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A PLUM CURCULIO MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR
TART CHERRIES USING A DEGREE DAY BASED
POST FULL BLOOM CONTROL INTERVAL
By

James Elliott Laubach

A Thesis
Submitted to
Michigan State University in partial
fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

Master Of Science

Department of Entomology

1995

ABSTRACT
A PLUM CURCULIO MANAGEMENT SYSTEM FOR TART CHERRIES USING A
DEGREE DAY BASED POST FULL BLOOM CONTROL INTERVAL
By

James Elliott Laubach

Studies concluded in 1991 and 1993 showed that oviposition by plum curculio on tart
cherries before 425 ddb50 F after full bloom did not result in larvae in the fruit at
harvest. In 1994 a study was conducted to validate and evaluate this threshold in
commercial blocks. The results from the harvest sampling data suggests that a 425
ddb50 F after full bloom threshold would prevent infested fruit at harvest except under
high plum curculio population pressure. The results have been formulated into a
working threshold for use by commercial tart cherry growers of 375 ddb50 F after full

bloom to time controls for plum curculio.

Dedicated
To my wife,
Sally J. Laubach
and parents,

Dr. George and Margaret Laubach

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

I wish to thank Dr. James Johnson for his understanding, guidance and
support during the course of my research and class work. I also would like to thank
Dr. James Flore for serving on my committee and for not letting me forget the
horticultural aspects of this work. A special thanks to Dr. Lany Olsen who started
me down the IPM road in 1977. Thanks to Sally for your encouragement and help

during this endeavor.

iv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES ................................................................................................. vi
LIST OF FIGURES ............................................................................................... viii
CHAPTER 1. Plum Curculio Caging Study ........................................................ 1
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 1
LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................................................... 4
MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................................................... 12
RESULTS ....................................................................................................... 16
DISCUSSIONS ............................................................................................... 25
CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................. 28
CHAPTER 2. Commercial Orchard Validation Study .......................................... 29
INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................. 29
MATERIALS AND METHODS ......................................................................... 30
RESULTS ....................................................................................................... 32
DISCUSSIONS ............................................................................................... 37
CONCLUSIONS .............................................................................................. 40
APPENDIX ........................................................................................................... 42
BIBLIOGRAPHY .................................................................................................. 70

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Maintenance spray schedule for study block in 13
$3311.;2."I)i;i.;i;.¥;;{e;'spray schedule for study block in 1993 .......................... 13
Table 3. Infestation data for 1991 ...................................................................... 17
Table 4. Infestation data for 1993 ....................................................................... 17

Table 5. Data for harvest date 7-06-91, one week before first normal harvest... 20
Table 6. Data for harvest date 7-13-91, first normal harvest .............................. 20
Table 7. Data for harvest date 7-18-93, two weeks before first normal harvest. 21
Table 8. Data for harvest date 7-25-93, one week before first normal harvest... 21
Table 9. Data for harvest date 7-31-93, first normal harvest ............................. 22
Table 10. Data for harvest date 8-07-93, one week after first normal harvest ..... 22
Table 11. Data for harvest date 8-14-93, two weeks after first normal harvest... 24

Table 12. Summary for 1991 and 1993: Second infestation period before first

infestation period with infested fruit at harvest ..................................................... 26
Table 13. Study orchards .................................................................................... 33
Table 14. Mid-season damage sample: number of oviposition scars ................ 34

Table 15. Harvest damage sample: number of cherries with plum curculio

damage ................................................................................................................ 36
Table A1. Temperature data for Harvest 1, 1991 ............................................... 42
Table A2. Temperature data for Harvest 2, 1991 ............................................... 45

vi

LIST OF TABLES (cont’d)

Table A3. Temperature data for Harvest 1, 1993 ............................................... 47
Table A4. Temperature data for Harvest 2, 1993 ............................................... 49
Table A5. Temperature data for Harvest 3, 1993 ............................................... 52
Table A6. Temperature data for Hanrest 4, 1993 ............................................... 55
Table A7. Temperature data for Harvest 5, 1993 ............................................... 58
Table A8. Temperature data for Bardenhagen farm ........................................... 61
Table A9. Temperature data for Sun Blossom farm ........................................... 64
Table A10 Temperature data for Laubach farm ................................................. 67

vii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Theoretical pesticide use measured in alternate middle insecticide
applications comparing plum curculio control strategies ................................. 39

Figure 2. Material cost per acre not including application costs, based on
using Guthion 50 WP at 1.5 lb. per acre ......................................................... 39

viii

CHAPTER 1. Plum Curculio Caging Study

INTRODUCTION

Plum curculio, Conctrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), is a primary insect pest of
tart cherries in Michigan (Hewitt 1993). Damage occurs when adult females oviposit
in the cherry and the resulting larvae feeds internally in the fruit. The larvae will
usually destroy the fruit by feeding, exit the fruit and pupate in the soil. This damage
can reach economic levels in the early season during peak egg laying (petal fall to
about 30 days after petal fall) when the number of cherries destroyed by larvae
exceeds the costs associated with applying an insecticide or mid to late season
(20 days after petal fall to one week pro-harvest) when ovipostion can result in

larvae in the cherries at harvest.

Early season damage levels are related to area plum curculio populations.
The size of a plum curculio population is a function of the historical use of
insecticides, the wild hosts surrounding the orchard and the quality of ovenNintering
habitat that may be present in and around the orchard. In most commercial blocks
damage is uncommon or found at low levels, while in abandoned blocks damage

can reach 100% (Laubach, unpublished).

2

Mid to late season injury can result in plum curculio larvae present in the fruit
at harvest and is related to when during the season oviposition takes place and
when the harvest takes place. The United States Department of Agriculture grade
standards for tart cherries published in 1941 (USDA 1941, page 2) and used today,
set a zero tolerance for “cherries which are affected by worms”. The potential costs
for the grower associated with this type of damage is the rejection of the load and
possibly their entire crop. This standard has resulted in the tart cherry industry
developing conservative control programs for the insects that feed internally in
cheny fruit. These insect pests are most commonly plum curculio, Conctrachelus
nenuphar (Herbst), eastern cherry fruit fly, Rhagoletis cingulata (Loew), black cheny
fruit fly, Rhagoletis fausta (0.3.) and less commonly apple maggot, Rhagoletis
pomonella (Walsh), cherry fruit worm, Grapholitha packardi (Zeller) and mineola
moth, Acrobasis tricolorella (Grote) (Hewitt 1993). Oblique banded leaf roller,
Chon'stoneura rosaceana (Harris), which feeds primarily on leaves and externally on
cherries has been found at high enough levels in cherry tanks to cause rejection of

these tanks (Johnson, unpublished).

Historically an insecticide residue has been maintained from petal fall to
harvest in tart cheny orchards to control insects that feed internally in the fruit;
requiring up to nine separate insecticide sprays. We theorized that plum curculio
oviposition early in the season allows the larvae to produce enough damage so that
the cheny abscises before harvest and does not contribute to contamination.
Oviposition late in the season often results in insufficient damage to cause
abscission and can result in infested fruit at harvest. Defining when during the

season damage can result in larval infested fruit at harvest would allow growers to

3
reduce insecticide applications for plum curculio during the early season providing

that populations of plum curculio are below economic crop reducing levels.

The objective of these studies was to determine if there is a consistent point
in the season when the outcome from plum curculio oviposition changes from pre-

harvest drop of tart cheny fruit to larval infested fruit at harvest.

LITERATURE REVIEW

Life History

Plum curculio, Conctrachelus nenuphar (Herbst), (Coleoptera:
Curculionidae), is a primary insect pest of tart cherries in Michigan (Hewitt 1993).
Damage occurs when adult females lay eggs in the cheny and the larvae feeds
internally in the fruit. The larvae will usually destroy the fruit by feeding, exit the fruit
and pupate in the soil. Adults ovenrvinter in orchard borders such as woodlots and
fence rows (LaFleur et al. 1987). In the spring they migrate into the orchard when
temperatures average 55 F to 65 F for several days. They have been found in
orchards pro-bloom, but most will migrate during bloom and after bloom. If alternate
hosts such as abandoned fruit trees border the commercial orchard, the threat of
continued migration can be as long as 6 weeks after petal fall (Hewitt 1993).

The adult plum curculio is a snout beetle, 5 mm long, dark-gray brown, and
have three pairs of bumps on their back. The jaws of the beetle are on the end of
the snout. Eggs are 0.4 mm wide by 0.6 mm long and are pearly white. Larva is
whitish and legless and measures about 6 to 9 mm when full grown. The head
capsule is brown to light brown. Pupae is found in the upper 1 to 2 inches of soil
and measures from 5 to 7 mm (Hewitt 1993).

Adults mate after becoming active in the spring and females can lay from 100

to 500 eggs (Hewitt 1993). Female plum curculio make a distinct crescent-shaped

5
oviposition mark with their snout on the cheny skin. Eggs are laid under the flap of

skin created by the wound. Egg hatch occurs within a few days and larval feeding
can be seen beneath the fruit skin within four to seven days. Larvae will continue to
feed, eventually destroying the cheny. Peak egg laying occurs 2 to 3 weeks after
petal fall and can continue up to 6 weeks after petal fall. The larvae will exit the ntit

and pupate in the soil. Adults will begin emerging in mid to late July (Hewitt 1993).

Activity

Cook (1890) reports plum curculio does not begin visiting apple trees until petal
fall in Central Michigan. After this time during egg laying, when weather is cold, plum
curculio are often found beneath the tree under debris. Toward nightfall, activity
increases with plum curculio reaching the canopy of the tree by walking up the trunk or
flying. Cook observed that plum curculio, when on a limb, will commonly fall to the
ground when disturbed. Studies conducted by Chouinard et al. (1992a) showed plum
curculio most active from 2000 to 0400 hours with no correlation between temperature
or humidity.

Lefleur et al. (1987) found that most plum curculio released in the fall in
orchards migrated towards high tree silhouettes at the edge of woodlots. Migration
was influenced by leaf litter conditions in the woodlot. Where leaf litter was thin, plum
curculio remained at the wood edge or returned to the orchard for hibernation. Most
plum curculio hibemated in the leaf litter", less than 1 % entered the soil. V\finter
survival was higher in forest soil with a thick litter layer than in orchard turf or forest
soil with a thin litter layer.

Lafleur and Hill (1987) found that, in spring migration studies of plum curculio

after emergence and migration, plum curculio were found on the ground under apple

6
trees until up to petal fall on apples. They felt that future research should look at

exploiting this behavior by developing ground-level traps and possible control
measures, chemical and biological, that would be directed at them while they are on
the ground.

Owens et al. (1982) monitored adult plum curculio activity on apple trees
from 0600 hours to 2100 hours from mid May to early July. Observations were only
made on warm days with low winds. Adults spent 45% of the time resting, 23% of
the time feeding, 19% of the time crawling, 12% of the time in oviposition associated
behavior and less than 1% of the time in flight. Dropping behavior was reported
frequently occurring after a disturbance caused by an observer. Dropping was also
observed from presence of a bird and a loud noise.

Racette et al. (1991) monitored daily activity of adults in field cages
containing three to four dwarf apple trees. They found that from full bloom to petal
fall plum curculio spent most of the time on the ground beneath the trees. By fnrit
set, most of their time was spent in the trees. Activity at this time was greatest in
late afternoon and at night. Mean daily rate of movement within the cage was
positively correlated to mean daily temperature.

Studies by Racette et al. (1990) used actographs to record daily activity of
plum curculio in cages. The actograph measured the frequency of plum curculio
dropping from the top of the cage. Before apple fmit set, plum curculio were active
mostly during the night. During fruit set and June drop, plum curculio were active
day and night. During mid-summer plum curculio were active mostly during the

night.

Host Finding

Butkewich et al. (1987) found that in laboratory studies wounded plum fruit
were visited more often by plum curculio adult females; however, oviposition was
done more often in unwounded fruit than wounded fruit. They suggest that wounding

of fruit enhances the ability of plum curculio to find fmit.

Chemical Control

Border row sprays have been shown to successfully control plum curculio
damage in apple orchards (Chouinard et al. 1992b) . A border spray applied at pink
and petal fall successfully controlled plum curculio at economically acceptable
levels.

In field tests, Fluke and Dever (1954) found aldrin, dieldrin or heptachlor
applied to the ground to significantly reduce plum curculio. Snapp (1960) was able
to control plum curculio in peach orchards for fours years with a single ground
applied application of aldrin.

Weed (1889) reports that in an efficacy trial comparing London purple with
the untreated check the trees treated with London purple had 1.5% fruit damage and

the untreated check had 6.17% damage.

Biological Controls

Parasitic wasps from the Braconidae family have been reported to parasitize
the larvae of the plum curculio. Cushman (1916) reported that Thersilochus
conotracheli (Riley) had been reared from plum curculio larvae collected in
Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas and

Michigan.

8
In North Carolina parasitism from Alia/us rufus (Riley) on plum curculio lawae

feeding in blue benies was 2.9%. A. rufus (Riley) and A. curculionis (Fitch) were
found infesting plum curculio larvae in wild plum at 2.7% and 5.4% respectively
(Mampe 8. Neunzig,1967).

A. cumulionis (Fitch) was reported as the most common larval parasite of
plum curculio in the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario (Armstrong, 1958). In an unsprayed
plum orchard parasitization was 26.6% in 1953 and 7.5% in 1955. Other species
reared from plum curculio larvae in that study were A. rufus (Riley) and T.
conotracheli (Riley).

Chouinard et al. (1992b) reports toads, Bufo americanus americanus
(Holbrook), were found with high level of (“2m used to mark adult plum curculio.
Cook (1890) identified that the grazing of chickens and livestock in orchards was a
successful method of controlling plum curculio. Lefleur et al. (1987) found that in a
study using (’52n) labeled plum curculio, spiders, slugs, earthworms and birds where
found contaminated with (°52n). Lefleur et al. (1987) isolated an unknown
pathogenic fungus and bacterium from diseased plum curculio larvae.

Tedders et al (1982) found in laboratory experiments the nematode
Neoaplectana carpocapsae (Weiser) ineffective in causing mortality to plum curculio
larvae. They found the fungi Metarhizium anisopliae (Metschnikoff) Sorokin and
Beauven’a bassiana (Balsamo) Vuillemin to cause high levels of mortality to plum
curculio larvae and suggest these species should be considered as biological control

agents against plum curculio.

Trapping and Monitoring

Cook (1890) described a trap developed by a Mr. Ransom of St. Joseph
Michigan that consisted of laying pieces of bark or chips at the base of a fmit tree
that were checked daily for plum curculio.

Prokopy (1993) reviewed past and present methods of monitoring plum
curculio and concluded that no method presently used accurately predicted plum
curculio populations. Prokopy (1993) reported that in previous work he did not find a
direct correlation between oviposition on scout apples and subsequent damage to
developing apples. Prokopy et al. (1980) reports that visual monitoring for ovipostion
scars most be done daily or twice daily to be effective.

Le Blanc et al. (1984) found that using limb jarring gave inaccurate
conclusions of plum curculio populations due to variables such as size of jarred limb,
size of drop cloth, strength of jarring blows, height of the “jarTer', time of day,
temperature and wind velocity. Le Blanc et al. (1984) were able to attract plum
curculio to oviposit on “Granny Smith” scout apples that were hung in an abandon

apple orchards.

Fruit Abscission

Tart cheny fruit development occurs in three distinct stages. Stage 1, bloom
to about 20 to 22 days after bloom, is characterized by rapid cell division and
enlargement. Stage 2 lasts for approximately 16 to 20 days and is characterized by
a hardening of the pit. Stage 3 lasts for approximately 21 to 23 days and is
characterized by rapid cell enlargement (T ukey & Young 1939).

Injury of the tart cheny seed during stage one or early to mid stage two will

cause the cheny to abscise at the pedunclezpedicel zone. Injury at this time is

1 0
associated with an increase in ethylene production by the injured fruit. Injury to the

mesocarp or endocarp did not induce ethylene production or fruit abscission. Seed
injury in late stage 2 and stage 3 will not cause the cherry to abscise (WIttenbach
and Bukovac 1974). Injury described in this work was induced by drilling a 0.79 mm
diameter hole into the tissue. Injury at this time did not cause an increase in
ethylene production by the fruit.

Levine and Hall (1977) reported that plum curculio-induced fruit abscission
of immature plums and apples was due to feeding activity by larvae. In a further
study (1978) they found that enzymes produced by the larvae cause fruit tissue
maceration and may be responsible for premature abscission of fruit while feeding

on plum and apples.

Mechanical or-Cultural Controls

Weed (1890) reports that the common method of controlling plum curculio in
the Ohio fruit growing region lying along the south shore of Lake Erie was to jar trees
daily and sometimes twice daily to catch adults on a catching frame. “A sort of
inverted umbrella mounted on wheels, it was not uncommon to obtain by jarring a
single tree a hundred of them a day” (Weed 1890, p 226). Damage surveys
conducted in 1890 in a commercial plum orchard showed 3% fruit injury on trees
treated with Paris green and 4% injury on jarred trees. Cook (1890) felt that you
could reduce plum curculio damage to fruit crops other than plums by planting plums
(the preferred host of plum curculio) near by as a trap crop. This combined with janing
of the trees from 10 to 15 times per season would adequately control plum curculio in

cherry, peach and apple orchards.

11

Conclusion

The literature has covered plum curculio life history, activity, host finding
behavior, chemical and biological control and trapping. There are no reports
attempting to manage plum curculio on tart cherries looking at applying controls to

prevent infested fruit at harvest. It is for this reason that these studies are proposed.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

This study was conducted in a commercial tart cheny orchard in Benzie
County, Michigan. The orchard received standard fungicide treatments (T able 1
and Table 2). During the course of the study, insecticides were not used within 18 m
of the trees in the study except when insecticides were applied to study trees after
infestation periods to prevent re-infestation by plum curculio or other orchard pests.

Adult plum curculio were collected in the Spring of 1991 and 1993 from
abandoned apricot, plum, tart cheny and apple trees. Adults were collected using a
“beating tray”, a cloth device measuring 1 m square and held taut using a hard wood
frame. The beating tray was held under a tree branch and the branch was jarred
causing plum curculio to drop to the cloth frame. The plum curculio were maintained
in 16 oz fruit canning jars with fresh tart cheny sheets for food and moisture, at
densities less than 20 plum curculio per jar. Collection began after bloom and
continued for approximately 20 days. The plum curculio were used in caging

studies as discussed below.

1991
Beginning at the end of shuck split stage of development on tart chenies,
eight tart cheny branches were infested with five un-sexed adult plum curculio per

cage. The cages were made from mosquito netting and measured about 1/2 meter

12

Table 1. Maintenance spray schedule for study block in 1991

13

 

 

 

 

Date Common Name Trade Name and Rate Per
Formulation Acre
5/26/91 Chlorothalonil Bravo 720 2 pints
5/26/91 Thiophanate- Topsin-M 0.5 lb.
methyl
6/03/91 Fenarimol Rubigan 3 oz.
6/03/91 Dodine Dodine 65 WP 0.8 lb.
6103/91 Sulfur Liquid Sulfur (6 Ib.l gal.) 2 pints
6/08/91 Fenarimol Rubigan 4 oz.
6/15/91 Fenarimol Rubigan 3 oz.
6/15/91 Dodine Dodine 65 WP 0.5 lb.
6/28/91 Dodine Dodine 65 WP 0.8 lb.
6/28/91 Benomyl Benalate DF 0.3 lb.
6/28/91 Phosmet lmidan 50 WP 0.8 lb.
7/08/91 lprodione Rovral 50 WP 0.7 lb.
7/22/91 Chlorothalonil Bravo 720 2 pints
7/22/91 Fenarimol Rubigan 3 oz.
Table 2. Maintenance spray schedule for study block in 1993
Date Common Name Trade Name and Rate Per
Formulation Acre
6/05/93 Myclobutanil Nova 40 2.4 oz.
6105/93 Dodine Dodine 65 WP 0.4 lb.
6/11/93 Myclobutanil Nova 40 2.9 oz.
6/11/93 Dodine Dodine 65 WP 0.4 lb.
6/15/93 Myclobutanil Nova 40 2.9 oz.
6/15/93 Dodine Dodine 65 WP 0.8 lb.
6/23/93 Myclobutanil Nova 40 2.4 oz.
6/23/93 Dodine Dodine 65 WP 0.8 lb.
7l01/93 Phosmet lmidan 50 WP 0.8 lb.
7/01/93 Dodine Dodine 65 WP 0.8 lb.
7/10/93 Phosmet lmidan 50 WP 0.8 lb.
7l10/93 Dodine Dodine 65 WP 0.8 lb.
7/10/93 Sulfur Sulfur WP 90% 4 lb.
7/16/93 lprodione Rovral 50 WP 0.7 lb.
7I16/93 Sulfur Sulfur WP 90% 4 lb.
7/31/93 Sulfur Sulfur WP 90% 4 lb.
7I31/93 Dodine Dodine 65 WP 0.8 lb.
7I31/93 Carbaryl Sevin 808 1.2 lb.

14
in diameter and 1.3 meters long. Branches were approximately 2/3 to 1 meter long

with approximately 50 to 400 cherries per branch. The cages remained on the
branches for about 48 hours at which point the cages were removed and the plum
curculio adults recaptured. This process was repeated at three day intervals, for a
total of 12 infestation periods. Branches were selected randomly in trees and four
branches per tree were caged. When the cages were removed from the branches,
the number of cherries with oviposition scars were counted. Within 48 hours after
the cages were removed, the treatments were sprayed at dilute rate with a backpack
sprayer using lmidan 50 WP at 1 lb. per 100 gals.

Cherries were harvested from the infested branches at two periods: 6 July,
one week before first normal harvest; and 13 July, first normal harvest. Four
branches were randomly selected from each infestation period for each harvest.
Cherries with oviposition scars were placed in the following classifications:
oviposition scar and no internal feeding; internal feeding with no larvae present; and
internal feeding with larvae present. A treatment consisted of branches with the

same infestation and harvest date.

Weather data was collected from the nearest NOAA weather station located

in Beulah, Michigan (Appendix: Table A1 and A2).

1993
Experiments were conducted as in 1991, except that branches were infested
with six to nine unsexed adult plum curculio per cage. Additionally, there were 10

infestation periods rather than 12 as in 1991.

1 5
Cherries were harvested from the treatments: 18 July, two weeks before

first normal harvest; 25 July, one week before first normal hawest; 31 July, first
normal harvest; 7 August, one week after first normal harvest; and 14 August, two
weeks after first normal harvest. Three to four branches were randomly selected
form each infestation period for each hanrest. Cherries with oviposition scars were
counted and classified as follows; oviposition scar and no internal feeding; internal
feeding with no larvae present; and internal feeding with larvae present. A
treatment is considered a series of branches with the same infestation and hawest
date.

Weather data was collected on site using an electronic data logger
(Automata lnc., Grass Valley California) (Appendix 3-7).

Degree days were calculated by the modified average method, (maximum
daily temperature + minimum daily temperature (if minimum daily temperature is less
than lower developmental threshold then use lower developmental threshold for
minimum daily temperature) [2) - minimum developmental threshold = degree days

for that day, (Johnson & Herr 1995).

RESULTS

Environmental Data

This study was conducted in the 1991 and 1993 growing seasons. In 1991
the number of days between full bloom and first normal harvest were 61 calendar
days and the accumulated degree days were 1630 ddb42 and 1164 ddb50. (See
Appendix: Tables A1 - A7 for detailed seasonal temperature data and degree day
accumulation information.) In 1993 the number of days between full bloom and first
normal harvest were 78 calendar days and the accumulated degree days were 1600
ddb42 and 1100 ddb50. These data illustrate two very different seasons with
respect to temperature accumulations and illustrate the similarities when looking at

degree day accumulations between full bloom and first normal harvest.

Infestation Results

In 1991 and 1993 there were 12 and 10 inoculation periods respectively.
The results are summarized in table 3 and table 4. In 1991 and 1993, infestations
began at the end of shuck split; 229 ddb50 and 231 ddb50 respectively after full
bloom. Creating timed ovipostion on tart cherries was successful as attempted with
an average of 240 fmit with ovipostions scars produced from infestation periods in
1991 and an average of 529 cherries with ovipostion scars per infestation period in

1993. Peak ovipostion per plum curculio in 1991 was during the infestation period

16

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ending on 4 June; 23 days, 551 ddb42 and 384 ddb50 after full bloom and in 1993

on 25 June; 43 days, 662 ddb42 and 426 ddb50 after full bloom.

In 1991 the last inoculation period was on 25 June with a total of 13
ovipostion scars produced from 25 plum curculio. This was 44 calendar days,
1107 ddb42 and 776 ddb50 after full bloom. In 1993 the last inoculation period was
on 9 July with a total of 551 oviposition scars from 121 plum curculio. This was 57

calendar days, 1050 ddb42 and 706 ddb50 after full bloom.

Harvest Evaluations

In 1991 and 1993 there were two and five harvest sampling dates
respectively. Cherries were examined for plum curculio damage and damaged
cherries were classified as follows; larval presence, larval internal feeding damage
with no larvae present and oviposition scar with no internal feeding damage. In the
harvest samples, cherries that were 13 mm or less in diameter with larvae were
noted; however, because these cherries were brownish, hollow and shriveled and
would not make it through the processing process, they were not used in

determining a pre-harvest interval.

1991 Harvest

There were two harvests In 1991. The first harvest was 6 July, 1 week
before first normal harvest and the second harvest was 13 July, first normal harvest.
In the first harvest of 1991, three larval infested cherries with larvae were found in
the 7 June infestation sample. These larvae were all in cherries less than 9 mm in

diameter, brown, hollow and shriveled. The first infestation period to have lawal

1 9
infested cherries greater than 13 mm in diameter was in the 13 June infestation

sample; therefore, the 10 June infestation period would be considered the last
infestation period allowing a crop free of larvae-infested cherries 1 week before first
normal harvest (Table 5).

In the second harvest of 1991, two cherries with one larvae each were found
in the 7 June infestation sample. These cherries were less than 13 mm in diameter,
brownish, hollow and shriveled. The first infestation period to have larval infested
cherries greater than 13 mm in s'ze was 10 June; therefore, the infestation period
of 7 June would be considered the last infestation period allowing a crop free of

larvae-infested cherries at first normal hawest (Table 6).

1993 Harvest

There were five harvests in 1993. In the first hanIest of 1993 , 2 weeks
before first normal harvest, the first infestation period to have lanral infested
cherries was 25 June; therefore, the 22 June infestation period would be
considered the last infestation period allowing a crop free of larvae-infested cherries
(Table 7). In the second harvest of 1993, 1 week before first normal harvest, the
first infestation period to have larval infested cherries was 28 June; therefore, the
25 June infestation period would be considered the last infestation period allowing a
crop free of larvae-infested cherries (Table 8). In the third harvest of 1993, first
normal harvest, the first infestation period to have larval infested cherries was 30
June; therefore, the 28 June infestation period would be considered the last
infestation period allowing a crop free of lanrae-infested cherries (Table 9). In the
fourth harvest of 1993, 1 week after first normal harvest, the first infestation period

to have larval infested cherries was 30 June; therefore, the 28 June infestation

20

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23
period would be considered the last infestation period allowing a crop free of larvae—

infested cherries (Table 10). In the fifth harvest of 1993, 2 weeks after first normal
harvest, the first infestation period to have larval infested cherries was 3 July;
therefore, the 30 June infestation period would be considered the last infestation

period allowing a crop free of larvae-infested cherries (Table 11).

24

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DISCUSSIONS

The objective of this study was to determine if there is a consistent point in
the season when the outcome from plum curculio oviposition changes from pre-
harvest drop of fruit to larval infested fruit at harvest. This point in the season can
be measured differently to determine the most consistent method during seasons of
high variability. Data measuring: 1) calendar days; 2) degree days base 42 F; and
3) degree days base 50 F after full bloom were evaluated for their predictive ability.
Using calendar days to predict a post-full bloom control interval would be extremely
inaccurate with the 23 and 43 calendar day periods after full bloom I measured for
1991 and 1993 respectively. Using ddb42 would be less accurate than ddb50 as
evidenced in the data for 1991 and 1993 (Table 12). Data collected on calendar
days, degree days base 42 F and degree days base 50 F before harvest, were not
reliable for predicting a control interval due to the unreliability of predicting harvest
30 days in advance. This data may be of use in the future if methods of forecasting
tree growth and weather improve.

We achieved our objective by demonstrating that cherries did not contain
plum curculio larvae at first normal harvest when they were infested before 427
ddb50 and 475 ddb50 after full bloom in 1991 and 1993 respectively. A low
percentage of cherries infested later than this time in the season did contain larvae

at harvest (Table 6 and 9). The penalty to a grower for having larval infested fruit at

25

26

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27
harvest can be the rejection of a load and possibly the entire crop. For this reason,

we opted to develop a threshold that would have a high degree of safety. We
examined the harvest dates of first normal harvest for 1991 and 1993 and used the
second to the last infestation date before the first infestation date that had larval
infested fruit. For 1991, this data was 4 June, 23 calendar days, 551 ddb42 and 384
ddb50 after full bloom. For 1993, 25 June, 43 calendar days, 662 ddb42 and 426
ddb50 after full bloom (Table 12). For a recommendation using this data we would
use the 1991 data because it is more conservative and round it off to 375 ddb50
after full bloom. This threshold has a safety factor of an added 50 ddb50 built into it.

In 1993 we examined the hypothesis that if harvest was delayed, the post-full
bloom control interval would also be delayed. This would allow growers with long
harvests (15 to 21 days are not unusual) to delay control sprays in orchards that are
harvested later than first normal harvest.

Delaying harvest would allow a small shift in the post-full bloom interval to
later in the season (Table 12). In 1993, 2 harvest sample dates were added; 1
week after first normal harvest and 2 weeks after first normal harvest. Using the
same method as above in building in a safety factor, a grower could delay applying a
control spray approximately 50 ddb50 F for each week harvest was delayed. This
data should not be used in formal recommendations due to the fact it was only
collected for one season and that it has not been validated using larger sample sizes
such as whole orchards. However, It could provide a strategy for blocks that have
plum curculio infested fruit at harvest. In these blocks, harvest could be delayed for
one or two weeks and the infested fruit would likely abscise. It also provides the
basis for future research in determining the validation of this concept by conducting

a second season of caging studies and a follow up whole orchard validation study.

CONCLUSIONS

The goal of this research project was to define when during the season the
outcome of plum curculio oviposition on tart cherries changes from fruit abscission
before hawest to larval infested fruit at harvest. We demonstrated in two seasons
with very different daily temperature characteristics that there was definable point in
the season when this outcome changed. In this study the populations of infested
cherries were low when compared to a potential infestation found in commercial
orchards with high plum curculio pressure. It is for this reason that it would be
important to validate the threshold developed in this study in commercial tart cherry

orchards.

28

CHAPTER 2: Commercial Orchard Validation Study

INTRODUCTION

In the 1991 and 1993 caging studies we identified a consistent point in the
season when the outcome from plum curculio oviposition of tart cherries changed
from pre-harvest abscission to larval infested fruit at harvest. The experiments were
done using small populations of infested fruit, an average of 371 infested fruit per
treatment. These experiments provided information to begin formulating a threshold
that could be recommended to tart cheny growers to control plum curculio. To
validate this threshold we designed a study that would use whole orchards as study
units. The objective of this study was to evaluate a post-bloom control threshold for

plum curculio control in commercial tart cherry orchards.

29

MATERIALS AND METHODS

During the pre-bloom portion of the season 14 orchards in Northwest Ml were
identified for inclusion in this study. All had a history of plum curculio damage in
previous seasons and growers agreed to follow timing suggestions of insecticides for
controlling plum curculio. Seven of the 14 orchards were randomly selected to have
controls applied for plum curculio at 300 ddb50 after full bloom and 7 of the 14
orchards were randomly selected to have controls applied for plum curculio at 425
ddb50 after full bloom.

These orchards were scouted weekly during the season and weather data for
these sites were collected (Appendix: Tables A8-A10). In addition to weekly scouting
for plum curculio, two damage surveys were conducted. The first survey was
conducted after the plum curculio threshold control sprays were applied and the
second survey was conducted at harvest from tanks of cherries on the growers
cooling pad.

The first survey was conducted by doing a 1 min/tree visual survey for plum
curculio ovipostion scars. Twenty-four trees per orchard were surveyed. All surveys
were conducted by the same observer. In each orchard, on each of four borders,
three border trees were surveyed; four rows in from the surveyed border trees, three

additional trees were surveyed.

30

31
The second survey was conducted at harvest. Results from the first survey

were used to identify the border in each block with the highest levels of oviposition
scars and cherries from these borders were sampled. Two sampling methods were
used. The first sampling method was to visually survey cherries in cheny tanks for
plum curculio ovipostion related injury for 2 minutes. Four tanks per orchard were
surveyed using this technique. The second sampling method was designed to be
identical to the method used by USDA raw product inspectors located at cheny
processing facilities during the cheny harvest. This method sampled 1000 grams of
cherries randomly selected from cherry tanks and each cheny examined for damage.
Cherries with oviposition scars were dissected and placed in the following
classifications: oviposition scar and no internal feeding; internal feeding with no

larvae present; and internal feeding with larvae present.

RESULTS

The 1994 pest pressures in Northwest Ml cherry orchards were characterized
by high populations of green fruit worm larvae during the period of 1 to 3 weeks after
bloom. Most orchards exceeded the action threshold for this pest. Due to this
reason, 6 of the 14 orchards in the study received insecticide applications that
disqualified them for use in this study. These controls were applied late enough so it
was not possible to replace them with other orchards in the region. One orchard of
the 14 was not harvested due to quality problems unrelated to plum curculio and a
harvest damage survey was not possible.

As thresholds were approached in the study orchards, growers were advised
to apply control sprays. Table 13 summarizes the assigned thresholds and the actual

timing of control sprays.

Mid-Season Damage Sample

The primary objective of the first survey was to identify relative damage levels
in the orchards. Table 14 summarizes this data. This data reinforces the observations
that plum curculio populations and related damage vary widely between orchard and

within orchards.

32

Table 13. Study Orchards

33

 

Orchard Name

Assigned Threshold: Control
Applied After Full Bloom

Actual Timing of
Control: After Full
Bloom

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Diagonal Tarts 300 ddb50 327 ddb50
Six Rows 300 ddb50 327 ddb50
Reshaped Tarts 300 ddb50 327 ddb50
East Tarts 425 ddb50 466 ddb50
Mare Tarts 425 ddb50 437 ddb50
House Tarts 425 ddb50 426 ddb50
Blackbeny Tarts 425 ddb50 426 ddb50

 

 

34

 

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35
Harvest Damage Sample.

The primary question this sample was answering was if insecticide control
sprays for plum curculio were delayed to 300 ddb50 or 425 ddb50 after full bloom,
would fruit be free of larvae in a commercial orchard at harvest as it was in studies
conducted in 1991 and 1993 using smaller study units. in the harvest damage
samples no cherries with larvae were found, see Table 15. In the Mare tart orchard
three cherries with larvae were found floating in tanks as they were harvested. These
cherries are generally skimmed off the tanks before they reach the cooling pad.
However, this finding indicates that when the density of ovipostion stings are

extremely high the 425 ddb50 threshold can fail.

36

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DISCUSSIONS

The 1991 and 1993 caging studies showed that oviposition by plum curculio on
tart chenies before 425 ddb50 after full bloom did not result in larvae in the fruit at
harvest. The purpose of the 1994 study was to validate and evaluate this threshold in
commercial blocks. The results from the harvest sampling data suggests that the 425
ddb50 threshold would be safe to use under most orchard conditions. Although no
larval infested fruit were found in the harvest sampling, infested fruit were observed in
the cheny tanks on the harvest equipment in the Mare Tart orchard, (three cherries with
larvae floating in tanks while observing four tanks of cherries being harvested). This
indicates that in orchards with high plum curculio pressure this threshold would not be
appropriate given the quality requirements of processed tart cherries, (zero tolerance of
larvae in fruit at harvest). From the 1994 data, it appears that at lower, more typical
plum curculio pressures the 425 ddb50 threshold is very reliable. In orchards with high
plum curculio pressure this threshold may fail and for that reason as will as the costs
associated with that failure we are suggesting that the grower community in Michigan
use a threshold of 375 ddb50 after full bloom in combination with a scouting program.

In 1979 when I became active as a grower of tart cherries in Northwest Michigan
it was common for extension personnel to recommend spraying for plum curculio on tart
cherries at petal fall and using a calendar spray program thereafter. This illustrates the
fear and extreme penalties that larval infested fnrit at harvest can cause, but it also

indicates the lack of knowledge in the relationship between larval and fruit development

37

38
and the lack of confidence in scouting programs for plum curculio. Figure 1 and

Figure 2 illustrate the savings in reduced pesticide use and costs that theoretically could
be attained by using the threshold developed by this research compared to using a
calendar approach. If this saving could be experienced by the Michigan tart cheny
industry in 1994 there would have been a cost savings of approximately $600,000 and

a reduction in use of 43,312 lbs of pesticide active ingredients.

39

 

‘ I Calendar Approach

I 375 ddb50 post full
bloom

 

 

 

 

1991 1993 1994
Figure 1. Theoretical pesticide use measured in alternate middle insecticide
applications comparing plum curculio control strategies.

 

I Calendar Approach

I 375 ddb50 post full
bloom

 

 

 

 

1991 1993 1994

Figure 2. Material cost per acre not including application costs, based on using
Guthion 50 WP at 1.5 lb. per acre.

CONCLUSIONS

When we conceptualized this research we were looking for a degree day
based threshold that could be part of a plum curculio management program. We
needed to know when during the season the outcome from plum curculio oviposition
changed from pre-harvest drop of the cheny to infested fruit at hanrest. This
knowledge would allow growers to accept low levels of plum curculio damage before
the threshold is reached and apply a control spray when the threshold is reached.

A possible weakness to the threshold we established is the fact that this work
was done in one region of Michigan. The sites used were located in Northwest
Michigan where mean seasonal temperatures are cooler than in Southwest Michigan.
Tart cheny phenological growth develops at different rates than plum curculio.
However, the seasons in which this work was done did represent extremes in possible
mean seasonal temperature levels, and therefore, the threshold developed should be
appropriate at locations with different mean temperature levels. An improvement in
he design of these experiments would be to locate a treatment site in Southwest
Michigan and Northwest Michigan to test the effectiveness of the threshold at both
locations.

The threshold will be used in a management program that will include a
scouting program and an environmental monitoring program. Further research is
necessary to develop sampling techniques and economic damage thresholds for plum

curculio on tart cherries. These are challenging areas for research because the

40

41
biology and behavior of plum curculio are poorly understood. Damage thresholds, a

component of the scouting program, are difficult to establish on tart cherries because
the price of chenies are usually not established until after the season is over and will
fluctuate between $.05 and $.50 per pound from year to year.

Despite the lack of scientifically derived scouting protocols and economic
thresholds there should be widespread use by growers and consultants of the
information gained from this research. Best-guess scouting protocols and action
thresholds can be established by extension specialists and consultants for managing
plum curculio.

The grade standard that does not allow for any tolerance of larvae in the fruit
at harvest is the driving force for the pest management program we currently use in
cherries. Despite this regulation we have been able to greatly reduce insecticide use
for the direct feeding insect pests such as plum curculio and cheny fruit fly. This is a
result largely of developing pest management programs using best-guess methods for
establishing scouting protocols and action thresholds. These techniques used in
formal IPM programs by growers or consultants have allowed for significant reductions
in pesticide use. Wrth the potential penalties of having infested fruit a harvest at any
levels, further reductions in insecticide use will only come when the zero tolerance

regulation is modified to allow a small percentage of infested fruit at harvest.

APPENDIX

42

APPENDIX

Table A1. Temperature data for harvest 1, 1991

 

 

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511 3191 84 56 28 20 1 28 20 54 1429 1019
5114/91 82 50 24 16 2 52 36 53 1401 999
511 5191 86 48 25 18 PF“ 3 77 54 52 1377 983
5/16191 81 55 26 18 4 103 72 51 1352 965
511 7191 54 48 9 2 5 1 12 74 50 1326 947
5/18/91 62 44 11 6 6 123 80 49 1317 945
5119191 70 35 14 10 7 137 90 48 1306 939
5120191 74 34 1 6 12 8 1 53 1 02 47 1292 929
5121191 76 44 18 13 9 171 115 46 1276 917
5122/91 79 56 26 18 10 197 133 45 1258 904
5123/91 81 62 30 22 1 1 226 1 54 44 1 233 886
5124191 78 64 29 21 1 2 255 1 75 43 1 203 865
5125191 78 57 26 1 8 1 3 281 1 93 42 1 1 74 844
5126191 79 59 27 1 9 1 4 308 212 41 1 1 49 826
5127/91 77 58 26 1 8 1 5 333 229 40 1 122 807
5128191 87 60 32 24 1 6 365 253 39 1 096 790
5129191 84 60 30 22 1 7 395 275 38 1 065 766
5130191 80 63 30 22 18 424 296 37 1035 744
5131191 75 59 25 17 19 449 313 36 1005 723
6/ 1191 83 59 29 21 20 478 334 35 980 706
612191 75 63 27 1 9 21 505 353 34 951 685
613191 79 59 27 19 22 532 372 33 924 666
6/4/91 74 47 1 9 1 2 23 551 384 32 897 647
615191 77 48 21 1 4 24 571 398 31 879 635
616191 80 48 22 1 5 25 593 41 3 30 858 621
617 191 79 49 22 1 5 26 61 5 427 29 836 606
618191 81 53 25 1 7 27 640 444 28 8 1 4 592
619/91 85 53 27 19 28 667 463 27 789 575

Table A1. (cont'd)

 

 

-rr 'n
g! In
1"
g g 9 9 5 o o 9 3 a:
g g re «2 ' ' c c t 9o. 9..
a a 3 z r 3 3 2. a a
5 5 gr 9 9'- .=_ 5 g 2 g
a 3' '5. '5. E 5- ? a 2’. ..
3 3 3 a a re
3 U E E a > g g g 9 9
e o a a 3 a. o. - - -
3 3 ‘P 0 _o_ a E u- 2 9| 2
9 a a a 8 ,g “3.. N S g g. i;
8 3 3 11 11 < m 'n 11 a .. ..
6110191 79 67 31 23 29 698 486 26 762 556
6111191 82 55 27 19 30 725 505 25 731 533
61 12191 72 58 23 15 31 748 520 24 705 514
6113191 86 49 26 18 32 773 538 23 682 499
611 4191 87 65 34 26 33 807 564 22 656 481
6115191 77 63 28 20 34 835 584 21 622 455
6116191 79 62 29 21 35 864 604 20 594 435
6117191 82 53 26 18 36 889 622 19 566 415
611 8191 85 56 29 21 37 918 642 18 540 397
6119191 87 59 31 23 38 949 665 17 512 377
6120191 87 59 31 23 39 980 688 16 481 354
6121191 83 63 31 23 40 1011 711 15 450 331
6122191 74 54 22 14 41 1033 725 14 419 308
6123191 83 48 24 17 42 1056 742 13 397 294
6124191 78 55 25 1 7 43 1 081 758 1 2 373 277
6125191 85 51 26 18 44 1107 776 11 349 261
6/26191 93 61 35 27 45 1142 803 10 323 243
6127/91 93 75 42 34 46 1 1 84 837 9 288 21 6
6128/91 84 75 38 30 47 1221 867 8 246 182
6129191 93 67 38 30 48 1 259 897 7 208 1 52
6130191 77 63 28 20 49 1 287 91 7 6 1 70 1 22
711191 78 58 26 18 50 1313 935 5 142 102
712191 83 63 31 23 51 1344 958 4 116 84
713191 80 61 29 21 52 1373 978 3 85 61
714191 79 62 29 21 53 1 401 999 2 57 41
715/91 79 61 28 20 54 1429 1019 1 28 20
716191 88 65 35 27 H 1 *** 55 1 464 1045

* F8 is full bloom

Table A1 . (cont'd)

 

mm. a o.“ cacao .u @303 1.

mm” % 0.4 2.2» .u mega; .....

mm" a 2 an: age; 1..

9.332.925 gnome .u

93353.5 2.1» .u

x... u a." as: >32. .6

2.2.0.09.
Dana» 09.3 None 3 ."
08:3 033 wane h» v.
3.33:3 33.5383

2.3.3.3 33.5383

098

 

** PF is petal fall

WH1 is harvest 1

45
Table A2. Temperature data for Harvest 2, 1991

 

 

TI 11

99 .09

I a an: as:

g 3 c? r? N ' ' o o

3. a: ‘3 :3 o o * a 2

g g a 0 j: g g 9. a. g

a a 2 2 a s- s— 9 E g

3' 3* 3 5 s '2‘- ?- 6 -n -n

3 3 w u: '0 m 0 a on w w

'0 u 3 8 3' > a n- 95. 9;. 9;.

2 2 o o a :1- D- D- o o o

D 3 ° h 01 9 2 g g 3 3 3

3 E g N o 8 '11 N o I I I

o G o 11 11 ~< W 11 "I1 N N N
5112191 81 57 27 19 PB“ 62 1657 1183
5113/91 84 56 28 20 1 28 20 61 1630 1164
5114/91 82 50 24 16 2 52 36 60 1602 1144
5115191 86 48 25 18 PF“r 3 77 54 59 1578 1128
5116191 81 55 26 18 4 103 72 58 1553 1110
5117191 54 48 9 2 5 112 74 57 1527 1092
5118/91 62 44 11 6 6 123 80 56 1518 1090
5119/91 70 35 14 10 7 137 90 55 1507 1084
5120/91 74 34 16 12 8 153 102 54 1493 1074
5121/91 76 44 18 13 9 171 115 53 1477 1062
5122/91 79 56 26 18 10 197 133 52 1459 1049
5123191 81 62 30 22 11 226 154 51 1434 1031
5124/91 78 64 29 21 12 255 175 50 1404 1010
5125/91 78 57 26 18 13 281 193 49 1375 989
5126191 79 59 27 19 14 308 212 48 1350 971
5127191 77 58 26 18 15 333 229 47 1323 952
5128191 87 60 32 24 16 365 253 46 1297 935
5129191 84 60 30 22 17 395 275 45 1266 911
5130191 80 63 30 22 18 424 296 44 1236 889
5131191 75 59 25 17 19 449 313 43 1206 868
611191 83 59 29 21 20 478 334 42 1181 851
612191 75 63 27 19 21 505 353 41 1152 830
613/91 79 59 27 19 22 532 372 40 1125 811
614191 74 47 19 12 23 551 384 39 1098 792
615191 77 48 21 14 24 571 398 38 1080 780
616191 80 48 22 15 25 593 413 37 1059 766
617191 79 49 22 15 26 615 427 36 1037 751
618191 81 53 25 17 27 640 444 35 1015 737
619191 85 53 27 19 28 667 463 34 990 720
611 0191 79 67 31 23 29 698 486 33 963 701
611 1191 82 55 27 19 30 725 505 32 932 678
6/ 12191 72 58 23 15 31 748 520 31 906 659
611 3191 86 49 26 18 32 773 538 30 883 644
6114191 87 65 34 26 33 807 564 29 857 626

611 5191 77 63 28 20 34 835 584 28 823 600

Table A2. (cont'd).

 

 

'H 11

F.’ F.’

c U I E ‘t *l

.3 5. a o P " o o

as. 2. ‘9- ‘5 o 0 ‘t 3 3

3 3 3 3 =3: C c 9.. a. a

c r: g 3 3 er a-

a a 9 9 o s-. s-. 2 s s

3' 5' 5 5 2 '2‘- s- 5 w m

3 3 w tn 3 w G 0 a: w W

'0 U 3 3 o > 9- °- 95. 95. 2.

2 52 a 0 3 It 3 g 9. 9. 2

U D g h 0" 9— 2 h 01 O a (I

3. g E N ° :3 11 N o I I I

G 0 0 TI 11 '< W '1" 'n N N N
611 6191 79 62 29 21 35 864 604 27 795 580
611 7191 82 53 26 1 8 36 889 622 26 767 560
6118191 85 56 29 21 37 918 642 25 741 542
6119191 87 59 31 23 38 949 665 24 713 522
6120191 87 59 31 23 39 980 688 23 682 499
6121191 83 63 31 23 40 1011 711 22 651 476
6122191 74 54 22 14 41 1033 725 21 620 453
6123191 83 48 24 17 42 1056 742 20 598 439
6124191 78 55 25 17 43 1081 758 19 574 422
6125191 85 51 26 18 44 1107 776 18 550 406
6126191 93 61 35 27 45 1 1 42 803 1 7 524 388
6127191 93 75 42 34 46 1184 837 16 489 361
6128191 84 75 38 30 47 1221 867 15 447 327
6129191 93 67 38 30 48 1259 897 14 409 297
6130191 77 63 28 20 49 1 287 91 7 1 3 371 267
711191 78 58 26 18 50 1313 935 12 343 247
712191 83 63 31 23 51 1344 958 11 317 229
713191 80 61 29 21 52 1373 978 10 286 206
714191 79 62 29 21 53 1401 999 9 258 186
715191 79 61 28 20 54 1429 1019 8 229 165
716191 88 65 35 27 55 1464 1045 7 201 145
717191 88 63 34 26 56 1497 1071 6 167 119
718191 80 61 29 21 57 1526 1091 5 133 93
719191 77 54 24 16 58 1549 1107 4 105 73
7110191 83 58 29 21 59 1578 1127 3 81 57
7111/91 84 57 29 21 60 1606 1148 2 53 37
7112/91 69 63 24 16 61 1630 1164 1 24 16

7113191 77 59 26 18 H2*** 62 1656 1182

* F8 is full bloom
** PF is petal fall
“H2 is harvest 2

47

Table A3. Temperature data for Han/est 1, 1993

 

 

'11 11
F! F?
3 z 5’ 9 E E * *t
'5'. E e e " g g at 9- 9-

a.
§ E i i 9".“ 2 2 f; g g

N N '- —

3' 3' 3 ‘5. 1, E at ”g: *5. 2’. 1.
3 3 2 a" = " ‘° ° 9 a" 9:
'8 '3 a: a 3 3’ 2 2; - - -
o g g. i g g- 3 E g g 5 :2»
g 3 3 :1 'fl 2 3 :1 'n E E E
511 3193 59 30 9 5 FB* 66 1276 865
5114193 66 42 12 8 1 9 5 65 1267 861
511 5193 63 33 11 7 2 21 13 64 1255 853
5116193 58 27 8 4 3 31 19 63 1245 846
5117193 55 30 7 3 4 39 23 62 1237 842
5118193 48 30 3 0 5 46 26 61 1230 840
5119193 58 25 8 4 6 49 26 60 1227 840
5120193 63 27 11 7 7 57 30 59 1219 836
5121193 64 32 11 7 8 67 36 58 1208 829
5122193 74 32 16 12 9 78 43 57 1197 822
5123193 60 53 15 7 10 94 55 56 1181 810
5124193 63 42 1 1 7 PF“ 1 1 109 62 55 1 167 804
5125193 66 40 12 8 12 119 68 54 1156 797
5126193 61 39 10 6 13 131 76 53 1145 789
5127193 62 40 10 6 14 141 81 52 1135 784
5128193 65 34 12 8 15 151 87 51 1125 778
5129193 64 29 1 1 7 16 162 95 50 1 1 14 770
5130193 55 42 7 3 1 7 1 73 102 49 1 103 763
5131193 49 30 4 0 18 180 105 48 1096 760
611193 63 28 10 6 19 183 105 47 1092 760
612193 67 39 13 9 20 194 111 46 1082 754
613193 65 38 12 8 21 206 120 45 1069 746
614193 65 29 12 8 22 218 127 44 1058 738
615193 65 40 12 8 23 229 135 43 1046 730
616193 77 29 18 14 24 241 142 42 1035 723
617193 68 54 19 11 25 259 156 41 1017 709
618193 79 60 28 20 26 278 167 40 998 698
619193 72 57 23 15 27 305 187 39 970 678
6110193 77 50 22 14 28 328 201 38 948 664
6111193 83 45 22 16 29 350 215 37 926 650
6112193 84 52 26 18 30 372 231 36 904 634
6113193 89 53 29 21 31 398 250 35 878 615
6114193 78 55 25 17 32 427 270 34 849 595
611 5193 64 39 11 7 33 451 287 33 824 578
6116193 69 36 13 9 34 462 294 32 813 571

48
Table A3. (cont'd).

 

 

1| TI
TI 9 m
n;- E 9 9 E: o o 9 2f 3
5. E. ‘2 ‘9. c C at -* -
3 3 3 3 “t 3 3 9. a a
5 g g g 9* = c U E 5'
-l -l '< < E g g .2 '° 8
o o a a .0 .< < < a 11 '11
3 13: 2' 9 3 " ° “ 5P 9 9

o > a a.
2 2 8 8 a a a e ‘2‘ é.“ a»:
9 5 5 s s 6' “ 5 2 ° " °
3 3 3 'n 11 S 3 11 'n E E 5
6117193 70 54 20 12 35 475 303 31 800 562
6118193 68 54 19 11 36 495 315 30 780 550
6119193 61 56 17 9 37 514 326 29 761 539
6120193 72 59 24 16 38 531 335 28 745 530
6121193 77 55 24 16 39 555 351 27 721 515
6122193 81 50 24 16 40 579 367 26 697 499
6123193 86 55 29 21 41 602 382 25 674 483
6124193 90 56 31 23 42 631 403 24 645 462
6125193 76 59 26 18 43 662 426 23 614 439
6126193 80 56 26 1 8 44 687 443 22 588 422
6127193 75 50 21 13 45 713 461 21 562 404
6128193 73 50 20 12 46 734 474 20 542 391
6129193 77 42 1 8 1 4 47 754 486 1 9 522 379
6130193 78 52 23 15 48 771 499 18 504 366
711193 85 52 27 19 49 794 514 17 481 351
712193 76 60 26 18 50 821 533 16 455 332
713193 92 62 35 27 51 847 551 15 429 314
714193 94 65 37 29 52 881 577 14 394 288
715193 90 64 35 27 53 919 607 13 357 258
716193 85 64 33 25 54 954 634 12 322 231
717193 89 62 33 25 55 986 658 1 1 289 207
718193 81 64 30 22 56 1020 684 10 256 181
719193 81 65 31 23 57 1050 706 9 226 159
7110193 85 56 29 21 58 1081 729 8 195 136
7111193 78 58 26 18 59 1109 749 7 166 116
7112193 77 50 22 14 60 1135 767 6 140 98
7113193 80 48 22 15 61 1157 781 5 119 84
711 4193 80 50 23 15 62 1179 796 4 97 69
711 5193 79 45 20 1 5 63 1 202 81 1 3 74 54
711 6193 85 47 24 1 7 64 1 222 825 2 54 40
711 7193 86 58 30 22 65 1 245 843 1 30 22

7118193 68 62 23 15 H1 *** 66 1276 865

* F8 is full bloom
** PF is petal fall
”*H1 is harvest 1

49
Table A4. Temperature data for Harvest 2, 1993

 

 

11 1"

§ § 9 9 gin,» o o 9 ‘0' 3:

L‘. E. 9. ‘2 3 c at - a

3 3 8 8 *3 3 3 9.. 2 a

5 5 9, g 9- s. s. g E a

-1 -| < < S g a < N 8

or o a a 1, .< < < a 11 11

3 3 r." a = " ‘° ° 9 9: a"

'3 3. g 9.9 § 5 3 g a a a

g g _ a H n

9 3:: 's’ 3 3 .3 7.. § 8' ; a“; 2

8 o o 11 1| < u) 11 11 N N n
5113193 59 30 9 5 FB* 73 1447 986
5114193 66 42 12 8 1 9 5 72 1438 982
5115193 63 33 11 7 2 21 13 71 1426 974
5116193 58 27 8 4 3 31 19 70 1416 967
511 7193 55 30 7 3 4 39 23 69 1 408 963
5118193 48 30 3 0 5 46 26 68 1401 961
511 9193 58 25 8 4 6 49 26 67 1 398 961
5120193 63 27 1 1 7 7 57 30 66 1390 957
5121193 64 32 11 7 8 67 36 65 1380 950
5122193 74 32 16 1 2 9 78 43 64 1 369 943
5123193 60 53 1 5 7 10 94 55 63 1 353 931
5124193 63 42 1 1 7 PF" 1 1 109 62 62 1 338 925
5125193 66 40 12 8 12 119 68 61 1328 918
5126193 61 39 10 6 13 131 76 60 1316 910
5127193 62 40 10 6 14 141 81 59 1306 905
5128193 65 34 12 8 15 151 87 58 1296 899
5129193 64 29 1 1 7 1 6 162 95 57 1 285 891
5130193 55 42 7 3 1 7 1 73 102 56 1274 884
5131193 49 30 4 0 18 180 105 55 1267 882
611193 63 28 10 6 19 183 105 54 1263 882
612193 67 39 1 3 9 20 194 1 1 1 53 1253 875
613193 65 38 1 2 8 21 206 1 20 52 1 240 867
614193 65 29 1 2 8 22 21 8 1 27 51 1 229 859
615193 65 40 12 8 23 229 135 50 1217 852
616193 77 29 18 14 24 241 142 49 1206 844
617193 68 54 19 1 1 25 259 1 56 48 1 1 88 830
618193 79 60 28 20 26 278 1 67 47 1 1 69 81 9
619193 72 57 23 1 5 27 305 1 87 46 1 141 800
611 0193 77 50 22 1 4 28 328 201 45 1 1 1 9 785
6111193 83 45 22 16 29 350 215 44 1097 771
6112193 84 52 26 18 30 372 231 43 1075 755
6113193 89 53 29 21 31 398 250 42 1049 736
6114193 78 55 25 17 32 427 270 41 1020 716
6115193 64 39 11 7 33 451 287 40 995 699
611 6193 69 36 1 3 9 34 462 294 39 985 692

Table M. (cont'd).

 

 

11 11
9 W
"I"
g 3 9 9 5 o n 9’ 1t 1"
g g 19. 10 ' ' c 1: 11: 9.. 9..
a g 8 § :13 3 3 c a a
t: 1: o 3 3 1' 9- g
a s 9, g - s s g E g.
-1 -| < < 9 a g < N
‘9 Q a a .0 .< < < N 11 1|
3 3 E 2’ 5 " ° ° 8 9 8
3 a a w > n a -. -. -.
-1 '1 a 8 3 g 9. D. O O O
m m 5' H H -1
” q '1 N «a 'H N a: :I: z
8 co 1» 11 11 < In 11 11 N N N
6117193 70 54 20 12 35 475 303 38 971 683
6118193 68 54 19 11 36 495 315 37 951 671
6/19/93 61 56 17 9 37 514 326 36 933 660
6120193 72 59 24 16 38 531 335 35 916 651
6121193 77 55 24 16 39 555 351 34 892 636
6122193 81 50 24 16 40 579 367 33 868 620
6123193 86 55 29 21 41 602 382 32 845 604
6124193 90 56 31 23 42 631 403 31 816 584
6/25/93 76 59 26 18 43 662 426 30 785 561
6126193 80 56 26 18 44 687 443 29 759 543
6127193 75 50 21 13 45 713 461 28 733 525
6128193 73 50 20 12 46 734 474 27 713 512
6129193 77 42 1 8 1 4 47 754 486 26 693 501
6130193 78 52 23 15 48 771 499 25 675 487
7/1/93 85 52 27 19 49 794 514 24 652 472
712193 76 60 26 18 50 821 533 23 626 453
713193 92 62 35 27 51 847 551 22 600 436
714193 94 65 37 29 52 881 577 21 565 409
715193 90 64 35 27 53 919 607 20 528 380
716193 85 64 33 25 54 954 634 19 493 353
717193 89 62 33 25 55 986 658 18 460 328
718193 81 64 30 22 56 1020 684 17 427 303
719193 81 65 31 23 57 1050 706 16 397 280
7110193 85 56 29 21 58 1081 729 15 366 258
711 1193 78 58 26 1 8 59 1 109 749 1 4 338 237
7112193 77 50 22 14 60 1135 767 13 312 219
7113193 80 48 22 15 61 1157 781 12 290 206
711 4193 80 50 23 1 5 62 1 1 79 796 1 1 268 190
711 5193 79 45 20 1 5 63 1 202 81 1 10 245 1 75
711 6193 85 47 24 17 64 1222 825 9 225 161
7117193 86 58 3O 22 65 1245 843 8 201 143
7118193 68 62 23 15 66 1276 865 7 171 121
7/1 9193 82 63 30 22 67 1299 880 6 148 106
7120/93 80 54 25 1 7 68 1329 902 5 1 18 84
7121193 79 46 21 15 69 1354 919 4 93 67

51

Table A4. (cont'd).

 

mm“ % ca 5.68 _u U633 IN

mm" u 3 an!» m @203 1»

mm" u 3 9E» macaw 1”

95.3535 .358 _u

05.35933 nag» .u

In" a 3 03» >32 mm

2.25.03
06qu 033 mama mo 1
08:5 033 meme 3 a
2:235: 423.6383

2.8.5:... 42552983

098

 

52

72

3
2

1374 934

70
71

15
17
20

20
24
28

44
48
60

80
84
80
87

7122/93
7123/93

7/24/93

37

52

1394 949

20

28

1419 966

72

1447 986

25 H2*** 73

33

64

7125/93

* F8 is full bloom
** PF is petal fall

***H2 is harvest 2

52
Table A5. Temperature data for Harvest 3, 1993

 

 

11 11

11 Q m

g 3 8 8 5 o o 59 7‘ t

2. 5.“ e «9. " = c :11: 9~ 9~

3 a s s 1 3 3 9.. a a

c t: o a

a a 2 2 3 .3. s— 9 S s

3' 3' '5 '5 1) E 3 3 '8 11 11

3 3 12 a = “ ° ° 93 5' 1'

.3 ‘8 g a g > a a '01 -01 -n

-1 q a O a 2 ° 0

D a Q .5 - '1 z 6’ 0 8 8

” g g N 8 .8 11 N S :n a: :1:

8 o a 11 11 < In 11 11 a co 1»
5113193 59 30 9 5 FB* 79 1625 1116
5114193 66 42 12 8 1 9 5 78 1616 1112
5115193 63 33 1 1 7 2 21 13 77 1604 1 104
511 6193 58 27 8 4 3 31 19 76 1594 1097
5117193 55 30 7 3 4 39 23 75 1586 1093
5118193 48 30 3 0 5 46 26 74 1579 1091
5119193 58 25 8 4 6 49 26 73 1576 1091
5120193 63 27 1 1 7 7 57 30 72 1568 1087
5121193 64 32 11 7 8 67 36 71 1558 1080
5122193 74 32 16 12 9 78 43 70 1547 1073
5123193 60 53 15 7 10 94 55 69 1531 1061
5124193 63 42 11 7 PF“ 11 109 62 68 1516 1055
5125193 66 40 12 8 12 119 68 67 1506 1048
5126193 61 39 10 6 13 131 76 66 1494 1040
5127193 62 40 10 6 14 141 81 65 1484 1035
5128193 65 34 12 8 15 151 87 64 1474 1029
5129193 64 29 1 1 7 16 162 95 63 1463 1021
5130193 55 42 7 3 17 173 102 62 1452 1014
5131193 49 30 4 0 18 180 105 61 1445 1012
611193 63 28 10 6 19 183 105 60 1441 1012
612193 67 39 13 9 20 194 111 59 1431 1005
613193 65 38 12 8 21 206 120 58 1418 997
614193 65 29 12 8 22 218 127 57 1407 989
615193 65 40 1 2 8 23 229 1 35 56 1 395 982
616193 77 29 18 14 24 241 142 55 1384 974
617193 68 54 19 1 1 25 259 156 54 1366 960
618193 79 60 28 20 26 278 167 53 1347 949
619193 72 57 23 15 27 305 187 52 1319 930
611 0193 77 50 22 14 28 328 201 51 1297 915
6111193 83 45 22 16 29 350 215 50 1275 901
6112193 84 52 26 18 30 372 231 49 1253 885
6113193 89 53 29 21 31 398 250 48 1227 866
611 4193 78 55 25 1 7 32 427 270 47 1 1 98 846
611 5193 64 39 1 1 7 33 451 287 46 1 1 73 829
6116193 69 36 1 3 9 34 462 294 45 1 163 822

Table A5. (cont'd).

 

 

11 11
11 '0‘, u!
8 E 9 9 0:9 o 0 59 t 2,3
5. 2. ‘9. ‘2 3 C 11: 1 -
a 3 a 0 a; 3 3 o a. a
c c " ° 0 3 3 - 9- g
a a 9 9 - s. s g: E g
-l -l '< < E g, a < N
a a a a .0 .< < < a 11 11
a 3 E’ 8 3 a “ “’ 5' 3' 2‘
a 'u e > a. a.
3 3 8 ° 0 8 a 2 2 2
U 0* § - H E 0 w a
” 5 g N 8 18 'H N 3 :n z: z:
8 a m 11 11 < I!) 11 11 a w u
611 7193 70 54 20 1 2 35 475 303 44 1 1 49 81 3
6118/93 68 54 19 11 36 495 315 43 1129 801
611 9193 61 56 17 9 37 514 326 42 1111 790
6120193 72 59 24 16 38 531 335 41 1094 781
6121193 77 55 24 16 39 555 351 40 1070 766
6122193 81 50 24 16 40 579 367 39 1046 750
6123193 86 55 29 21 41 602 382 38 1023 734
6124193 90 56 31 23 42 631 403 37 994 714
6125193 76 59 26 18 43 662 426 36 963 691
6126193 80 56 26 18 44 687 443 35 937 673
6127193 75 50 21 13 45 713 461 34 911 655
6128193 73 50 20 12 46 734 474 33 891 642
6129193 77 42 18 14 47 754 486 32 871 631
6130193 78 52 23 15 48 771 499 31 853 617
711 193 85 52 27 19 49 794 514 30 830 602
712193 76 60 26 18 50 821 533 29 804 583
713193 92 62 35 27 51 847 551 28 778 566
714193 94 65 37 29 52 881 577 27 743 539
715193 90 64 35 27 53 919 607 26 706 510
716193 85 64 33 25 54 954 634 25 671 483
717193 89 62 33 25 55 986 658 24 638 458
718193 81 64 30 22 56 1020 684 23 605 433
719193 81 65 31 23 57 1050 706 22 575 410
711 0193 85 56 29 21 58 1081 729 21 544 388
7111193 78 58 26 18 59 1109 749 20 516 367
7112193 77 50 22 14 60 1135 767 19 490 349
7113193 80 48 22 15 61 1157 781 18 468 336
711 4193 80 50 23 15 62 1 1 79 796 1 7 446 320
711 5193 79 45 20 1 5 63 1 202 81 1 16 423 305
711 6193 85 47 24 17 64 1222 825 15 403 291
711 7193 86 58 30 22 65 1245 843 14 379 273
7/1 8193 68 62 23 15 66 1276 865 13 349 251
711 9193 81.8 62.7 30.3 22.3 67 1299 880 12 326 236
7120193 79.8 54.2 25 17 68 1329 902 11 296 214

7121193 79.3 46.1 20.7 14.7 69 1354 919 10 271 197

Table A5. (cont'd).

 

 

11 11
F? P?
11
§ 3 9 9 0:5 0 n 9’ 3‘ 't
E. i ‘9. ‘2 ' ° 5 5 =11: 9'- 9*
2 a 3 3 3 a 3 9.. a a
a a s s a :1 g 2 g g
3' 5' '5 a .21 3 =3 '5 1. 1.
5 5 9 1' 3 “ " ° 9: 9 1:
.8 3 01 a g > 3 2 3' 3' '5"
B a a (D 2 a g 0' '1 11 '1
U E E 3 8 ° 7 N 8 m 111 a
513* a a 11 11 ‘° "' I I I
'< W 11 11 w u 1»
7122193 80. 3 43. 6 20 15.2 70 1374 934 9 250 182
7123193 84. 3 48. 2 24. 3 17.2 71 1394 949 8 230 167
7124193 80. 3 59. 7 28 20 72 1 41 9 966 7 206 1 50
7125193 86. 8 63. 7 33. 3 25. 3 73 1447 986 6 178 130
7126193 81.3 67.2 32.3 24.3 74 1480 1011 5 145 105
7127193 84. 3 63. 7 32 24 75 1512 1036 4 1 13 81
7128193 82. 8 67. 2 33 25 76 1544 1060 3 81 57
7129193 72. 3 57. 7 23 1 5 77 1 577 1085 2 48 32
7130193 80.3 52.7 24.5 16.5 78 1600 1100 1 25 17
7131193 84.3 49.2 24.8 17.2 H3” 79 1625 1116

* PE is full bloom
** PF is petal fall
“*H3 is harvest 3

55
Table A6. Temperature data for Han/est 4, 1993

 

 

'l'l 'l'l

'1" m g

g 3 9 9 E o o 9 '3 3*

2’. i «2 e " = = =11: 9~ 9-

3 a 9 9 =1 3 3 9. a a

5 5 9 g 3 = = 9 E 3

-1 -1 '< < E’ g g '< '° 8

a a a 11 .0 .< < < a 11 11

3 3 9 9 =1 “ 3 3 9 9 9

E E 9 9 3 i 3 3 a“ a“ a

9 5 5 s 9 3' " E 9 3 3 3

8 3 3 11 11 E 3 11 11 E E E
5113193 59 30 9 5 FB* 86 1780 1219
5114193 66 42 12 8 1 9 5 85 1772 1214
5115193 63 33 11 7 2 21 13 84 1760 1206
5116193 58 27 8 4 3 31 19 83 1749 1200
5117193 55 30 7 3 4 39 23 82 1741 1 196
5118193 48 30 3 0 5 46 26 81 1735 1 193
5119193 58 25 8 4 6 49 26 80 1732 1193
5120193 63 27 1 1 7 7 57 30 79 1724 1 189
5121193 64 32 11 7 8 67 36 78 1713 1183
5122193 74 32 16 12 9 78 43 77 1 702 1 1 76
5123193 60 53 15 7 10 94 55 76 1686 1 164
5124193 63 42 1 1 7 PF“ 1 1 109 62 75 1672 1 157
5125193 66 40 12 8 12 119 68 74 1661 1151
5126193 61 39 10 6 13 131 76 73 1649 1143
5127193 62 40 10 6 14 141 81 72 1640 1137
5128193 65 34 12 8 15 151 87 71 1630 1131
5129193 64 29 11 7 16 162 95 70 1618 1124
5130193 55 42 7 3 17 173 102 69 1607 1117
5131193 49 30 4 0 18 180 105 68 1601 1114
611/93 63 28 10 6 19 183 105 67 1597 1114
612193 67 39 13 9 20 194 111 66 1587 1108
613193 65 38 12 8 21 206 120 65 1574 1099
614193 65 29 12 8 22 218 127 64 1562 1092
615/93 65 40 12 8 23 229 135 63 1551 1084
616193 77 29 18 14 24 241 142 62 1539 1077
617193 68 54 19 11 25 259 156 61 1522 1063
618193 79 60 28 20 26 278 167 60 1503 1052
619193 72 57 23 15 27 305 187 59 1475 1032
6110193 77 50 22 14 28 328 201 58 1452 1018
6111193 83 45 22 16 29 350 215 57 1431 1004
6112193 84 52 26 18 30 372 231 56 1409 987
6113193 89 53 29 21 31 398 250 55 1383 969
6114193 78 55 25 17 32 427 270 54 1354 948
6115193 64 39 11 7 33 451 287 53 1329 932
611 6193 69 36 13 9 34 462 294 52 1318 925

Table A6. (cont'd).

 

 

'fl 1|
"'1 g m
,3, E 9 9 i o o 9 2 3
25.. 2. ‘9. ‘9. g 5 =11: a a
8 3 3 2 2 9. 9 g
—. .1 E 3 9 g g 3 N 3
a m a a .0 .< < < 01 11 11
2 3 9 9 9 “ " ° 9 9 9
q .. 8 a 3 g 0- Q o o o
a: m — , z 9 a a a
9 C E 3 S O 11 N g
3 3 3 11 11 3 In 11 11 E E E
6117193 70 54 20 12 35 475 303 51 1305 915
6118193 68 54 19 11 36 495 315 50 1285 903
6119193 61 56 17 9 37 514 326 49 1266 893
6120193 72 59 24 16 38 531 335 48 1250 884
6121193 77 55 24 16 39 555 351 47 1226 868
6122193 81 50 24 16 40 579 367 46 1202 852
6123193 86 55 29 21 41 602 382 45 1178 837
6124193 90 56 31 23 42 631 403 44 1150 816
6125193 76 59 26 18 43 662 426 43 1 1 19 793
6126193 80 56 26 18 44 687 443 42 1093 775
6127193 75 50 21 13 45 713 461 41 1067 757
6128193 73 50 20 12 46 734 474 40 1046 745
6129193 77 42 18 14 47 754 486 39 1027 733
6130193 78 52 23 15 48 771 499 38 1009 720
711193 85 52 27 19 49 794 514 37 986 705
712193 76 60 26 18 50 821 533 36 960 686
713193 92 62 35 27 51 847 551 35 934 668
714193 94 65 37 29 52 881 577 34 899 642
715193 90 64 35 27 53 919 607 33 862 612
716193 85 64 33 25 54 954 634 32 827 585
717193 89 62 33 25 55 986 658 31 794 560
718193 81 64 30 22 56 1020 684 30 761 535
719193 81 65 31 23 57 1050 706 29 730 513
7110193 85 56 29 21 58 1081 729 28 700 490
7111193 78 58 26 18 59 1109 749 27 671 470
7112193 77 50 22 14 60 1135 767 26 645 452
7113193 80 48 22 15 61 1157 781 25 624 438
7114193 80 50 23 15 62 1179 796 24 601 423
7115193 79 45 20 15 63 1202 811 23 579 408
7116193 85 47 24 17 64 1222 825 22 559 393
7117193 86 58 30 22 65 1245 843 21 535 376
7118193 68 62 23 15 66 1276 865 20 505 354
711 9193 82 63 30 22 67 1299 880 19 482 339
7120193 80 54 25 1 7 68 1329 902 1 8 452 31 7
7121193 79 46 21 15 69 1354 919 17 427 300

57
Table A6. (cont'd).

 

 

11 11
Q U
I a a: 3k
.3. E 9 9 9 n o -- o o
E. 2. E '2 3 5 =11: 1 -
2 2 3 3 :3 3 3 9.. a g
a a 9 9 a 9. 9 9 E 9
5' 3' 9 9 .. =- a 9 1. 1.
v ‘< < <
a a 9 9 3’ a 3 ” 9 9 9
'u 11 a > a a
9 9 9 9 g g n a a a a
U 2’. 9, JA 3 b- 11 E g 3 3 3
:11 g 5 N a 11 N :I: :l: I
3 111 m 11 11 < 111 11 11 :- 3 .5
7122193 80 44 20 1 5 70 1 374 934 16 406 285
7123193 84 48 24 1 7 71 1 394 949 1 5 386 270
7124193 80 60 28 20 72 1 41 9 966 1 4 362 253
7125193 87 64 33 25 73 1447 986 13 334 233
7126193 81 67 32 24 74 1480 1011 12 300 207
7127193 84 64 32 24 75 1512 1036 11 268 183
7128193 83 67 33 25 76 1544 1060 10 236 159
7129193 72 58 23 15 77 1 577 1085 9 203 1 34
7130193 80 53 25 17 78 1600 1100 8 180 119
7131193 84 49 25 17 79 1625 1116 7 156 103
811193 82 65 32 24 80 1649 1133 6 131 86
812193 77 54 24 16 81 1681 1157 5 99 62
813193 75 52 21 13 82 1 705 1 1 73 4 75 46
814193 72 49 1 9 1 1 83 1 726 1 186 3 54 33
815193 77 46 19 1 3 84 1 745 1 197 2 36 22
816193 62 55 16 8 85 1764 1210 1 16 8
817193 80 49 23 1 5 H4*** 86 1 780 1 21 9

* F3 is full bloom
** PF is petal fall
“*H4 is harvest 4

58
Table A7. Temperature data for Harvest 5, 1993

 

 

'H “H
9; u:
'11

g E 9 9 3 o n 9 3" 3‘

2. a. e '9. " g g :1: g f;

3 3 3 2 2 3 9 9

.. .. E 3 9 g g 5 ~ 8

111 a a a .u .< < < in 11 11

3 3 9 9 = " ° 3 9 9 9

3 3 9 9 § 5 E g a a a

H H n

9 5 5 3 8 g :, S g g g g:

3 3 3 11 11 1< 111 11 11 01 01 01
5113193 59 30 9 5 FB* 93 1972 1356
5114193 66 42 12 8 1 9 5 92 1964 1351
5115193 63 33 11 7 2 21 13 91 1952 1343
511 6193 58 27 8 4 3 31 19 90 1941 1337
511 7193 55 30 7 3 4 39 23 89 3 1933 1333
5118193 48 30 3 0 5 46 26 88 1927 1330
5119193 58 25 8 4 6 49 26 87 1924 1330
5120193 63 27 11 7 7 57 30 86 1916 1326
5121193 64 32 11 7 8 67 36 85 1905 1320
5122193 74 32 16 12 9 78 43 84 1894 1313
5123193 60 53 15 7 10 94 55 83 1878 1301
5124193 63 42 1 1 7 PFM 1 1 109 62 82 1864 1 294
5125193 66 40 12 8 12 119 68 81 1853 1288
5126193 61 39 10 6 13 131 76 80 1841 1280
5127193 62 40 10 6 14 141 81 79 1832 1274
5128193 65 34 12 8 15 151 87 78 1822 1268
5129193 64 29 11 7 16 162 95 77 1810 1261
5130193 55 42 7 3 1 7 1 73 102 76 1 799 1 254
5131193 49 30 4 0 18 180 105 75 1793 1251
611193 63 28 10 6 19 183 105 74 1789 1251
612193 67 39 13 9 20 194 1 1 1 73 1 779 1245
613193 65 38 12 8 21 206 120 72 1766 1236
614/93 65 29 12 8 22 218 127 71 1754 1229
615193 65 40 12 8 23 229 135 70 1743 1221
616/93 77 29 18 14 24 241 142 69 1731 1213
617193 68 54 19 11 25 259 156 68 1714 1200
618193 79 60 28 20 26 278 167 67 1695 1189
619193 72 57 23 15 27 305 187 66 1667 1169
6110193 77 50 22 14 28 328 201 65 1644 1154
6111193 83 45 22 16 29 350 215 64 1623 1141
6112193 84 52 26 18 30 372 231 63 1601 1124
6113193 89 53 29 21 31 398 250 62 1575 1106
6114193 78 55 25 17 32 427 270 61 1546 1085
6115193 64 39 11 7 33 451 287 60 1521 1068
6116193 69 36 13 9 34 462 294 59 1510 1062

59
Table A7. (cont'd).

 

 

11 11
11 F" m

.3? E 5’ 9 3 o n 5' 1': 2

E. 2. ‘2 ‘2 = '3 :11: 1 -

a a 9 9 9 3 3 o a 9

1: c o 3 3 "0 0'

a a 9 9 1 s a g E g.

-1 -1 < < 9 g g < N

m a a a .0 .< < < a 11 11

3 3 9 9 = " ° ° 9 9 9

'8 '8 a1 a a > n. a. "' "' “'

:1 a. a.

3 B " " O 3 a 91 91 2

U n .5 O- H z 0 a1 a

3’ 5 g N 3 en 11 "3 8 :1: a: :c

8 m a 11 11 < w 11 11 on 01 on
6117/93 70 54 20 12 35 475 303 58 1497 1052
6118193 68 54 19 11 36 495 315 57 1477 1040
6119/93 61 56 17 9 37 514 326 56 1458 1030
6120193 72 59 24 16 38 531 335 55 1442 1021
6121193 77 55 24 16 39 555 351 54 1418 1005
6122193 81 50 24 16 40 579 367 53 1394 989
6123193 86 55 29 21 41 602 382 52 1370 973
6124193 90 56 31 23 42 631 403 51 1342 953
6125193 76 59 26 18 43 662 426 50 1311 930
6126193 80 56 26 18 44 687 443 49 1285 912
6127193 75 50 21 13 45 713 461 48 1259 894
6128193 73 50 20 12 46 734 474 47 1238 881
6129193 77 42 18 14 47 754 486 46 1219 870
6130193 78 52 23 15 48 771 499 45 1201 856
711193 85 52 27 19 49 794 514 44 1178 841
712193 76 60 26 18 50 821 533 43 1152 823
7I3193 92 62 35 27 51 847 551 42 1126 805
714193 94 65 37 29 52 881 577 41 1091 778
715193 90 64 35 27 53 919 607 40 1054 749
716193 85 64 33 25 54 954 634 39 1019 722
717193 89 62 33 25 55 986 658 38 986 697
718193 81 64 30 22 56 1020 684 37 953 672
719193 81 65 31 23 57 1050 706 36 922 650
711 0193 85 56 29 21 58 1081 729 35 892 627
7111193 78 58 26 18 59 1109 749 34 863 606
7/1 2193 77 50 22 1 4 60 1 1 35 767 33 837 588
711 3193 80 48 22 1 5 61 1 1 57 781 32 81 6 575
7114193 80 50 23 1 5 62 1 1 79 796 31 793 560
7115193 79 45 20 15 63 1202 811 30 771 545
7116193 85 47 24 17 64 1222 825 29 751 530
7117193 86 58 30 22 65 1245 843 28 727 513
7118193 68 62 23 15 66 1276 865 27 697 491
7/1 9193 82 63 30 22 67 1 299 880 26 674 476
7120193 80 54 25 1 7 68 1329 902 25 644 453
7121193 79 46 21 15 69 1354 919 24 619 436

Table A7. (cont'd).

 

 

11 11
11 Q m
g S 9 9 a o n 9' 3 3
g. E. '2 ‘9. .. g g 11: 9* 9..
a a a a
3 2 9 9 3 a a 9.. a g
a a g: g! - s a g E g
-1 -1 < < E g g < N
m w a a 'u .< < < a 11 11
13: 3 3' 3’ 3 ° ° ° 5' 3’ 5'
a» a a a g 3’ a. ‘3' - - -
‘ “ ¢ *3 o 3 a. 3 2 2 9.
U 3 3 .5 3 -°- '1 E s m «o a
m 5 5 N a 11 N :1: :1: :1:
8 cu m 11 11 < 111 11 11 an on 01
7122193 80 44 20 1 5 70 1 374 934 23 598 422
7123193 84 48 24 1 7 71 1 394 949 22 578 407
7124193 80 60 28 20 72 1419 966 21 554 389
7125193 87 64 33 25 73 1447 986 20 526 369
7126193 81 67 32 24 74 1 480 1 01 1 1 9 492 344
7127193 84 64 32 24 75 1 51 2 1036 1 8 460 320
7128193 83 67 33 25 76 1 544 1060 1 7 428 296
7129193 72 58 23 1 5 77 1 577 1085 1 6 395 271
7130193 80 53 25 1 7 78 1 600 1 100 1 5 372 256
7131193 84 49 25 1 7 79 1625 1 1 16 14 348 239
811193 82 65 32 24 80 1649 1 1 33 1 3 323 222
812193 77 54 24 16 81 1681 1157 12 291 199
813193 75 52 21 1 3 82 1 705 1 1 73 1 1 267 183
814193 72 49 19 1 1 83 1 726 1 186 10 246 1 70
815/93 77 46 19 13 84 1 745 1 197 9 228 1 59
816193 62 55 16 8 85 1 764 1210 8 208 145
817193 80 49 23 1 5 86 1 780 121 9 7 1 92 137
818193 80 49 23 1 5 87 1 803 1 234 6 1 69 1 22
819193 80 53 25 1 7 88 1 826 1 249 5 1 47 1 07
811 0193 83 61 30 22 89 1 850 1 266 4 1 22 90
811 1193 90 59 33 25 90 1 880 1 288 3 92 68
8112193 90 54 3O 22 91 1913 1312 2 59 43
811 3193 88 55 30 22 92 1 943 1 334 1 30 22
811 4193 85 6O 30 22 H5” 93 1 972 1 356

* FB is full bloom
** PF is petal fall
“*H5 is harvest 5

Table A8. Temperature data for Bardenhagen farm

61

 

 

9

.3.

9.

g 9

9. :3 3 3’

3 3 9 9

3 3 U U

9 9 9 9

3 3 W

a: a: a: 8 8

m (D (D TI TI

5125194 65 44 8

5126/94 53 34 2 2
5127/94 60 27 5 7
5128194 73 43 12 18
5129194 75 51 13 31
5130194 83 60 22 53
5131194 75 52 13 66
611194 57 38 3 69
612194 64 33 7 76
613194 71 30 10 87
614194 75 35 13 99
615/94 81 45 16 115
616194 71 49 11 126
617194 65 45 7 133
618194 66 35 8 141
619194 72 33 1 1 152
6110194 79 37 15 166
611 1194 77 44 14 180
6112194 77 51 14 194
611 3194 64 48 7 201
6114194 81 45 15 216
6115194 92 72 32 248
6116194 90 68 29 277
6117194 93 61 27 304
6118194 85 57 21 325
611 9194 78 53 16 341
6120194 82 61 22 363
6121194 79 51 15 378
6122194 81 49 16 393
6123194 70 51 10 404
6124194 62 55 8 412
6125194 71 50 10 422

Full Bloom

80% Petal Fall

Table A8. (cont'd).

62

 

 

9

3

2..

g 9

9. 3 3 3

3 3 3 3

C C CD CD

3 3 o o

g 5' 9 9

w w

0 9. 9.

1’1 E. 2 3' 8

m CD CD TI 1"
6126194 81 47 16 438
6127194 82 47 16 454
6128194 86 56 21 475
6129194 60 52 6 481
6130194 68 49 9 490
711194 79 52 16 506
712194 69 45 10 516
713194 80 43 15 531
714194 78 58 18 549
715194 78 59 18 568
716194 83 61 22 590
717194 81 63 22 612
718194 80 65 23 634
719194 72 51 1 1 646
7110194 71 45 11 656
7111194 77 42 13 670
7112194 79 56 18 687
711 3194 69 47 9 697
7114194 64 53 9 706
711 5194 74 53 1 3 71 9
7116194 77 53 15 734
7/1 7194 68 55 1 1 745
7/ 18194 77 52 14 759
7/1 9194 79 61 20 780
7120194 76 65 21 800
7121194 83 62 22 823
7122194 72 60 16 838
7123194 79 59 1 9 857
7124194 75 56 1 5 873
7125194 74 53 14 886
7126194 69 48 9 896
7127194 68 48 9 905

Table A8. (cont'd).

 

 

9

3

.9.

g g

2. 3 3’ 3’

3 3 a a

C C CD CD

3 3 U 0

a: a 3 g

a 3 w w

3 3 s 3 3'

rn CD CD '71 TI
7128/94 73 45 1 1 916
7129194 76 51 13 929
7130194 81 57 19 949
7131194 81 62 22 970
811194 72 58 15 985
812194 75 51 13 998
813194 78 50 14 1012
814194 65 52 8 1021
815194 67 44 9 1029
816/94 69 41 9 1039
817194 74 47 12 1051
818194 63 49 6 1057
819194 63 47 7 1064
8110194 69 41 10 1073
8111194 70 49 10 1083
8112194 72 47 11 1095
811 3194 74 51 1 3 1 107
811 4194 62 52 7 1 1 1 4
811 5194 69 51 1 0 1 1 24

Table A9. Temperature data for Sun Blossom farm

64

 

 

2

3

5

3

<

0

3 3 9 5’

-° -' In (D

3 3 a a

C C on a:

3 3 U U

3 3

c, a 3; 3 3'

2. : 2:: 8 8

m 0 CD TI 11

5123194 78 42 14

5124194 78 44 14 14
5125194 67 47 9 23
5126194 51 38 1 23
5127194 63 27 6 30
5128194 78 45 14 44
5129194 75 50 13 56
5130194 85 60 23 79
5131194 77 51 14 93
611194 55 39 3 96
612/94 63 36 7 102
613194 71 32 1 1 1 13
614194 81 38 15 128
615194 80 42 15 143
616194 73 50 1 1 155
617194 64 49 7 162
618194 63 35 7 168
619194 73 33 12 180
6110194 79 39 15 194
6111194 81 43 16 210
6112194 81 53 17 227
6113194 81 47 16 243
6114194 83 48 16 259
6115194 96 74 35 294
6116194 95 72 34 328
6117194 96 60 28 356
6118194 106 60 33 389
6119194 82 57 20 408
6120194 88 56 22 430
6121194 84 51 18 448

Full Bloom

Petal Fall

Table A9. (cont'd).

 

 

2

3

E

a

3 g 5

e: 5' 5’ 9

§' §' 2 e

c c 8 3

3 3 9 9

a a z 3 3

a 3 3 8 8

"I 0 fl Tl "l'l
6122194 85 50 17 465
6123194 73 54 13 479
6124194 63 56 9 488
6125194 72 52 12 500
6126194 82 48 16 517
6127194 84 52 18 534
6128194 86 58 22 556
6129194 64 55 10 566
6130194 74 49 12 578
711194 84 51 18 596
712194 70 48 10 606
713194 82 44 16 622
714194 80 60 20 642
715194 87 64 25 667
716194 89 64 27 694
717194 87 64 25 719
718194 86 67 27 746
719194 76 53 14 760
7110194 76 47 13 773
711 1194 80 42 15 788
7112194 84 59 21 810
7/ 13194 71 46 10 820
711 4194 69 55 12 832
7115194 77 55 16 848
711 6194 76 56 16 864
7117194 73 56 14 879
711 8194 82 53 17 896
7119194 87 62 25 921
7120194 73 69 21 942
7121194 87 64 25 967

Table A9. (cont'd).

 

 

o
C
3
C
a?
a.
5
3 g
5': 5° 9 9
_. —. u a:
5 3 3 3
C C a a
3 3 9 E
1: 1: 2’ 9
a s a 8 8
a. 3 a 8 8
f" CD CD 1| '11
7122/94 76 62 19 986
7123194 84 60 22 1008
7/24/94 79 56 18 1026
7125/94 78 53 15 1042
7I26/94 71 50 1 1 1052
7l27l94 70 48 10 1062
7/28194 74 47 12 1075
7/29/94 80 56 18 1093
7/30/94 83 57 20 1 1 13
7/31l94 83 62 22 1 135
811/94 71 58 14 1 149
812194 82 51 16 1 166
813/94 67 53 10 1176
8/4/94 67 53 10 1 186
8/5/94 71 46 1 1 1 197
8/6/94 78 43 14 121 1
817/94 76 47 13 1224
8/8/94 66 51 8 1232
819194 64 48 8 1240
8/10/94 75 44 7 1247
8/1 1I94 74 44 12 1260
8112/94 75 56 12 1272
~ 8/13/94 80 49 15 1287
8/14/94 80 63 15 1302
8/15/94 75 47 12 1315

Table A10. Temperature data for Laubach farm

67

 

 

O

C

3

5

2';

3 g

e: 3 9 9

3 3 ‘2 '2

c c 2 s

3 a U E

3 3 3 3

U a a 0 Q

2. 3 2:: 8 8

m 0 a “II TI

5123194 84 43 1 7

5124194 77 49 14 14
5125194 73 47 12 25
5126/94 53 41 2 27
5127194 64 27 7 34
5128194 78 44 14 48
5129194 75 58 17 64
5130194 85 60 23 87
5131194 81 62 22 108
611194 61 40 6 114
612194 65 34 8 121
613194 74 33 12 133
614194 81 40 16 149
615194 86 46 18 167
616194 73 47 12 178
617194 70 47 10 188
618194 71 37 11 199
619194 72 34 11 210
6110194 82 42 16 226
6111194 82 46 16 242
6112194 81 52 17 258
6113194 66 58 12 270
6114194 80 48 15 285
6115194 95 75 35 320
6116194 96 72 34 354
6117194 97 65 31 385
6/1 8194 94 62 28 413
6119194 89 55 22 435
6120194 82 61 22 457
6121194 87 59 23 480
6122194 88 52 20 500
6123194 75 58 17 516
6124194 63 58 11 527

Full Bloom

80% Petal Fall

Table A10. (cont'd).

 

 

2

3

E.

g.

g G

e: 3 9 9

3 3 e e

= = a a

3 3 2 E

a a 3 3

o 3 3

a g a 8 8

I11 0 Q “'1 TI
6125194 80 55 18 544
6126194 90 52 21 565
6127194 83 51 17 582
6128194 86 60 23 605
6129194 61 55 8 613
6130194 72 50 11] 624
711194 84 56 20 644
712194 78 50 14 658
713194 91 46 21 679
714194 84 60 22 701
715194 88 62 25 726
716194 80 65 23 748
717194 87 64 26 774
718194 83 67 25 799
719194 77 60 19 817
7110194 75 48 13 830
7111194 78 45 14 844
7112194 85 64 25 868
7113194 79 46 15 883
711 4194 69 53 1 1 894
7115194 80 59 20 913
7116194 85 57 21 934
7117194 71 60 16 950
7118194 83 55 19 969
7119194 87 63 25 994
7120194 83 69 26 1020
7121194 83 61 22 1042
7122194 72 60 16 1058
7123194 80 59 20 1077
7124194 75 56 16 1093
7125194 75 53 14 1107
7126194 74 52 1 3 1 120
712 7194 70 48 1 0 1 1 30

69
Table A10. (cont'd).

 

 

O

C

a

C

r.

:2.

3

3 z

3 5' 9 5’

-° -' IC D

a 2 a a

Q Q

a a S’ 9

U 3 '3 3 3

N 9

a a a 3 8

"I Q Q 'I'I '11
7/23/94 74 47 12 1142
7/29/94 30 56 13 1160
7/30/94 33 57 20 1130
7/31/94 33 62 22 1202
3/1/94 71 53 14 1217
3/2/94 32 51 16 1233
6/3/94 67 53 10 1243
3/4/94 67 53 10 1254
375/94 71 46 11 1264
3/6/94 73 43 14 1273
3/7/94 76 47 13 1291
3/3/94 66 51 3 1299
3/9/94 64 43 7 1306
3/10/94 75 44 12 1319
3/11/94 74 44 12 1331
3/12/94 75 56 15 1346
3/13/94 80 49 15 1361
3/14/94 30 63 22 1333

8115194 75 47 12 1395

BIBLIOGRAPHY

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Armstrong T. 1958. Life-history and ecology of the plum curculio, Conctrachelus
nenuphar (Herbst) (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), in the Niagara Peninsula, Ontario.
Canadian Ent. 90: 8-17.

Butkewich S. L., R. J. Prokopy & T. A. Green. 1987. Discrimination of occupied host
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1833-1841.

Chouinard G., C. Vincent, S. B. Hill & B. Panneton. 1992a. Cyclic behavior of plum
curculio, Conctrachelus nenuphar (Herbst) (coleoptera: Curculionidae), within caged
dwarf apple trees in Spring. J. Inst. Behavior. 5(3):385-394.

Chouinard G., S. B. Hill, C. Vincent & N. N. Barthakur. 1992b. Border-row sprays for
control of the plum curculio in apple orchards: Behavioral study. J. Econ. Entomol.
85(4): 1307-1317.

Cook A. J. 1890. Fighting the plum curculio. Mich. Exp. Station Bull. NO. 39. pp. 3-8.

Cushman R. A., 1916. Thersilochus conotracheli, a parasite of the plum curculio. J.
Agric. Res. 6(22): 847-855.

Fluke C. L. & D. A. Dever. 1954. Soil application of insecticides to control plum curculio.
J. Econ. Entomol. 47(6):1115—1117.

Howett A. J. 1993. Common Tree Fruit Pests. Michigan State University NCR 63.
October 1993. pp. 3538.

Johnson J. W. & M Herr. 1995. Apple Insect Scouting Manual. Great Lakes Publishing,
Sparta Ml. pp. 10.

Lafleur G., S. B. Hill 81 C. Vincent. 1987. Fall migration, hibernation site selection, and
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