness and is always irregular with thick tongues extending downward and tongues of bleicherde extending into the ortstein. 163 Figure 12h. Long profile section of Autrain sand showing irregular tongues of bleicherde and thick ortstein. T h8 N, R 39 W, Sec. 28, NE l/h, NE l/h. F. The soils of the Kennan Catena have developed on stony morainic material which is brown to grayish in color. The surface soil is silty in nature and has been attributed to loessial deposition by some pedologists and geologists. The silty nature of the soil and brown color can also be attributed to the influence of such basic rocks as shist, slate, diorite, basalt, diabase and arkose. There are also two other arguments against the theory of loessial deposition: It is most difficult to explain the presence of such large amounts of stones and boulders throughout the profile of these soils and it is also doubtful if loessial material could be deposited so evenly and remain almost uniform in depth. 16b The bleicherde is weakly develOped in these soils indicating that \ they could be considered as gray brown forest soils rather than podsols. The parent material tends to be much coarser under the Kennan soils than under the Iron River soils. This coarse material is not only com- pacted but appears to be cemented by some agent. G. Soil Associations or Land Types. The soil mapping program com- Pleted in Gogebic and Ontonagon counties was based on the principal of delineating land types rather than soil types. This theory of mapping was developed in Michigan chiefly by Professors L. R. Schoenmann and J. O. Veatch. The object in this particular approach to soil mapping is to delineate a natural land type, the characteristics of which are grounded not only on the soil but also on the geomorphology and edaphology of the land. It is assumed that this unit can be more readily utilized by agriculturists, foresters and game managers in the broad. field of land planning. The extensive utilization of land demands that large unit areas be co ~ nsiuered and. these are most freQuently composed of several soil types 11nd er Varying degrees of lepe and drainage. H The following chart is a summary of. the present cover found on the 801 . 1 types in the area under consideration and an indication of the pOSSible eco . loglCal factors affecting the correlation between land type and cover type . PART IV 166 PEESENT LAND USE ZLn.l9h9, the tax rolls of Gogebic and Ontonagon counties were reviewed and £1 map was prepared to show intent of ownership. The information coverus only surface ownership and it is assumed that mineral title of much (if the land rests with parties other than those shown. For con- venieruze, the intent of ownership was arbitrarily grouped into ten classi- ficatixlns. Listed below are the ten classifications of intent with leurger individual owners of record: 3-. Idational Forest - U. S. Government 2 . Private Forest - William Bonifas Connor Land and Lumber Co. Ahonen Lumber Co. Underwood Lumber Co. Roddis Lumber Co. Tula Forest Products Paul Stieger Marathon Corp. Von Platen Fox Torrey Cedar Co. National Container Corp. Abbot Fox Lumber Co. Rib Lake Lumber Co. White Pine Lumber Co. Northern Paper Mills Hines Lumber Co. Greenwood Lumber Co. Penegor Brothers German Lumber'Co. Diamond Lumber Co. Patten Fine Papers August Ruitila C. M. Christinson Co. 3 . County Forest - Gogebic County 1*. State Land - State of Michigan of ownership 167 5. Farm Land - Individual Farmers 6. Mineral Land - Iron - Hanna Iron Ore Co. Oliver Mining Co. Youngstown.Mining Corp. Reliance Land and Mining Co. Castile Mining Co . Copper - Copper Range Calumet and Hecla Cherokee Mining Co. Cass Copper Co. 7.. Speculation - Longyear Keweenaw Land Assoc. Porcupine Land Assoc. Chadbourne Land Co. Seymore Coleman John Hawley August'Wallen C. B. Barland Albany Pool and Co . John K. Jackson 0. G. Lemke Brooke First Wisconsin Trust Co. James E. Joyce and wife P. and J. Kelly Ford Motor Co. Batt Quello and Co. Belt Pool General Motors Julian Peletier . Gogebic and Ontonagon Land Assoc. {3. Public Recreation - State of Michigan Gogebic County Ontonagon County Municipalities 59. Private Recreation - Sylvania Club University of Notre Dame Club in Ontonagon.Co.. Various small holdings lc3.Water Power - Upper Peninsula Power Co. LEGEND FOR INDIVIDUAL ARMS lob Legend For Individual Areas 1. National Forest Area l-A South central part of Gogebic County Area l-B Eastern end of Gogebic County Area l-C North central part of Ontonagon County Area l—D Township 50 North, Range 37 West Area l-E Townships h8 and h9 North, Range 38 West Area l—F North of Bruces Crossing Area l-G Southeast part of Ontonagon County 2. Private Forest Area 2-A Northeast Gogebic County and northwest Ontonagon County Area 2-B Southwest part of Gogebic County Area 2-C South and east of Lake Gogebic Area 2-D Northeast part of Ontonagon County Area 2-E Southeast part of Gogebic County 3. County Forest Areas 3 u. State Land Areas h 5. Farm Land Area S-A North of Gogebic Iran Range Area S-B South of Gogebic Iron Range Area S—C Ewen-Bruces Crossing Area S-D South of Mass Area S-E Between the Village of Ontonagon and the Cepper Range 6. Mineral Land Area 6—A GOgebic Iron Range Area 6—B North of Gogebic Iron Range Area 6-C White Pine Area o-D Between the Ontonagon Copper Range and Lake Superior Area o-E Ontonagon Copper Range 7. Speculation Area 7-A South of Fourteen Mile Point Area 7-3 North of Berghland Area 7-C East of the north end of Lake Gogebic 8. Public Recreation Area 8-A That part of the Porcupine Mountains State Park lying in Gogebic County Area B-B Black River County Park Area 8-C Little Girls Point County Park Legend continued on page 170 169 P o ow E' HIP t’ ‘ FOR GOGEBIC 8 ONTONAGON COWTIES Zak-.51 , {‘57 '4 E. I! ¥ “3 mes an.“ . a: ~51 INTENT OF OWNERSflP FOR LEGEND GOGEEC 8 ONTONAGON NmP mm“. FWW I mmm. I immr. mum. mm; w mm. mm" nun-um - K 169 «luau.» . a . Tel/‘1‘.“ a I ..l-r Ptitfilic Recreation (Continued) Area Area Area Area Area Area Area Area Area Area 9. Private Recreation B-D 8-E S-F 8-G B-H 8-I 8-J B-K B-L B-M Area 9-A Area 9-B Area 9-C Area 9-D‘ Area 9-E Area 9-F Area 9-G Area 9-H Area 9-I 10 . Water Power Areas 10 Montreal River County Park Sunday Lake Park Lake Gogebic State Park Lake Gogebic County Park (Gogebic County) Lake Marion Forest Service Park Imp Lake Forest Service Park That part of the Porcupine Mountains State Park lying in Ontonagon.County Lake Gogebic County Park (Ontonagon County) Victoria Basin Park Bond Falls Basin Park Sylvania Club University of Notre Dame Preperty Hunting Club (Ontonagon County) Lake Gogebic Frontage Lake Superior Frontage, Little Girls Point Lake Superior Frontage, Black River Harbor Lake Superior Frontage, Gull Point Lake Superior Frontage, Green City to Village of Ontonagon Lake Superior Frontage, Sleeping Bay and.Misery Bay 170 -fltllnr I71 SUIT-EJiY OF INTrINT OF ONNERSHIP (IJGEBIC AND ONTONAGON COUNTIES, MICHIGAN (Based on acreage utilized) Intent of Use National Forest Private Forest County Forest State Land Farm Land Mineral Land Speculation Thiblic Recreation PI‘ivate Recreation Water Power \ Gogebic Ontonagon Gogebic and County County Ontonagon Combined 7% % % 28.9 23 .0 25.0 21.0 17.0 19.0 S .0 o .0 2 .o 7.0 6.0 6.0 10 .0 ' 20.0 15 .0 3.0 11.0 7.0 lh.0 10.0 12.0 1.0 h.0 3.0 10.0 h.0 8.0 0.1 5.0 3.0 The acreages and percentages for each use are only approximate and were computed by counting the sec- tions of land under each use as shown on the Intent of Ownership Map, page 169. :- 9' .._._. ... -..... _ 172 Evaluation of Land by Present Use Areas The land held under each intent of use was reviewed and classified ass to present value for agriculture, forestry, recreation and mining. £1]_]_'values are potential values for the uses listed above except that use tunxier which it is now being managed. Agricultural value is based only on the inherent character of the ENDIil and does not reflect the cost of clearing, location, marketability CJi? crops and other factors. Classification is based only on the area Ilrnder consideration unless specifically stated. Forest value is based on present value of the current forest cover IDINojected to maturity and reflects the character of information available <3c>ncerning the virgin cover of the land, site index and rate of growth. Recreational value is based on present value of the land for I7Eucreation and is intended to include values for cabin sites, hunting, fishing and aesthetic values. 1:. National Forest The U. S. Government lands in Gogebic and Ontonagon counties are in— Cillided,in the Ottawa National Forest, the boundaries of which will be thDroughly reviewed under Projected Trends of Land Use. This National FNDrwest was established in 1909 and land was acquired by purchase and ex- Change . Gogebic County - 213,520 acres 29% of total county Ontonagon County - 192,6h0 acres 23% of total county 173 Area A.1 That area of the Ottawa National Forest lying in the south ceeritral part of Gogebic County occupies land that would be classified as: 1. Third and fourth class agricultural land. 2. Second to fourth class forest land. 3. Third class recreational land; deer and grouse hunting, trout fishing and pan fish lakes. h. Fourth class mineral land - only a remote possibility of iron production in the possible eastern extension of the Gogebic Iron Range. Forest cover consists chiefly of second growth hardwood which is well stocked . Use is extremely extensive; production of saw timber is the ultimate ggc>al. No facilities for recreation are available except a weak road net- work . Management consists of fire protection and possible thinning and im- IDIWDvement cuttings. Management is considered to be extremely extensive. Area B. That area of the Ottawa National Forest lying in the east efllci of Gogebic County occupies land that would be classified as: 1. Third and fourth class agricultural land. 2. Third class forest land. 3. First class recreational land in the vicinity of lakes, otherwise it is third class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. \— 1. Refer to Intent of Ownership Map, page 169. 17A Cover consists of a heavily stocked stand of thrifty hardwoods. Intensity of use -- Some locations are used intensively for recrea- tion, fishing, camping and hunting. Primary use is production of saw timber. Management -- Chiefly fire protection and some thinning and improve- ment cuttings. During the thirties, some land was planted to conifers. Management is moderately intensive. Area C. That area of the Ottawa National Forest located in the north central part of Ontonagon occupies land that would be classified as: 1. First class agricultural land. 2. First and second class forest land. 3. Fourth class recreational land. A. Fourth class mineral land. The forest cover is mostly sparse aspen and some medium to well stocked hardwood reproduction. Intensity of use -- very extensive. Management -- fire protection. This management is considered to be extremely extensive. Area D. That area of the Ottawa National Forest located in T 50 N, R 37 W, occupies land that would be classified as: 1. Fourth class agricultural land. 2. Second and third class forest land. 3. Fourth class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. 175 Forest cover consists of conifer plantations and Sparse aspen on the sand plains and a well stocked stand of hardwood reproduction on the uplands. Intensity of use -- very extensive. Management -- fire protection and some release cutting. .Management is considered to be extremely extensive. Area E. That area of the Ottawa National Forest located in T N9 and AB N, R 38 W, occupies land that would be classified as: 1. Fourth class agricultural land. 2. Third class forest land. 3. Fourth class recreational land. A. Fourth class mineral land. Cover consists of many conifer plantations and aspen hardwood re- production. Intensity of use -- extremely extensive. Management -- fire protection and some release cutting. Management considered to be extremely extensive. Area F. That area of the Ottawa National Forest located north of Bruce's Crossing occupies land that would be classified as: 1. Second class agricultural land. 2. Fourth class forest land. 3. Fourth class recreational.land. h. Fourth class mineral land. The cover is predominantly poorly stocked aspen. 176 Intensity of use -- extremely extensive. Management -- fire protection and some release cutting. Management considered to be extremely extensive. Area G. That area of the Ottawa National Forest located in the southeast part of Ontonagon County occupies land that would be classified as: 1. Fourth class agricultural land. 2. Second and third class forest land. 3. Fourth class recreation land except some first class land around Bond Falls Basin. h. Fourth class mineral land. The cover is predominantly a well-stocked stand of hardwood repro- duction. Intensity of use -- extremely extensive. Management -- fire protection and some release cutting. Management considered to be extremely extensive. II. Private Forest GOgebic County - 123,200 acres 17% of total county Ontonagon County - 123,520 acres 15% of total county Area A. That area of private forest land located in northeast Gogebic County and northwest Ontonagon County occupies land that would be classified as: 1. Extreme east end -- First class agricultural land Remainder -- Third and fourth class agricultural land. 177 2. Second class forest land. 3. Fourth class recreational land except the Clark and Bass Lake area which is first class recreational land. A. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of over mature hardwood and hemlock stands and hardwood reproduction. Intensity of use -- extremely extensive. Management -- fire protection and cutting of saw timber and pulp. Management is considered to be extensive. Area B. That area of private forest land located in the southwest part of Gogebic County occupies land that would be classified as: 1. Third and fourth class agricultural land. 2. Second and third class forest land. 3. Fourth class recreational land. A. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of high graded hardwood hemlock stands and hard- wood reproduction. Intensity of use -- extremely extensive. Management -- fire protection and cutting of some timber and chemical wood. Management is considered to be extensive. Area 0. That area of private forest land located immediately south and east of Lake Gogebic occupies land that would be classified as: 1. Third and fourth class agricultural land. 2. Second and third class forest land. 178 3. Fourth class recreational land except that land located in the immediate vicinity of Gogebic Lake which would be first class recreational land. A. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of mature high graded hemlock hardwood stands and hardwood reproduction. Intensity of use -- extremely extensive. Management -- fire protection and cutting of saw timber. Management considered to be extensive. In recent years, the pulp and paper companies have been purchasing land in the agricultural area between Ewen and Bergland. Some of the land being acquired is abandoned farm land which has no forest cover present on it. Normally, this abandoned farm land would be purchased by farmers and incorporated in Operating farm units. The representatives of these companies state that these abandoned farm lands will be reforested with pulp species such as white Spruce. Apparent- ly, the pulp companies can offer higher prices for this land than adjacent farmers. Area D. That area of private forest land located in the northeast part of Ontonagon County occupies land that would be classified as: 1. Fourth class agricultural land. 2. Second class forest land. 3. Fourth class recreational land. A. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of hardwood reproduction and released understory of original hardwood hemlock stand. 179 Intensity of use -- extremely extensive. Management —- Some of the saw timber and pulp is being harvested and the land is to be managed for the sustained production of pulp. Management is considered to be intensive and efficient. Area E. That area of private forest land located in the southeast '~ “new part of Gogebic County occupies lands that would be classified as: 1. Third and fourth class agricultural land. 2. Second and third recreational land. t‘ 3. Some first class recreational land around the lakes and the remainder is fourth class recreational land. A. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of released understory of virgin hardwood hemlock ‘ stands, hardwood reproduction and overmature virgin hardwood hemlock. Intensity of use -— extremely extensive. Management -- moderately intensive. Improvement cuttings are being made and roads are being built to facilitate fire protection and management. III. County Forest GOgebic County - 35,720 acres (approximate) 5% of total county area The land occupied by the Gogebic County Forest would be classified as: 1. Third and fourth agricultural land. 2. Second and third class forest land. 3. Some first class recreational land in the vicinity of the flooded areas in the southwest part of the county. The remainder is fourth class recreational land. A. Fourth class mineral land. 180 ' The cover consists of hardwood reproduction. Intensity of use -- extensive. Management -- A forester has been hired by Gogebic County and a cutting program has been developed. IV. State land Gogebic County - 50,880 acres 7% of total county area . ‘ ....) n—u—rqm.gr Ontonagon County - h9,h20 acres 6% of total county area ’ These areas of state-owned land in northeast Ontonagon County have been dedicated as part of the Baraga State Forest. Sleeping Bay unit of Baraga State Forest. This land would be classi- fied as: 1. Third and fourth class agricultural land. 2. Third and fourth class forest land. 3. Second and third class recreational land. A. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of hardwood and swamp hardwood. V. Farm Land Gogebic County - 75,280 acres 10% of total county area Ontonagon County - 165,520 acres 20% of total county area Area A. That farm area located north of the Gogebic Iron Range in Gogebic County occupies land that would be classified as: 183 Area D. That farm land located south of Mass in Ontonagon County- occupies land that would be classified as: 1. Second class agricultural land. 2. Fourth class forest land. 3. Fourth class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. Intensity of use Based on area under consideration —- very intensive Based on State -- moderately intensive Based on U. S. -- moderately intensive Management - Agricultural methods -- fair Homes —- Below average for area under consideration. Below average for State Public Services —- fair Type of agriculture -- Dairy (one beef herd) Pasture management -— fair to good. Area E. That farm area located between the Village of Ontonagon and t11e Copper Range occupies land that would be classified as: 1. First class agricultural land. 2. Second class forest land. 3. Fourth class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. Intensity of use Based on area under consideration -- moderately extensive Based on State -- extensive 15b Based on U. S. -- moderately extensive Management -- Agricultural methods -- poor Homes -- Below average for area under consideration. Below average for State Public Services -- good Type of agriculture —- Dairy (one beef herd) Pasture management -— fair to poor VI. Mineral Land Gogebic County' - 23,120 acres (approximate) 3% of total county area Ontonagon County — 9h,920 acres (approximate) 11% of total county area The land indicated on the Intent of Ownership Map as being mineral land is probably incomplete. There is undoubtedly a significant acreage of mineral rights owned by mining companies that is not shown. The abstracts of each parcel of land would have to be examined individually to determine the ownership of its mineral title. Area A. That mineral land located on the GOgebic Iron Range occupies land that would be classified as: 1. Fourth class agricultural land. 2. Fourth class forest land. 3. Fourth class recreational land. h. First class mineral land. The cover remaining on the uncleared areas consists of hardwood second growth. 185 Intensity of use -- extremely intensive. Management -- excellent management for the production of iron ore from shaft and Open pit mines. Area B. That mineral land located north of the Gogebic Iron Range occupies land that would be classified as: 1. Second, third and fourth class agricultural land. 2. Second and third class forest land. 3. Some first class recreational land along the shore of Lake Superior but the remaining land is fourth class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of hardwood hemlock second growth, hardwood repro- duction and overmature hardwood hemlock. Intensity of use -- extensive. Management -- none except for limited cutting. This land is being held as a source of mining timber. Some of the timber is actually overmature but it is not being harvested by the mining interests for there is no demand at the mines for this timber at present. It represents such a small investment, in comparison to the developed mining properties, that the apparent loss due to overmaturity is inconse- quential. Area C. That area of land located in the vicinity of White Pine occupies land that would be classified as: 1. First class agricultural land. 2. First class forest land. lbo 3. Fourth class recreational land except for a small acreage near Big Iron River Falls. h. Third class mineral land. The cover on this land consists chiefly of young aspen and some hard- wood reproduction. The U. S. Forest Service planted some conifer planta- tions under the aspen present. Intensity of use -— One test shaft has been sunk on this mining prOperty to mine a commercial sample of the low grade ore. Negotiations have now been completed whereby the Reconstruction Finance Corporation of the United States Government will loan the COpper Range Company approxi- mately 58 million dollars to begin full scale commercial mining Operations. This land was originally part of the Ottawa National Forest. Before the COpper Range Company could develop their holdings at White Pine, it was necessary to extend the boundaries of their mineral holdings to include a large acreage of low grade ore. The United States Forest Service exchanged these lands to the State for other State holdings within Federal Forest units. The state in turn exchanged these same lands to the COpper Range Company for recreational lands located in the new Porcupine Mountains State Park. Area D. That area of land lying between the Ontonagon Copper Range and Lake Superior would be classified as: 1. First class agricultural land except that land lying inland in excess of 3 miles immediately south of Misery- Bey. This land is extremely dissected by deep ravines. 2. First class forest land. 3. Fourth class recreational land h. Fourth class mineral land. 187 The cover on the western lands consists of aSpen reproduction with some hardwood intermixed. Those lands south of Misery Bay have been mostly cutover leaving a fair stand of hardwood second growth. Intensity of use -- extensive Management -- None except for contracting for cutting Operations. This land is probably the residual part of the original extensive holdings of mineral interests and is being held only long enough to capita- lize on the original timber and then it will be diSposed of. Area E. That area of land lying on the Ontonagon County COpper Range would be classified as: 1. Fourth class agricultural land. 2. Third and fourth class forest land. 3. Fourth class recreational land. h. Third and fourth class mineral land. Intensity of use -- very extensive Management —- none The use of this land has been described in the section covering the history of the area under consideration. In a truly economic sense, this land has never been productive, for the amount of the investments for exploration and mining has exceeded the value of the copper produced. There still remains a remote possibility that the COpper will be mined eSpecially if the Government subsidizes the price on a cost plus basis. Therefore, the mining companies will continue to hold this land as long as taxation is at its present low rate. Even if the surface title is sold, 188 it is assumed that the mining companies will reserve the mineral title in perpetuity. VII. Speculation Gogebic County - 82,600 acres 11% of total county area Ontonagon County ~ 66,0h0 acres 6% of total county area This classification was established to include those land owners who apparently have no specific intent of ownership other than possible future benefits through increased value. These owners sell their timber or their prOperty when the price offered is appropriate. Area A. That area of land located south of Fourteen Mile Point in Ontonagon County is owned by the Ford Motor and would be classified as: 1. Second and third class agricultural land. 2. First and second class forest land. 3. Fourth class recreational land except Lake Superior frontage which would be first class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of second growth hardwood and hemlock. Intensity of use -- extensive Management -- none The present policy of the Ford Motor Company indicates that this land will be sold. Area B. That area of land north of Bergland would be classified as: 1. First and second class agricultural land. 189 2. First class forest land. 3. Fourth class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of some overmature virgin hardwood hemlock stands, some second growth hardwood and some hardwood reproduction. Intensity of use -- Since l9h0, several large companies have been actively engaged in cutting timber in this area. Utilization of all stand- ing timber seems to be the ultimate goal. Saw timber is first removed, then the pulpwood is cut and later the chemical wood Operators take all that is left. These lands are part of the original land grants which were deeded by the Federal Government for the construction of railroads, military roads and ship canals. The intent Of ownership map still shows the alternate section or "checkerboard pattern" that originated in the days when the Federal Government traded land for the develOpment of a transportation sys- tem. These lands are owned almost entirely by the Keweenaw Land Association and the Longyear Estate and mineral ownership is usually reserved when land is sold or exchanged. Management consists of little more than occasional examination to prevent trespass. Area C. Those lands located on the east side of the north end of Lake Gogebic, on the west side of Lake Gogebic, extending westward to Wakefield where a thin arm of ownership extends down to Van Buskirk, 190 Wisconsin, and thence northwest of Wakefield to Lake Superior would be classified as: 1. Third, fourth and second class agricultural land. 2. Second and third class forest land. d 3. Fourth class recreational land except for frontage on Lake GOgebic and Lake Superior which would be first class recreational land. The cover consists chiefly of hardwood and swamp hardwood.reproduction with some second growth and overmature virgin hardwood hemlock. Intensity of use -- Since l9hO, logging companies have been active on these lands cutting all types of forest products. These lands are owned primarily by the Longyear Estate and the Keweenaw Land Association. Management consists of occasional examination to prevent treSpass. VIII. Public Recreation ‘ Gogebic County — 10,6h0 acres (approx.) 1% of total county area Ontonagon County - 35,320 acres (approx.) h% of total county area Area A. That part of the Porcupine Mountains State Park lying in the northeastern part of GOgebic County would be classified as: 1. First and second class agricultural land except that land lying within 1/2 mile of Lake Superior which is dissected by deep ravines. 2. First and second class forest land. 3. Fourth class recreational land except that narrow strip of land on the shore of Lake Superior and a narrow strip of land on each side Of the Presque Isle River which would be first class recreational land. 191 h. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of hardwood reproduction and some hemlock second growth hardwood. There is a small grove of virgin hardwood hemlock timber at the mouth of the Presque Isle River. Intensity of use -- Extensive except at the mouth of the Presque Isle River and at the falls near the mouth of the Presque Isle River where use is intensive. Management -- Facilities for picnicking and trails are maintained by the State of Michigan. This area is to be managed as a wilderness park. The State maintains a staff of several full-time employees at this park. Gogebic County first develOped this area as a park. The County Road was extended to within one-quarter mile of the lake and a trail and foot bridge were constructed so that visitors could hike to the island at the mouth of Presque Isle River. Area B. Land occupied by the Black River County Park would be classified as: 1. Fourth class agricultural land. 2. First class forest land. 3. First class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. There is gravel available but it has not been utilized to any great extent. The cover consists of hardwood reproduction and some virgin hardwood hemlock at the mouth of the Black River. Intensity of use -— Intensive, there is an excellent picnic park and fishing boats use this harbor. Management -- A large picnic area with indoor eating facilities, restrooms, ice house, marine gas station and dock facilities are maintained by Gogebic County. A camping site with indoor cooking facilities and rest- rooms was built OVer 10 years ago, but it is seldom used and is deteriorat- ing rapidly. The county maintains a full-time caretaker at this park. Area C. The land occupied by Little Girls Point County Park would be classified as: 1. First and fourth class agricultural land. 2. First class forest land. 3. Second class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of overmature hardwood hemlock in the picnic area and along the county highway with second growth hardwood hemlock on the undevelOped land. Intensity of use -— Moderate -— This park is used very little in comparison with the Black River or Presque Isle River parks. Management -- This park has not been maintained at the same level as the Black River Park. Many of the tables and benches have rotted into a state of uselessness. The county maintains a full-time caretaker at this park. Area D. The land occupied by the Montreal River County Park would be classified as: 1. Second and third class agricultural land. 2. First class forest land. 193 3. Third class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of second growth hardwood hemlock. Intensity of use -- extensive. This park is seldom used now. The area originally cleared is begin- ning to grow up with hardwood reproduction. Area E. The land occupied by the Sunday Lake Park would be classified as: 1. Second and third class agricultural land. 2. Second class forest land. 3. First class recreational land. h. First class mineral land. The cover in the intensive use area consists of virgin hardwood. Intensity of use -- very extensive. Management -— An artificial beach was constructed on this lake for bathing and a trailer park and large picnic area is also maintained at this park. Area F. Lake Gogebic State Park occupies land that would be classified as: 1. Third class agricultural land. 2. First class forest land. 3. First class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of virgin hardwood hemlock. 19h Intensity of use -- intensive. Management -- A large camping area and a picnic area are maintained as this park by a full time caretaker. Area G. The land occupied by the Gogebic County Lake Gogebic Park would be classified as: 1. Third class agricultural land. 2. First class forest land. 3. First class recreational land. A. Fourth class mineral land. There is probably some gravel underlying part of this park property. The cover consists of second growth hardwood hemlock except in the use area where the cover is virgin hardwood. Intensity of use -- intensive. Management -- This picnic area and fishing dock are maintained by a full-time caretaker. Area H. The land occupied by Lake Marion Forest Service Park would be classified as: 1. Fourth class agricultural land. 2. First class forest land" 3. First class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of virgin hardwood hemlock. Intensity of use -- intensive. IManagement -- This camping and picnic area is managed by the District Forester and his staff. 195 Area I. The land occupied by the Imp Lake Forest Service Park would be classified as: 1. Fourth class agricultural land. 2. First class forest land. 3. First class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of virgin hardwood hemlock. Intensity of use -- extensive. Management -- This camping and picnic area receives a limited amount of care from the District Forester and his staff. Area J. The land occupied by that portion of the Porcupine Mountains State Park located in the northwest part of Ontonagon County occupies land that would be classified as: 1. Fourth class agricultural land except the east end which would be first class agricultural land. ' 2. First class forest land. 3. Third class recreational land except the land adjacent to Lake Superior, Lake of the Clouds and Mirror Lake which is first class recreational land. h. The rock outcrOp areas would be third class mineral lands and the remaining area would be fourth class mineral lands. The cover consists of hardwood reproduction and hardwood hemlock second growth. Intensity of use -- Extensive except that area immediately adjacent to Mle7, Union Bay, Lake of the Clouds and the skiing area which would be very‘intensive. 196 Management -- A system of foot trails and over—night cabins are ‘being constructed to connect the points of interest in this park. High priority has been given to the construction of a ski area, ski tow and 'warming shelter. ne Park Staff have been aided in these projects by a large crew of prisoners from Marquette State Prison. Area K. The land occupied by the Ontonagon County, Lake Gogebic Park would be classified as: 1. Third class agricultural land. 2. Second class forest land. 3. Second class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of second growth hardwood hemlock timber. Intensity of use —- extremely extensive. Management -- none. Area L. The land occupied by the Victoria Basin Park would be classified as: 1. Fourth class agricultural land. 2. First class forest land. 3. First class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of second growth hardwood hemlock timber. Intensity of use -- moderate. LManagement -- The Upper Peninsula Power Company maintains a Small picnic area and boat landing for use by the public. 197 Area M. The land occupied by the Bond Falls Basin park would be classified as: 1. Fourth class agricultural land. 2. Second class forest land. 3. First class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of second growth hardwood Spruce timber. Intensity of use -- intensive Management -- A picnic area and restrooms are maintained by the Upper Peninsula Power Company. IX. Private Recreation Gogebic County - h7,h80 acres 7% of total county area Ontonagon County - 12,560 acres 1% Of total county area Ownership of land for recreational use is not new to this area, but it is in its infancy. The potential area of future development is exten- sive and of high quality in comparison with the State average. Area A. The land occupied by the Sylvania Club in southwestern Gogebic County would be classified as: 1. Third and fourth class agricultural land. 2. First class forest land. 3. First class recreational land. This club prOperty includes several of the best lakes in Gogebic County. h. Fourth class mineral land. 198 The cover consists of hardwood reproduction and hardwood second growth timber with some virgin hardwood hemlock timber. Intensity of use -- extensive. Management -- There are several palatial summer homes, artificially stocked trout lakes and duck marshes that are managed and patrolled by a staff of full—time caretakers. Area B. The land occupied by the University of Notre Dame property would be classified as: 1. Fourth class agricultural land. 2. Second class forest land. 3. First and second class recreational land. A. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of hardwood and aspen reproduction. Area C. The land occupied by the hunting club in the southern part of Ontonagon County would be classified as: 1. Third and fourth class agricultural land. 2. First class forest land. 3. Third class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. The cover consists of hardwood and aspen reproduction and hardwood second growth. Intensity of use -- extensive. Management -- A caretaker looks after the cabins on this club prOperty. 199 Area D. The private recreational land adjacent to Lake Gogebic would be classified as: 1. Third and fourth class agricultural land. 2. First and second class forest land. 3. First class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. Intensity of use -- intensive. Management -- Private summer homes. Area E. The private recreational land in the vicinity of Little Girls Point would be classified as: 1. First and second class agricultural land. 2. First class forest land. 3. Second and third class recreational land. (High cliff makes lake inaccessible). h. Fourth class mineral land. Intensity of use -- moderate. Management -- Private summer homes. ‘Area F. The private recreational land in the vicinity of Black River Harbor would be classified as: 1. First and second agricultural land. 2. First class forest land. 3. Second class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. Intensity of use -- extensive. Management -- No summer homes present. 200 Area G. The private recreational land in the vicinity of Gull Point would be classified as: 1. Fourth class agricultural land. 2. Third class forest land. 3. Second class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. Intensity of use -- moderate. Management -- Summer homes. Area H. The private recreational land extending from west of Green City to five miles east of the Village of Ontonagon would be classified as: h 1. Fourth class agricultural land. 2. Third class forest land. 3. First and second class recreational land. A. Fourth class mineral land. Intensity of use -- Intensive to moderate. Management ~~ Summer homes. Area I. The private recreational land adjacent to Sleeping Bay and Misery Bay would be classified as: 1. Fourth class agricultural land. 2. Third class forest land. 3. First class recreational land. h. Fourth class mineral land. Intensity of use -- extensive. Management -- few summer homes. 201 Area J. The scattered holdings of private recreational lands through— out Gogebic and Ontonagon counties represent deer_hunting camps and summer homes. Usually, the hunting camps are located away from lakes but not always. The intensity of use on these lands would probably be considered to be moderate to extensive in consideration of the financial investment and the extent of occupancy. This type of ownership will be discussed in detail in a latter section. X. ‘Water Power Gogebic County - 760 acres .1% of total county area Ontonagon County - h2,730 acres 5% of total county area The lands owned by electric power companies would be generally classi- fied as: 1. Third and fourth class agricultural land. 2. Second class forest land. 3. First, second and third class recreational land. A. FOurth class mineral land. Intensity of use -- At the seven dam sites, the intensity of use would be intensive, otherwise, the intensity of use would be extensive. Some of these lands are leased for use as cabin sites. PART V 202 LEGEND Legend 1. Agriculture Area l-A Ontonagon-Tolfree-Rockland Area Area 1—B Misery Bay Area Area l—C Mass-Rubicon Area Area l-D Topaz-Ewen-Trout Creek Area Area 1-E Irving Township Area Area 1-F North Ironwood Area Area l-G Little Girls Point Area 3. Private Recreation 10. 11. 17 18. 19. Area 3-A Sylvania Club Area 3-3 Notre Dame PrOperty Area 3-C Hunting Club (Ontonagon County) Public Recreation State-Intensive Use Areas Area h-A Union Bay Camping Ground Area h-B Ski Area Area h-C Presque Isle River Picnic Area Area h-D Gogebic State Park, Lake Gogebic tate-Extensive Use Areas Area S-A Porcupine Mountains State Park Areas 5—C Units of Baraga State Forest Federal-Intensive Use Areas Area 6-A Marion Lake Park and Camp Grounds Federal-Extensive Use Areas Areas 7—A Ottawa National Forest County-Intensive Use Areas Area B-A Black River Harbor Park, Gogebic County Area b-B Little Girls Point Park, Gogebic County Area 8—C Montreal River Park, Gogebic County Area b-D Lake GOgebic Park, Gogebic County Area B-E Lake Gogebic Park, Ontonagon County County-Extensive Use Areas Area 9-A Gogebic County Forest, North Unit Area 9-B Gogebic County Forest, South Unit Private Forestry-Pulp Production Area lO-A Misery Bay Area Area lO-B TOpazeMatchwood Area Private Forestry-Timber Production Area ll-A Cisco Lake Area Area ll-B Lake Gogebic Area Area ll-C North of Bergland and Ironwood Area ll-D Chaney Lake Area Mining-Intensive Area 17-A Gogebic Iron Range Area 17-5 White Pine Area Mining-Sxtensive Areas lb-A Water Power-Intensive 19-A Cisco Dam l9—B Bond Falls Dam l9-C Lake Gogebic Dam 19-D Victoria Dam l9-E Lower Montreal River Dam l9-F Upper Montreal River Dam Wanrd MAP OF PROJECTED TRENDS OF LAND USE BASED ON PRESENT USE AND POLICY 2014 MAP OF PdOJECTED TRENDS OF LAND USE BASED ON PRESENT USE AND POLICY This map was prepared after studying both the present use of the land and the policy of the Specialized groups of owners. Certain use areas 1 and the Ottawa National Forest2 such as the Porcupine Mountains State Park have boundaries established by law, These were accepted on a "status quo" basis and the remaining land was assigned to that use which seemed to dominate its area. An examination of the map discloses many sharp, straight boundaries which do not follow any basic natural land pattern. These straight boundaries are not in harmony with the accredited ideals of land use planning. In most instances, they were superimposed on the area under consideration without the benefit of adequate knowledge of the land. I. Agriculture Area A.3 Ontonagon-Tolfree—Rockland Area This area of first class agricultural soil is restricted in size by artificial boundaries on the west and south. According to the character of the soil it should extend westward into the Porcupine Mountains State Park. The land now held by the Copper hange Company may not be withheld from agricultural use, but it is doubtful if it will be efficiently 1. Refer to Area S-A, Map of Projected Trends of Land Use, page 203. 2. Refer to Area 7-A, Ibid. 3. Refer to Area l-A, Ibid. 205 develOped under lease agreements. Farmers will not develOp leased land when there is little hope of ever securing title to is. This area is also restricted by the Ottawa National Forest and the Baraga State Forest on the south. If the boundaries of this area were extended to include all the ad- jacent first class agricultural land, the acreage would be approximately doubled. Area B. Misery Bay Area This area appears to be already stabilized in Ontonagon County. Land to the south and west is either or poor quality or severely dissected. Area C. Mass-Rubicon Area This area of second class agricultural soil now includes practically all of the land of agricultural value in that vicinity. It would only be slightly enlarged by including all land of potential agricultural value. Area D. TOpaz-Ewen-Trout Creek Area This area of second class agricultural land is now restricted on both the north and south boundaries. The acreage would be practically doubled if second class land now within the boundaries of the Ottawa National Forest could be released for agricultural use. Private forestry is also competing for some of this potential agricultural land. Area E. Irving Township Area This area of third and fourth class agricultural land will probably be maintained as now delineated because of the peculiar relationship existing 20; between mining and farming. The land would be far better utilized as a National Forest and Game Area due to the occurrence of agricultural land with irregular bodies of swamp and rock outcrop which would provide a variety of site conditions and game habitat. Area F. North Ironwood Area This area of first and second class agricultural land will probably be maintained as now delineated because of the peculiar relationship exist- ing between mining and farming. Approximately two-thirds of this area would be better utilized as national and private forest land in conjunction with a realistic game management plan due to stoniness and imprOper drainage. Area G. Little Girls Point Area This area of first class agricultural land is restricted on the south by private forestry ownership and on the east by the Porcupine Mountains State Park. If the boundaries of this area were extended to include all adjacent first class agricultural land the acreage would be approximately doubled. 2. Private Recreation -- Intensive A. Lake Superior Shore Approximately 70% of the entire Lake Superior shore is available for private develOpment. About one-half of thiS‘available frontage is of high recreational value with sandy beach. The remaining half of the available shore is of limited value because the beach is either rocky or separated from high land by a wave cut bluff. 207 B. Lake Gogebic Shore Over 90% of the shore of Lake GOgebic is available for private develOpment. The State and County parks now located on this lake are not adequate to accommodate the present demands for public camping. C. Small Inland Lakes Seventeen per cent of the inland lake frontage is administered by the Ottawa National Forest and the Porcupine Mountains State Park. It is ex~ tremely questionable if the Ottawa National Forest can develOp and maintain the lake frontage now under its jurisdiction. Twenty-seven per cent of the inland lake frontage is administered by the Sylvania Club and Notre Dame University. This frontage would accommodate thousands of private cottages. Fifty-six per cent of the suitable inland lake frontage is available for individual private development. D. River Frontage The Lake Superior Power Company leases cottage sites on its lands located along the major streams. E. At present, there is no provision to lease hunting cabin and cottage sites in the Ottawa National Forest or in the Porcupine Mountains State Park. F. Lots for hunting cabins and cottages are available on all agricul- tural and water power lands. Building sites could probably also be obtained on much of the private forest land. 208 3. Private Recreation -- Extensive Areas A and B. Sylvania Club (A) and Notre Dame (B) Lands This area includes several of the best recreational lakes in all of the area under consideration. DeveIOpment is limited to members only and utilization will probably never reach a level comparable to the north- west shore of Lake Gogebic. Area C. Hunting Club Lands The area owned and administered by this club are cutover forest lands and have no lake frontage. Several members have built cabins on this area. D. Practically all of privately owned farm and forest lands are utilized by the public for recreational purposes. Relatively few private owners post their land to prohibit public access. Many roads that were built and are maintained by private individuals or companies are used by the general public. Public Recreation N. State -- Intensive use areas Areas A, B and C. Within the Porcupine Mountains State Park, there are three areas that have been develOped in an intensive way; the camping area at Union Bay (A), the ski area (B) and the picnic area at the mouth of the Presque Isle River (C). These areas are now pepular and will be more completely develOped in the future. 209 Area D. Gogebic State Park on Lake Gogebic provides an excellent camping and picnic area but is inadequate to meet future demands. E. Many public access areas to private lakes have been purchased and these are being developed as rapidly as the availability of funds will permit. 5. State -- Extensive use areas Area A. The Porcupine Mountains State Park is administered as a wilderness park with a system of trails and overnight cabins which service the more scenic points of interest. B. The Michigan State Highway Department also maintains picnic tables along the state°highways at selected locations. Improvements most frequently consist of a picnic table and rubbish container. Area C. State-owned lands within the three units of the Baraga State Forest are Open for public hunting and camping. The Field Administration Division of the Department of Conservation enforces game, fish and fire prevention laws which are intended to preserve recreational values. The fire towers are also used by the public as look- out points. 6. Federal -- Intensive use area Area A. The only intensive recreational area administered by a Federal agency is the Ottawa National Forest Marion Lake Camp Ground. Other recreation areas and fisherman camp sites were develOped but have received little use or maintainence. 7. Federal -— Extensive use areas Area A. Federal lands within the Ottawa National Forest are used by the public for hunting, fishing and other important forms of recreation. ! Major roads are maintained by the Forest Service to aid in fire control and 3 also to provide access to remote areas. Ir 8. County -- Intensive use areas 3 Areas A, B, C and D. Gogebic County maintains public parks at Black 7 River Harbor (A), Little Girls Point (B), Montreal River (C) and Lake GOgebic (D). or the four parks, only the Black River Park and the Lake GOgebic Park are utilized to an extent justifying continued maintainence. Area E. Ontonagon County has a park site on Lake Gogebic but it has never been develOped. 9. County -- Extensive use areas Areas A and B. The GOgebic County Forest is utilized by the public for hunting, fishing and other extensive forms of reoreation. The most important contributions made by both counties for extensive recreation is the maintainence of the county road systems which allows the public to gain access to remote areas. 10. Private Forestry -- Pulp production ‘_fl ‘ 211 Area A. The Misery Bay Area is being managed primarily for the pro- duction of pulp to supply the fiber plant at Ontonagon. This plant now utilizes hemlock but there is a possibility that Operations could be con- verted to process hardwood species when the supply of hemlock has been ex— pended. Saw timber, hemlock pulp and high grade pulp are now being removed. The remaining stand is chiefly hardwood and scattered hemlock. Area B. Lands in the TopazeMatchwood area have been acquired and supposedly are to be planted to spruce for high grade paper pulp. ll. Private Forestry -— Timber production Area A. The Cisco Lake area is fairly well blocked in and under the management of a single company. Roads have been constructed throughout this area, presumably with profits accumulated during the second World War. The hardwood hemlock stands have been cruised and overmature timber has been marked for cutting. These improvement cuttings are jobbed out to small operators and the marked timber is of such low quality that only a narrow margin of profit is possible. Areas B, C and D. Those areas in thevvicinity of Lake Gogebic (B), North of Bergland and Ironwood (C) and in the vicinity of Chaney Lake (D) are being out now. The demands of the second World War increased logging activities in these areas and it is still continuing unabated. In certain areas, the entire stand is being cut. After the saw timber, veneer and pulp has been removed, chemical wood operators take everything remaining down to approximately nine inches in diameter. In clear cutting operations 212 Of this nature only a small percentage of the understory reproduction re- mains standing. Public Forestry 12. Federal -- Intensive NO Federal Forest land is being managed on an intensive short term cutting cycle. Emphasis is placed only on the production Of saw timber which has a long term cutting cycle. 13. Federal -- Extensive Pulp is being cut on much Of the Ottawa National Forest acreage by letting cutting permits for release and improvement operations. ASpen and balsam fir are the primary Species being cut. Reforestration Of Federal lands has proceeded very slowly since the 0.0.0. PrOgram was abandoned. A small acreage is being planted to pine each year but since the production of saw logs is the ultimate goal this Operation is considered to be an extensive form of forestry. lh. State -- Intensive NO State-owned land in the area under consideration is being managed under an intensive forestry program. 15. State -- Extensive l A. There are three units Of the Baraga State Forest located in 1. Refer to Areas S-C, Map Of Projected Trends Of Land Use, page 203. 213 northeast Ontonagon County. That unit located east of Fourteen Mile Point contains lands Of high recreational value and is considered to be a winter yarding area for deer. The shore line at this location is comparable to the Union Bay area which is now being develOped as an intensive recrea- tion site. The unit lying west Of Victoria contains some lands on the north end that have agricultural value and the entire unit is surrounded now by National Forest ownership. The unit north Of Mass appears to have more potential value for game management than for forestry. The present policy Of the Forestry Division acknowledges game management as one Of the multiple uses Of forest areas and the possibility of deer range improvement work in these areas may be considered. 16. County Forest -- Intensive A. It appears that Gogebic County recognizes the value of forest lands as an investment and their management plan will probably tend toward short term cutting cycles. Two dams have been constructed in the area south Of Ironwood and provide good nesting habitat for ducks.1 1?. Mining -- Intensive Area A. The Gogebic Iron Range contains the most intensely develOped lands in the entire area under consideration. The capital investment, value of product and yield of tax money is also higher than any other industry. Expansion east from Wakefield is now being undertaken and the industry appears to be financially stable. 1. Refer to Area 9-B, Map of Projected Trends Of Land Use, page 203. 21h Area B. The COpper Range Company plans to develop low-grade COpper deposits in the White Pine area but this venture is being so completely and directly subsidized by the United States Government that production in competition with western COpper mines during a financial period even approaching normality would be most dubious. 18. Mining -- Extensive Areas A. The lands retained by COpper interests along the COpper range in Ontonagon County are being held merely as a protective measure. The possibility Of production is remote but the cost Of holding these lands is negligible. 1?. Water Power -— Intensive Areas A, B, C, D, E and F. Dams have been built at Cisco Chain of Lakes (A), Bond Falls (B), Lake GOgebic (c) and Victoria (D) to SUpply water for a hydroelectric plant located at Victoria. The dams at Bond Falls and Victoria have created large bodies Of water that provide recrea- tion for the public. Another dam is now in the process Of construction at Choate. There are two power dams near the mouth of the Montreal River (E and F), but the power company appears to have secured flowage easements rather than secure the land outright by purchase. 20. Water Power -- Extensive The lands along the major streams are held either for future dam sites or to protect the power company from civil action resulting from restricted stream flowage. 215 21. Game Management The only public area specifically dedicated to game management in the flooded area in the Gogebic County Forest which provides duck habitat.l On September 15, 19h9, the United States Forest Service and the Michigan Department Of Conservation entered into an agreement concerning the management Of wildlife on National Forests. Under the terms Of this agreement, both agencies would cooperate in "the develOpment of a suit- able habitat, management and protection of native animal species and the harvesting of surplus animals." .An example of the practical aspects of this agreement is the dedication Of certain Open non-forested areas for sharptail grouse range. These areas will not be planted to coniferous Species and it is quite possible under the terms Of the agreement to limit natural tree reproduction by controlled burning. A program Of planting food Species and predator control is being followed on the Notre Dame property. 'Wild rice has been planted on some Of the lakes in the Sylvania Club. Bond Falls Basin and Victoria Basin provide productive fish waters and also provide duck habitat. In southern Ontonagon County, a muskrat farm started by flooding over 36 acres of land has Shown possibilities Of producing trout. The most intensive game management work, excluding law enforcement, has been towards the improvement Of Lake Gogebic for pike production and planting trout in selected lakes and streams. 1. Refer to Area 9-B, Map Of Projected Trends of Land Use, page 203. PART VI 216 PROPOSED TRENDS OF LAND USE BASED ON NATURAL LAND CHARACTERISTICS The map Of projected trends of land use based on natural land char- acteristics was prepared after studying present land use in comparison with the natural land divisions Of the area under consideration. Reallo- cation of land also reflects the apparent success of present use, the potential value of new uses and economic factors involving the geographic region. The decision to reallocate certain areas was necessarily Of an arbitrary nature, in that many of the trends are based On assumptions and personal interpretations Of facts. Future Development Of Agriculture According to the United States Census, the acreages Of land in farms in GOgebic and Ontonagon Counties during the past 50 years are as follows: 1900 -- h,SOO acres 1910 -- 51,200 acres 1920 -- 107,600 acres 1930 -- 127,800 acres l9h5 -— lh2,000 acres 1950 -- 161,000 acres If these figures are plotted on a chart and the curve is projected, the expected rate Of increase Of land in farms could be estimated as: 1900 -- 200,000 acres 1970 -- 2h0,000 acres 217 1980 -- 280,000 acres 1990 -— 310,000 acres 2000 -- 3h0,000 acres Available information on soils indicates that there are aprroximately NO0,000 acres of First and Second Class lands available for agricultu e: Total acreage of First Class Farm Land -- approximately l9h,000 acres Total acreage of Second Class Farm Land -- approximately 211,000 acres About 70% of this potential farm land has not been cleared and repre- sents the largest remaining area Of undevelOped farm land in Michigan. 218 LE GEN D 1. Agriculture Area 1-A Area 1-B Area l-C Area l-D Area.l-F Area l-G Legend Ontonagon-Tolfree-ROckland Area Misery Bay Area Mass-Rubicon Area TOpaz-Ewen-Trout Creek Area North Ironwood Area Little Girls Point Area 2. Private Recreation Area 2-A Area 2-B Area 2-C Lake Superior Shoreline from Black River Harbor to Silver City Lake Superior Shoreline from Montreal River to Black River Harbor Lake Superior Shoreline from Silver City to Houghton County line 3. Public Recreation State Of Michigan -- Intensive Area 3-A Union Bay Park Area 3—B Misery Bay Park Area 3-C Lake GOgebic Park Area 3-D Clark Lake Park Area 3-E Deer Island Lake Park Area 3-F Presque Isle River Park Area 3-G Black River Harbor Park State of Michigan —- Extensive Area 3—H Porcupine Mountains Park U. 8. Forest Service -- Intensive Area 3-I Marion Lake Park Area 3-J Imp Lake Park Area 3-K Bond Falls Park Area 3-L Choate Basin Park County -- Intensive Area 3AM Little Girls Point Park Area 3-N Montreal River Park A. Game Management —— State of Michigan Areas h-A Areas h-B Area h-C Area h-D Area h-E Area h-F Area h-G Ecomorphic Zones Swamp Deeryards Sharptail range, two miles southwest Of Gogebic Station Sharptail range, two miles north of Choate Sharptail range, two miles north of Topaz Sharptail range, four miles southwest Of Rockland Sharptail range, one mile east of Paulding 5. Private Forestry Areas 5 O. Public Forestry Areas 6 7 . Mining Area 7 8. Water Power Areas 8 2C Solver Cal 7 3B /' ECWVHJI’G P v F mutt-Mm ‘e P“, I I J 3H 1 ‘1’ UN." ' ‘ 2A A ‘ ' gm)“, 2 \' “1‘6 T M 43 47 4 4‘ m l 40 H 15 L, Mann . V, . . | , w as? .- A \ 4" s 40 ' 39 33 .) 3F I , we I Mtkvewv k)— I)“; 2 ’4 e T ' is 36 \ / I I a '1' 5 ‘ )5, ' ‘\ Wamd ‘ 3’4 | IA ‘ ) jg a B\ 7’ , ’ 2, , , 1‘6 f . _ 7 " ‘ ‘ l _ ‘ . _ ..« . , , ~ ‘ x r. “1" . 1 | 3 N * " I ‘. ” 2'5 i , ‘ , , , l e' ‘1 L . . w I _ 5: I he c 2",, ' v 6 3” N T 1 N A G {9‘0 N I A ' a, ’ J . 5 1 5 433 Tag 7‘ ’ ‘ L —-—. 7, er mm) A 10 l L . e - t ' . F‘ i I l ‘. '- _ 9... O V M“ “:31" “N z” '1 topaz ‘ -i _ ‘1 45;) \ t . ., ' L i » “ , ‘h L a: 5 _ G Manna-pod ‘ {18 :j K Y [D l 1 [mice ”L,“ ,{g' 8 x a. ”'_. ‘ L; E v sin , ~ . t e l , . wen \l. t “ »+,~-- 1 \ . 6 : 7' I ‘ ._...— I: ‘ e"- i . ~—. ~ V ,- a- 4 1 uuxav » ‘ 77 flaws}! , l "._.-’ V \ mm — ‘47\ A . 3. Ironwood . .1 n Bush“: R‘r ‘” ‘“aw in i W Y”“ n! 4 " P OPOSLD TRLNDS 0B LeND dob BASED ON NATURAL LAND CHARACTERISTICS w’ . ‘ , 5 . >. , aL (6 Craugsmeve , .r , ‘ A“—‘\\—‘ ‘1‘ ‘ ,Calderwood ‘ if . . L. ‘- ' . L.‘ . (Rosel w .; M ‘ ,. Robb , H ' ' L ._ ' , fl . -- 1 , 1 "‘1 z 5 , , fi... ,, l 1' \ 1 " , (if — 7g - ...—.... ‘_....”H 4 x ; , * ' J, 3 ‘ V 3 - Bongtas ' ”f4 ,1 . 5 ' ‘ q; I :I ' 1’ °' 1 g ; .5 ' 5i: 3 9 . y .1 I; J '5 7 ‘9 E A \ .... , « ~e Swabs» «‘ 220 Agricultural Potential According to the 1950 Census, there were 1378 farms having a total of 161,000 acres of land in Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties. The average farm contained 117 acres Of land. According to the Map of Projected Trends of Land Use Based on Natural Land Characteristics, there are approximately AO0,000 acres of First and Second class agricultural land in both counties. If 160 acres is accepted as an economical farm unit, then this NO0,000 acres of land would support 2,500 farms. Also, assuming four people per farm family, then the future farm pOpulation would be 10,000 people. Only about 30% Of this LO0,000 acres Of land is at present develOped and there is good farm land available now for about 1,800 families. I. Agriculture Area A. Ontonagon—Tolfree-ROckland Area This area has been enlarged to include all first class land adjacent tO that now being farmed. The soil in this area is Of the highest quality of all the lands in Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties and has the additional advantage of a longer growing season, absence of stones, ease Of drainage, ease Of clearing and use of public service installations. Its boundries would include lands that are now owned and administered for private forestry, public forestry, mining and public recreation. It is assumed that other lands Of suitable Quality are available for forestry and recreation. The block Of mining land was discredited because government subsidization is necessary for the prolonged success of this venture. This is the youngest Of the agricultural areas and therefore the least develOped. 221 Area B. Misery Bay Area This area of second class agricultural land has already been limited from further expansion by natural features; low value soil to the west and severe dissection to the south and southwest. It is assumed that this area is already stabilized. Area C. Mass-Rubison.Area This is one of the oldest agricultural communities in the area under consideration. It has already expanded to include all land of agricultural value. Further expansion to the east and south is limited by the presence of low value soil. Rough rocky land lies to the north and west and there is a deep river valley to the southwest. This area is considered to be a fine example of the normal development of an agricultural community that was not hampered by artificial use boundries. Area D. Tepaz-Ewen-Trout Creek Area This area has been enlarged to include all the heavy clay soil found adjacent to the land now being farmed. It is one of the older agricul- tural communities but normal develOpment has been restricted by artificial use boundries imposed by the Ottawa National Forest. The National Forest lands within this unit now support a poor stand of aSpen which adds little to the yield potential of the Ottawa National Forest. Apparently the Forest Service must wait for the slow ecological processes of nature to restore a stand of commercial value. Judging from the appearance of the present stand, no saw timber will be produced for a period estimated at 300-500 years. 222 Normal expansion of the present agricultural development will force these lands into their proper use, but if they were released in a block now, a vacuum would be produced by the availability of good agricultural land thereby rededicating the land to a more intensive use that is justi- fied by its natural characteristics. E. Irving Township This area has been eliminated and reallocated to public forestry since the character of the land is of such a nature that it cannot be efficiently farmed. Even if there were no other lands of higher agricul- tural value available this area would have been eliminated. It was originally develOped because of its close proximity to the Gogebic Iron Range. Miners settled in this community to reduce their living costs and to provide an occupational cushion in case of an economic relapse. Area F. North Ironwood Area This area has been greatly reduced in size to include only that land of better quality which has been cleared, has had the numerous stones and boulders removed and has been adequately drained. The land has been classified as second class land only because it has been cleared, drained and has had most of the stones removed. In its natural state it would be classified as third and fourth class land. Those lands excluded from agri- culture have been reallocated to public and private forestry. Area G. Little Girls Point Area This area has been enlarged considerably to include all land of first class agricultural value. The lands are stone free and will benefit from 223 the longer growing season found adjacent to the lake shore. Normal growth of this community will not be impeded by’present ownership except in the Porcupine Mountains State Park. Types of Farms Census figures show that half of the present farms are classified as dairy farms. Both the soils and the climate are well suited for the production of hay, oats and pasture. The production of potatoes is limited by the heavy texture of the soils, shortness of growing season and frequency of rainy autumn seasons. The extensive areas of undevelOped land lying adjacent to Lake Superior has a decided advantage for orchards and small fruits since the growing season is 10-30 days longer than for the Ewen area. The soils and climate would be comparable to the north portion of Bayfield County, Wisconsin which has become a successful fruit production region. Several farms have began to specialize in beef cattle which are sold to southern feeder lots for finishing. Pasture is available for the summer season but large amounts of hay must be provided for the seven month winter season. Markets The absence of markets is frequently chosen as an argument against agricultural expansion in this region. If farmers continue to specialize in dairy farming, marketing problems can be solved by condensing raw milk and by the manufacture of cheese. The transportation of fluid milk for long distances is not now considered to be as serious a handicap as formerly. 22h Several cheese plants in these counties are flourishing and absorb the entire local milk supply. The dietary standards in the United States are low in regard to all dairy products and possibly the government may decide to encourage greater production. 2. Private Recreation Lake Superior Shoreline Area A. It is assumed that the shoreline from Black River Harbor to Silver City can be justifiably dedicated to public recreation. This assumption is based on public need for the wilderness park type of outdoor recreation. The shoreline, so dedicated, is mostly of low value for private recreation. Its beach is rocky and it would not offer bathing and boating facilities. Area B. Shoreline from Montreal River to Black River Harbor. This shoreline has a high scenic bluff, limited bathing facilities and difficult boating facilities. There are now about 100 cottages of the $3000 class on this section of the shoreline. If the present road could be extended from Little Girls Point to Black River Harbor, there would be available Space for a total of 10,000 cottages (100 foot lots). Road construction could be of narrow gravel and, if its right of way could be surveyed at least one-quarter mile inland, the deeply trenched mouths of the numerous intermittant streams would be avoided, thereby greatly reducing the initial cost of construction and subsequent maintainence, Groups of cottage owners could build their own service roads to the shore. 225 Area C. Shoreline from Silver City to Houghton County Line. This shoreline has a low bluff providing good building sites, excellent beach areas and excellent boating facilities. There are now abOut 200 cottages of.the $3000-h000 class on this shoreline. M 6h, west out of the Village of Ontonagon, provides adequate access to that portion of the shoreline lying between Silver City and the Village of Ontonagon. Between the Village of Ontonagon and the Houghton County line there is now present a system of logging roads that is almost contiguous. This system is admittedly weak but it could be improved so that private service roads could be constructed to provide access to the lake shore. If proper roads were constructed, this shoreline would provide Space for about 20,000 cottages (100 foot lots). Lake Gogebic The shore of this lake is generally high, bathing facilities are ' limited but boating facilities are good. There are now about ADO cottages on this lake; those on the northwest side (200) are in the SSOOO-YOOO class, those on the north end (100) are in the $3000 class, and those on the southwest side and south side (100) are in the $3000-h000 class. All of the shoreline except the east side is adequately serviced by good roads. The terrain on the east side is not_too difficult and road construction costs there should not be excessive. The entire shoreline except for the proposed park area would provide space for about 1b,ooo cottages (100 foot lots). Small Inland Lakes 226 Within the area under consideration there are 109 lakes of 10 acres or larger which would provide suitable Space for cottages as indicated in the following table: Summary of Inland Lake Frontagel Total number of lakes providing cottage sites -- 109 Total frontage on inland lakes -- 1,132,hh0 ft. A. Private frontage 9h3,hh0 ft. (83%) 1. private ownership 558,900 ft. (5589 lots 100' wide) 2. club ownership 303,960 ft. (3039 lots 100' wide) 3. power company 00,500 ft. ( 805 lots 100' wide) B. Public Frontage 189,000 ft. (17%) 1. U.S.F0rest Service Ownership 155,700 ft. (1557 lots 100' wide) 2. State ownership 33,300 ft. ( 333 lots 100' wide) (Total 11,322 lots 100' wide) Hunting Cabins Total acreage of Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties, Michigan approximately 1,505,900 acres Total acreage of potential and developed agricultural land in Gogebic and Ontonagon Counties, Michigan approximately h05,000 acres Non agricultural land approximately 1,160,900 acres It is assumed that there is approximately 1,000,000 acres of non- agricultural land that will be utilized for forestry, recreation and other extensive uses. It is also assumed that the U. S. Forest Service, the State of Michigan, private forest companies and other large land holders will find it convenient to sell or lease hunting cabin sites. The public can acquire hunting cabin sites on public lands by initiat- ing prOper legislation. Multiple use of forest lands has been prOperly 1. See Appendix'D for frontage on individual lakes. I4?” 227 re00gnized by public agencies for over 20 years but long established policy and the fear of complications has delayed practical achievement of its goals. Local governmental units could encourage multiple use on private forest lands by taxation based upon highest.potentia1 use. If the land owners were granted tax reduction, the taxes derived from cabins would not only compen- sate for reductions granted to land owners, but would also greatly increase the tax base of the counties. One million acres of forest land would provide over 6000 cabin sites if one cabin site could be leased for each 100 acres. Experience in the southern peninsula of Michigan indicates that a much greater density would be practical. 3. Public Recreation -- approximately 80,000 acres .State of Michigan a. Intensive 1. Swimming and camping Area A Union Bay -- hO acres Area B iisery Bay -- hO acres Area C Lake Gogebic -- hO acres Area D Clark Lake -- hO acres Area E Deer Island Lake -- hO acres Area F Presque Isle River Harbor -- hO acres Area G Black River Harbor -- hO acres These areas combine high scenic value and accessability to excellent bodies of water. Roadside picnic sites should also be maintained. b. Extensive Area H Porcupine Mountains Park -- approximately 80,000 acres This area provides a rocky section of Lake Superior shoreline, rock knobs and escapements, high hills and inland lakes with a dense cover of 228 hardwood reproduction and occasional stand of virgin hemlock and hardwood. Clark and Deer Island Lake area would provide access to two large excellent lakes and a dense stand of mature hemlock hardwood timber. U. A. Forest Service a. Intensive Swimming and camping Area 3-I Marion Lake -- to acres Area 3-J Imp Lake -- hO acres Area 3-K Bond Falls Basin -- hO acres Area 3-L Choate Basin -- hO acres b. Extensive - 1. Hunting and fishing in forest lands Hunting cabin Sites on forest lands County a. Intensive Swimming and camping Area 3eM Little Girls Point -— hO acres Area 3-N Montreal River Mouth -- b0 acres A. Game Management -- approximately 85,000 acres Areas A. Administered by the State of Michigan: Several narrow strips of land have been dedicated to extensive game management. These strips are located at the transition zones of cover, soil and topOgraphy. They include the headwater areas of thousands of small streams which could be dammed with cheap low-head structures to provide excellent wildfowl habitat. These zones have been designated as ecomorphic zones, being derived from the words ecology and geomorphology. Within the ecomorphic zones, winter habitat for deer could be improved providing site conditions suitable for cedar and maintaining productive upland browse. The use of fire could be facilitated by the permanent nature of the program and the narrow shape of the zones. 229 Emphasis would be placed on maintaining plentiful upland browse. The deer herd in this region has been built up by the food supply furnished mainly by hardwood reproduction resulting from large scale logging and sub- sequent fires. Natural cedar browse is of an extremely limited nature. A combination of fire and cutting would greatly supplement natural deer browse. Approximately 75,000 acres would be dedicated to ecomorphic zones. Areas B. Two large swamp areas in southwestern Gogebic County contain- ing approximately 9,000 acres could also be intensively managed for deer habitat. Sharptail Range Areas -- approximately 10,000 acres Area C Two miles southwest of Gogebic Station Area D Two miles north of Choate Area E Two miles north of Topaz Area F Four miles southwest of Rockland Area 0- One mile east of Paulding. These Open areas now have a high density of sharptails but must be prOperly maintained to prevent the natural infringement of tree growth and artificial reforestration. Wildfowl Habitat Areas H. There are two sedge and rush areas in Lake Gogebic that provide excellent natural wildfowl habitat. These areas would be more productive if properly managed. 5. Private Forestry -- approximately 398,000 acres Areas 5. Lands dedicated for private forestry are of better quality than lands dedicated for federal forests. It is assumed that private forestry is tending toward intensive pulp production and can more efficiently utilize these lands. This land would also be used for hunting cabin sites. Numerous small areas of AO acres or more in size would be administered by the State of Michigan as intensive game management projects. Tax rever- sion would have and may again provide the Opportunity to acquire these sites. 6. Public Forestry -- U. 8. Forest Service —- approximately 37L,OOO acres Areas 0. The poorest land would be dedicated for use as federal forests, chiefly because the policy of the U. S. Forest is inclined to pro- vide only for the production of saw timber which is a long-term project. Numerous Shall areas of DO acres or more in size would be administered by the State of Michigan as intensive Uame management projects. Hunting cabin sites would also be available on this land. State and County Forests Other forms of public forestry were rejected on the basis that one puolic agency in forestry was sufficient. 7. Mining -— approximately 10,000 acres Area 7. Confined to the Gogebic Iron Range. 8. water Power -- approximately h3,000 acres Area 8. Flooding rights along all major streams were dedicated to present and future water power production. Summary of acreage dedicated to prOposed major land uses. Agricultural Land Private Recreation Public Recreation Game Management Private Forestry Public Forestry Mining Water Power t0§,000 150,000 57,000 93,000 39b,OOO 37h,000 16,000 b3,000 acres acres acres acres acres acres acres acres (26%) (10k) (6%) (0%) (25a) (23%) (1%) (3% 231 U) C13 F4 1. O J "LAPHY 232 BIBLIOGRAPHY Books Ecological CrOp Geography, K. H. W. Klages, The Macmillan Company, New York, l9h2. Factors of Soil Formation, Hans Jenny, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 19h1 Forest Soils and Forest Growth, 8. A. Wilde, Chronica Botanica Co., Waltham, Mass., l9h6. Historical Ge0graphy of United States, R. H. Brown, Harcourt, Brace and Company, New York, l9b8. History of Upper Peninsula of Michigan, The Western Historical Co., 1883. Land Economics, R. T. Ely and G. S. Wehrwein, The Macmillan.00., New York, 19b0. Land Economics, R. R. Renne, Harper and Brothers, New York, 19h7. Limnology, Paul S. belch, McGraw-Hill Book Co., New York, 1935. Michigan Lakes and Streams Directory, Michigan Department of Conservation Martin Printing Co., Elsie, Michigan, 19hl. Michigan Pioneer Collection, Pioneer and Historical Society of Mich., 1885. Natural Principals of Land Use, E. H. Graham, Oxford University Press, l9hh. NE-Saw-JE-l-ION, Helen M. Martin, William Feather Co ., Cleveland, Ohio, 1939. Soils and Man -- Yearbook of Agriculture 1938, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture United States Government Printing Office, 1938. Surface Geology of Michigan, Frank Leverett, WynkOOp Hallenbeck Crawford Co., Lansing, Michigan, 1917. Bulletins and Reports Agricultural Land Classification and Land Types of Michigan, J. O. Veatch, Special Bulletin No. 231, Agricultural Experiment Station, Michigan State College, 1933. 233 Comparisons of Criteria for the Rating of Agricultural Land, J. O. Veatch and I. F. Schneider, Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters, Vol. 27, l9hl. GeolOgical Survey, Michigan, V01. 1, 1869. Profiles of Soils in the Great Lakes Region, J. O. Veatch. Proceedings and Papers of the First International Congress of Soil Science, 1927, Vol. 14. Reconnaissance Soil Survey, Ontonagon County, Michigan, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Soils in COOperation with Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station, 1921. Soils of Michigan, C. E..Millar, Extension Bulletin 290, Michigan State College, l9h5. Soil Profiles in Relation to the Recession and Extinction of Michigan Lakes, J. O. Veatch, Soil Science, V01. 50, No. 2, 19hO. Soil Survey of Iron County, Michigan, U. 8. Dept. of.Agricu1ture, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils in Cooperation with the Michigan Agricultural Experiment Station and the Michigan Department of Conservation, 1937. Soil Survey of Vilas County, Wisconsin, Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey, 1915. Theses A Study of Grazing on Certain Northern.Michigan.Cut-over Lands, thesis for Degree of Master of Science, Michigan State College, Dee Lee Weaver, 19b2. Location Criteria for Overnight Tourist Businesses, thesis for Degree of Master of Science, Michigan State College, Robert W. McIntosh, l9h9. Water Soils In Relation To Productivity, thesis for Degree of Doctor of Phi1030phy, Michigan State College, E. Roeloff, 1939. Maps Official Recreation.Map of Gogebic County, Board of Supervisors, Bessemer, Michigan. Official Recreation Map of Ontonagon County, Board of Supervisors, Ontonagon, Michigan. GeolOgical Map of the Northern Peninsula of Michigan, Compiled by Helen M. Martin, 1936, Pub. 39, Geological Series 33. APPEN DIC ES APPENDIX A V '1“ ’0 n—‘h- 1 Name 3. C 0 ur t ney Dead Man Duck (Bunrgd Erickson : Gogebic f3 Goose 29 Hemlock 31 ack Pine ‘ lb ohnson £3 A—/ Of the F “45 7 .» , ,. 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Fifty-seven of these questionnaires were returned and the following summarization provides a practical insight to the economic status, problems and philOSOphy of the local farmer. 1. Do you live on a farm?... ........ . ..................... ..... Yes 56 2. Do you farm?. ....... . ............ . ............ .............. Yes 5h 3. Is your farm managed at a Profit? ....... ........ ...... ...... Yes 38 Loss?............................. Yes 2 Don't knOW?....... ..... ........... Yes 17 h, Approximately how many days a year do you work off the farm? 32 affirmative answers received, averaged 168 days a year. 5, Why are you farming? To sell farm products?................ Yes A3 To produce food for home consumption?. Yes bl 6. Would you like to move to a new location? For better soil?. Yes 3 No 51 Closer to town?.. Yes 3 No hh 7. Source of farm labor? Family............ ..... .............. Yes LS Hired help........................... Yes 11 8. Do you think your income could be increased by more efficient farming methods?........... Yes Sb 9. Has the County Agricultural Agent ever visited you?......... Yes 31 No 27 10. Have you ever visited the County Agricultural Agent?.. ..... . Yes 39 No 19 11. Do you have drainage problems on your farm?................. Yes 29 No l7 12. Is soil erosion a problem on your farm?...... ...... .. ...... . Yes 25 No 32 13. Are you a A. A. A. Member?,,.,,,.,,,. ...... ........ ...... ... Yes h5 No 9 1h. Are you trying to improve the soil on your farm?. ...... ..... Yes 53 15. Are you a full-time farmer?................... ...... ........ Yes 32 No 25 16. What acreage do you have in cultivated crOps? Answers Average number acres Grain ..... ........1M5...............1L Hay.... ........... 56 .... ...... ..... 37 IPasture...... ..... Sl ............... 58 VegetableS........ 37 ............... 00.7 Woodlot. ....... ... 39 ....... . ....... 95 How many cattle do you have? Answers Average number acres Dairy COWS....... 51 .... ...... ..... lb Beef cattle ...... l9 ............... 6 Her many chickens do you keep? 29 answers, average of 73 17. Do you cut saw logs for your farm? .................... . ..... 18. Do you cut pulp from your farm?....... .......... . ........... 19. Does grazing help a woodlot?. ..... ...... ........ ............ 20. Do you have a management plan for your woodlot? ............. 21. DO you own a Tractor? ..... .... ................... . ..... ..... Automobile?. ................ . ............. ..... Truck?.......... ........ . ...................... Mowing machine?... ....... . ..... . ....... . ....... Hay loader?... ...... . .......................... Harrow?. ......... . ...................... ....... Disk?. .............. ...... ......... . ........... Combine?..... ..... .... ............... .......... Roto-cultivator? ..... . ................... . ..... Field cultivator?. ......... ...... .............. Mechanical milker?... .......................... Cream separator?. ............ ........... ...... . 22. DO you use your own wood for fuel?........ ..... ........ ..... 23. Do you have Electricity?...... ......... ........ ...... . ..... . Telephone?.... ...... .. ........ . ................. Refrigerator? ........ . .................. . ...... . Washing machine? .............. . ............... .. Electric iron?...... ............ . .......... ..... Water pump? ............................. ... ..... Electric stove?..... ...... . ............... ...... Electric motor?... ...... . ................ ....... 2h. Do you sell any forestkproducts?... ......... . ............. .. 25, What is the nature of your non-farm work? Sawmill.......... Logging camp ..... Papermill. ....... Trucking... ...... 26. Do you think Ontonagon County may someday run out of Sawtimber... ..... 27. Do you think Ontonagon County may some day run out of Pulp.. 237 Yes No Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes No Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1‘10 Yes No 33 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 3h. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. hO. b2. h3. If available would you like a long term contract with the U. S. Forest Service to act as custodian for a number of sections of land? (you would cut saw logs, pulp, make thinnings,_plant trees, maintain roads, etc.)..... ........ . Yes ho Would you trade places with a "Big City'Worker"?........... Yes No Are any of your children h-H Members?. .......... ... ...... .. Yes No Does your wife belong to an Extension Club?..}....... ..... . Yes No Does farming improve your standard of living?. ...... ....... Yes no Does your non-farm work improve your standard of living?... Yes No Do you fish?...... ....... ... ......................... ...... Yes No DO you llunt?o ...... .‘ ooooooo ooooo oooooo o ...... 00...... oooooo Yes he Do you run a trap line?. ............ . ............. ......... Yes No Do you think that extensive recreational development in Ontonagon County would lower the taxes and help the com- munity in general?....... .......... ........................ Yes No What will attract more tourists to Ontonagon County? Better roads?.. ....... Yes More hotels? .......... Yes More cabins?.......... Yes More restaurants? ...... Yes More advertizing?..... Yes Have you ever boarded deer hunters? ....................... . Yes No Have you ever aided tourists with directions and other information? ...... .... Yes No Do you think tourists should be encouraged to come to Ontonagon County?..... Yes No What brings most money into the family treasury? Farming............... Yes Forestry... ........... Yes Otller jObSoooooooooooc yes Would your farm support your family if you started full time farming now?..... Yes No Do you feel that it is necessary to continue both farming and some non-farming job to SUpport your family?... ........ Yes No 2? 2L: C / hh 52 b9 36 c U h6 11 12 us 142 SS 12 2b 12 36 31 b3 1h 51 35' 18 hl ll 30 25' 239 us. Would your farm carry you through another depression?... Yes 36 No 13 hé. Would your non-farm job carry you through another depres- sion... ........ ...... ...... ..... ..Yes 15 No 25 L7, Would a combination of your farm and non-farm job carry you through another depression? ..... ........ ...... ...... Yes bl he 3 b8. If you own a farm and work out on a non-farming job, do you think you are more secure than a full-time farmer?.. Yes 20 No 27 The above information could easily be questioned as to its scientific accuracy but the Ontonagon.County farmer obviously has the following characteristics: 1. He is a part time dairy farmer and depends chiefly on forestry work for his off farm income. 2. He has a healthy "pioneer" spirit which is reflected by his pride in his farm, his desire to improve his land, his love for hunting and fishing, and his appreciation of the future needs of the area, _.»a -up.-‘..r .—_ APPLNDIX C TABLE OF INLAND LAKESHCRE FRONTAGE, GOGEBIC AND ONTONAGON COUNTIES (Frontage in Feet) Lake Name Private Club U. S. State Power Ownership Ownership Forest Company Service Alige 3 ,300 Allen 8,560 2,000 Anderson 3,960 Austin 10,560 Bay 21 ,120 Bass(Sec.lO,ThSN,R39fl) 8,580 Bass(Sec.lh,Thhh,RhIW) 2,6h0 Bass(Sec.23,Th9N,thW) 7,260 Beaver 1,980 Beaver Station h,620 Big 13,200 Big African 8,620 big Bateau 13,680 Big Mosquito 0,620 Birch 6,600 Bobcat 1,320 Boot 5,600 1,000 Bond Falls Basin 52,t00 Brown 5,900 Castle h,620 Catherine 5,280 Chaney 18,080 Cisco 25,080 Corey 3,960 County Line 7,620 Courtney h,620 Cox 3,933 Clark(Sec.9,Tth,hh0w) h6,hoo Clark(Sec.23,Th9N,Rth) 7,260 Clearwater 9,900 Clover 5,9h0 Crampton 2 ,6110 Crooked 11,280 Crooked 2,000 29,020 Crystal 5,600 Damon 5,900 Deadman 6,600 Deer Island 19,1h0 Continued next page 2hl Lake Name Private Club U. S. State Power Ownership Ownership Forest Company Service Dinner 13,800 Duck 39,600 Dutch 3,960 Eagle h,620 East Bear h,620 Emelene 12,5h0 Gaylord 9,2h0 Grace 3,960 Grass 3,300 3,300 Hawk 1,980 Hattie 75,900 Helen 7,920 Henry 1,320 High 7,920 Horseshoe 7,260 Iskote 2,6h0 Imp 7,620 Jane h,620 Julia 29,0h0 Katherine 7,920 Lac Vieux Desert 6,000 39,500 Lake of the Clouds 15,180 Langford 21,780 Lindsley 17,160 Little Bateau 5,9to Little Duck 6,600 Little Presque Isle 2,6h0 Loon 16,500 Long lh,520 ' Lost 1,980 Mary 5 , 911,0 Marion 15,060 3,000 Mink 1,980 Miller 2,c00 Mirror 11,860 Moon 1h,920 Moosehead 5,9h0 Moraine h,000 h,5€0 Norwood 5,9h0 Ottawa h,620 Ormer 8,580 Continued next page Lake Name Private Club U. S. State Power Ownership Ownership Forest Company Service Peter 2,6h0 Perch 7,920 Pine 3,300 Poor 10,560 Porcupine 3,300 Plum 1h,520 Pomeroy 1h,520 hange Line 9,2h0 Record 7,260 Richard 2,6h0 Rickles 500 2,800 Hoache 6,600 Scout 1,000 2,300 Siszile 5,900 tate Line 9,2h0 Steusser 2,000 3,900 Sucker 17,100 6,000 Suddens 5,260 Tamarack 10,560 Taylor 6,220 5,000 Teds 5,280 Tenderfoot 7,260 Thousand Island 02,900 'Thrush 660 Victoria Basin 27,760 West Bay 10,560 West Bear 7,260 Whistler 6,600 Jhite Fish 18,L50 Wolf 1h,520 Total Frontage 558,900 303,960 155,700 33,300 60,560 Q 3 n ' ‘. III I nxcwxan STRTE UN \lHIWIWHIWHWIWHH‘ 31293009 IV . LIBRRRIES 111(11le Hi mm 9 3293 - - - - fl - - - - E_-_-_.J‘_