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L .I This is to certify that the thesis entitled Use of Light and Temperature for Hardening of Herbaceous Perenniai Plugs Prior to Storage at -2.SC presented by Beth Etta Engle has been accepted towards fulfillment of the requirements for Masters Horticulture degree in m /4Mr~\ Major professor Date /€fl7//9‘/ 0-7639 MS U is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution LIBRARY Mlchlgan State Unlverslty UP:I~vO.. PLACE II RETURN BOX to man this ctiockom from your record. TO AVOID FINES return on or baton duo duo. DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE MSU I: An Affirmative ActioNEqu-I Opportunlty Intuition MI USE OF LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE FOR HARDENING OF HERBACEOUS PERENNIAL PLUGS PRIOR TO STORAGE AT -2.SC BY BETH ETTA ENGLE A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Horticulture 1994 ABSTRACT USE OF LIGHT AND TEMPERATURE FOR HARDENING OF HERBACEOUS PERENNIAL PLUGS PRIOR TO STORAGE AT -2.5C BY BETH ETTA ENGLE Storage of herbaceous perennial plugs at subfreezing temperatures could be a valuable production tool. Tolerance to subfreezing storage is species dependent and affected by prestorage hardening. In one experiment, 14 species of seed-propagated perennial plugs were pretreated in light at 0 or 5C for zero, two, four, or eight weeks prior to storage at -2.5C. Host species benefited from at least two weeks at a prestorage temperature of 0 or SO prior to storage. In a second experiment, 16 species were treated at 5C in the light or dark for zero, two, or four weeks prior to -2.5C storage for 0, 6, 12, or 18 weeks. For several species, plugs hardened in the light tolerated storage better than those hardened in the dark. Pretreated plugs performed better than those transferred directly to -2.5C. Regrowth ratings and percent survival for most species declined if storage at -2.5C exceeded six weeks. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I wish to express my sincere appreciation to Dr. Arthur C. Cameron and Dr. Royal D. Heins for their guidance, support, and friendship during the course of my graduate work. Appreciation is also given to Dr. Robert Olien for his valuable suggestions. Thanks also to those companies that supported this research with money and/or plant material: Peppergrove Perennials, C. Raker & Son, Inc., Swift Greenhouses, Inc., and Vaughan Seed Co. I would like to express my gratitude for the companies' and their employee's support. I would also like to thank my friends and colleagues for their assistance, advice, support, and friendship: Tom Wallace, Cara Wallace, Mark Yelanich, Bill Argo, Jim Faust, Cathy Whitman, Cheryl Hamaker, and Jane Waldron. Thanks also to those undergraduates that helped to take data, and all the other things so necessary to my project: Shawn Sevenski, Tim Duncan, Sheri Thoma, Martin King, Russ Stacy-Ryan, Paul Booth, Brian Rankel, and Brian Cearlock. TABLE OF CONTENTS LISTOFTABLES...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Vi LISTOF FIGURESOO00....0.000000000000000000000000...... Xi X INTRODUCTION............ ...................... ......... 1 THESIS OBJECTIVES. .................. . ..... . ............ 5 LITERATURE REVIEW ...................................... 6 SECTION ONE METHODS AND MATERIALS YEAR 1, 1992-1993 .......... . ................ 22 YEAR 2, 1993-1994 ............... . ......... . . 23 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION YEAR 1, 1992-1993 ........................... 26 YEAR 2, 1993-1994 ........................... 32 SUMMARY ................................................ 39 BIBLIOGRAPHY.......... ............ ...... ......... ...... 42 APPENDIX. THE EFFECT OF DAYLENGTH AND CHILLING ON 33 SPECIES OF PLUG-GROWN HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS ........ .... 75 iv METHODS AND MATERIALS YEAR 1, 1992-1993 ...... ..... . YEAR 2, 1993-1994.................... RESULTSOOOOOOO0.0.00.0...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO CAPTIONS FOR APPENDIX TABLESOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 76 77 81 84 TABLE LIST OF TABLES PAGE Plants used in Experiment 1 (1992), and in forcing experiments (see Appendix). Leaf counts taken on similar size/age plugs when plants transplanted in greenhouse for 47 experiments described in the Appendix........ Plants used in Experiment 1 (1993), and in forcing experiments (see Appendix). Leaf counts taken on similar size/age plugs when plants transplanted in greenhouse for 48 experiments described in the Appendix........ Analysis of variance for year 1992-1993...... 49 Analysis of variance for 1993-1994........... 50 Recommendations for minimum length of pretreatment with supplemental lighting at 50 p.mol-s"1-m'2 for 128-cell trays prior to storage at .205C...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOC 51 Table 6. Recommendations for minimum length of pretreatment with supplemental lighting at 5 iimol-s-l-m-2 or in dark, for 128-cell trays prior to storage at -2.5C..................... 52 Regrowth and flowering response of Achillea plugs after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1(dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented........ ...... ......... ...... ....... Regrowth and flowering response of Aquilegia plugs of two cultivars (different sizes) after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented...... Regrowth and flowering response of Asclepias plugs after 0 and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented.. ..... ...... vii 83 85 87 10. 11. 12. Regrowth and flowering response of Astilbe plugs after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 dead) to 4 (excellent. Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower Opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented.......... Regrowth and flowering response of Campanula plugs of two sizes after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption(NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented................ ..... ............... Regrowth and flowering response of Chrysanthemum plugs of two sizes after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower Opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented. ..... ....... fifi 89 91 93 16. 17. 18. Regrowth and flowering response of Hibiscus plugs of two sizes after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented.................................... Regrowth and flowering response of Iberis plugs of two sizes after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented.................................... Regrowth and flowering response of Lavandula plugs of two sizes after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at SC and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower Opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented............. ..... .................. 101 103 105 22. 23. 24. Regrowth and flowering response of Primula plugs of two sizes after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at SC and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 49hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented.................................... Regrowth and flowering response of Rudbeckia plugs of two sizes after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9- hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented.......... ........ .................. Regrowth and flowering response of Alcea plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower Opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. ...... ... fii 113 115 117 25. 26. 27. Regrowth and flowering response of Armeria maritime plugs after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9—hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented.......... Regrowth and flowering response of Armeria pseudarmeria plugs after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption(NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented.......... Regrowth and flowering response of Asclepias plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented.......... iriii 119 121 123 28. 29. 30. Regrowth and flowering response of Coreopsis plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented.......... Regrowth and flowering response of Delphinium plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented.......... Regrowth and flowering response of Dianthus plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented .......... fiv 125 127 129 31. 32. 33. Regrowth and flowering response of Gypsophila plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9—hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented.......... Regrowth and flowering response of Heuchera plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented.......... Regrowth and flowering response of Lavandula plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented ..... ..... 131 133 135 34. 35. 36. Regrowth and flowering response of Linum plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented.......... Regrowth and flowering response of Lobelia x speciosa cv. Compliment Scarlet plugs after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented ................................ Regrowth and flowering response of Lobelia x speciosa cv. Queen Victoria plugs after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented ................................ 137 139 141 37. 38. 39. Regrowth and flowering response of Lupinus plugs of two sizes after 0, S, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented.......... Regrowth and flowering response of Papaver plugs of two sizes after 0, S, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at SC and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented.......... Regrowth and flowering response of Salvia plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at SC and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented..... ..... nfi 143 145 147 40. 41. Regrowth and flowering response of Veronica spicata plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at SC and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented.....OOOOO......OOOOOOOOOOOOO ....... 149 Regrowth and flowering response of Veronica longifolia plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at SC and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering(final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented....... .............. ........... 151 FIGURE LIST OF FIGURES Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for Achillea, Aquilegia, and Astilbe. Plugs pretreated at 0 and 5C for 0, 2, 4, and 8 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.5C for 0, 2, or 6 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale................................. Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for Campanula, Chrysanthemum, and Echinacea. Plugs pretreated at 0 and SC for O, 2, 4, and 8 weeks prior to being transferred to ~2.SC for 0, 2, or 6 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale................ Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for Gaillardia, Goniolimon, and Hibiscus. Plugs pretreated at 0 and 5C for O, 2, 4, and 8 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.SC for 0, 2, or 6 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale..... ............. .... ...... ..... fix PAGE 54 56 58 Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.SC for Iberis, Lavandula, and Oenothera. Plugs pretreated at O and SC for O, 2, 4, and 8 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.5C for 0, 2, or 6 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale......... ........ ...... .......... 60 Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for Primula and Rudbeckia. Plugs pretreated at 0 and 5C for O, 2, 4, and 8 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.5C for 0, 2, or 6 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale........................................ 62 Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for Alcea, Armeria, and Asclepias. Plugs pretreated at SC in light or dark for O, 2, 4 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.SC for 0, 6, 12, or 18 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead)scale............. ........... ..... 54 Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.SC for Coreopsis, Delphinium, and Dianthus. Plugs pretreated at SC in light or dark for 0, 2, 4 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.SC for O, 6, 12, or 18 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale........... ..... 66 10. 11. Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for Gypsophila, Heuchera, and Lavandula. Plugs pretreated at SC in light or dark for 0, 2, 4 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.5C for 0, 6, 12, or 18 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1(dead) scale ..... . ........... 68 Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for Linum, Lobelia and Lupinus. Plugs pretreated at SC in light or dark for O, 2, 4 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.5C for 0, 6, 12, or 18 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale........... ..... ..... ...... ...... 70 Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.SC for Papaver, Salvia, and Veronica spicata. Plugs pretreated at SC in light or dark for 0, 2, 4 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.5C for 0, 6, 12, or 18 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale................ 72 Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for Veronica longifolia. Plugs pretreated at SC in light or dark for O, 2, 4 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.SC for 0, 6, 12, or 18 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale..... ............ .... ..... .. ..... 74 xfi INTRODUCTION Perennials have been gaining in popularity the past several years. This interest on the part of consumers has fueled an equal interest on the part of perennial producers. Traditionally, many perennials have been propagated by division or cuttings, especially once a superior clone had been selected. Because of improved seeding techniques and increased availability of perennial seed, many growers are now producing perennial plugs from seed. Plugs are small transplants grown in trays that usually contain 50-200 cells. Many producers are using techniques first developed by vegetable transplant growers and later adapted by bedding plant producers. Perennials produced from plugs Offer advantages that those field-grown plants do not. Plug-grown plants tend to be less expensive, lend themselves to greenhouse production techniques, and are easier to transplant than field-grown plants. A drawback to using seedlings is that they are not necessarily phenotypically uniform; it is a function of seed production techniques and breeding efforts. campanula 2 carpetica 'Blue Clips' and 'White Clips,’ are very uniform phenotypically from seed. However, great seedling variation can be noted with certain species of coreopsis and Geillerdia. Perennial growers of seedling plugs may grow hundreds of different species. In some cases, growers receive orders and sew plugs weekly knowing that in eight to 12 weeks, the seedling will be ready to ship. The growers have little capacity to 'hold' the seedlings once they have reached size. It would be more efficient if the growers were able to sow and grow a species in large numbers simultaneously, even if only on a monthly basis. To schedule and produce product on a monthly basis, it would be necessary to hold the trays at low temperatures. This would slow growth and reduce watering requirements. This, in some cases, may improve the growth of the plugs by helping to keep the plugs short. There are two possible solutions: (1) hold the trays in a cold greenhouse or cold frame; and (2) hold the trays in controlled temperature storage. Currently, many perennials are overwintered in greenhouses or coldframes, although the space utilized is valuable in the sense that it could be used for producing additional plant material. While the plants are being held in the greenhouse they still require care, particularly watering. 3 Controlled-temperature storage is currently being used to store field-grown, fall harvested, bare-root plant material. Magbool and Cameron (1994) found that -2.5C storage was preferable for most herbaceous perennial species tested with a few exceptions. During storage, bare-root material is protected from desiccation by wrapping in polyethylene. This has been found to be satisfactory for most, but not all, species. One primary advantage is that no water is required during storage. It could be useful to store plug trays in similar controlled-temperature facilities. Research conducted by Heins et. a1. (1992), studied the effect of storage of four species of bedding plants in cell trays at controlled temperatures as low as DC and as high as 12.5C. Currently, there is little commercial use of plug storage at controlled temperatures for herbaceous perennial seedlings. Most growers do not have access to the facilities required for this type of storage. Primarily because they can be expensive. There are currently no research recommendations as to prestorage handling techniques, or possible storage duration. Harvest date is critical for survival in storage. Hanchek and Cameron (1994) Observed that the survival of bare-root crowns of several perennials following two to four months storage at -2.0C was very low if the plants were harvested in September. Survival greatly increased when 4 harvested later in the fall. There are two possible reasons for this result, the plants were effected by decreasing temperatures or by shortening daylengths. Hanchek and Cameron (1994) were unable to determine the exact cause of field hardening. Paulsen (1968) showed that temperatures at or below 5C were the most important factor for induction of cold hardening in winter wheat 'Pawnee'. He correlated this with an Observed increase in the amount of dry matter, reducing sugars, sucrose, and amino acids with increasing time at cold temperatures. Photoperiod alone had little if any effect on hardening. Olien (1967) suggested that winter cereals held at temperatures above 10C are unable to harden regardless of photoperiod. It should be possible to hold perennial plugs at below freezing temperatures. However, there are important differences between field-grown and plug-grown material. Plugs are not as large, and will not have the same amount of food reserves as larger plant material. Jung and Smith (1960) pointed out that food reserves for red clover determined the ability of the plants to harden. As the level of available carbohydrates decreased below 14-16%, cold resistance declined. This decline of hardiness with decline of storage reserves may point out the need for light in the hardening process. Plants as small as plugs may require light to produce photosynthates to survive storage. Dexter (1933) found that at 0C, there was no hardening in 5 darkness, less under short-day lengths, and most under long- day lengths. He concluded that the hardening was related to photosynthesis. Di Sabato-Aust (1987) conducted controlled freezing tests on ten species of herbaceous perennials. She categorized them into three groups, those that were 'hardy', to have a salable plant after freezing to -11.0C, 'intermediate', to have a salable plant from -9.3 to 7.7C , and 'tender' to have a salable plant from -6.0 to -2.7C. In the 'hardy' category were Achillea filipendulina 'Parker's Variety', Gaillardia x grandiflora 'Monarch Strain', and Lythrum salicaria 'Robert'. In the 'intermediate' category were campanula glomerata var. acaulis, and coreopsis grandiflora 'Sunray'. In the 'tender' category were Chrysanthemum coccineum, Erysimum hieraciifolium, Digitalis x mertonensis, Geum Quellyon 'Mrs. Bradshaw' and Kniphofia Uvaria 'Pfitzer's hybrids'. The plants used in this study were originally from 70-cell trays, Obtained in September and transplanted into quart pets. The plants were hardened outdoors in Ohio until December when the plants were transferred to a walk-in cooler. The primary Objective of the studies I conducted were to determine regrowth and survival Of a number of herbaceous perennial plugs following exposure to -2.5C as influenced by pretreatment temperature and irradiance. LITERATURE REVIEW 1. Iansooocrrem amp neruITIoms Plants must be able to survive the sometimes harsh conditions that are prevalent during the fall, winter, and early spring in temperate climates. How are plants able to survive these conditions? They must have mechanisms that allow some structure in the plant to live throughout the winter until it can grow again in spring. Annuals survive as seeds, while the adult plant usually dies. Perennials, both woody and herbaceous must developed mechanisms to 'cold-harden' and thereby survive direct cold exposure. Levitt (1980) defines cold hardening simply as an increase in freezing tolerance. Other terms used for hardening may include frost or freeze hardening or cold acclimation. It is well-known that most temperate plants have an increased resistance to freezing temperatures in the fall (when growth is slower). Cold hardening and the closely related concept Of plant hardiness have been studied by many researchers. Steponkus (1984) noted that there were 3,400 citations from 1830-1935 when Harvey (1935) published an annotated bibliography. 1. llmnmlmnumplnunmas Alden and Hermann (1971) and Levitt (1980) give excellent reviews of the effect of growth and development on hardening. Alden and Hermann (1971) state, "Environmental factors that depress growth, such as low temperature, insufficient moisture, short photoperiods in plants that accumulate starch, and low nitrogen levels, also enhance the cold tolerance of most plants.” They cite numerous references that suggest that during times of active growth, the ability of the plant to harden, even when given the proper conditions, is limited. Levitt (1980) suggested that freezing tolerance is inversely related to growth and development. He listed the following evidence: 1. Rapid spring growth is essentially unable to harden. 2. Preparation for spring growth is accompanied by a loss of freezing tolerance, even at hardening temperatures. 3. Cessation of growth in the fall is accompanied by an increase in freezing tolerance. 4. The relative growth rate Of winter annuals in the fall is inversely related to their relative hardiness. 5. Artificial stimulation of growth by excess nitrogen fertilization, long days, vernalization, or growth regulators is accompanied by a loss of cold tolerance and/or of ability to harden. Artificial retardation of growth by wilting or by growth inhibitors is accompanied by an increase in freezing tolerance. The above evidence gives 8 some conditions under which plants will and will not harden (Levitt, 1980). ll. Ihmumamnmm The environmental factor believed to have the greatest influence in the hardening process is low temperature. Paulsen (1968) examined the effect Of photoperiod and temperature on 'Pawnee' winter wheat. He demonstrated that temperature alone was more effective than photoperiod, and photoperiod and temperature combined, for hardening this cultivar. Harvey (1930) found that 5C was the threshold for hardening in cabbage. Levitt also suggested that the temperature required for hardening seems to be species, and possibly cultivar, dependent. Plants such as winter cereals held at temperatures above 10C are unable to harden (Olien 1967). The amount of time that plants remain at a given hardening temperature also affects the hardening process. Harvey (1930) showed that exposure of cabbage to 0C for four hours and 20C for 20 hours a day for five days was enough to harden it against injury at -SC; plants hardened continuously at 0C responded identically. Olien (1967) showed that cereal grains progressively hardened for approximately three weeks when held near 1.6C. After that, there was a gradual decrease of hardiness and the plants degenerated even with normal nutrition and light. The 9 length of time required for hardening was reported as 1.5 days in birch and 24 days for 'Antonovka' apple (reported in Alden and Hermann, 1971). Andrews et a1. (1960) showed sprouting winter wheat increased in cold hardiness for the first five weeks at 1.5C in the dark, then decreased between weeks seven and 11. Andrews felt that this response was related to the wheat's being vernalized for seven weeks, which affected the hardiness of the seedlings. Suneson and Peltier (1934), also saw an increase in hardiness for wheat seedlings, up to three weeks, and none from that point to four weeks. Jung and Smith (1960) measured a decline in carbohydrates in red clover and alfalfa when the plants were removed from the field and placed at -2C, but the plants retained a high level of cold resistance until the total available carbohydrates reach 14-16% of the dry weight, at which time the cold resistance declined. Levitt (1980) and Li (1984) discussed the possibility of 'stages' in the development of hardiness in the hardening process. Some authors have shown that there was an increase in the hardiness of plants when the cold acclimation was given in a stepwise procedure as Opposed to administered as a single low temperature. Tumanov and Krasavtsev (1975) separated the two phases of hardening into (1) plants subjected to temperatures just above 0C, and (2) plants subjected to temperatures below CC. Levitt (1980) suggested that these stages may not be quantitatively 10 different. He cited unpublished (according to Levitt, 1980) work by H. Kohn that showed that there could be many 'stages' in the hardening of cabbage. The freezing tolerance of Chrysanthemum callus cultures increased from -6.6C to -16.1C after acclimation of the cultures at 4.5C for six weeks (Bannier and Steponkus, 1976). The authors found, however, that callus tissues 28 days or older had limited acclimation ability, probably because of substrates in the callus medium and formation of vascular tissue. Reed (1990) showed that hardening could be used as a pretreatment for some species of Pyrus prior to immersion in liquid N; to improve postimmersion viability. 9. Idea! 1. LIGHT vs. Dan HARD-use Light is also involved in the cold-hardening process. Levitt (1980) made the blanket statement, “Low temperature by itself is incapable of inducing hardening, at least in the case of winter annuals, biennials and seedlings of perennials." The statement may be too general; it is more likely that some species may require light, while others may not. Most of the literature seems to indicate that the greatest effect of light during the hardening process is through photosynthesis. Dexter (1933) found that alfalfa hardened better at DC with a constant temperature and seven hours of light than at 0C in the dark. His data suggested that alfalfa did harden in the dark, which he contributed to 11 the storage reserves present in the plant. Winter wheat that was more succulent did not harden in the dark, but did when light was provided. Dexter (1933) also suggested that hardening was favored in the light, especially when CO; was present in the air. Dexter (1933) also showed that wheat and alfalfa plants hardened more fully under a long period of light than a short one. Andrews and Pomeroy (1974) showed that seedlings of winter wheat hardened in the dark when grown on moist filter paper for up to five weeks, but declined thereafter. They attributed this decline to the depletion of the endosperm reserves. Seedlings grown in the light continued to harden for up to two weeks. Tumanov et al. (1976) found that winter wheat required as little as five minutes of light per day to survive -20C. Steponkus and Lanphear (1967) found that the killing point of Hedera helix leaves was -15.5C in the light and ~10.8C in the dark after six weeks of hardening. The killing point for stems was -19.9 in the light and -10.2C in the dark. Steponkus and Lanphear also demonstrated that there seemed to be a translocatable promoter Of hardening produced in the light. They showed that darkened receptors that were acropetal to the illuminated donors showed an increase in hardiness. Reversing this treatment did not produce the same hardening of the plant material. Labeling with.14C suggested that the compound was sucrose. Kohn and Levitt (1965) worked with cabbage seedlings and photoperiod. The longer the photoperiod from 8 to 24 hr, the lower the killing 12 temperature. After the first week, though, the pattern was reversed. By the fifth week of hardening, the plants under the 8-hr photoperiod were hardier than the plants at the 24- hr photoperiod. II. Planmmmmm: Photoperiod may also play a role in the hardening process. Lawrence et al. (1973) discovered that, for Lolium perenne, a longer photoperiod as well as higher light intensities both before and during the hardening treatments improved tiller survival. Aronsson (1975) discovered that seedlings of Pinus silvestris L. and Picea abies L. would not harden under an 18-hr photoperiod. The seedlings hardened fastest at a photoperiod of 6-12 hr when the day/night temperatures were 20/15C, while at 10/SC, the fastest hardening occurred when the photoperiod was 4-12 hr. Lu and Rieger (1990) measured an increase in hardiness in kiwi vines under an eight-hour photoperiod, not a 16-hr photoperiod. Species and possibly cultivar may largely determine whether photoperiod is effective in hardening plants. Levitt (1980), stated emphatically that short-day conditions improve hardening in both woody and herbaceous plants (Dexter, 1933). In those plants that respond to photoperiod, he concluded that the short-day conditions improve hardening by controlling growth, food reserves, and tissue hydration. Steponkus (1978) also concluded that the 13 plants' normal photoperiod response determines whether they will respond to photoperiod as a signal for cold hardening. This responsiveness seems to depend on adaptation to the environmental conditions under which the plant grows naturally. 111. Light Quality Light quality may also be part of the light equation. Racperska-Palacz et al. (1975) used different light wavelengths on rape seedlings in an attempt to see how light qualities affect hardening. The authors demonstrated that red light alone, followed by white light alone, facilitated the greatest percent frost survival. The authors also tested red and far red effects on the hardening of rape seedlings. They showed that when the seedlings were treated with red light even after being treated with far red, there was an increase in the percent frost survival. The researchers also measured the hypocotyl lengths and discovered that they were shorter in the plants whose last treatment was red light. The authors correlated these shorter hypocotyl lengths under red-light conditions with a decrease of water in the seedlings and an increase of soluble protein, total amount of nucleic acids, and DNA. 14 c.‘lmmmr Alden and Hermann (1971) cited cases of plants hardening better under both dry or moist conditions. There seems to be some disagreement as to which conditions make plants cold harden better. Cox and Levitt (1976) showed that cabbage seedlings were unable to harden when kept at full turgor, even when Optimum conditions were given. Steponkus (1978) concluded that a lower water content helps increase hardiness in some plants, although he presented research that contradicts that hypothesis. 3. lawman:amnimumum:nmmmmupaImnumms In their review on the effect Of growth regulators and hardening, Carter and Brenner (1985) cited examples of research that demonstrates that there are factors (both promoters and inhibitors) that can be translocated from one area of a plant to another during the cold acclimation process under inductive and noninductive conditions (Tumanov et al., 1976,). ABA and CA are the plant hormones most implicated in cold acclimation. The majority Of the literature cited gave evidence that ABA is a hardening promoter and GA is a hardening inhibitor. Carter and Brenner (1985), Alden and Hermann (1971), and Howell and Dennis (1981) give excellent reviews of the evidence that indicate that GA, when applied in late summer, can improve the bud hardiness of fruit trees in midwinter. Carter and Brenner (1985) suggested that this improvement may be due to 15 the time of year applied more than to the hormone itself. They suggested that not only the hormones themselves, but also the ratio of the hormones to each other, may be important. GA is known to promote growth in plants and, as previously stated, actively growing plants are not able to cold acclimate easily. Many growth retardants have been tested for their effect on hardening and the hardiness of plant tissues. CCC, AMO, maleic hydrazide, B-Nine, SADH, and other growth regulators have been used in an attempt to improve the hardiness of both woody and herbaceous plants. Levitt (1980), Howell and Dennis (1981), Alden and Hermann (1971), and Carter and Brenner (1985) discuss research in which some growth retardants improved hardening or hardiness of some plants whereas other did not. Chen and Li (1976) found that CCC improved frost hardiness by 1C in two species of Solanum, but not in another. Robertson et al. (1987) found that bromegrass cultures treated with ABA and cultured at 3 and 23C developed more freezing resistance than cells cultured at 3C. Tanino et al. (1991) treated bromegrass cell cultures with ABA and saw a SC increase in hardiness compared to that of the control. They also observed cellular changes that resembled those reported when the cultures were cold acclimated. Brflggemann et al. (1992) found that drought hardening prior to chilling helped ensure survival of tomato plants held at 6C. Perhaps the drought is causing an increase in the ABA levels. Li (1989) 16 reported that mefluidide, a synthetic plant growth regulator, has shown to protect corn and rice seedling from chilling injury in controlled studies. 4. lhwlczcu'hes A. Immurorlmnmmmnumr Age of the plant may or may not be important in determining whether a plant will be able to harden and withstand freezing temperatures. Klages (1926) exposed wheat seedlings at one, two, three, and four weeks Of age to - 15.6C for 15 and 30 minutes. No plants that were one week old were killed, even after 30 minutes of exposure. All of the other seedlings that were two to four weeks old died after 30 minutes Of exposure. When he exposed seedlings 6, 8, and 10 days old to -16.7C for up to two hours, all the six-day-old seedlings survived, while an increasing percentage Of Older seedlings died with increasing length Of exposure. Peltier and Kiesselbach (1934) saw a decrease in percent survival of field-grown oats, barley, and spring wheat with increasing number of leaves. They thought that the reason might have been the exhaustion of the endosperm as the plants grew. Worzella and Cutler (1940) noted an increase in survival with an increase in the number of leaves of wheat seedlings in field tests. However, Suneson and Peltier (1934) concluded from their research that older winter wheat seedlings were less hardy in freezing tests. One problem with comparing the work done by Worzella and 17 Cutler with that of Suneson and Peltier is that the former did their research in the field and the latter worked in the greenhouse. Andrews et al. (1960) in both field and cold chamber studies showed that the youngest and oldest winter- wheat plants were less cold hardy than those of indeterminate age. Steponkus (1978) suggested that there is confusion among researchers regarding exactly which stage will harden and which will not. The problem may be in part due to different researchers using different plants or conditions. Callus cultures have shown the ability to become hardened to cold temperatures, although there was evidence that older cultures hardened less (Bannier et al., 1976). 5. Tam or mine PROCESS There are many tests that have be used to measure the hardening process and the hardiness of plant material. The tests chosen for hardening and hardiness depend on plant species, type of tissues to be examined, and research Objectives. Li (1984) suggested that these tests should be simple, rapid, repeatable, and nondestructive to the intact plant, although he admitted that, to date, there is no method available that meets all of these criteria. Harvey (1918) was the first researcher to use freezing chambers to test hardiness of plants quantitatively. 18 A. ‘Vnnmm The visual test after freezing is probably the first ever used for hardiness and is also one of the most subjective. It can be used in either the field or controlled testing and is simple, and rapid. Li (1984) cautions that even plants that have a water-soaked appearance immediately after thawing may be showing injury that is reversible. 8.930110le Stergios and Howell (1973) suggested that growth tests were more reliable than tests based on triphenyl tetrazolium chloride, specific conductivity, or multiple freeze points. Growth tests was used by Di Sabato-Aust (1987) for her work on hardiness Of several herbaceous perennials, yielded results. c. Wear. COHDUCTIVIT! '1'st The electrical conductivity (EC) technique has been used by many researchers; Levitt (1980) cites Dexter (1932) as using it first. In this test, the amount of cellular injury is determined by the level of EC that is read. Tissue samples are excised from a thawed frozen sample, then immersed in distilled water. Samples are vacuum infiltrated and shaken for 1 hr or so, after which EC is then measured and tissue is heated to release all the electrolytes, which are then measured. The more damage to the tissue, the 19 higher the EC leakage. The principle of this test is that living cells retain electrolytes better than dead cells. The test can be used on tissues or extracts. Burr et a1. (1990) found that freeze-induced electrolyte leakage (FIEL) gave the most precise testing of hardiness of conifer seedlings when compared to whole-plant freeze tests or differential thermal analysis. D. L050 m LT” LD stands for lethal dose; LT, for lethal temperature. These terms, when used for hardening or hardiness tests, represent the temperature at which 50% Of the test population is killed. Pomeroy and Fowler (1973) used this test for frost tolerance of wheat that was cold acclimated under controlled and natural environments. The researchers were able to correlate the results from the natural to the controlled tests. Gay and Eagles (1991) used this technique in Lolium to test for hardening and dehardening responses. They were able to fit a model for the hardening and dehardening procedure by using this test for L. perenne. The LTgo test was also used by Gilmour et a1. (1988) in their research with Arabidopsis thaliana as they studied the genetics of cold hardening. I. Thunnmrniflnmaunanu(banana:Rsmmmuol This test is based on the reducing ability of living cells. When cells are not injured by cold temperatures, 20 they cause a color change in triphenyl tetrazolium chloride from clear to reddish. The percent difference in reduction between the control and test tissue gives the degree of damage to the tissues. Steponkus and Lanphear (1968) modified this test somewhat and showed that a small amount of tissue could be used for the test (SO-100 mg), which allowed precise areas of the plant to be tested. Stergios and Howell (1973), using the modifications by Steponkus and Lanphear, found that the test worked well in hardiness evaluations of grape, but not as reliably in those of cherry, raspberry, and strawberry. r. Pusmousrs This test is conducted after freezing and may be done in conjunction with vital staining. Normal, healthy cells will plasmolyze in hypertonic solutions like mannitol. In cells that have been damaged by freezing, the plasma membrane permeability is lost and the cells do not plasmolyze (Li, 1984). 6. Cmnnuclflummas The physiological changes that take place as plants become hardened must be under genetic control. Roberts (1986) demonstrated that some of the genes that have been implicated in the vernalization process of wheat also seem to be involved in the hardening process. He found that under different hardening conditions, different genes were 21 switched on. Gilmour et al. (1988) found an increase in the production of three different polypeptides during the cold acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Cattivelli and Bartels (1990) reported that they were able to isolate five different cDNA clones that were homologous to the cold- regulated mRNAs in barley. From expression studies, they concluded that there were several genes involved in the cold-hardening process, depending on the developmental stage and tissues involved. SECTION ONE 22 MATERIALS AND METHODS Xear_1 Seedling perennials in 128-cell trays, (489 plants '-2) were received from Raker's Acres, Litchfield, Michigan, on 6 Nov. 1992. Plants ranged in age from 6 to 13 weeks and had 4 to 28 leaves, depending on species, at the beginning of the experiment (Table 1). Plugs were initially kept in a 16C greenhouse under natural daylengths. On 20 Nov. 1992, the plug trays were transferred to controlled-temperature chambers at continuous 0 or 5C. Lighting was provided for 24 hours per day using cool-white fluorescent bulbs and adjusted to 50 umol-s'd-m"2 at the top of the plant canopy. While at 0 or 5C, plugs were subirrigated using deionized water about every other day. After zero, two, four, or eight weeks, plugs were transferred to a -2.5C chamber for two or six weeks, or were transferred directly to a 24C greenhouse. Immediately prior to transfer to -2.5C, 10 plugs of each species were grouped into trays and heat-sealed into 4-mil polyethylene packages. The -2.5C controlled-temperature chamber failed on 1 Dec. 1992 and rose to a high of 17C. Plugs under storage at that time were transferred to OC until they were transferred to the greenhouse or the chamber was repaired. After each 23 storage period, plugs were removed from packaging and left overnight to warm to 21C before being transferred to the greenhouse. Photographs were taken shortly after plugs were transferred to the greenhouse. Plugs were grouped in trays, then placed on capillary mats and watered as needed. Plugs were fertilized weekly with 3.5 mol/mPIN, and Compound 111, a micronutrient source (Grace Sierra, Allentown, Pennsylvania) at a rate of 0.14 g-II.”1 delivered through a 15:1 proportioner. During the regrowth period, plugs were held under natural daylengths. 1332.2 Seedling perennials in 128-cell trays (489 plants m72)(V. longifolia plugs were in 57-cell trays, 380 plants ‘4) were received from Raker's Acres, Litchfield, Michigan, on 26 Oct. 1993. Plants ranged in age from 11 to 13 weeks and had 4 to 52 leaves at the beginning of the experiment (Table 2). Plugs were kept in an 18C greenhouse under natural daylengths until the start Of the experiment. Because of chlorosis, plugs were fertilized three times with Compound 111, at a rate of 0.14 91.”1 delivered through a 15:1 proportioner prior to the experiment. Otherwise, deionized water was used. On 6 Nov. 1993, the plug trays were transferred to controlled-temperature chambers maintained 5C 2 either under 5 umOl-s'l-m' or in darkness. Lighting was 24 provided for nine hours per day using cool-white fluorescent bulbs. Darkness was ensured by placing plug trays into cardboard boxes. Plugs were subirrigated as necessary using tap water with 3.5 mol/m3 N and 0.13 ml-l“1 sulfuric acid delivered through a 15:1 proportioner. After zero, two, or four weeks, plugs were transferred to -2.5C or to a 20C greenhouse. Immediately prior to transfer to -2.5C, 10 plugs Of each species were grouped into trays, then heat-sealed into 4-mil polyethylene packages. veronica longitblia plugs were put into sections of plug trays by themselves, although packaged with other plugs. After six, 12, or 18 weeks, plugs were removed from packaging and left overnight to warm to 21C prior to being taken to the greenhouse. Photographs were taken shortly after plugs were transferred to the greenhouse. Plugs were placed on capillary mats to prevent drying and watered as needed. Plugs were fertilized with potassium nitrate and ammonium nitrate in a 3:2 ratio at a rate Of 3.5 mOl/IP N, and Compound 111, at a rate of 0.14 94:1 delivered through a 15:1 proportioner. During the regrowth period, plugs received night-interruption (NI) lighting from 2200 HR until 0200 HR from four 60-watt incandescent light fixtures delivering a minimum of 2 MOLE-1111-2. From December until March, supplemental light was provided from HPS lamps at 92 i 29 umol-s'l-m'2 from 0800 HR until 1700 HR. The SC controlled- temperature chamber failed on 2 Dec. 1993. The temperature 25 went from 5 to 28C during a 6.5-hour period until the failure was noticed. Plugs were immediately transferred into another 5C controlled-temperature chamber until the first chamber was repaired, which took four days. .EXperimental design and analysis. Regrowth was evaluated two weeks after placement of plants in the greenhouse using the following rating scale: 4, excellent quality, essentially undamaged; 3, good quality, expected to produce a quality plant; 2, poor quality, unlikely to become a quality plant in a reasonable time; 1, dead. Data on percent survival were calculated from regrowth ratings. For both experiments, data were analyzed using a 3-way ANOVA.with missing replications, the data for each species analyzed separately using PC SAS statistical procedures (SAS Institute, North Carolina). Data were not taken from plugs given eight weeks of pretreatment and two weeks of -2.5C storage during year one. Hibiscus from year one and veronica longitblia and cereopsis grandiflora from year two contained only five replications; all others contained 10. 26 Results and Discussion Xfllt_1 Achillea All plants transferred directly to the greenhouse survived and were rated 4 (Figure 1). Plugs held first at -2.5C for two or six weeks varied in rating and percent survival even though the plants were the same and had not been placed at 0 or SC. It is possible that the differences in these treatments were caused by tray placement within the controlled temperature chamber or plug location within the tray. Potentially, plants placed on the sides of the tray might develop more damage than those in the middle of the tray. NO obvious differences that would explain this variable response were noted during freezing or in the greenhouse. Following two-, four-, and eight-week exposure to pretreatment temperatures, nearly all plugs survived (Figure 1). Overall rating average of Achilles plugs did not go below 3. There was no Obvious difference between 0 and 5C pretreatment temperatures. The pretreatment was successful for Achilles; without this pretreatment there was variable response (Table 3). 27 Aquilegia All of the plugs survived with a rating of at least a 2 (Figure 1). Statistically, there was no three-way interaction for this species (Table 3). Plants pretreated at 5C performed better than those at 0C (main effect significant <0.001 Table 3). Aquilegia plugs improved in regrowth rating with increasing time at the pretreatment temperature (Figure 1). Overall all plugs survived although pretreatment significantly improved regrowth rating. Astilbe Control plants responded variably (Figure 1). The rating and percent survival for the 0C plants were lower than those for the 5C treatment, although both pretreatment responses were the same. The phenomenon may have been due to one or more of the causes suggested for Achilles. The three-way interaction was highly significant (Table 3), suggesting that all factors influenced response. In general, Astilbe regrowth and survival following storage at -2.5C improved with increased time at either hardening temperature. NO Obvious trend could be detected between pretreatment at 0 or 5C. campanula The survival for Campanula was 100% for all treatments (Figure 2). The three-way interaction was not significant, although the two-way interaction of pre- and posttreatment 28 was highly significant (Table 3). The regrowth rating did not fall much below 3 at any time during the entire experiment (Figure 2). All campanula survived, although there was a general reduction in the quality of the seedlings' appearance over time. Campanula would be a good candidate for storage at -2.5C. Chrysanthemum The average regrowth rating for Chrysanthemum plugs given eight weeks of pretreatment, and six weeks of storage at -2.5C, was 3, with 95% survival (Figure 2). The rest of the data were confounded (Table 3), since plants prior to pretreatment were in less than perfect condition. We have experienced problems with this cultivar and its response to pesticides. It is likely that the plugs came into contact with pesticides prior to the start of the experiment. Echinacea Pretreatments improved percent survival and regrowth ratings of Echinaceae following storage at -2.5C (Figure 2, Table 3). It is evident that two weeks of pretreatment improved the regrowth rating. Statistically, the 0C pretreatment was better than the 5C pretreatment (Table 3). FChinacea is a long-day plant, and it is possible that the regrowth ratings and survival percentages might have been better if the plants had been grown under long days. 29 Ghillardia Plugs without pretreatment had lower regrowth ratings and percent survival following storage at -2.5C (Figure 3). Two weeks at the pretreatment temperatures was sufficient to improve survival to 90% or better and significantly improved regrowth ratings (Figure 3, Table 3). Gaillardia would be a good candidate for -2.5C storage when given at least two weeks of pretreatment. Goniolimon Survival was 100% in all treatments, and the regrowth ratings did not drop below a 3 in any treatments (Figure 3). There were no interactions that were highly significant (Table 3). GOniolimon would be a good candidate for -2.5C storage with or without a pretreatment. Hibiscus Hibiscus plugs were unable to survive being directly transferred to -2.SC. Regrowth ratings and percent survival were low but improved following pretreatment at 5C (Figure 3, Table 3). Hibiscus may require other types of pretreatment to be able to improve survival at -2.5C. It is possible that Hibiscus may have suffered during regrowth due to overwatering. Other work with this plant would indicate that it is responsive to long-day conditions and ratings may have been better had the plugs been grown under long-day conditions. 30 Iberis Regrowth ratings after storage at -2.5C progressively increased as pretreatment duration increased (Figure 4, Table 3). There was some variability in response when the plugs were transferred directly to -2.5C for six weeks (Figure 4). All plugs receiving pretreatment survived -2.SC storage. Iberis would be a good candidate for storage after at least two weeks of pretreatment. Lavandula Regrowth ratings following direct transfer to -2.5C varied (Figure 4). Although percent survival was slightly variable for those plugs pretreated at 0 or 5C, it never went below 90%. Plugs pretreated at 0C performed slightly better than those treated at SC following storage at -2.5C (Figure 4). These data suggest that Lavandula would be a good nominee for -2.SC storage after pretreatment. Oenothera There was a slight decrease in regrowth rating with increasing time at the pretreatment temperature (Figure 4). Percent survival was 90% or better except for eight weeks of 0C pretreatment and six weeks of -2.5C storage (Figure 4). Overall Oenothera regrowth ratings and percent survival were good when given either a two or four week pretreatment prior to -2.5C storage. 31 Primula Primula exhibited good regrowth ratings after two weeks of pretreatment (Figure 5). The plugs stored for six weeks at -2.5C improved with increasing time at the pretreatment temperatures. Temperature did not significantly affect regrowth ratings (Table 3). Rudbeckia Percent survival increased with increasing time at the pretreatment temperatures (Figure 5). The percent survival for the four or eight weeks of pretreatment was 100% (Figure 5). Based on these results, Rudbeckia is one that, with pretreatment, could tolerate storage at freezing temperature. The ratings might have been greater if the plants had been given long-day conditions during the regrowth period. Other research has shown that Rudbeckia is long-day responsive. 32 XIIZ_Z Alcoa Plugs transferred directly to -2.5C had poor percent survival and regrowth ratings (Figure 6). Percent survival and regrowth rating increased with increased time at the pretreatment temperature (Figure 6, Table 4). Plugs pretreated for four weeks in the light outperformed those pretreated in the dark. The survival percentage and the rating decreased sharply with storage at -2.5C beyond 12 weeks. Performance after 12 weeks at -2.5C was unsatisfactory. Armeria There was an unexplained variation in response for plugs transferred directly to -2.SC for 12 or 18 weeks. The rest of the treatments showed a general decline in regrowth ratings and percent survival with increased storage duration. One hundred percent of Armeria plugs survived six weeks at -2.5C after two or four weeks of pretreatment with regrowth ratings of approximately 3. The presence of light did not significantly affect survival or regrowth (Figure 6, Table 4). Asclepias It was difficult to assign a rating to Asclepias after storage. It has a tuberous root and regrows very slowly. 33 Most species experience incomplete dieback of the stem. However, the stem of Asclepias dies back and new growth must start with the lateral bud(s) at the top of the tuberous root. This process in a slow growing species may take longer than the two weeks allotted for the regrowth period. When the plugs were rated 1, it was because of the death of the tap root. Some of the plants had regrown more than others and were given a higher rating accordingly. There was a general decrease in the rating for plugs stored (Table 4). Although there was 100% survival of plugs given two and four weeks of pretreatment, then stored at -2.5C for six weeks, regrowth ratings were poor because of the small size of the regrowth at the time of rating (Figure 6). The plugs may have received better ratings given more time to regrow. Few plants survived -2.5C storage past six weeks. Cbreopsis coreopsis did not survive direct transfer to -2.5C without hardening. The ratings and percent survival were high for plugs that had been given four weeks of pretreatment in the light followed by six weeks at -2.5C (Figure 7). Two weeks of pretreatment were not enough to allow survival at -2.5C. Delphinium Delphinium plugs survived six weeks at -2.5C after two weeks of pretreatment at 5C (Figure 7). The regrowth 34 ratings for these treatments, though, were less than or equal to 3, which would indicate that Delphinium would be a poor candidate for freezing storage. Dianthus Overall, Dianthus stored well at -2.5C. There was no statistical difference between pretreatments conducted in light or darkness (Table 4). There was some increase in percent survival and regrowth rating when the plugs were given a two-week pretreatment, then stored for up to 12 weeks (Figure 7). The ratings for this treatment were ~ 3 and the survival was 100%. Dianthus is a good candidate for storage for up to at least 12 weeks. Gypsophila When directly transferred to -2.SC, Gypsophila survived poorly (Figure 8). There was some improvement in regrowth rating with two or four weeks' pretreatment for six weeks of storage (Table 4). Ratings and percent survival for more than six weeks of storage were poor. The use of freeze storage would be questionable for Gypsophila. Heuchera When directly transferred to -2.5C percent survival and regrowth were reduced (Figure 8). The three-way interaction was not significant (Table 4). In all cases, increased with 35 pretreatment and decreased after -2.5C storage. Heuchera would be a good candidate for up to 18 weeks of storage with two or four weeks of pretreatment. Lavandula Four weeks of pretreatment in the light were necessary to store Lavandula at -2.5C for six weeks with a regrowth rating of 3 and a survival of 100%. Other treatments ended with a rating of 1 and a 0% survival. In year one, we were able to store Lavandula with only two weeks' pretreatment, whereas in year two Lavandula plugs required four weeks (Figure 4 and Figure 8). The difference may have been caused by decreased light levels and lighting hours in the 1993-1994 experiment. Plug quality in 1992- 1993 was better than in 1993-1994, which might have contributed to the difference in results. Linus Linum seedlings pretreated for two or four weeks had higher percent survival and regrowth rating (Figure 9) over those put directly to -2.5C. Light as a main effect was highly significant and improved the rating and percent survival for those plants pretreated for four weeks (Table 4, Figure 9). 36 Lobelia Except for the zero-week controls, the plugs given light during pretreatment had higher regrowth ratings following six weeks storage at -2.5C than those kept in the dark (Figure 9, Table 4). The responses were similar throughout the pretreatment weeks. There was a decrease in regrowth rating and percent survival with increased duration of freeze storage. This species of Lobelia would not be a good candidate for storage with these pretreatments. Lupinus Although it was possible to store the plugs at 5C for up to four weeks with 100% survival and regrowth, exposure to -2.5C caused excessive plant death. We do not suggest storing Lupinus at -2.5C under these conditions. Papaver It was possible to freeze-store Papaver for six weeks with a rating of s 2.5 and a survival of ~ 95% (Figure 10). There was some indication that light was beneficial prior to storage, especially after four weeks of pretreatment. It survived well, although regrowth was slow and overwatering may have been a problem. 37 Salvia Direct transfer to storage at -2.5C decreased percent survival and regrowth dramatically for this species of Salvia. The treatments given light tended to have either equal or higher regrowth ratings and percent survival, especially after four weeks of pretreatment, than those kept in the dark (Figure 10). There was a general decline in percent survival and regrowth ratings with increased weeks of storage at -2.SC. The best response was after two weeks of pretreatment and six weeks of storage: ratings were between 3 and 4, and percent survival was 100. veronica spicata veronica spicata survived direct transfer to -2.SC without much decrease in vigor or percent survival (Figure 10) and would be an excellent candidate for long-term storage. Light was significantly beneficial in the fourth week of pretreatment (Table 4). There was some decrease with time in regrowth rating, although no treatment dropped much below a rating of 3. veronica longifolia Plugs kept in light during pretreatment had significantly higher regrowth ratings and percent survival than plugs kept in the dark (Figure 11, Table 4). Pretreatment with light improved storage survival at -2.5C (Figure 11). veronica longifolia performed poorly following 38 direct transfer to -2.5C. Plants given two weeks of pretreatment in the light and six weeks of storage had 100% survival and received a rating of 4, following regrowth. veronica longifolia would be a candidate for limited storage at -2.5C. 39 SUMMARY A list of all species worked with in this study is included in Tables 5 and 6 with recommendations for pretreatments prior to storage and storage duration at -2.5C. Species that could be stored at -2.5C for at least six weeks without a pretreatment were: campanula, Dianthus, Gbniolimon, and veronica spicata. Species that benefited from at least a short pretreatment exposure to O or 5C with supplemental light: Achillea, Alcea, Aquilegia, Armeria, EChinacea, Delphinium, Gaillardia, Heuchera, Iberis, Linum, Lavandula, Oenothera, Papaver, Salvia, and Veronica longifOlia. Species required increased time in pretreatment or could be stored for very limited periods: Astilbe, Chrysanthemum, COreopsis, Gypsophila, 40 Species that stored very poorly were as follows: Asclepias, Hibiscus, Lobelia, and Lupinus. It may be that those species that did not store well, even after a longer pretreatment duration, require some other stimuli to survive freezing storage. Johnson and Havis (1977) showed that shortening photoperiod and cool temperatures are required for maximal rates of cold acclimation of roots of Picea and Potentilla. Hibiscus and certain other LD plants may require short-day conditions to slow growth and increase cold hardiness. In Michigan, Hibiscus is a perennial, although it initiates growth late in the spring compared to most other herbaceous perennials. Note that species tested the first year were regrown during the time of year when daylengths were shortest. Many of these plants are long-day responsive, and it may be that the regrowth ratings and percent survival would have been higher if grown under long-day conditions. The second years' regrowth period was given with a night interruption. Some seeds of herbaceous perennials may germinate in the spring, overwinter naturally as larger plants. The I carbohydrates produced and stored over the summer may help the plant survive winter conditions. The shortening daylength in tall may also help to mobilize and conserve carbohydrates as a survival mechanism. Since the plugs stored in these studies were small, those that could not survive for long periods at 41 -2.5C may have depleted their food reserves and been damaged by the low temperatures. Research has shown that growth regulators and hormones may successfully be used to induce hardening in seedlings (Li, 1989; Tanino, 1991). Growers could potentially apply a chemical to induce hardening prior to freezing storage, which might be easier than trying to use lights and controlled temperatures. Growth regulators would of course need to be tested and labeled for the species prior to actual use commercially. The use of hardening temperatures prior to freezing storage has commercial potential. These tests support prior research that, for most species, light and a short time at the pretreatment temperatures between 0 and 5C is important prior to freeze storage. 42 REFERENCES Alden, J. and R. K. Hermann. 1971. Aspects of the cold-hardiness mechanism in plants. Bot. Rev. 37:37-142. Andrews, C. J. , 1!. K. Pomeroy, and I. A. De La Roche. 1974. Changes in cold hardiness of overwintering winter wheat. Can. J. Plant Sci. 54:9-15. Andrews, C. J. and H. K. Pomeroy. 1974. The influence of light and diurnal freezing temperatures on the cold hardiness of winter *wheat seedlings. Can. J. Bot. 52:2539-2546. Andrews, J. 12., J. 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In: Pharis R. P., and D. M. Reid(eds.) Encyclopedia of Plant Physiology. Springer-verlag, Heidelberg. 43 Cattivelli, L. and D. Bartels. 1990. Molecular cloning and characterization of cold-regulated genes in barley. Plant Physiol. 93:1505-1510. Chen, P. and P.H. Li. 1976. Effect of photoperiod, temperature, and certain growth regulators on frost hardiness of Solanum species. Bot. Gaz. 137(2):105-109. Dexter, s. T. 1933. Effect of several environmental factors on the hardening of plants. Plant Physiol. 8:123-139. Di Sabato-Aust, T. H. 1987. Hardiness of herbaceous perennials and its implication to overwintering container grown plants. MS Thesis, Ohio State Uhiv., Columbus. Gay, A. P. and C. F. Eagles. 1991. Quantitative analysis of cold hardening and dehardening in Lolium. Ann. Bot. 67:339-345. Gilmour, S. J., R. K. Hajela, and H. F. Thomashow. 1988. Cold acclimation in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiol. 87:745-750. Hanchek, A. and C. Cameron. 1994. HortScience. (In press) Harvey, R. B. 1918. Hardening process in plants and developments from frost injury. J. Agr. Res. 15:83-112. Harvey, R. B. 1930. Length of exposure to low temperature as a factor in the hardening process in tree seedlings. J. For. 28:50-53. Heins, R. D., N. Lange, and T. F. Wallace, Jr. 1992. Low-temperature storage of bedding-plant plugs. p. 45-64. In: Kurata K. and T. Kozai (eds.). Transplant Production Systems. Kluwer Academic Publishers . Netherlands . Howell, G. 8., Jr. and F. G. Dennis, Jr. 1981. Cultural management of perennial plants to maximize resistance to cold stress, p. 175-204. In: Olien, C. R. and H. N. Smith (eds.). Analysis and improvements of plant cold hardiness. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Fla. Johnson, J. R. and J. R. Havis. 1977. Photoperiod and temperature effects on root cold acclimation. J. 44 Jung, G. A. and D. Smith. 1960. Influence of extended storage at constant low temperature on cold resistance and carbohydrate reserves of alfalfa and medium red clover. Plant Physiol. 35:123-125. Xacperska-Palacz, A., z. Debska, and A. Jakubowska. 1975. The phytochrome involvement in the frost hardening process of rape seedlings. Bot. Gaz. l36(2):137-140. Klages, K. H. 1926. Relation of soil moisture content to resistance of wheat seedlings to low temperatures. Kohn, H. and J. Levitt. 1965. Frost hardiness studies on cabbage grown under controlled conditions. Plant Physiol. 40:476-480. Lawrence, T., J. P. Cooper, and E. L. Breese. 1973. Cold tolerance and winter hardiness in Lolium perenne. J. Agr. Sci. 80:341-348. Levitt, J. 1980. Responses of plants to environmental stresses. 2nd ed. Academic Press New York. Li, P. H. 1984. Subzero temperature stress physiology of herbaceous plants. p. 373-416. In: J. Janick (ed) Horticultural Reviews. Vol. 6. AVI Publishing Co., Westport , Conn . Li, P. H. 1989. Hefluidide: A synthetic chemical that protects corn and rice seedlings from chilling injury. p. 167-176. In: P. H. Li (ed) Low temperature stress physiology in crops. CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, FL. Lu, 8. and H. Reiger. 1990. Cold acclimation of young kiwifruit vines under artificial hardening conditions. HortScience 25 (12):1628-1630. Haqbool, H. and A. C. Cameron. 1994. Regrowth Performance of Field-grown herbaceous perennials following bareroot storage between -10 and +5C. Hort Science 29(9):1039-1041. Olien, C. R. 1967. Freezing stresses and survival. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 18:387-408. Paulsen, G. H. 1968. Effect of photoperiod and temperature on cold hardening in winter wheat. Crop 45 Peltier G. L. and T. A. Kiesselbach. 1934. The comparative cold resistance of spring small grains. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 26(8):681-687. Pomeroy, H. K. and D. B. Fowler. 1973. use of lethal dose temperature estimates as indices of frost tolerance for wheat cold acclimated under natural and controlled environments. Can. J. Plant Sci. 53:489-494. Reed, B. H. 1990. Survival of in vitro-grown apical meristems of Pyrus following cryopreservation. HortScience 25(1):111-113. Roberts, D. W. A. 1986. Chromosomes in 'Cadet' and 'Rescue' wheats carrying loci for cold hardiness and vernalization response. Can. J. Genet. Cytol. 28:991-997. Robertson, A. J., L. V. Gusta, H. J. Reaney, and H. Ishikawa. 1987. Protein synthesis in bromegrass (Bremus inermis Leyss) cultured cells during the induction of frost tolerance by abscisic acid or low temperature. Plant Physiol. 84: 1331-1336. SAS Institute. 1985. SAS user's guide: Statistics. SAS Inst., Cary, N. C. Steponkus, P. L. 1978. Cold hardiness and freezing injury of agronomic crops. p. 51-98. In: N. C. Brady (ed). Advances in Agronomy vo1. 30. Academic Press, New York, NY. Steponkus, P. L. 1984. Role of the plasma membrane in freezing and cold acclimation. Ann. Rev. Plant Physiol. 35:543-584. Steponkus, P. L. and F. 0. Lanphear. 1967. Light stimulation of cold acclimation: production of a translocatable promoter. Plant Physiol. 42:1673-1679. Steponkus, P. L. and F. 0. Lanphear. 1968. The role of light in cold acclimation of Hedera helix L. var. Thorndale. Plant Physiol. 43:151-156. Stergios, B. G. and G. S. Howell, Jr. 1973. Evaluation of viability tests for cold stressed plants. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 98(4):325-330. Suneson, C. A. and G. L. Peltier. 1934. Effect of stage of seedling development upon the cold resistance of winter wheat. J. Amer. Soc. Agron. 26:687-692. 46 Tanino, K. K., T. H. H. Chen, L. H. Fuchigami, and C. J. weiser. 1991. Abscisic acid-induced cellular alterations during the induction of freezing tolerance in bromegrass cells. J. Plant Physiol. 137:619-624. Tumanov, I. I. and 0. A. Krasavtsev. 1975. Development of resistance to frost in plants. XII International Botanical Congress. Leningrad. Tumonov, I. I., T. I. Trunova, N. A. Smirnova, and G. N. 2vereva. 1976. Role of light in development of frost resistance of plants. Fiziologiya Rastenii. 23(1):132-138. WOrzella, W. W. and G. H. Cutler. 1940. Factors affecting cold resistance in winter wheat. J. Amer. SOC. 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N N N x eoswsmseu ehosusmm e e N x eueHsOflseQ emflemoumxw o o o x x moquuHou mucusefin e e N x Esueqo x Sawswgmwmn e e N x . euoHquseHm uflmmoouou e e e x euohonsu nereHomw N N o x eawuwhea ewhefihfl e N N x. eonou eooqfl ON «N e on . «I 3.323 as someone we sues. use A .on.NI ue o emoum on saw» u emu HHOOINNH you xueu s« so LBJIeA” m as ms«uso«a dense-eanase saw: usesueeuuoum no nausea lslwsas Hon esowueusoslooom .e eases 53 Figure 1. Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for Achillea, Aquilegia, and Astilbe. Plugs pretreated at 0 and 5C for 0, 2, 4, and 8 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.5C for 0, 2, or 6 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale. Percent smmI S S4 Achilleafllipcnduflna Omaha 0! Pretreatment (weeks) WK WNH 2 4 0 r v P- 1&4 Pement Survival 0 AAA 2.; .2; A 024.024.024.024. Weeks a: -2.sc Aquilegia x hybrida M d W (make) 0 HOG—6H H r i 2 4 0 ) A J A 0 0240024002400240 Weeks 1 -2.50 Astilbe x arends'ii Damion of We: (wash) 0 2 4 8 1% Percent Squal I «<3 A L A 0 0246024802400248 Weeks at -2.5C o Achilleafllipenédina 0 union oI Pretreatment m) A 4’ 0 K“? 10240024002400240 Weakest-2.56 G N Regrowth Rating Aquilegia x hybrida DIsadondeoweeh) I EVVVV 024.024.024.024. Weeks 1 -2.SC Aslilbe x arendvii am» at W (wash) 0 2 4 0 4 . E I I! 3 S 2 8’ I: 1 LAL 1‘; 0248024802460240 Weeksd-ZSC 55 Figure 2. Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for campanula, Chrysanthemum, and EChinacea. Plugs pretreated at 0 and 5C for 0, 2, 4, and 8 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.5C for 0, 2, or 6 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale. 56 Percent Survival o .14 ..4 ... AAA 0248024002400249 Washes-2.50 0 ALL AAIL AAA AAA 0240024002400240 Weakest-2.50 Libel 00240024002400240 mmzsc Canpamla carpatica oIIIIIIIoII or W M) o 2 4 o fame; ‘ .14 ... .4_.7... 024.024.024.024. Weelcat-ZSC DUO :88 Regrowth Rating to Chrysanthemum x superb um Duration 0! WM (weeks) 0 :1 2R ' is V 0240024002400540 Weakest-2.50 Echinacea purpurea oInIIon or Preteen-e (wade) 0 2 4 8 4 5: V: E2 - (I: 1 ..- 1.17.1- 024002400240024o Weakest-2.50 57 Figure 3. Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for Gaillardia, Geniolimon, and Hibiscus. Plugs pretreated at 0 and 5C for 0, 2, 4, and 8 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.5C for 0, 2, or 6 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale. 58 GaiIIardia x grandiflora M or W (II-ob) o ... ..4 AAL ... 02440244024402“: Weakest-2.50 Gom'olimon tatarica m elm (weeks) 0 2 4 . 1W4HHM—efl—a 0 AAA 11L A14 ‘11 02400244024002“: Waist-25¢ Hibiscus moscheuros Museum-em) 0 2 4 . 1&9 O (Lease-he 024.024.024.024. Weeks at -2.SC Percent Survive 0 OC Gaillardia x grmdiflora D 50 mummm) A 00000. 0 2 4 8 4. c A 83 _ (r ' * r g2. Ir 10240024002400240 Weakest-2.50 Goniolimon tatarica WMWM) 0 2 4 0 44\i% 3. . . T 1... ... _... 02400244024402“: Weakest-25C Regrowth Rating l0 Hibiscus moscheuros Duration of W (weelm) o 2 4 a Regrowth Refine to 1:2 10244024002430244 Weakest-2.x 59 Figure 4. Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for Iberis, Lavandula, and Oenothera. Plugs pretreated at 0 and 5C for 0, 2, 4, and 8 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.5C for 0, 2, or 6 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale. Iben‘s semrvinns oIIuIIIoII or PM (meals) a 2 4 s 1004 m-e—em-e—s G—a PorosntSqud 0 III III III 02440240024302”: Woobst-2.SC Lavandula angusn'folia DuatlonolProtlaatrnorflwoob) 0 2 4 8 Ioorb-oqeeqeefi T—e Percent Survival 0 II_._ III ALL III 024.024.024.024. “helmet-2.50 Oenothera missoun'ensis Duraflon of Protroatrnont (waob) o 2 a IwIMW-msssfi r Percent Survival o Ill AA_L ALA III 02440244024002“: Woebd-ZSC o Iberis umpervirens 0 Our“ :1 W (weeks) A Rogowth Rating 1 AAA All AAA 0244024402440244 Worried-2.50 Lavandula mgusnfolia Duration o! Prone-non: (weeks) 0 2 4 0 10240024602400246 Weebat-2.5C & U Regrowth Rating '0 Oenothera missouriensis Duration o: Hokoatmont (woob) 0 2 4 8 Nee AAALA_|_A 444 AAA 024.024.024.024. Weeks at -2.5C & U m Regrowth Rating N 588 61 Figure 5. Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for Primula and Rudbeckia. Plugs pretreated at 0 and 5C for 0, 2, 4, and 8 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.5C for 0, 2, or 6 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale. Primula veris Dilation or mun-III (weeks) 0 2 4 a 1004FYTHUHG—B I Percent Survival o I I 4 I L4 1 14L A L I 02 40024002400245 ”abet-2.50 Rurfiecldafidgida Duration or Prauaatnant m) o 2 4 s 1004 IIYoe—eo—o Parcont Survival o II_I III III 02430245024302”: Weakest-2.50 62 $.52: 02400240024002“; Mfl-ZSC Rucbeddafidgida DIM d W M) 0 2 4 0 4 3. 2. ‘0246024002400240 Weabat-Z.5C Ream Rat'ng 63 Figure 6. Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for Alcoa, Armeria, and Asclepias. Plugs pretreated at 5C in light or dark for O, 2, 4 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.5C for 0, 6, 12, or 18 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale. Alcea rosea DursionetPMeetnentheks) 0 2 4 100 Percent Survlvel J—‘_A——I—-J 00012.11: 0 e121: 0 e121: Wand-2.50 Armeria maritima Durflcn ct Pavement (Weeks) 0 2 4 1004 Percent Survival _._._._.___.L___. 00 r1210 0 .1213 0 01213 Weeksat-ZSC Asclepr'as tuberosa bastion of Pretreetment (Weeks) 0 2 4 100 C A Y Y Percerl Survival LL—h—I 001210 00121. 001218 Week: at -2.SC 1110121: 001210 oe121e Walnut-2.50 Armeria man‘tinra 10 01218 0 61218 0 01218 Weekeet-2.5C Asclepias tuberosa Duration of Pretreatment (Weeks) 0 2 4 1 J 0 01218 0 61218 0 6121. Week: at -2.SC 65 Figure 7. Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for Coreopsis, Delphiniun, and Dianthus. Plugs pretreated at 5C in light or dark for 0, 2, 4 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.5C for 0, 6, 12, or 18 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale. Coreopsis grandiflora union of Preteeinent (Weeks) 0 2 100 PercentSurvivel 00 01210 0 01210 Walnut-2.50 o I . I I g I I I 0.121. 0.121. 0.1218 Weeks at -2.5C Dr'arthus deltoides mammals) 0 2 4 "Mi 7*“ w i. 7 Percent Survival i —L—_I—J l—‘—L——l .—L—b-J 0° 0 1210 o e 1210 o e 1213 Wound-2.56 i: E: 0 C 121. Willi-2.50 Delphim‘wrr elatwrr Dilution of W (Weds) O 2 4 4 3 2 17..# 0 01213 601210 0 01210 Weeks at -2.SC Regrowth Rating Dianthus deltor'des DurationcthMheirs) 0 2 4 44 $1 3» , ‘ I I I I I I 001218 001213 001218 Weeks It -2.5C Regrowth Rating N 67 Figure 8. Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for Gypsophila, Henchera, and Lavandula. Plugs pretreated at SC in light or dark for O, 2, 4 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.5C for O, 6, 12, or 18 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale. Gypsophila paniculata DuetionctPretreetrnertMleeke) 0 2 4 fi‘: . Q, g 00 e 1210 o e121e 0 e121. Weekent-lSC Heuchera sanguinea DruionctPreteetrnertNVeels) 0 2 4 i” W“ 1' _ _ —L—l—L—l—J—l_L—l—l 00 e121e 0 01210 0 e121: Washed-2.56 Lavandula angustr’folia Duration of Pretreatment (Weeks) M L 0 0121: o 3121: 0 01213 Waited-2.50 Percent Survival 68 OM . . (3 Gypsophrla pmuculata A ”9" Bullion or W (Weelre) i: i, ll 4 r: 1 0.121. 0.12” 0.121. Weeks It -2.SC Heuchera smguinea Dureflon of Pretreetment (Weeks) 0 2 4 4 E C 5 3 . _ S S 2 or c 1r _L—A—$ 0 51213 0 91213 0 01218 Weeks at -2.SC Lavandula angusnfolia Duration of Pretreatment (Weeks) 0 2 4 4 W .2 E 3 2 2 8' K 0 61218 o 6121; 0 61218 Weeks at-2.5C 69 Figure 9. Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for Linum, Lobelia and Lupinus. Plugs pretreated at SC in light or dark for O, 2, 4 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.5C for O, 6, 12, or 18 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale. Lirmpereme WdPrWMIeelo) 0 2 4 100 m t —£—l—l O—l—L—J non” OCQ” 06”” Vibelc d 4.50 Lobelia x hybrida Men 01 Pretewnent (Weeks) 0 2 4 00 01210 0 01210 0 01210 Waited-2.50 Lupinus hybrida Duration of Pretreatment Mleeks) ML 001210 001210 001210 Waited-2.50 70 0 Dark Lima» perenne 13 Light Dudgn 0t Pretreatment Me‘fio) 0' Regrowth Rating 4 2. 1 00121. 001218 00121. Week: a -2.SC Lobelia x hybrida Duretien ct Pretreatment (Weelu) m; 0.121. 0'1218 00121. ‘Regrowth Rating Week: at -2.SC Lupinus )1be Duration of Pretredment (Weeks) 4 ,2 a 32 3 .c 3 2 . 8' tr 1 001210 001210 001210 Weeks at -2.SC 71 Figure 10. Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for Papaver, Salvia, and veronica spicata. Plugs pretreated at 5C in light or dark for O, 2, 4 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.5C for 0, 6, 12, or 18 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale. Prpaver orientale Duration of Pretreatment (Weeks) 0 2 4 1°° 1%. V Y Percert Survival o.._4_.|._4 LI_4__I __I_I_I 081218 081218 081218 Weeke at -2.5C Salvia superba Duration of Pretreatment (Weeks) 0 2 4 Percent Survival +54 0 0 0 1210 0 01210 0 01210 Weeks at -2.SC Veronica spicata Men of Pretreatment (Weeks) 0 2 4 “W Mg "V L. E i .__A—L—4 LL-A-A _L._4__4 00 01210 0 01210 0 01210 Weekeat-ZSC 72 ODIr‘k Papaver orientale :1 Light A Control Duration of Pretreatment (Weelc) 0 2 4 4 . , é a 3 - . . 2 . Regowth Rating —I——L—8 1 A A J 0 8 1218 0 8 1218 0 8 1218 Weeks at -2.5C Salvia superba Duration of Pretreatment (Weeks) 0 2 4 § 0) Regrowth Rating '0 10 01210 0 01210 0 01210 Weeksat-Z.SC Veronica spicata DurationolPretreatmeriMleeke) 0 2 4 at: 1 I I I I g] I g: 081218 081218 081218 Weeks at -2.50 0) A Regrowth Rating N 73 Figure 11. Percent survival and regrowth ratings following storage at -2.5C for veronica longifolia. Plugs pretreated at 5C in light or dark for 0, 2, 4 weeks prior to being transferred to -2.5C for 0, 6, 12, or 18 weeks. Regrowth ratings taken after two weeks. Ratings based on a 4 (excellent) to 1 (dead) scale. Veronica Iongrjfoh'a Burden ct Preteetrnent (Weeks) 0 1WA Percent Survival L_A 2 fl o I 0 81218 0 81218 O 4 _L__J——L 0 81218 Weeks at -2.50 74 er'k Veronica Iongifolia (:3) Eight Control DueticnclPraeeetmentNVeeke) 0 2 4 1 _I__I_.I 0 81218 0 81218 0 81218 Weeks at -2.50 75 APPENDIX THE EFFECT OF DAYLENGTH AND CHILLING ON 33 SPECIES OF PLUG- GROWN HERBACEOUS PERENNIALS 76 MATERIALS AND METHODS XBQI_1 Seedling perennial plugs in 128-cell trays, (489 plants n72)‘were received from Raker's Acres, Litchfield, Michigan, on 6 Nov. 1992. Seedling perennial plugs in SO-cell trays, (177 plants n'z) were received from Swift Greenhouses, Gillan, Iowa, on 3 Nov. 1992. Plants from Raker's ranged in age from 6 to 13 weeks and had 4 to 28 leaves, species dependent, at the beginning of the experiment (Table 1, pg. 47). Plants from Swift ranged in age from 18 to 22 weeks and had 7 to 45 leaves, species dependent, at the beginning of the experiment (Table 1, pg. 47). Plugs were initially kept in a 16C greenhouse under natural daylengths. On 10 Nov. 1992, the plug trays were transferred to controlled- temperature chambers maintained at 5C. Lighting was provided for 8 hours per day by cool-white fluorescent bulbs and adjusted to approximately 5 umol-s'l-m'z. While at 5C, plugs were subirrigated as needed using distilled water about every other day for 128-cell plugs and twice a week for SO-cell plugs. After 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks, 20 plugs of each species from each source were transferred to a 216 greenhouse. Photographs were taken just prior to plugs being transplanted. 77 Plugs were transplanted into lo-cm plastic pots containing Netro Mix 510 medium (Grace Sierra, Allentown, Pennsylvania). Once transplanted, 10 plants of each species from each source were placed under short-day night-interruption conditions. Short days (9 hours) were provided by blackcloth between at 1700 HR and 0800 HR. Night interruption was provided with 60-watt incandescent lights (approximately 6 i 4 umol-s'l-m'z) from 2200 HR to 0200 HR. Plants were grouped by species and source. Pots were overhead watered individually, although they did absorb some water through subirrigation because they were on a solid bench surface. Chrysanthemum plants were damaged, sometimes severely, presumable due to phytotoxicity caused by insecticides. Hibiscus plugs in storage from Raker's became drought stressed after the sixth week of storage; they did not recover properly. Xear_2 Seedling perennial plugs in 128—cell trays, (489 plants I-z); (Veronica longitolia plugs were in 55-cell trays, 380 plants ‘-2) were received from Raker's Acres, Litchfield, Michigan, on 26 Oct. 1993. Seedling perennial plugs in 50- cell trays, (177 plants mfz) from Swift Greenhouses, Gilman, Iowa, on 2 Nov. 1993. Plants from Raker's ranged in age from 3 to 11 weeks and had 4 to 52 leaves, species dependent, at the beginning of the experiment (Table 2, pg. 48). Plants from Swift ranged in age from 18 to 22 weeks 78 and had 4 to 71 leaves at the beginning of the experiment (Table 2, pg. 48). Plugs were initially kept in an 18C greenhouse under natural daylengths. Because of chlorosis, the Raker's plugs were fertilized three times with Compound 111, a micronutrient source (Grace Sierra, Allentown, Pennsylvania) at a rate of 0.14 g-l”1 delivered through a 15:1 proportioner, prior to the experiment. Otherwise, distilled water was used. On 11 Nov. 1993, the plug trays were transferred to SC controlled-temperature chambers. Lighting was provided for 9 hours per day by cool-white fluorescent bulbs. The initial light level was approximately 100 umol-s‘ mez after eight days. Cheesecloth was placed on top of plug trays to adjust light to 5 umol-s'lm'z. While at 5C, plugs were subirrigated as needed (about every other day for 128- cell plugs and twice a week for SO-cell plugs) using tap water containing 3.5 mM N, Compound 111, at a rate of 0.14 g-l.”1 and 22 ml 804 to adjust pH, delivered through a 15:1 proportioner. After 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks, 20 plugs of each species from each source were transferred to a 20C greenhouse. One of the controlled-temperature rooms cooling units failed on 2 Mar. 1994, and went from 7C to 26C in six hours, at which time the failure was discovered. All plug trays in that chamber were moved into another chamber set at 5C. Plug trays were transferred back to the original chamber after one day, when the temperature returned to SC. Photographs were taken just 79 prior to plugs being transplanted. Plugs were transplanted into 10-cm plastic pots containing Metro Mix 510 medium (Grace Sierra, Allentown, Pennsylvania). Once plants were transplanted, 10 plants from each species from each source were placed under short-day and night-interruption conditions as described previously. From December until march, supplemental light was provided by HPS lamps at approximately 92 i 29 uncle-140.2 from 0000 HR until 1700 HR. Plants species were randomized within each size. Pots were overhead watered individually, although they did absorb some water through subirrigation because of the solid bench surface. Species photographs were taken 10 weeks after planting. BanrotO at a rate of 10.6 girl delivered through a 15:1 proportioner, was applied at planting. After the five weeks of growth in the greenhouse Alcoa plants grew too large for the pots they were growing in and were transplanted into 15-cm standard plastic pots. On 27 Feb. all Lupines in greenhouse, and those to be transferred there later, were transplanted into 15-cm plastic pots containing 50% Metro Mix 510 and 50% coarse sand to reduce plant loss caused by overwatering. Asclepias plugs (128-cell) were difficult to water in storage because of the lack of root development and the roots' inability to hold onto the soil. These plugs were eventually put on capillary mats during storage. Photographs were taken after 10 weeks after transplant. After photographs were taken, plants that flowered were removed. Plants were removed from the 8O greenhouse after 120 days from planting if they had not flowered. .EXperimental design and analysis. Data collected in year 1 were beginning leaf count after planting, date of first visible bud, date of first flower, leaf count at flowering, percent mortality, and regrowth rating. Regrowth was rated on a 1.0 (dead) to 4.0 (excellent) scale, similar to that used in plug regrowth ratings. Ratings were given approximately six weeks after planting. A rating of 4 does not necessarily infer that the plants were in flower. Data types collected for year 2 were the same as those for year 1, although regrowth rating was not taken. Addition data were taken on total bud count and total plant height at flowering. Data on total bud count (including open flower and all subsequent visible buds), and heights were taken on date of first open flower. Heights were taken with a ruler by measuring from the base of the pot (pots measure 8.0 cm tall). For both experiments, data were analyzed as 3-way ANOVA and general linear means with missing replications, the data for each species analyzed separately using PC SAS statistical procedures (SAS Institute, North Carolina). 81 RESULTS Means and statistical analysis presented in Tables 7 to 41. 82 Table 7. Regrowth and flowering response of Achilles plugs after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented. 83 1882-1883 SPECIES SCREENING SPECIES: Achilles filipendulina Cloth of Gold r WEEKS Pit; Photo- FLOWERlNO LEAVES 21! 0156 52 2M (13) Punt-1nd VB FLW VBioFLW mum . 138 . 4 Z 53 148 178 31 3.8 0 128 10 7 58 174 208 32 3.8 2 128 5 8 51 158 188 30 3.7 4 128 5 8 44 127 158 31 3.8 8 128 0 7 . . . 3.8 8 128 0 7 . . . . 3.8 10 128 5 7 55 101 133 32 4.0 . 128 Ni 8 7 53 148 178 31 3.8 . L28 89 0 l . . . . 3.7 0 128 NI 20 7 58 174 208 32 3.8 2 128 NI 10 5 51 158 188 30 3.8 4 128 NI 10 8 44 127 158 31 4.0 8 128 Ni 0 8 . . . . 3.8 8 128 N1 0 8 . . . . 4.0 10 128 Ni 10 g 55 101 133 32 4.0 0 128 SD 0 7 . . . . 3.8 2 128 SD 0 7 3.5 4 128 SD 0 8 3.1 8 128 SD 0 7 4.0 8 128 SD 0 7 3.8 10 14 SD 0 7 4.0 weeks(w) "' NS NS NS "‘ " 0120(0) z z z z z z (w)x(a) z z z z z z photoperiod(p) NS " z z z " (p)x(w) NS NS 1 z z '“ (p)x(s) z z z z z z (p)x(w)x(0) z z z z z z zIF-leetnctpoeeibleduetontieeingtlmelrornlacltotm 113118 84 Table 8. Regrowth and flowering response of Aquilegia plugs of two cultivars (different sizes) after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented. 85 FMJQS SPECIES SCREENING 128 Gel—Music Mixed a SPE_c_I§s: Aquilega x hybnda 50 a _ WEEKS Plug Photo- FLOWERING LEAVES DAYS ct 8b as fl) Final V8 FLW V52 FLW RATIN9_ . 128 . 7 7 0 133 147 12 3.7 . fl . 10 11 34 70 11 3.0 0 128 . 32 7 38 128 1“ 12 3.8 2 128 . 10 8 44 141 154 13 3.4 4 128 . 0 8 . . . 3.8 8 128 . 0 8 . . . . 3.7 8 128 . 0 8 . . . . 3.8 10 139 . 0 8 ._ . . . 3.8 0 50 . 30 10 42 100 118 8 3.5 2 50 . 11 10 32 58 88 11 3.7 4 50 . 28 11 28 47 80 12 4.0 8 50 . 5 12 31 6 58 13 3.7 8 50 . 10 13 28 37 50 13 3.8 10 g; . 10 42 a M 12 fl . 128 Ni 0 7 . . . . 3.8 50 Ni 8 11 28 47 58 12 3.8 . 128 SD 14 7 0 133 147 12 3.8 . Q £0 23 11 15 78 88 11 3.7 0 128 Ni 0 7 . . . . 3.7 2 128 Ni 0 8 . . 3.7 4 128 Ni 0 8 . . 3.8 8 128 Ni 0 8 . . 3.8 8 128 NI 0 8 . . 3.8 10 128 NI 0 8 . . . 3.8 0 50 Ni 0 8 . . . . 3.8 2 50 Ni 10 10 35 58 88 10 3.8 4 50 Ni 10 10 24 44 58 14 4.0 8 50 Ni 0 12 . . . . 3.7 8 50 Ni 10 14 30 37 50 13 3.8 10 50 Nl LO 12 28 48 80 12 3.7 0 128 SD 87 8 38 128 1“ 12 3.8 2 128 SD 20 8 44 141 154 13 3.1 4 128 SD 0 8 . . . . 4.0 8 128 SD 0 8 . . 3.5 8 128 SD 0 8 . . 3.8 10 120 so 0 7 ._ . . 0.0 0 50 SD 80 11 42 100 118 8 3.4 2 50 SD 13 8 28 80 71 11 3.5 4 50 SD 44 11 30 48 80 12 4.0 8 50 SD 10 11 31 45 58 13 3.8 8 50 SD 10 12 27 37 50 13 3.8 10 50 go 0 12 . . . . 3.0 Significance weeks (in!) "' NS ‘ ‘ NS " aha (0) '“ NS '“ “‘ N8 N8 (1111) 11(0) NS NS ‘ ‘ NS NS photoperiod (p) NS NS NS NS NS NS (p) x (w) NS NS N8 NS NS NS (p) x (0) NS 2 z z 2 N8 (2) x M 11(0) ' z z z 2 N8 2' F-teetnctpceeibieduetomieehgflalrcrnlecltctllowering n-235 a-Stdlmicelaneiyaiepertorrnedcncullvaretogether 86 Table 9. Regrowth and flowering response of Asclepias plugs after 0 and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9—hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented. 87 1882-1883 SPECIES SCREENING SPECIES: Asclepras tubemsa WEEKS Pkg Pheb- FLOWERING LEAVES DAYS d SC She £108 (18) PM Final VB FLW V8 to FLW RATING . so . 40 4g 04 51 70 27 3. 2 0 50 3 48 70 47 54 18 2.8 10 g . 43 41 00 454 03 20 3.5 fl Ni 70 48 84 52 78 27 3.5 00 09 10 45 L 45 . . 2.0 0 80 NI 10 80 70 48 84 18 3.5 10 50 Nl U fl ” 88 83 28 3.5 0 80 SD 0 48 37 . . 2.2 10 00 s_o o 43 03 3:— Significance weeks (w) ' 148 N8 N8 148 us she (a) z z a z z a (w) x (e) z z a z z z p as - us 2 2 us (p) x (w) N8 ' N8 2 2 N8 (p) x (e) z z z z z z (D) X (W) x (e) z z z z z z-F-teetnctpceelhleduetomleelngdetalrznleckdlmlng n-40 88 Table 10. Regrowth and flowering response of Astilbe plugs after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent. Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented. 89 1992-1993 SPECIES SCREENING SPECIES Astilbe arendsii WEEKS Plug Photo- F LOWERING LEAVES DAYS 0‘ 5C 82L Dubs! (“EL will; FLW V3.10 FLW RATING . L28 . 7 5 12 103 127 27 3.4 0 120 . 0 8 . . . . 3.2 2 128 . 15 5 13 S 118 24 3.8 4 128 . 10 5 12 121 150 30 3.5 8 128 . 5 4 8 105 133 28 3.1 8 128 5 3 12 100 127 27 3.1 10 128 . 5 4 14 87 88_ 28 3.8 . 128 NI 15 4 12 102 127 27 3.8 . 12_8 SD 3 5 14 107 . . 3.1 0 128 NI 0 5 . . . . 3.3 2 128 NI 30 5 13 05 118 24 3.7 4 128 NI 20 5 12 122 150 30 3.7 6 128 NI 10 4 8 1% 133 28 3.5 8 128 NI 10 4 12 100 127 27 3.8 10 128 NI 10 3 13 87 00 28 4.0 0 128 SD 0 8 . . . . 3.1 2 128 SD 0 8 3.8 4 128 SD 0 6 3.3 8 128 SD 0 4 28 8 128 SD 0 3 28 10 128 SD 0 4 3.3 Significance weeks (w) "' NS NS NS NS ' size (s) z z z z 2 NS (w) x (s) z z z z z z photoperiod ( NS NS NS 2 z “' (p) x (w) ” 2 NS 2 2 NS (p) x (0) z z z z z z (p) x (w) 11(0) 2 z z z z z z- F-teetnotpoeehleduelomieeingddalrcmleckoltlowering 118120 90 Table 11. Regrowth and flowering response of Campanula plugs of two sizes after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented. 91 1882—1883 SPECIES SCREENING SPECIES: Campanula cargaca Blue Clips WEBGS M Phob- FLOWERNG LEAVES DAYS «g g! a I!) Piggy Final v0 FLW very-1w 1241100 . . . L 11 3_t_i 4e 71 23 3.4 0 45 11 fi 71 till 23 3.0 2 53 8 32 O 83 25 31 4 48 11 1 42 5 23 3.5 8 . 50 11 fl 0 88 n 3.8 8 . u 13 28 34 85 21 3.7 13 . 50 13 2_0 33 54 as 3.0 . 128 47 8 25 57 I) 22 3.3 . 5_0 51 14 34 41 84 114 3.8 0 18 fl 8 25 G 118 23 23 2 13 50 8 x N 101 21 2.8 4 13 45 8 24 0 70 24 35 8 11 50 8 20 88 77 22 3.8 8 120 47 11 3 0 81 21 37 10 120 09 10 24 33 55 2_2 3.0 0 80 80 14 5 51 75 24 38 2 00 88 11 37 U I 3 3.2 4 fl fl 13 32 S 81 23 35 8 80 50 14 33 3 58 22 37 8 50 50 18 32 28 50 21 3.7 10 3_g . g 10 34 33 03 g 3.7 . . ll 87 12 28 48 71 23 35 . 0_o 1 11 33 101 101 43 3.4 0 M II 11 I) 71 84 23 32 2 M 100 8 20 87 U 23 31 4 III 8 11 3 42 Q 23 3.7 8 M 100 12 I) Q Q 22 3.8 8 M 100 14 x 34 55 21 37 10 M 10_0 15 2_0 3_1_I 54 g 3.0 0 SD 0 12 . . . . 28 2 I) 5 8 82 112 181 48 31 4 . SD 0 12 . . . . 3.4 8 . I) 0 11 . . . . 34 8 . SD 0 12 . . . . 37 1_t_I . go 8 11 . 1_I_0 . 3.0 . 13 M 5 8 25 57 00 22 33 50 M 100 15 33 3 82 24 3.7 120 so 0 8 . . . . 3.3 . 00 e_o 2 13 0_2 101 101 0_0 3.4 0 128 M 00 8 25 fi 118 23 2.8 2 120 M 100 8 28 K) 101 21 27 4 13 M w 10 24 48 70 24 34 8 13 N 100 8 8 58 77 22 38 8 120 M 100 11 3 n 81 21 3.5 10 120 00 190 11 24 33 55 g 3.0 ' 0 80 M 100 13 fi 51 75 24 3.7 2 50 M 100 11 33 55 77 25 34 4 50 M 100 13 32 38 81 23 38 8 50 M 100 18 33 30 58 n 3.8 8 50 M 100 17 32 28 50 21 38 10 50 M 100 18 34 27 53 28 3.7 0 18 a) 0 8 . . 20 2 13 so 0 8 31 4 128 I) 0 8 38 8 128 so 0 8 33 8 11 I) 0 11 38 10 1’ so 0 8 3.8 0 50 a: 0 18 . . . . 3.8 2 80 s: 10 11 & 112 181 48 30 4 50 a) 0 14 . . a1 8 50 I) 0 13 34 8 50 so 0 12 3.8 10 50 0_o 0 13 3.7 W weeks M “‘ N8 "" "' NS "' (w) x (0) NS NS “‘ "' NS "' Win) ' '“ °~ * m M: (p) x (w) "' 83 NS 2 z 08 (p) x (0) NS NS 2 z z ‘ (p) x M x (a) ' NS 2 z z "' z-F-hetnotpoeeibieduebmieeingflhcrnhckctfiewering 92 Table 12. Regrowth and flowering response of Chrysanthemum plugs of two sizes after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4—hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented. 93 1992-1993 SPECIES SCREENING Chrysanthemum superbum Snow Lady SHEE$ ENE (WM nmwmn m1: muuuuuuu m guuua.mu w muuun.oa weasnama wéman.au wuumunun magnumag 3D 30 M w n ‘ 4’7329837029 333t223332t2 asu.wmxaa..s mua.uumuu..a smaauguaanwn aua.anzaa..n "mowoouuuuuu anawwgumsemn mmmmmmmwmmms ..02488W02488w. 30 28 an an mu u H o u o . 7470503 79.804108 3332133 3Lt23332 uus.an..w.n§manu mau.u§..w.nanmng uaaaam .u.aaumna nam.um..w maaama nunnunnwwnnnwuou mmwmmgwowomaauaé unnumuwwwwwwuuww .. ............ awaw “ .02488w024881. anm.mm muu.uu amaaui anz.nw noowww amwmny MNMMMM mmmmmm 887328 7812 ataztz 3113 “a“..u. .w..§ man..s. .w..a manna». .u.1£ ana..n. w..u nnuuuwnw w nwnnwn mmmwmgoooomomomomm uuunuuwwwwwwwwwwww mwmwmm111111wwmwww ...02488W02488W02488W02488w wan“) “um cwxm mmmm... m Wm“) (film X8 X 2wthmwuflhdubMMMwhhMMhddmmfim mn8 94 Table 13. Regrowth and flowering response of Echinacea plugs of two cultivars (different sizes) after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). . Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented. 1882-1883 SPECIES SCREENING SPECIES: Echimcu EKS Plug PI1555- owenm DAYS FLW VB_b FLW ”Tm 71-237 ”memmw ____552d 8D (1.5) I’m—FM Vi . . . 45 5 21 55 134 3_5 5.4 fl 0 . . 45 5 24 125 155 35 51 2 . . 35 5 21 105 145 35 25 4 . . 40 7 22 105 135 37 33 5 . . 50 5 21 105 135 34 3.7 5 . . 50 5 20 77 114 37 37 1g ._ . 51 5 21 73 1 3_4 35 . 125 . 45 5 23 105 1a 35 35 . . 43 5 fig 1 3_5 31 0 125 . 45 7 25 130 155 35 35 2 1a . 47 5 21 104 141 37 3.3 4 1a . 50 5 24 1m 151 37 35 5 125 . 50 5 22 112 142 33 35 5 1a . 50 5 23 50 125 35 37 10 1a . 5_3_ 5 24 g 115 34 35 0 50 . 50 5 22 127 155 37 25 2 50 . 30 5 20 115 150 35 20 4 50 . 30 7 20 57 1a 35 25 5 50 . 50 5 20 101 135 35 3.7 5 50 . 50 5 15 55 104 35 35 1o 51; . 50 5 15 54 51 a; 3.5 . . 15 52 5 21 55 134 35 3.5 . 5_o 2 5 24 102 132 32 32 0 M 55 5 24 125 1a 35 3.5 2 N 75 5 21 105 145 35 31 4 M 50 5 22 105 135 37 3.2 5 N 55 5 21 105 135 34 37 5 15 100 5 20 77 114 37 35 10 N 153 7 41 72 19; a 3.5 0 . w o 5 . . . . 27 2 . a) o 5 . . . 22 4 . so 0 7 . . . . 34 5 . 50 5 5 14 103 132 . 37 5 . so 0 5 . . . . 35 10 . so 5 5 g 100 132 g 3.7 . 11 M 55 5 23 105 135 35 35 . 50 18 a; 5 29 52 1g 3; 3.3 . 1a a: 2 5 33 100 132 32 35 . 50 a) 2 5 14 1Q 132 . 25 0 13 M 50 7 25 130 155 35 37 2 125 M 100 7 21 104 141 37 35 4 125 M 100 5 24 120 151 37 37 5 1a 15 100 5 22 112 142 33 37 5 125 M 100 5 23 50 125 35 4o 10 125 M 1g 7 2_3 50 114 34 4.0 0 50 M 100 5 22 127 155 37 35 2 50 N 50 5 20 115 150 35 25 4 50 NI 50 7 20 57 125 35 25 5 50 N 50 7 21 101 135 35 3.7 5 50 M 100 5 15 55 104 35 35 10 50 M 195; 7 1_5 54 57 33 3.5 0 125 so 0 7 . . . . 33 2 125 a: 0 5 . . 25 4 125 50 0 5 . . 3.5 5 125 50 0 5 . . . 35 5 125 so 0 5 . . . 34 10 125 a) 1g 5 33 100 132 33 3.5 o 50 a: 0 5 . . . . 20 2 50 so 0 7 . . . 1.4 4 50 so 0 5 . . . 30 5 50 a) 10 5 14 103 132 35 5 50 so 0 5 . . . 35 1g 50 g 0 5 35 m (117) N8 ~ -- - us - 5155 (5) N8 ' " ' N8 "' (w) x (5) N5 N8 N5 N5 N5 "3 N5 * N5 N5 N5 * (P) 5 M ' ” z z z ”5 0) x (5) N8 ' z z 1 N8 11 x 5 N8; 4N8 2 z z ' z-Fummmbmmmwdmm 96 Table 14. Regrowth and flowering response of Gaillardia plugs of two sizes after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented. 97 1902-1903 SPECIES SCREENING ECIES: Gaillardia x randiflona Goblin MM FLONERING LEAVES 113239 015088125 fl (3) WW VB FLW VB_t_oFLW RATING —5— 53 123 32 3.9 0 31 9 53 147 177 30 3.9 2 30 7 45 135 155 33 3.7 4 25 7 55 134 171 37 3.9 5 . . 30 9 52 115 145 31 3.9 5 . . 25 1O 55 101 132 31 3.9 10 .__ . 3_5 9 5_5 107 140 33 3.9 . 125 . 29 5 50 130 151 31 3.9 . 59 . 30 9 51 115 10 3_3 3.5 0 125 . 37 5 52 155 152 25 3.5 2 125 . 25 5 45 143 174 31 3.9 4 125 . 20 7 57 125 155 37 3.5 5 125 . 25 5 55 127 157 30 3.9 5 125 . 25 5 54 109 143 33 3.9 10 125 . L5 5 52 115 159 34 3.9 o 50 . 25 9 41 134 170 35 3.9 2 50 . 35 5 43 130 154 35 3.5 4 5O . 30 7 53 135 175 37 4.0 5 5O . 35 10 40 105 135 32 4.0 5 5O . 3O 11 49 94 123 30 4.0 10 5O . EL 10 52 92 123 31 3.9 . . NI 47 9 53 123 155 33 3.5 . . 8:0 13 5 57 121 152 31 3.9 0 . NI 40 9 45 135 155 29 3.7 2 . M 50 5 45 135 155 33 3.7 4 . NI 45 7 54 137 174 35 3.9 5 . NI 35 9 53 120 150 31 4.0 5 . NI 35 10 53 101 135 34 4.0 10 . NI £1 9 Q 107 140 32 3.9 0 . SD 21 9 51 155 195 33 4.0 2 . SD 0 5 . . . 3.7 4 . SD 5 5 54 113 141 25 4.0 5 . SO 25 9 49 105 139 31 3.9 9 . SD 20 9 52 100 127 27 3.5 ‘ 1Q . Q g 5 43 107 147 40 3.9 . 125 NI 42 5 57 132 154 33 3.9 . 50 NI 52 9 43 115 149 33 3.5 . 125 SD 17 5 57 125 154 25 3.9 . 50 59 5 9 Q 113 1g 3_5 3.9 0 125 NI 40 9 55 145 173 27 3.7 2 125 NI 5O 5 45 143 174 31 4.0 4 125 N1 30 7 54 133 173 39 3.5 5 125 NI 30 5 52 139 155 25 3.9 5 125 NI 2!) 5 55 119 152 44 4.0 10 125 NI 50 5 54 117 150 33 3.9 0 50 Nl 4O 5 43 129 159 30 3.7 2 5O NI 70 7 45 130 154 35 3.4 4 50 NI 50 5 53 135 175 37 3.9 5 5O NI 40 1o 47 105 135 33 4.0 5 50 NI 50 12 51 94 125 30 4.0 10 50 N1 59 10 52 92 123 31 3.5 0 125 SD 33 5 71 155 193 24 4.0 2 125 so 0 7 . . . 3.9 4 125 SD 10 5 54 113 141 25 3.9 5 125 SD 20 5 71 105 141 33 3.9 5 125 SD 30 5 55 103 130 25 3.7 10 125 SD 10 5 43 107 147 40 3.9 0 50 SD 10 10 31 153 212 55 4.0 2 50 SO 0 5 . . 3.5 4 50 SD 0 7 . . 4.0 5 50 SD 30 9 25 105 135 30 3.9 5 50 SD 10 11 59 117 25 3.9 10 50 SD 0 9 . . . 3.9 W MM “‘ NS " “‘ NS NS 323(3) "' NS NS NS N8 N8 Mx(5) "‘ NS NS NS NS " WWI-1(9) Ns "‘ NS NS NS NS (p)xM NS " NS 58 NS NS (p)x(3) NS NS NS NS N8 N8 )4 x 5 NS NS NS NS NS z-Fummmmmmmudm 98 Table 15. Regrowth and flowering response of Goniolimon plugs of two sizes after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented. 99 1&4“ SPECIES SCREENING SPECIES: Gonlofinon 15157755 Plug Photo- FLOWERING (gag; 12m m (1.6) W. . . . o 14 . . . . 3.9 O o 14 3 5 2 0 14 3 5 4 0 14 4O 5 0 15 3 9 5 O 15 4 O 10 . 0 15 3 9 . 125 0 12 3 5 . Q 0 15 4 0 O 125 0 13 3 7 2 125 0 12 3 7 4 125 0 12 40 5 125 O 13 3 9 5 125 0 12 3 9 10 125 0 13 3 5 0 5o 0 15 4 0 2 50 0 15 40 4 50 0 15 4 0 5 50 0 17 4 o 5 5O 0 15 4 2 10 50 . O 15 4 0 . . NI 0 15 3 9 . Q 0 14 3 9 0 NI 0 14 3 5 2 NI 0 14 3 9 4 NI 0 14 4 0 5 NI 0 15 4 0 5 NI 0 15 3 9 10 NI 0 17 4 0 0 SO 0 15 3 9 2 . SD 0 14 3 5 4 . SD 0 13 4 0 5 . SD 0 15 3 9 5 . SO 0 14 4 2 10 fi._ 4% 0 13 3 5 . 125 NI 0 13 3 9 50 NI 0 17 4.0 125 SD 0 12 3.5 Q go 0 15 41 0 125 NI 0 12 3 5 2 125 NI 0 12 3 5 4 125 NI 0 12 4 0 5 125 NI 0 15 4 0 5 125 NI 0 12 3 5 10 125 NI 0 14 4 O 0 50 NI 0 15 4 0 2 50 NI 0 15 3 9 4 50 NI 0 15 3 9 5 50 NI 0 15 4 0 5 50 NI 0 19 4 0 10 50 NI 0 2_0 4 O O 125 SD 0 14 3 7 2 125 SD 0 12 3 5 4 125 SD 0 12 4 O 5 125 SD 0 12 3 7 5 125 SD 0 11 4 0 10 125 SD 0 13 3 7 0 50 SD 0 15 4 0 2 50 SD 0 17 4o 4 50 SD 0 15 40 5 50 SD 0 19 4o 5 50 SD 0 15 4 3 10 50 SD 0 13 40 We wads M NS 2 z 2 z ' 31:3 (5) "" z z z z "" (31) 11(3) N8 2 z z 2 NS photopuiod (p) ' z z z 2 NS (p) 110») “ z z z 2 NS (p) x(5) NS 2 z z z ' (2) 11(3) 14(3) "" 2 z z 2 NS flowering z-F-bdndpouflodmbmmmuckd n=240 100 Table 16. Regrowth and flowering response of Hibiscus plugs of two sizes after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented. 101 1552-1533 SPECIES SCREENING SPECIES: Hibiscus x h bn'ds VIEDiaioo Balls m FLOWERING 0475 5155 5155 m (LI) Phi—m —vs FL'W""VB'_fi—_t_o wanna . . . 4.5 7 105 132 2.11 0 30 3 32 127 200 71 3‘ 2 47 7 37 123 203 75 3.1 4 50 5 32 103 137 34 2.1 3 45 7 23 33 133 43 2.3 5 . 30 7 33 33 150 37 2.5 10 . 43 7 33 74 15_1 .2 . 1% 53 5 f 131 135 com—3‘6". . % g 5 100 175 7 . T 51 7 g—T‘fi—g'é—m 133 . 2 125 44 7 34 132 131 33 3.5 4 123 75 5 30 113 203 107 23 3 123 . 5o 7 35 133 173 33 1.3 3 123 . 0 5 . . . . 1.0 10 123 . 0 3 . . . . 20 0 50 . 33 3 33 120 204 51 23 2 30 . 50 3 40 127 224 33 24 4 50 . 44 3 33 104 132 73 20 3 50 . 47 7 23 34 133 50 2.3 3 50 . 50 3 33 33 150 57 3.2 10 30 . 2.6 3 3_9 74 151 31 3.3 . . NI 33 7 33 1034152 73 .7 . so 5 7 40 125 154 50 2.3 0 N1 35 3 31 12_5 2'02 72 3.2 2 NI 54 7 37 125 203 75 3.1 4 NI 100 3 32 103 137 34 1.3 5 N1 100 7 23 35 133 43 2.3 5 N1 100 7 33 33 150 57 2.3 10 N1 30 5 35 74 131 51 3.1 0 so 15 3 40 125 134 30 3.1 2 so 5 3 . 133 . 3.1 4 so 0 5 . . 2.5 5 so 0 7 . 2.1 5 so 0 7 . 2.3 ‘ 10 . so 0 7 . . . . 3.3 ”—T 1 N1 100 5 32 131 137 57 2.5 . 30 N1 33 7 34 30 173 73 2.3 . 125 so 14 3 40 123 154 30 3.3 . 30 Q 2 5 . 13; . . 2.5 0 123 N1 100 7 31 134 201 57 3.3 2 125 N1 100 3 34 132 151 35 3.3 4 123 NI 100 5 30 115 205 107 1.3 3 123 N1 100 7 35 135 175 35 1.5 5 123 NI 0 5 . . . . 1.0 10 123 NI 0 3 . . . . 0 50 NI 73 3 33 120 204 31 2.3 2 50 N1 30 7 40 123 224 33 2.4 4 30 NI 100 3 33 104 132 75 1.7 5 30 N1 100 7 23 34 133 50 3.3 3 30 N1 100 3 33 53 130 37 3.3 10 50 N1 99 3 35; 74 131 31 3.1 0 123 so 30 3 40 123 134 50 4.0 2 123 so 0 7 . . 3.3 4 123 so 0 5 3.0 3 123 so 0 3 1.5 3 123 so 0 5 1.0 10 123 so 0 4 2.0 o 50 so 0 5 2.2 2 50 so 10 5 2.3 4 50 so 0 3 2.2 3 50 so 0 7 2.4 3 50 so 0 3 3.1 19 59 59 0 5 34 W woskuw) - -- N5 - - N5 5125(5) 1* -- ~ NS N8 N5 (w)x(3) N5 -- NS NS - N5 photopotiodm) NS ~ N5 N5 N5 N5 (p)x(w) NS " 2 z z m (p)x(3) NS ' 2 2 2 NS (p)x(w)x(3_) NS - 2 N5 2-Fundpoubbdnbm5diwnhckdm 11-212 102 Table 17. Regrowth and flowering response of Iberis plugs of two sizes after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented. 103 1992-1993 SPECIES SCREENING §£ECIESz Iben’s semgervirens Snowflake WEEKS Plug Photo- FLOWERING LEAVES DAYS of 50 SIzo glad (5(3) Planting Final VB FLW V8 to FLW RAT! NG . . . 21 29 47 54 68 12 3.5 0 25 29 49 11 2 107 11 3.0 2 23 27 49 65 90 14 3.7 4 18 25 44 53 65 12 3.9 6 17 25 52 65 79 12 3.8 5 21 31 37 16 26 1 1 3.8 10 . . 21 34 48 18 32 13 3.8 . 128 . 7 23 47 121 1 29 9 3.7 . 50 . 36 36 47 42 56 13 3.5 0 128 . 10 24 47 134 146 12 3.6 2 128 5 21 45 95 120 12 3.6 4 125 5 20 41 116 122 6 3.8 6 128 10 21 53 122 129 7 3.8 8 125 0 25 . . . 3.7 10 128 0 27 . . . . 3.9 0 50 40 33 49 103 98 10 3.7 2 50 30 33 51 60 75 15 3.8 4 50 30 35 45 43 56 13 4.0 6 50 23 35 52 37 59 15 3.5 5 50 42 36 37 16 26 11 3.8 10 50 . 50 41 48 18 32 1 3 3.8 . . NI 9 3O 45 35 42 1 3 3.8 . SD 33 28 47 57 74 12 3.8 O NI 15 30 53 162 75 11 3.7 2 NI 10 25 41 12 28 16 3.8 4 NI 10 25 45 22 31 9 4.0 6 NI 0 25 . . . . 3.7 8 NI 11 34 42 8 22 15 3.7 10 NI 5 34 34 . 2_9 . 3.8 0 SD 35 27 47 103 121 11 3.6 2 SD 35 26 51 87 105 14 3.7 4 SD 25 27 44 66 79 13 3.8 6 SD 25 29 52 65 79 12 3.9 5 SD 30 25 36 18 25 10 3.8 10 . S_D 40 33 5O 18 32 13 3.8 128 NI 0 23 . . . . 3.7 50 NI 17 38 45 35 42 1 3 3.8 125 SD 13 23 47 121 129 9 3.7 . 50 SD 53 34 47 44 61 13 3.8 O 128 NI 0 26 3.7 2 125 NI 0 21 3.7 4 128 NI 0 19 3.9 6 128 NI 0 21 3.6 8 128 NI 0 24 3.6 10 128 NI 0 29 . . . . 3.8 O 50 NI 30 35 53 162 75 11 3.7 2 50 Nl 20 35 41 12 25 16 3.8 4 50 Nl 20 38 45 22 31 9 4.0 5 50 NI 0 35 . . . . 3.7 5 50 NI 22 43 42 8 22 15 3.9 10 50 NI 11 41 34 . 29 . 3.9 O 128 SD 20 23 47 134 146 12 3.4 2 128 SD 30 21 45 95 120 12 3.5 4 128 SD 10 22 41 116 122 6 3.6 6 128 SD 20 22 53 122 129 7 3.9 8 128 SD 0 25 . . 3.8 10 128 SD 0 25 . . . 3.9 0 50 SD 50 31 47 88 111 10 3.7 ‘ 2 50 SD 40 31 56 85 99 14 3.8 4 50 SD 40 33 45 54 69 15 4.0 6 50 SD 50 36 52 37 59 15 3.9 8 50 SD 60 30 36 15 25 10 3.8 10 50 SD 80 41 50 15 32 13 3.7 Significant» molt: (w) “‘ NS “ NS NS NS at. (s) on 0.. .0 0 NS 0 (w) x (5) NS NS NS NS NS NS photopuiod (p) “ " NS NS NS NS (p) x (33) NS NS NS NS NS NS (0) x (5) ' NS 2 z 2 NS (ELX (w) 14(5) ' NS 2 z 2 NS z = F-test not possible due to missing data from lack of flowering 71-237 104 Table 18. Regrowth and flowering response of Lavandula plugs of two sizes after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented. 105 1552-1593 SPECIES SCREENING SPECIES: Lavandula angustlfolia Munstead WEEKS Plug Phob- FLOWERING LEAVE§ QYS MM 111 I’m—W W VB” FLW RATING . . . 24 34 g 40 74 34 3.3 0 . . 5 34 53 144 175 33 3.5 2 . . 5 3O 52 51 1 13 32 3.5 4 . . 10 34 51 fi 73 31 3.5 5 . . 25 34 55 42 75 37 3.5 5 . . 32 35 52 30 55 35 3.9 10 ,_ . a a g a g7 32 3.3 . 125 . 1 1 25 54 35 70 33 3.5 . 5O 37 0 53 41 7_5_ 34 3.5 0 125 5 25 50 141 1 5 35 3.7 2 125 0 25 . . . . 3.7 4 125 0 25 . . . . 3.5 5 125 5 27 52 30 50 30 3.7 5 125 15 25 55 44 75 33 3.5 10 125 LO .3 51 24 55 g 4.0 0 50 1O 35 54 145 151 35 4.0 2 55 15 34 52 51 1 13 32 3.5 4 5O 20 42 51 45 73 31 4.0 5 50 . 50 42 57 43 51 37 4.0 5 50 . 50 41 52 25 51 35 3.5 10 fi59 . 79 13. 51 E 55 32 3.5 . . NI 35 35 52 42 75 35 3.5 . g; 12 33 so 34 g 31 3.5 O NI 15 34 53 144 175 35 3.5 2 NI 15 32 52 51 113 32 3.5 4 NI 17 33 51 41 55 33 4.0 5 . NI 35 35 55 35 75 35 3.5 5 . NI 5 35 52 3O 57 37 3.5 10 . NI 54 40 57 25 55 32 4.0 0 . SD 0 33 . . . . 3.5 2 . SD 0 25 2 . . . 3.7 4 . SD 5 35 50 5O 53 23 3.5 5 . SD 20 33 55 50 54 34 3.5 5 . SD 10 34 55 25 54 27 4.0 10 . §p L5 35 55 24 55 A2 3.5 . 125 NI 20 25 54 35 72 33 3.5 . 50 NI 53 41 55 43 75 35 4.0 . 125 SD 2 25 54 25 55 32 3.7 . 5O S_D 22 35 g $ 55 31 3.9 O 125 NI 10 31 50 141 175 35 3.5 2 125 NI 0 25 . . . 3.5 4 125 NI 0 25 . . . 4.0 5 125 NI 10 27 52 30 50 30 3.5 5 125 NI 3O 31 55 44 75 33 3.7 10 123 N1 70 3_5 51 23 53 32 4.0 0 5O NI 20 35 54 145 151 35 4.0 2 50 Nl 3O 35 52 51 1 1 3 32 3.5 4 50 Nl 30 4O 51 41 65 33 4.0 5 50 Nl 50 44 57 35 75 40 4.0 5 50 Nl 55 43 54 24 53 35 4.0 10 so NI 100 L 32 27 59 33 4.0 0 125 SD 0 27 . . . 3.7 2 125 SD 0 27 3.5 4 125 SD 0 25 3.2 5 125 SD 0 27 3.5 5 125 SD 0 25 . . . . 4.0 10 125 so 10 31 54 2_5 55 32 3.5 0 50 SD 0 4O . . . . 3.5 2 50 SD 0 25 2 . . 3.5 4 50 SD 10 43 50 5O 53 4.0 5 50 SO 40 35 55 50 54 34 4.0 5 50 SD 20 35 55 25 54 27 3.5 ‘ 10 g g 99 41 so 24 so 32 3.7 W m (w) ~° -- m -- Ns NS 3m (3) "' "‘ NS NS NS "‘ (w) x (3) ' " NS NS NS NS "' "' N8 NS NS ' (p) x (IN) NS Ns NS NS NS NS (p) x (3) NS NS NS NS NS NS (9) x M x (3) ' NS 2 z z ' z-memmummmu amino 106 Table 19. Regrowth and flowering response of Oenothera plugs of two sizes after 0 and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented. 107 1992-1993 SPECIES SCREENING SPECIES: Oenothera missouqensis _ WEEK Plug Photo- FLOWERING LEAVES DAYS of 50 3g. m (11.) Pm] Final v3 FLW VB _to FLW RATING . . 35 3 23 53 30 34 3.4I o . . 35 3 30 39 99 33 3.5 10 . . 43 7 2_2 39 35 32 3.4 . 123 . 43 3 25 32 35 34 3.4 . 50 . 35 7 27 4o 74 34 3.4 o 123 . 35 5 23 31 103 29 3.5 10 123 . 50 3 23 43 72 37 3.4 o 50 . 35 3 33 52 94 42 3.4 10 so . 35 J 21 23 i4 23 3.5 . NI 75 7 25 43 77 33 3.5 39 3 3 49 103 174 43 3.4 o . NI 35 3 29 31 93 35 3.5 10 . NI 35 3 22 32 35 32 3.5 o . so 5 5 49 139 174 43 3.5 10 . so 0 3 . 79 _. . 3.3 123 NI 30 7 23 51 79 33 3.5 so NI 7o 7 27 4o 74 34 3.5 123 SD 5 5 49 103 174 43 3.4 . 50 so 0 3 . . . . 3.4 o 123 NI 30 3 24 39 92 27 3.3 10 123 NI 100 3 23 33 72 37 3.4 0 so NI 7o 7 33 52 94 42 3.3 10 so NI 7o 3 21 23 54 23 3.7 o 123 SD 10 5 49 139 174 43 3.4 10 123 SD 0 5 . 79 . . 3.3 0 50 so 0 3 . . . 3.5 10 50 so 0 3 3.3 Significance weeks (w) NS NS ’“ ... NS NS Size (3) Ns Ns ... Ns NS NS (w) x (3) NS Ns Ns ' “ NS photoperiod (p ' '1' ... ... NS Ns (p) x (w) NS NS ‘ z 2 NS (p) x (3) NS NS 2 z 2 NS (p) x (w) x (3) NS ' 2 NS z-F-tectnotposoibleduetombshgdatzafromlackofflowemg n-79 108 Table 20. Regrowth and flowering response of Platycodon cv. Sentimental Blue plugs after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent. Leaves were counted at planting. Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented. 109 1992-1993 SPECIES SCREENING SPECIES: Platycodon grandiflorus Sentimental Blue WEEKS Plug Photo- FLOWERING LEAVES DAYS OF 5C Size period (96) Planting VB FLW V8 to FLW RATING . 123 . 41 7 33 90 23 2.3 o 123 . 35 3 30 97 25 2.3 2 123 . 4o 3 32 91 29 2.0 4 123 . 55 3 72 100 23 2.5 3 123 . 25 3 71 100 23 2.0 3 123 . 4o 7 s4 73 22 3.0 10 £8 . 50 5 53 73 22 3.4 123 NI 33 7 32 33 25 2.4 . 123 SD 43 3 7o 93 23 2.7 o 123 NI 30 7 30 75 25 3.2 2 123 NI 1o 3 37 101 34 1.3 4 123 NI 50 3 73 99 27 2.3 3 123 NI 30 7 33 101 33 1.7 3 123 NI 50 7 54 75 22 3.5 10 123 NI 30 5 57 79 22 3.1 o 123 so 40 3 105 114 23 2.0 2 123 SD 70 3 31 39 23 2.7 4 123 SD 30 3 71 100 29 2.3 3 123 so 20 3 73 93 22 3.0 3 123 SD 30 3 54 77 23 2.5 10 123 SD 40 3 59 73 24 3.3 Significance weeks (w) *“ “ ** NS ** photoperiod (p) NS NS NS NS NS (p) x (w) NS NS ‘ NS *" z = F—test not possible due to missing data from lack of flowering n=120 110 Table 21. Regrowth and flowering response of Platycodon cv. Maresii Blue plugs after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting. Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented. 111 1992-1993 SPECIES SCREENING SPECIES: Plalycodon grandiflorus Maresii Blue WEEKS Plug Photo- FLOWERING LEAVES DAYS OF 5c 8123 pedod (16) Pimrvg FLW V3 to FLW RATING . 50 . 33 11 33 94 23 3.3 o 50 5 12 123 203 29 2.9 2 50 35 13 33 113 25 2.3 4 50 30 13 72 104 32 3.3 3 50 75 12 34 93 31 3.3 3 50 35 9 52 73 24 3.5 10 so . 35 9 47 75 23 3.3 . 50 Nl 32 11 33 94 30 3.4 . 50 SD 33 12 33 94 27 3.2_ o 50 NI 0 11 . . 2.7 2 50 N1 50 11 34 103 23 2.3 4 50 NI 30 12 30 120 39 3 7 3 50 NI 30 . 31 37 23 3 1 5 50 NI 70 9 54 75 25 3 9 10 50 NI 90 14 52 32 30 4 o o 50 SD 10 12 123 203 29 3 o 2 50 SD 30 14 92 113 24 2 3 4 50 SD 50 13 52 55 25 3 5 3 50 SD 70 12 33 105 33 3 3 3 50 SD 30 9 51 75 24 3 1 1o 50 SD 30 9 4_2 37 25 3 2 Significance wo.ks (w) it *0. iii NS “i photopen‘od (p) NS NS NS NS NS (p) x (w) NS NS “ * NS z=F4estnotpoeebIeduetomiseingdeteiromIeckofllowerhg n=120 112 Table 22. Regrowth and flowering response of Primula plugs of two sizes after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented. 113 1992-1993 SPECIES SCREENING SPECIES: Primula veris Pacific Giants L I LEAVES WEEKS Plug Photo- F OWER NG DAYS olsc so: period (11) mm Finel VB FLW V8 in FLW RATING . . 17 35 32 23 3.3 o 93 9 17 33 33 23 3.3 2 100 10 13 41 39 23 3.3 4 95 3 13 32 53 23 3.3 3 100 10 13 33 34 29 3.9 3 9 13 39 34 24 4.0 10 . . 35 9 15 24 50 25 3.3 . 123 . 93 3 13 43 75 23 3.3 . 50 . 97 10 13 22 49 27 3.9 o 123 . 3 17 51 w 29 3.7 2 123 . 100 9 19 59 35 23 3.5 4 123 . 95 3 17 45 35 25 3.7 3 123 . 100 9 13 43 73 24 3.9 3 123 . 9o 3 19 54 79 25 4.0 10 123 . 30 7 15 31 33 33 3.3 0 50 . 100 11 17 25 53 27 4.0 2 50 . 100 10 13 24 52 23 4.0 4 50 . 93 9 16 20 43 27 3.3 3 50 . 100 10 13 23 53 33 4.0 3 50 . 95 1o 17 24 50 24 4.0 10 50 . 9o 10 13 11 34 13 3.9 . . NI 94 1o 17 33 33 25 3.3 . SD 93 9 17 33 31 23 3.9 o NI 95 10 17 41 35 24 3.3 2 NI 100 10 19 42 7o 22 3.3 4 NI 90 9 15 30 43 22 3.9 3 NI 100 10 13 37 71 30 3.3 3 NI 90 9 13 44 37 21 4.0 10 Nl 90 9 15 22 53 30 3.3 0 SD 100 9 17 35 37 32 3.9 2 so 95 9 17 40 m 29 3.7 4 so 100 3 17 34 34 29 3.7 3 . SD 100 9 13 29 51 23 4.0 3 . so 95 9 13 35 32 27 4.0 10 . so 35 3 15 23 44 :1 3.9 . 123 NI 93 3 17 51 73 :25 3.3 . so NI 93 11 17 22 49 :15 3.9 . 123 so 93 3 13 43 73 27 3.3 . 50 SD 93 9 13 21 49 :23 4.0 o 123 NI 90 3 13 54 30 25 3.3 2 123 MI 100 9 19 33 91 19 3.5 4 123 NI 9o 3 15 43 53 21 3.9 3 123 NI 100 10 17 49 73 23 3.7 3 123 NI 9o 3 19 59 75 17 4.0 10 123 NI 9o 3 15 37 30 45 3.3 o 50 NI 100 12 13 29 52 23 3.9 2 50 NI 100 11 13 24 49 25 4.0 4 so NI 90 10 13 15 33 23 3.9 3 50 Nl 100 11 19 23 34 33 3.9 3 50 Nl 9o 10 13 29 59 26 4.0 10 50 Nl 90 1o 15 3 31 13 3.7 o 123 so 100 3 13 43 30 32 3.3 2 123 so 100 9 19 53 79 26 3.5 4 123 so 100 7 13 43 71 23 3.5 3 123 so 100 9 20 39 37 23 4.0 3 123 so 90 3 20 51 33 32 4.0 10 123 so 70 7 14 33 52 19 3.3 o 50 SD 100 10 17 22 54 32 4.0 2 50 so 90 1o 15 24 53 32 4.0 4 50 so 100 3 13 25 53 31 3.3 3 so so 100 10 17 19 43 29 4.0 3 so so 100 10 13 20 43 23 4.0 10 50 so 90 9 13 15 37 22 4.0 ce weeke (w) “‘ “ ' NS NS ' size (3) "' NS '“ '“ Ns "‘ (w) x (3) Ns NS NS NS NS ' ' (p) "‘ NS NS NS NS NS (p) x (w) NS NS NS NS NS NS (p) x (3) NS NS NS NS NS NS (p)x w)x(s) NS NS Ns NS ' NS z-.‘-‘ ‘. “ dust: ' ‘,-‘-‘-from|eckofflowering 114 Table 23. Regrowth and flowering response of Rudbeckia plugs of two sizes after 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Regrowth rating was made 6 weeks after planting on a 1 (dead) to 4 (excellent). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), and from VB to FLW are presented. 115 1952-1953 SPECIES SCREENING SPECIES: Rudbeckra fulglda Goldsturm Pm Phob FLOWERM LEAVES DAYS 11$ & m (5) M FM VB FLWVBICEWRA‘MQ) . . g 3 27 114 153 g LII 0 . 5 25 125 170 6 .' 2 . 50 5 25 125 155 43 3.4 4 . 50 5 25 123 133 44 3.5 5 . 51 5 29 112 153 41 35 5 . . 50 7 29 109 150 0 3.5 10 . . 45 5 25 57 125 41 3.5 . 125 . 5.5 4 25 129 171 42 3.5 . 5_o_ . 4; 5 a 93; 141 43 3.7 15 123 . 50 5 23 140 133 43 3.3 2 123 . 50 5 27 133 173 45 3.3 4 123 . so 4 23 142 133 44 3.4 3 123 . 53 4 31 135 175 40 37 3 123 . 50 3 23 113 159 39 33 10 123 . 4_7_ 3 7 1 4 7 0 so . 53 7 23 1 2 50 . 50 7 29 117 1* 42 3.3 4 so . so 5 25 104 147 43 3.5 3 50 . 50 3 27 90 131 41 35 3 59 . 50 3 30 101 142 41 3.3 10 5_9 . 4_5 3 2_3 73 11_1_ 44 4.2 . . NI N 5 27 114 155 42 3.5 . g) o 3 fi._ . . . 3.4 o NI 100 7 23 125 170 i 3.3 2 NI 1011 3 23 125 133 43 3.3 4 NI 100 3 23 123 1a 44 37 3 N1 100 3 29 112 153 41 39 3 NI 100 7 29 109 150 40 3.9 10 N1 95 7 29 37 1g 41 41 0 SD '3' 3 . . . . 33 2 so 0 3 . . . 33 4 SD 0 5 . . . 3.3 3 SD 0 3 . . . 33 5 w 0 5 . . . 3.3 10 . so 3 5 j.‘ .1 . . 3.3 . 125 NI 1!!) 5 25 1 171 42 3.7 . 50 Ni 93 5 27 U 141 43 39 . 125 a) 0 4 . . . . 34 . 50 SD 0 3 ._ . . i 34 O 125 M 100 5 25 10 1” 43 3.5 2 123 Nl 100 5 27 133 173 45 33 4 123 NI 100 4 23 142 133 44 37 3 123 NI 100 5 31 135 175 40 3.3 3 123 Nl 100 5 23 113 159 39 39 10 123 NI 100 4 2_7 1143 141 39 3.7 0 5O NI 100 5 25 109 154 45 3.9 2 50 NI 100 7 29 117 159 42 3.3 4 50 NI 100 3 25 104 147 43 3.7 3 50 Nl 100 3 27 90 131 41 3.9 3 50 NI 100 9 30 101 142 41 3.9 10 59 Nl go 9 2_g 73 111 44 4.3 0 125 SD 0 5 . . . . 3.7 2 125 a) O 5 . . 3.5 4 123 SD 0 4 31 3 123 a) o 4 3.7 5 125 a) 0 5 2.9 10 125 a) O 3 37 0 50 so 0 7 3.5 2 50 a: o 7 3.0 4 50 a) o 3 3.4 5 50 so 0 9 3.0 5 50 83 O 5 3.5 10 Q Q 0 7 35 Woe weel13(w) ' NS "‘ "' ° ' 3913(3) "' " '“ "' NS NS (w)x(s) "" N5 N6 N5 NS NS (p) ee eee : z z eeo (”XII”) ”" NS 1 z 2 NS (p)x(3) NS ”" z z 2 NS (2)): (w) x (3) N_S NS 2 z 2 NS z-Fummmbmmumuorm 116 Table 24. Regrowth and flowering response of Alcea plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. 117 1993-1994 Alcea rosea Oysters Mix mmmm L33V33 Hem giw ____ __EY.'__ 31 51235199 (“J HMFLIILVBFLWVBQFLW (930% . . . 0 4 . . . . . . 0 . 0 4 5 . o 4 1o . o 4 15 . o 4 . 123 o 4 . 55 0 4 0 125 0 4 5 125 o 4 10 125 0 4 15 125 0 4 0 3o 0 3 5 50 0 4 10 50 . 0 4 13 go; . o 4 . . NI 0 4 . . go o 4 0 . N1 0 3 5 . NI 0 4 1o . NI 0 4 15 . NI 0 . O . 50 O 4 5 . 50 0 4 10 . SD 0 4 13 . go o 4 . 125 M O 4 . 50 M 0 4 . 125 50 o 4 . 3_o 99 o 4 0 123 M 0 3 5 125 NI 0 4 10 125 M 0 5 15 125 N1 0 . 0 50 M 0 3 5 50 NI 0 4 10 50 NI 0 4 15 50 N1 0 . o 125 50 O 5 5 125 so 0 4 10 125 so 0 4 15 125 SD 0 4 0 50 so 0 3 5 50 so 0 4 1O 50 SD 0 3 15 50 SD 0 4 W MM ‘ 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 “3(3) "' 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (w)x(3) NS 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 97193333713501) N8 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (3)200 " 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (3)2(3) N5 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 @2011)!“ "' 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 zzF-botnotpouibleduotomhoingdahfmmlackofnoworing n-14O 118 Table 25. Regrowth and flowering response of Armeria maritima plugs after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. 119 1993-1994 Armeria maritime Ornament Mix d 5123 N397 VI 0:?! 59 5;! U? " ' "'fii‘ In . 123 . (7‘5) 1 1E 13 93 1 T W . 55 13 W W W 5 123 . 7o 13 237 225 93 137 13 19 2 13 123 . 33 23 131 231 92 93 13 23 2 15 1 . 79 19 134 149 71 95 15 19 1 . 1 N 79 19 :571 153 34 i7 4 3 13 2__ . 1g 33 —fi 13 E 52 B i 1 2 13 1 o 1 N E 23 119 1'5 W 1 3 13 2 5 123 N 9o 19 193 233 93 134 13 23 2 13 123 N 35 19 143 133 37 19o 13 21 2 15 123 M 37 2o 39 93 93 33 17 24 2 o 123 so 5T1 W 139 5 W7 10 11 2— 5 123 so 53 17 244 232 101 112 10 13 1 10 123 so 93 21 213 233 79 91 12 19 2 15 13 so 90 13 175 193 74 33 13 13 1 w 14133113 (97) N5 - ° -° - ~ ~ N3 3123 (3) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (W) x (3) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Wind (p) N5 "- '- N5 N3 ° - N3 (P) x (117) N5 N5 N5 N5 N5 N5 N5 N3 (9) x (3) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (p) x (w) x (g) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 st-botnotpouiblodmbMdot-thkdm 11:79 120 Table 26. Regrowth and flowering response of Armeria pseudarmeria plugs after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. 121 1 993-1 994 Armeria pseudatmgn'a W3“ PM M M L33V33 & W! 51111 .__—Ad 318 (1‘) @497 FE WfiFL‘W .12 FLW L_L____¢m OWN . 5o . 3_3 13 79 97 31: 131 20 4_2 3 0 $ 93 15 55 105 107 125 19 3 3 5 fl 5 15 75 93 5 104 19 45 3 10 fl 8 21 54 103 57 S 22 44 3 15 52 Q 19 33 in 3o 33 go 42 3 . 5o NI 33 13 34 32 79 97 19 42: 3 % g0 95 19 g 111 g 104 21 41 3 0 N1 N 15 U 103 102 12.1 15 57 3 5 53 N1 95 19 Q 95 75 97 19 45 2 10 50 N1 N 19 57 75 70 N 19 45 3 13 5o NI 3_5 17 37 i5 57 75 13 41 3 0 53 50 N 13 9o 104 113 131 15 41 3 5 50 SD 3o 15 53 103 92 112 19 40 3 10 50 SD 100 23 109 132 5 fl 24 42 3 15 50 SD so 21 52 104 53 53 21 g 3 81971151737153 11733133 (w) " N3 N3 “‘ "' N3 N8 N5 3B3 (3) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (w) x (3) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 photopodod (p) N8 ' 1 N8 N3 N3 N5 N3 (P) x (W) °° N5 N5 N5 N5 N5 N5 N5 (p) x (3) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 (p) x (w) x (g) 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2=F433tnotpouibloduotomi331nadfl31romlocko1m1ng 11850 122 Table 27. Regrowth and flowering response of Asclepias plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. 123 n=159 1993-1994 Ascleplas tuberosa _ _ 331:3 Pkg Phob- Flowu'hg ____L_33_v33____ __D_32___ Hddit FLW 31 8123 m3 111) Pm Nag _ vs FLW vs 13 FLW (an) cm . . . 13 23 41 31 T 39 i 3 . . 15 23 47 773 T31 1 42 . 4 5 . . 3 24 43 55 93 93 23 . 2 1o . . 23 25 23 53 33 73 31 3 3 15 . . 2_3 13 51 g 53 33 go 3 2 . 123' . 11 13 37 r122 37 3 4 . 53 . 2o _2;_3 32 53 47 71 3_1 7 2 3 123 . 25 22 53—72 #134 141 43 . 5 5 123 . 5 23 43 55 115 33 23 2 13 123 . 1o 19 31 34 34 135 27 4 15 123 . 5 13 95 97 71 33 27 3 1 3 so . 5 z . 1 5 50 . o 29 . . 35 . . . . 13 5o . 35 31 13 53 45 33 33 7 2 15 _59 . 59 20 45 55 33 34 3_o 3 2 FT . 13 3_2 E 4—_—"13‘T1 31 33 7 3 . . 59 o W . . 4_9 ._ J. 3 . 3 . 13 3'2“ Z1 47 ii 103 142 42 . 4 5 . 13 5 25 43 55 90 93 23 . 2 1o . 13 45 27 23 53 34 73 31 3 3 15 . 13 45 g 51 59 51 33 3o 7 2 o . so 0 23 . . . . . . . 5 . so 3 23 . . . . 1o . so 0 23 . . 57 5 15 . 59 g 2_5 . A 43 . _. 3 . Ti 13 23 19 57 73 901122 37 3 4 . 5o 13 41 2_5 32 33 i 71 31 7 2 . 123 “'35 3 19 . . . . . 5 . 55 so 0 g . . g . _._ 3 3 1‘23 W i 22 3? 1'2 104 141 43 . 5 5 123 13 10 2o 43 55 115 93 23 2 13 123 13 20 21 31 34 34 135 27 4 4 15 123 13 1o 13 95 9] 71 g 27 3 1 o 55 13 11 25 31 30 121 143 E . 1 5 5o 13 o 31 . . 35 . . . 1o 53 13 7o 33 13 50 43 33 33 3 2 15 5o 13 30 19 45 55 3_5 34 39 3 2 o 123 so 3 22 . . . . . . 5 123 so 0 19 . . 10 123 so a 17 . 5 15 123 so 0 20 . 5 o 53 so 3 i . . 5 50 so 0 27 . . 1o 50 so 0 23 57 3 15 50 so a 30 43 3 1333133 (111) '“ N8 NS '" "' N8 N3 N: am (3) '“ "' ' “ ' NS NS M (w) x (3) ° N8 NS NS N5 N8 N5 N8 (p) '- z z N5 2 z z z (p) x (w) '“ z 2 N8 2 Z 2 z (p) x (3) ' 2 z z 2 z z 2 (meme) - z g L 2 g a L 2=F—bstnotp333bl3m3b ‘ 11312173111135de 124 Table 28. Regrowth and flowering response of Coreopsis plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. 125 1 993-1 994 Coreopsis grandiflora Sunray “PM?“ PM L3IV33 FLW 213 Hold! Lw VBbFLW (3111) 031311 M 155115 m—___M Flt-l VB F . . . 11 17 29 5 91 91 33 10 9 . . 10 11 22 33 115 135 135 37 11 5 . O 11 19 31 75 153 133 33 13 15 . 53 11 15 29 51 I I 31 9 15 . . w 13 14 27 54 51 51 L 5 . 125 . 45 10 15 25 O a 5 31 5 . . 75 12 17 29 33 g g; 3_4 11 0 125 . 5 11 33 6 111 13 13 44 13 5 125 . 37 1o 19 29 N 115 115 35 12 13 125 . 70 1o 19 29 57 w I) 29 7 13 123 . 7o 11 1% 39 g; g g g 7 0 59 . 15 12 32 123 13 18 3 15 5 I) . 133 12 19 31 71 fl 8 37 13 1o 55 . I 11 17 25 55 55 55 32 11 13 g . 93 1 13 23 g 77 77 g 3 . 13 53 1 :1 13 g 45 37 37 g 133__ . so E 1 1 19 33‘“ 113 113 o 13 15 1:: 24 33 113 133 133 43 14 5 15 6 11 17 29 45 I 55 45 22 1o 15 U 13 17 27 47 O G 41 15 15 15 G 14 19 24 25 & 4_9_ 4_5 15 0 SD 5 10 15 25 131 145 145 21 4 5 50 74 11 21 32 133 13 13 25 5 10 SD 8 11 19 33 74 133 103 21 3 15 . SD 95 12 17 2__5 73 104 104 21 3 . 125 N 35 11 17 25 45 0 Q 43 15 . 53 13 75 13 15 g 44 37 _3_7 43 1_9_ . 125 SD 54 10 19 29 55 113 113 22 3 . 50 so 75 12 19 31 3_2 113 113 22 4 0 125 M 10 12 33 45 111 135 13 44 13 5 125 15 33 10 17 27 55 75 75 45 25 15 125 M Q 10 15 25 45 O Q 35 13 13 123 13 53 12 14 25 23 4g 43 4_9 13 9 50 M 29 13 22 3 115 135 135 42 15 5 59 II 133 12 17 33 42 I I 45 29 13 U 15 133 10 15 25 45 D I 42 15 13 39 13 33 17 3 2_3 25 49 4_9 4_3 13 0 125 50 0 11 . . . . . . . 5 125 SD 44 10 21 31 117 143 143 22 5 10 125 50 so 10 21 32 51 105 133 22 3 15 125 50 I) 9 15 2_5 75 105 133 2; 3 o 53 so 10 1o 13 23 131 143 145 21 4 5 50 SD 133 11 21 33 101 132 132 27 4 10 50 80 I) 12 17 25 55 99 N 25 4 15 50 SD 130 14 15 32 71 102 102 19 3 m (W) ... 33 ' "5 .0 NS 3 m 923 (3) '1' N5 N5 N5 N5 N5 N3 N3 (91) 11(3) N5 N5 N5 N5 N5 N5 N3 N3 12113139311311 (p) " N5 N5 "' "' N5 "' "' (p) x (w) "' N5 N5 “ "' N5 N5 1. (p) 11(3) " N5 N5 N5 N5 N8 18 N5 x x . N5 is N5 N8 NS 11.5 N5 N8_ z-F-hdmtposslbbdmbMdd-thkdm 126 Table 29. Regrowth and flowering response of Delphinium plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. 127 128 0511-8155 50 Coll-Mix flN64994 Dolplfinium datum Magic Fountains 9!!!! Mmfianugunuuunonmwon My ............... m». ..... 2332:. mm.oswuf oswuosw4 33222221. 43“ aaaiannsaanu m ‘322323333‘222,:,3,2221.33322‘3 Wm «muaanwmuaanumaauunawaaaaaau m waaaugaaauanannuguuunaaauEueau miw mnunuauumumumauungnnnumnnuu mu wauuuan «wanna Luann mas nrsa _ muuununuuunnmuuuuguunnanuannam mmwauuuuunuauuuu umunuunuuuuumu 555‘7‘.‘4“.s..,.:5.55.544755‘. . .oswuo.WJ. . . . mung N L 17 19 24 13 24 13 13 11 14 1O 14 1O 12 11 .22 mum unaufianéunaéauu a 1 a 33 5| ‘3 ”nun unun man“ ‘434 anuganugaaununmgommewwu many 35535355»ouuwgunuuuuuumwwwmww mumammmmmmunmmmmuum 35w335wu35wu33m1 onmm .mm..muL «magnum j z-Fummubmmmudm 118154 www.mmfi mmmmmmfi (PHM (P)X(|) x w x 3 Mr (3) 128 Table 30. Regrowth and flowering response of Dianthus plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9—hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. 129 n-159 19934994 Duanthus dofloidesfi Bn1|19nt “133113 Pm Phob- Flowuho L3Iv33 W11 FLW 3156 M Q) Pm Nfiow F5! V5 FLW VIbFLW (on) Call . . . 13 2_3 13 4_7 4o 14 3 2 5 . . 3 25 . . 115 . . 5 . 5 3 3 51 130 112 12 0 2 15 . . 13 27 19 52 55 52 14 35 2 _11 ._ 4 Q a 1! 1! LL 14 3L 2 . 13 . 9 22 21 3 45 53 15 39 2 . §9_ , 24 g 1_3 43 37 g 14 29 3 5 125 . 5 3 . . . . . . 5 13 . 5 20 32 55 114 129 15 55 1 15 13 . 15 21 22 45 57 53 15 fl 3 15 123 . 39 g; 13 41 M 15 33 1 5 55 . 5 3 . . 115 . . . . 5 50 . 5 3 15 45 55 94 9 3 2 15 55 . 15 32 17 55 55 52 14 32 2 15 99: . L9 92 1! % 2...! ‘4 a 1! . . N 10 g 2_9 39 43 14 33 g . go 13 _25 17 47 g 57 14 39 2 5 M 5 25 . . 115 . . i 5 N1 5 25 32 55 114 129 15 55 1 15 N1 15 25 25 53 54 57 12 29 3 15 NI g 2; 19 4; 21 g 15 fl 3 5 . SD 5 27 . . . . . . . 5 . SD 5 24 15 45 55 94 9 35 2 15 . 50 15 3 15 52 55 105 15 44 2 15 3. 59 35 23; 13 43 24 33 14 2_3 2 . 13 N1 15 23 21 3 52 57 15 d) 2 . 50 NI 3; 39 13 4_3 31 g 14 n 3 . 13 50 3 22 15 42 29 43 14 33 1 g 91—!) a Q 10 1! 44 3'29. 1‘ E 2 5 13 NI 5 25 . . . . . . . 5 123 N1 10 23 32 53 114 129 15 50 1 15 125 M 25 23 22 45 57 53 15 0 3 15 123 NI 30 g 17 41 21 3.1L 15 37 1 o 50 NI 11 27 . . 113 . . . . 5 55 NI 5 30 . . . . . 15 55 M 15 34 15 52 29 35 5 7 3 15 50 Nl pp A 19 43 21 3_3 15 31 3 5 13 SD 5 24 . . . 5 125 80 5 17 . 10 125 SD 5 25 . . . 15 123 so 10 2_5 13 4_2 29 43 14 3_3 1 5 55 SD 5 29 . . . . . . 5 55 80 10 30 15 45 55 94 9 35 2 15 55 SD 25 30 15 52 55 105 15 44 2 1g 50 so g g 13 47 2_3 37 14 g 2 W 11133113 (97) N5 N5 N5 -- “3 N5 N5 N5 3123 (3) “- "' N5 N5 ' N5 '“ N5 M ‘ (.) 3. 3.3 NS m a a can m Wind (p) N5 ~° N5 ' '3 N5 ~° N5 (p) x (3) N5 N5 N5 N5 N5 N5 N5 N5 )1 x 5 N5 2 z z z z z z zaF-hdmtpouibbdmbmmmmkdm 130 Table 31 Regrowth and flowering response of Gypsophila plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. 131 Gypsopholn pennant! Double Snowflako Weds Pm Phob- Fm __L;_vo5 @115 Hold! FLW _Md 50 ML M Fir! V! FLW V9.12 FLW (__)____.°m GM 3 1 . L 24 44. 1 17 15 5 5 . . 3 27 O 77 13 13 17 72 5 5 . . 53 21 75 3 114 13 15 79 5 15 . . 3 29 55 57 111 13 15 3 7 15 . g 21 g 79 13 74 . 15 . 44 23 39 74 135 125 17 72' 7 . g . g 25 g 94 11; 139 17 g 3 5 125 . 3 22 44 3 13 154 17 75 5 5 13 . 55 22 54 3 113 13 15 75 5 15 125 . 3 23 55 75 115 134 15 53 5 15 125 . g _25 g 4_7 55 77 13 g 9 5 3 . 3 32 55 3 145 13 15 73 5 5 3 . 55 25 75 13 115 13 15 52 7 15 3 . 3 3 55 93 13 13 15 75 5 11 1 5 fl 1; 75 % g 111 17 £1 1L . . 75 3 3 i1 1 125 15 72 5 L - i i 34 73 £ M 1.! 51 9 5 . '5 3 27 47 75 145 152 15 75 7 5 . M 55 22 75 3 117 135 19 52 5 15 . ll 45 3 44 79 115 132 15 75 5 15 . M 75 21 4_3 Q 54 79 15 i 11 5 . SD 15 27 55 3 147 157 19 77 5 5 . 50 55 21 75 91 111 125 17 75 5 15 . SD 3 25 73 152 97 115 15 3 15 1g , 59 g 21 Q m 94 144 45 g 3 . 125 M 3 23 42 3 154 125 15 57 7 . 59 N 57 27 g g 115 131 1_3_ 73 3 . 13 50 25 23 3 3 13 121 15 51 7 . go 3; a 79 1_91 111 123 17 g 3 5 13 M 75 21 43 54 145 13 17 75 5 5 125 N 59 23 35 u 111 131 19 73 5 15 13 55 3 22 O 71 13 154 15 3 5 15 123 M Q g 25 7 1_5 51 9 5 55 N 3 3 52 3 143 155 15 72 5 5 3 15 55 3 75 152 13 144 19 3 7 15 3 15 3 35 42 3 13 119 15 3 5 15 39 N g 11 51 5.4 5 1g 4g 1; 1; 5 125 50 15 22 52 72 13 155 25 72 5 5 125 50 55 21 52 3 115 13 15 72 5 15 13 50 25 24 3 91 57 154 17 3 5 15 125 so g 24 1.5 9_9 n 155 1; EL 9 5 55 50 25 32 52 3 153 172 19 75 4 5 3 50 55 21 77 3 157 122 15 77 7 15 55 50 3 32 79 13 13 122 15 3 13 13 g g n 15 2 1g 154 131 17 Q 3 W 5155115 (I!) "‘ N5 N5 "' * N5 N5 N5 5155 (5) '° ' " N5 N5 N5 N5 N5 (11!) 11(5) "‘ N5 N5 N5 33 Ns N5 m Wind N5 “ ° N5 N5 N5 ' In (p) X (w) “8 5 5 5 55 m .5 m (p) x (5) N5 N5 N5 N5 N5 N5 N5 N5 X X t E a“ '9; ”_._:NB '4! “ ”£4 z-F-hdnotpouihloduob ' “MI-$51M 132 Table 32. Regrowth and flowering response of Heuchera plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. 133 1993-1994 Heuchera saggumea Bressmgham Hybnds d Nov Flml VB FLW bFLW 5111 05155 hum—“W . . 1 11 24 _ 27 41 v"L17 LEI—_T‘ 5 . . 5 15 . . . . . . . 5 . 3 11 37 55 3 45 15 37 1 15 . . 43 15 24 35 24 3 15 3 1 15 . . 51 11 15 3 3 35 15 4_1 2 . 15 . 1 7 14 5 "125 14 4o 1 . 5_9 . 5o 14 24 air 24 41 17 g z 5 125 . 5 7 . . . . . . . 5 13 . 5 7 . . . . . . 15 125 . 5 5 . . . . . . . 15 13 . 5 7 14 g 25 g 14 45 1 5 5o . 5 14 . . . . . . . 5 3 . 3 15 37 55 3 3 15 37 1 15 3 . 3 14 24 35 24 3 15 3 1 15 5L . 95 1 4 15 so 19 g 19 44 :2 . . N :2 1 1 19 35 24 4o 1 5 g 1 . . go :5 1 o 29 42 425 41 1 7 35 :2 5 . 55 5 15 . . . . . . . 5 . M 3 12 34 52 3 44 15 3 2 15 . M 3 11 19 33 25 41 15 3 1 15 . M 5_5 11 11 27 19 37 15 44 2 5 . 50 5 11 . . . . . . . 5 . SD 3 11 41 55 3 45 14 34 1 15 . SD 3 9 25 42 23 3 15 25 2 15 ._ 5_9 4_5 1o 21 54 20 4o 29 44 2 . 13 M 3 7 14 3 25 3 14 3 1 3 M 3 15 19 3 24 45 15 45 2 13 50 5 7 . . . . . . . . 50 S_D 50 14 29 42 45 41 17 g 2 5 13 M 0 7 . . . . . . . 5 125 M 5 7 . . . . 15 13 N 5 5 . . . . . 15 13 M 11 7 14 3 25 45 14 3; 1 5 3 15 5 13 . . . . . . 5 3 15 3 17 34 52 3 44 15 3 2 15 3 55 3 15 19 3 25 41 15 3 1 15 3 M 13 15 11 27 15 37 15 Q 2 5 13 5D 5 7 . . . . . . . 5 13 5D 5 7 . . . . . 15 13 50 5 5 . . . . . 15 13 50 5 7 . . . . . 5 3 SD 5 15 . . . . . 5 3 SD 3 15 41 55 35 45 14 34 1 15 3 80 3 13 25 42 23 3 15 25 2 15 3 SD 3 13 21 34 3 40 25 44 2 W 5h. (5) "‘ N5 NS NS NS NS N5 58 (a) x (5) N5 ' z z z z 2 M ([1) N5 " ' N5 N5 N5 N5 z (9)): M N5 ' NS N5 NS NS NS N5 ()1) 11(5) N5 2 z z z z z 1 Q) 11 M 11(5) ' z z z z 2 z z st-umwubmmmmdm 134 Table 33. Regrowth and flowering response of Lavandula plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9—hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. 13S 1993-1994 La vandula angustifolia Munstead mm: .4332‘ .322 .5414!n.»~|41 .‘33 . “2‘25 .3492 .533 . .31 ‘5 www.3aasafoamfaaafa any .aa34n§.am£.aai..n2..aa .w. l l uj.umsag.ana.am§$u.nam..aunna§.aa;.awu..aaT.au w Mr aafnuufin.naafuuuaafnuu «unannfunw.umn..nnf «a EL aajag.aaa.nungg.aae unsann.aae.anu «a. an E4 auLae.mue.uaguu.nu« neagnn.aag.nue .59. an Wmafnuufiu_anu_aunzfi nun «afiusmfiaaafaun .au «a meanwiaanauanmmuuaunanamagaAueunuyamagnnaymmua MmoanenLomaLoauJeaosngooagunwgommnonwmooaaoomm MW .............. ainunuwwwguumguuuuuuuuwwmwwwmw Ma. ..... finfimmmummnfi. ........ ammmfimmmunmummmmumum m.osmu smu swu..oswuoswu....osnuoswuosmuosmu n.3mmmm .mm.mm# .mmmmmA ..m.mm£ m.mmmm¥ ...mm.m_ mmmmmmfi wubwo 91:9 (9) M X18) M (p) x (w) ova) XWXI z-FMMMMbMdd-fiombckdm 118165 136 Table 34. Regrowth and flowering response of Linum plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. 137 Sapphire 1 993-1 994 Linum perenne $1... 1.1... 11.5.1.1... -1... 5:1 Mm3313335331333a ananaungann .uuafimn. mum. m: .w. ..mumwwuuuuuwufionuunusuumnwunuuuu wnwsuu ...-mafia...“ mmmmmmm. mw m m: « manaWauaugmmnamnnHuuUmmagmmun .an ”nu..- .mmmmmm wan: a «Suzanna-mean»: a a u .numuun .3323 .33: mP an» a munnunanunuungununuuuummuss»; .nnaan: mmmmmmm mama»: naua_m.1uuuuanuwmuuasuua«nu-.34....“ ”227". m. mmmmm m—uuuuuannaugnungugnuu«_«nuLunagu«mgunnn”Sign" . . . . . mm m . Mm?"nunsgmsuusnnuTgmsuesmnutnumgaowoawnmomuufian M)» M»... mun um. mm mm ..... ...-......Hgflflflflwwwwflflw MMMMMMMN3333333 ..... kmus-me;as:. . . . . . . . . .mum mmmmnuummmmmmnn x L553.44%.55335533 . .55335534. . . .5 53355.51” 55335531 28HUMdmufluflflmfiflufibhmhfidkmflm 118159 138 Table 35. Regrowth and flowering response of Lobelia x speciosa cv. Compliment Scarlet plugs after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. 139 1 993-1 994 Lobelia x speciosa Compliment Scarlet Weeks Plug Phob- PM Loam Day! 1106! Bud d g; E! (E I’m—NOW FE VQ FLW VBbFLW (cm) Coal . 50 . Q 15 47 65 55 84 _2_8 75 14 O 50 . O 15 . . . . 5 so . O 12 . . . . 10 N . as 14 44 no 52 77 25 53 12 15 fl . so 18 48 57 55 U 29 31 14 . 50 N1 30 16 as 53 4_2 71 2_5 a 13 5_Q S_D g1 13 S_D 79 so 109 $9 57 14 0 fl N1 0 13 . . . . 5 50 NI 0 14 . . . . 1O 50 N1 50 14 44 ea 52 25 53 12 15 fl N1 100 fig 3_2 57 37 87 30 77 14 0 50 SD 0 17 . . . . . 5 50 SD 0 11 . . 10 50 SD 0 13 . . . . 15 50 SD so 12 68 79 so 109 2_9r 87 14 W wank-(w) ~ us N3 us us we - us dub) z z z z z z z z (w)x(s) z z z z z z z 2 Mb) "' "" ' "' "' NS NB NB (p)x(w) "' z z z z z z z (p)x(0) z z z z z z z z x x I z z z z z z ; Z z-Fummubmmmudm n-78 140 Table 36. Regrowth and flowering response of Lobelia x speciosa cv. Queen Victoria plugs after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. 141 1993-1994 Lobelia x speCIosa Queen VlCtOl'la Weeks Pm Photo- Fm Leaves 991; Hey! Bud «g g m (11) Pm New $11; vechw mam (cm) cm . 1g . e_e a g as e_a 94 as g 11 O 123 . 75 9 23 32 72 95 23 5B 9 5 12B . 75 7 23 3 54 a 24 51 13 10 128 . 95 9 25 33 71 97 25 59 12 15 18 . 100 8 2_6 34 68 92 2_6 g 12 129 NI 100 9 15; 33 67 91 24 64 9 1;; go 73 a 2_6 34 7o 97 g 51 15 O 123 N1 100 9 24 32 73 8 23 62 9 5 128 N1 100 9 27 5 64 a 25 51 9 1O 12 N1 100 5 22 so 68 92 24 55 8 15 1211 N1 100 a 33 as u as has as 10 0 1% SD 50 1O 23 33 7O 93 21 5 6 5 1a 80 50 7 29 3 64 so 23 49 23 10 123 80 so 8 29 37 75 102 27 ea 16 W 100 8 23 31 68 Q 27 74 15 weaken») “‘ NS NS NS NS Ns “' N8 aize(s) z z z z z z z z (w)x(s) z z z z z z z z photoperiod (p we NS NS us us NS - ° (p) x (w) n - ° us us NS NS us (p)x(8) z z z z z z z z (p) )g(W)X(8) z z z z z z z z z = F-test not possible due to missing data from lack of flowering n=79 142 Table 37. Regrowth and flowering response of Lupinus plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. 143 1993-1994 Lupinus hybrida Minamtte Mix Wain Plug Phob- Fm ____Louoo___ _L— Howl FLW at g; m (51 Pm New Fill VBf FLW V5 16 FLW (om) Coin . . . 3 5 24 :9 19_5 119 ’14 3_7 1 0 . 3 5 15 25 Q 53 14 3 1 5 . . 3 7 25 29 13 153 14 S 1 10 . . 5 9 25 31 113 119 14 30 1 15 . . o 5 h . . .__ . A . . 1i . 5 5 26 31 114 126 14 36 1 . a . 1 11 1_6 29 an 9 14 g 1 0 1 . O 5 . . . . . . . 5 125 . 5 4 25 29 13 153 14 fl 1 10 125 . 15 5 25 31 106 119 14 39 1 15 125 . 0 5 . . . . . . . 0 50 . 5 11 15 25 Q 53 14 a 1 5 50 . O 10 . . . . . . . 1o 50 . o 13 . . . . . . . 15 5_q . o 11 . . . . . . . . M 5 5 24 E 13 119 14 37 1 . g: 9 6 . . . . . . o 111 5 7 16 2‘5 Q—T 11 3 1 5 M 5 7 25 29 13 153 14 fl 1 10 Ni 15 9 25 31 1“ 119 14 3 1 15 Ni 0 9 . . . . . . . 0 SD 0 9 . . . 5 - SO 0 7 . . . 10 . SD 0 9 . . . . . 15 . 99 o 5 . . . . . _._ . . 125 N1 10 6 25 31 114 125 14 35 1 . 50 N1 3 11 15 g a Q 14 3_5 1 . 125 SD 0 5 . . . . . . . . L o 12 . . . . . . 5 1%5 N1 0 5 . . . . . . . 5 126 N1 10 4 25 25 130 153 14 35 1 10 125 Ni 3) 5 25 31 113 119 14 3 1 16 126 N1 L 7 . . . . . . 0 so N1 10 o 16 25 W 14 f 1 5 50 M 0 9 . . . . . . . 10 so NI 0 13 15 50 Ni 0 11 O 125 so 0 5 5 125 so 0 5 10 125 so 0 5 15 129 83 0 5 O 50 so 0 13 5 50 SD 0 1O 1O 50 SD 0 13 15 50 Q 0 11 We. min (111) m us we NS us NS NS "' in (a) "‘ z z z z z z z (W) X (9) " z z z z z z z W (p) NS 2 z z z z z 2 (P) X (W) " z z z z z z 1 (P) x 1') °' 2 z z z z z z X X 9 ' 1 l 2 Z Z 2 2 z-membbumnmmMI-aorm 118157 144 Table 38. Regrowth and flowering response of Papaver plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. 145 1993-1994 Papa ver onentale Bnllrant Woolen Plug Photo- Flow-ho Lava 932 Ml FLW 6150 Sin & (:5) Ling Now Fhol VB FLW VBIoFLW (on) 061111 . . . ID 19 . . . . . . . o . . 11 6 . . . . . . . 5 . . o 10 . . . . 19 . - 9 12 . . . . 15 . . 9 19 . . . . . 125 . 9 5 . . . . . 59 . 9 12 . . . . 9 125 . o 5 . . . 5 125 . 9 5 . . . - 10 126 . o 11 . . . . 15 126 . o 5 . . . . 9 59 . 9 19 . . . . 5 50 . o 13 . . . . 19 59 . 9 13 . . . . 15 50 . o 10 . . . . . . M 9 9 . . . . . so 0 11 . . . . o M o 6 . . . . 5 M 9 19 . . . . 19 ll 9 11 . . . . 15 M 9 5 . . . . 0 so 0 6 . . . . 6 so a 5 . . . . 10 so 0 13 . . . . 15 . so 0 12 . . . . . 125 M 0 5 . . . . . 59 N 9 11 . . . . . 125 50 9 9 . . . . . 59 50 9 12 . . . . 9 125 M o 5 . . . . 5 125 M 9 7 19 125 M 9 10 15 125 M _ 9 9 9 59 M 9 19 5 59 M 9 14 19 59 ll 9 13 15 50 M o 7 9 125 50 0 5 5 125 SD 9 5 16 126 50 o 13 15 126 so 0 11 9 59 80 9 10 5 59 SO 9 12 19 59 so 9 14 15 59 SD 9 13 We. 11166116011) '“ z z z z z z z 3125(6) ... z z z z z z z (w)x(o) “ z z z z z z z photopuiodoa) ‘ z z z z z z z (p)x(w) “ z z z z z z z (p)x(6) NS 2 z z z z z z (g)x(w)x(6) NS 2 z z z z z z z-F-tootnotpouibleduetomiuimdmfromllokofflm‘lu n-155 146 Table 39. Regrowth and flowering response of Salvia plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. 147 1993-1994 Selma superba Blue Queen W66lc6 Plug Photo- Floworim L66V66 Dayo Height FLW 615C 8136 6611911 (15 PM New Final VB FLW VBbFLW @111) Count . . . 1160 14 17 31 44 153 16 37 6 o 1160 14 27 411 92 110 161 41 7 5 . 100 15 16 31 36 53 16 37 6 1o . 100 14 15 26 27 43 16 32 6 15 ._ 199 12 11 23 L19 16 g 6 . 126 100 10 16 27 47 64 17 35 6 . 5_9_ 199 17 17 34 41 _5_9 16 37 6 o 126 100 11 26 37 90 107 17 41 5 5 125 100 10 17 27 0 57 17 35 7 10 125 100 9 15 25 32 45 15 31 5 15 126 . 1o_g 10 1_L g g 44 19 36 7 0 5O . 100 15 29 6 94 113 19 42 7 5 50 . 100 19 15 34 3o 46 16 36 6 19 5O . 100 19 14 33 22 35 15 33 1O 15 59 . 1Q 141 11 a 1 a 111 g 19 . . N1 1611 1:1 16 2_9 :7 52 11! 41:! 6 . s_o 1 1:10 1 41 1 6 3_2 11 71 2_g 311 6 9 . NI 1 111:» 1 3 30 43 55 102 17 51 5 5 . N1 100 15 15 30 27 43 16 44 6 1o . N1 100 13 13 26 20 33 13 34 6 15 . NI 1% 11 6 16 16 31 15 41 9 o . so 100 14 24 36 66 116 16 32 7 5 . SD 100 14 17 31 43 53 20 3O 5 10 . SD 100 15 17 31 34 53 19 31 1O 15 . S_D 100 14 15 2_6 2_6 50 21 31 7 . 126 MI 100 10 16 26 39 54 15 41 7 . 50 N1 10:0 16 16 32 3_5_ 51 16 4_3 6 . 126 so 100 10 16 26 54 74 20 3o 6 . 50 SD 100 19 15 35 45 55 :20 31 5 o 126 N1 100 10 26 36 66 104 16 5o 7 5 126 N1 100 12 15 27 26 44 15 44 7 10 126 N1 100 6 13 22 22 35 13 31 7 15 126 N1 199 10 5 16 17 33 16 41 7 9 50 M 100 15 31 47 52 100 15 51 5 5 50 MI 100 19 14 33 25 42 17 44 9 1o 50 Ni 100 16 12 30 17 31 14 36 6 16 50 Nl go 11 6 LE 15 36; 15 349 11 o 126 so 100 11 23 34 62 110 15 32 9 5 125 50 100 9 19 27 51 70 19 25 5 10 125 SD 100 9 15 27 42 51 19 31 10 15 125 SD 100 10 15 2_5 33 55 22 3O 5 0 50 SD 100 15 25 44 107 125 19 32 5 5 50 SD 100 19 15 35 35 55 2O 31 5 1o 50 so 100 21 15 35 26 45 19 30 10 1g 50 so 100 16 14 31 24 45 21 32 6 W 9&9 (') to. NS on 5‘ '0 NS N8 5 (w) x (6) m " r ' ‘1 Ns NS Ns (p) on 66 no on. on on ooo m (p) x M on 6. 65. NS NS a co. m (p) x (6) “' N8 N6 N6 N6 N6 N5 ' (2)1106) 11 (g) ' Ns Np " " N8 N8 N6 z-memdinbMdd-Mhokdm 148 Table 40. Regrowth and flowering response of Veronica spicata plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at SC and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9—hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. 149 n-159 1993-1994 Veronica spate Blue W66k6 Pm P11616- Fm L66V66 Dy6 Heidi FLW 61 (1_9) Pm Now F5! V19 FLW JR FLW (om) Com! . . 73 1o 24 59 4g 55 21 5.9 6 9 . 43 19 55 59 119 131 21 59 14 5 . 75 19 23 54 Q 55 21 54 9 19 . 100 19 17 47 32 53 21 47 9 15 . . 95 9 15 54 2_9 5O 22 54 5 . 125 . 55 5 19 47 43 55 21 47 5 . £9. . 61 12 27 6_3 g 67 21 63 1o 9 125 . 20 5 51 51 134 145 15 51 15 5 125 . w 7 22 52 54 74 29 52 7 19 125 . 95 5 15 45 32 53 21 6 5 16 126 . g 9 g g 22 61 3; g ! ‘ 9 59 . a 12 55 91 192 125 22 91 14 5 59 . 95 13 25 55 a m 21 55 19 19 59 . 1m 12 19 n 33 53 21 O 19 _11 16 . 1.69 1o 1.2 6 LL ‘1 2 1 . . NI 11 1 2.6 :2 9.4: '~ 112 1 . EL 76 1 a 25 49 46 59 :11 Q 1 9 N1 35 ii 49 90 94 115 111 99 1 3 5 N1 55 19 25 54 51 71 29 54 9 19 N1 199 9 17 0 31 53 22 49 9 15 M 190 19 13 51 25 47 21 51 7 9 SD 59 11 59 72 121 144 23 72 15 5 . SD 79 11 29 43 37 55 21 43 5 19 . SD 199 11 17 Q 34 53 19 45 9 , 1g . go 9_5 6 2_9 4_7 31 53 22 4_7 6 . 125 M 55 5 17 53 39 53 21 53 7 . 59 NI 9_§ 11 a g 44 £9 21 g 6 . 125 so 70 6 22 41 47 55 21 41 1o . 59 SD 55 13 2_5 55 45 79 21 55 11 o 126 NI 0 6 34 71 . 139 . 71 5 5 125 NI 70 5 24 55 57 55 29 55 5 19 125 N1 90 5 15 47 32 55 23 47 5 16 125 N1 1g 1o 19 4.! 29 47 21 4_6 6 9 59 Ni 79 19 52 93 94 111 15 93 10 5 59 M 199 11 25 53 0 51 21 N 11 19 59 M 111 11 19 59 39 59 22 59 9 15 59 M 199 10 15 74 2_5 47 22 74 5 9 125 so 0 9 55 45 134 159 15 45 15 5 125 SD 59 7 15 33 37 57 21 33 7 19 125 SD 100 9 14 42 32 51 19 42 9 15 126 so 29 6 16 41 32 55; 24 41 6 9 59 80 59 14 51 w 113 10 25 59 19 5 59 SD 99 14 21 45 37 55 21 45 9 19 59 SD 199 13 19 45 35 55 29 ¢ 19 15 56 so 100 6 22L 51 31 51 g 51 10 W 6166116 (16) N6 “1 "° "' “' N6 "' N6 (1») 11(6) - N6 N6 - N6 N6 ~ N6 Wind (p) N6 N6 N6 N6 NS N6 ~ “ (P) ‘ M .6 no 66 c6 .6 o 6 6 (p) x (6) - N6 N6 N6 N6 N6 N6 NS 11 x 6 N6 65 N_6; N6 N6 N3 1' N54 z-F-botnotpoubb thflleokdm 150 Table 41. Regrowth and flowering response of Veronica longifolia plugs of two sizes after 0, 5, 10, and 15 weeks chilling at 5C and grown under 9-hr photoperiods (SD) or 9-hr photoperiods with a 4-hr night interruption (NI). Leaves were counted at planting and at flowering (final). Average days to first visible bud (VB), first flower opening (FLW), from VB to FLW, final height, and FLW count are presented. 151 1993-1994 Veronica Iongifolia Sunny Border Blue Weeks Plug Photo- Flowering Leaves Days FLW of SC Size petiod (16) Planting New Final VB F LW VB to FLW Count . . . 74 1|; 21 33 Q 56 26 5 9 . . 3 15 52 59 79 94 24 11 5 . . 100 11 24 5 ¢ 74 25 5 19 . m 12 19 31 34 no 25 7 15 . 66 11 16 30 34 62 3.0; 7 . 55 . 75 12 21 32 34 51 25 5 . 59 . 73 1; 2_2 33 4_4 71 2_6 6 9 55 . 5 14 52 w 79 94 24 11 5 55 . 100 11 22 33 49 N 25 5 10 55 . 106 12 19 so w 55 a 5 15 55 . 100 1g 19 31 31 55 27 7 9 59 . 9 15 . . . . . . 5 59 . 100 12 25 3 55 51 25 5 19 59 . 5 13 19 32 x 54 25 7 15 so . 66 1o _2_or 2_6 36 66 2_6 6 . . NI 7_4 1:1 10 3_2 4o 65 25 6 . SD 75 1:! 22 33 S 55 27 5 9 . NI 5 14 52 59 79 94 24 11 5 . NI 100 11 23 34 ¢ 74 25 5 1O . NI % 12 19 31 S 60 25 5 15 . NI 65 13 15 2_6 34 5_9 g 6 9 . SD 9 15 . . . . . . 5 . SD 100 11 25 3 45 73 25 5 19 . SD 100 12 19 31 34 w 27 7 1s . so 190 6 22 33 35 65 30 7 . 55 Nl 75 12 21 32 a 51 25 7 . 59 Nl 7O 14 19 32 44 59 25 5 . 55 SD 75 13 21 32 33 59 27 5 . 5_o so 75 11 24 34 4g 72 2_5 7 9 55 Nl 19 13 52 59 79 94 24 11 5 55 NI 100 11 21 33 42 55 27 5 19 55 NI 100 11 19 30 32 55 25 5 15 55 NI 100 12 17 26 2_6 54 g 5 9 59 NI 9 14 . . . . . . 5 50 Nl 100 11 24 35 55 51 25 4 1o 50 NI 90 14 18 33 36 52 24 5 15 so NI 99 14 15 _25 36 64 fig 6 9 55 SD 9 15 . . . . . . 5 55 so 100 10 23 33 :n 54 25 5 19 55 SD 100 13 15 30 29 54 25 5 15 55 so 100 13 21 34 3_2 61 g 6 o 50 so 0 16 . . . . . . 5 59 SD 100 12 25 49 57 52 25 5 1o 50 so 100 12 20 32 a 57 25 9 15 59 80 100 5 £4 30 35 Q 31 5 Significance m (w) m m m m on e m til. (5) NS NS NS “' "‘ NS NS (111) x (5) N6 N6 “ Ns N6 N6 N6 photoperiod (p) N6 1“ ° N6 N8 °° - (p) x (w) ° N6 N6 N6 N6 " N8 (p) x (5) 1 N6 N6 N6 N6 N6 '1 (p) x (w) x (I) ' NS NS NS N8 N8 ”' z 8 Heat not possible due to missing data from lack of flowering n I 160 "Ililllllllllllllilil“