SE WIWNNWHIWllHlHlWlHllH'llHlllHlWWl THS fiat-'4“? lllllllllllllllllllllllllll 1293 01001 Lem—1 - .1...” I. 1:13:5"W'. is!“ Michigan 5:31: Luv?» flair" fists! This is to certify that the thesis entitled THE EFFECTS OF A SEASON OF COMPETITION AND TRAINING ON SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL PARAMETERS OF AN INTERCOLLEGIATE WOMEN'S BASKETBALL TEAM presented by Theodore G. Kurowski, Jr. has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Master's degree 1n Physical Education/ Exercise Science ,IQ. . 441 e4.4:r Major professor Date AUgUSt 7, 1986 0-7639 MS U is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution MSU LIBRARIES .—;—. RETURNING MATERIALS: Place in book drop to remove this checkout from your record. FINES will be charged if book is returned after the date stamped below. 5333 215‘fima_ THE EFFECTS OF A SEASCN OF COMPETITION AND TRAINING (N SELECTED Fi-IYSIGJBICAL PARABETERS OF AN INTERCQLEIATE HWEN'S BASKETBALL TEAM By Theodore G. Kurouski, Jr. A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial ful fillment of the requirenents for the degree of MASTER OF ARTS School of Health Education. Counseling Psychology and Hunan Performance T986 ABSTRACT THE EFFECTS OF A SEASON OF COMPETITION AND TRAINIm ON SELECTED PHYSIOLOGICAL FARMERS OF AN INTERCOLLEGIATE WOMEN'S BASKETBALL TEAM By Theodore G. Kurowski. Jr. The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of a season of competition and training on oxygen uptake. heart rate response. and lactate accumulation. Twelve members of an intercol- legi ate women's basketball team were evaluated three times during the season using a progressive. intermittent treadmill test Repeated- measures analysis of variance revealed no significant changes in any of the parameters measured over the course of the season. when analyzed nonparametrically using the Sign test. significant differences were found in heart rate response and lactate accumulation. It was con- cl uded that the subjects have not reached their full aerobic potential. It appears that the training program was not intense enough to greatly improve the fitness level of the subjects in this study. To my parents. Ted and‘Virginia. and my brothers. Tom and Dave. ACKNGVLEthNTS I wish to express my sincere appreciation to my adviser. Dr. Wayne 0. Van Huss. for his guidance and support. I would like to thank Dr. Kenneth E. Stephens. Jo Ann Janes. and David Anderson for their friendship. help. and encouragement. I would also like to thank Sharon Evans and Rich Kimball for their invaluable statistical assistance. I would like to acknowledge Karen Langeland and the Michigan State University women's basketball team for their participation in this study. Funding for this study was provided by the Hockey Research Program. TABLE OF C(NTENTS. Page L IST OF TmLEs O O O O O O 0 O O O 0 O O O O 0 0 O O O O O O 0 Vi LIST OF FIGURES O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Vi i Chapter —J I. INTRowCTIm O O. O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O PurposeoftheStudy................ Significance I O I O O O O O O O O I I O O O O O O O L1M‘tat10ns O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O «b WNN I I. REV IE" OF L ITERATU RE 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O mnC1 "$10" 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 16 III. EWODS O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 17 Subjects . . . . . Training . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l8 BOdY COTTPOSTtTOn O O O O O O O O O 0 O O O I O O O O 19 TreadnillProtocol................. 19 Stati StT ca] Ana1y5‘s O O O O O O 0 0 O O O O O O O 0 2] IV. RESULTSMDDISQJSSION................ 22 Oxygen Uptake . . . HeartRateResponses................ 27 LactateAccunulation................ 29 D‘SCUSSFOn O O O O O O O O O O O I O O O O O O O O 0 29 V. meY' WQUSIWSO MD REmMMENDATImS e e e e e e e 33 smaw O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 33 fine] “Sions O O O O O O O O O O O O O O C O O O O O 34 Rmendat‘ ans 0 O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 34 REmeCES O O O O O O O I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 35 Table T. LIST OF TABLES Characteristics of Female Athletes Involved in Individual Sports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Characteristics of Female Athletes Involved in T6“ sports 0 I O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O 0 Summary Data of Preseason-Postseason Studies Involving Fenale Sports Teens . . . . . . . . . . Sunmary Data Fran Three Test Sessions . . . . . . . Summary Data From Seven Subjects Who Completed All Three Test Sessions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vi Page 14 23 24 LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1. Mean Team Oxygen Uptake During a Progressive Inter- mittent Treadmill Test for Three Test Sessions . 2. Team Heart Rate Response to a Progressive Intermittent Treadmill Test 0 I O O O O O O C O I O O O O O O O 3. Team Lactate Response to a Progressive intermittent Treadmi 1] Test 0 I O O O O O O O O O O O 0 vii Page 25 28 30 CHAPTER I INTRODJ CT ICN Women of all ages have become more involved in sports and physical activity programs in recent years. ‘This increased partici- pation has become evident in improved performances in both competitive situations and research laboratories. There have been an increasing number of studies describing the cardiorespiratory characteristics of female athletes involved in individual sports such as running (4. M. 27. 44. 4S) and cross-country skiing (4. 31. 32. 33. 42. 44) and in team sports such as field hockey (3. ll. 24. 47. 48) and volleyball (l9. 24. 28. 40). There have also been studies inveStigating the responses of women to various types and intensities of training (2. 6. lo. 12. 13 TB. 18. 22. 23. 28. 32. 46). These studies have clearly indicated that significant increases in cardiorespiratory function as measured by maximal oxygen uptake (max‘905) ininilliliters 02 per kilogram of body weight per minute (ml'kg‘Lmin‘T). are possible in untrained and trained women involved in training programs. Maximal oxygen uptake can be defined as the higiest volume of oxygen an individual can extract from inspired air during exercise involving large muscle groups (1). One area of research that has not been thoroughly examined is the effects of a season of competition and training on fenale athletic teams. The results of the studies that have been done in this area have been inconclusive. There have been studies that have shown sig- nificant improvement in performance (35. 39). while other studies have shown no change (3. 25). and at least one study has shown a significant decrease in performance (38). Although there are many factors that can contribute to these results. including the pretest fitness level and the training intensity. there appears to be a need for further examina- tion of the effects of training and competition on female sports team menbers. was This study was undertaken to determine the changes that occur in the cardiorespiratory parameters of intercollegiate female basket- ball players as a result of a season of competition and training. The parameters examined were oxygen uptake. heart rate. and blood lactate concentration. Significance The data obtained from this study will provide descriptive information pertaining to the effects of a competitive season on female basketball players The results should also be useful in evaluating the basketball team's current training program and developing a more effective program if needed. Limitations T. The study involved only one female athletic team (basket- ball) with a small number of members (N = 12). 2. There was no control over the subjects' fitness level before the first test session. 3. There is no way to be certain that each test was an emaustive test. 4. A limited nunber of parameters was measured. CHAPTER II REV IEW OF LITERATURE In T967. Sal tin and Astrand (33) studied 95 males and 38 females who were members of various Swedish National Teams The conclusions that the investigators drew were that there is an upper limit to the degree maximal oxygen uptake can be improved and that natural endowment is of major importance. Zel dis. Morganroth. and Rubler (48) investigated the effects of athletic conditioning on cardiac structure. They found no significant structural differences between college athletes and worl d-class athletes. This led to the conclusion that maximal performance is related to many factors. including peripheral oxygen extraction. aerobic and anaerobic energy metabolism. muscular strength. and psychological motivation. Summary data from various descriptive studies found in the literature are reported in Tables l and 2. Table 1 contains data concerned with female athletes participating in 'individual sports such as running and swimming. Cross-country skiers. as a group. demon- strated the highest max {'02 values (mean = 58.l ml‘kg'i'min'l) although runners (mean = 56.8 ml'kg'Lmin'1) also ezdiibited good aerobic power. Table 2 contains data from studies of female athletes involved in team sports. This table includes data from studies in which subjects were .mcauu ne _.u.a so. m.m~ -- m.~m s.m_ an ASNV soc..ta== ___Eu.otp Na. . _.oo -- o.mm m.s~ m Anne m=_tooaco.to __.Ee.oth mm. “.ms -- m.ms ~.m~ s Ase ao__aa Louoeooto o_u>u_o as. e._s o.s_ _.os m.:. o. ANNV .u_a..ce>u ___Ee.o.» sm_ m.me -- o.se m.». a. Ase uc_zo¢ ___Euootp mm. m.ms o... . s.me m._~ m Aouv co_a;aau:oa .._eeooL» am. o.~m -- m.:o ~.o~ m Ase =o_~;caacoa ___Eu.ot» oo~ m.mm -- m.mm m.m_ N Anne uc_ee_:m ___se.otp om. m.om -- ..mm , ~.m_ @— Ase u=_ee_zm toaoeomto o_u>u.o .m. s..m o.~_ «.ma «.3. a AN~V ac_ss.zm ___semoth am. m.mo -- ~.om o.m m Anny m=__xm ___EumuL» II :.om .. u- u- :_ A~av mc._xm >Luc30uommocu ___Eu.u.» ma. o.~m -- m.mm ~.a~ o. 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Ace. __og>o__o> ___EuooL» mm. o.om m._~ _.se m.m_ m. .m_. __~a>u__o> accuses.» o_u>u_m -- m.m: m.o~ o.oo ~.m_ m. Ao_v osmoLo~_\>oxuoz u.u_a ___snmot» _m_ ~.cm m.m~ m.~e a.- __ Ass. sexuo; u_o.a ___EeaoL» mw_ ~._m -- _.mm ..o~ o_ Away segue; e_o_a ___Eu~otp om. _.om o.m_ _.~e m._~ oN Acme __~aaox.~m .._Eumoth om. o.ms m.o~ m.mm s.m_ m. Amsv __mauoxmao Loaoeomto o_u>u_o as. ~.~s -- -- o.n~ _~ ASMV __~aaox.~n Asanv -c_s. -mx._ev Awe Away Amtmc>v sec) ‘0 ua>h z: me A. ~o>_me and >o0¢ ago—u: um< z uuoom m.muL0am emuu c. vo>_o>c. mayo—gum u_mEuu mo mo_umbcuuumcmcun-.~ u_nm» measured once during their season. As a group. field hockey players obtained fiie highest maximal oxygen uptake value (mean 8 48.7 ml'kg'L min") while also carrying the higiest percentage of body fat (mean . 23.1). Studies involving individual sports participants demonstrated higher maximal oxygen uptake values than investigations of team sports participants The nature of fire sports in which fine subjects are involved and the specificity of the test administered to each group of subjects may be relevant factors in explaining this observation In 1981. Berg and Keul (4) examined the physiological responses to exercise of 69 female athletes involved in various sports Parame- ters investigated included oxygen uptake. lactic acid. glucose. urea. free fatty acids. and various muscle enzymes The investigators con- cl uded that males and females exhibit similar responses to "long- lasting exercise" and fiiat males do not have any advantage over females in regard to physiological responses to this type of exercise. Rusko and Rahkila (32) drew a similar conclusion in a 1981 study involving 15 well-conditioned female cross-country skiers divided into three different training groups The first group increased fiie amount of intensive training and emphasized interval work. while fiie second group decreased fiie amount of intensive work but increased their total amount of training by using more Tow-intensity. distance work. The third group continued ‘UTOTT‘ normal training programs Intensive training was defined as training at a heart rate 0-15 beats per minute less fiian an individual's maximum heart rate All three groups trained for 4 months The investigators found a significant increase of 6.15 in max 902 in all three groups combined (51.9 to 55.1 inl°kg"1°min'1). 30th fiie interval work group and the distance work group eidiibited significant increases in maximal oxygen uptake. while fiie normal work group produced a nonsi gnifi cant increase Rusko and Rahkila concluded that male and female afiiletes respond similarly to endurance training. The investigators also concluded fiiat improvement in oxygen consumption of afiiletes is related to frequency and quantity of high-intensity training. In trying to maximize training effects. various methods for determining training intensity have been examined In 1977. Burke (6) investigated the effects of an 8-week progressive interval running program at an intensity 75 to 85! of maximum heart rate. The subjects were untrained females (mean age = 18.9 years). The program involved 1/2 mile runs separated by 1/4 mile walks Total distance run pro- gressed from 1 mile at fiie beginning of the study to 2-1/2 miles at fiie end. The subjects exhibited a significant increase in mean max 902 (31.7 to 39.3 mi-kg'l-min"). which was attributed to training effect. Lortie et al. (22) demonstrated a significant increase of 35s in mean maximal oxygen uptake (33.0 to 44.0 ml°kg"1'min"') after a 20- week endurance training program. Sedentary women (mean age = 24 years) trained at 60 to 851 of their heart rate reserve (HR reserve - HRmax - HRrest) (17). Kearney et a1. (18) also based fiie intensity of fiieir training program on heart rate reserve. Two groups of sedentary women (mean age = 17.5 years) trained on a treadmill at eifiier 50$ or 65$ of their heart rate reserve for 9 weeks. Each training session was terminated when 1.000 heart beats over resting heart rate had been recorded. Both groups showed significant increases in mean max V02. fiie 50% group produced an increase of approximately 5 m1°kg‘1°min"1. while fiie 65% group increased their max {[02 by approximately 9 ml'kg'L min". The investigators concluded fiiat: Even when an attempt was made to control the amount of exercise stress (as determined by number of exercise heart beats in fiie present study). fi'iere still appeared to be a trend in favor of fiie more vigorous intensity period despite the fact fi'iat fiie training session for the higher intensity was somewhat shorter. In 1978. Pederson and Jorgensen (28) studied fiie responses of six untrained women (mean age = 23.0 years) as part of a study investi- gating fiie effects of training. detraining. and retraining. The train- ing consisted of 30 minutes of cycling on a bicycle ergometer twice a week for 7 weeks The load was calculated to maintain fiie subjects' heart rate at 170 beats per minute. The subjects showed a significant increase in mean maximal oxygen uptake of 13.8% (41.5 to 46.7 m1°kg"1' min") after fiie 7-week training period. The investigators determined fiiat fiie average weekly increase in max V02 was 1.4 to 2.0x. Gibbons et a1. (15) varied training intensity according to heart rate at anaerobic fiireshold (ATHR) as determined on a treadmill. Untrained women were divided into three groups The first group trained at an intensity fiiat kept their heart rates at ATHR. The second group trained at an intensity fiiat maintained their heart rates at AlHR pl us 40% of fiie difference between heart rate at max 902 and ATHR The third group trained at a heart rate of ATHR minus 401 of the difference between heart rate at max 902 and All-IR. Training was 10 conducted on a treadmill four times a week for 20 minutes at the target heart rate per session. All fiiree groups demonstrated a significant increase in maximum oxygen uptake of approximately 5 ml-kg'Lmin’.I after an 8-week program. No significant differences were found between fiie three training intensities. Atomi and Miyashita (2) employed a progressive training program based on maxVDZ in fiieir fiiree-phase study of seven sedentary women (mean age = 31.7 years). The first phase of the study involved train- ing at 60% of the subjects' initial max 1'02 (mean = 29.4 ml'kg'T'min'T). This continued for 13 weeks. after which the subjects BXthTted a significant improvement in mean max 902 to 34.2 ml'kg'T'min'T. For the next 18 weeks. subjects trained at 75% of their max 1702. At the end of this period. fiie subjects showed a mean improvement to 36.1 ml'kg'L min". This increase was not significant. During the final 13 weeks. training intensity was increased to 901 of fiie subjects' max 1702. This resulted in a mean improvenent in maximun oxygen uptake to 39.4 ml'kg'Lmin'1. It should be noted fiiat all training and testing were done on a bi cycle ergometer. and the individual training loads were adjusted every 2 to 4 weeks based on new determinations of max N02. The investigators did not speculate as to the cause of the lack of signifi- cant increase in fiie second phase of the study. In 1977. Eddy et a1. (12) investigated the differences in training effects between interval and continuous training. Two groups of untrained college women underwent 7-week bicycle training programs The continuous training program consisted of bicycle ergometer training 11 at 701 of the subject's max 1702. while fiie interval program involved training at 100% of the subject's max ((02. Both groups trained four times a week. Each training session was compieted when a set amount of work was accomplished. The target amount of work was started at 10.000 KPM (kilopond meters) and increased 3.000 KPM ever week. The continuous training program produced a 15.2% increase in max 1702, and fiie interval program produced a similar increase of 14.3%. There was no significant difference between the two training groups in regard to pretest or posttest max:902. The investigators attributed the similarity in training effects between the two programs to the equal total work Toads per session. In 1975. Eisenman and Golding (13) investigated effects of a 14-week training program on untrained women (mean age = 19.6 years) and girls (mean age = 12.7 years). The program involved three 30-minute workouts a week. By fiie end of fiie training period. fiie subjects jogged approximately 1.8 miles and did 150 steps on an" 18-inch bench each session. The investigators found significant increases in mean maximum oxygen uptake in both groups The women showed an increase from 38.1 to 44.8 mi-kg'l-mih-l. uhiie the girls increased their mean max V02 from 42.7 to 49.6 ml'kg'l'min']. Daniels et a1. (10) investigated the responses of female cadets to the first 6 weeks of the training program that all cadets undergo at the U.S. Military Academy (West Point). The program was similar to fine basic training program adnini stered to enlisted personnel and 12 consisted of calisthenics and running five to six times per week. Even though fiie female cadets had started fiie program "in a fairly high state of fitness" (mean max 902 = 44.2 ml'kg'j'min'i). fiiey exhibited a significant increase in max V02 (mean = 48.8 ml'kg'Lmin'T) following the program. A similar group of enlisted women had a mean max 902 of 39.3 iiil'kg"""min"'I after fiie 6-week basic training program. Withers (46) investigated the effects of a 3-month preseason conditioning program on members of fiie Australian National Women's Lacrosse Team (mean age = 23.0 years). The training program involved two sessions per day. 6 days per week. Team members performed circuit- weight training 5 days per week and ran 6 days per week. The running program was continuous initially but gradually shifted to interval work. Approximately half of the 10 hours per week the preseason program encompassed was allotted to development of lacrosse skills and game strategy. The initial mean maximum oxygen uptake value was 44.0 hi-kg‘l-min‘l. After the first month of training. this was signifi- cantly increased to 48.6 ml'kg'T'min']. The second month of training produced a significant increase to 52.3 ml'kg'Lmin'T. The third training month did not produce a significant increase in max 902 (52.9 ml'kg'Lmin’T). The authors concluded fiiat a long preseason training program is necessary in light of the plateau in max 902 after 2 months of training. This will allow a good aerobic base to be built. upon which specific anaerobic game skills can be developed. In 1983. MacDonald (23) demonstrated a significant increase in predicted maximum oxygen uptake following 6 weeks of circuit weight 13 training. Each session consisted of 20 seconds of maximal uork on each of five weight machines with lO-second rest intervals after each exercise. The loads and number of circuits completed each session were gradually increased until all subjects completed 12 circuits in 30 minutes. Each subject participated in two sessions per week. Heart rate was kept at 60 to 80% of maximum heart rate during each session. Predicted max V02 increased approximately 20! after the 6-week program. The investigator concluded fiiat even relatively infrequent circuit training can improve aerobic fitness. . Table 3 contains sunmary data concerning preseason-postseason studies involving female athletes participating in team sports McArdle. Magel. and Kyvallos (25) found no change in maximal oxygen uptake due to a season of women's collegiate basketball. The inves- ti gators attributed the lack of improvement to low-intensity workouts fiiroughout fiie season. although the actual games were played at a high intensity as determined by telemetered heart rates In 1968. Sinning and Adrian (39) found a significant increase in maximal oxygen consumption due to training and competition during a season of women's collegiate basketball. Based on comparisons with data from the available literature fiie investigators concluded that the athletes in fiieir study did not reach fiie limits of their physical- conditioning capacity. Sinni ng and Adrian attributed this to a less- fiian-strenuous workout schedule. In 1973. Sinning (38) duplicated the 1968 study to assess the effects of a 1971 rule change in women's collegiate basketball. The 14 .Emcmotc m:_:_mcu xuuzim >3 uuuuuuca mm: ecumum xuuzix.m a .mcmue anoLm use mua_m> _.v:um c. voucoauc uucmu_s_ca_m« __.Evmuth maucoe m «.m. mm. «.m: «.5: m.o~ _.m~ n.oo m.mm ~.m_ a. Any >oxoo; v_o_u ___Evmuth nexuuz m. «mm. mm. so.oa m._: «m.m_ m..~ w._m o.mm o.o~ N. AmmV unaccoma Luuueoacu u.u>u_m mcucoe : «on. mm_ «o.ma w.:: m.o~ o._~ «o.~c o.~o _.m_ :_ AmmV __mnuuxmmn ___Eumucp mgucoe : .m. cm. c.mm m.mm .. .. o._o m._o c.o~ o Amwv __mnuuxmmm LuuusoQLu u_o>u_o mcucoe H mm_. mm. «m.mm 4.3m -- i- if m..@ m.o~ s Ammv __mauuxmmc umoa eta umos at; once eta umos ucs xco: so ua>h commum m acmwm z acoam co 5 :3 Ease 5. x2. 75...... I... E E seen 3.: £3»: a. e a Noo me m .mEmuu mucoam u_meus mc_>_o>c_ mu_u:um cemmumumoa-commumucn so memo >LmEE:mii.m u_nmh 15 rule change transformed the game from a six-p1 ayers-pewteam game in which only two p‘layers from each team cou'ld p1ay on the fun court to a five-p1 ayers-pewteam game in which a'l'l piayers p'l ayed on the fui'l court. Sinning found a significant decrease in mean max 902 (44.8 to 42.9 m1°lLmEE:m--.: o_nmh 2h ~m.. mo.m_ -.m Ne.m_ m_.~ mm.m_ Axes «swoon. some m em. __ sm_ 0. mm. Asses xme a: om._ em.m mm.o mm.m .m.o mm.m Adv No >Lu>ouot mmoam :_s-m_ m.m m.~m m.m _.mm m.s ~._m A_-c_e._-ax._ev xme Nos m.m m.o~ 5.: o.o~ ~.: m.:~ ANV one s.“ m.me _.m m.ee ~.m s.me hoes s;m_.z om cam: am an»: am an»: acmmomumoe ccmmomv_z ccmmomoee .mcowmmom umou mecca __m cone—e800 0:3 muooacsm co>om seem mumc >LmEE:mnn.m o_nmh 25 Lo» umou ___Ecmoeu acouu_ELouc~ o>_mmoem0ce m mc_L:u oxmue: com>xc Emou sworn-.. 0L:m_u 2:5 >mw>oowm n.¢.n_m_..o.mo~.omvm~_ F__.r__rprp___ Etc—o .8 382.50 .2 9.2, 22:25 $2-333 26:52.8 no... 5:00:00 23 v1. . Mao. mmOm umOu UOLLU n 4w>w4 N 4w>w4 . 4w>w4 c _ xu m _ xu c _ xu ____ b — -—__ Th —___ —_ l l J l O. on on 0? av on no (.-U!w- ,Jm-Iun 30A 26 Although there was a sligit increase in maximal oxygen uptake pre- season to mi dseason and a slight decrease mi dseason to postseasom there were no significant changes in max 1'02 over the three test 595- sions The midseason value. 53.1 ml-kg'I-min']. is comparable to the value 51.7 ml'kg'Lmin"I Zel dis et al. (48) reported for a field hockey team. The value is also similar to values reported for cross-country (44) and middle distance (27) runners. amateur cross-country skiers (4). swimmers (23). and pentathletes (4). The max 902 reported in this study was lower than that of the volleyball team (56.0 ml°kg"1°min'1) reported by Kovaleski et al. (19). The basketball team's 53.1 ml'kg"1° min"‘I was also lower than values reported for runners (4. 14. 45). cross-country skiers (4. 31. 33. 42). swimmers (33). and orienteers (33). The maximal oxygen uptake of the basketball team was higher than reported values for field hockey teams (11. 24. 47. 48). volleyball teams (24. 29. 40). and a softball team (47). The maxVOZ in the present study was also higwer than 50.1 ml-kg'Lmin'1 reported by Riezbos et al. (30) for a similar team. The value is also higher than 42.2 ml'kg'Lmin'l reported by Samek and Cermak (34) and 49.6 m1°kg'1' min"1 reported by Vaccaro. Clarke and Hrenn (43) for basketball teams. Sinning and Adrian (39) reported a significant increase in maximal oxygen uptake in a basketball team over the course of a season. while Schmidt. Gray. and Tyler (35) reported a similar increase in a lacrosse team in response to a preseason training program. Babcock (3) and McArdle Magel. and Kyvallos (25) reported no significant changes 27 in preseason to Postseason max 902 in their studies of field hockey and basketball teans. respectively. W The heart rate data of the basketball team in this study show a decrease in mean maximal heart rate (HRmax) from preseason to midseason and an increase from midseason to postseason These changes. 199 to 194 beats per minute (bpm) and 194 to 197 bpm. are not significant. The 194 bpm recorded at midseason (when team members are presumably most fit) falls into the upper end of the range of maximum heart rates attained by athletes involved in individual sports (see Table 1). Only cross-country skiers (4. 31) and swimmers (33) had higher reported values The basketball p1 ayers' HRmax was comparable to values reported for a volleyball team (19). a softball team (47). and a mixed group of athletes (24). In data concerning preseason and postseason studies. McArdle Magel. and Kyvallos (25) and Sinning and Adrian (39) reported a nonsignif i cant decrease in maximal heart rate over the course of a basketball season Babcock (3) found a significant decrease in the mean "Rinax preseason to postseason of a field hockey team. while Schmidt. Grey. and Tyler (35) reported a similar decrease in HRmax of a lacrosse team. Sinning (30) also reported a significant decrease in the same parameter for a basketball team over the course of a season. The heart rate data (Figure 2) were also examined nonparamet- rically using the Sign test (36). 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