ABSTRACT

THE INSTITUTIONAL IMPACT ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF
THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF EXPELLEES IN HESSEN, FEDERAL
REPUBLIC OF GERMANY FROM l9h5 TO 1963

by Martha Ellen Palmer

One of the consequences of World War II was the movement
of ethnic Germans, Expellees, into Germany. Some seven to eight
million of these peOple were sent between 1946 and 1950. Pre-
sently, there are nine million EXpellees of the Federal Republic
or about seventeen per cent of the total pOpulation; and there
are an additional three million Soviet Zone Refugees. This
means, if the broadest definitions of these groups are utilized
to enumerate these peOple, that approximately twenty-five per
cent of the pOpulation of West Germany did not reside in the
present area before the War.

The majority of EXpellees arrived during the economically
difficult immediate post-war years for West Germany. These
peOple came with only those possessions which they could carry,
and without money and frequently lacking their professional
licenses. The integration of these peOple into economic life
has been a problem hampered not only by the lack of personal
capital but also by housing shortages in urban areas, as
well as damaged production capacity and tranSportation
facilities in West Germany. The integration of the EXpellees

has been facilitated mainly by the state and federal govern-

Martha Ellen Palmer
‘!ments because they were the only agencies with sufficient funds
jto conduct coordinated programs.

Hessen in the Federal Republic was chosen as a sample
area in which to examine the geographic consequences of the
integration of Expellees into economic life. Hessen has a
favorable balance of industry and agriculture, and approximates
the national average of persons employed in these activities.
Additionally, Hessen has maintained from 1945 to 1963 about the
same percentage of Expellees of the total pOpulation as the
nation.

Most of the research was conducted in the state agencies

of Hessen during the period of September 1963 to June 1964. State

agencies have assembled statistics on the number of Expellees

I assisted, money awarded, and characteristics of resettlement
under various programs. Analysis of the data revealed that the
changasand resultant geographic patterns in Hessen which govern-
mental decisions have created include the internal movement of
Expellees, develOpment of jobs in EXpellee and indigenous
firms for EXpellees, the promotion of selected types of
Expellee industries, and attempts to integrate as many refugees
as possible in agriculture.

Traditionally, the industrial might of Hessen has been
concentrated in the south with a focus on Frankfurt. Secondary
centers include Kassel and the Lahn-Dill area which contains
the major cities of Giessen and Wetzlar. The center and that
area of Hessen contiguous to the border with East Germany are

rural with a predominantly agricultural economy. Governmental,7 I

Martha Ellen Palmer
policy has facilitated the movement of Expellees out of the
agricultural areas where they were first settled into the major :
industrial centers where employment was created for them. The
government has also tried to entice industries into agricultural
regions and use rural Expellees as the labor force. These
measures, particularly aimed at EXpellee industrial entre-
preneurs, did achieve some success in broadening the economic
base of areas once dependent solely on agriculture. The
Hessen government has eSpecially aided in the establishment
of EXpellee textile, glass, musical instrument, and clothing
firms. These industries augument the existing indigenous sectors
of these activities and also are types of eStablishments which
could be located in the dominantly agricultural areas.

Settlement of Expellees in agricultural areas has been
hampered by the small size of holdings and the limited area
available for cultivation in Hessen. By 1960 some 2,500
Expellees owned farms, and some 150 market garden enterprises.q
Most Expellees formerly active in agriculture who desired to
continue this activity in Hessen have been provided with garden
plots which are frequently associated with non-farm dwellings.
These are located near the major urban centers and permit an
Expellee to participate in industry or a profession and, if
he chooses to do so, augment his income by the sale of produce
from his garden plot.

The net impact of the postwar resettlement of ExpelleesKLF
has been a marked change in the intensity and distribution of .

economic phenomena of Hessen. Government policy and decisions

Martha Ellen Palmer
have played a key role in influencing the nature of the resultant
Spatial patterns as shown by the analysis of aSpects of the
economic geography of Hessen. Expellees were first settled .
mainly in agricultural areas but shifted eventually to the
industrial Rhein-Main area of southern Hessen with the help.

of several governmental monetary, credit, and housing programs.

Approved;#\ch~V\fie~€v ’lvx K&Arvwaar\.

Date Flat/C /(// / ?éy 7

THE INSTITUTIONAL IMPACT ON THE DISTRIBUTION OF
THE ECONOMIC ACTIVITIES OF EXPELLEES IN HESSEN, FEDERAL
REPUBLIC OF GERMANY FROM l9h5 TO 1963

By
Martha Ellen Palmer

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY

Department of Geography

1967

PREFACE

One of the results of World War II was the movement
of ethnic Germans from various EurOpean countries into Germany.
Although.several hundred thousand arrived in the German area
in advance of the Soviet Armies, most (some seven or eight
million) ethnic Germans were deported between l9h6 and 1950.
These peOple known as Expellees became the reSponsibility
of the German governments and were never under the control
of the occupation powers or the United Nations.

By 1961 West Germany officially claimed some nine
million Expelleesl or sixteen per cent of the total pOpulation
plus three million Soviet Zone Refugees. The EXpellee pro-
portion of the total pOpulation of the states of West Germany
is as follows: Schleswig-Holstein - 27 per cent; Lower Saxony
- 2k per cent; Bavaria - 17 per cent; Hessen - 16 per cent;
Baden Wfirttemburg - 15.5 per cent; North Rhine Westphalia -
1h.5 per cent; Bremen - 13.9 per cent; Hamburg - 11.3 per
cent; Rhineland Palatinate - 8 per cent; and the Saar - 1.4
per cent. East Germany contains an estimated 3.8 million;;33

Expellees.

 

1There are actually over 12 million Expellees in
West Germany. The Federal Government enumerates however only
those Expellees who have applied for identification cards.

ii

The addition of twelve million persons to the West
German economy has presented enormous economic, political,
and social problems for the federal and state governments.
,’The size of the task has been heightened because most came
before 1950, at that time when the nation was trying to rebuild
A after the War. Additionally, most Expellees were deported
with only those possessions which they could carry, and
without money and frequently professional licenses and other
identifying papers.

The state of Hessen, chosen to examine the manner in
which_the Expellees were integrated into economic life, has
had through the years about the same percentage of Expellees
of the total population as West Germany as a whole. Additionally
the economic structure is similar as indicated by the fact
that both Hessen and West Germany have about fourteen per cent
of their p0pu1ation employed in agriculture. The percentages
for employment in industry and handicrafts are about #8 for
the Federal Republic and #3 for Hessen. The favorable balancea
of agriculture and industry in Hessen made it possible to
examine the integration of Expellees in both of these
activities.

Hessen is located to the east of the Rhine River and
borders the German Democratic Republic, and the West German
states of Bavaria, Baden Wfirttemburg, Rhineland Palatinate,
North Rhine Westphalia, and Lower Saxony. This location in
West Germany means that almost every major tranSportation route
connecting the north and south passes through Hessen.

iii

Although Hessen contains one of the major West German
industrial regions, the state has a poor mineral resource base.
The iron ores of the Lahn-Dill, important in the 1800's, are
depleted. There are scattered deposits of brown coal but they
too are of minor value. The only minerals currently of
significance are potash and rock salt.

The major industrial regions of Hessen are the Rhine-
Main Triangle, Kassel, and the Lahn-Dill area which stretches
from Giessen through Wetzlar to Limburg. The Rhine-Main Triangle
focuses on Frankfurt, West Germany's financial capital. Within
this region are the major cities of Wiesbaden, Darmstadt,
Offenbach, and Hanau. Half of the 1962 pOpulation of Hessen
of 4,921,000, was located in this area. The Specialities of
the region include chemical, automotive, and machinery manu-
facturing. This area is also the focus of the tranSportation
routes uniting the north and south of West Germany.

The city of Kassel, another industrialized area of
Hessen, is not very extensive as it lacks additional cities.
Kassel is located near the Soviet Zone in an agricultural
region. The location of Kassel is a disadvantage as it is
separated from its natural trading area by the closed border
between East and West Germany, and other potential markets
are some distance away. In 1961 the pOpulation of Kassel
was 207,507 persons; this is about 20,000 less than its 1939
pOpulation. Now Kassel is one of the major West German cities
for the construction of locomotives and buses.

The Lahn-Dill region is an old industrial region.

iv

Although the once important iron ore deposits of this region
are depleted; it still retains Specialities in metal industries
which generally are concentrated in the cities of Giessen and
Wetzlar. Wetzlar additionally-is the major Hessen center for
the higthuality mechanical and Optical industry.

There are two other urban centers outside of those
mentioned which have at least local importance. Fulda and
Hersfeld are centers for the textile and clothing industry;
and Fulda has rubber manufacturing in common with Frankfurt.

Although there are other cities and towns engaged in
manufacturing their importance is small and the Operation
highly localized. This is particularly true of the center of
Hessen and the area along the border with Eastern Germany,
which are predominently agricultural. These two areas present
problems to Hessen and the federal government. There are few
if any Opportunities in manufacturing; it is difficult to
attract manufacturing enterprises; and the tax base is so
poor that almost all aid for public programs must come from

outside.

This research into the manner in which Expellees
have been integrated into economic life in Hessen was conduct-
ed in both the United States and Hessen. Approximately one
month was Spent in the National Archives in Washington, D. C.
The records of the Military Government for the United States
Zone and for Hesse were examined. This investigation yielded
information on the economic conditions of Hessen from 1945 to

V

1949 as well as data concerning the location of Expellees,
numbers sent, totals in processing camps, and general knowledge
of resettlement problems.

The research in Hessen was carried out from September
1963 to June 1964. The most useful information came from the
files of the Bureau for Expellees, Soviet Zone Refugees,
Persecutees and Evacuees in the Hessen Ministry of Interior.
The Hessen agencies which dealt with Expellee economics,
housing, the administration of federal monies, agriculture,
and general statistics either provided published reports or
permitted the use of raw data which had not been organized
for publication. Extensive interviews were also conducted
with these persons who handled Expellee matters. Although
contact was made with the Expellee lobby groups in Hessen
and with individual Expellees, the material which they could
provide was limited as in almost all instances they have not
assembled Statistics. However, these peOple were helpful in
eXplaining the EXpellee point of view to programs which the
government has initiated, and also in identifying those

problems which the Expellees found most pressing.

It is exceptionally difficult to prOperly thank all
the peOple who have helped to provide information and who have
taken an interest in this research project. All of their con-
tributions have been important and hOpefully I have not over-
looked anyone. The following peOple should not, however, be
held reSponsible for the interpretations of the data or for

vi

the conclusions; these are my reSponSibility alone.

In the Federal Republic of Germany where most of the
research was done appreciation is eXpressed to Frau Dreiling,
Frau Henniger-Schenk, Frau Helmut Hocker, Freulein Charlotte
Todt, Ministerialrat Puhala, Ministerialrat Metzlar, Ober-
regierungsrat Sippel, Herr Fischer, Herr Helmut Hooker, Herr
Gunter Vogelei, and those in the Hessisches Statistisches
Landesamt, and Hessen Ministerium des Innern-Landesplanung.

I have Special appreciation.for the help of Dr. h. c.
Wenzel Jaksch and Regierungsratin Doris Kaufmann—SchOffel.

Dr. Jaksch, an Expellee himself and presently a member of

the federal parliament, secured permission for me to work in
the various Hessen ministeries, personally introduced me to
many resource persons, and explained various programs and pro-
blems in association with EXpellees in Hessen. Regierungsratin
Kaufmann-SchOffel worked with me throughout my stay in West
Germany. She gave invaluable assistance with EXpellee statis-
tics, a field which She has been concerned with since 1946.
Regierungsratin Kaufmann-Schbffel not only provided me with
published and unpublished materials from her own department
but also helped to secure them from others, provided personal
introductions, and at times graciously acted as translator.

I Should like also to thank the Deutsche Stiftung ffir
EurOpaische Friedensfragen which helped to finance my research,
the travels in association with it, and the purchase of mate-
rials. Although this group is interested in Expellee affairs,
at no time have they made suggestions or in any way tried to

vii

direct the research.

In the United States, the staff Of the National Archives
graciously assisted the research when I was examining the records
of the Office of Military Government, United States Zone.

I have Special appreciation for the help of Dr. Lawrence
M. Sommers, Chairman of the Department of Geography at Michigan
State University. Dr. SommerS helped with the design of the
research and preparation of the manuscript. His critical
comments and suggestions have been particularly useful.

Lastly, I should like to thank my parents who more than
any one else gave the inSpiration and support needed to complete
this project.

MEP.
1967 .

viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

PREFACEOOOOOOOOO ..... 0.0.000...OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO
LIST OF TABLESOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO9000......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOO Xi

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS......... ...... ............ ..... .....xiii
Chapter
I. INTRODUCTION............. ........ .... ..... .......... l

l. The Problem
2. The Setting
3. Organization of the Remainder of The Thesis

II. IMPORTANT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN HESSEN AFFECTING THE
INTEGRATION OF EXPELLEES.......................... l7

1. 1945 to the Currency Reform (June 20, 1948)
2. Period of the Currency Reform
Regional Balance of Industry in Hessen in
the Early 1950's
Conclusions
3. The General Recovery of the Hessen Economy
Special Economic Development Areas of,
Hessen
Summary

III. THE SPATIAL IMPACT OF MAJOR GOVERNMENTAL PROGRAMS
ON THE ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF EXPELLEES IN HESSEN.. 36

1. Federal Programs
Bundesumsiedlung
Soforthilfegesetz
Lastenausgleichsgesetz
Loans for the Establishment of Working
Places (ArbeitSplatzdarlehen)
Aufbaudarlehen fur die gewerbliche
Wirtschaft und die freien Berufe
Marshall Plan Fund
2. Land Hessen Programs
essen Plan
Resettlement Measures

ix

TABLE OF CONTENTS Continued
Chapter 4 p Page

2. Land Hessen Programs
Hessen Plan
DeveIOpment of Hessen Plan Employment
Summary
Other Financial Programs for Expellees from
Land Hessen
Small Credits Action (Kleinkredite)
Intermediate Aid and Large Credits Action
Large Credits Action (Gross-Kredite)
Allendorf, KreisJWarburg
Summary
3. Kreis Program
The Schlfichtern Plan
Summary

IV. THE SPATIAL IMPACT OF THE INTEGRATION OF EXPELLEES
IN HESSEN: THE EXAMPLES OF AGRICULTURE AND INDUSTRY.lO8

1. Agriculture
Nebenerwerbstellen
Expellee Farms
Spezialstellen
Landarbeiterstellen
Distributions and Summary
2. Industry
Expellee Glass Industry
Musical Instruments
Expellee Textile, Clothing and Other

 

Industries
Summary
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS.... ...... . ........ . ........... 141
BIBLIOGRAPHYO 000000 00000000OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0000000000000149

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page
1. Expellees Transported to Hessen in 1946 by Rail....... 8

2. Dwellings Available for Civilian Use in June, 1947 as
Compared with 1939: Major Urban Centers in Hessen... 12

3. Percentage Distribution of Expellees and Indigenous
Germans by Type of Industry in Hessen............... 15

4. Major Expellee Industries in Hessen, End. of 1947 -
Beginning of 1948, by Percentage of Expellee
Industry in the Area of Concentration............... 22

5. Number of Gemeinden by Regierungsbezirk in Hessen
‘with One and Two Industrial Firms byIType of _
Industrial Group: 1949.............................. 26

. Classification of Gemeinden in Hessen: 1949........... 28

 

. Classification of Hessen Gemeinden by Region: 1949.... 29

 

6
7
8. Unemployment in Hessen: l950—l959..................... 31
9. Expellee Unemployment in Hessen: 195041959............ 31

10. E ellees in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949
x%byIar1____§d_'er)OO00.00.00.000000000000000...0.000.000... 38

11. Total Number of Persons to be Received Under
Bundesumsiedlung Programs........................... 40

 

12. Settlers Accepted into Hessen by Program and Lander... 40

13. Distribution of Soforthilfe Monies in Hessen Under
SOfOI‘thilfegesetZ (AI‘tiCle 1+6)od‘oooooooooooooooooooo [f7

 

14. Distribution of Lastenausgleich Monies in Hessen
Under Lastenausgleichsgesetz (Articles 259 and 260). 55

 

15. Hessen Plan Credits Awarded from 1950 to December
12’19520000.00000000000000000000000000000.000000... 76

16. Money Awarded Under the Hessen Plan,l950 to December
195300 000000 OOOOOOOODCOOOOOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 77

xi

LIST OF TABLES Continued
Table Page

17. Number of Establishments and Employees, Including .
Those Commuting to Work, in Allendorf, 1953 to 1962. 95

18. Number of Persons Settled in Agricultural Enterprises
by Type, Under Settlement Programs in Hessen: 1949
to December 31, 19600000009000000.000.000.000000000012h

19. Size of Enterprises Established in Hessen, July 1,
191+9 130 December 31, 1963c-ooocooooooooooooooooooooolzs

20. Money Awarded Expellee Agricultural Entergrises in
Hessen, July 1, 1949 to December 31, 19 3...........126

21. Expellee Firms and Employment in Selected Kreise,
1953, 1956, and 1962 (Firms with One or More
EmployGBS)O0°00OODOOOODDOOOOQOOOOODOOO000.000.000.0013h

22. Expellee Glass Firms With Ten or More Employees in
T Hessen, OCtOber 19479000000000.0000.00000000000003.0013?

xii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure . Page
1. Hessen Location Map.................................. 2
2 Expellees in Hessen 19460.00.0000000000000DOOOOOOOOOO lo
3 Development Areas in Hessen (1963)................... 33
4. Housing oijundesumsiedlungSplan in Hessen 1950-1960. 43
5. Number and Type of Positions Created in Expellee

Firms in Hessen Under Soforthilfegesetz Article 46

(1951°1952)oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo #9

6. Number and Type of Positions Created in Expellee

Firms in Hessen Under Lastenausgleichsgesetz
AI‘tiCleS 259 and 260 (1952-1956)uoooooooooooooooooo 58
7. European Recovery Plan Credit Awarded Expellees in
Hessen Prior to 1963............................... 64
8. Hessen Plan Housing l950~1960........................ 67
9. Stand der Pendelwanderun auf der Basis des
Gewerbesteuerausgleidhs"inden Hessischen Gemeinden

155000000O00000.0000QOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO0009000000000. 7O

10. Movement of Expellee Families Under Hessen Plan
l1951-19600oooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooeooooo 7"

11. Hessen Plan: Number of New and Secured Positions

lgSl'lgShoooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooooo 78

12. Small Credits Plan July 1, 1964 Money Repaid or
to be Repaid by Expellees in Hessen................ 84

13. Intermediate Aid Plan (1948-1964) Money Repaid by

Expellees in HessenOOOOOOO00OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 86

14. Hessen Large Credits Plan Money Repaid or to be
Repaid by Expellees Prior to 1963.................. 87
15. Percentage Of Expellees in Hessen Population 1950....102
16. Percentage of Expellees in Hessen Population 1960....103

xiii

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS Continued
Figure Page

17. Flow Chart Of Method of an Expellee Acquiring A
Nebenerwerbstelle in Hessen.........................113

18. Acreage and Number of Nebenerwerbstellen Owned by
Expellees and.Soviet Zone Refugees in Hessen 1949-
1963000000000.0000QOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOO0.00000000000115

 

19. Acreage and Number of Farms Owned by Expellees and
Soviet Zone Refugees in Hessen 19h9-l963............120

20. Acreage and Number of Spezialstellen Owned by Expellee
and Soviet Zone Refugees in Hessen 1949-1963........123

21. Percentage of Expellee Industrial Firms and Employees
in Such Firms Based on All Firms and Employees
Hessen: 1953, 1956 & 196200000000ooooooooooooooooooclzg

22. Number of Expellee Industrial Firms in Hessen 1962....132

xiv

CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION

Forced or voluntary migrations are not new on the
earths' surface nor is there any indication that they are over.
For purposes Of analysis these movements of peOple may be sub-
divided into three categories - place of origin, migration,
and resettlement. The first two have been well treated by
geographers and others; it is the latter which has received

small consideration.

1. The Problem

It is the purpose of this dissertation to analyze the
spatial_impact of governmental decisions on the economic inte-
gration of ethnic Germans in Hessen, Federal Republic of Ger-
many (Figure l). The ethnic Germans (Expellees)l were deport-
ed from several European nations at the end of World war II.
They were expelled into what are now known as the Federal Re-
public Of Germany and the German Democratic Republic and were
distributed among the various states of these two political
entities. In 1961 in West Germany, Expellees numbered 8,956,200

or 15.9 per cent in a total population of 56,174,800.2

 

1

Generally an Expellee is an ethnic German who had his
permanent residence outside the Third Reich and who now resides
in the Federal Republic of Germany.

2Vertriebene und Deutsche aus der sowjetischen

l

 

   
   
  
   
   

 

 

 

F ‘
‘\
NORTHRHINE
WESTPHALIA
_,..
OIERUHI
lllllllG
BAVARIA
\OII
1‘“ ‘\.’.’:.. LEGEND
Ramanwssaazmk mausnor
RHINELAND Reelsnunesaezlfik' KASSEL
REGIERUNGSBEZIRK wussamen :1
I AT
PALM" E cm . nus
BADEN
WURTTEMBERG no-
"IIIOI l a” “

 

 

 

3

Although the expulsion of Expellees into West Germany
has continued to the present on a small scale, the greatest);
number had already arrived at the end of 1946. The deportation
from their homelands was SO rapid that in most instances the
Expellees had no time to plan for it and therefore arrived in
a war-torn Germany with few possessions, little money, and no
jobs or housing. The integration of these people into the Westm
German economy and the resultant geographic patterns to a con—
siderable degree were created or modified by governmental deci- J
sions. Although many Expellees have been successful in economic
life without governmental assistance, in most instances specific
aid was necessary for their survival.

Generally the government has decided to help Expellees;} ‘

. '1-
n

in one of the following ways: to create jobs for Expellees in
industry, to move Expellees from areas of few employment possi-
bilities to those Of varied and numerous Opportunities, and to
aid financially, newly established Expellees' industries. The
policies themselves have been originated mainly at the national
and Lgng levels.3

The federal government has enacted considerable
legislation to aid Expellees. The programs are not designed
to change conditions in a particular Lang but rather to mitigate

certain problems which are common to Expellees in all Lfinder.

Bes tzun szone und dem Sow etsektor von Berlin. Sonderdruck aus
Wirtschraft und Statistik l 12, p. 744.

3A Land is comparable to a state of the United States.
Lander is the plural form.

 

 

4
However, the policies are administered at the L121 level by
official agencies which have either been established for this
purpose or have deéilt with problems of a Similar nature. The
La g has occasionally initiated specific action arising from
particular needs or goals. Frequently a federal project has
coincided with the problems or Objectives of a Land, or support,
primarily of a financial nature has been extended by the national
administration. More Often than not, comprehensive projects have
been too expensive fbr'small administrative units such as the
Kreise (defined on page 7) to support.

Emphasis is placed in this study upon the decisions and
their economic-geographic effects; thus political motivations
are not evaluated as variables. The programs which were sugges-
ted but not adopted will not be considered. However, where “\
necessary, particular difficulties which the economic character:
of Hessen imposed on the Expellees and their activities will ’
be examined,since many projects were designed to change both
the critical situation Of the Expellee and those conditions
which fostered it.

Hessen was chosen as a laboratory for analysis of the
impact of governmental decisions on the economic geography of
resettlement. Of all the West German Lénder, the percentage
of Expellees of the total population most closely approximates
the national average (16 per cent in 1961),4 as does the area,

population composition, and economic character.

 

4Vertriebene and Deutsche aus der sowjetischen
Besatzungszone und dem Sowjetggktor von Berlin, loc. cit.

 

 

 

 

5
2. The Setting

The three governments, having considered the question in
all its aspects, recognize that the transfer to Germany
of German populations, or elements thereof, remaining
in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary will have to be
undertaken. They agree that any transfers that take
place shall be effected in an orderly and humane manner.
With these words of the Potsdam Agreement, the tranfers
of ethnic Germans from the above named countries were authorized.
Although not specifically mentioned in the Agreement, almost 1
every other European nation seized the Opportunity to deport i
some of its ethnic German population. “I
Article XIII of the Potsdam Agreement was implemented
by a Control Council Plan of November 20, 1945. Under this
Plan, it was decided that the Soviet Zone would receive
2,000,000 Germans from Poland and 750,000 from Czechoslovakia;
the French Zone would accept 150,000 Germans from Austria (this
provision was concluded after the Potsdam Agreement); the
British Zone would receive 1,500,000 Germans from Poland; and
the United States Zone would take 1,750,000 Germans from
Czechoslovakia and 500,000 from Hungary. Under the Plan, all
the transfers were to be completed between December, 1945 and
July, 1946.6
In the same Control Council Agreement, the term

"Expellees" was created.

 

5Potsdam Agreement, Article XIII, August 2, 1945.

6Allied Control Authority Directorate of Prisoners of ‘
war and Displaced Persons, Plan for the Transfer of the German

Population to be Moved from Austria, CzechoslovakiaE Hungagy,

and Poland into the Four Occu ied Zones of Germany Berlin:
20 November l9h5, CONL7P (45) 57.

 

 

An Expense is considered to be a member of a German

minority, whose normal place of residence is a country

outside Germany or in that portion of Germany east of

the Oder and Neisse rivers now under Polish administra-

tion, and who is expelled therefrom and resettled within

occupied Germany. On the other hand, a refugee is

considered to be a German civilian whose normal place

of residence is occupied Germany and who is homeless 7

or at some distance from his home because of the war,
The Military Government accepted the term and officially de-
fined an Expellee as follows:

Expellees are ethnic Germans who are being deported

from areas in new Poland, Czechoslovakia, Austria and

Hungary and resettled in Germany in accordancg with the

provisions Of Article 13 Potsdam Declaration.

In November 19A5, the Ldnderrat9 Of the United States—\

Zone met. This congress decided with the approval of the
United States Zone authorities that the ethnic Germans would
be distributed on a percentage basis among the United States
Zone Lander determined by the proportion of prewar population.
Hessen, which had 27 per cent, was to accept 27 per cent Of
the Expellees; Wfirttemberg-Baden would take 23 per cent and
Bavaria 50 per cent.10

The representatives of the Hessen Regierungsbezirke

 

7OMGUS, DiSplaced Persons, Stateless Persons and
Ref ees, Monthly Report, No. 6, 20 January 1946, p. 3?

8Military Government Re egg lations, Title 20, 20—104,l
February 1946.

9The Landerrat was a congress legalized by Military
Government to develop and coordinate policies of the Lander of
the United States Zone. All decisions were subject to the
approval or disapproval of Military Government.

loOMGUS, Displaced Persons, Stateless wPersons and
Refugees, Monthl Re ort (Cumulative Review), NO. 15, 8 May
1945 - 30 September 194 , p.

7
determined that the distribution within Hessen be conducted in

a manner similar to the Landerrat agreement. A Regierungsbegirk,
Of which there are three in Hessen, has no equivalent in the
United States but is roughly Similar to a grouping Of counties.
Within each Bezirk are Kreise; there are fortyweight in Hessen,
nine Of WhiCh are cities, comparable to New England counties.
Within each figgig, except for the nine cities, are the smallest
administrative units,Gemeinden, which are equivalent to New
England townships.

The 27 per cent of the ethnic Germans who were to be
domiciled in Hessen numbered 610,000 persons. In the Hessen
subdivisions (Figure l), Regierungsbezirk Darmstadt was to
integrate 230,000; Kassel 150,000; and Wiesbaden 230,000 persons]:1
The officials of the individual Regierungsbezirk were to subdivide
their quota among the various urban and rural Kreise, but many
factors prevented this from taking place.

On January 26, 1946, the first train load of deported
ethnic Germans arrived in Hessen. Table 1 indicates the number
of Expellees officially received in Hessen in 1946. The planned
schedule was never met. The period of greatest movement into
Hessen and also the other United States Zone Lander was March
through October. By December 1946 it became evident that there I
were too many Expellees in camps. The overcrowded conditions ‘
coupled with cold weather, the inability of the German economy “a

to integrate the new arrivals, critical food supplies, and

 

llGrosshessisches Staatsministeruim, Der Minister fur
Arbeit und WOhlfart, Staatskommission f.d. Flfichtlingswesen,
lllc/5, 27 September 1946. '

A

TABLE 1: Expellees Transported to Hessen in 1946 by Rail

 

 

 

 

Number of Trains Expellees received

Date flgg for U.S. Zong,, for Hggsen in Hessen
January 8 2 1,417
February 42 17 19,860
March 75 29 3A,029
April 114 59 67,092
June 92 45 .A7,120
July 77 37 38,598
August 78 40 41,938
September 75 37 35,379
October 60 29 28,885
November 15 6 6,061
December 1 l 52

Source: Wolfgang Jaenicke and Dr. Martin Kornrumpf,
"Vollstandige Liste der im November und Dezember
1946 nach Bayern und vom l. Januar bis 31 Dezember
1946 durch Bayern eingescheuterl Zfige mit Flficht-
lingen," Flfichtlingsproblem in Bayern (Mflnchen:
Bayerisches Staatsministeruim des Innern, January
1947), pp. 20-24. V

 

{finadequate housing and clothing influenced General Clay to
gsuspend further transports to the United States Zone in December}

){They were never resumed in large scale although Expellees con-
tinued to be sent into Germany.

Reliable figures of the number Of deported persons
received in Hessen are not available although there are several
estimates of final totals from official sources. The Hungarian
and Czech Officials were required to send tallies of the
numbers expelled. In general it appears that more persons

were sent than were accounted for. Complications arose be-

 

12OMCUS (Signed Clay) November 1946, "Suspension of
Expellee Movements into U.S. Zone Germany during Winter Months,"
V10164 (Teletype Message).

9
cause trucks and other carriers were used in addition to rail-
roads. The Office for Military Government for Germany, United! j':

I

fStates Zone estimated that 23,422 ethnic Germans infiltrated
3into Hessen before the authorized transports commenced.13 The
Expellees were to be registered twice; first when they were
processed through the Hessen. reception points and second when
they received their ration cards. The registration enumeration
and the number of ration cards issued, however, do not corre-
spond,and the figures of different official agencies for the
number of Expellees received monthly do not agree.

A11 trains destined for Hessen and the other Lander
of the United States Zone entered through Bavaria. A schedule,
which was revised as conditions warranted, was devised so that
on a certain day every third, fifth, or eighth train was sent
to Hessen. For the Expellee such handling was important in
that families on different trains could easily be split and
sent to different destinations. The delegates of Hessen
at the Bavarian reception points assigned the local destination
for those trains which were to proceed thereuu+

Figure 2 Shows the number and percentage Of Expellees

in the total population in 1946 by Kreis. This distribution

 

neither approximates the prewar nor postwar percentage distri-

bution of the population of Hessen. The area of densest

.-
P

13OMG Greater Hesse, Historical Report, Jul 1 6-
Ibcaggréi46, "Public Welfare, Refugees, Expellees, & DP'S,"
PP- ' -

l[‘OMGUS, Dis laced Persons Stateless Persons and
Refugees 8 May 1945-30 September 1946: (Cumulative Review),

Monthly Report of Military Governor, NO. 15, p. 8.

lO

 

 

EXPELLEES IN HESSEN

    

|946

NUMBER 81 PERCENTAGE OF
KREIS POPULATION
PERCENTAGE
- 2|~25
- I8-20
I4—I7
{:1 9—13
[2 2—6

' 0 000000

400 \600 3.600 moo nqooo H.300 225m

 

“I. I IE9 “u

 

 

11
population in Hessen is the Rhein-Main complex, a triangular-
shaped area including the cities of Wiesbaden, Frankfurt,
Offenbach, Hanau, and Darmstadt. Secondary regions of
population concentration are Kassel, Giessen, and Fulda.
The latter three are secondary industrial cores usually
represented by one urban area. As Figure 2 indicates, the
location of Expellees by percentage and actual number is
lowest in the above-mentioned industrial centers. The
greatest numbers of Expellees are in the agricultural
central and northern regions of Hessen.
The Allies deemed it important that the Germans
be held responsible for the integration of Expellees into
German life. The United States position is stated in the
following instructions:
As directed by and under supervision of Military
Government, German authorities will be held responsible .5
for: a. Care, control, and reporting of ex-enemy a.”
displaced persons, refugees, and expellees including
payment for required goods, facilities and services;
b. Reception and resettlement of refugees and
expellees;... 5
The most important consideration for the settlement of
Expellees was housing. The original scheme to process the
the Expellees in camps, to register them according to occupa-s
tional skills, and to settle them in areas where there was
a demand for their skills, failedwbecause of the critical

housing shortages in the cities. Table 2 shows the major

urban centers of Hessen and the percentage of dwellings

 

lsMilitary Government Re ulations, Title 20, 20-211. 7,
1 February 1946.

12

 

7...—

TABLE 2: Dwellings Available for Civilian Use in June,
1947 as Compared with 1939: Major Urban Centers
in Hessen

 

Per cent of Dwellings Available in June

 

City 1947 as Compared with 1939.
Darmstadt 38.6
Frankfurt 64.4
Fulda 93.8
Giessen 61.2
Hanau 38.1
Kassel 38.7
Marburg 85.3
Offenbach 69.0
Wiesbaden 72.2

Source: OMGUS,(Stapistical:Appgx: No. 25_113l July 1947,
Section XIII: Housingi Figure l, p. 93. This
relationship was arrived at by subtracting from
all houses those houses which were totally destroyed,
those which were in need of extensive repair, those
occupied by the Armed Forces, and those occupied by
Displaced Persons. The latter two accounted for a
very small percentage.

 

avaflable in June 1947 as compared with 1939.
In addition to the housing shortage which forced the \

settlement of Expellees in more rural areas, the integration ,2
\ _
of this group into economic life was hindered by its com— 5

/.r

/

position. Throughout the migration period there were com-j

.--~ ‘_ . I

plaints that the deporting countries were retaining ethnic
German men with certain valuable industrial skills. For
example, German miners were frequently withheld by Czechoslo-

vakian Officials.16

 

16General E. F. Wood (POW and DP Division), Ad interum
answer to General Clay’s long-hand note of 28 September, re
German expellees from Poland, Czechoslovakia, etc. 1 October

13

The Office of Military Government, United States )_1
Zone declared Frankfurt, Kassel and Wiesbaden and "other
principal urban centers" closed to Expellees.l7 Soon added
to the "closed list" were Bad Nauheim, Neu Isenburg, Bad
Homberg, Kronberg, Oberursel, Assmannshausen, Hofheim, Wetzlar,
and the city and rural Kreise of Hanau. A second classification,
"critical",was devised. Critical areas were those with housing‘
shortages, but into which Expellees could be moved if absolutely
necessary. German officials could force the city officials of
critical areas to accept them. Moved from the closed to crit—
ical classification were Frankfurt, Wiesbaden, and Kassel.
The other cities on this list were Darmstadt, Limburg, Rfldesheim,
Lorch, Giessen, and Offenbach (Figure l).18 The effect of the‘
housing limitations and changed plans in regard to areas in
which Expellees could be settled was that domiciles were
provided in rural areas which had housing but provided few
job opportunities.

Of the total sent to Hessen in 1946, about 33 per cent

19

were children, 39 per cent women and 28 per cent men. The

age and sex structure proved not to be such a serious dis-
advantage as was first imagined. Later figures revealed that
the wartime destruction of the indigenous German population,

especially of males in the economically employable age groups,

L

1945 (carbon cOpy), and teletype message of 31 January 1946 to
be relayed to give priority to German Czech coal miners and
families for U.S. Zone.

l7§§p§§hessisches Staatsministerium, loc. cit. 18Ibid.

 

19Mann, Neuburger in der Grosshessischen Wirtschaft, p. 29.

1h
was severe, and that the age and sex structure of the Expellees
was in accord with that of the indigenous population. In many}
local areas the Expellees had a more favorable distribution of
persons in the employable category percentagewise than did the
indigenous population.

The distribution of Expellees, especially Czechoslovakian,
as indicated in Table 3 was also favorable when compared to the
total population. It was determined early that integration of‘\
the new citizens would have to be in non-agricultural pursuitS:j
The actual land area of Hessen available for cultivation could
not be measurably increased, and the possibility of further
dividing existing enterprises was impractical because the
average farm size in Hessen in 1946 was 12.3 acres. Only a
fraction of a percentage of all establishments contained more
than 125 acres.20 Thus the greater number of persons trained

{In industrial and commercial pursuits as opposed to agricul- .
ltural was an advantage as these persons possessed skills which f
)could be utilized.

The percentages in Table 3 for ethnic Germans from
Hungary are somewhat misleading. This group in 1946 only con-
stituted 8 per cent of the total number of Expellees received
in Hessen. Thus this does not alter very much the general
occupational distribution, but shows that as a group Hungarian
Expellees had a vocational structure out of balance with that

of the indigenous pOpulation. The high proportion of these

 

r

20Merforth, Neue Heimet In Hessen, Hessenministerium
fur Landwirtschaft und Forsten und Sekretariat der Agarsozialen
Gesellschaft (Gottingen: March, 1958), p. 4.

15
peOple in agricultural pursuits was a disadvantage as there

were few Opportunities for integration in this economic sector.

 

TABLE 3: Percentage Distribution of Expellees and Indigenous
Germans by Type of Industry in Hessen

 

 

 

Indigenous Expellees from_ b
Type of Industry Popplationa Czechoslovakia Hupgagy
Agriculture and Forestry 17.6% 25% I 75% 5
Industry and Trade 39.9 30 ) 17
Commerce and Transportation 13.6 30 )
Service and Intellectual
Professions 15.6 15 8

aThe distribution figures of the indigenous population are
based on prewar statistics. Service and Intellectual Pro-
fessions includes military personnel. The source of this
information was the Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt,
Hessen im Wandel der Letngn Hundert Jahre 1860-1960,

I'II Erwerbstatigkeit, und Berufliche Gliederung. 2.
Bevolkerung seit 1882 nach'Whmschaftsbereichen," p. 512.
bThis information was taken from a report of the United
States occupying forces entitled "Report on Expellee

Problem in the U. S. Zone, 1946-March 1947," p. 9.

 

The Germans from Czechoslovakia composed about 90 per centykjfl
of the new citizens in Hessen, and those from Austria some
2 per cent.

Early in December 1946, the major period of deportation
ended. Movement of Expellees within and between zones con-
tinued as families sought to reunite, but this did not really
alter the patterns established by the end of 1946. The place-/‘,
ment of Expellees in the rural areas of Hessen, the central 6”
and northern sections in particular, was a pattern which had
to be changed because these regions offered few employment

Opportunities and presented conditions which led to consider-

16
able social and political unrest. This pattern continued3
until 1950, at which time the federal government and Lgpg
Hessen began to pass legislation devised to facilitate the

economic integration of Expellees.

3. Organization of the Remainder of the Thesis

The individual programs which have been instituted by
the federal, Lgpg, and fippip governments will be examined in
Chapter 111. To evaluate the spatial significance of these
plans, an understanding of the economic conditions of Hessen
after 1945 is necessary. A brief economic-historical summary
iswpresented in Chapter II. Only those conditions which
have assisted or hindered the integration of Expellees into
Hessen economic life are included. The last two chapters
deal with the importance of Expellees to Hessen agriculture
and industry and a summary and conclusions of the spatial

economic impact of a politically forced resettlement problem.

CHAPTER II

IMPORTANT ECONOMIC CONDITIONS IN HESSEN AFFECTING THE
INTEGRATION OF EXPELLEES

Knowledge of the general and particular economic
conditions of Hessen which have affected the Expellees is
necessary to understand the various programs designed to
promote Expellee integration. The postwar economic situa-
tion has never been static and to a great degree reflects
the overall recovery of the entire West German economy.
This general recovery of the country has favorably bene-l,
fited the Expellees.

The changing economic situation and the position
of the Expellees in relation to it can best be divided
intO'guee phases. The first is the period from the deportaéYV
tion to the Currency Reform (1946 to June, 1948). This
was characterized by a dearth of production space for goods,
paucity of raw materials, disrupted transportation net and
markets, and administrative disorganization.

The second phase, that of the Currency Reform and the
following years (June, 1948 to 1956), is distinctive in that
the Reform brought Expellees' economic affairs rapidly to a
crisis. In an endeavor to mitigate Expellee difficulties,

several Federal and Land Hessen programs were initiated.
l7

18

It is difficult to establish an exact date for the
last phase. The period began in 1956 when many of the goals
of the Expellee programs were fulfilled. Some of the projects
'were discontinued and others, particularly those of the Hessen
government, were altered in an attempt to strengthen certain
depressed, economic problem areas. Within the changed plans,‘
the attention to an area was paramount and the solution Of
Expellee problems,usually incorporated through preferential
treatment, became a secondary aim.

The first phase differed from the latter in a notice-
able lack of planning. Any planning evidenced was hastily
adjusted to meet a specific problem. During this period.j2
Expellees managed financially with little or no help from
governmental organizations although the necessary administrative

apparatus was established in this period.

1. 1945 to the Currency Reform (June 20,1948)

In November;l945, the Military Government established
the Fundamental Egg £9; the State pf Greater Hesse? AS a
portion of this, the administration Of Expellee affairs was
delegated to the newly formed State Refugee Agency. Although
it was first intended that the Agency be a separate ministry
in the Hessen government, in Operation it was formed as a
department of the Bureau of Public Health in the Ministry for
Labor and Welfare.1 The Bureau of Public Health worked through

Kreise and Gemeinden welfare organizations. At best, the admin-

 

o-i

lFundamental Law of the State of Greater Hesse of
November 27, 1945. OMGUS, 'Decree Regulating the Refugee

19
istrative communications and lines Of authority were weak re-
sulting from the new organization on all levels and the enormity
of the task at hand. The welfare organizations were to control:
welfare assistance, provide medical treatment, keep records,
and find the Expellees housing.

The records for this period, 1946 to 1948, are pri—
marily an enumeration of pots, pans, tables, chairs, blankets,
shoes, clothing, china, and other everyday necessities which
had to be collected for the Expellees. Military Government
files contain thousands Of letters from Expellees complaining
that during the deportationafl1.their personal goods had been
confiscated and never returned. As the Expellees arrived with /.
few personal belongings, it is quite understandable that the I
efforts of the welfare agencies were directed to clothing and ‘
other such drives.

When the Expellees were deported not only were their
personal effects seized but also their working papers, licenses,
and certificates of professional competence. The First Execu-
tion Order of September 18, 1947, to the Refugee Law dealt with
this situation and provided a method by which Expellees could
be relicensed upon meeting the requirements of an examination
administered in Hessen.

This same Execution Order changed a situation which
had made it more difficult for an Expellee to participate in

economic life than an indigenous German. Law 104 of the

 

Agency," Monthly Historical Report. Greater Lapg Hesse,
October, 1945, p. . ' '

20
Military Government had permitted indigenous Germans to
establish firms with ten or less employees whether or not
they had been passed by the deruazification boards. This
did not include Expellees. Before any enterprise which they
hoped to create could be approved by the apprOpriate guild
or licensing body, the Expellee had to be cleared by a
denazification board.

Dr. Peter Paul Nahm, who was in charge of the Re-
settlement Section Of the Refugee Service (established in
1947 as successor to the State Refugee Agency) pressed this
issue with Military Government for Hesse? Dr. Nahm, in a
memorandum to Military Government, stated that Expellees
could not always present proof of innocence to the denazifica-
tion boards as they were sent without papers and had been
separated from peOple of their village who would be character
‘witnesses. He also stated that in some instances, indigenous
Germans had worked to postpone Expellee examinations so avail-
able jobs could be taken by them while the Expellee awaited
processing.2 The Lgpg Refugee Service did reach an agreement
with the Minister of De nazification. Expellees were to be
processed SO that the number of Expellee cases passed upon
monthly was equal to their proportion in the total population.
An Expellee lawyer was also to be employed to handle special
questions.3 Unfortunately permission for Expellees who had

 

2Memorandum from Dr. P. P. Nahm, Reqierungsbeauf-
tragter to OMG Greater Hesse, March, 1947 (carbon OOpy).

3Ibid.

w.“

. at.

21
not been passed by a chanazification board to establish a firm
with ten or less employees was not granted.

Conditions for integration of Expellees in this early
period were anything but favorable. A constant source of
irritation was the lack of plant space. Again and again in
Hessen and Military Government records, grateful mention is
made of the turning over by the Military of barracks, bunkers,
and other such buildings for industrial and other use.

The integration was slow and at first confused, pri—
marily for two reasons. First, the new Hessen government
and its hastily organized apparatus was solely responsible for
the assimilation of Expellees; and in the early period had few.
lgng term plans. Secondly, the Expellee was perplexed and not! 2

only had to COpe with a new environment but did not know where

1Opportunities existed, how to take advantage of them, and through

(what governmental channels he could proceed to obtain help.

Some Expellees had been able to reuestablish their
former industries in Hessen. Table 4 presents this inform-
ation for selected Expellee industries for the end of 1947
and beginning of 1948. Several of these were industries which
were favored by the Hessen government.

Hessen officials had determined that Gablonz,’+ glass—

works, and musical instruments would be valuable additions to

 

4Portions of the world famous Gablonz industry (former-
ly Czechoslovakian) settled in Hessen. The firms in Hessen
produce very exquisite crystal ware, both utilitarian and
ecorative pieces, primarily for export. The jewelry sections
of this industry have tended to locate in Austria.

22

 

TABLE 4: Major Expellee Industries in Hessen, End of 1947 -
Beginning of 1948, by Percentage of Total Industry,
Area of Concentration, and Percentage of Expellee
Industry in the Area of Concentration

 

‘1'

 

, Percentage
Industry Percentage of Total Concentra- of Total Ex-
Hessen Industry tion Area pellee Indus-
% try this cat-
egory in this
area -%
Musical Instruments - Gross-Gerau 75
Gablonz - Obertaunuskreis 63
Toys 45 Giessen (Land) 29
Glass Works & Glass
Manufacturing 36 Limburg 20
Ceramics 26 Witzenhausen 30
Textiles ll Gelnhausen 22
‘Woodworking ll Dieburg 14
Leather WOrking 6 Friedbur 21
Stone & Earth 3 Giessen ILand) 23
Clothing - Frankfurt a.M. 15

Source: Der Hessische Minister des Innern als Staatsbeauf-
tragter ffir das Flfichtlingswesen, 1-7 March, No.
2093148, p. 2.

 

the economy of Hessen as there had been little or no develop-
ment in these sectors. For this reason the establishment of

such firms was encouraged. The other industries were more);

often than not founded with no governmental help.

Leather working, textiles, and toys had been major
handicraft industries of Expellees in their home countries.
Toys, leather working, and other handicraft industries required
little capital, machinery, or space for production and thus
‘were established relatively easy. Textiles, which were major
Expellee industries, were deemed important by Hessen officials

in charge Of economic affairs as they were considered valuable

23
supplements to this economic sector in Hessen. It was also
hoped that these new firms would be established in the induse.
trially underdeveloped areas of Hessen, the central section
and border region.

Although Hessen officials did encourage the founding
of specific types of Expellee enterprises, the attempts were
minor in most industries (long range planning was absent and
there was considerable confusion about objectives) and many
Of the attempts proved impossible or impractical. The Currency
Reform brought this period to a close. Although the Reform J ‘
did little to help the Expellee directly, its chief value was';
the impetus which it gave to constructive action, both Of

immediate and long range planning.

2. Period of the Currency Reform

The Currency Reform of June 20, 1948 had serious effects
on Expellee industries in Hessen. From the arrival of the
Expellees until the Reform less than two and a half years had
elapsed, insufficient time to build and firmly establish new
enterprises. Only a few firms had adequate machinery, tools,
supplies, and/or good markets.

The revaluation Of the Reichsmark was not in itself the
crucial issue. This measure applied to all, not only to the
Expellees. If anything, the stabilization of the currency 1‘?
aided those firms which were dependent upon the export market.
Rather it was the tightening Of credit policies which threaten-
edexpellee industries. Expellees had been dependent on the‘

open financial market for loans, and when the Reform was

24
instituMfl‘dEW'could no longer receive credit or extensions of
credit as they could Offer little or no security.
The role which the government had assumed is summarized

by the following:

Credit in this period (the period prior to the Currency

Reform) was relatively easy to procure: in reality it

was more important and more difficult to Obtain the

means of production, licenses, permits of rationed

materials, and goods. The possibilities of help from

public sources in relation to this were very modest;

however, they supported Expellees and refugees in their

endeavors as much as they were able.
This generalized statement for the entire West German economy
was true also of Hessen. Until the middle of June, Expellees
in Hessen had established firms as follows: industry~700;
handwork-5600; commerce-3200; trucking and storage~l30; and
hotel and tourist services-60; or a total of 9690. It was
estimated that about one-half were established without Land

6
help. Although not specifically indicated, those founded
without the help of the Land were probably small handicraft
firms.

The seriousness of the effects of the Currency Reform

on Expellee firms in Hessen was indicated in a regular news

report from the Refugee Service. By July 15, 1948, approxif.‘

mately one month after the start of the Reform, some 250

 

5Lastenausgleichsbank, Die Gewerblichen vertriebenen
und Fluchtlingsbetriebe Erfolgte, und ungel”oste Aufgabex der
Eingliederungi (Bad Godesberg; December l955),p . 5.

6Doris Schdffel (Regierungsratin KaufmanneSchOffel),
"Des Fluchtlingsproblem in Hessen," Das Deutsche Fluchtlings
Problem: Sonderheft der Zeitschrift fur Raumforschung.
(Bielefeld, 1950), p. 68.

25
Expellee firms had urgently requested financial help from
Hessen. "These are mostly enterprises which until now have
received no state aid, and now suddenly are robbed of all
cash without being viable production units."

The Currency Reform had helped focus attention on
the serious economic plight of Expellees. As a result of
this, several programs were initiated that were designed to
meet specific Expellee problems. The effectiveness of the -
plans, particularly those initiated by Hessen, were hamper-

ed by the poor regional balance of industry in Hessen.

Regional Balance of Industry_in Hessen in the Early 1950' .

In economic strength, the Rhein-Main area of south

 

HeSsen is one of the more important in West Germany. The
focus of this region is Frankfurt a.M. and it contains the
important cities of Darmstadt, Hanau, Offenbach, and Wies-
baden as well as numerous other urban areas. The remainder
of Hessen, the central and northern sections, is predominantly
rural and contains only a few manufacturing centers.

A report from the Landesplanungsamt described the

8

economic structure of Hessen in 1949. This report used the

smallest political units, the Gemeinden, for its analysis.
The criteria used in describing the Hessen Gemeinden are the

geographic location, the position in respect to the transpor-

A

7Hessisches Staatsministerium, Der Minister ffir Arbeit
und WOhlfart, Staatsbeauftragter fur das Flfichtlingswesen,
1-10 July l9h8, 12765/48.

8Des Hessische Ministerprasident, Landesplanung, Die

26
tation net, available water supply and its potential development
for industry, other fuels present for industrial use and their
development potentials, the tax base, and an estimation of pro-
duction space.

In 19h9, there were 2,706 Gemeinden in Hessen. Of these,
750 had manufacturing establishments. However, 3A7 contained
only one firm, 270 had two, and only 133 had more than two.9

Table 5 shows the location of industry by Regigrungsbgzigk for

 

TABLE 5: Number of Gem inden by Re ierun ezi k in Hessen
with One and TF0 Industrial Firms by Type of Indus-
trial Group: 1949

‘_Regig;gggsbesigk Regierungsbezirk ffiggigzgfiggbggizk
Industrial Darmstdt Kassel iesbaden

 

G on 1 F1 m 2 Firms 1 Firm 2 Firms 1 Firm 2

1. Mining Ind. 20 22 37 24 39 25
2. Ceramics &

Glass - 2 l 3 - 4
3. Metal + Metal

Working 10 9 7 5 19 13
4. Fine Mechan-

ical &

Optics 2 3 3 6 8 8
5. Chemical 6 4 4 2 4 2
6. Wood & Wbod

working 33 2h 54 32 26 13
7. Printing 2 2 - l - 2
8. Leather &

Leather 4 l 2 2 4 h

Wbrking
9. Textile

Processing 15 15 9 ll 12 6

10. Agricultural
Processing 5

5 6 7 7 8
ll. Remaining 1 l 2 1 E a
Source: Der Hessiche Ministerprasident, Landesplanung, D
. G er o to 1m essen und hr Ent i 1 8 l
iesbaden: Nai 1952 , able B, p. .

Ge rborte in Hessen un ihre Entwicklun smB lichkeit, V01. I &
II ines‘EEHenW: i'. ' ' " ' "

9IQ1Q., I, 1.

 

27

those places with one and two industrial establishments.

. Groups 1, 6, and 10 were relatively strong. The
first two represented raw material oriented industries and
group 10 was characterized by the manufacturing of perishable
commodities. There were in Hessen a total of 347 Gemeinden
with only one manufacturing industry. Groups 1, 6, and 10
accounted for 227 of these. Of the 270 Gemeinden with two
manufacturing establishments, 180 were represented by Groups 1,
6, and 10. The Landesplanungsamt estimated that possibilities
of industrial expansion were very limited and rested with the
750 Gemeinden which already had manufacturing activity; how-
ever, it was determined that those with industries of Groups
1, 6, or 10 alone could not bear substantial expansion. Thus
it was estimated that only 120 Gemeinden had definite potential,
and of these only 90 were characterized by having two establish-
ments.

The report further described the existing structure by
type of industrial area. Four groups were identified: 1) Ba;-
lungsorte-cities with concentrations of manufacturing within
which more than 50 per cent of those employed were working in
non—agricultural firms, 2) Zentren g2; gewerblichen Wirtschaft
e centers within Kreise with a lesser degree of manufacturing,
3) Hauptorte - those Gemeinden located in areas with a well-
developed transportation net but with a narrow industrial base,
and A) Nebenorte - those Gemeinden away from the main transpor-
tation routes but with local advantages for manufacturing

activity in agriculture or forestry, or develOpment of recrea-

28

tional industries.lO Table 6 presents the distribution.

 

TABLE 6: Classification of Gemeinden in Hessen: 1949

 

 

Regierungs- Number of Zentren Hauptorte Nebenorte
bezirk . _,AM“Ballungsorte

Darmstadt 5 32 36 ll

Kassel A 26 30 10

Wiesbaden 7 22 50 j

Hessen Totals 16_’ 80 116’ 26

Source: Der Hessische Ministerprasident, Landesplanung, Die
Gewerborte im Hessen und ihre Entwicklungsmbglichkeit

Wiesbaden W, p. 5.
The position of Hessen is further clarified if Table
6 is organized differently. The Regierungsbezirk Darmstadthas
two components — a portion located in south Hessen and the
other in central Hessen (Figure 1). These are separated by
the Regierungsbezirk Wiesbaden. When the divisions are changed
to north Hessen-Regierunggbezirk Kassel without Hunfeld and
Fulda; middle Hessen, the central portion of Regierungsbezirk
Darmstadt, and Hunfeld and Fulda; and southern Hessen, which
is comprised of Regierungsbezigg'Wiesbaden and the southern
portion of Regierungsbezirk Darmstadt, the comparisons of
manufacturing centers are clarified. Table 7 presents this
amended picture.
From this Table, the stronger economic development of
south Hessen is more clearly portrayed. South Hessen has

eleven of the sixteen major urban areas of Hessen (Ballungsorte)

 

lOlbld., p. 5.

w

29

 

TABLE 7: Classification of Hessen Gemeinden by Region: 1949

 

— V‘w v' — vw

 

 

 

Section . Number of

,Ballungsorte, Zentren “Hauptorte Nebenorte
North Hessen A 26 3O 10
Huddle Hessen 1 12 12 5
South Hessen __11 42 _7A 11
Hessen Totals 16' 80 116’ 26

 

and just over half of the secondary centers (Zentren). Addi-
tionally, it contains more than 60 per cent of the Hauptorte.
If Nebenorte are excluded on the basis that their manufactur-
ing activities are highly restricted and localized, then south
Hessen contains nearly 60 per cent of the manufacturing centers;
middle Hessen - 12 per cent; and north Hessen some 26 per cent.
Thus as an economic region, south Hessen clearly had greater
strength than the rest of Hessen.

It was within this regional structure that the Expellee
had to be integrated. The problem was heightened because
expansion potential in agriculture was estimated to be severely

limited.

W
In addition to a poor regional balance of industry, the?~

\

Expellee had been domiciled in rural areas. In the early 1950's;
unemployment was high, and housing in cities where employment /
opportunties might exist was at a premium.

The important phases for the Expellees of nearly all

aspects of the governmental programs were concluded by 1957.

30
In some instances the programs continued but more often than
not the major goals shifted to emphasis away from the Expellee
to the improvement of the Hessen regional, economic balance.
Also, by the end of 1956, the marked recovery of the general
, economy of West Germany became an important factor in bringing

i to a close some of the programs.

3. The Generaerecovery of the Hessen Economy

It is impossible to determine exactly when the economic
structure of Hessen changed from one in which there were too
many persons seeking too few jobs to one in which there was a
general need for employees. However, this change became
evident by the end of 1956. Employment came more slowly for , y
the Expellee than the indigenous citizen, partly due to the ’
fact that the Expellees were settled primarily in agricul-
tural regions which provided few employment opportunities.

After 1950, the total number of unemployed Expellees
began to diminish. This was a result of the resettlement of , 7L
Expellees from agricultural areas to industrial regions, pro- if
grams to create new jobs to be filled primarily by Expellees,
direct financial aid to Expellee industries, and the recovery
of the entire West Germany economy. Tables 8 and 9 below show
the transformation of the unemployment situation in Hessen
from 1950 to 1959.

In the general population of Hessen, Expellees have

usually constituted about 17 per cent. As Table 9 indicates,

the percentage of unemployed Expellees was above 17 per cent

31

 

TABLE 8: Unemployment in Hessen by Regions: 1950 - 1959

 

North Hessen South and Middle Total Numbers

 

Year Percentage of Hessen Percentage of Persons
Unemployed of Unemployed Unemployed
1950 15.9 7.2 129,960
1951 14.0 5.8 112,319
1952 12.9 5.8 110,C93
1953 12.4 5.9 111,629
1954 11.8 5.5 107.941
1955 8.8 3.6 76,873
1956 7.2 2.7 62,756
1957 6.7 2.5 58.892
1958 7.0 2.4 58,988
1959 4.7 1.4 36.458

Source: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, "Die Entwicklung
der Arbeitslosigkeit 1947 bis 1959 in Hessen " Staat
und Wirtschaft in Hessen, 15th Year, Vol. 1 Janu-
ary: 1960), Table 10, p. 10.

 

 

TABLE 9: Expellee Unemployment in Hessen: 1950-1959

 

Total Number of Un- Of 100 Ex. the Of 100 Unemploy-

 

Year Employed Expellees following were ed the following
Unemployed were Expellees
1950 36,100 13.7 27.8
1951 31,300 12.1 27.9
1952 24,500 10.2 22.2
1953 29,900 10.1 26.8
1954 27,h00 -* 25-h
1955 20,600 - 26.8
1956 14.700 - 23.4
1957 12,900 - 22.0
1958 13,100 - 22.2
1959 6.400 - 17.4

Source: Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, "Die Entwicklung
der Arbeitslosigkeit 1947 bis 1959 in Hessen " Staat
und Wirtschaft in Hessen, 15th Year, Vol. 1 Janu-
ary, 1960), Table 10, p. 10.

*Information concerning the percentage of unemployed Ex-
pellees based on those registered as employed and unem-
ployed was not assembled after 1953.

 

32
until 1959; in 1959 the two were roughly similar. The higher

percentage of unemployed Expellees was indicative of the pro-
blems of economic integration which they were experiencing.

The last year for figures concerning the percentage of unem-
ployed Expellees in the Expellee population was 1953. For this
year north Hessen reported a greater number of unemployed (12 to
16 per cent) than the other divisions. The region centering on
Marburg, a persistent economic problem area, had over 29 per
cent unemployed. Somewhat high also were Giessen, with 11.5

per cent of the Expellee labor force unemployed; Limburg, with
9.8 per cent; and Wetzlar, with 7.8 per cent. Indications are

that these areas are no longer a serious problem.11

Special Economic Development Areas of Hessen

As the programs corrected the poor distributional pat-
tern of Expellees, more jobs were created, and the upswing of
the Hessen economy was assured, many of the programs were con-
cluded and others, notably those of the Hessen government, were
changed. The emphasis was focused on the Hessen Development
Areas (Forderungsgebiete), of which there are two in Hessen -
the Border Area (Zonenrandgebigp), and the Area of Economic Re-
organization (Sanierungsgebeit).

These areas (Figure 3) are dominantly agricultural
and have a poorly developed industrial structure. The general

character of these areas has been discussed previously in the

 

llHessisches Statistisches Landesamt, Staat upd Wirt—
schaft in Hessen, 15th Year, "Die Entwicklung des Arbeitslosig-
keit 1947 bis 1959 in Hessen," (January: 1960), I, 10.

55

 

DEVELOPMENT AREAS

IN HESSEN
I963

  
 
    
  

WAIDECK

\\\\a\

a. x .

\\

 

BORDER AREA
’«1’3 AREA OF ECONOMIC RECONSTRUCTION
- AREAS IN BOTH PROGRAMS

 

 

 

"I!" 3 use 'u

 

 

3h

section concerning the industrial classification of Hessen
Gemeinden. Both federal and Land programs have attempted to
encourage the development of industry in these regions.
The Area of Economic Reorganization is characterized
simply by the lack of industry, and within the villages there
are few commercial or service establishments. The possibilities
of trading with nearby urban centers are also restricted because
of the lack of efficient public transportation facilities or
service. This region of Hessen is perhaps economically the most
stagnant because of its relative isolation from major urban centers.
The Border Area exhibits in some regions these same
characteristics though in most portions not as extremely. This
area has been of concern to thermmdonal government (a federal
program contains measures for improving the entire area along
the boundary between East and West Germany) and to Hessen.
Part of the problems of economic development stem from
the disruption of prewar service areas of cities in this region
and the develOpment of new ones in West Germany. In Hessen, T
the only major city which has not reached its prewar pOpulationé
level is Kassel. Its service area was largely in what is now
East Germany. Presently the city must compete with urban
areas with which it formerly had little contact. Fulda, Hunfeld,
Bad Hersfeld and Bebra, other important although secondary cen-
ters, have also suffered because of the disruption of service
areas. At one time, when the border was not closed, Hessen
authorities feared that in this area of high unemployment, West

German citizens would turn to the Soviet Zone for help and

35

emphmmmnt To prevent this, the Land and federal governments
provided investment funds and other subsidies to attract
industry to this area. They also improved the transport
structure and employed preferential rates for firms locat-
ing here.

Although the Expellees in 1966 figure less prominently
in these programs than they have in the past, they still re- I

ceive special rates of interest and more lenient periods of I

I
l
I

loan repayment. Two ideas are encompassed here: first, the
Expellees still need help in establishing anew former enter—
prises in Hessen; and secondly, Expellees are more easily able
to move into this region. The latter has a sound psychological!
base; becausethe Expellee is relatively new to Hessen he has

not developed strong emotional or sectional ties as have

4—-

 

‘7

indigenous Germans. Thus he can, if it is economically

.J

feasible, move more easily.

Summary

In Hessen the economic integration of Expellees was
partially shaped by certain regional and structural economic
conditions. The regional imbalance of industry, the first
settlement of Expellees in agricultural regions, the lack of
employment opportunities, and the need for financial assistance
to establish or secure newly founded Expellee industries were
areas which federal and Lang programs attacked. The major
plans which have aided Expellee economic integration in
Hessen and their spatial impact will be examined in Chapter

III.

CHAPTER III

THE SPATIAL IMPACT OF MAJOR GOVERNMENTAL PROGRAMS ON THE
ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY OF EXPELLEES IN HESSEN

There have been several ways in which the government
has attempted to integrate Expellees into economic life in
Hessen. Generally the attempts may be categorized as follows:
1) to move Expellees to areas with many and varied employment
Opportunities; 2) to supply direct financial aid or to pro-
vide securities for credit for Expellee firms; and 3) to ex-
tend credit to those enterprises which would create new jobs
to be taken by Expellees. Rarely has any program encompassed
more than one of these goals.

The plans which have been in operation in Hessen
have originated at the federal, Land, and figgis levels. In
Hessen there have been periods during which one or more pro-
grams have been in operation from any given level. For con-
venience of analysis, the major programs will be examined
individually by type of political unit, i. e., federal, Lang

Hessen, or local.

1. Federal Programs
The federal government has initiated various schemes

to promote the economic integration of Expellees. Although

36

37

the programs have been administered at the Land level, they
have not been designed to ameliorate particular conditions
in any one Lang, but rather to treat those problems which all
Expellees in the Federal Republic of Germany have had in
common.

Excluding agriculture, which is discussed in Chapter
IV, there have been several national programs in operation in
Hessen. These have been the Bundesumsiedlung, Soforthilfe,
,Lastenauggleich, the distribution of selected European Recovery
Funds,and special credit measures which have been administer-
ed via the Lastenausgleichsbank. Only the Bundesumskfllugg‘was‘x
not a plan to aid the Expellee financially. I

Bundesumsiedlung
In 1949 the federal administration officially began a;}

program of resettlement of Expellees between Lander. The need
had arisen from the unsatisfactory and uneven initial settle-
ment of Expellees in West Germany in relation to the total
population (Table 10). Heavy wartime destruction of major 7}
industrial areas had forced the temporary settlement of Ex-
pellees in undestroyed regions, and the majority had been
domiciled in agricultural Lander - Bavaria, Schleswig-Holstein,
and Lower Saxony. As these Lander had a poorly developed
(industrial base in 1949, sufficient job Opportunities could
not be created. The national government therefore authorized
the resettlement of Expellees from Lower Saxony, Bavaria, and

Schleswig-Holstein into the other Lander of West Germany. This

38

 

TABLE 10: Expellees in the Federal Re ublic of Germany in
1949 (by Landaz)

e

 

 

 

Expellees Percentage of Percentage of
Land ' in 1000’s ‘Expellees of Expellee
Total Land Population
- Pepulation
Schleswig-Holstein 888 33 12.1
Hamburg 91 6 1.3
Lower Saxony 1767 26 24.1
Bremen 39 7 0.5
North Rhine Westphaliall83 9 16.1
Hessen 675 16 9.2
Rhineland Palatinate 75 3 1.0
Baden-Wfirttemberg 70% 11 22.6
Bavaria 191 21 .1
Totals 7335 16 100.0
(average)

Source: Statistical Pockethook on Expellees, Section 1, Table
3; "Development of Population 1946 to 1953 by Lander
(Wiesbaden: Federal Statistical Office, 1953), p. 5.

 

movement was authorized under four different programs or
technically one plan with four different phases.

Although political maneuvering for redistribution
of Expellees extended back to the first movements of these
people into West Germany, authorization was not granted until
1949. Article 119 of the Grunggesetz ffir die Bundesrepublik 2“
Deutschland von 23 Mai 1949 allowed such distribution. This
article was translated into workable form by the "Verordnung
fiber die Umsiedlung von Heimatvertriebenen aus den Landern

Bayern, Niedersachsen, und Schleswig-Holstein von 29. November

191.9."1

f

l"Verordnung fiber die Umsiedlung von Heimatvertriebenen
aus den Landern Bayern, Niedersacnan, und Schleswig-Holstein
von 29. November 1949," (BGBl 3.4, 1950).

39
The first program was limited primarily by housing

availability. After transfer had been authorized and persons
to be moved had been accepted, housing became the determining
factor. There was a time lag between construction authoriza-
tion and the completion of new housing units. For this reason,
quotas had not been fulfilled by 1951. Then,in 1953,the third
phase to move Expellees among Lander was initiated and,in 1956,»~
the fourth movement which is still in effect.

The programs have provided resettlement for 1,050,000
persons in all West Germany. By June 30, 1963, 1,008,715
(96.1 per cent) people were resettled. The quota for Hessen
was 39,600 divided as follows: 8,000 under the program of
November 29, 1949; 7,000 under the program of May 22, 1951;
9,000 under section one and 6,000 under section two of the
third program; and 9,600 under the last program of June 5,
1956.2

When a comparison is made with other Lander, Hessen
has never been a major recipient of the resettlers (Table 11).
The reason that Hessen did not need to accept more is that K
the percentage of Expellees in relation to the indigenous I
population was just about the same as the national average.
Thus, in the move to equalize this type of prOportion, the
percentage of Expellees in the total population of Hessen

needed little adjustment.

 

v—

2Der Bundesminister fur Vertriebene, Flfichtlinge und
Kriegsgeschadigte, Geschaftsstatistik fiber die Umsiedlun ,
Stand;30y§uni 1963, No. A2 I 5c-6940-1097/63.

#0

"v ,2? fir—f

TABLE 11: Total Number of Persons to be Received Under
Bundesumsiedlung Programs

 

 

 

Land Number of Persons

North Rhine Westphalia 518,300
Baden Wfirttemberg 218, 900
Rhineland Palatinate 125,500
Hamburg 65,150
Hessen 39, 600
Bremen 19,500

Total 1,050,000

Source: Der Bundesminister fur Vertriebene, Fluchtlinge und
Kriegsgeschadigte , Geschaftsstatistik uber die Umsiedlung,
Stand: 30 Juni 1963, Az I 5c- 6940-1097/63, 28 August
1963. p» 2. 34

 

 

TABLE 12: Settlers Accepted into Hessen by Program and Lander

 

 

Settled From Program I Program 11 Program III Pro ram IV
11/29/49 5/22/51 2/13/53 6/5 56
Schleswig-Holstein 4000 2250 2993 650
Lower Saxony 2000 1800 5448 1980
Bavaria 2000 2950 102 4433
Total Received 8000 7000 14543 70 3
Quota for Hessen 8000 7000 15000 9600

Percentage of Total Quota Settled in Hessen

Schleswig—Holstein 99.9
Lower Saxony 94.2
Bavaria 88.0

Source: Der Bundesminister fur Vertriebene, Fluchtlinge und
Kriegsgeschadigte Geschaftsstatistik uber die Umsied-
1m4g, Stand: 30 Juni 1963, A2 I 5c- 6940—1097 3,
18August 1963, p. 2, 34.

 

Table 12 includes information concerning the number of

settlers accepted into Hessen, the Lander of origin, and the

41
program under which they were sent. Bavaria sent more Expellees
to Hessen than the other two Lander but fell farthest short of
supplying the full quota.

In reality the Bundesumsiedlung has been more impor-
tant to the Lander which have sent Expellees than to those
which have been the recipients. This was particularly true
in the instance of Hessen, which was expected to receive only
3.8 per cent of these people. Although undoubtedly the re-
settled Expellee has benefited as well as the individual Land
in accepting selected types of laborers, the greater benefits
accrued to the Lander which were sources of these people._

For thquggd sending Expellees, the gains were to be estimated'
in reduced unemployment, unemployment compensation, and agita-
tion in political circles. Hessen as a reception Lang directly
benefited by the addition of workers, but more important was
the indirect impetus which was given to the creation of the
Hessen Plan, which is discussed in another section of this
chapter.

In the first program, the Expellee submitted an
application for resettlement. This was then examined by a
committee from the recipient Land to determine if the Expellee
possessed professional skills which could be utilized in the
‘ngg. In Hessen the committee sought the cooperation of;
business and industry so that a person could be moved and "I
established in an urban area in which employment awaited him.
In the first phase only those for whom jobs could be pro-73

" .

vided qualified for resettlement. In the later programs,

42
undertaken when jobs were more plentiful, more consideration
was given to applications of older persons and those with
large families.

The majority of the Expellees under the Bundesum;_7
siedlungsplan were settled in the Hessen industrial areaslj
This was made possible by the special housing which the federal
and Lang governments provided. It would have been impractical
to move Expellees from agricultural areas of one Land to
similar regions in another. For this reason the requisite
housing units constructed, ‘were not located directly in
the urban areas but were built in the umland.

Figure 4 indicates the general distribution of the
Bundesumsiedlung housing. The pattern of settlement of the
.Bgndesumsiedler must be inferred from this as no records were
maintained which would provide information about those who
found other housing. In Hessen, most of the Expellees were
moved into the Rheianain area, in the vicinity of Frankfurt,
Wiesbaden, Offenbach, Hanau and Darmstadt; the Lahn-Dill region
focusing on Limburg, Wetzlar and Giessen; and into gagig
Bergstrasse to take advantage of employment opportunities in
Mannheim or Ludwigshafen.

The occupational capabilities of the Expellees are
also not known; again no records were kept about this aspect

of their resettlement. Herr Fischer in his letters and in an

3Letter from J. Fischer, Landesarbeitsamt Hessen, Frank-
furt, am Main, 4 April 1964. Herr Fischer served as a repre-
sentative of the Hessen Labor Bureau on the Hessen committee
which received applications for settlement under the Bundesum-

.siedlungsplan.

45

 

HOUSING OF BUNDESUMSIEDLUNGSPLAN IN HESSEN

I950- l960

WHZEIII USE

W

30*
and:

DWELLINGS CONSTRUCTED

{331‘s

M‘am leTllAl-IIONBRG

  

 

UNDER
menus: “m" BUNDESUMSIEDLUNGSPLAN
° IN HESSEN: :950- |960

0 Number of units
’ . . . o o o 00
a e s s u 12 so

 

 

flute l

 

AA
interview stated that the relationship between the job
assumed upon resettlement in Hessen and that previously
followed was rather high, between 55 and 60 per cent.A The
most difficult placements were those of persons trained as
commercial professionals, sales personnel, and other white
collar workers. In the period which intervened between the
deportation and Bundesumsiedlungsplan a large portion of these
Expellees had reached 50 or 60 years of age. Because they
could only be employed for a relatively short time before
retirement and because of the costs of pension compensations,
it was difficult to locate firms willing to hire them.

Although this plan is technically still in effect, ~P
after 1956 the intensity of housing construction and transfer
of individuals was greatly reduced. The last section of the
present program has not been completed with respect to the
total number of persons to be resettled, and there appears
to be no basis to continue.

This program represents, however, the first major
attempt of the federal government to aid Expellees. It is 9e;9
the only plan of this type; the others have dealt mainly
with providing money as compensation or loans to the Expellees,
and within the confines of this study, as credit or funds
to develop Expellees' industries or to create jobs for

Expellees.

 

thid., and interview with Herr Fischer on April 15,

1964.

A5

ngprthilfegesetz

The Soforthilfegesetz, Gesetz zur Milderung dringendes
sozialer Notstande (The Immediate Aid Law), was enacted on
August 8, 1949. The administrative apparatus and operation
was effected a few months later. For those sections of the
law'which applied to Expellee industry, the actual administra-
tion took place from 1951 to the first quarter of 1952. This
brief period in no way derogates the Soforthilfe but rather
is a consequence of its replacement by the Lastenausgleichs-
gesetz. Also, to a degree the Soforthilfegesetz was an
experiment and many of the weaknesses which resulted either .
from legal form or administration were corrected in the
Lastenausgleischsgesegg.

Article 46 of the Soforthilfegesetg provided funds as

T“

credit-to Expellee firms and those of other groups with valid

M/ 1

indemnity claims5 if additional jobs could be created within I
theirfactories. These positions were to be taken primarily
by the Expellees as the definition of the indemnity groups at
that time was narrow and Soviet Zone refugees had not become

a serious problem. The jobs created with these funds were

to last for a minimum of eight years. Under this law also,

the credit could not be used for capital investment or purposes

 

5In general all federal programs have considered as
members of the indemnity groups those persons persecuted under
National Socialism for political, religious or racial reasons;
returning prisoners of war, indigenous Gerhans who lost
properties in the Eastern Territories or who lost their
livelihood because of the War, Expellees, and Soviet Zone
Refugees.

\a..
\-

#6

other than that of forming additional positions.

The distribution of funds by occupation and those
persons eligible to receive such credit is indicated in
Table 13.7 The number of applications which were originally
submitted is a good indicator of the need for federal assist-
ance, and the difficulty of administering such a program.
Additional difficulties were encountered also. Many firms~
which had been awarded money had to refuse it because the
manufacture of additional products which would result from
the new positions could not be economically justified or
could not be marketed without expansions in that area. Al-
though information is not available, it appears that many of
the Expellee firms were barely viable units, encountering
difficulties in production, and in locating permanent markets.
For many of these, additional products could not be handled.

Figure 5 indicates the number of positions created in
Expellee industries in Hessen with the loans from the Soforthilfe-

gesetz (Article 46); where it was not possible to determine the

type of industry a question mark has been placed in the circle

6Soforthilfegesetz, Article 46.

——

 

7The information for the discussion of the ngorthilfe-

gesetz "Dauerarbeitsplatze" and of the Lastenausgleuhsgesetz

Arbeitsplatzdarlehen" unless otherwise indicated is taken from
a report by Herr Wilhelm Partes. Partes helped to administer
both Soforthilfe and Lastenausgleich funds. When the "Arbeits—
platzdarlehgg" was terminated in 1956,Partes went to the Lasten-
ausgleic shank in Bad Godesberg and went through the files of
individual cases to prepare a report about this work in Hessen.
The report which is half typed and in longhand was never
utilized because there was no need, some of the tables were so
detailed that individual firms could be identified,and some of

the economic classifications as "mattresses" were not generally
recognized.

 

A7

'eied
axeu uo penutquoo etqam JO used stqm

 

.nuowhumwv snowmen eau nu nakedauwphmm
unowmuomnom oHQmHomeuoo owed on! mnmahou muonomquw was opmwvmnunewnowmw

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mee.em mao.ma was mae.mo mom.oa -o.a Hopes

som.ea mae.e cow mam.o~ moo.m mom mascanac

oao.oa mos.m aha mmm.Hm Nem.e can camaemnoncwnonm

NmH.om fine.“ men Nme.cm «no.0 ems ncoaaoaxm

macaumOHHmm< woman: was meowueowdan< oHnmpmooomns

emo.ma ome.m tea, oea.ma Saw.m cam Hosea

ooa.m moo om NNS.~ owe on meaaaeaom

emm.m coca mo 0mm.o cmea we oaneonnowaonm

owm.m maaa em. wmm.4 mama moa ncoaacaam.
msowquHHmm< nopneaaooom

mom.oo eHH.HH com mmm.am moeom «mus Hence

soo.o~ Amen can amm.- omen mow waaaanaom

oeo.mm cans New «ma.em moot can *camaemaoncmaonm

Neo.e~ capo omm cmH.Hm mmmw can nccaaoaam
naoaanoaaaaa ocapaapsm

III hhpmnvcH homo: anew honaaz a
0» counmhu mwnH Bonk Hmuoa ache

 

Abe

cacapwe

nacho cmaaaaaomom coca: gonna: an cease: on anatomom no acacanaaanan

"NH mumda

 

 

48

.omma.oa.ma .m canoe .ehoacm custom

"cannon

.oamoom HanowmmoHOHm cohoagao handovnomouufi
honpo use .nhohxma .mhopoou mounaonw haemouso endogenouohm cosh: enH*

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

moo.e com um mmm.m oa4.~ sen scape
aoa.a mam em mwm.a Hem m4 waacacacm
moe.a own em mom.m mam oaa opwHoonncwnocm
ome.a mom on eoa.m. Hm~.H «ma nocaacaxm
mnowpmowamm< ponds: use muoapuofiagm< oapmpgooomnb
no ea m Heo.a Hon um Hence
I I - New em m weanacaom
mm a a awn as ea camaoaAonowaocm
cm OH H was oea ma oooaaoaxm
I mnowpmufianma pmpnmaabubm
moo.e emm mm .ooo.aa Hae.~ mmm Hosea
eoa.a mam am oom.a man we sentences
mme.a mom mm emm.m new Sufi opmaemaonomaoom
ooe.a «am an mom.m Hem.a sea nocaacawm
ncoacooaaaa< ooocaanom.
in oooa Home: noel. My tenanz , in owed -
. . awash _ ,.mmoh .heasm21
was *mdowmmomohm seam w .I, mphmhqudum
, on mundane many scam nacho

 

 

donndodooIIMH mgm<9

 

 

4:9

 

NUMBER AND TYPE OF POSITIONS
CREATED IN EXPELLEE FIRMS

IN HESSEN UNDER
SOFORTHILFEGESETZ
ARTICLE 46

|95I 4952

  
  
    
 
 

IVIlIlEIIIAUSEI

UIIEIIAIIIIIS

 

® GEIIIIAIISE

- ’IAIIAUIIIS , 7

I, i5 T
IIIIEIIGAII (‘ FRAIKFIIII .'/
\\‘ if?” . > ,

TYPE OF POSITIONS

    
   
     

IEXIIIE
ElEUIICAl
AUTO IID.
IOYS
lEAIIIEI
PUIlISIIIIG

IIIIIEI
091K“
GLASS
CIA"!
SHOES
IIIISIES
HACIIIIE COISIlIICIMI
IEIAl WORM“
WOODWOIKIG
SIOIE I EAIIII ID.
MUSICAI IISIIIIIHIS
DRY Clflllfi l. "I“
fill WORKIIG
root All "II
IEIAllIG
.IOI DWI“

IOI Ilflllflil

A - .
6 I2 2| :0 50 72 90 20s IEPSG

WIESIADEI
GERAU

/ y;
05 4.3g

INDEEA
[MEEBN

levee: IISSII IlIlSll' 0' mum. "I!“ upon. (II'lIAlSIlIJ

NUMBER OF POSITIONS

IDEUENEEEI

 

 

50

which is prOportional to the number of jobs created in Expellee
industries.

Although the ngorthilfegesetz was enacted before the
Border Area became a vitally important issue in West Germany
there were hOpes that this region would benefit substantially
under the plan. Clearly in Hessen it did not. In figgig
Hersfeld and the city of Fulda no money was awarded any firm;
and for all positions added in Expellee industries in Hessen
only 27.4 per cent were formed in this region (for all firms
this was 26.8 per cent). This relationship is important be-
cause Expellees were the major group eligible for the new
positions, yet by 1951 they had not been moved from this area
which presented so few opportunities. The lack of develop-I
ment here to a degree reflects the structure of Article 46;
the loans could not be awarded to firms which were not owned I
by Expellees or other members of the indemnity groups8 and
could only be granted to those firms already in operation.
Except for the greater Kassel area, the Border Region was
unattractive for industry; the transportation net was poorly
developed and marketing possibilities were poor within the
region.

Under Article 46 of the Soforthilfegesetz,no firm of
any type received funds in the Eggisg of Dieburg, Fritzlar-

Homberg, Hersfeld, Wolfhagen, or Fulda (city). The cities

1*
f ‘ '—

8Expellee firms were defined as those in which at
least 50 per cent of the capital was owned by Expellees, and
which could not continue operation if the Expellees were
removed from ownership.

51
of Frankfurt, Hanau, and Offenbach in southern Hessen received
little assistance. This is the only program of this type in
which the area of south Hessen did not dominate. Although
these cities were Open to Expellees who wished to settle
there, the destruction and paucity of housing and other faci-
lities retarded Expellees inwmigration. I

The Kreise in which the most jobs were created were
Darmstadt, Limburg, Giessen, and Schlfichtern. Hessen Officials
had encouraged the establishment of the Expellee glass indus-
try in Limburg, and in West Germany. This had became a much-
prized industry. It is understandable that under this federal
program that it received support. Eggig Schlfichtern had
implemented its own program to assist Expellees and in the
course of develOpment in 1951 had asked federal Officials
for Soforthilfe funds which at that time had not been adminis-
tered. The federal government viewed the requests of this
figgig with favor and the money was immediately forthcoming
for an Expellee textile industry.

By industrial classification, the greater number Of
positions were established in the Expellee textile industry
(26.8 per cent), and machine construction and repair (9.6 per
cent). Important Expellee skills such as the making Of
musical instruments and leather goods, only received limited
support as they were predominantly handicraft industries and

expansion was limited. Under the Soforthilfegesetz, Article

 

46, 184 firms creating 3192 new positions received funds; 110

Expellee firms accounted for 1600 of the jobs. However, it

52
is likely that more than 1600 jobs went to Expellees as the
Soforthilfegesetz was designed principally for them; but there
is no way to determine the jobs by number or type that went
to the Expellees.
Article 46 of the Soforthilfegesetz proved to be very

 

successful despite being in Operation for such a short period
of time. The method had been found to assist Expellees and
reducemunemployment. The Lastenausgleichsgesetg, the
successor to the Soforthilfegesetg, used basically the same
methods and removed some Of the difficulties which were

structured into the Soforthilfegesetz.

Lgstenausgleichsgesetg (Equalization of Burdens Law)

The Lastenausgleichsgesetz has provided the broadest
framework for the federal government to assist Expellees and
members of the other indemnity groups.9 Under this law,
the indemnity groups have seen provisions for agriculture,
housing construction, household goods, rent, pro-rated pay-
ment for possessions destroyed or unclaimable, stipends for
the elderly, old age homes, orphanages, education, nursery
schools, industry, handwork, commerce, and professions. The
programs have reached into almost every phase of life and
are providing substitution for livelihoods which were suf-
ficiently altered or lost.

Financial aid for the integration of Expellees into

West German economic life has come in two basic forms; it

A

9

See footnote 5 in this chapter.

53

has been provided mainly as direct credit and as assistance

in creating jobs for Expellees. Because of the administrative
structure which was developed, other federal programs, not
directly a part of the Lastenausgleichsgesetz have been admin-
istered through the Lastenausgleischsbank. The two most impor-
tant programs from the Lastenausgleichsgesetz for the integra-
tion of Expellees have been the Arbeitsplatzdarlehen and the
Agfbaudarlehen:fur_die_gewerbliche Wirtschaft undgfreienBerufg
(Loan Program for Manufacturing and the Free Professions).

Both programs have been concluded.

Loans for the Establishment of WorkingAPlaces (Arbgipa-Ii
platzdarlehen).-Articles 259 and 260 of the Lastenausgleichs—
gesetz continued the provisions of Article 46 of the Sofort-
Ifilfegesetg to aid the formation of new jobs for Expellees. The
important deviation was the availability of credit to firms /
not owned by members of the indemnity groups, but in which jobs
could be created for them. Within this broadened frame nearly
any firm which would provide additional jobs could qualify for
funds. For this reason, the decisions concerning the
establishments tO be selected for enlargement became difficult.

There was some apprehension that if only viable firms
were chosen, then the new or those in the beginning years
of Operation and still not securely established would not
benefit and receive desperately needed funds. And it was
also feared that if new establishments were selected, even
though they needed funds, then the money might be given to

economically unsound firms which would eventually fail. A

54

middle ground was accepted; the loans for the creation of

I

new jobs were generally awarded economically sound firms
which lacked credit for such expansion.10

The provisions Of Articles 259 and 260 of the Lasten-
ausgleichsgesetz were in effect from the second quarter of
1952 until December 31, 1956. Although this program was in
operation for a longer period of time than the Soforthilfegesetz,
less money was awarded Expellees in Hessen and fewer jobs
were created.

Table 14 presents information for the general distri-
bution of Lastenausgleich monies under Articles 259 and 260
in Hessen by group, type of industry, and tXal applications
submitted, rejected and accepted. Although the basis of P,
eligibility to receive such monies had been expanded as com-
pared to the Soforthilfegesetz, in Hessen fewer applications
were submitted for the working place loans and less money was
granted. The latter indicates the interest placed by the
government on the economically underdeveloped areas, particular-,
1y the Border Area. The focus on these regions intensified
from the start Of awarding monies to the termination in 1956
and tended to exclude firms which were not located in these
areas.

.No firm of any type was granted funds in the Kreise

Kassel, Dieburg, Obertaunus, Gross-Gerau, Biedenkopf, Frizlar-

Homberg, Ziegenhain, or the city of Hanau. Moreover no

 

lOPrasident des Bundesausgleichsamts, lO Jahre_Lasten-
ausgleich (Bad Hamburg: 1959), p. 56.

llPartes Report, loc. cit.

 

 

All!‘ ll.l!lll|lll.'.l IInlllIoA

55

'933d gxeu uogpgnu quoo etqam

mcowmmommom masthepwmsoo umOH

.muowhpmwu shoummm can aw hahmasowphmm
cg: mumahoo msosowwusw one euwwpmnemownommh

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

0 used spy;

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

men. can an oma.mm mem.m 0mm mm~.mm moo.o mam Hence
. d: a damn .m Ni: 3mg: ooh: AS cantata
mwm co m ma~.o www.a cm mo~.w «we.a 4m comaomaonomeonm
HHm on o mme.m saw an em~.e aeo.a mo nccaaoaxm
mcowquHHmm< dogmas: use msowumowaam< manmpmeeomaa
mom am ma mom.e mom.a eaa ooe.m Ho~.~ mma Hence
oma cm a mam.m oao.a mo eo~.e emo.a we wcaaacaca
mHH cm a meo.~ Hmo cm Hma.m Has an camaomconomnocm
me ma N oa~.a Hem ca mem.a cam Hm nooaaoawm
msowumowamm< pouneaaooom
3.: Km 3 RES 48;. com 206m coma o3 H38.
0mm sea om moe.ma cem.e cam mao.am 0mm.e mmm mascacaom
coo om ma Hmm.m meo.~ om omm.aa mmm.~ mma accwaomnonowaocm
can mm m mmo.e mmH.H mo mmm.m mam.a om nccaaoaxm
ncoaceoaaaa< cocoaaaam
an oooa .zn oooa . z—
honoz mnow honfisz mono: mnow Lens: .2“ COOH
mpHMHOHUGm: hhumsvcH I_ Mono: inflow hoaasz macho
op tenants many scam _ Hence
88 can Rm 3832 awn.»
nmnOHOwaamsmummA nous: commom aw amaze: sowed mnmnmummq HO :owusnwhpmwa ”4H mqmde

 

 

 

.ll.1ll.l-' III) [3 g' I

56

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

.OmmA.OA.qA m cAnny .ahoacm custom ”cocoon
mom.A oem aA moe.A o0m am Annoy
mAm as A owm mAA 0A weAcAnacm
omm AeA 0A omo emA a ccmAcwaoncmacnm
om mm A non co m ncoAAogxm
mGOAmeAHmQ< cOxOAQD paw mGOApOOAAgQ< manmummoomsb
«me mm b mnA n: m Ampoaw
m NA m cm A cAaamaom
own as A no mA N caonmaoncwaonm
cm 0 A om om N ncoAAcaxm
mGOAAOOAHQQ< copsoaaooom
Oms.A mmm mm omm.A mmm mm Acpoe
0mm mm o 0AA ANA AA chaAeacm
0mm.A com AA mwo «AA AA opromacnowconm
ONA mm A Ame om 0A nccAAcaxm
ncoAcnoAAaaA ocaoAanam
.za 000A mecca—I noon _ acaasz .zn oooA Acco:_ once _tcaa:z
mCHCAmfimm £ mGOAmmOmOAm cosh mmosAmdm
mzopo

on ccpcmho mwna Bosh

 

 

dmflnwpuoollca mnm<a

 

57
Expellee firm received money in the above mentioned Kreise
or in Hofgeismar, Wolfhagen, Waldeck, Frankenberg, Witzenhausen,
Eschwege, Rotenberg, Hersfeld, Budingen, Usingen, Erbach,
Maintaunus, Alsfeld, Darmstadt, Offenbach, Fulda, Hanau,
or the cities of Frankfurt and Wiesbaden. (Figure 6).
Despite the intention to strengthen the Border Area,-

this region did not receive a preponderance of funds. Only
17 per cent Of all new positions in this area were developed
in firms owned by Expellees. These, however, accounted for
23 per cent Of all positions created in Expellee firms. Most
of the positions were develOped in central Hessen, although
there were definite limitations. Only in Kreise Marburg
and Giessen (city) did more than one Expellee firm receive
funds. The textiles and machine construction categories
accounted for most Of the new jobs for Expellees.

The actual number of positions accepted by Expellees
is unknown. If the Expellees accepted as many positions as
their percentage relationship to the indemnity groups, then
they accepted at least 870 positions. The number, however,
was becoming an increasingly important part of the special
indemnity groups. However, these persons were being settled
in the urban areas from the beginning Of their movement into
Hessen; and under this phase of the Lastenausgleichs esetz,‘
most of the new positions were develOped in the Border Area
and the interior portions Of Hessen, the regions where the
Expellee had been domiciled.

The provisions Of Articles 259 and 260 of the

58

 

 

NUMBER AND TYPE OF POSITIONS
CREATED IN EXPELLEE FIRMS

IN HESSEN UNDER
LASTENAUSGLEICHSGESETZ

ERNIEEEETETEO—__
I952-l956
A!
@SSH WHIHIIAUSH
I @muu'n ESCIIWEGE

«m
R

      
  

AlSI‘ElD

    
 

“IIERIAUIIIS
r/Q

VIII-WW YPE OF POSITIONS
mm:

HACIIIIE communion

nml womle

AIIIO IID.

flour a mm In.

roon All) mun

m cmm a. DYIIG
REMAIIIIG

m msmlunou no! manna

_.

BDEEBEDIE

©masmsse

r NUMBER OF POSITIONS

helm lun- mum M mmel. mm anon. (spun-II.) f..." ‘

 

 

 

59
Lastenausgleichsgesetz were terminated in 1956. Conditions in
the west German labor market and the unavailability of persons
who could qualify for the new positions provided the restric-
tions. By 1956 it was determined that the characteristics
of the labor market had sufficiently improved so that such a
plan was not necessary. Also, under the definitions Of Article
259, there were not enough eligible workers to accept the
positions. In some instances this was due to propinquity
and in others it indicated a change in the Opportunities Of a
particular area so that the eligible workers could choose from
several positions.

The closure of this particular part of the Lastenaus-
gleichsgesetz applied to all of West Germany and not just to
Hessen. The federal government had embarked on programs to
provide investment funds for Expellee industries or to give TU;
them loans, and it was decided at this time (1956) that these

were much better plans to pursue.

Aygpaudarlehen fur die gewerbliche Wirtschaft und die
freien Berufe (Reconstruction Loans for Manufacturing and
Professions).-Both the Soforthilfggpsetz and the Lastenaus-
gleichsgesetz provided a vehicle through which Expellees who
had in their native land been independently involved in

businessflor professional life could be similarily employed

 

'\

again in West Germany. In Hessen the tendency had been forx
Expellees formerly active in these areas not to be able to
establish themselves independently again because they lacked }

[I

capital and the means to form it. A/

60

The Reconstruction Loans for Manufacturing and Pro-
fessions had been initiated with the Soforthilfegesetz. The
provisions under this law had been that the loans were to be
between 8,000 and 12,000 DM.; the Lastenausgleichsgesetz
broadened these provisions so that in most instances the loans
could not exceed 35,000 DM.12

From 1950 until December 31, 1962, some 7849 Expellees).
in Hessen had accepted 71,934,600 DM (69.5 per cent of the ,
total money awarded) in loans under the Aufbaudarlehen ffir die).

geyerbliche Wirtschaft und die freien Berufe program.13 The
first of this money was awarded in 1950; between 1950 and

1952 under the Soforthilfegesetg_(Existenzaufbauhilfegarlehen)
some 44,105,300 DM were awarded Expellees and others in

Hessen.14 After 1952 under the same type of program the money}
came from the Lastenausgleich. For this program, 1954 was the
.peak year with 26,700,00 DM in loans. The sum granted diminished
yearly since this date until the program was concluded in

1965.15
in commercial life, 4000 in handicrafts, 1700 in professions,

Figures for 1960 indicate that some 5600 persons

and about 700 in industry had received assistance.16 Patterns

y L__

1210 Jahre Lastenaus leich (Bad Homburg: 1959), p. to.

13Lastenausgleichsbank (Bank ffir vertriebene und Gescha-
digteL Jahresbericht 1262 (Bad Godesberg: 1963). Tabelle 9.

14Uber Zwei Milliargen DM aus dem Lastenausgleich im
Lands Hessen Frankfurt: Der Hessic e Minister des Innern

- Landesausgleichsamt, 1958), p. 15.

15Interview with Re ierun sratin Kaufmann-Sch‘dffel,
.on April 12, 1964. ‘

l6Der‘Lastenausgleich im Lands Hessen (Wiesbaden: Der
Hessische nister des Innern, September 19 Op, p. 13.

 

61
of distribution of funds among the Expellees can be determined.
For the year 1958 the government of Hessen published a discus- ‘
sion with maps of the work of the Lastenausgleich in Hessen.
From this report an idea can be obtained of the distribution
7 The‘j

I.

Expellees who were awarded money under this program were 5

of funds even though the information is for‘l958.l

concentrated in south Hessen in the major urban centers. J
Those in Frankfurt received the most money (about 6,000,000
DM); Darmstadt received 1,000,000 DM; 0ffenbach-ca., $000,000
DM; Offenbach (Land)-ca., l800,000 DM; and Wiesbaden-ca.,
3,600,000 DM. Although Expellees in south Hessen received _,_/.
the most money, in this area a greater portion of funds ‘5’

‘went to the other indemnity groups. The central and northern ,

.f"

sections, with the exception of the city of Kassel, have been
the dominant areas for money loaned Expellees. This, of
course, is a reflection of the initial unfavorable settlement.
The Aufbaudarlehen fur die gewerbliche Wirtgghaft

und die freien Berufe has been a successful program. In
addition to being one of the few programs to assist an Expel-
lee desiring to make a start, it has been directed at those
engaged in handicraft, commercial and professional activities.
Most otherprograms have dealt with those Expellees who had Jt.fl
already made a beginning. The administration of specialaa
Marshall Plan funds was such a program. It was similar in

a sense to the Aufbaudarlehen which began in the same period

Fi f

l

7Uber Zwei Milliarden DM aus dem Lastenaus leich im
Lande Hessen, loc. cit., A3. ‘

62

to provide loans to Expellee industry.

A!“

Marshall Plan Fund

Marshall Plan monies have been particularly important
to the integration of Expellees in Hessen and all of West
Germany. The initial use of these funds for Expellees was ing?
1950. ‘At this time the federal government had initiated
legislation for Expellees but the administration lacked a
central or coordinating agency. 'Therefore, in 1950 the.federa1,g
government established the gank ffi£,Vertriebene und Geschfi- . ?*
.gigtgd now known as the Lastenausgleichsbank. The Bank was
founded with three million dollars of Marshall Plan money.18
The Bank still operates as a non-profit institution which is
used by the federal goverment to administer, supervise and
coordinate various programs for Expellees and members of other
indemnity groups. Some of the Marshall Plan monieS'were>5li
designated specifically for Expellee use. In general this ‘
rounded out the federal programs as it provided credit,
securities, or collateral for investment purposes in Expellee
firms. The loans have been long term with low interest rates
and although preference has been shown small and medium sized
enterprises, money has been granted also to large firms.

In Hessen from 1950 to 1953, 8,593,000 DM were granted
to 175 Expelle firms. The Expellee textile industry received
2,236,000 DM (24 cases); construction - 813, 000 DM (18 instances);

l8"Die Lastenausgleichsbank in Dienst der Vertrie-
benen und Fluchtlingswirtschaft, " 15 Jahre VHWZIOB in Hessen
(vertretung der Heimatvertriebenen Landesband Hessen, Frank-
furt: Franz W. Wesel,1963), p. 31.

63

and Gablonz firms - 252,000 DM (15 cases).19 By December 31, ‘~
1962, Expellees in Hessen accounted for 73 per cent of the '
cases and 67 per cent of the total money awarded under the
program.20 Due to the manner in which information concerning
this program is published it is impossible to separate by
industrial classification the money loaned Expellees from that
granted other indemnity groups in Hessen.

Figure 7 indicates the total amount of money made
available to Expellees by figgig from the start of the programs
until July 1, 1963. This information only includes that money
which was profitably used and does not include that which
could not be paid back. The Expellees in the Hessen indus-
trial areas received the most money and the Development Areas
little in comparison. The reasons for the lack of development
in these regions, as discussed, include the distance away from
the major urban areas, the poorer transport net, and the
proximity to the Soviet Zone.

When the ERP credit program for Expellees was initiated,
there was little attention to the Development Areas. This
situation changed and after 1955 great emphasis was placed on
this aspect of the program. By this date, a very successful
,Lgng program, the Hessen Plan, was nearly concluded. Under

this program, Expellees were being moved out of the agricultural

L

19Bank-ffi'r Vertriebene und Geschfidigte (Lastenaus-
gleichsbank Aktien esellschaft), Vierter Jahrggbericht,
3

Geschaftsjahr 125§~ Bad Oxbsberg Tabelle 1.

.. 20Lastenausgleichsbank (Bank ffir Vertriebene und
Geschadigte), Jahresbericht 1262 (Bad Godesberg), Tabelle l.

64

 

TO

 

l963

 

EUROPEAN RECOVERY PLAN CREDIT
AWARDED EXPELLEES
IN HESSEN PRIOR

mum ‘ _.

HOFGEISMAI

5 IO0,000 OM

 

 

65
areas, i.e., the Development Areas. The amount of credit
made available after 1955 was greatly increased. This resulted
partially from the closure of Articles 259 and 260 of the
Lastenausgleichsgesetz and the realization that Expellee
economic problems could better be solved by advancing invest-
ment credit rather than creating new jobs. And by this time,
the Expellees had been moved into the urban areas, particularly
those of southern Hessen. The change of locational pattern
of Expellees affected many of the programs. The movement of

the Expellees was carried out, primarily under the Hessen plan.

2. Land Hessen Programs

Hessenplan

In January 195l,the Hessen Ministerprasident officially
stated the goals of the Hessenplan. These were: a) the re-
settlement within Hessen of 100,000 Expellees; b) the construc-
tion of 25,000 individual Expellee dwelling units in urban
areas; 0) the creation of 25,000 new jobs in industry and
manufacturing for Expellees in Hessen's economically under-
developed areas; and d) the development of 3000 agricultural
enterprises. Discussions of parts "a," "b," and "c" are
included in this section; point "d" is considered in Chapter IV.

The Hessenplan was the first major Lang program.}3{
realistically designed to solve the problems of high Expellee
unemployment and unfavorable settlement conditions in rural

Kreise. In essence, the Expellees were either to be moved

I 51(Dr. h. c. Wenzel Jaksch Der Hes en lan 1250-
1254 (Deutscher Gemeindeverlag G.m.6:H., I954), p. .

 

66
toplaces of employment or jobs were to be brought to them.
The plan to change the spatial distribution of Expellees"
began in 1950 and has continued into the 1960's; however,

the number moved has diminished yearly since 1957.

Resettlement Measures.-The resettlement of 100,000
Expellees from agricultural to industrial regions necessitated
the construction of some 25,000 dwellings,as the size of the
average Expellee family was estimated at four persons.

Because of wartime destruction of the major urban areas and?’
slow rate of reconstruction, Hessen officials realized that:
the only housing which could be available for Expellees i
would have to be that newly constructed. Figure 8 indicates
the number of dwellings built under the Hessen Plan for
Expellees. Elfichtlingsonderbau housing (not included in
Figure 8) was made available to Expellees who were moved in
1950; this however was provided by a different program.

As Figure 8 shows, the greatest number of dwellings
‘were constructed in south Hessen, concentrated in the cities
of Frankfurt, Wiesbaden, Darmstadt, Offenbach and Hanau. The
primarydfocusfiwas_thebcity of Frankfurt. This city has been
able to absorb the most Expellees. It is the economic center
of Hessen, and contains many large industrial units such as
the Opel automobile factory. The other south Hessen centers:
were selected either because they could provide employment '
primarily in light manufacturing or they were within com-

muting distance of Frankfurt.

6'7

 

 

  
 
  
      
    

HESSEN PLAN HOUSING

|950 — 1960

ll IIIIIA(I

O

 
 
  
 

  

.. . .9 Im o m
V. '\
no s—smu» it :9 DWELLINGS CONSTRUCTED
UNDER HESSEN PLAN 1950-I960

Number of units

       
  

05 l0|5 20
E

Scout: flllSJlOllSlIG IVISIOI, HESS" IlIlSIIV I" lll’lllol. (HIPIIIlISIlIJ‘

 

 

68

The second large center was the city of Kassel.
Although greatly damaged by the war, Kassel was selected
because it was the major city of the Border Area which also
could provide some jobs. The third region, focusing on the
light industrial center of Wetzlar and Giessen and secondary
Hessen manufacturing regions, could also provide employment
for Expellees. -The development of Hessen Plan housing in
Hersfeld encouraged the branches of Expellee textile and
handicraft industry in this area by constructing dwellings
in the vicinity of the new firms. And lastly, the units in
eastern Marburg were focused on the two cities of Allendorf
and Neustadt which developed into a showcase for Expellee
industry.22

Two of the earliest difficulties which arose in the
administration of the Hessen Plan was determination of the
industrial areas in Hessen in which to settle Expellees, and
selection of the appropriate families to be moved. Hessen
officials had the difficult task of determining which indus-
trial areas ‘would be best to select for the housing
construction. The cities of Frankfurt, Darmstadt and Kassel
‘were clearly industrial centers, but the selection of others
was a problem. According to Dr. Jaksch in Der Hessenplan 125 -
,1254 the first Schwerpunktkarte of Hessen was developed to

23 This map is reproduced

permit the most objective decisions.

22Please see the section on Allendorf in this chapter.

23(Jaksch), loc. cit., p. 21 and an interview with
Dr. Jaksch on October 22, 1963. Presently Dr. Jaksch is a

69
as Figure 9.

The determination of focal cities (Schwerpunkte)
from this map (The Position of Communiting in 1950 as
Reflected by the Business Tax Distribution in the Hessen
Gemeinden) was simple and effective. If the town in which
people had their residence contained few employment opportunities
then people commuted to areas of employment. In Figure 9,
Gemeinden and cities in which the net movement of commuters is
into the area are shown in black. The other shaded patterns
indicate Gemeinden from which people commute; the class
divisions are: a) striped pattern-- more than 10 per cent of
the resident population moves outside the Gemeinden for
employment; b) medium dotted-5 to 9.9 per cent; 0) lightly
dotted - l to 4.9 per cent; and d) white - less than 1 per
cent.

For the Operation of the Hessen Plan, two important
patterns emerged. The first was Gemeinden or cities attracting}
‘workers; these areas were identified by the black pattern I
(Figure 9). The second was those areas from which 10 per cent)
or more of the residential population commuted; these were
indicated by the stripes. This second group was of primary
importance for those selecting most desirable sites for

housing construction as these areas were always in the umlandS

of the major cities. In a real sense, areas with 10 per cent

.member of the Bundestag. In 1951 he was the Head of the
Bureau for Expellees, Soviet Zone Refugees and Evacuees in
the Hessen Ministry of Interior.

70

 

HAND
DER PEIDELVIAIDEWIG

AUF DER BASIS DES

6EWEIBESIEIIERAUSGLEI(HS

IN DEN HESSISCHEN GEMEINDEN
1950

  
  
  
  
 
   
 
 

nae-In! Inn“
GIIIHSSYAND MAI I"!

lunolmllun

 
   
  

  
 
  

 

 

 

  
 
  
 
 

  
    
 

  

.— alumnae-val m J,
«fl’ifi‘
we},
’ gvo fit
‘ waggvee:
i%¢%!i" 57.:

  

as...

O V o ’
-éggér‘ '
' ' 1
0'" {EA

 
   

A‘fir‘t

. \r

,2. ‘ (“9"‘I
I “O \\3- Q“

:4 Ԥ at?! . w?
e 9.: ”a .

-~rmsga:
3'0 '3'?
J h

‘2‘:

 

   

clan-mm
m
D II “I“ “I'll“
nus-m
out-1m
m
E -W-"I-Ull
‘m
um
cumin-hunt
“W

 

 

 

 

Figm 9

71

or more of the population commuting to work represented an (t
'\

immediate tributoryamea of a city and were thus selected as

locales for the new dwellings. The major cities themselves

 

contained limited opportunities for construction of homes

as they either did not have enough space for large scale
housing projects or land prices were too high for residential
uses.

When Figures 8 and 9 are compared they show a high
correlation between these areas which were identified as a;
tributary areas (striped pattern in Figure 9) and the actual
numbers of housing units constructed (Figure 8). The
selection of sites for housing construction was obviously
dependent upon the identification of a major industrial region
and the limits of the service area of such a city.

The selection of Expellees to occupy the new dwellings
was a difficult problem. Committees operating as delegates
for a Regierungsprasident screened applications on the basis i.
of various criteria ordered in degree of relative importance. f
Expellees who commuted the greatest distance were given;$1.
preference. Although in some instances Expellees worked at
such a distance from their families that they could return
home only on weekends or once a month, the majority of :;.£
Expellees effected by the Hessen Plan were moved shorter
distances. Probably the majority had to leave early in
the morning and return late in the evening. The difficulties}

of commuting great distances meant that Expellees had to pay

greater amounts of money for transportation than others who

72
lived closer to their jobs. In some cases those who were so
far away that they could only be with their families on week-
ends had to pay two rents.

The second criteria for selection was the length ofw
time a person had been commuting. Those who had commuted
the longest period of time, i.e., the most months or years,
were given preference over those who had done it for shorter
periods. Family size and the number of minor children were
also important. Every effort was made to unite the worker;; ,
with his family, and preference was given to those with .-
larger families. Those domiciled in substandard housing
'were moved before those living in adequate housing.

The age of the Expellees was not firmly established
in the ranked criteria. When two cases of equal hardship
were considered; usually the older person was given pre-
ference. Similar preference was given to physically disabled
persons. The missing criterion was job skills. The Hessen)?
Plan unlike the Bundesumiedlung did not use job skills as
a primary criterion.

When the Hessen Plan was in Operation, an Expellee;%g;
working in an area of industrial concentrafien submitted an ‘”
application for a new dwelling unit. This meant he had
already found a job and wanted his family to-either join him

f‘

in the urban area or be moved closer to the place of

M

employment. Those Expellees who had not ventured to the city

 

2‘Fitnterview'with Frau Henniger-Schenk on April 16,
1964. Frau Henniger-Schenk worked in the Expellee Bureau
when the Hessen Plan was devised and it was her task to co-
ordinate movement and dwelling construction.

73
undoubtedly had found housing rapidly as it was more readily
available in rural areas, but they were either not moved
under the Hessen Plan or were moved near the end of the program.
About the only instance when there was an exception was when
a representative of the Hessen Labor Bureau or a committee
requested that an Expellee with a particular occupational
skill be moved.

Figure 10 indicates the net number of families moved
under the Hessen Plan. The figure does not include,howeven,
those families moved within a particular figgig; this movement
of people from inadequate housing or closer to their place of
employment was of minor importance. A pattern is formed by”)
the number of families moved from the central and northern [
portions of Hessen and the dominance of south Hessen as a
recipient area. The records indicate that fewer Expellees
moved from north Hessen than from the central and very southern
parts. For those in the north, the longer commuting distances“1
to an industrial concentration area and the concommitant !
longer period of family separation were deterrents to the
finding of jobs there. This made the Hessen Plan less
effective since those who stayed with their families were
last to be moved to the new housing areas.

However, in total, the Hessen Plan was effective in
providing for the movement of Expellees from rural to industrial
areas. It is true that less than the intended 100,000 persons
'were movedrwunder the program approximately 80,000 ExpelleeST;

were relocated (this figure includes those moved within a

74.—

 

 

MOVEMENT OF EXPELLEE FAMILIES UNDER HESSEN PLANI I95I-I960

net loss net gain

0 _. , ’ ' . r'WITZFNHA_USEN

_ ' I IV ‘ More

. - ".0 a» -~
\ / . M".::°:§§s:§:
' ' I I / A 9o a ' so...

,/ //‘/% . ’/ ._,o..
@NKENBW' mnzun-uomm‘ / 4......
’ 63"“ . / /...’

/
///,-‘oe ’ ' '0‘ 0‘: ‘0‘0'
0 6 90 fi' RV .
6% o’e“e’e’e’o'.s'.%° -
, ”o’e:¢‘o°.’o’o’e:e:e’ozo’e

. . 99.9%
o e o 99
999 000.09
M A R B U Kg ’o’e'e°e%::30’ “’9‘

 
       

    
 

M ARBURG
(“w

\»7

 

$9 I
0606 ‘
.v;9,v.’¢:e:o¢
e ’e’e‘e’e’e' e -
c 09009..
eooeoeev
asses
300090 009. cc.
,_

 
 

O
u
03‘

O
a:

K
W

e I
co
9:.
9.

o?"

I [II D GIESSEN
\_\V(FTILA:RCL.1 II

6

_ e
V e co
coo. co 9
’z’e’g‘fe'ée’e’o‘c’ 9%
severe
o 0.00.99’ 0 o

’ 0.

6%

g
’0’:’:‘
)‘0’0’

0‘...
. ' 0.0
~ 0
'9
§c
K

:3:

e?" co

:fipitze’e‘eo
“2.3.? .«
OOOOOO‘OO

o,:,o.:,eee.o K

3:5,: scmuqnm

:0
.,.
O
'9'
‘0

D

0' 9
030%:
’o '9‘.
'0”

0‘
’3
0.0
¢.
’0‘

.v

v
0
a

z?
’0
Q

6

  
 

e
e
,e
5.00

O
0

0
9:0
9
’9

.

o
o,»
9.0
’0’.
e o,

‘9
.9,

O
a.
’n
as

6‘
O
'0

<
x

a,
On!

F
onimuulgs

.-\r
0 z\

>‘

\/

e.,;

 
 
   

7
FRANKFURT
m Am .

\ ' ' / vflflfii/
NET LOSS «I

EAMHJES
C] 55-95

NET GNN

FAMHJES
IIO-I98
274-293
456—505
584-723
I256
3725
no gom

DIREEBI

Source: FILES, HOUSING DIVISION, HESSEN MINISTRY OF INTERIOR. (UNPUBLISHED.)

L Figure 10

MEP'GE

 

 

 

‘Wm‘k
4‘ -‘ ,y ——~——_.

p:

\m

m

d1
de
th
af.
of
we:
fre
not
Hes:
in E
inc:
mark
did :

crea1

75

Eggig but not those who accepted the agricultural Nebenerwegh-
stellen). However, the change of the spatial distribution of!
Expellees-their movement from rural to urban regions-was
effected. The phase of the program which was intended to

create new jobs was not as successful.

DeveIOpment of_Hessen Plan Employment.-The creation
of 25,000 new jobs for Expellees was beset with serious
difficulties. One of the earliest problems involved a
decision as to whether or not non-Expellee firms could accept
the special funds. At the beginning of the 1950's an
affirmative decision would have severely limited the scope
of this phase of the Hessen Plan. Not many Expellee firms
were in a position to expand production facilities, and
frequently these were small and medium sized units which did
not require extensive mechanization. The acceptance of fig
Hessen money indicated that new workers would be employed
in a firm. This necessarily involved additional machinery,j. L
increased production, or perhaps even the location of new 3
markets for the product. For these reasons many eligible firms
did not apply for funds because the guarantee of new Jobs
created too many additional problems.

The Hessen officials foresaw such a situation and in
response to it enlarged the number of eligible firms. Expel-
lees who owned or managed firms were eligible as well as
those firms which were at least owned in part (50 per cent)
by Expellees. To this was added those firms in which at%@

least 60 per cent of all employees were Expellees, even though

76
these firms were owned by indigenous Germans. In the latter
instance, the employment percentage had to be maintained
for the duration of the loan.25
By the end of 1952 over 20,000,000 DM had been
advanced under the Hessen Plan. The money had been given to
99 firms and four cities, for repairing and providing usable

production space. The distribution of funds is indicated
in Table 15.

 

TABLE 15: Hessen Plan Credits Awarded from 1950 to December

 

 

 

12, 1952

Bagfigxyngahezizk No. of Total Money No. of New No. of Jobs

Firms DM Jobs Maintained
Darmstadt 21 6 ,483, 000 lh69 100
Kassel 54 8, 269, 000 2897 132a
Wiesbaden 25 5,262,000 1362 2%}

99 0, 014, 000 5733 22 7

0f the above the following was awarded to Expellee firms:

Darmstadt 5 390,000 128 60
Kassel 5 550,000 50 270
Wiesbaden 5 552L7OQ_ 114 6

15 1,492,700 292 ”“95"

0f the total the following was awarded to Soviet Zone
Refugee firms:

all Bezirke 20 3,300,000 l760 10

Source: Handwritten copy of a report given to Hessischen
Landtag concerning Hessen Plan dated 2.3.1953.

 

f

25Richtlinien des Hessischen Ministers der Finanzen,
des Ministers fur Arbeit, Landwirtschaft und Wirtschaft und
des Hessischen Ministers des Innern als Staatsbeauftragter fur
das Fluchtlingswesen fur die Ubernahme von Staatsbur schaften
durch das Land Hessen. (Staats Anzeiger No. 24, 16. 51).
The policy which was indicated here and the establishment of
eligible persons or corporate bodies was followed until the
Hessen Plan was changed in 1957.

77

The city of Darmstadt received 1,700,000 DM, Eschwege~
50,000 DM, Marburg-150,000 DM, and Schlfichtern-50,000 DM - to
repair work buildings and then rent space to enterprises
beginning Operations. The effort contributed about 275 new
jobs to the Hessen Plan.26

In 1953, in addition to those shown in Table 15, a
further 2093 Jobs were created and some 1807 maintained,27
bringing the totals to 7826 and 4024 respectively. The Hessen
Plan credits were granted chiefly to small and medium sized
firms, and as the time passed the Plan became more closely
coordinated with the attempts of the Hessen government to
strengthen the Development Areas. Regionally the division

of Hessen Plan credits is indicated in Table 16.

 

TABLE 16: Money Awarded under the Hessen Plan, 1950 to
December'1953

 

 

 

Regierungsbegirk Cases A»Credit in DM
Darmstadt 42 9,138,000
Kassel 98 10,098,000

‘Wiesbaden 50 8 8 000
190 “7234—2 ,1 z..oo"""o

Source: Jaksch, Der Hessenplan 1950~l954, p. 48.

 

Figure 11 indicates by Kreis the approximate

 

26Handwritten copy of report given Hessen Parliament
concerning Hessen Plan dated 2.3.53.

27The Hessen government provided funds to assure the
continuation of jobs for Expellees. In many instances. if this
money had not been provided the Jobs would have been discon-
tinued. These working places are indicated in the category
"Jobs Maintained."

'78

 

 

HESSEN PLANS NUMBER OF NEW AND SECURED POSITIONS

 
 
 
   
 
      

I95| - I954

mum

FIAIKEIEIG

NAIIUIG

HESSEN PLANZ NUMBER OF NEW
AND SECURED POSITIONS I95I-I964

 
 
  

“do II III"!

.. 'lllTIMII IOIIIIISIAI
III “IIIIII VII llllluflfllll III ”I"! IIPOIT. ISSII In!“

0! IIIIIIOI. n." "

 

 

79
distribution of the number of working places established or
stabilized under the Hessen Plan for the period from 1951
to 1954. The most jobs were created and maintained in the f.
Rhein-Main triangle. The relatively lower disbursement of
funds in central and northern Hessen reflects the smaller ' fi.3
number of firms there as well as fewer firms which could
use the money.

As the funds were made available many firm owners
realized that the conditions of the loans could not be
fulfilled as Expellees were not always available to accept
employment.28 Although in many instances they were 7

I"

unemployed, they did not live near enough to a place of ’/’,.

”f

\
n
\

employment to take a position and could not move there as /,
housing was not available. The housing section of the Hessen
Plan helped to coordinate the development of jobs for Expellees
with the construction of dwellings in those areas with
employment opportunities, but there was always a time lag
befgrgmhgusingwas,availab1e. H

In 1957 the provisions for the grants of credit were
amended. Albeit political motivations were a partial cause,
the general economic situation of Hessen had remarkably
improved. The necessity of creating jobs for the unemployed
was being replaced by the need for workers to fill new positions.

The Hessen Plan was changed and appeared under the name of the

28Der Hessiche Minister des Innern - Landesamt ffir
Vertriebene, Fluchtlinge and Evakuirte-und Landesaus-
gleichsamt, Report No. 1/1954, p. l.

8O
§tgukuzyggp§§s§rungsplgn. The altered objectives are trans-

slated as follows:

Credit is to be used first to help promote the economic
development of Hessen's Development Areas and to create
new Jobs there. The creation of new jobs, if such are
the terms of credit grant, may be covered if the accept-
ance of such an obligation is impractical for the firm.
Credit may be granted to maintain positions insofar that
it is necessary to consolidate gredits heretofore
granted to firms by the state.2

Credit after 1957 could be used for plant investment as well'
as forming new jobs.

Under the Strukturverbesserungsplan persons or

corporate bodies entitled to receive funds had to be located
30

in the Development Areas. The money was not restricted in
use to those firms owned by members of the indemnity groups.
Expellees were, however, given preferential treatment in rates
of interest and the length of the loan period. The program,
though, was clearly a device to improve the economically weak‘
areas.

By July 1, 1964 a total of 37,733 jobs had been created
or maintained (Regiergngsbezirk Darmstadt- 16,887 places; Kassel
- 15,151; Wiesbaden - 5695) and an additional 18,727 were still
31

to be formed. There is no way to determine hOW'many of these
‘were in Expellee firms. However, based on the average cost for

new jobs it is estimated that some 4345 were located in Expellee

 

29Der Hessische Minister des Innern als Staatsbeauf-

tragter fur das Fluchtlingswesen, Ubersicht fiber die wichtiggtgg
bf entlich n K edit and Bur schaftsaktien des Bunde und
as seen Stand 15. 12 3 , x a , 23.
30;b d.

1964 31Hessische Treuhandverwaltung, Unpublished Records,

81

enterprises. It is not unreasonable to assume that Expelleesf~

occupied at least 60 or 70 per cent of all positions. Some
55 per cent were developed by 1953 under the Hessen Plan
when the Jobs were to accomodate Expellees.

Although the program was altered after 1957, its
importance cannot be underestimated. The reasons for the
change, as mentioned above, were the general growth of the
Hessen economy and the need for workers, the fact that the
new positions could not always be taken by Expellees, and the

movement of Expellees to the major urban areas.

Summary.-The movement of Expellees and their families
to urban centers-primarily the Rhein-Main, Lahn-Dill, and
Kassel areas-was the most effective aSpect of the Hessen Plan
and the most necessary. Both portions, housing and Job ~ka
information, of the Hessen Plan were well formulated and
represented a realistic approach to the problem of high

unemployment of Expellees because of their initial settlement

in agricultural regions. Although the general upswing of the:

Hessen economy helped to diminish this unemployment, the
creation of new jobs in agricultural areas and the movement
of Expellees to urban areas were major contributions to the

favorable solution of this problem.

0t r Fi anc 1 Pro rams for E ellees from Land Hessen
Hessen has advanced a considerable amount of money to
Expellees for economic integration through other programs.

many of these have been associated with the Land committments

 

I

82

to assume obligations for full or partial share of security
acceptance or lowered interest rates in the federal programs.
Other financial measures have been developed solely by the
Land.

In general the develOpment of independent credit
policies by Hessen occurred after the Currency Reform. The
only exceptions to this were regarding money advanced to
industries accorded preferential treatment and a security
acceptance policy. The security policy had very limited effect
and the money which was not used in one year was re-appropriated
for the following year. The Currency Reform sharply pointed up 
the need for some type of credit program, and in response to i

this, Hessen constructed loan programs for Expellees.

Small Credits Action (Kleinkredite).-The Small Credits
Action was initiated in 1949 and money for this program has
been voted annually in the Hessen "household" budget. At first
the amount of the loan was not to exceed SOOODM.and could only
be extended to those Expellee firms which were not able to
secure credit from private institutions.32

This program fitted well with the aims of Article 72

of the Gesetz fiber die Angelegenheiten der Vertriebengn und
Flfightlinge of 1253. Article 72 states that the establishment

of independent activities of Expellees and Soviet Zone refugees

in agriculture, professions, and industry should be promoted

A-

32Prof. Dr. Gerhard Albrecht, 21:. a_l. Die wirschaft-
liche Eingliederung der Heimatvertriebene in Hessen: Unter-
suchungen zum deutschen Vertriebenen-und Flfichtlingsgroblem
ed. Prof. Dr. Bernard. Pfister; Berlin: Duncker und Humbolt,
1954), P- 124-

83

through the use of public funds. Thus, this Hessen credit
program satisfied federal legislation and continues to do so
in a somewhat modified manner. Presently credit may not
exceed 20,000 DM.33

Figure 12 indicates the total amount of money used
or in the use under the Small Credits Actions, but not that
which was loaned and could not be returned. Clearly the lar-
gest sums were advanced to those Expellee enterprises located
in south Hessen. 'The Hessen Economic Development Areas did
not receive much assistance; there were fewer enterprises and
the firms needed less help as the Soforthilfe, Lastenausgleich,
Marshall Plan and Hessen Plan monies were available to firms
in these areas. Thus enterprises in this region could not
qualify for the Small Credits Action.

0f the major credit programs of Hessen for Expellees
the Small Credits has been one of the most successful. It
was designed specifically for Expellees having difficulties
finding financing and has been changed to meet the growing

need for assistance.

Intermediate Aid and Large Credits Action.-The Expellees
have also been included in two other credit programs of Hessen,
the Large Credits (Gross-Kredite) action and the Intermediate
Credits (Ubergangshilfen) action. The latter was hastily

temporized after the Currency Reform to grant a limited amount

 

33Unofficial description of credit measures, adminis-
trative procedures, credit levels and other guidelines in use
by the Hessische Treuhandverwaltung in 1963 and 1964.

84:

 

HESSEN SMALL CREDITS PLAN
MONEY REPAID OR TO BE REPAID
BY EXPELLEES PRIOR TO l963

   
 

HOFGEISNAR

  
  

  
  

      

   
  
 

"MEL“!

a
a flAIKElms nutun-uonme
"gm” (fangs guranium“
guns 9 AleElD :19
a. 1 % g
g wnzun elem g

omuml % a summer:

a "5.63 PRIEDBERB

a mu

   
 

  
 
   
     
 
   
  

lAUTERBACH

unsure
g scmucnml

D
I
I
a

ummmus '

i f
IIIIIIIIII|.
.. IIIIIIIIII|

E“
=
3
en
E

5

5|

5

‘V.
mm
W'

2

E

F».

2

. MONEY REPAID OR TO BE
NEWS

ERMCH 5 40,000 DM

 

In“. IIIIIAIIVIIIIHIII, IMO“. ( (IIIIIIISIII IICOIIS.)
flute 12

 

85

of money for a short period of time to bridge the period after
the Currency Reform until it was thought that the firms would
again be viable.

Figure 13 indicates the money loaned Expellees under
the Intermediate Aid action. As of July 1, l964,all loans which
could be repaid had been repaid. A total of 65,115 DM had been
returned; a further 21,337 DM could not be repaid. This latter!)
figure gives some indication of the number of Expellee firms /
which could not survive the period of the Currency Reform.
With this program, as with others, there was no special atten-
tion focused on the Development Areas as at the inception of
the program they had not been designed. The money was loan-
ed to those firms who made justifiable applications regardless
of their location. The most money was placed in Frankfurt which
had a total of 12,750 DM repaid; the other areas of concentra-
tion were Fulda (Landkreis) and Wiesbaden which had 10,000 DM
and 6665 DM respectively which were repaid. Again south Hessen
as a unit received the most money and the central section little,‘>
because firms here generally were handicrafts and required little I
support. ’

The Large Credits Action (Gross-Kredite).-The Large
Credit Action reveals a similar type of distribution (Figure
14). The factors accounting for this are somewhat different,
however, as this program was not designed for Expellees. They
were included in it almost as an afterthought. Expellees in
Hessen under ngg programs or in West Germany under federal aid

have never been encouraged to establish large scale enterprises.l

86

 

INTERMEDIATE AID PLAN 09484964)

MONEY REPAID BY
EXPELLEES .

IN HESSEN

B
[Hulls
9

   
  
 
     
     

HTWIUSg
INEIG‘II = a;
i
. 5 . 5 .. MONEY REPAID BY
"* v ' EXPELLEES
IERGSTRASSE
% 5 500 DM

 

’

n... 13 .\ .. I

 

8'7

 

 

LARGE CREDITS PLAN JULY I, I964
MONEY REPAID OR TO BE REPAID

BY EXPELLEES
IN HESSEN “
A!

a g M
- rmzuuonme
-_ mums
umune
memo»
omuUI'S gym," smuuum

IIEGMIAI
g, .nunmn
ummuuus L

    
        
    

5
NAHTAIIIUS =
-

"TERI“
g I: rum
IUMDE' FRAIKTUR : ‘
'ffENMCN
GROSS-GER“!
a "

 

gxulucmm
”m" MONEY REPAID OR TO BE

5
o 5 D 5 =
uole II Illu a
ammo! REPAID
ERIACII
g IERGSTIIASSE
6 l0,000 DM

 

“use: mum TIIIIIIVIIIMTIIC. lJ.lm.IIIPIIlI$III HINTS.) "u" u “““““

 

88
The rationale was that with a given amount of money as many
people as possible should be helped, and for this reason large
scale firms received little official encouragement. However,
the need was recognized, so the Expellee was permitted access
to an indigenous assistance program, that of large credits.
This program in Hessen has been identified more by the amount
of credit- loans over 20,000 DM - rather than the size of
the enterprise to which it may be granted; although implicit K
in the plan is the thought that such loans would only be needed
by large-scale firms.

The relative lack Of Expellee participation reflects 5 '
the small number of large firms and the fact that they have ‘6
not had to resort to this type Of credit policy because Of the
numerous measures designed specifically for them. The Marshall
Plan objectives, for example,closely approximated those of the
Q33 program .

In addition to the Hessen Plan and general credit
measures of the ngQ, Hessen has tried to finance specific
Expellgehsettlements. The most successful and most notable
of these has been Allendorf which illustrates the results of

channeling Hessen monies into one area.

Aligngorf, Kreis Marburg
The story of the post-war development of Allendorf{,

the largest Expellee settlement in West Germany,“+ and the

 

34Wolfgang Mischnick, "Bundesminister fur Vertriebene,
Fluchtlinge und Kriegs eschadigte in Hallo Stadt Allendorf,

Egggg Dg; Hgimgt 126 3 Buchdruckerei J.A. Koch, Marburg; 1963),
p.

89
establishment of Expelless' industries is the best example
of the use of public monies to assist Expellees in one areaij
Allendorf today is a model community and is a showcase for the f
Hessen government to indicate the manner in which Expellees and -
Soviet Zone Refugees have been resettled, and also to demonstrate
that industrial communities can be successfully founded in
agricultural areas. The ironical part of the development is
that during WOrld war II, Allendorf was the focus of the
largest concentration of munitions manufacture in continental
Europe.

After the war, Allendorf with its various production
units became the property of the United States Military Govern-
ment and was to be dismantled for reparations and totally
removed from the landscape. many of the Expellees who had been
domiciled in the surrounding area realized, however, that the
buildings could be used for plant space, or for dwellings.

Thus, a long series of petitions and informal requests for
the use of the buildings were placed with the,§;gi§, Lgng,
and military Officials.

Military Government in response to legitimate requests
agreed to allow firm managers to rent space. There were,
however, various difficulties involved with this procedure.
Applicants were required to submit their applications to
several different Offices before a final decision could be
reached. A serious deterrent to the establishment of a firm
was the military provision that space could not be purchased.’

A three year lease only could be Obtained, no future renting

90

options were guaranteed, and the Military Government could
demand that the entire area be vacated within twenty-four hours.35
Such provisions made it difficult for a firm owner to find T;fi
credit. Credit companies considered these operations as
insecure and thus refused to help. Most of the firms were
not in a position to begin without outside financial help andi
thus were forced to withdraw their applications.

Despite the difficulties, production began in Allendorf.
A glass factory, owned by a former Silesian, received support
from the Hessen Ministery of Economics. This and a knitwear
factory established by a former Berliner were the pioneer
firms.36 By the middle of 1948, seven additional firms had
been established and employed about 470 persons. These included
a soap factory, an air conditioning firm which had moved from
a nearby community (and later had to move back), an electrical
appliance; firm, a repair shop, and three woodworking establish-
ments. Shortly afterward, six more factories were added to
the Allendorf complex. Of these firms, five were owned by
Expellees and included a textile firm, a printing establishment,
a stocking factory, a weaving mill which soon went into
receivership, and a woodworking firm. The indigenous firm was
an iron foundry.37

After'l950 the economic situation in Allendorf began

 

3sDr. Hans-Joachim Gumms1,Die Industriesi d1 1; :uf

.,. GelHn-e der a small; n Soren; stof erk in Allen oor re *
u r-. ; Published by the Hessiche NUnister des Innern-Landes-
p nung-Wiesbaden; 1957), p 32.

36w... p. 33. 37Ibid., p. 37.

91
to improve rapidly. There were two basic reasons for this.
One was the release Of this area from military ownership and
the second the start Of the Hessen Plan, Soforthilfe,
Lgstegguggleich, and the Marshall Plan.

As the successful establishment of new industries in
Allendorf proceeded and the difficulties of finding production
space became more and more apparent, the Military Government
liberalized and then relinquished its control of Allendorf.

The first move was the extension of the renting contracts from
three to five years and the second was to give control of the
area to ngg Hessen in 1949. This last was in the best interests ‘
of all concerned, since the munitions equipment and raw materials
had been removed and the military had no use for the buildings.
Reason officials then created an agency to direct the develop-i
ment Of Allendorf as a model community for Expellees, Soviet /}
\Zone refugees and evacuees.

Dr. Gummel in his investigation into the development
of Allendorf discusses the need for financial help in Hessen.

His research rsvealed.that the Ministry of Economics had advanced
initially a total of 60,000 DM to firms which were just beginning
production in Allendorf, but that this proved to be insufficient.38
Financial help was then made available from various sources.

The Small Credits Action was available for some firms which

‘were having difficulties in starting or in the first phases of

production. In other instances money from the Large Credit

Action was available, as was also Hessen Plan Credit. Still

 

38Ip1d., p. 52.

92
other sources were Sofozthilfg and Lastenausgleich funds with
the general maximum level set at 35,000 DM per case, and Marshall
Plan funds which carried the stipulations that middle and large
sized enterprises could be accommodated as well as those which
could not be handled under Soforthilfe or Lastenaus ei
provisions.

Gummel also reports that in answer to a questionnaire,
six Expellee owners or managers reported that Lg g Hessen
credit aid was very important for the initial development of
their firms (one person enumerated both ngg and federal monies).
In six other cases, Hessen credit (two indicated federal aid
also) was very important for the further development of the
firm; and only in three instances was the credit assistance
from private sources termed "very important" or "important."

In his investigations of firms with over 10 employees
between 1948 and March 15, 1955, Gummel reports that the
Expellee percentage of ownership of such firms and also of
employment in these firms began to diminish. In March of
1955, there were twenty-three firms employing more than ten
persons; of these eleven were owned by Expellees and accounted
for 69.8 per cent of the total employment.39 After 1958, the
Expellee-indigenous relationship changed further. Indigenous

firms began to move rapidly into Allendorf; some were owned

 

3?;pég., pp. 50-56. A note is necessary to validate the

source. Dr. ummsl used the develo ment of the Allendorf area
as the tOpic of his dissertation. he work was accepfied by the
Hessen government and republished in full by them. e work has
also been cited in other Hessen governmental publications as
well as some from the city of Allendorf.

93

by persons who could take advantage of special provisions for
those whose production units suffered severe wartime damage
and others were branch firms from other parts of West Germany.“0

The addition of firms was an absolute economic
necessity for Allendorf since the entire Allendorf region dis-
played high unemployment characteristics. On December 31,
1953, of the 1420 households in Allendorf, 528 household heads
‘were unemployed, and an additional 227 families were receiving
partial subsistence moneyfPl The unemployment at the end Of

1954 totalled 15.2 per cent.42

Expellee and evacuee firms
could not be added rapidly enough to provide the jobs needed,

so other firms wishing to change their location or desiring

to develop branch establishments were encouraged. Additionally,
those firms which had already been established in Allendorf
'were frequently not in a position to expand their operations
because they were housed in bunkers, barracks, or buildings

which were formerly munition production units; the type of

plant space which they occupied made production costly and

 

‘hoThis information was assembled for the advertisement

sections of the following publications: Stadt Allendogf, Ve lei-

h der Stadtrechte 1 Oktober 1&60 (Stadtverwaltung Stadt Allen-

dorg, Buchdruckerei J. A. Koch; rburg), and Hallo Stadt A11 n-

gorf (Magistrat in Stadt Allendorf, J. A. Koch; Marburg; 1963).
41

Hallo Stadt Allendorf: 1252 to 1262: 10 Jahre Arbeit

€fir Stgdt Allendorf, Ein Rechensc aftsbericht von Bur ermeister
gistrat in tadt llendorf; J. S. Koc ; Marburg), p. 9.
AZGummel, loc. cit., p. 110. Gummel gives as comparison

figures at this time, based on 100 possible workers, 4.6 per
-cent unemployed in the Federal Republic; 4.7 per cent in
Hessen; 9.2 per cent in Marburg city and Landkreis; and 13.7
per cent in the economic district of Kirchhain to which Allen-
dorf belongs.

 

 

9h
inconvenient. Many Of these firms were still occupying these
same units in 1964.

Not only were existing firms hindered in their
growth by either the lack of or the nature Of production space
available to them, but the general industrial structure pro-
vided difficulties. Early plans had envisioned Allendorf
as a concentration point for the textile and glass industries.
The earliest firms Of this type established here had to
utilize local workers, both Expellee and indigenous. Few of
these people had ever been engaged in this type of work and
therefore did not have the requisite skills. As a consequence,
industrial diversification was encouraged.

Table 17 indicates the total number of establishments
and employees, including commuters, in Allendorf during the
period from 1953 to 1962. In this table all establishments
are enumerated-industrial, handiwork and commercial. The
statistics presented not only indicate the rapid growth of
Allendorf, but the importance of Allendorf to the surrounding
area as evidenced by the number of psOple commuting to work
in the city.

It is difficult to determine the exact amount of money
used for the development Of Allendorf. Some indication can be
obtained from the tasks which were accomplished. Under the
Hessen Plan seventy dwellings were constructed, an additional
fifty were provided by the Flfichtlin sson erb u program and
.another thirteen were built as Bundesgmsiedlung housing. The

government also helped to finance dwelling construction by

95

private firms in the area.“3

 

 

 

TABLE 17: Number of Establishments and Employees, Includin
Those Commutingto Work, in Allendorf 1953 to 19
Year Establishments Total Employees Commuters
1953 73 1290 141
1954 102 1368 183
1955 122 1922 377
1956 146 2829 1095
1957 163 2894 1260
1958 168 3766 1933
1959 177 5010 2718
1960 193 5951 3007
1961 204 6266 3106
1962 209 6416 3004

Source: Hallo Stadt Allendorf: 1252 to 1262; 10 Jahre Arbeit
fur Stadt Allendorf Buchdruckerei Joh. Aug. Koch;

rburg , p. 13.

 

From the financial summation of the Burgermeister of
Allendorf the following information was provided. In the
period from 1953 to 1962, some 7,526,433 DM were invested in the
construction and reconstruction of facilities in Allendorf such
as schools, public buildings, streets, lighting, water and
electrical supply, a fire department, a public swimming pool,
and the renovation of damaged buildings. Of this the city
itself financed 59.4 per cent of the cost, the federal govern-
ment 14.3 per cent, Hessen 20 per cent, and Eggig Marburg

6.3 per-cent.4h

 

43Information provided by Frau Deiling who maintains
records concerning housing construction and placement of
individuals in the Hessen Ministry Of Interior.

p 21 44ggiie Stadt Allendorf: 1253 to 1263, 10c. cit.,

96

Summa;y.-By 1960 unemployment within Allendorf and
the surrounding area had been reduced and was no longer a
major problem. Considerable industrial growth had been achieved
and further development was assured. Allendorf has become a
model community for Expellees and other members of the special
indemnity groups. It visably supports the thesis of the -1
Hessen government that industry can be develOped in dominantly“

agricultural areas.

30W

In Hessen, only one Kgggg has developed a special
program for the mitigation of EXpellee economic problems. All
Kreise, however, have participated in federal or ngg plans.

Few Kreise have the financial ability to initiate extensive pro-
jects, but Kggig Schlfichtern did launch a program to aid Expel-
lees. This was started in 1949, just before the federal govern-
ment and ngd Hessen instituted comprehensive action to aid
the economic integration of Expellees. It was in operation for
one year; then the other plans which had the same objectives

as those set forth by the Hggig were advanced and there was no

longer need for it to continue.

The Schlfichtern Plan45
Bemeen 1939 and 1946 Kreis Schluchtern had grown

 

 

A5Unless otherwise indicated, all the information con-
cerning the Schlfichtern Plan was taken from Ludwig Neundorfer
and Hermann Michler, Die Gesichte vom Schlfichtern lan: lei
Schrifteg ffir den Staatsburger, (Published by the Institut zur

Orderung Uffentlicher Angelegenheiten; Frankfurt A/M., Verlag
thzner, VO. II: 1950).

97
rapidly in population from 32,386 to 46,739 persons. Of the
increase of some 14,350, about 9,500 were Expellees. The
remainder represented some natural increase, as well as the
addition of people evacuated from the neighboring large cities
during the War.

As the Expellees arrived in Schlfichtern, they were
distributed among the Gemeinden according to the availability
of dwelling space. The Expellees came predominantly from
Czechoslovakia and Silesia and as a group had a more favorable
age and sex structure than did the indigenous population. There
were proportionally fewer old peOple in the Expellee population
than in the indigenous one and the ratio of women to men in
the age groups from twenty to twenty-five was not as great.
Occupationally, as a group, the Expellees also had more
industrial skills than the indigenous citizens, although they
were not located so they could take advantage of them.

The early efforts of the Egggg welfare organizafions,
church groups, and the Red Cross had provided the Expellees
the bare necessities of life but not employment. By 1949,

a survey of the Kreis revealed that five Expellees had been

 

able to establish industries, but these, with the exception of
a textile factory, were home industries and provided limited
employment Opportunities. Not only was their share of indus-
trial ownership small, but the Expellees constituted 20 per
'cent of those on the unemployment rolls which was just about
the same ratio as in the total population.

Kgggg,officials had been trying to find a solution to

98
the unemployment problem when they quite accidentally were
placed in contact with the Soziagraphische Institut in Frank-
furt, a/M. An agreement was concluded whereby the Institut would
survey Schlfichtern and prOpose possible ways to change the
economic structure and also help by advising a committee of
Schlfichtern residents on courses of action.

The survey showed that there were no real development
possibilities in the agricultural sector; that Schluchtern did
contain three large firms in which one-third Of the employees
were women; that after the War, twelve firms with a total
employment of 650 persons had been established in Schlfichtern;
and that the handicraft section of the economy contained 1000
industries employing 2800 persons (Expellees in this sector
owned 250 firms and employed 270 persons). It was decided to
try to create new positions in firms which were already
established, rather than to finance the founding of new firms,
and that consideration should be given the continued employment
of women as this would help the general circulation of money
in the Kggig.

The committee was able to locate twelve firms which
would be able to create 430 new positions with an investment
of 2000 DM for each new job. This group also realized that)
if these positions were to be taken by persons living in
Schlfichtern, then dwellings for their use would have to be
built near theihctofies. These two provisions (jobs and
residences) in effect would strengthen the already existing

industrial areas of Schlfichtern, notably the cities of

99

Schlfichtern and Steinau.

The major difficulty of planning became the finding
of sources Of money to finance the two-fold program. The
committee estimated that the housing projects would cost
about 1,860,000 DM and the industrial expansion some 1,500,000
DM. In December of l942lgggig Schlfichtern requested assistance
from the Federal government which had established the Soforthilfe
earlier that year to aid the Expellee economic situation. By
spring 1950, a total of 1,058,000 DM had been provided
Schlfichtern for industrial expansion of which private sources
advanced 972,000 DM and the Soforthilfg 618,000 DM.

When Operationalized, the estimates of 2000 DM for
each new position were found to be too high. Only 1,300 DM
were needed. Thus, a total of 460 new jobs were created. The
housing program was also supported by funds from the Soforthilgg
and from the Federal Ministry for Agriculture for the develop-
ment of Nebenerwerbstellen.46

Although, as before indicated, the Schlfichtern Plan
was terminated in 1951 after being in Operation for one year.
It had two important consequences, namely, the expansion of
existing industries and the construction of housing units for
'workers near the industry. Although these developments are
neither new nor revolutionary, this was the first time they
were used to ameliorate Expellee economic difficulties. Ther”

experiments in solving the Expellee problem which were

 

46The Nebenerwerbstellen are described in Chapter IV
in the section on Expellee agriculture.

lOO
conducted in Schluchtern were watched very closely by Hessen
governmental Officials and were later applied to the state
of Hessen under the Hessen Plan.
Landrat Jansen of Schluchtern has aptly summed up
the development and results of the Schlfichtern Plan.
. . . the Schlfichtern Plan had been a good initial
sounding from which the further good develOpment of
,Kgggg Schluchtern was established, [End the Krei§7

has emer ad from its decade-long outSpoken position
of need.

Summary

The major federal, gap; and local plans in Hessen
have done much to assure the integration of Expellees. They
have been designed to handle certain types Of problems; those
stemming from faulty areal distribution of Expellees and the
provision of financial resources for those who were poor
credit risks.

The Bundesumskdlungsplan was the first device to
attack the problem created by the settlement of Expellees in
agricultural areas. The program successfully domiciled
transferred Expellees primarily in the urban regions of
the Rhein-Main triangle, Bergstrasse, and the Lahn-Dill.

At the same time as the first movements of the Bundesumsiedler

began, Kreis Schluchtern with federal and private assistance

 

began to move Expellees within the Kreis to newly created jobs

 

47Letter of April 5, 1964, for Landrat Jansen concern-
ing the Schlfichtern Plan. It appears that Landrat Jansen was
the guiding force behind the development and favorable execution
of the Schluchtern Plan and that he has continued his interest
in the economic integration of Expellees in that Kreis.

101
in urban areas.

The state government of Hessen early in 1950 enabled
a Lang program to move Expellees from agricultural to urban
areas and also to create new positions. The Officials of
Hessen knew that the shifts Of Expellees at the ngg level
were possible if housing was provided, as had been evidenced by
the very successful Schlfichtern Plan. The Hessen Plan pro-, ,
vided for the construction of housing units for Expellees V33
‘within commuting distance Of the major cities. As was
true of most plans, south Hessen became the major concentration
area, with lesser emphasis upon the secondary regions of
Iahn-Dill and the city of Kassel.

Figures 15 and 16 indicate the success primarily of
the Hessen Plan. Figure 15 showing the percentage of Expellees
of the Hessen Gemeinden population in 1950, presents the
situation Of Expellees just prior to the movements carried
out under the Hessen Plan or Bundesumsiedlung Plan. Clearly,7 .
the proportion of Expellees in central and northern Hessen
is greatest, with many Gemeinden reporting over 25 per cent
in this category. These areas are agricultural and in some
instances semi-mountainous (the areas north and northwest of
Wiesbaden and the Egggg Dieburg). The figure also shows
that those Gemeinden which are contigxuaus to the major cities.‘
of interior Hessen (Giessen, Marburg, Kassel, and Fulda) did I‘M
not have high Expellee percentages, because when the Expellees
were first settled these areas were already taken by

evacuees. The result was that the Expelkes were domiciled in

 

llll-T-II ilq-I-fifih: .1“ N‘ lc-UU...I. fink-i QIU=Qc-‘Hk\

j

 

 

 

 

PERCENTAGE OF EXPELLEES

HESSEN POPULATION 5R.

   
 
  
 

IN

  
 
    

. \
a» \\A
, 4" as” 4a \
as gssfisRs
1950 as, emav- .. ,
essays she‘s; w
(was. 'G or at ‘ “’\ “’5 ’1‘»
V e s. \\\\\ ° '
erases?
.. ~ 0 ‘- w“ in
ample-12's...»
,, ' VA“ 6 sessile-$4 “63‘s. 5.. i“ ‘e,’
WV “t 3354‘ films 3.1.1:: "‘i-s""'$§e"' ass «as»?
aka? 3.3 ... c "We gave, 4‘21?” 793'“ a”
g‘ s“ ’5’ 4‘ “has“ 9‘" ‘ {you}! _ if "$‘
area's a, n A" §e :q @‘s V) ""fi‘
4» ,1 messes-raw» at».
... Mag . z.'“‘MWg‘ ”is. i as? s} as
, assesses seas ~tranfers.
«saw assess.- ”Massages. e as
. ' ‘P’d e, J i I 535" sex. a , . ..,
@é‘éik Q'iwks‘s fififianf? Essay “is? 9;; r E 7°? 5' 4‘
‘DvfifiaQ’Eé-b Dfiiai‘ssss‘l, 741%.} g,
magma»... “News? as Q sea , as
gammy}: massage s33: ‘- ‘
stare!" .qt 2:? tfsqfifi-i.
saw eye. #9 s. -.
seamless: sass ’ ‘"
me “finalists? ass as v as
Vévfis’setb eye‘s“ a: .. is?“
”fig-Rm? séfifisssss
sees-see as. swfsiee
eras.
‘I. mgfizaggmggpgp
as. s ease s.» ass"
a- i‘sss’ r assess.
s We s“ ‘i' ”the "5%”!
P- .3 "‘
“M6

t
fiw \
A? 0&6“ ag§93ll F§V
$9ng s‘g" ‘ a".
’ 0 finish as be. 1223.
{ks “ifsfié'fifiya

. w “ .
o 5 IO I5 20 Wfifi'géfigfi‘ggz‘

 

scale is Illas g

“PRODUCED WITN PERMISSION OF DES NESSISHES MINISTER
DES lNNERN-lANDESPlANNUNG. JUNE 3, I964 TRON TN! IA!
NEIIATVERTRIEIENE I950 HESSEN (1953).

Figure 15

 

 

IN HESSEN

NU

 

-
a\\\\V

 

PERCENTAGE OF EXPELLE ES

POPULATION: I950

(BY GEMEINDEN)

TO I50 7..
I51 — 20.0°/e
20.|-25_O "4.
25.! —30.0 ‘70
OVER 30.I "4.
FOREST AREA

MEP ‘66

 

 

BOT

 

 

 

14.-(.1 .OUEDL jg

 

 

 

 

PERCENTAGE OF EXPELLEES IN
HESSEN POPULATION“

  
    
  
    
  
   
 

  
   

     
    
  

   
 

      
 
 

  

 

 

 

I960 “a. fl”; \4,
R ”‘27 s, : 4o ’_
”WNW, “s
A ‘ I. I. Q \\\| §
9‘. "T£?‘.a¢§VF‘(\\¢-fifim
' (I S’OQQQMssg‘S‘l-L‘g,&k
ARM? “as; as s".
w» “I ‘z “I“ «s 5"
V s “QM/394104 t W
4%."..1’ .9 a _, comic \ ‘ ‘
wpésg.3m£fi'~§3:
was @Ibrfifilfara'y ‘* )fl
roaév' U73 ' 23°33
: U‘
. ' "‘13; W
‘5
‘9' «>2:
0qu W _ 4533‘
V ., I N‘ Qt g
" " II F I "‘gfi‘rfi.‘
A .‘Mr I, 3% 2 o «4%
\ l m g (r: 9 .‘
. § s. ‘ V
AV &% \&& - I .‘
6’:- ifiw’ fig; 9‘ “ “~ 4
”saw“ e '
figsagiaaam‘zm’m .. . I \g,
(r, g» gasgmséiw g, “é! sea, «44 Q.\»
‘ was as «NW *1
’ D:u%9{\§l gfit’ég W - #HEE
Was Wfév ngg‘ PERCENTAGE OF EXPELLEEq
WW‘fi'w '3» IN HESSEN POPULATION |960
‘Wpfig . kfifig (BY GEMEINDEN)
I $3 5“ 64‘ «I,
O TasmIe—l: nIiI: 20 ”k? @59% To I5/
« $9 ., 4‘11?!“ I5.I--2O,o°/o
aflfi Emmy»
«rs-w gm"

:I
E]
25I-3o.0%
- OVER 30.I%
m

FOREST AREA

 

 

COMPUTED FROM S/G RELIGIUSZUGEfiOflE‘KfiTLEAMILIEN§TAND QND VERTBIEBENE (COPIES OF
T W

HESSISGHES STATISTISTHES LANDESAMT) AND STATISTISCHE BERIgj E
STATIS'IISCHEN LANDESAMT=WOHNBEVOLKERUNG DER HESSISG E

 

 

Figure 16

 

 

 

 

MFP '66

930T

 

 

115

 

 

ACREAGE AND NUMBER OF

OWNED BY EXPELLEES

AND SOVIET ZONE REFUGEES
IN HESSEN
l949-l963

 

     
   
 
   
   
  

HOFGEISHAI

WAlDECK

c ,
eaI
- r- O we:
r Ixmm© ,
IEIIUIGO

IIEDEIKOP NAIIUIG ‘

EIGAII

uul- In sum 2 . so
" 50-I60

I6I -349

350- 449

450 -500

"fl" 1' II! '00

Sum: IISSII IIIISYIV M AIII‘IU‘III All ""81“.
IKOIIS. IIIPIIHSIIIJ

 

 

 

104
areas in which pressure for housing was minimalji
The housing construction authorized under the_Hessgn
Plan and the subsequent movement of Expellees is primarily
responsible for the changes which are shown by Figure 16

which pictures the situation in 1960. This figure indicates .}

r .- "
k”.
/

that there has been a decrease of the high percentages of
Expellees in the total population in the central and northern
areas by 1960. The lower percentages in these areas attest
to the successful movements of Expellees carried out under
the Hessen Plan.

South Hessen shows generally a somewhat higher per-
centage of Expellees than in l950€8 However, in terms of real
numbersthe increase was great. The resettlement of Expellees
under the Bundesumsiedlungsplan and Hessen Plan was responsible
for the major gains in the areas around Frankfurt, Wiesbaden,
Hanau, and Offenbach.

The programs to financially asstat the integration of
Expellees into economic life have been complex. Certain plansjg.
or portions of legislation have attempted to create Jobs for ’
Expellees. The major period when this type of action was
importantwwas between 1950 and 1956. The Soforthilfegesetz,

 

(Article 46) and its successor the Lastenausgleischsgesetg
(Articles 259 and 260), were concerned with the formation of
jobs to be taken by Expellees.

 

fl,

48The change between the two figures is slightly height-

ened by the change in definition of Expellees. In 1950 an Expel-
, lee was defined by former place of residence; in 1960 by the

possession of an 'A" or "B' registration card. The registration

105

When Expellee firms which received money are examined
a pattern of dispersion emerges. The money was given to Expel-
lee firms already in existence and therefore the major
agricultural area and the Border Region appear quite dominant.
This is understandable as the Soforthilfegesetz in particular 1}
was in operation when the Expellees were just beginning to be
moved from the agricultural sections. The pattern of distribu-
tion of the smaller amount of Lastenausgleich monies for this
type of program is similar.

The Hessen Plan also contained provisions for the
creation of jobs for Expellees,but these were difficult to
administer and of limited success. South Hessen (Frankfurt,
Offenbach and Darmstadt) and north Hessen (Kassel) became
minor areas of concentration. The Border Region which became
a region of importance in the Hessen Plan after 1956 had not
yet achieved significance. Hessen also attempted to create
positions for Expellees in agricultural areas when it promoted
and helped to guide the develOpment of Allendorf in Ergig
Marburg. This community has now become a model of good planning
and is an indication of the successes which can be achieved.

The last activity which federal and Lang programs
have supported has been the direct financing of Expellee
activities. This has been complex as both federal and Land
governments have given loans, provided securities or have

underwritten portions of securities for loans from private

 

in Hessen is estimated to be over 90 per cent effective and
thus does not distort the picture too greatly.

106

institutions, provided money to lower the ratio of interest,
and in some instances have helped to pay the interest. The
major programs have been concerned,howeven with the extension
of credit to Expellees. When the federal and Land programs
are examined most have specified the size or type of enter-
prise to be supported; where the size of the firm has not
been specifically stated the intent has been made clear by
the maximum size of the loan which has been available.

The Hessen Large Credits Actions and certain Marshall
Plan funds have dealt primarily with large scale enterprises.
The Marshall Plan funds were dispersed primarily in south
Hessen; those of the Large Credits Action (technically a non-
Expellee program to which Expellees have been given access)
has been awarded firms in the Border Zone. Other credit
programs - the Aufbaudarlehen ffir die gewerbliche Wirtschaft
und die freie Berufe, Small Credits Action - have had good
areal coverage; however, south Hessen has been a major
recipient area.

The planning of federal, state and local institutions
for the economic integration of Expellees has been a signi-
ficant factor in the resolution of certain Expellee problems.

Although Expellee problems motivated the development of fix ?

., 5' ‘

-.-.—.uu.a—...-_ .

legislation, the end result was important contributions to

the economic_development and thus the economic’geography

l

of Hessen. The integration of Expellees into agriculture has

-__,—-——v---

been difficult but nonetheless they have helped to round out

this sector of the economy also. Additionally, they have

lO7
contributed certain types of industries and handicrafts which;

/ I ’
.'
y \

have helped to balance indigenous activities. The spatial
impact of Expellee agricultural and industrial activities is
discussed in Chapter IV.

CHAPTER IV

THE SPATIAL IMPACT OF THE INTEGRATION OF EXPELLEES IN
HESSEN: THE EXAMPLES OF AGRICULTURE AND
INDUSTRY

1. Agriculture
The integration of Expellees into agriculture in

Hessen has been a formidable task. Three factors-the limited
amount of land available for cultivation, the already small
size of land holdings, and the relatively large number of
Expellees who had been active in agriculture prior to
expulsion-have been particularly important in shaping the
problems.

Hessen contains about 5,279,000 acres of which
2,528,545 acres (48 per cent) are utilized for agriculture.
Only 6h.h per-cent of the land available for agriculture 15""~
suitable for cultivation, and an additional 0.5 per cent is
devoted to vineyards and orchards. Because of the semi-
'mountainous character of parts of Hessen, an effort has been
made to withdraw land from cultivation and return it to

meadow or forests.l

 

lDer Hessiche Minister ffir Landwirtschaft und Forsten,
Die Hessische Landwirtschaft in Zahlen (Wiesbaden: 1962). p. 8,

108

109

A second condition which has hampered the integration
of Expellees into this economic sector has been the structure
of the size of holdings. In 1949, 40 per cent of the holdings
in Hessen were under five acres, and 31 per cent were between
5 and 12.5 acres. Generally subdivision of the holdings to J
accommodate Expellee farmers has been economically impossible,
and in the postwar period there has been an attempt to con-
solidate holdings. By 1960 the respective percentages were
36 and 27.8 per cent.2

Some 55,000 Expellee families which had been directly
engaged in agricultural pursuits in the country which deported
them came into Hessen. Some 40,000 were families of farmers,
and 15,000 were laborers' families.3 These people moved into
a situation in which the already-small farm holdings could not
realistically be further divided, and additional land was not
available for production.

The integration of Expellees into agriculture in Hessen
therefore progressed slowly. 'Military Governments for Hesse
had optimistically surveyed the situation and had decided that
the Expellee would receive land which could be appropriated
from the nobility and certain federal or state holdings.

g

and Helmut Blume, Das Land Hessen und seine Landschgften: Porsch-
gggen zur Deutschen Landeskunge Regensburg: Joseph Habbel,

51 , 55, 29. In Hessen the amount of land in cultivation
has been reduced by 44,110 acres between 1947 and 1961.

2Der Hessiche Minister ffir Landwirtschaft und Forsten,
-1090 c190, p. 16.
3M. Merforth, Neue Heimgt im Hessen (GEttingen: Hessen—

.ministerium ffir Landwirtschaft und Forsten und Sekretariat der
Agrarsozialen Gesellschaft; 1958), pp. 8-9.

110

Although a law was passed for this purpose and some lands were’
seized, the effect was negligible as the Military Government
lacked time to provide for subdivision and distribution. Little
was done for the Expellee until after 1948. If an Expellee
acqutnxiland, he usually did so through his own efforts, and,
more often than not, had little money left for seed, animals,
construction, buildings, or machinery. The near lack of \
Expellee integration into agriculture prevailed until 1949.“."l

The first successful attempt at integration was
initiated with Das Flfichtlingsiedlungsgesetz vom 10 August
,1242.5 This law provided the basis for the development of
certain_types of agricultural establishments for Expellees and
outlined the areas of responsibility for the various private,
,ng , and federal agencies. The appropriation of funds and
further creation of administrative apparatus were established
in later laws and directives.

In the legal forms, those Expellees who were agri-. ’

culturalists (that is to say, those who were active in an ,.'
agricultural pursuit as farmer, farm hand, or were employed
by a firm directly engaged in the handling or administration

of agricultural products before expulsion) were eligible for

 

a: ‘V

4Oberregierungsrat Dr. Metzlar, Hessenministerium ffir
Landwirtschaft und Forsten, Interview on April 22, 1964.

5Das Flfichtlingssiedlungsgesetz vom 10 August 1252,
Vorschriftensammlung, Dr. Dr. Hermann Sellschapp Hamburg:

Agricola Verlag: 1951).

6The major laws with subsequent revisions include the

Siedlungsfbrderungsgesetz vom 15.5.1255, the Bundesvertrie—
benen esetz om 1 . .l , the Lastenausgleichsgesetz vom

lg. . 252.

lll
fer various types of ngg and federal help in order to
re:establish their occupation in the Federal Republic. This A
has been the general sense and objective of all the enactments
and directives.

However, since in most instances it has been impossible
to provide farms, other types of establishements have been V16.
devised. The one unit which has accommodated the most Expellees
in agriculture in Hessen and in the other states of west

..._-..- 5"“;

l I“ 1
Germany has been theLNebenerwerbstelle., This is an interesting ,
type of resettlement unit, as it is designed to establish the
former connection with agriculture although in itself it is

notwa true agricultural enterprise.

Nebenerwerbstellen

The Nebenerwerbstelle is a unit located in the neighbor-
hood of an individual's place of employment. This was first
described in the Flfichtlingssiedlungsgesetz vom 10 August 1242.
Presently the total area of a Nebenerwerbstelle must be at
least 2993 square yards (less than half an acre) and of this
plots; however, in most instances they are located in conjunction_-
‘with a dwelling. An Expellee must own at least half of the land;1
or have building rights to half and be willing to rent the other /

half for a period of twelve years.8

 

7Nebenegygrbstelle is singular; Nebenerwerbstellen, the

plural form.

8Richlinien ffir die landliche Siedlung und fur Mass-
nahmen zur Verbesserung der Agrarstruktur durch Aussiedlung und

112

Eligible for the Nebeneguezbstellen under present
legislation are those Expellees who were farmers or who are
presently active in a profession associated with agriculture.
The latter condition demands that the person has been continuously
employed in the associated profession for at least one year or if
associated with these activities in some white collar position
the added income is needed to maintain his family.9

The process for acquiring a Nebenerwerbstelle is not
handled by the Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry alone.
Figure 1? outlines the channels for processing applications
and awarding money. A Siedlungsgegellschaft (development firm)~
notifies the Ministry that it is able to purchase a certain
amount of land in a given location and is willing to build
Nebenerwerbstellen in that location. The Ministry, if agreeable,

 

'will make arrangements so that money can be advanced from the f‘

Hessen ngdesbagk in Frankfurt. '
Expellees who are interested in acquiring a Nebengg:

;u§;bstelle place an application with the Ministry's gglggzgmt.

Many times they are advised that the Siedlgggsgesgllgchgft
plans to build the associated dwellings and are thus referred

there. The first processing begins at this level. If acceptable
the application is then moved to the Landeskulturggt and

then may reach the final proofing committee which is established
in the Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry. If the application

f T

Aufstockung landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe (Wiesbaden: Hessen-
ministerium ffir Landwritschaft und Forsten, 25 September 1957).
17.682/57. 7-9.

9Ibid.

 

113

FLOW CHART OF THE APPLICATION PROCESS FOR AN EXPELLEE
ACQUIRING A NEBENERWERBSTELLE IN HESSEN

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Applications:;:> Credit
K’ ‘\\
' \
Siedlungsgesell- r ---------
Kulturamt schaft I Expellee

T I

I

I

I

, Q Money—5

I

' II
V

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Landeskulturamt Hessen Landesbank
I II
\ i
\ .
\ I
\ Decisions
\ l
\ /
\ _ /
Q

 

Hessen Ministry of Agriculture
& Forestry and Proofing
Committee

 

 

 

Source: Herr Gunter ngelei, Hessisches Ministerium fur
Landwirtschaft und Forsten, Interview, 22 April,

1964.

Figure 17

114

is accepted, the committee determines the types of credit for
which an Expellee is eligible based on his private resources.
The money may come from one or more ngg or federal sources.
The pattern for the location and development of Nebenegwerb-

tellen, however, does not originate directly with the Hessen
NUnistry of Agriculture and Forestry but with the development
concerns.

Figure 18 indicates the number and acreage of
Nebenerwerbstellen by Kreise. South Hessen clearly stands out
as a major concentration area of these units. The focus is
on the cities of Frankfurt, Wiesbaden, Hanau, Offenbach,
Darmstadt,and.the Mannheim - LudwigshafeII‘gglggg (gaggg
Bergstrasse) although the cities themselves contain few of
these units. Briefly,this latter fact has resulted from
high prices for land in the cities and the inability of
agriculture to compete favorably with industry for its use.10 ,

Most of the units are therefore located within commuting‘:
_,distance of the major cities. The areal distribution resemblesVU W
"that of Hessen Plan housing which also has been constructed ‘5‘
(:near urban centers where work was available. The Nebenegwgrb- i9]
stellen in south Hessen are very small; the need to accomodate /
as many Expellees-as possible dictated the minimal size.
A second area of concentration is the Lahn-Dill which
includes the cities of Wetzlar, Giessen and Limburg. The size

of the units here is also small. Within this region, the public

f

10This situafion is well explained by Marten Boesler,

Baulandfrggen aus agragpolitisher Sicht (Frankfurt: Arbeits-
gemeinschaft zur verbesserung der Agmumtruktur in Hessen e.V.,

16.10 1959), Sonderheft 5, pp. 1-18.

 

116
transportation net is not as dense as in south Hessen, nor is
service as frequent. This has tended to reduce the effective
commuting distance so the units are clustered close to the
cities.

The third area of concentration of Nebenerwerbstellen
focuses on the city of Kassel and as in the other regions is
not in the city itself. Within this region the possible
commuting_distance is controlled by the sparceness of the
transport net in a similar manner to the Lahn-Dill region.

The small number of units here is a reflection of the
relative lack of job Opportunities. Other than in the case
of Kassel ngg, the size of establishments tends to be larger
than in the other concentration areas.

With few exceptions the locational pattern of Ngbgg—
eggsrbstellen has been established through the activities of the
Siedlungsgesellschaft. In some instances an Expellee finds
land which he can use, and then he contacts the Siedlung —
gesellschaft. The methods of processing the application are
the same.

The Nebenerwerbstellen have received major criticism."
The dividing of land into small parcels seems to the anti-
thesis of the West German effort to increase the size of
agricultural holdings in order to compete favorably in the
European Economic Community. Associated with this criticism
is the contention that many Nebenerwerbstellen do not exhibit
a true agricultural character. This unfortunately is all too

true. The Hessen Ministry for Agriculture and Forestry has no

117
apparatus for checking the use of these establishments. The
only real control is that loans be repaid and that any unit
must be sold back to the Siedlungsgesellschaf .

In one sense both criticisms are just, and in another
they are not. Whatever primary motive inspired the creation\.
of the Nebenerwerbstellen,these small parcels of land really ‘
exist to pacify the Expellees. The creation of a great ;.v§
number of farms in Hessen for Expellees was an impossibility
and thus these people were forced into non—agricultural
pursuits. The Nebenerwerbstelle at least provided space for-'Jewg
a garden and some identification with the land to help the {v
psychological adjustment of the uprooted Expellee agriculturalist.)

Governmental officials realize that these units I“.
are not important agricultural contributors. For this reason
they make no effort to supervise them or collect information
concerning production. They hope that the integration process‘;\;fl
was made more pleasant and that possibly an Expellee may augment
his income by owning one of these plots.

A third criticism leveled against these holdings
has been that they have been used by Expelkxs to gain owner-
ship of their own dwellings. Nebenerwerbstellen in most
instances have two parts, the garden plot and a dwelling.

This criticism is in many instances true; but the Nebener-
;werbste11en have been visualized by officials as a partial
solution to the problem of housing shortages. The Nebener-
werbstelle cannot really be presented as a true agricultural

enterprise, even though it has been the major device for

118
integrating former Expellee agriculturalists into the economy.
There have been other attempts to involve the Expellees
in agriculture. In decreasing order of effectiveness after the
Nebenerwerbstellen have been the complete farm, the Spezial-

stellen, and the_Landarbeiterstellen.

Egpelleg Farms

The program to create viable farms for Expellees has
defined those eligible by the same criteria as that for the
Nebenerwerbstellen. The limitations of this program have
rested with the number of farms which could be created.

Article 1, Paragraphs 4 and 5 of the Fluchtlings—
siedlungsgesetz and Article 39 of the later Bundesvertriebenen-
gesetz outlined the manner in which complete farm units could
be made available to Expellees. These laws provided for the
acceptance of guslaufende Hofe or wfiste Hbfe. The distinction
between the two is that auslaufende Hefe ("run down farms")
are farms which are owned by persons who are too old or too
incapacitated to Operate them, and who have no heirs who will
or can operate them. If such a person will permit an Expellee
Eggggntigz;§ssume ownership of the farm, then favorablefitax
measuresiare available to him and special provisions are
advanced to assure hima suitable dwelling. Wfiste Hbfe
("unutilized farms") are farms which once were viable units
(this refers not to the size of the enterprise but to its useL
and upon which farm buildings are usable at least in part.

Again special tax provisions are available to encourage the

release of the property by rent or purchase to the Expellee.

119

The advancement of ngd or federal monies for these
farms is dependent upon the viability of the enterprise. The
program tries to encmnage the continued existence of farms
which otherwise on death of the owner might be divided among
the heirs into units too small to be profitably farmed. Figure
19 indicates the amount of land and number of farms in Hessen
which are owned by Expellees and Soviet Zone refugees, under
the auslaufende HUfe or wuste HUfe programs. Although Soviet
Zone refugees are included, their percentage of ownership is
very small, probably between 5 and 8 per cent. However,
there is no way to separate their enterprises from those
of the Expellees in the statistics.

The distribution of the number and acreage of farms
owned by Expellees and Soviet Zone refugees shown in Figure
19 represents a contrast to the location of Nebenerwerbstellen
indicated by Figure 18. The most farms have been developed
in the central section of Hessen and not the industrial areas
of Rhein-Main, Lahn-Dill, and Kassel.

The lack of development of farms in the industrial
regions is a reflection of many factors. Here land prices”
are high and agriculture cannot favorably compete with
industry. The areas surrounding the major cities also
provide limited opportunities for even medium-sized farms as
the farms compete with residential uses for land.

The Taunus Mountains, located in Rheingaukreis, north
Wiesbaden, Unteriaunuskreis, Usingen, and Maintaunuskreis,

restrict the amount of land available for farm usage in that

120

 

 

    
  
 
 
   
    

ACREAGE AND NUMBER OF FARMS
OWNED BY EXPELLEES AND
SOVIET ZONE REFUGEES

IN HESSEN
I949-I963

MOFGEISIAI

«do I- III"

[:1 I.” - l2|-|35
[:1 ZI-50 W |36-l50
u 5I-Ioo - Isl-zoo
' iii-53::

Acres
Items: ml Illlflfl 0| Mlltlfllll
All Mutt“. mom (II'IIIISIIIJ
00 «o 173 I100 ”00

Noun 1’ up to

 

 

 

121

part of Hessen. Much of the area is in steep slope and
mechanization of agriculture is impossible. This same type
of situation is also present in the Odenwald of Erbach and
southern Dieburg, and in the Westerwald area of Dillkreis and
Biedenkopf. The Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry presently
is attempting to remove land from cultivation in these areas,
based on sound conservation practices. It is hOped that
afforestation will be pursued.

As Figure 19 indicates, in the central section of I
Hessen, the traditional agricultural area, the most opportunities
for the creation of Expellee farms have been provided. Here
also the average size of Expellee holdings is larger than in
south Hessen. Despite the difficulties involved in obtaining f“
complete farms for Expellees, this program has provided about'f
3000 units for these people.

Spezialstellen
Spezialstellen are intensive, single-product_farm A

units and although very small should be productive enough to ;/
provide a family with a livelihood. The varieties of produc-
tion units include nurseries, vineyards, vegetable farms, fruit
farms, and fish farms. In Hessen the Ministry of Agriculture
has indicated that the size of these units should be between
2.5 and 15 acres, and that technical experts should determine,
-as a condition of settlement and financial aid from,ngg or

federal sources, that they will be viable units.ll

 

llRichtlinen ffir die landliche Siedlung und fur Mass-
nahmen zur Verbesserung der A rarstruktur durch Aussiedlung
und Aufstockung landwirtschaf licher Betriebe, loo. cit., p. 6.

122

As with the other programs, Expellees are eligible
for Spezialstellen if they were formerly farmers and wish to
.be active in this profession again. In most instances, the
unit is to provide an Expellee with a full time occupation.

Figure 20 indicates by §2§3§g_the distribution of the
Spezialstellen owned by Expellees and Soviet Zone refugees in
Hessen. Many of these are market oriented and surround the
larger urban areas. The pattern tends to conform largely

to the distribution of cities.

Landarbeiterstellen
The Lgndarbeitegstellen are available for Expellees
.and others who are employed in agricultural occupations as
farmhands, or in special enterprises such as vineyards or
horticultural units, or are connected in some way with a
forestry unit.12 The program was not designed specifically
for Expelles, and thus they do not receive preferential
treatment. \
The Landarbemaetelle is similar to a Nebenerwerbstelle)
in that it contains a garden plot and in some instances a .
dwelling. The distribution is different, however; Laggarbeiter- ?
I

stellen are concentrated in the major agricultural regions of

Hessen.

Digtgibutiong ggd Summagy
The resettlement of Expellees in Hessen in agricultural

lZIbid.

*

125

 

ACREAGE AND NUMBER OF SEEZIALSIELLEN
OWNED BY EXPELLEES
AND SOVIET ZONE REFUGEES "WWW

IN HESSEN I949-I963 O
woum d sen
: 0%

IA

umuns

M6 0 Q

        

1|

 

 

“all!!!“ IIIISII' OI ‘ " """""""""""""" fl... 2. IE’ 3‘

 

 

124
professions has not been an easy task, but, nevertheless, much
has been accomplished. Table 18 indicates the achievements
of the various programs from 1949 to December 1960. Expellees
dominate thecomplete farms, Nebenegflerbstellen and Spezial-A

—’—-/

staléen programs, as these were designed mainly for them.
Their participation in the Landarbeiterstellen plan has been

much smaller.

 

1%

TABLE 18: Number of Persons Settled in Agricultural Enter-
prises by Type, Under Settlement Programs in
Hessen: 1949 to December 31, 1960

 

Type of Enterprise Number Of Persons
Expellees Indigenous Total
Complete Farms 2580 359 2939
Nebenerwerbstellen 8760 392 9152
S ezialstellen 154 50 204
,Lfifigarfieiterstgllen 501 , 881 1 82
Total 11,995 1682 13, 7

Source: Hessen Fordert das Dorf (GBttin en: Sekretariat der

 

f—

Agrarsozialen CeseIlscHaft e.V. , p. 13.

During the period from July 1, 1949 to December 31,
1963 some 14,589 agricultural enterprises of Expellees and
Soviet Zone refugees were established; 699 belonged to the
Soviet Zone refugees,and 131 owners failed to report their
former place of residence. The total number of persons
accommodated was 63,113. In area 142,605 acres were provided
for the resettlement.13 Table 19 indicates the distribution

by size of the enterprises.

 

13Records of the Hessen Ministry of Agriculture and
Forestry (Unpublished).

125

TABLE 19: Size of Enterprises Established in Hessen, July
1, 1949 to December 31, 1963

 

 

Acres
0 to 1.25 to 5 to 12.5 to 25 to 50 to Over
1.25 5 12.5 25 50 75 75
Number of
units 9535 1060 731 1188 1626 301 148

Source: Unpublished Tables of Hessen Ministry of Agriculture
and Forestry, "Ergebnis der Forderungsmassnahmem auf-
grund des Flachtlingssiedlungsgesetzes und des
Bundesvertriebenengesetzes zu Gunsten der vertrie-
bene Landwirte und Sowjetzonenfluchtlinge."

 

fl

All enterprises of 12.5 acres or more are farms. The
distribution by size of Expellee and Soviet Zone refugee
farms is in line with that of those owned by indigenous Germans.
This has been true even though larger farms available for
ownership may have been split into two units. Although the

supposition was not verified, farms over 75 acres were probably

acquired by Expellees through marriage. The small units are"
also distinctive as almost all are Nebenerwerbstellen. The A

i(.f
Lgndarbeiterstellen tends to be slightly larger (averaging , '

 

from 2 to 7 acres) because they were developed in agricultural
areas where moreland was available. Three types of units,

the S ezi latellen, Nebenerwerbstellen and Landarbeiter-

 

stellen are included in the 1.25 to 12.5 acre categorhas.

Table 20 indicates the methods of financing Expellee
agricultural integration. In Chapter III the various sources\)
of aid for industry were identified and these same sources

supported agriculture. The most outstanding feature of the

126

.>Hpmmaom cam waswfisownm< mo >HpchHE commom scum meanmw pmzmwfinsqcs «common

 

qmwvmmmcmsmnmfiHunwnuwijn.soaw*

 

 

 

moo.NoH.mmn mmm.omo.wm se¢.mes.msv mew.omv.ew secs: HH< Lapse
omm.sma.esv ome.som.sm cos.soe.mom vse.ssv.os seaweed sauce
emm.omm.m www.0nm.m seasons
cowuosoam xhoz
oom.nsm.es coo.cms ooe.mmo.ms ooo.mov.s wusasseouom
ooo.mo~.v ooo.wmm.m ooo.oem seas sunsets:
mecsm cowwosnpwcou
mmm.HoH.oem mam.env.om vee.ooo.vmm ves.oms.vH semesm smscs<
Mammmmm
*ooo.ooe.me

osm.sms.oes sws.mms.mv sme.mmo.oos oov.v~o.ss cease:

Hench amonmvca new: mcmou mcmog comm amonmacH >cwmnsw wouzom

mane: ccomusoa cw >oco:

 

ow ovoa .a >Hsh .cmmmo: cm memwuanmvcm Hmnavasuwum< wwaqoaxm vmucm>m< >cco:

moofi .Hm Hwnaauoa

«ON mum<H

127
programs is the amount of money given as "interest free loans."
This was necessary because of the lack of capital which has
characterized Expellee agricultural life in Hessen. The other
sources are clearly identified and include the agricultural
aspects of the programs already considered - the SoforthiLfe,
[ngtgggugglgigh,and Marshall Plan.

The integration of Expellees in agriculture has pro—\ ./
duced two definite patterns: a) the concentration of Nebener—
;Eerbstellen in the area of major urban centers (particularly 9
those of south Hessen) and a similar distribution of Spezial-
stellen, which are basically market oriented units; and b)
the development in central Hessen of Expellee farms and also
Lagdarbeiterstellen.

The work of integrating Expellees in agriculture may
be considered completed. Its termination has been promoted
by many actions, most significantly the development of the “- 7.,1
Nebeneguerhstellen,and thus the possibilities of satisfying 6
a great number of the former agriculturalists by providing an
association with land although their present occupation is
non—agricultural. Statistics indicate that the intensity of
construction of Nebenerwerbstellen has diminished within the)’
last four years and that many of the units have been occupied //,
by persons outside of the major indemnity groups. ‘Supposedly
some 4000 Expellees and Soviet Zone refugees are eligible for
ownership of Nebenerwe bstellen, but when units are available

14

these people are hard to find. The situation seems to be

 

l“Oberregierungsrat Dr. Metzlar, loc. cit.

128

 

the same for the Spezialstellen and Landarbeiterstellen and to
a lesser extent for farms. Most of the former Expellee farmersxf.,
who have not already assumed ownership of such enterprises in A .
Hessen have been relocated in urban areas and have been integrated I
in industry.

The integration of Expellees in industry, the professions,
and commercial life has proceeded differently, however, because
opportunities were greater than in agriculture and this has
produced different problems and patterns. These are examined

in the following section.

2. Industry

By the middle of 1960, millions of deutsche marks had
been loaned, used to finance securities, or given to Expellees
for the purpose of integrating them into the Hessen industrial

\

economy. The Expellees in turn provided a valuable skilled \\
//

labor force and also developed industries which have augmented
\\\indigenous activity. The influence on the Hessen economy has

been small when comparison is made of the Expellees' economic

activity before and afterexpulsion, and the difficulties have

been enormous. Nevertheless, there have been several significant

contributions to the Hessen economy.

Figure 21 shows for 1953, 1956 and 1962 the percentage

of Expellee firms and employees of all firms and employees

in Hessen by industry. In 1962, Expellee enterprieses con- \_~

stituted 7.87 per cent of the total firms, but only 2.97 per ;

Icent of the employees. ‘With the exception of a few cases

 

Percentage of Expellee Industrial Firms 8 Employees in Such Firms Based on All {firms L. Employee;

Hessen: l953,|956, SI l962 l

7' 1953 l

 

 

  
    

 

  

   

 

 

II __ __ 2» __ [fllf‘ __._ 5
9 29 30 3| 32 33 36 37 3B 39 4O 5l 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
28

 

        
   

    

 

  

-
36

 

- —
32 33

 

.-
30 3|

   

6| 62 63 64

25 2/27/829

°/. I962

_ _ .. . I _ ..I I _ I I . _ ,. . ,
25 2/7/ 29 30 3| 33 36 37 38 39 40 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 6| 62 63 6 8
28 Scene: coununous mom unpunusucn MATERIALS, IIIssIscIIEs STATISTISCHES ”norm".

 

 

 

 

 

 

ZS SIONE ANI) EAR‘H 38 IRON, STEEL, TIN, METAL GOODS 57 pRINTING AND MIMEOGRAPHING
27/28 IRON FURNACES, STEEL, HOT ROLLING MILLS 39 MUSICAL INST., TOYS, JEWELRY S8 PLASTICS 1:”.ng

29 FOUNDARY 40 CHEMICALS 59 RUBBER AND ASBESTOS

30 DRAWING, SHAPING AND ROLLING SI FINE CERAMICS 61 LEATHER MANUFACTURING

31 GIRDER CONSTRUCTION 52 CLASS 62 LEATIIER WORKING AND SllOE MANLIF.

32 MACHINE CONSTRUCTION 53 SAN MILLS, woon PRODUCTS 63 TEXTILES

33 ROAD VEHICLES AND AIRCRAFT 51+ WOODWORKING 6;, CLOTHING li‘AHLWrZES

36 ELECTRICAL INDUSTRIES 55 WOOD PULP. CELLULOSE. PAPER 68 FOOD PROCESSING D

37 FINE MECHANICS, OHLL‘S 56 PAPER AND PAPER PROCESSING X TEXTILE WAS'IJNG, CLEANING, JVINU
- l—'
figure 21 w

£0

 

 

130

(i.e., glass, textiles, clothing, musical instruments, toys
and jewelry), Expellee establishments and employment in __
individual industry classes have been less than 10 per cent.’/
This relationship has not been constant as the number of
Expellee firms decreased between 1953 and 1962. In 1953
there were 579 Expellee enterprises, in 1956-578, and in
1962 - 527.15 The number of all the firms has also decreased.

Although there were fewer Expellee industrial enter-
prises in 1962 than in 1953 the number of employees increased
from 16,084 (1953) to 20,676 (1956) and then decreased slightly
to 20,615 (1962).16 The trend has been for some firms to
close,but more important has been the absorption of one
enterprise by another to create larger and more viable
production units. This has been particularly true of the
glass industry (German industrial group 52).17

Expellee firms also tend to be smaller than those
owned by others. There are several reasons for this; however,
twoare particularly important. Until the Bundesumiedlun ,
the largest Expellee group in Hessen came from the Sudeten-
land. As Held has stated,."it should be remembered that in
general the enterprises in the Sudetenland, in the eastern-
most parts of pre-l938 Germany, and in most Of what is now
the German Democratic Republic tended to be smaller than

18

those in western Germany. Expellees were accustomed to

 

15Hessiches Statistisches Landesamt, Unpublished
Records.

lglbidfi l7Ibid.
1 II ..
many artercil’i? Weéoggfié GEng‘éESfizfni‘Igf‘frfi? RATHER.

 

 

131
small and medium sized firms and tended to establish small:/
and medium sized firms in Hessen. The Bundesumsiedlung
had little effect on this as the Bundesumsiedler was typically
.a person for whom a job was provided° Both federal and
Hessen programs for economic integration encouraged the
establishment of small and medium sized firms. This was
an effort to assist as many Expellees as possible with
a limited amount of money.

Expellees in Hessen have tended to establish light
types of industry or those in which capital outlay is smaller
than with heavy industry. For example, in 1962 in Hessen
there were 347 firms in the various basic types of iron and
steel industries, but only 20 were owned by_Expellees° In
certain industries, such as glass in which the development
of ovens was a major cost, the government of Hessen provided
the funds. The develOpment of many light industrial enterprises )
by the EXpellees reflects the skills transferred to Hessen (
as well as the ease with which these could be established.

Figure 22 indicates the distribution by Eggis of
Expellee industrial firms in Hessen in September 1962. South
Hessen was a concentration area. This pattern was, however,
similar to that in 1953. The Kreise showing gains between
1953 and 1962 were Hanau city (3 firms), Gelnhausen (5),
Bergstrasse (7), Darmstadt (Lang) (3), Gross-Gerau (4),
Offenbach (Land) (6), Biedenkopf (l), Melsungen (l), marburg
(ngg) (2), Friedberg (l), Rotenburg (3), Giessen (Lang) (6),
Giessen (city) (3), and Alsfeld (2). Thus, twenty—eight firms

 

152

 

 

NUMBER OF EXPELLEE INDUSTRIAL FIRMS

      
  

IN HESSEN l962

fIAIKEIIEIG
< c

"III. 12 III 'u

 

 

133
'were added to the southern industrial region, eleven to the
Giessen-Marburgarea, eight in other areas. In the same period,
however, fifty-two firms were lost for various reasons from
southern Hessen. The records do not show the transfer of firms
from onelgggig to another.

Table 21 indicates some of concentrations of Expellee
industries in Hessen by providing information for the number
of firms and employees in 1953, 1956, and 1962. The textile
industry, glass, and musical instruments, toy, and Jewelry
manufacturers as a group are important industrial types which
the Hessen officials tried to settle specifically. This was
because Hessen either had little industry of these kinds or, as
in the instance of textiles, they thought they would supplement
indigenous activity.

Expellee Glass Industry
When the Expellees were first deported, Hessen officials

realized that an opportunity was available to develop a glass
industry in Hessen. Hessen had had glass ovens, but when the
administrative districts were redrawn by the Allies after the
war, the ovens became the property of the Rheinland-Palatinate.
While the Expellees were entering Hessen, the Hessen government
planned to establish seven glass works. Two major areas were
selected for the ovens-the area around Kassel containing brown
coal which would be available as a power source, and the area
of Limburg with easily accessable limestone. The ovens were
erected in Immenhausen, Hofgeismar; Bettenhausen, Kassel;

Hessen-Lichtau, Witzenhausen; Allendorf, Marburg; Stierstadt,

13h

TABLE 21: Expellee Firms and Em loyment in Selected Kreise,
1953, 1956, and 1962 Firms with One or More

 

 

Employees)
Industrial Firms Employment
Kreis Branch 1953 1956 1962 1953 1956 1962
Re ierun ebezirEI
Earmstadt
Bergstrasse Textile 8 9 11 740 1105 1010
Darmstadt Leather-
(Land) working 4 5 6 51 91 84
Giessen Textile 7 8 4 216 216 82
(Land)
Gross-Gerau Musical
Inst., Toys,
Jewelry,
Sports Equip-
ment 9 ll 12 307 616 520
Lauterbach Textile 6 7 5 300 347 48
Offenbach Textile 4 7 6 56 82 77
(Land)
Re ierunsbezirk
Kassel
waldeck Textile 7 7 3 261 558 118
Ziegenhain Textile 6 6 3 96 119 74
Re ierun sbezirk
Wiesbaden
Frankfurt Printing &

Publishing 13 11
Clothing 10 10

151 148 212
197 149 208

N\O\7

Food 9 5 60 40 .
Wiesbaden Printing &

Publishing 4 5 5 83 81 56
Limburg Glass 6 6 3 824 996 717
Obertaunus Glass 19 16 14 603 629 597

Textile 5 4 5 115 180 164

Source: Unpublished Records from the Hessiches Statistiches
Landesamt.

 

135
Obertaunuskreis; Hattersheim, Maintaunuskreis; and Limburg.19
The planning was not necessarily rigid as firms did locate in
other areas.

Because the Expellees arrived in Hessen with only a
minimum of tools and money, it was necessary that they receive
financial assistance. The need for help included not only
the development of manufacturing space, but also the providing
of suitable dwellings for workers in the vicinity of the
glassworks.

In July 1947, the first raw glass was produced by
the associated glass working firms. By 1949 financial help
from Hessen was also advanced to this industry. Like all
the programs of the early period this was in the form of
security acceptance for bank credits. Some 2000 persons were
employed in the industry, which produced about 800 tons of
raw glass monthly. There were some fifty firms which used
the raw glass.and these employed an additional 1000 persons.
These establishments had accepted 600,000 DM in bank credits.20

Some of the first Expellee glass firms were Richard
Sussmuth-Glashutte Immenhausen, Hofgeismar (formerly a Silesian

firm), Glashuttenwerke Limberg a.d. Lahn, Hessen Glaswerke G.

m.b.H. by Oberursel, Obertaunuskreis (formerly Gablonz), and

 

19Hessisches Ministerium ffir Wirtschaft und verkehr,
D essische Wi shaft nach d m Krei (1950), p. 80. Dr.
erbert uller, Die Ansiedlung des Deutschbbhemischen Glas-
veredlungsindustrie," Forschung und Leben: Bonner Beitrgg
tag; Raumforschung, Reihe A.

20Hessiche Ministerprasident als Staatsbeauftragter
ffir d7s Flfichtlingswesen. 28 February to 6 march 1949, No.
58p20 49, p. 3.

136

Adolf Stubbe, Allendorf. Others established early in Hessen
included Hermann Fabrik, Hautschel and Kunte, and Mettzer-
Tschernich, all previously Sudeten firms. Obertaunuskreis,
a rather important glass making center, was developed primarily
by former Gablonz industries. Presently there are some 22
firms of various sizes Operating here. ’

ihadanar and Limburg, a.d. Lahn have the largestj/
concentratbn of firms. For some reason the officials in
Hadamar were most anxious to attract the glass industry.
There is a technical school for glass workers located in
Hadamar. ‘When the development of this type of school was
proposed in 1947, officials from Limburg and Oberursel
became involved in a great debate about its location. While
the discussion was in process, Hadamar offered a leather
'factory which had ceased Operation as a building for the
school. This was accepted and, with _1__a_r_1_c_l_ approval and
finances, the Glas-Fachschule Hadamar was established. Hessen
in May of 1949 allocated 40,000 DM for the school and in the
next three years made an additional 70,000 DM available for
renovation and equipment.21

As of October 1949 there were some forty-nine enter-L
prises (included in this total are some from the Soviet Zone,
mainly Thfiringen) in Hessen of which about twenty-eight were
owned by Expellees. Table 22 summarizes the situation for

Expellee owned firms with ten or more employees.

 

21Dr. Herbert Muller, loc. cit., p. 177.

137

 

f

TABLE 22: Expellee Glass Firms with Ten or More Employees
in Hessen, October 1949

 

 

Firms Size (Employees) wages (DM) .Production (DM)
19 10-50 33.274 426.167

2 51-100 41,389 335,178

2 101-150 59,154 315,870

- 151-200 - ~-

— 201-300 - -

2 301 or more 137,141 900,939

Source: Der Hessiche Minister des Innern als Staatsbeauf-
tragter fur das Flfichtlingswesen. Period 3-9-
October 1949, 59p20/49, p. 16.

 

By 1960 the industry was well established in Hessen.
The Expellee and Soviet Zone firms in this industry received
over 13 million DM from Soforthilfe funds ani Marshall Plan
monies. There are some 5,500 employed in all branches of

22
this industry of whom 80 per cent_are Expellees.

Musical Instruments

In May 1946 a Czechoslovakian transport of Expellees
from Schonbach and Grazlitz arrived in Camp Sandbach in the
Odenwald. This group had been awaited as some of the Expellees
had been active in the musical instrument industry and
had an outstanding reputation. Military authorities had been
anxious to divide these people among the three LEEQEE of the
United States Zone. Hessen officals were also delighted to
receive them as Hessen had a very weakly developed musical

22"Gluck mit Glas in Hessen," 15 Jahre.YHQZIQEEia
Hessen (Baden Baden: Franz W. wesel, about September 19 3 ,
p. 5.

 

138
instrument industrial sector.

On the invitation of the Burgermeister of Nauheim,
Gross-Gerau, a large group of these people requested that they
be settled there. The first help from this indsutry was given
by the Nauheim officials. To begin with, dwellings had to be
procurred and then working space for production. This latter
included an empty dance hall, a washroom, and an empty stall.23
By the end of 1946, thirteen firms had been established in

27 The

Nauheim and by 1956 there was a total of twenty-three.
neighboring communities of Gross-Gerau, Russelsheim-Kbnigstadten,
waldorf, Klein-Gerau, Biedesheim, Trebur, and Goddelau also
attracted several firms including handwork sections of this
industry. The only establishments of importance not located
in the gagig Gross-Gerau are in Gelnhausen (one firm) and a
former Graslitz firm now in Eschwege.25

Although the Expellee musical instrument industry is
now well established and distinctive in Hessen, the develop-
ment has not been easy. In 1947 Hessen officials had almost
decided to move the industry into the center of Hessen as
it had been learned that officials from‘Wfirttemberg-Baden
‘were interested in such an industry and were trying to

inveigle the Expellees there.

 

23Maria Marek, "Der Aufbau der Musikinetrumenten-
Industrie in Nauheim," 10 J *e M sikinstrumenten Industrie:
Nauheim (Dettingen: Kolb Verlag; 1957), p. 87.

241b1d,, p. 87.

25Karl Fusch, "Die Musikinstrumenten-Industrie nach
der Vbrtreibung,".Ibid., p. 50.

139

The Currency Reform had two important consequences for - .

this industry. First, the revaluation of the currency gave
stability to an industry in which interest was focused on

developing a strong export market;26 and secondly, the ngg,
Hessen and federal assistance programs which were initiated

after the reform permitted investment in new buildings,
27

machines for productions, and also housing construction.
Today there are some twelve firms employing over
250 persons in this industrial group in Kreis Gross-Gerau.

Because this industry is concentrated in Nauheim in Kreis

\

Gross-Gerau, Expellees in that city constitute over 30 :>

per cent of the population.

Expellee Textile, Clothing and Other Industries
The Expellee prOportion of the textile and clothing

industries have provided important additions to those sectors
\
in Hessen. In textiles, Expellee firms constitute 24 per cent ,

)
/

of all firms and employ slightly over 11 per cent of all I/”
persons active in this industry. The clothing industry '
represents about 17 per cent of all firms, but only employs,~
10 per cent of the total workers. 1
The Expellee division of the textile industry is
concentrated in Bergstrasse- 11 firms which employ some
1010 persons; Offenbach - 6 firms with 77 employees; Giessen
(Lang) - 4 firms with 182 employees; waldeck - 3 firms with

26Marek. 1.9.9.2412.

27_I_b_i_.g_., and Viktor Wilheim and Dr. Adolf Fuchs, "Die
Musikinstrumenten Industrie in Hessen," 15 Jahre VHW/IOB in
Basses. 3"—

140
118 employees; and Ziegenhain - 3 firms with 74 employees.28
The clothing industry although important does not show
such a strong concentratkm. Nine firms of the Expellee clothing

industry with some 208 employees have been located in Frankfurt.

If

Summary.-Expellees have IlOt been able to establish .Vf3'
industrial firms easily in Hessen as their low percentage of 7)
firms and employees of all firms and employees indicates
(Figure 21). They have been more successful in light industrial)

activity than in heavy because the capital investment and f

production space requirements have been less in light industry. ’
The Expellee industries have aided the Hessen economy

in two distinct ways. They have been established in the .73.}

interior and Border Area where there was previously little -

manufacturing; and they have helped to round out or diversify.

the kinds of industry in Hessen. The greatest contribution .

of augmenting weakly developed industrial branches has been in .

glass, musical instruments, textile, and clothing manufacturing.¥)

These industries have been encouraged by the Hessen government

and their successful establishment reflects considerable

governmentalassistance.

28Unpublished records from the Hessisches Statistisches
Landesamt. The employed totals may be too low, as in Giessen
for example, in an advertisement in the book OB
s e one Expellee textile firm owner reported that he
employed 208 persons.

CHAPTER V
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS

The task of integrating Expellees into Hessen economic
life has fallen largely to the government. This, however, does
not indicate that Expellees themselves have not assumed

responsibility; rather, it is the reflection of disturbed

conditions of the time. In 1945 and 1946 the Hessen economy ‘9'2
(and West German as well) was thoroughly disrupted; industrial
plants, housing, and the transportation net had been destroyed;
food, clothing and fuel for civilian uses were scarce. Into

this settingxmne thrust the Expellees who came with few

I
I.
, .

material possessions. In a very real sense, the assets with at’
which the Expellees arrived were skills and hOpe. In 1946 the]
solution to Expellee problems was to settle them in those

areasin which housing was available, namely, the rural areas, f
l

and to issue them rations and hope that they could find some f’

employment. The only governmental commitment of economic 53;:
help was to establish certain industries which would help to
round out a future Hessen economy.

Although in the years immediately following 1945

2’ r

+

an Expellee could not move as housing construction in the"‘

urban areas had not begun, many of them tried to establish
Ml\,i\#\

their former enterprises in Hessen. The initial efforts

were beset with difficulties Of Which the major ones were

141

142
finding suitable production space, machinery, a market, and
procuring raw materials. This period was ended_when the

Currency Reform was enacted. The subsequent revaluation

 

1* _._,.__. ____4 /~-._ r” -

of the mark and the establishment of stringent credit policies 1
placed Expellee firms in a very precarious position. Those
Expellees who had been venturous enough to establish firms
could not survive without outside assistance and the founding
of new firms was nearly impossible.

Undoubtedly if the government had not intervened,
Expellees would have eventually established themselves in the 79!)?
economic life of Hessen, but the process would have been much
slower and only a very small percentage would have managed +793
to be independently employed. The federal and Hessen govern-
ments were the only institutions able to initiate programs

which could reach every Gemeinde of Hessen, and every facet of

economic life. If the governments had not assumed responsibility_ ‘

-. .I
. )~

for the integration of Expellees, then they would have faced it;
the unredeeming task of providing massive unemployment and
welfare payments.
The programs which the federal and Hessen governments
devised to assist the integration of Expellees into the
economic life of Hessen have had great impact on the economic
geography of the area. The programs and their geographic
effects are summarized below. ’
The cognizance that the initial settlement of Expelleesfz%:
was unfavorable led to the development of the Bundesumsiedlung f.3;

plan which moved Expellees from other Lander into Hessen, and

143
the Hessen Plan which moved Expellees within Hessen. Both

~— M_
\ _,_...._......____’ “Mu-t“

\mH—‘fl—

programs shifted Expellees from agricultural areas with few
job Opportunities to urban centers. Figures 15 and 16 indicate‘
the scope of this movement as the percentages of Expellees in
1950 in the Hessen agricultural Gemeinden can be compared with '
the percentages of Expellees in these same Gemeinden in 1960.
The south Hessen area centered on Frankfurt, Hanau, Offenbach,
Darmstadt and Wiesbaden has received the greatest number of /
the relocated Expellees. This region, the industrial core of
Hessen, could best supply employment Opportunities for the
Expellees.

The integration of Expellees into agriculture has
produced two patterns: one which focuses on the major Hessen

I

urban areas and the other on the agricultural center. The s '

Nebenerwerbstellen, although too small to be major agricultural

\______ ,_ _

contributors, have absorbed more Expellee farmers than any

.’

y ,4”
J

J
\’ .
r

other type of units. The Nebenerwerbstellen are located

    
  

'within the commufing area of major cities, principally those of
south Hessen, and are located so that an Expellee may be _1
firemployed in a non-agricultural profession but still maintain
()his tie to the land and perhaps augment his income by its .
\_cultivation. Although the Hessen Ministry for Agricultureflya
and Forestry does not directly influence the selection of
sites for these units, it does indirectly by advancing or

not advancing funds to the settlement corporations.

The establishment of Expellee farms and Spezialstellen

was an attempt to employ on a full time basis as many

14h

Expellees in agriculture as possible. The Hessen Ministry of {LJ

Agriculture and Forestry has encouraged the release to Expellees
of farms by owners who are not able to operate them. Thus, 9%;
most Expellee Operated farms are in the traditional agricultural
areas in central and northern Hessen. This program has been
limited in the number of people who can be accommodated. The)
size of Expellee farms, however, compares favorably with those;
of indigenous Germans.

Spezialstellen which are primarily market oriented
holdings are very small and located near the major Hessen
urban centers. These units have been created by the Ministry
or settlement firms, with the condition that they be viable

;

units. Almost all Expellee farms and Spezialstellen have beenfifrtv
.assisted with federal and/or Lang funds which have been used 33
for rental or purchase of land, and machinery, and for the con:7
struction and renovation of dwellings and farm buildings. :
The programs to integrate Expellees in agriculture,
although limited by the number of farms which could be created_

‘have been successful. By 1960 some 2,580 Expellees owned 26¢“.

‘iu ,

((their own farms, 154 owned S ezialstellen, and 8,760 were in
: ‘3 1
L

possession of Nebenerwerbstellen.
The development of employment for Expellees has
produced several distinct patterns. The creation of new

jobs and the stabilization of uncertain ones was covered by

the Soforthilfegesetz (Article 46), the Lastenausgleichsgesetz

 

lHessen FOrdert das Dorf (GOttingen: Sekretariat
der AgrarsoziaIen Gesellschaft e.V.), p. 13.

145
(Articles 259 and 260) and the Hessen Plan. Under the Soforthilfe--
gesetz a considerable number of working places were financed in
{A central and northern Hessen. This distribution reflected thefi
fiérstipulations of the law that the jobs could be financed only I
fin those firms which were owned by members of the indemnity

'groups; and most of these firms at that time were located in

‘the areas of initial settlement.

\»

\

/ Both the Lastenausgleichsgesetz and Hessen Plan broad--
(ened the base of the eligible firms with the condition that the x
\ jobs be created primarily for Expellees regardless of owner-
ship. Under these programs firms located in the major Hessen51}}
urban areas received the most assistance. This is an indica- (37
tion of the greater number of firms eligible for assistance,

the decision to develop housing for Expellees in the major

centers (Hessen Plan), and also effort to coordinate the
development of housing and employment opportunities. Other,\x
but lesser concentrations,have been the Border Area and the
Area of Economic Development.

The promotion of the economically underdeveloped
areas when compared to the development of south Hessen appears
not to have been too successful. These regions have offered
few advantages for firms such as nearness to markets, skilled
labor pools, a well developed transportation net, and fuelul

,
I
. ,0
(‘7 X
- \
. a

working places in the Border Area and Area of Economic Re-.

!
‘ l
t \

organization,no matter how few, is an unqualified success.y

supplies. However, the development of Expellee firms and

The building of ten firms in a region having none is

146
relatively much more important than developing ten in a region
with several hundred.

Expellees have figured importantly in the Hessen
regional programs. The government has tried,where possible,
to utilize their skills in industries located here. One
reason for this has been the location of Expellees in the

f I‘-

underdeveloped regions under the initial settlement; thus;},§

new firms and jobs were utilized both to promote the region}
and employ theihqxflke. Expellee'firms have been encouraged
to locate in these areas also. The Hessen government realized ’
that Expellee firms could be more easily attracted than othersT
because the Expellee did not have sectional ties in Hessen. (’
The city of Allendorf, £321§,Marburg is an example of a very
successful effOrt to establish industry, notably Expellee
industry, in interior Hessen4.as is also the founding of \
manufacturing firms and the promotion of jobs, particularly/;’
in textiles, in the Border Region.

The awareness that EXpellee firms needed financial ) q
is“

;,{i
;,

assistance for establishment, to develop better production
space,-and to purchase machinery led to several decisions.
&The more important ones have been the emphasisjgnflsmallm
‘Land medium_§ized firms and also that funds be used to

)< ““"T::; "a a”.-.ll _H,_,~,,_#,,\\flf-
promote those already in operation rather than to SQYPlOP

 

4- s-rv—wui m

 

, he.

. _

new ones. Expellee firms located in the leading Hessen urban

~_

areas have been awarded the major portion of monies advanced

under the Marshall Plan andthe Hessen loan programs. South

awv

Hessen focusing on the Rhein-Main triangle, has been the

147

principal recipient region. This area has been the most
attractive for those firms desiring to find skilled labor
pools, and to be near the market on a well developed transporta-
tion network.

Lastly, the Hessen government in particular has decided
to promote certain Expellee industries in order to establish
or augment activity in Specific sectors of industry. The
decision to encourage the founding of glass, textile, musical
instrument, and clothing firms was based on the absence or
underdeveloped condition of these industrial branches in Hessen.
The government has also supported the associated handiwork
sectors of these industries. The location of these industries 3};
has a commonality in that they generally are positioned outside
of the Rhein—Main triangle of south Hessen. The glass industry
has been concentrated in firgig Limburg, Obertaunus, Maintaunus,
and to a lesser extent in Kassel, Fulda and Untertaunus. The
musical instrument firms are in the region of Nauheim, Gross-
Gerau; and the textile and clothing industries with a somewhat
dispersed pattern still have a weak concentration in the

border, central, and very southern areas.

‘ ' -V
4 \b. ‘
, 0/ ‘

The patterns which the governments have helped toLQx;

create in the integration of Expellees in Hessen economic LI,
life may be categorized simply as follows: 1) the promotion

of Expellee industries of particular types; 2) the utilization)
of Expellee industries to help change the dominantly
agricultural character of the Border Area and interior Hessen;

3) the development of jobs in industry, particularly Expellee

148

firms, to employ Expellees with concentrations in agricultural
central and northern Hessen and the southern industrial
region; 4) the relocation of Expellees in the major urban \
centers when enough jobs could not be created for them in
the agricultural areas; and 5) the development of agricultural kl
enterprises, with an emphasis on Nebenerwerbstellen which are “
located in industrial areas and thus permit an Expellee to
integrate in industry.

This analysis of the postwar settlement of Expellees
in Hessen, Federal Republic of Germany indicates that it has
resulted in a marked change in the economic geography of Hessen.
Government policy and decisions have played a key role in

accounting for the spatial patterns of Expellee related

economic activity.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Books_

Blume, Helmut. Das Land Hessen und seine Landschaften.
Forschungen zun Deutschen Landeskunde. Regensburg:
Joseph Habbel, 1951.

Gummel, Dr. Hans-Joachim. Die Industriesiedlung auf dem
Gelande der ehemali en S ren stoffwerke in Allendorf

Kreis Marburg. Wiesba 'en: Der Hessische Minister des
Innern - Landesplanung, June, 1957.

 

 

Hessisches Ministerium ffir Wirtschaft und Verkehr. Die
Hessische Wirtschaft nach dem Krieg. 1950.

Statistical Pocket-Book on Expellees. Wiesbaden: Federal
Statistical Office, 1953.

Male

Albrecht, Prof. Dr. Gerhard, gt, a1. "Die wirtschaftliche
Eingliederung der Heimatvertriebenen in Hessen,"
U tersuchun en zum deutschen Vertriebenen-und Fluchtlin 3-
problem. (Ed. Prof. Dr. Bernard Pfister, Berlin: Duncker
und Humbolt, 1954).

Held, Colbert 0. "Refugee Industries in west Germany,"
Eco omic Geo ra h , 32 (1956).

Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt, "Die Entwicklung der
Arbeitslosigkeit 1947 bis 1949 in Hessen," Staat und
Wirtschaft in Hessen (15 Jahrgang), Heft 1. Wiesbaden:
1960.

Nuller, Dr. Herbert. "Die Ansiedlung des Deutscthhemischen

Glasveredlungsindustrie," Forschung und Leben: Bonner
Beitrag zur Raumforschun , Reihe A.

Neundorfer, Ludwig und Hermann Michler. "Die Gesichte vom

Schlflchternplan," Kleine Schriften ffir den Staatsbur er,
11 (1950).

149

150
Reports (Published)

Federal Republic of Germany

Bank fur Vertriebene und Geschaxiigte (lastenausgleichsbank

Aktiengesellschaft). Vierter Jahresbericht, Geschaftsjahr
1953. Bad Godesberg: 1953.

Lastenausgleichsbank. Die Gewerblichen Vertriebenen und Flficht-
lingsbetriebe Erfolgte und Ungelbste Aufgabe der q ,
Eingliederung. Bad Godesberg: December 1951.“

Lastenausgleichsbank (Bank fur vertriebene und Geschadigte).
Jahresbericht 1962. Bad Godesberg: 1963

President des Bundesausgleichsanrts. 10 Jahre Lastenausgleich.
Bad Homburg: 1959.

Sonderdruck aus Wirtschaft und Statistik l 6 12. Vertriebene
und Deutsche aus der sowjetischen Besatzungszone und dem
Sow etsektor von Berlin: Er ebnis der VOlksz hl am
6. Juni 1261, pp. 721, 742- 747.

Statistisches Bundesamt Wiesbaden. VOlkszahlung vom 6 Juni 1961:
Vertriebene und Deutsche aus der sowjetischen
Besatzun szone und dem Sow'etsektor von Berlin nach

findern ung Religionszugehbrigkeit. Fachserie A,

orbericht 9. Mainz: W. Kohlhammer O. m. b. H., 1961.

 

Hessen Government
Busch, Dr. Hans und Oberregierungsrat Harold vetter. Die
soziale Wohnun sbau im Lande Hessen. 11 Folge. Munchen:
Adolf Widmann-Verlag, 1963.
Der Hessische Ministerprisident, Landesplantung. Die Gewerborte

in Hessen und ihre Entwicklungsmbglichkeit. Vols. I and
II. Wiesbaden: 1957.

Der Hessische Minister des Innern. Der Lastenausgleich 1m Lande
Hessen. Wiesbaden: September 19 O. .
Der Hessiche Minister des Innern-Landesausgleichsamt. Uber

Zwei Milliarden DM aus dem Lastenausgleich im Lande
Hessen. Frankfurt: 195

Der Hessische Minister ffir kmdwirtschaft und Forsten. Die
Hessische Landwirtschaft in Zahlen. Wiesbaden: 1962.

Hessisches Ministerium des Innern, Staatsbeauftragter fur das
Fluchtlingswesen. Hessen und das F1Uchtlingsproblem: ein

151

Rechenschaftsbericht ger Zahlen und Tatsachen., Wiesbaden:
L. Schellenbergische Buchdruckerei G.m.b.H., 1949.

Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt. Arbeitsstattenzahlung 1261.
Vol. 2, nr. 2.

Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt..~ ”Hessen ip wandel der
Letzten Hundert Jahre 1860-1960. .

(Jaksch, Dr. h. c. Wenzel). Der Hessenplan_1950-l25g.
Deutscher Gemeindeverlag G.m.b.H., 1954°

Mann, Regierungsrat Welter. VNeuburger im der grosshessiscpen
Wirtschaft.

 

Merforth, M. Neue Heimat in Hessen. GOttingen: Hessen-
ministerium f5; Landwirtschaft und Forsten und Sekretariat
den Agrarsozialen Gesellschaft, March, 1958.

Office of Military Government

Allied Control Authority, Directorate of Prisoners of war and
Displaced Persons.” Plan for the Transfer of the German

Po ulation to be Moved from Auptria. Czechoslovakia,
Rppgary and Poland into the Four Occu ied Zones of
Germany. CONL7P (45 57. Berlin: 20 November 1945.

 

 

Office of Military Government Greater Hesse. prlic Welfare,
Refggees, Eypellees and DP's: Historical Report July
194 -December, 194 .

OMGUS. "Decree Regulating the Refugee Agency," Monthly
Historical Report, Greater Land Hesse. October, 1245.

 

 

 

 

 

OMGUS- Dis laced Persons Stateless Persons and Ref ees:
Monthly Report 20 January 1256. No. 6.

OMGUS. Report on Eypellee Problem in the U. S. Zone 1246-
Eazah_1211-

OMGUS. Stgtistical Annex: 1-31 guly 1252: SectionXIII:
Housing. No. 25. '

Other

Boesler, Martin. Baulandfragen aus agrappolitischer Sicht.
Vol. 5. Frankfurt: Arbeitsgemeinschaft zur Verbes-

152
serung der Agrarstruktur in Hessen e.V., 16.10.1959.
Hallo Stadt Allendorf. Marburg: Buchdruckerei J.A. Koch, 1963.

_Hallo Stadt Allendorf, Verleihun der Stadtsrechte,r Marburg:
Buchdruckerei J.A. Koch, 1960.
Hgllo Stadt Allengopf. Woche def Heimat 1263,“ Marburg:
Buchdruckerei J. A. Koch, 9 3.
Hallo Stadt Allendorf: 1253-1265: 10 Jahre Arbeit fur Stadt
Allendorf, Ein Rechenschaftsbericht von Bur ermeister.
rburg: Buchdruckerei: J. A. Koch, 1963.

Hessen Fbrdert das Dorf. GOttingen: Sekretariat der
Agrarsozialen Gesellschaft e.V., 1961.

 

 

 

Jaenicke, Wolfgang and Dr. Martin Kornrumpf. Fluchtlingsproblem
in Bayern. Mfinchen: Bayerisches Staatsministerium des
Innern, der Staatssekretar fur des Fluchtlingswesen,
January 1947.

SchOffel, Doris. "Das Fluchtlingsproblem in Hessen," Das

Deutsche Fluchtlingsproblem: Sonderheft der Zeitschrift
fur Raumforsch g. Bielefeld: F. Eilers Verlag G.m.b.H.,

1950. pp. 66- 9.

10 Jahre Musikinstrumenten-Industrie: Nauheim. Dettingen:
Kolb Verlag, 1957.

15 Jahre VHWZIOB in Hessen. Baden: vertretung der Heimat-

vertriebene Landesverband Hessen, Frankfurt. 1963.

 

Reports and Records (Unpublished)

Federal Republic of Germany

Der Bundesminister ffir vertriebene, Flfichtlinge und Kriegs-
geschadigte. Geschaftsstastick uber die Umsiedlung:
Stand 30 Juni 1963. A2 I 5c-6940-1097/63.

Hessen Government

Der Hessische Minister des Innern als Staatsbeauftragter fur
das Flflchtlingswesen, 1-7 March 1948. 2093148.

. 3-9 Oktober 1949. 59p20/h9.

. Ubersicht fiber die wichtigsten Offentlichen
Kredit-und Burgschaftsaktien des Bundes und des Landes
Hessen: Stand 15.6.1963. x/2a (2).

 

153

Der Hessische Minister des Innern, Landesamt ffir Vertriebene,
Flfichtlinge und Evakuierte - und Landesausgleichsamt.
No. 1/1954.

Erlass des hessisches Ministeriums des Finanz vom 14.2.1949.

Grosshessisches Staatsministerium, Der Minister ffir Arbeit und
Wohlfart, Staatskommission fur das Flfichtlingswesen.
lllC/S. 27 September 1946.

Hessenministerium des Innern. Records from Housing Division
concerning housing construction and movement of Expellees
and others.

Hessenministerium fur Landwirtschaft und Forsten, Ergebnis der
FOrderungsmassnahmem auf grund des Flfichtlingssiedlungs-
gesetz und des Bundesvertriebenengesetzes zu Gunsten
der vertriebene Landwirte und Sowjetzonenflflchtlinge.

1949-1963.

Hessenministerium ffir Landwirtschaft und Forsten. Records of
location, area, and type of settlement unit occupied by
Expellees for period 1949-1963.

Hessische Treuhandverwaltung. Unofficial description of credit
measures, administrative procedures and credit levels
used with Expellees for those funds administered by the
Hessische Treuhandverwaltung.

Hessische Treuhandverwaltung. Current records for 1962 and 1963
of funds administered by this organization.

Hessisches Staatsministerium, Der Minister ffir Arbeit und
Wolfahrt, Staatsbeauftragter ffir das Flfichtlingswesen,
1-10 Juli 1948. 12765/4 .

Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt. Records of Expellee
enterprises in Hessen for years 1953, 1956, and 1962.

Partes, Wilhelm. Report in Hessenministerium des Innern of
work accomplished in Hessen under Soforthilfe esetz
(Artéglg 46) and Lastenausgleichsgesetz (Articles 259
and 0 .

SchOffel, Doris. Handcopy of report of Hessen Plan prepared
for the Hessische Landtag. 2 February 1953.

Statistische Berichte des Hessiscpen Statistischen Landesamtes.
Wiesbaden: 21 April 19 1.

154
Office of Military Government

Nahm, Dr. P. P. Nahm. Memorandum from Dr. P. P. Nahm, Regierungs-
beauftragter, to OMG Greater Hesse. March, 1947 (carbon

copy).

OMGUS (signed Clay). Suspension of Expellee Movements into
U. S. Zone Germany during Winter Months. November 1946.
V10164. (Teletype Message.)

Wood, General E. F. (POW and DP Division) Ad Interium answer to
General Clay's long hand note of 28 September, re German
Expellees from Poland, Czechoslovakia, etc. 1. October
1945 (carbon copy.)

Puplic Documents

Federal Republic of Germany

Bundesvertriebenengesetz (Gesetz fiber die Augelegeneheiten der
Vertriebenen und Fluchtlinge), 19 August 1953.

Das Flfichtlingsiedlungsgesetz (Gesetz zur FOrderung der Einglieder-
ung von Heimatvertriebenen in die Landwirtschaft), 10
August 1949.

Lastenausgleichsgesetz (Gesetz fiber den Lastenausgleich), 14
August 1952.

Soforthilfegesetz (Gesetz zur Milderung dringender sozialer
NOtstande), 8 August 1949.

"Verordnung fiber die Umsiedlung von Heimatvertriebenen aus den
Landern Bayern, Niedersachsen, und Schleswig-Holstein
von 29 November 1949," BGBL. 3.4.1950.

Hessen Government

"Richlinien des Hessisches Ministers des Finanzen, des
Hessischen Ministers f'ur Arbeit, Landwirtschaft, und
Wirtschaft und des Hessischen Ministers des Innern
als Staatsbeauftragter fur das Fluchtlingswesen fur
die Ubernahme von Staatsbfirgschaften durch das Land

Hessen," teats Anzeiger No. 25, 16 Juni, 1951.

Hessenministerium ffir Landwirtschaft und Foresten. “Richtlinien
fur die landliche Siedlung und fur Massnahmen zur
Verbesserung der Agrarstruktur durch Aussiedlung und
Aufstockung landwirtschaftlicher Betriebe: 25 September
1957. 17. 82/57.

155
Office of Military Government

Fundamental Law of the State of Greater Hesse. November 27,
1945.

Militar Government Re ulations. Title 20, 20-104. 1
February 1946. 20-21l.7

Other

Potsdam Agreement. August 2, 1945.

Maps

Heimatvertriebene 1950 Hessen. Wiesbaden: Hessische Minister-
prasident-Landesplanung, 1953.

Stand der Pendelwanderung auf der Basis des Gewerbesteueraus-
gleichs in den Hessischen Gemeinden 1950. Wiesbaden:
Hessische Ministerprasident-Landesplanung, 1950.

9.2mm

Hessenministerium des Innern. Personal interview with Frau
Henniger-Schenk. April 16, 1964.

Hessenministerium des Innern. Personal interview with
Regierungsratin Kaufmann-SchOffel. September 1963-
June 1964.

Hessenministerium ffir Landwirtschaft und Forsten. Personal
interview with Ministerialrat Dr. Metzlar. April 22,

1964.

Hessenministerium fur Landwirtschaft und Forsten. Personal
ingerviews with Herr Gunter VOgelei. April 21 & 22,
19 4.

Personal interview with Dr. h. c. Wenzel Jaksch, Hessen
Representative. October 22, 1963.

Personal interview with Fraulein Charlotte Todt, Translator
for U.S. Air Force, Wiesbaden, March 8, 1964.

Personal Interview with J. Fischer, Landesarbeitsamt, Frankfurt
a.M. April 15, 1964.

Letter from Landrat Jansen, Kreis Schluchtern. April 15, 1964.

156

Letter from J. Fischer, Landesarbeitsamt, Frankfurt a.M.
April 4, 1964.

"1.111111111111111“