)V‘fSI.J RETURNING MATERIALS: Place in book drop to uaamuss remove this checkout from —_. your record. FINES will be charged if‘book is returned after the date stamped be10w. NUTRITIONAL, WILDLIFE, AND VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY RESPONSE TO MUNICIPAL SLUDGE APPLICATION OF A JACK PINE/RED PINE FOREST By Elena Marie Seon A THESIS Submitted to Michigan State University in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE Department of Fisheries and Wildlife 1984 ABSTRACT NUTRITIONAL, WILDLIFE, AND VEGETATIVE COMMUNITY RESPONSE TO MUNICIPAL SLUDGE APPLICATION OF A JACK PINE/RED PINE FOREST By Elena Marie Seon Municipal sewage sludge from Alpena, Michigan was applied, in late June 1982, to a 40-year-old jack pine/red pine forest in Montmorency County, Michigan. Trails 5m wide were constructed at 20m intervals, in 6 of the 9 1.5ha study plots (3 control, 3 trails only, 3 sludge-trails), to facilitate application. Small mammal and vegetative communities were monitored, via live-trapping and vegetative sampling techniques, with respect to composition, structure, and productivity. Nutritional quality of selected summer and winter forages were analyzed for ash, ether extract, ig_vi££2_digestibility, phosphorus, crude protein and fiber content. Results indicated significant increases in vertical cover, woody stem density, and woody and herbaceous annual production, in the under- story on both treated plots for both years, and nutritive quality (crude protein, phosphorus) on sludged plots in both seasons. Small mammals declined on all plots both years, but species diversity increased on sludged plots 1983. ACKNOWLEDG EIENTS Funding for this project was provided by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. I would like to express my appreciation to my advisor, Dr. Jonathan Haufler, for his encouragement, guidance and support, and to the other members of my committee, Dr. Donald Straney and Dr. Duane Ullrey for their time and support. I would also like to thank those people whose invaluable assistance in the field and friendship is most deeply appreciated; Jack Dingledine, Linda Doolittle, Ginny Lilly, Anne Thomas, and Dave Woodyard. I am also grateful to the 1983 field crew and to Rique Camps, Dave Woodyard, and Dr. Phu Nguyen for their guidance and assistance in the lab. I give special thanks to Anne Thomas and Dave Woodyard for their friendship, guidance, and support and to my roommates; Deb wade, Lisa Portnoy and Robin Buckoski for their friendship and support. I thank my mother Barbara and the rest of my family for their support and encouragement. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ' Page LIST OF TABLES ............................................... .... v LIST OF FIGURES .................................................. vii INTRODUCTION ..................................................... l OBJECTIVES..... ............................................... ... 6 STUDY SITE DESCRIPTION ....................................... .... 7 METHODS AND MATERIALS .................................... .. ...... 10 Sludge and Trail Treatment .............. . ............... .... 10 Small Mammal Trapping................... ...... .............. 13 Vegetative Sampling. ....... ................................. 13 Vegetative Composition...................................... 14 Annual Productivity ...... ................................... 15 Nutritional Sample Collection............................... 15 Chemical Analyses ....... ........ ....... ..... ....... ......... 16 Data Analysis........................... ..... ............... l8 RESUIJTSoooooooooocoo-00000000000000.0000. ....... ......OOOOOOOOOOO 20 Small Mammals............................. ....... ........... 20 Vertical Vegetative Cover...... .......... ........ ......... .. 27 WOody Plant Densities....................................... 22 Frequency of Herbaceous Vegetation.... ................ ...... 39 Annual Production........................................... 39 Nutritive Analyses....... ...... ... ...... . ..... ...... ....... . 46 Ash..................................................... 46 $3 Vitro Dry Matter Digestibility ....... . ..... . . . . . . . . . . 46 Ether Extract........................................... 46 Phosphorus.................. ........ .................... 45 Crude Protein........................................... 49 Cell Soluble Material... ......... ............... ...... .. 49 Neutral Detergent Fiber................................. 49 Acid Detergent Fiber ..... . ...... . ..... .. ............ .... 49 Hemicellulose........................................... 49 Acid Detergent Lignin... ........................... ..... 49 Cellulose........... ..... ............................... 52 iii Page DISCUSSIONOOCOOOOQ0.0.000... ..... O.......OOOOOOOOOO00.00.0000... 53 Small Mammal Response................ ......... . ...... ...... 53 Vegetative Community Response.. ...... .. ...... .............. 56 Nutritional Response....................................... 60 SMARY AND RECOMNDATIONSOO00.00.000.000.......OOOOOOOOIOOO... 64 LITERATURE CITEDOOIOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO...........IOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 68 APPENDIXOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOCOIOOOOO.............OOOOOOOOIOOOOOOOO 75 iv LIST OF TABLES Number Page 1 Mean chemical concentrations of wet sludge and mean loading levels of nutrients, heavy metals , and trace elements that were applied to jack pine study area in June 1982 ...... .... 12 2 Number of individuals known to be alive on the jack pine study area in 1981’ 1982, 1983.00.00.00...000...... ..... .0. 21 3 Total animals captured and-species diversity (its.e.)-on the jack pine study area........ ....... ... ........ ... ..... . 22 4 Average number of individuals captured, by species, for major species (its.e.).............. ........ ............... 23 7 Profile analysis (Morrison 1976) of small mammal numbers and diversity for the jack pine study area in 1983......... 25 8 Total number of animals captured in the application trails and interiors on the jack pine study area in 1982 and 1983 ms.e0)000000......OOOOOOOOOOOOOOOOI......IOOOOOOOOOOOOOOO 26 9 Foliage height diversity values of the jack pine study area 31 10 Density (stems/ha) of woody species within the O-lm height class in the interiors and control plots of the jack pine area in 1982.00.00.0000 ..... 00.00.... ...... 0.0.0... ........ 32 11 Density (stems/ha) of woody species within 1m~2m height class in the interiors and control plots of the jack pine area in 1982.00.00.000000000.0.0.0.........OOOOOOOOOOOIOOOO 33 12 Density (stems/ha) of woody species with 52m but SlOcm dbh height class in the interiors and control plots of the jack pine study area in 1982... ........ ................... ..... . 34 13 Density (stems/ha) of woody species within the 22m and 210 cm dbh height class in the interiors and control plots of the jack pine study area 1982 ................... .... ....... 35 14 Density (stems/ha) of woody species with O-hm.height.c1ass in the interiors and control plots of the jack pine study area in 19830.. ....... 0.0.0.0... .......... 0.... ......... O... 36 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Density (stems/ha) of woody species within 1m~2m height class in the interiors and control plots of the jack pine study area in 1983 .............. ..... ...................... 37 Density (stems/ha) of woody species with 22m but:SlOcm dbh height class in the interiors and control plots of the jack Pine Study area in 1983............... ..... O ........ ......O 38 Density (stems/ha) of woody species within the 0-1m:height class in the application trails of the jack pine study area in1982........... ..... . ..... .....O... ......... ............ 60 Density (stems/ha) of woody species within the O-lm height class in the application trails«of;the jack pine study area 1111983 ....... . ................. ......... ....... ..... ..... . A1 Density (stems/ha) of woody species in the 1-2m size class in trails for plots with trails, and plots with trails and sludge application for 1983 jack pine.... ..... ............. 42 Annual primary production (<2m in height) on the jack pine study area in 1982 and 1983 .......... .......... ............ 45 Comparisons of percent ash, in vitro digestibility (IVD), ether extract (EE), phosphorus (P), and crude protein (CP) content, between control and treatment plots, for summer 1982 samples. ..... .......................... ..... .......... 47 Comparisons of percent ash, in vitro digestibility (IVD), ether extract (BE), phosphorus (P), and crude protein (CP) content, between trails only and sludge-treated plots, for winter 1983 samples........................................ 48 Comparisons of fiber analyses (2) between control and treatment plots for summer 1982 samples.................... 50 Comparisons of fiber analyses (Z) between trails only and sludge-treated plots for winter 1983 samples............... 51 Species list of common vascular plants on the jack pine Study area in 1982.......0.0.......... ..... ................ 75 vi Number LIST OF FIGURES Map showing location of study site in Montmorency County, M1Ch1gan0000000000000 ...... ......O......OOOI.OOOO ......... Average precipitation and temperature, by month for normal period and study period, 1981-1983, Atlanta, Mi.... Map showing location of study plots within jack pine/ red pine Study areaOOIOOOOIO......OOOOOOOOQOOI. ........... Mean total percent cover and standard error within 4 height strata jack pine 1982............. ................. Mean total percent cover and standard error within 4 height strata jack pine 1983...................... ........ Mean total percent cover and standard error within 4 height stratum on the trails of the jack pine study area in '82,'83.0IOOOOOOO......OOOOOOOOOOOOIOO......OOOOOIOOOI. Frequency (Eise) of commonly occurring herbs on the jack pinestudyareain1982.00.00.000000000000.000000000300000 Frequency (Rise) of commonly occurring herbs on the jack piHQStUdyareain1983........... ..... 00...... ..... ...... vii 11 29 30 £3 44 INTRODUCTION Little research has been conducted on the effects of sludge disposal in forests on wildlife communities and their habitat. Some problems that might be encountered with disposal on forest lands are: site disturbance due to road construction and application of the sludge;alteration of wildlife populations due to disturbance and habitat modification;changes in vegetative structure and composition;and transmission of toxic elements through wildlife food-chains. There is also the danger of nitrate pollution of the watertable (Brockway 1979). Another problem that might be encount- ered with sludgedisposal on forest lands is public attitude. Forests are considered clean natural environments and treatment with sewage sludge may be aesthetically unappealing (Schmid et al. 1975). In the past our sewage wastes have been dumped into oceans, rivers and other waterways. The Federal Water Pollution Control Acts Amendments (PL-92-500) of 1972 and 1977 are "to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waterways." To achieve this goal, the dumping of all pollutants into navigable waterways must be stopped by 1985. The amendments were enacted to encourage alternative management techniques for the treatment and disposal of municipal and industrial sewage wastes (Schmid et a1. 1975, Torrey 1979, D'Itri 1982). Current methods of sewage disposal include landfills, incineration, storage in lagoons, and composting. These methods of disposal are costly, inadequate, damaging to the environment, and a cause for public concern (Dalton 1968, White 1979). Land application of sewage wastes has been 1 2 recognized as an alternative, cost-effective method of treatment and disposal. The wastes can be recycled naturally within the environment. Sewage wastes are a mixture of water (effluent) and organic and inorganic solids. Sludge is the solid material removed from sewage wastes during primary, secondary, and advanced stages of sewage treatment (Dalton 1968, Vesilind 1979). Sewage sludge contains large amounts of micro- nutrients, organic matter, heavy metals, toxic organic compounds, and pathogenic organisms (King and Morris 1972). It is a nutrient-rich organic fertilizer, which contains considerable quantities of calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, potassium, and nitrogen, which are important plant nutrients. It has been used to improve soil conditions for plant growth on nutrient-poor forest sites. Soil amendements include improved structure, humus content, productivity, fertility, water-retention capacity, and organic matter (Carroll et al. 1975). Sludge has also been used in agriculture as a cost-effective fertilizer by doubling crop yields, improving nutrient quality, and increasing organic matter and trace elements (Hinesly and Sosewitz 1969, Milne and Graveland 1972, Gagnon 1973, West et al. 1981). However, because many municipal sludges contain a variety of toxic metals in various concentrations use of sludge in ‘ agriculture is limited. There has been some evidence of metal accumulation by various plant and animal species (Chaney 1973, Williams: et a1. 1978, Anderson et a1. 1982). This disadvantage makes forest lands favorable to sludge application because they are generally remote, readily avail- able, of low cost, and the Opportunity' for human contact with any odors, pathogens, or food-chain transfers of toxic metals or chemicals is minimal (Breuer et a1. 1979, Brockway 1979, Urie 1979). Land application of sewage wastes has proven beneficial to forests through the addition of nutrients which enhance plant growth, the 3 production of wood, timber, and biomass, and an increase in site quality and profits (Hilmon and Douglass 1967, Weetman and Hill 1973). The effects of sewage sludge application on forest vegetation has been investigated in a number of studies. Berry (1977) observed that a low application rate (17 dry metric tons/ha) of dried sewage sludge to nutrient- poor forest sites increased weed biomass production and survival rates of shortleaf pine (Pinus echinata) and loblolly pine (P. taeda). Total weed biomass production was 5 times greater on plots receiving a higher loading rate (69 dry metric tons/ha), but competition from the weeds reduced the survival rates of the pines on these plots. Edmonds and Cole (1976) reported increases in tree growth and foliar nitrogen with 1 application of sewage sludge containing 2-4% nitrogen. The sludge decomposed rapidly on the area and 1 year after application there was noticeable improvement in the soil structure. A 30% increase in height growth was observed 4 years after dried sludge was applied to a 10-year-old white spruce (Picea glauca) plantation (Gagnon 1973). Municipal sewage sludge applied to a 4-year-old jack pine (P. banksiana) clearcut produced significant increases in woody and herbaceous annual production and foliage height diversity (Woodyard 1982). Industrial sludge applied to a 40-year-old red pine (P. resinosa) and a 36-year-old mixed red and white pine (P. strobus) plantation, significantly increased needle length and dry weight, and foliar nitrogen concentrations. Understory and overstory biomass production also increased, by as much as 92% and 132%, respectively over controls. However, much of the understory increases were due to thinning of the overstory. Total nitrogen and phosphorus levels, as well as other nutrients, increased in the foliage and litter layer (Brockway 1979). 4 In addition to improving forest lands, sewage sludge has also been used to revegetate strip-mined lands (Berry 1977, Torrey 1979, Hinkle 1982, Sopper et al. 1982). Legcher and Kunkle (1973) observed increases in pH of acid spoil and the establishment of herbaceous vegetation on strip mined study plots that were treated with municipal sludge. Sopper (1970) concluded that strip mine spoil banks could be revegetated with municipal sewage sludge and effluent. The establishment of groundcover could result in stabilization and reduction of soil erosion as well. _ Sewage sludge and effluent fertilization have also been shown to improve habitat quality for wildlife through nutrient enrichment and enhanced browse production (Weetman and Hill 1973, Brockway 1979, Woodyard 1982). Chlorinated effluent Sprayed at a rate of 5cm per week appeared to have a favorable influence on the nutritive value of rabbit and deer forages (Wood et al. 1973). The amount of browse increased on the treated areas and deer were observed feeding on these areas as well. Nutrient (P,K,Mg, and N) levels were higher on the irrigated sites than on the controls. Dressler and Wood (1976) also noted increases in deer activity on sites irrigated with sewage effluent. Concentrations of crude protein (N), P,K, and Mg increased in forages on irrigated sites as did production of herb- aceous plants. Bierei et a1. (1975) found that irrigation of sewage effluent resulted in higher populations of white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) during the fall, but not the spring. He hypothesized that the increase in fall was due to changes in vegetative structure. Thomas (1983) observed significantly higher numbers of Peromyscus spp. in a northern hardwoods forest treated with municipal sewage sludge. Anderson and Barrett (1982) reported increases in meadow vole (Microtus pennsylvanicus) population densities, on sludge treated wheat and old field enclosures, were due to improved plant species diversity and J productivity. Sludge fertilization of a Douglas-fir (Psuedotsuga menziesii) plantation produced no significant responses in Small mammal populations. but herbivores were always less abundant on treated sites. West et al. (1981) hypothesized that plant species necessary as food and cover for herbivorous small mammals were reduced on treated sites. No data, as yet, have been provided to support this hypothesis. Black-tailed deer (Odocoileus hemionus) densities were higher on sludged sites apparently due to increased nutrient levels in the browse (West at al. 1981). Campa (1982) and Woodyard (1982) also observed increased use of sludge treated plots, in a jack pine clearcut, by deer and small mammals. Sludge application sig- nificantly enhanced the nutritive quality, in_vitro digestibility and productivity of wildlife forages. Forests require some site preparation before sludge can be applied. Roads must be cut in order to facilitate application. Thinning and clear- cutting strips in the forest alters the vegetative structure, wildlife populations (Gashwiler 1970), and nutrient content of the vegetation (Laycock and Price 1970). These changes are the result of opening the overstory, allowing light to penetrate through the canopy, thereby stim- ulating production of herbaceous browse. Hooven (1973) observed an in- crease in the number of small mammals and big-game animals such as, Roosevelt elk (Cervus elaphus canadensis), on a clearcut logging of Douglas fir plantations. Deer mice (Peromyscus maniculatus), in particular, will colonize disturbed areas such as clearcuttings (Tevis 1956, LoBue and Darnell 1959, Kirkland 1977, Ream and Gruell 1980), and powerline right- of-ways (Schreiber et al. 1976, Johnson et al. 1977). This has been attri- buted to changes in the structure and diversity of the understory, which provided an increased availability of food and cover (Black and Hooven 1974” Hooven and Black 1976). OBJECTIVES Vegetation is the main structural feature of ecosystems and the basis for community energy and nutrient flows (Chew 1978). Small mammals, as strict habitat selectors, respond to changes in the vegetative structure and can be used as indicators of habitat change (West et al. 1981). They also represent a range of trephic groups, including herbivores, granivores, insectivores, and omnivores (West et al. 1981), and may serve as regulators of ecosystem processes (Chew 1974). Small mammals are readily sampled from the community, because they are often present in high numbers (West et a1. 1981). The objectives of this study were: 1. To observe small mammal response to changes in vegetative structure on treatment and control plots. 2. To determine the benefits of sewage sludge application on the nutritive quality of selected plant species. 3. To determine the levels of selected nutrients, digestibilities, and structural components of selected plant parts and species on treatment and control plots. STUDY SITE DESCRIPTION The study area is an approximately 20ha, jack pine (Pinus banksiana) and red pine (P. resinosa) forest. It is located in the N% of the SE% of section 34, T32N, R3E of Montmorency County, and is a part of the Mackinac State Forest in northern lower Michigan (Fig. 1). Vegetation consisted mostly of 50-year-old jack pine plantings interspersed with some red pine. A small percentage of red oak (Quercus rubra) and red maple (Acer rubrum) were also present. Groundcover is dominated by several species of blue— berry (Vaccinium spp.), sweetfern (Comptonia asplenifolia), bracken fern (Pteridium aquilinum), and sedges (Carex spp.). Much of the land is level or gently rolling. The soils are character- ized by excessively drained sandy soils of the Grayling series (MSU Forestry Dept., unpubl. data). The climate is typical of northern lower Michigan, with long severe winters, short cool summers, and an abbreviated growing season. Average annual precipitation is 76.65cm and is well distributed throughout the year along with an average annual snowfall of 152.4cm. The mean annual temperature is 5.830C. Average temperature extremes range between -7.40C in January, to 19.60C, in July (NCAA 1981). During the study period (Aug. 1981-Aug. 1983), temperatures closely followed the average except during the winter (1982) was unusually cold. Precipitation from Sept.- January was close to the normal, but winter and spring levels were unusually low (Fig. 2) (NOAA 1982). Figure l. U Mommonncy County Map showing location of study site in Montmorency County , MI. 21° a"??? 3“ H \ : g i ii I; ‘ 'IIIII I [/1 I I) a In" 1 1 i .‘i [ll 1 I 3 'flllllllllllllllll ‘1 I I ‘ rill/1111111,, I |L u n a uuuuu ... 3 a 'l v- '- VIIIIIIII' ' ‘ ' O "It’ll/I ' ' ' ' Z “.....IUIUCC O Ill/l III I [III I l m VIII/[I’ll] E g l I, ' ‘ P '- ?I!OIV~OUD"9NF Stag-n.uv1§~fi8.8. (up) uouuudaooq (9.) can-tutu»; Figure 2. Average precipitation and temperature, by month {OI normaélperiod and study period, 1981-1983, t anta. . METHODS and MATERIALS This study employed a completely randomized experimental design. The study area was divided into 9, 1.5ha rectangular plots. Plots were separated from each other by 20m buffer zones. Treatments were randomly assigned to study plots (3 controls, 3 trails only, and 3 sludge and trail plots) (Fig.3). Sludge and Trail Treatment In September 1981, application trails were cut in 6 study plots, as well as an east-west access trail(Fig. 3). Trails were 5m wide. 20m apart and ran in a north-south direction. Sludge application, orginally scheduled for fall 1981, was postponed until summer 1982. In late June 1982 anaerob- ically digested, municipal sewage sludge from Alpena, Michigan was applied to the sludge designated treatment plots. Each plot received approximately 370,930 liters of sewage sludge. Sludge was transported to the site in tanker trucks and then transfered into a smaller tank pulled by a tractor (Gator) originally designed for logging operations. The sludge was sprayed on to the adjacent forested 'interiors' from the tanker. Sludge was applied several times to each interior in order to achieve the desired nitrogen loading level on the forest floor. The application trails themselves did not receive any sludge. The sludging operation was completed in approx- imately 2% weeks. Sludge samples were analyzed for element content and loading levels (Table 1) by the US Forest Service-MSU Cooperative Analytical Laboratory. None of the elements present in the sludge exceeded the maximum allowable 10 .mopm modem mcfie pmh\m:aa some Canoes muoan zpaum mo cofiumooa wcfisosm co: .m opswfim Sam I. 30$ :95. new owosam wk ._. 0 « muon 3:0 maampe .P 2 mp0: Honucoo 0 masons cofimeHaao< — o h h ———————————————————_ . .P 12 Table 1. Mean chemical concentrations of wet sludge and mean loading levels of nutrients, heavy metals, and trace elements that were applied to jack pine study area in June 1982. Chemical Loading levels Element concentration (kg/ha) Solids (%) 2.62 8199.00 Nitrogen(%) 0.12 379.40 Phosphorus (%) 0.08 252.90 ”Zn (ppm) . 2u.40 7.61 Cd 1.57 0.36 Mn 10.92 3.80 B 2.25 0 71 Fe 1597.70 500.90 Al “90.70 137.80 Mg ' 106.10 32.25 Cu 13.50 4.22 K 70.27 22.1“ Ca 1192.30 373.50 Ni 1.12 0.35 Cr 2.77 0.86 Na 95.60 30.18 (MSU Forestry Dept. unpubl. data 1982) 13 levels for food crops as described by Chaney (1973) as being potentially hazardous. Heavy and trace metals*were present in low levels. Small Mammal Trapping Small mammal populations were monitored on all plots through the use of live traps. A 6x7 trapping grid was centrally located within each plot, with each trap station spaced 10m apart. Two Sherman live-traps (H.B. Sherman Co., Tallahassee, F1.) (13x13x38cm) were placed at each station. Traps were evenly distributed between the trails and the interiors, in order to observe differential use of the study area. Traps were checked once a day each morning for 5 consecutive days each month (May-Aug. 1982, June-Aug. 1983) excluding June 1982 when the sludge application took place. Bait consisted of whole oats, anise extract, and beef fat. Cotton nesting material was also placed in each trap. Traps were set on the first day of the trapping period and left open throughout the 5 day sampling period. Traps were checked and reset each morning. All newly captured animals were marked with a numbered metal ear-v tag or toe-clipped and released after its species, ID number, trap station, sex, age, and condition were recorded. A 5 day, pretreatment trapping period was conducted in August 1981, in order to gather baseline information on the study area's small mammal community. Trapping was conducted in a similar manner as that in 1982. A 5x5 trapping grid, with traps spaced 15m apart was used. A single Sherman trap was placed at each station. Bait consisted of rolled oats, raisins, and anise extract. Vegetative Sampling A stratified randomized sampling design was used to measure the com- ponents of the vegetative community. Stratification reduced variation of the estimate of the pOpulation mean. The variation within the strata was 14 minimized, while that among strata was maximized (Steel and Torrie 1980). Vertical Vegetative Cover The line intercept method (Cysel and Lyon 1980) was used to estimate vertical cover and foliage height diversity in 4 strata (O-lOcm, 10-30cm, 30cm-2m, 2 2m) above 15m and 30m-long line-transects. The 4 strata chosen for analysis have been found to correlate with the density of small mammals (M'Closkey and Lajoie 1975). Transect lines were located at randomly selected points within each study plot. For each strata, intercepts were measured to the nearest cm, using 1 edge of a meter tape for the line. Gaps in the cover of less than 10cm wereignored. Transect lines were placed both in the application trails and across the forested interiors. Edge profiles were constructed by measuring cover across the forested interiors. Line intercepts were placed perpendicular to the trails and intercepts were recorded in 5m segments. Vegetation measures were collected in Mid-July 1982 and 1983, after full leaf-out, but prior to senescence or significant leaf loss. . Vegetative Composition Vegetative composition (density) was characterized using nested quad- rats (plots). These were‘randomly placed in both the forested interiors and the application trails. Density of woody species was estimated and recorded in 4 size and height classes: I (5 30cm), 11 (30cm-2m), III (22m_<_10cm dbh), IV (22m 210cm dbh). Long narrow retangular plots were used to estimate the vegetation in the 4 height and.size classes; class I used 1mx10m plots, class 11 used 2mx20m plots, classes III and IV used 4mx20m plots. Frequency of herbaceous vegetation was recorded'in 1 meter- square plots randomly located within each study plot. 15 Annual Productivity Above ground annual primary productivity,;sZm in height, was measured in late August of 1982 and 1983. At this time peak productivity had occurred,but loss of foliar tissue by sloughing was not substantial. Only vegetationqSZm in height was collected, as production above this height is generally unavailable to wildlife. Quadrats kmvwide and 20m long (2m long in 1983) were randomly located, in all study plots, across a whole interior (15m) and an adjacent trail (5m). Control plot quadrats were km x 15m long (2m long in 1983). All current annual herbaceous and woody vegetation was clipped at ground level to a height of 2m. Plant material collected from the interiors was kept separate from that of trails. Collected vegetation was separated into 6 plant groups based on their relative abundance throughout the area: red oak, red maple, bracken fern, and sedges (Qg£5§_spp.). All other woody species were combined into 1 group,a3-were all other herbaceous species. Collected samples were stored in paper bags, and oven dried at 60°C to a constant weight, after which dry weights were recorded. Total production for each plot was determined by adding the production estimates for plant groups. Nutritional Sample Collection Selected plant species were collected from all study plots for nutritional analyses. Selection was based upon relative abundance and availability to wildlife. Samples were collected in late summer 1982 and ‘_winter 1983 to allow for seasonal comparisons. Spring samples were not collected in 1982 due to the late application of the sludge. Summer samples consisted of red oak, red maple, bracken fern, and sedge (93535 spp.). Summer samples were obtained from samples collected for annual productivity estimates. Three subsamples of approximately 100g dry weight, were selected at random, for each species, from each plot. Samples were collected from 16 a large number of individuals to minimize individual plant variations in nutritional content. Samples were collected in late August 1982. Winter samples were collected in January 1983. Belt transects were randomly established in each treatment plot. Only the twigs of the woody species red maple and red oak were collected, as herbaceous species were unavail- able for wildlife consumption. One sample of each species was collected. Approximately 100g dry weight of each sample was collected for each species. Collected samples were stored in paper bags and were oven dried at 60°C until a constant weight was maintained. Dried samples were then ground in a Wiley Mill to pass a 1mm sieve and stored in plastic Whirl Paks. Chemical Analyses All vegetation samples were analyzed for various nutritional components: percent dry matter, ash, ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), 12.33532. dry matter digestibility (IVDMD), neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), acid- detergent fiber (ADF), acid-detergent lignin (ADL), and selected elements. Ash content and ether extract (crude fat) were determined by methods described in AOAC (1975). Ether extract methods were modified by weighing ground samples into tared filter paper 'packets' instead of thimbles. This allowed for a larger number of samples to be analyzed per extraction. Percent EE was calculated as the weight loss in samples after extraction. To determine the percentage of dry matter in a sample, 1.0-1.1g of dried ground sample was weighed into pretared porcelain crucibles and oven dried at 100°C for 24hrs. After drying, samples were cooled in a desiccator and reweighed. The original sample weights used in all analyses were multiplied by this percentage in order to determine the actual amount of vegetation used. 17 Total nitrogen and phosphorus were determined by Kjeldahl digestion (AOAC 1975). Samples were digested on a Tecator Block Digestor, model DS-40 (Tecator, Inc., Boulder, Co), values were obtained using a Technicon Autoanalyzer II (Technicon Industrial Systems, Tarrytown N.Y.). Crude protein values were determined using the total Kjeldahl nitrogen values (AOAC 1975). In yigrg dry matter digestibility (IVDMD) was determined using a modified Tilley and Terry (1963) procedure. The modification consisted of the use of a phosphate-carbonate buffer solution to reduce foaming, and reducing the amount of solution from 40ml to 10ml. Rumen fluid was obtained from a fistulated Holstein cow fed alfalfa hay and owned by Michigan State University's Dept. of Dairy Science. Fiber analyses (NDF, ADF, ADL) were conducted according to the pro- cedures of Goering and Van Soest (1970). Hemicellulose, cellulose, and lignin are the cell wall constituents (CWC) determined through NDF analysis. Cell solouble material (CSM) consisting of soluble carbohydrates, starches, organic acids, proteins, and pectin were determined by subtraction of CWC values from 100 (Goering and Van Soest 1970). Hemicellulose values were calculated by subtracting ADF (cellulose and lignin) values from NDF values. Cellulose content was calculated by subtracting ADL (lignin) _yalues from ADF values. ___“_mnA_ Quality control of the nutritional and elemental analyses were checked by running duplicates for 10% of the samples. Any duplicate samples that were not within 10% of the first sample 90% of the time were retested. In addition, any sample yielding what appeared to be spurious results were retested. 18 Data Analysis The linear model for the field study design was xij = u + T1 + Eij mean of all observations :2 II I-] ll treatment source of variability (control, trails only, or sludge-trails) (0 ll variability due to errors One—way analysis of variance was used to compare vegetation data and identify significant differences among treatment means in percent cover, density, annual production, and foliage height diversity indices. ANOVA was also used on nutrition data. Trtests were used to isolate specific treatment differences. A 90% confidence interval was used in all tests. Bartlett's test was used to test for homogeneity of variance. Hetero- geneous vegetative data were subjected to a log transformation and hetero- geneous nutritional data to an arc sine transformation, which resulted in homoscedasity (Steel and Torrie 1980). The required sample size for estimating percent cover, density, and annual production for each plot was calculated using Snedecor's (1956) Szt2 d2 formula: . n = n = required number of sampling points t = tabulated t value (<1= 0.10) sample variance (D II d = margin of error (sample mean x allow- able error of 20%) The number of small mammals captured were too low to use conventional capture-recapture population estimators. Enumeration was the alternative method for population estimation. The minimum number of individuals of each species alive at time t on each plot was obtained by summing the 19 actual number caught at time t and the number of previously marked individuals caught after time t, but not at time t (Krebs 1966). This study was concerned with relative differences between treatments, there- fore density estimates were unnecessary. T-tests were used to compare small mammal captures among treatments, trails and interiors on a monthly basis for 1982. Profile analysis (Morrison 1976) was used to test for an unequal response over time between treatments for small mammal numbers, diversity, and location of capture, in 1983. This method was not appro- priate in 1982 because sludge application occurred midway through the trapping season. Small mammal species and foliage height diversity indices were estimated using the Shannon-Wiener index: H' = -2 pi logpi, where pi is the proportional abundance of the ith category (stratum cover or small mammals species) (Brower and Zar 1977). Linear correlation was used to test for relationships between mammal species diversity and foliage height diversity (FHD) and total numbers of mammals captured and annual productivity. RESULTS Small Mammals In August 1981, prior to any treatments, 3 species of small mammals were captured on all 3 treatment plots; the white—footed mouse (Peromyscus leucopus), boreal red-backed vole (Clethrioncmys gapperi), and the eastern chipmunk (Tamias striatus). A single individual of 3 additional species were also captured; the red squirrel (Tamiascurius hudsonicus), woodland jumping mouse (Napaeozapus insignis), and the southern flying squirrel (Glaucomys volans). A total of 222 individuals were captured on the study area in 1981, in 1982 the total number decreased dramatically to less than half (Table 2). Three new species were captured in 1982, the pine vole (Pitymys pinetorum), 13—lined ground squirrel (Citellus tridecémlineatus), and the meadow jumping mouse (Zapus hudsonius), two of which (the vole and the ground squirrel) were caught on all 3 treatment plots. Few Peromyscus spp. were captured during this trapping season. The meadow and woodland jumping mice and the red squirrel were caught on 2 of the 3 treatment plots (Table 2). In 1983. one individual of 3 addition species was captured on sludged plots; the meadow vole (Microtus pennslyvanicus), short-tailed weasel (Mustela erminea), and the masked shrew (Sorex cinereus). Toral numbers captured in 1983 were approximately half those caught in 1982. T-tests were used to compare treatment populations for each month, pre— and post-treatment, in 1982 (Tables 3 and 4). No significant 20 Table 2. Number of individuals known to be alive on the jack pine study area in 19813 1982, 1983. Treatment Species 00 H (X) N CD b.) Control Clethrionomys gapperi Tamias striatus Citellus tridecémlineatus Peromyscus leucopus Pitymys pinetorum Napaeozapus insignia Zapus hudsonius Tamiascurius hudsonicus Glaucomysivolans p... ...—A I-‘w ODD H o-uo f0 C‘OD—‘OOO‘J UIOr-IOJUJN‘D LnOv—dOL‘Obr-JNO \1 Total 9 H b) Trails Clethrionomygggapperi Only Tamias striatus Citellus tridecémlineatus Peromyscus leucopus Pitymys pinetorum Napaeozapus insignia Zapus hudsonius Tamiascurius hudsonicus Glaucomys volans .L\ \OHHOHOOOMN J-‘Ol—‘WNJ—‘NNUILD \IOOOU'Il—‘NUIUIO 00 N .... Total g—a OOOOU’I-l-‘NU‘UJ Sludge and Clethrionomys gapperi Trails Tamias striatus Citellus tridecémlineatus Peromyscus leucopus Pitymys pinetorum Napaeozapus insignis Zapus hudsonius Tamiascurius hudsonicus Glaucomys volans ‘ Misc. 0 7 LA) r—-r—- OOOOO-L‘OOUJ OOHOHv—‘NC‘H Ln w bu.) LA) t—‘O Total 22 Table 3 . Total animals captured and species diversity (Y:s.e.} on the jack- pine study area. Treatment May l982 July 1982 August 1982 Control ‘_ ‘ Total individuals (xj§.e.) 3.33:2.85 6.33:3.l8 5.33:0.67 mammal species diversity l.27:l.27 0.3l_0.l8 0.4l:0.l4 Trails only Total individuals 0.67:0.67 3.33:0.88 4.00:0.58 mammal species diversity 0.00:0.00 0.23:0.14 0.40:0.05 Sludge and Trails 7 Total indivduals 2.00:].l5 4.00:2.52 5.33:0.88 mammal species diversity 0.08:0.08 0.18:0.18 0.25:0.02 Y values within a column with the same letter are not significantly different (P < 0.l0). 23 Table 4- Average number-of individuals captured, by species, for major species, (2:5.e.). Treatment May 1982 July l982 August l982 Control Clethrionomys gapperi l.67:l. 0 1.67:0.88 0.33:0.33_x Tamias striatus l.00:l.00 3.00_l.l5 2.33:0.67a Pitymys pjnetorum 0.00:0.00 0.67:0.67 l.67:0.88 Citellus tridecemlineadus Trails only Clethrionomys gapperi 0.00:0 00 l.33:0.33 0.33:0.33 Tamias striatus 0.00:0 00 1.33:1.33 0.33:0.33b Pitymys pinetorum 0.00:0 00 0.33:0.33 1.00:0 58 Cite us tridecemlineadus 0.00:0 00 0.00:0.00 0.00:0 00 Sludge and Trails Clethrionomys gapperi l.00:l.00 l.00:0.58 2.33:l.20b Tamias striatus 0.33+0 33 l.33:l.33 0 Pitymys pinetorum 0' 0.33:0.33 1.33:0.33 C1tellus tridecemlineatus 0.67:0.67 0.67:0.67 l.OO:l.OO *‘Y values within a column with the same letter are different (P < 0.l0). not significantly 24 differences were observed in captures between whole plots or between plots with trails. However, in August (1 month after sludge application) there were significantly more captures of chipmunks on control plots. Profile analysis of 1983 pOpulation data indicated sludge treated plots supported the greatest number of total individuals (Table 7). A signifi- cantly greater number of 13-lined ground squirrles were captured on sludged plots. In July 1982, a significantly greater number of small mammals were captured in the interiors (as compared to trails) of trails only plots. and in August 1982 and 1983 on sludged plots (Table 8). August 1982 and July 1983 captures on sludged plot interiors were significantly greater than on non-sludged plot interiors. Mammal species diversity (H') did not differ significantly, in either year, between plots with either treat- ment or between treatments and controls (Tables 5 and 7). Correlation between small mammal diversity and foliage height diver- sity (FHD) was not significant for either year. The association was positive in 1982 (r = 0.357) and negative in 1983 (r =--0.216). Total annual production was negatively correlated (r = —0.167) with the combined total number of small mammals captured in 1982. However, there was a significant positive correlation with small mammals in 1983 (P S 0.1 r = 0.596). A positive correlatbn was found between total number mammals captured and percent cover in the 0-10cm stratum in 1982 (r = 0.306) and 1983 (r = 0.331). There was a significant correlation in the 10-30cm stratum in 1982 (P $0.01 r = 0.801) but not in 1983 (r = 0.497). Correlations between 13—lined ground squirrels and FHD were negative for both years (r = -0.276 in 1982 and r a -0.057 in 1983). A significant 25 .Logcm ugmucmum :u_3 unassumgu some mo muopa m sore Sam .Ao_. v av acmgowwwt z—uccupmmcm.m «on men Lmuuo— 05am use ;u_z so; a gap; mes—a> Mr: M 3:38. .233. «3.38. .3 38):. 2.5.2. :25 s.m.mmoc.m_ amm.aumm.e amm..uoc.e m.a=ea>_c=a .asop mm.cfimm.a em.oflmm.m ma.auco.m “madman .asop mmucfimm.o cc.ouoo.o oo.suco.c um ”w.aflmm.c co.qfloo.c oo.ouec.c 3m mm.owmm.o oo.owoo.o co.quoc.o a: oo.ewoo.c oo.efloo.o mm.qwmm.o azuaeomemm w=_t=umapesb mm.owmm.o oo.eflco.c oo.auoo.o m=.=0mcam wmmmN m..~uae.m oo._uco.~ Ne.eumm._ m_=m_mea msaaNOaaaz mm.cflmm.o mm.aumm.o oo.ouoo.o aeratoeaa masxwwa mm.oumm.o mm.QHae.c we.QHae.. mzaou=a_ mzumsaorma n.m.~uoo.m .tmm.auae.. amm.eumm.o maaamea_5muac_ts m=__mu_u mm._Hoc.~ o~._umm.~ a~.ewmm.~ masa_rsm nausea oo.owmm.o co.owoc.o co.quoo.o Hummmmm mxsocowggampu m__mgu gem mmuzpm zpco mp_atp ««_ogu=ou moaomam m:_a xomw may tow swumgm>wc new .mmmp =_ more apnea faces: 3:28... 3.35 mo Com. :32..on $3.3m 3.595 .n 033 26 Tablefy. Total number of animals captured in the application trails and interiors on the jack pine study area in 1982 and 1983 (xis.e.). Season Location Trails Only Sludge-Trails May 82 Trail 0.33:0.33 0.33:0.33 Interior 0.33:0.33 1.67:0.88 July 82 Trail 0.33:0.33A* 1.33:0.33b** Interior 3.00:1.003 2.67:2.67 August 82 Trail 2.00:1.00b** 0.33:0.33A* Interior 2.00:0.58a 5.00:0.58B June 83 ’Trail 0.67:0.33 2.33:0.88 Interior 1.33:0.67 3.31:1.45 July 83 Trail 2.00:0.58 2.67:1.33 Interior 2.00:0.58a** 6.00:1.53b August 83 Trail 1.33:0.67 0.67:0.33A* Interior 2.00:l.00 3.33:0.673 * g values within a column, within a season, with the same letter are not significantly different (P_m a amasflmmmm_ a..nflooomm oeemuooa~_ Pouch ama_am commas as.flema togso amahaeo_ magmamm omeucmap .aam romeo=a_os< Nomfloaa Nanummm. mmmwmaow a=_sorom maaata moamfiomaa mamnummoe_ Nmmswoomm Earner Laue ammflmome ampaummma nonwoaem arose neurons 5 as is muam sauce. amHNc_ amo=_mor m==_a gamma. aanwaoa Nomwemm a=a_ax=aa m==_a m__meu uzm macs—m x—co m—mmcu rapouucoo momomam lulu- - tl'l‘l I In. .mmmp more xczum mews xomn one we moo—a _ocp:oo use mto_cmo:_ as“ :w mmm_o Hzmmmcxalc ecu cw:u_3 mo_omam mecca mo Ac;\m2oumv xa_m:mo .nfimmpamb 33 .ccecm ucmuzmum saw: acmaummcu some mo moo—Q m ace» 52m m r ill! ‘Il. I- I. lil..tl|..l|" ,Il't' t- I l. l..l.lt.llllrlllllnllll|olvi‘ll"\‘ ....-. --- .0" |l| 1". Samoa 8 :8: mafia. :52 wire: smug 338 case m_Hcm Npumm oowcm .aam amazo:m_oa¢ 3.15m mafia swam: 2:83 .25; omme cNHmF~ «vowwmm sagas; coo< 3.2: 3?: SEE are: 9825 mpwm_ mwmp mmwom .mWozmwmm mzcwa $.32 3.3: S .HSN 95.522 2:: m__mcu use mau:_m >p=o mp_mcp r—ocucou mm_omqm 1,1I'I lllltllr I'I'. 'I'II.IO'II|'.'.I .Ill illilntr Ila .Nwm_ cw more mew: xomn one he muopa poeucoo use mco_couc_ use =_ mmcpo agave; a m l a _ :_;u_3 mm_om:m acocz we Amz\msmumv xawmcoo lad epoch 34 l 'u 111?. l...l Il’ltl' It .cetue eeeeceum new; ucesueeeu gone he mue_e m sec» 53m m r Illa. 'II' '-|l.l'n.lll'l|'!-.l' .aaoh segue rill"! - a. .aam ceasezepes< eepueeem.w:::ta Ezceac eeo< aces; meecezc mmo: p m0.» m3: pn— I’ll. lmemwmxcme m=c_a e_mam_ .Nfimm_ ommwmma mmwam cum. a_Hoa oma_m mflam ommwamw ewes ..Hem maven. ma.ofl__ mam awe. mH_N ..Hmw emwem m_wece e:e eats—m >_:e meeLh r_eceeeu mtewceeem one :_ mmm_e e;a_es mewoeem l‘9Ill-IIII-'.IIII'II-.III|" ‘1: '13 'I'II’AI'l"-'|O-ln.l ll ...-‘i'l‘ .Nxmp :_ mete aezum ecwe xoeh ego me wee—e pecucee new gee go o. v use a N A ;a_3 memeeem xeeez we Ae;\maeumv_>uwmeeo .mwflepeeh 35 .LOLLQ eteeeeum zu_3 aceaueecu some we wee—e m sea» 52m x 1 'II! .lrl tall". 0“; trial!- -0! III‘III -I‘l‘l. I "l'a'll’l" I: I'll listl‘l' I '0,II' ..| I‘ll‘ntllllr' .1." E3: 85% first .88 i : 3w: 5:5 l- l- l- .eem ceaseeeFeem ll 1. ll mcweecem.mmmmmm SHE 3: 8H3 52%: cooa mum SHE $2 22: $825 5.2: mama. e3: 8838 as: 8.3%. 3:: 2w? 2.3922 as: m_wetu new emezpm x_:e m—WMLF r_eee:eu me_eeem cw mme—o agave; .Nwm_ mete zezem e:_e xoen ecu we wee—a _ecu:ee eem mceweeaew ezu gee go o_ A use a N A use :P;u_3 me_eeem xeeez be Aez\mseumv >u_meeo .mH apnea 36 .uecte eteezmem ze_3 eceaaeecu come we mue_e m sec» sem.x rr cmmemma_m_ somoflaamm_ aaamflaeea_ .aeae mmflamw «ceases oe_uomm rogue momfl_ma N_~Haem Nmfloma_ .aam ummaozammam ammmaoa mmaflmma m_aflmmo~ ma_oarom macata aemmflm_ae Naaoflmmom_ measuooco_ Earner roo< maeuam_m m_mwam_m Nea_uaema areal maoraac enema. amuse oo_Hoo~ amo=_mot m==_a Neflmom mamfl_ac. amMMNee mmmmmmmmm.wmmflm a__ats sea o=a=.m s_=a m__ate rilorocoe mo_ooam .mxm— cw more xezum e:_e xeen ecu we muepe petueee use mceweee:_ ego :_ mme—e u;a_e;g:lo gov: meweeem xeeez we Ae;\mseumv xu_m:eo .za e—emh .eeeee eceeeeum zewz ecesemecu some we mee_a m sec» azm m.rr go: one ceeue_ eaem one ;u_3 zec e :_;uw3 mespm> m. « .Ao_.c ; av Heeeewkwe >Fucee_»wemmm ..‘l.’ lllll'l ll. i m Em see“ so memos. .5 8 ewe cue e3 ..efio owe owe an_ .aem ee_;ecommam ./ owe pNHmN n+N_ mewuecem maezca 3 names mamas. amass are: .52 3.. N32 ammo: 8.35m Be: .3825 mNMeN efle wmme eme:_mec macwa ammo 8.3: 8H3 recess 2:: m__mcu use ween—m «specueeu mewoeem >_:e m—wec» '. ll..'... '1']. all .1- '0’ II l.I.l.'||l.|-l.lll .mmmp cw mete zeaum e:_e xeem use me meepa _ecu:eo ecu mce_cee:_ ego :_ mme_o e;mwe; a N l a H epsuwz me_oeem >eee3 we Ae;\mseemv xe_mcec .ma e_emh 38 .eeege eceeceum zuwz “seaweeeu gene we wee—a m eecw sum mprr mam a Erma mm 3% .38 $.38 mm a? 5:5 oflo oflo owe .eem cewgocepea< o~HN_ mum owe ecwuecem masses m 3: £32 :32 .53.: to: m 3:: m .Hmm gum: 2...: 2.0.8.5 wwwp GHQ mnwmc mmeewmec mzcwa mHmN numm NMm— memwmxeme mazwa m__meu use woes—m zpce m—wecw rapetueeu mewoeam .mwm— :w mete xezum eewe xemw use we woe—a Pecueeo new mcewteecw ecu cw mmmpe “game; see go o— v use a N A ewzuwz mewoeem zeeez we Ae;\mseemv zuwmceo .nyfiepeew 39 lower on sludged plots (Table 15). Interior stem densities in the 22m butSlOcm dbh size class increased from 1982-1983 on treatment plots, but decreased on control plots. Increases were due to red maple and red oak saplings. Black cherry also increased on sludged plots, while red maple and jack pine stems decreased on control plots. Densities were not significantly different. Stem composition in trails varied considerably between plots, but no significant differences were observed in stem densities :Slm.in 1982 or 1983 (Tables 17 and 18). No stems were recorded in the 21m height class in 1982, but scattered individuals were observed in 1983 (Table 19). Frequency of Herbaceous Vegetation Sedges (§§£g§_spp.) and sweetfern were more frequent in the interiors of plots with trails than on controls in 1982. Bearberry (Arctostaphylos E!§:E£§$) was significantly less frequent within interiors of sludged plots (Fig. 7). Species did appear to respond to trail construction. There was little change in frequencies in 1983, with the exception of grasses being less frequent (Fig. 8). Bearberry was significantly greater on unsludged plots. Sedges and sweetfern were significantly greater on trails only and sludged plots. Annual Production Annual production.:52m in height was not significantly different between treatment and control plots in 1982 (Table 20). Significant diff- erences were observed between interiors and trails of all plots with trails. Herbaceous and woody production on control plots was significantly greater than on treatment plot trails. Trails only and sludged plot interiors had significantly greater production than the trails of both treatments. In 1983, total annual production in trails was double the levels found in control and unsludged plot interiors. Total production on sludged plot ' 'able 1?. Density (stems/ha) of woody species within tne O-hnheight class in the application trails of the jack pine stuoy area in l982. Species trails only** sludge and trails Pinus banksiana Pinus resinosa Quercus rubra Acer rubrum Prunus serotina Amelanchier spp. Other Total 54:35 11:5 4166:189 9900:3272 1039:37 343:94 394175 l600019426 2750:2117 750:943 590:241 365:79 103oo:2290 **§Tsum from 3 plots of each treatment with standard EY‘Y‘OY‘. 41 TablejLB. Density (stems/ha) of woody Species within the 0-1 m height class in the application trails of the jack pine study area in 1983. Species trails only** sludge and trails Pinus banksiana 49:31 33:33 Pinus resinosa 35:21 22:11 Quercus rubra 2818:1307 3711:372 Acer rubrum 6913:4380 6818:5311 Prunus serotina 869:200 802:254 Amelanchier spp. 24:24 1375:1375 Other 338:130 1953:1119 Total 11211:903 13200:6043 **'7 sum from 3 plots of each treatment with standard error. Table 19. Density (stems/ha) of each species in the 1-2 m size class in trails for plots with trails, and plots with trails and sludge application for 1983 jacx pine. Species trails on1y** sludge and trails Pinus banksiana 0:0 0:0 Pinus resinosa 0:0 0:0 Quercus rubra 37:1l 37:18 Acer rubrum 29:4 0:0 Prunus serotina 38:28 6:6 Amelanchier spp. 0:0 0:0 Other 0:0 0:0 Total 102:21 42:22 **”1 sum from 3 plots of each treatment with standard error. 0' __- 43 if?! 12-! tall is'i —. control \él- ...—.... interiors of trails on! $3.! § :1"... gang: of trails only y E" :5 ...-“"3” ors of sludged $5.; ‘5'. I s of sludged \El. 15 ' \= “sl' ii" :=1 l E I §-. [‘5 b : a" iél! fi': :8. .II -I a .s. s - an i: ' m a :ll '5 . i5" 5 .- §§i 1a! lg'i ll! : 5 - \E|| ‘§" 5 I E o = E" .5 - 6'! = ' = b ' = kl; is'l 93!] §" 3' =l ‘ § tgl. fié'; §§r g'i El: §I: é'! s .5 5 ,. .. : >1 c 0 t c 3 : ° 3 a 0 Q- o E 5 x g 8 z ‘e :3; - 3 3 to £3 :3 it " 53"" - " t) 1: 4: in ‘3 1’ i: :' i’ values with the same letter are not significantly different 100 so so > 2 a 70 3 3 so 3 so 0 3 4o 0 C. so 20 10 Figure 7 . Frequency (7:5e) of commonly occurring herbs on the jackpine study area in 1982. 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 Percent frequency 30 20 10 I7 44 lal’ lél! 1:;- NE ‘ s31! ~§II \- ‘ — ContrOI -I . . . ‘5'! 5 ...-u. interiors of trails only tgll 5 ......m. trails of trails only if.“ ‘E I --- interiors of sludged QE'I fig; 5 "'- trails of sludged é . ‘El- 5 zill 3?! 3! I: ‘5" QEII EI| b1. '- ' l l: - =|- «=II :EI‘ \E'. 2 I 1 . .= I l=|. 5|. 5'. :|. ‘5“ :'l l I ié'! 131- a; . 1:1! is I 5|! 5|. 1'! I. \:I- i- : 1 ‘ b Ell ‘El' 5'! 11'; I = . 5'. =“ ll I. 3" g I 3 1' | ' ' ‘5'. 5" 5|; l a. ._ g \s. I : _ . I' I; _ : 5| : E .3 g t c 3 t g a x a x t e :93 '2 : 0 o 0 o o ‘0“ C a :5 £3 £3 a: 4' 3“”" 3; - (J 13 13 in 13 13 ID 'i' values with the same letter are not significantly ditterent Figure 8 . Frequency (7:5e) of conmonly occurring herbs on the jackpine study area in 1983. 426 v 5 Hector—E xpucmowtcowm Ho: men .830— oEcm m5 5.; 5538 m 5 $5.53.: m 55.5,. most; M is. .226 v 3 Emcee»; ape—53:55 Ho: men .833 9:3 9: 5.5 5.38 m 55.5 mos—g x .3. m:\mm .1 use.cm_m_.soe me.mMa aa_.mm_mN.mmm mm.em~. am.mmmm.mq mm.nwm __atu oa.ee_._._am «t.<_e+em_ oe.ma_+m.maa ...m<_o+mm_ as.e~+o.- ...<~._.+Nm mto_taoa_ m__ato sea maus_m 5 . Ill 1' l I I ,a aa.aesa.eme mm.~w__ am.~aa_.mos am.mnm mam.enm.mm me.pne m.aatu am.ma+_.mmm ... x « Il'lv'- : '1' "I' 1" mHHmHu ofi.~wlm.mfi mo~.owmo.- om.~wmo.o~ oqo.dwoq.- can mmeaam ofi.owfiq.~fi H Hopscoo mHHmHu oe.owma.o~ HV hufiaanaummwwc ouua>.mw..nmm unmouma mo mcomaumasoo .~N wands 48 Table 22. Comparisons of percent ash, in vitro digestibilty (IVD), ether extract (EE), phosphorus (P), and crude protein (CP) content, between trails only and sludge-treated plots, for winter 1983 samples. ** Treatment Test Red Maple Red Oak Trails only ASH 3.51:0.42 4.43:0.33 Sludge and 4.54:1.64 5.69:1.47 trails Trails only IVD 33.65:O.44 23.92:1.68 Sludge and 33.03:2.93 22.43:1.90 trails Trails only EB 3.80:1.29 3.43:9.79 Sludge and 3.53:1.33 2.44:0.97 trails Trails only P 0.13:0.00 0.10:0.02 Sludge and 0.16:0.02 0.11:0.01 trails Trails only CP 4.94:1.10A* 5.52:0.64 Sludge and 9.99:1.09B 6.75:0.81 trails * ‘E values within a column, within a test, with the same letter are not _ significantly different (P < 0. 10). ** X sum from 3 plots of each treatment with standard error. 49 Crude Protein Sludge application increased crude protein content in all species in both sampling seasons (Tables 21 and 22). However, only summer samples of sedges and red oak and winter samples of red maple were significantly greater in crude protein content on sludge treated plots. Neutral Detergent Fiber Neutral detergent fiber (NDF) content was lowest on trails only plots. There were no significant differences in NDF content for either season, between treatment and control plots (Tables 23 and 24). Cell Soluble Material There were no significant differences in CSM content in either samp— ling season (Tables 23 and 24). However, trails only plots had greater CSM contents in all samples of species in summer and in red maple winter samples. Acid Detergent Fiber Cellulose and lignin content (ADF) was lowest on sludge treated plots in all summer species samples except 'red oak (Table 23). ADF con- tent was significantly lower on trails only plots for red oak summer samples. There were no significant differences in winter samples (Table 24). Hemicellulose Hemicellulose content was significantly lower on trails only plots in red oak winter samples (Table 24). There were no significant differences for summer samples (Table 23). Acid Detergent Lignin Lignin content was significantly lower in red oak summer samples on trails only plots (Table 23 J. Lignin content was lowest on trails only plots for summer and winter red maple samples and bracken fern summer samples (Tables 23 and 24). .uouum canvamum nu“? uamsummuu :omo mo muoaa m Eouu 55m K «a 83.0 wt ucmummwfiv haucmofiufiswwm uo: mum umuuma mama ego nous .ummu m manuaa .aaoaoo m cfinuwz mosam> x « mHHmHu am._wmm.o~ em.amwm.ma mam.owo~.ea sm.owa~.qm cam omeaam -.waa.am om.~wse.m~ «em.cwmm.- am.owam.sm saco manage so.a+~o.w~ om.H+w~.o~ «ma._+me.o~ am.~+wn.mm same Houuaoo . memHu em.awxa.om mme.~wmw.ma os.HHH~.eH em.owmo.m can aweaam ow.mwms.m~ mam.owwm.sa HH.~Hmo.sH we.owm~.o ease magmas Hm.o+cm.am