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A STUDY OF SOME FACTORS AFFECTING.
NITROGEN DIGESTION. ASSIMILATION
AND RETENTION IN DAIRY CATTLE.

. Thesis

Respectfully submitted to the Faculty
of Michigan State College in partial
fulfillment of the requirements for

the degree of Master of Science.

By

James Hl/Mullen
M

}925

L

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The writer takes great pleasure in acknowledgigg his
indebtedness to C. F. Huffman, Research Assistant in Dairy-
ing, for his aid in planning and conducting the experiment
and for his kindly advice and criticism.

' ‘ He desires to express his gratitude to Professor 0. E.
Reed, Head of the Department of Dairy Husbandry, for his
suggestions and assistance.

The author also wishes to thank Doctor A. J. Patten,
Head of the Chemistry Experiment Station, and Doctor 0. 8.
Robinson, Research Associate in Chemistry, whOse aid made

possible the chemical analyses.

102919

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION
REVIEW OF LITERATURE
I The Effect of Heavy Fat and Carbohydrate
Feeding
II Effect of lunerals
A Sulphur
B Iodine
C Calcium and Phosphorus Compounds
1. Calcium Compounds
2. Phosphorus Compounds
D Mineral Mixtures
III Effect of Acids and Alkalis
IV Relation of Vitamins
A Avitaminosis
B Vitamin A
0 Vitamin D
D Vitamin B
V Effect of Light
A Sunlight
B Ultra-violet Light
VI lliscellaneous Factors
A Kale
B Cottonseed Heal Poisoning

Page

\DGQNU‘WH

11
13
15
15
17
17
17
is
19
19
20
20
20

C Radium
D Temperature
E Castration
VII Summary of Review of Literature
OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT
PLAN OF THE EXPERIMENT
I Work with Calves
~II work with nature Cows
METHOD OF EXPERIMENTATION
I Selection of Animals
A Calves
B Mature Cows
II Equipment
A Calves
B Mature Cows
III Care of the Animals
A Calves
B nature Cows
COLLECTION OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA
I Calves
A weighing
B Sampling and Analysis of Feeds
1. Bay
2. Grain

Page
21
21
21
22
26
27
27
28
29
29
29
29
30
3o
31
32
32
32
35
35
35
35
35
35

C
D
I

3. Potatoes
N. Milk

Collection and Sampling of Feces
Collection and Sampling of Urine
Analy s is of Sample 3

II Mature Cows

A
B

C
D
E

Weighing
Sampling and.Analysis of Feces
1. Ray
2. Silage
'3. Grain
4. Water
Collection and Sampling of Feces
Collection and Sampling cf Urine
Hilk

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

I Calves

II nature Cons

A

B
C

D

lst Check Period

Bone Heal Period
2nd Check Period
Raw Rock Phosphate Period

III Results of Work of 1924

CONCLUSIONS

Page
35

36
36

36
36
37
37
37
37
37
37
37
38
39

55%

41a
41a

“5

BIBLIOGRAPHY
APPENDIX
I Tables
II Graphs
III Plate

Page
‘16
52
52
91
91+

INTRODUCT ION

Nitrogen is absolutely essential for maintenance,
growth and milk production. The carbohydrates, which
are needed by the dairy animal for energy, are usually
grown on the farm in sufficient quantities. The protein
feeds, however, which supply the nitrogen, are not raised
so commonly on the average farm, so it is necessary for
the dairyman to purchase these, usually at high prices.

For this reason it is imperative that the dairy cow use
the nitrogen in the feed to the best possible advantage.

A change in feeding methods has necessarily come with
the increase in milk production. The rations of today are
sometimes lacking in some of the elements essential to the
health of high producing individuals so that minerals are
often fed to meet this deficiency.

The work conducted by the Dairy Department of the
'uichigan Experiment Station indicates that while some min-
erals are beneficial as supplements, others are detrimental.
Animals receiving raw rock phosphate, ground limestone rock,
or some of the complex mineral mixtures did not make as good
use of their feed as animals on the same basal ration without

a mineral supplement .

This work was planned in order to determine the effect
on the digestion, assimilation and retention of nitrogen of
adding different mineral supplements to the rations of dairy
cattle.

REVIEW 0? LITERATURE

Digestion, assimilation and retention of protein by the
animal body is essential for adequate growth, maintenance and
milk production in dairy cattle. The dairy cow no longer re-
eeives a natural rat ion of roughage, but concentrates low in
vitamines and minerals make up a large part of her food. Dif-
ferent minerals are also fed as supplements in order to meet
the needs of the modern dairy cow. These changed feeding
methods may affect the protein digestion, assimilation and

retention.
The Effect 33 Bean rat and Carbohydrate Feeding

Carbohydrates and fate are usually thought of only from
the standpoint of furnishing a source of energy to be utilised
by the body. It has been well established by many investi-
gators that carbohydrates and fats may also act as so called
'protein sparere'.

Kellner (l) in 1879 in experiments upon the work horse
found that so long as the total anoint of feed was ample, vari-
aticne in the quantity of work performed were without effect
upon the protein kataboliem. it, however, the work was in-
creased to an amount sufficient to cause a falling off in the
weight of the animal, thus indicating that the energy supply
was insufficient, the excretion of nitrogen in the urine in-

creased promptly. Furthermore it was found that if either

carbohydrates or fat were added to a ration which was Just
sufficient to enable the animal to perform a given amount of
work, the demands of the animal could be correspondingly in-
creased without causing any increase in the protein katabclism.

Lusk's (2) early researches indicate to what extent the
protein metabolism might be increased after suddenly removing
carbohydrates from the diet. He established himself in nitro-
gen equilibrium at two different levels and found that with-
drawals of 350 grams of carbohydrate from the diet increased
the protein metabolism considerably.

Thomas (3) showed that protein containing 18.4 grams of
nitrogen when given to a man did not maintain the body in ni-
trogen equilibrium when no carbohydrate was administered.

Rubner (it) Landergren (5) Cathcart (6) and others have
ﬂown that carbohydrates have the power of reducing the starva-
tion requirements of protein.

Landergren (5) in a series of experiments on man showed
that in specific nitrogen hunger and on rich carbohydrate diet,
the nitrogen metabolism was reduced to a minimum and reached
the lowest level on the fourth day, when less than four grams
were eliminated. These findings have since been corroborated
by Cathcart.

Bcrtmann (7) noted that fat given to the extent of 150
- per cent of the energy requirement was readily absorbed and
spared protein to a maximum of seven per cent. Sometimes when

much fat was given there was an increased elimination of nitro-

I.

gen in the urine, at which time there was also an increased
amount of nitrogen in the stools.

Armsby (8) in his discussion of the subject makes the
statement that as the supply of non-nitrogenous materials is
reduced a larger supply of feed protein seems to be required
to reach equilibrium because more and more is diverted for use
as fuel, so that in the total absence of non-nitrogenous ma-
terials a large excess of protein must be fed before equilib-
rium between income and outgo of nitrogen is reached.

Thomas (3) could not maintain nitrogen equilibrium when
twice the amount of the fasting nitrogen eliminaticns was
given tc a. man in the form of meat alone, but was able to ac-
complish this when meat to the extent of that destroyed in
fasting was administered with fat. In consequence of this,
protein is more easily added to the body when fat is ingested
with it.

Van loorden (9) in discussing the effect of fat claims
that the substitution of carbohydrates for fats always acts
more favorably on the nitrogen balance than the substitution
of fate for carbohydrates.

In a series of investigations immediately following one
another (and these are of the greatest value) 100 to #00 grams
of starch, when added to a meat diet lowered the protein
metabolism to a greater extent than 100 to 250 grams of fat
although the caloric value of the latter was much greater
than that of the former (lO).

Kayser (11) found that with a constant intake of nitro-
gen the replacement of all the carbohydrates of the diet by
isodynamio quantities of fat was followed by a total loss of
9.2 grams nitrOgen within three days, and the loss increased
from 1.77 grams on the first day to 2.48 on the second and to
$.98 grams a: the third, while in the previous and in subse-
quent periods one gram of nitrogen was retained daily. The
conditions seem to be less unfavorable when only a portion of
the carbohydrates is replaced by fat. ‘

Helleson (12) obtained similar results - namely, moderate
nitrogen losses, in a method adepted by him for reducing obesity.

Landergren (13) did not believe that the difference be-
tween carbohydrates and fats as sparers of protein could be ac-
counted for by their different physical and chemical properties
but gave the following explanation: 'If there are no disposable
carbohydrates present, either in the food or in the storehouses
of the body, then the organism must itself produce carbohydrates
in order to satisfy its requirements." Sugar may be formed from
protein, but never from fat. when carbohydrates are absent from
the diet it is therefore necessary for an additional amount of
protein to break down in order to satisfy the carbohydrate re-
quirement of, the organism.

In all Landergren's experiments, carried out in a variety
of ways, the carbohydrates were found to exercise a much more

favorable influence on the nitrogen balance than the fats.

Van Nocrden (14), in explaining the action of carbohy-
drates and fat as sparers states, ”If at any given moment or
period there is an insufficient supply of the non-nitrogenous
chains {which dispense energy, the protein molecules may per-
haps form some, for the time being, out of their own constit-
uents, or else give off nitrogenous side-chains in their stead.“
Beatituticn must be made forthwith, however, if the protein
molecule is not to suffer impairment of structure or function.

The consensus of Opinion of almost all investigators is
that carbohydrates and fats may act as protein sparers when
conditions warrant it. It is also agreed that carbohydrates
are more valuable in this respect than the fats.

m _c_£ Minerals
Sulphur ‘

Flowers of sulphur is often fed to cattle in an attempt
to improve the health and appearance. The question as to
whether the animal body can build its sulphur compounds from
inorganic sulphur does not appear to have been investigated.
Armsby (15) stated that ordinarily the chief carriers of or-
ganic sulphur, both in feeding stuffs and animals, are the
proteins, which contain the element in the form of the di-
amino-acid cystin-

According to Van Noorden (16) the administration of
cystin to a deg or to a rabbit increased the quantity of the
organic sulphur in the bile and liver.

 

 

Ihen eight times more meat then usual was given only
double the usual amount of sulphur was found in the bile.

This increase was only noticed after a considerably greater
lapse of time than normal, that is, two or three days after
it has been given.

nearly the whole of the sulphur reappeared in the urine;
when completely oxidized it occurs as free or combined sul-
phuric acid, and in organic combinations as neutral or or-
ganic‘sulphur.

Lewis (17) found that the addition of small amounts of
cystin to the diet of dogs on a low protein diet, diminished
the loss of nitrogen from the body and favorably influenced
the nitrogen balance. This was interpreted to be the results
of a specific demand for cystin for metabolic purposes, since
tyrosin and glyoin added to the diet under like conditions of
experimentation did not diminish the nitrogen loss or influence
the condition of nitrogen equilibrium.

The work of Gross (19) indicated that under normal condi-
tions the ratio of nitrogen in the intake was followed closely
by the same ratio in the excreta. In starvation the output of
sulphur tended to remain constant while the nitrogen decreased.
The sulphur-rich proteins or cleavage products thus appear to
be utilised first during starvation. The feeding of lecithin
had no sparing action on the protein.

Konschegg. (18) in studying the behavior of elementary
sulphur in the animal organism found that in spite of a disi-

nution after the ingestion of sulphates or elementary sulphur,
even though accompanied by diarrhea, provided that the latter
was not a particularly vigorous form. This fact indicates the
possibility that a synthesis of conjugated sulphuric acids oc-
curs in the cells of the intestinal walls when the sulphate
concentration within the intestines increases. With the in-
gestion of elementary sulphur this formation of conjugated
sulphuric acids seems to be preceded by the oxidation of sul-
phur to sulphuric acid in the cells of the intestinal walls.
3.291.119. '

Stooky (20) reported that when potassium iodide was fed
to dogs and autolysis studied in the excised livers, an ac-
celeration of rate of autolysis was demonstrable.

Rose (21) concluded that iodine and its compounds of in-
organio nature may slightly, but only slightly, modify the rate
of autolysis; this slight modification may be due to the form-
ation of hydriodic acid in small amounts.

Kelly (50) in a series of experiments, undertook to de-
termine the effect of addition of small quantities of iodine
to a cereal diet, on the rate of absorption and retention of
nitrogen and phosphorus in half grown pigs - which, since
weaning, had not received any iodine rich food. It was found
that the addition to the diet of potassium iodide, varying in
different experiments from .5 to .005 grams per day was ac-
companied by an immediate increased retention of nitrogen and

phosphorus which was usually more marked in the case of nitro-
gen.

 

Van loorden (22) stated that protein metabolism is not
affected appreciably by iodides in therapeutic doses, any
more than is the respiratory interchange.
0alcium _e_._n_g_i Phosphorus Compounds

Calcium compounds

weishe (2'5) carried on some experiments to determine
the effect, if any, which the practice of adding lime to
feeding stuffs, as silage and distillery slop, to correct
acidity, has upm the thoroughness of digestion.

for this work eight rabbits were used - four being fed
oats and calcium carbonate in the formof chalk (2.5 grams)
md four fed oats and no calcium carbonate. The experiment
lasted twenty days - the feces and urine were collected the
last ten days.

leiske concluded that:

1. Chalk prevented the proper digestion of crude fibre-
probably by preventing proper fermentation. '

2. It increased digestion of starch and sugars, probably
by increasing alkalinity or decreasing acidity.

3. It decreased protein digestion by weakening the acid
reaction in the stomach.

Van lioorden (24) states that the quantity of calcium ex-
creted in the urine increases when calcium phosphate or car-
bonate is given.

Soborow (25) found in two cases that the amount of cal-
cium excreted daily in the urine rose from 0.28, 0.31 and 0.22,

0.27 grams to 0.7, 0.98 and 0.73, 0.87 grams when he ad-
ministered eight and ten grams of chalk daily. The results
of other workers agree fairly closely with these figures,
although the increase in calcium was not so great as in the
experiments cited.

Hildebrandt (26) observed that large doses of dextrose
exert a toxic action in rabbits‘ fed upon a diet of cats.

He attributed the toxicity to the production of large amounts
of oxalic acid through the incomplete combustion of the sugar,
and found that the addition of calcium carbonate to the diet
neutralized the oxalic acid and prevented the appearance of
abnoer symptoms.

Phosphorus Compounds

lost of the experimental work that has been done with
phosphorus feeding has been carried on in connection with
bone meal as a supplement to pasture and also to rations low
in phosphorus and calcium.

Theiler, Green and Duﬂ'rcit of South Africa (27) in at-
tempting to cure the disease 'Lamseikte' found that phosphorus
- was unquestionably a limiting factor in growth rate of cattle,
and a dominating factor in the maintenance of live weight un-
der ordinary conditions of pasture grazing. If phosphorus is
a limiting factor in growth rate, it is reasonable to assume
that it may also be ‘. limiting factor in nitrogen assimila-

tion, digestion and retention.

10

Nitrogen balances were not determined on any of the
animals. Nevertheless, a great many animals were included
in the experiment and conclusions were drawn from their
weight, appearance and action. lost of their feeding trials
included fifty animals for control and fifty for experiment.
The investigators have concluded from their work that in
areas where the natural vegetation is below the physiological
optimum requirements of cattle, phosphorus is the limiting
factor in the growth of young stock, in the condition of older
cattle, and in the milk yield of con. They state that any
digestible phosphorus compound given as supplement to the
natural grazing, rectifies the deficiency and permits normal
development. Bone meal feeding was found to be the practical
solution for ranching conditions. Rock phosphate, they con-
cluded, is of little value and presents difficulties in ad-
ministratim.

An interesting experiment establishing the relationship
between phosphorus and food consumption is discussed, and it
is quite closely shown that although animals receiving a bone-
meal ration consume more food in putting at additional weight,
yet they give a much better return per unit of food consumed.

liller, Brandt and Jones (#6) in a mineral metabolism
study with dairy cattle, used a basal ration supplemented in
two cases by bone meal. The basal ration consisted of red
clover hay, oats and vetch silage and a grain mixture consist-

ing of corn, bran and oil meal. The animals were in negative

11

nitrogen balance throughout the basal ration period and also
during the period in which the supplements were added. In
one of the animals there was a change in nitrogen balance
from -23.5 grams to -12.7 grams daily, but in the other animal
there was no appreciable change.
Iineral ilixtures

Salmon (28) experimenting with rate, used a basal ration
consisting of two parts yellow corn and one part peanut meal
supplemented with various minerals as noted in the following
table.

LO‘G I 39.8“ 3331011 51011.
Lot II Basal Ration alone plus one per cent Sodium Chloride

Lot III Basal Ration alone plus one per cent Sodium Chloride
and one and five tenths per cent Calcium Carbonate

Let N Basal Ration alone plus one per cent Sodium Chloride
. and one and five tenths per cent Steamed Bone Heal

Let V Basal Ration alone plus one per cent Sodium Chloride
and one and five tenths per cent Acid Phosphate.

The results were found to be most favorable in Lot IV where
the basal ration was supplemented by bone meal.

Lot I made very little growth.

Lot II, which received Sodium Chloride, made a gradual gain
for two or three months which was followed by a decline in weight
in the case.of the males. Lots III, IV and Y made about normal
gains, but Lot IV sustained growth longer and reached greater
final weight than Lots III or V.

12

Kennard, Holder and White (29) working with poultry
used three rations, one - a basal ration consisting of corn
meal, soy bean meal and water; another - the basal ration
plus various salt mixtures; the other a corn meal and butter-
milk ration. The various salt mixtures were as follows:

Salt Mixtures

Ingredients No. 1 l0. 2 R0. 3 N0. 4 N0. 5
Calcium carbonate 1‘300 16.67 80?00 20.00 10 .00
Sodium Chloride 15.00 17.86 20.00 20.00
Bone ash 15.00 53.57 60.00
Di-potassium phosphate 10.0 11.90
Calcium lactate 10.0
Iagnesium sulphate 3.0
Sulphur 2.0
Ferrous sulphate 1.0

The mineral matter constituted three per cent of the dry
feed mixture in each case.

The best results were obtained with salt mixtures numbers
two and four, which contained a high pr0portion of bone ash.
llixture number four, consisting of bone ash, calcium carbonate
and sodium chloride, was found to be the simplest of ,the mix-
tures which corrected adequately the mineral deficiency of the
basal rat ion and produced a good gain in weight.

Kasuo (51) found that the addition of a mixture of salts
of calcium, magnesium, potassium and iron (phosphate, citrate,
chloride, iodide) with a trace of free iodine, to the diet of a

13

dog was follwed by increase in body weight, in oxygen ab-
sorption and in nitrogen retention.
3.2.2222. 2r. 5.22.4.2 2m ___........man-

In all probabilty acids and alkalis have scum effect
on nitrogen digestion, assimilation and retention.

Iershe and Flashing (30) in their work with sheep and
rabbits found that the addition of lactic acid and acetic
acid to the ration in large amounts caused a loss of nitro-
gen from the body but in smaller amounts did not have this
effect.

Givens (52) reported that the ingestion of hydrochloric
acid has a marked effect on the calcium and magnesium reten-
tion in the dcg. Sodium chloride, which might arise through
the neutralization of ingested hydrochloric acid was fed in in-
creasing amounts and produced a corresponding increase of cal-
cium in the urine without noticeably effecting the balance of
calcium. It was found to have no decided effect upon the ex-
oration of magnesium or on the nitrogen balance.

According to Keaton (31) alimentary administration of
acid is associated with a shift in the nitrogen partition tow-
ard the mania fraction. Such a shift in nitrogen partition
is absent following intravenous injections, if the dose of
acid is not too toxic.

Cell (53) found that administration of phosphoric acid

to a dog did not increase the amount of protein metabolism,

1%

as judged by nitrogen excretion, and he therefore disputes ’
the findings of Ragnar Berg who is of the opinion that acid
does increase the protein metabolism in order that ammonia
may be formed to neutralize the acid.

Seuffert (54) placed dogs on nitrogen-free or nitrogen-
pccr diet, and the daily nitrogen output was determined.
Single amino acids or mixtures of amino acids were then added
to the diet, and the daily nitrogen loss was found to be
diminished. Such amino acids suffice neither for nitrogen
deposition nor for nitrOgen equilibrium, but they do have a
nitrogen sparing action.

By the intermittent administration to nephritics of small
doses of sodium bicarbonate, Denis end Minot (32) were able to
obtain urines absolutely free from even traces of amonia. An
attempt to duplicate these results on normal subjects has been
unsuccessful. These results support the theory that the sole
use of urinary ammonia is for the neutralization of acids found
during the normal metabolic processes.

Van Reorden (33) states that after sodium carbonate has
been taken, partial or complete saturation of the hydrochloric
acid of the stomach and increased alkalinity of the intestinal
contents ensue. By the addition of alkali carbonates to the
feces of children Dubois and Stolte (33) found that they could
change a negative calcium balance to a positive one. They be-
lieved this to be due to the neutralization, by the alkali, of
the phosphoric and sulphuric acids formed in metabolism.

15

Relation _o_f_ Vitamins

Very few experiments have been conducted with animals
for the purpose of studying the influence of the vitamins
on mineral metabolism and fewer still to determine the effect
of the vitamins or lack of the vitamins on nitrogen digestion,
assimilation and retention.

It is well understood that most of the malnutrition and
deficiency disease of cattle do not occur when animals are
living under natural conditions and are obtaining ample supplies
of green fodder, but at the present time, as a general rule,
theseconditions do not exist.

Evidence has been presented in recent years supporting
the assumption that there is a direct beneficial effect of the
vitamins on mineral assimilation and retention. If this is
the case, it may be true likewise, that the presence of these
factors may effect, in one way or another, the nitrogen assimi-
lation and retention and even go so far as to effect the di-
gestion of this element.

Avitaminosis

Some investigators have made a study of the deficiency
of all the vitamins in the diet.

larchlewski and Nawctncuna (38) examined the blood of
pigeons suffering from avitaminosis. They found that the amount
of non-albuminous nitrogen in the blood of the pigeons is greater

than the normal, pointing to an inability to synthesize proteins
from amino acids.

l6

Adachi (39) after experimenting with dege found that in
avitaminosis the excretion of allantoin in dogs shows no nota-
ble variation, while that of uric acid is variable, and may
show transitory increases. In long-continued avitaminosis,
the uric acid excretion is markedly increased. An increased
consumption of nucleins was also found to occur in the later
stages of avitaminosis. These results are considered to con-
firm those of Cellago and Alpern.

Disgrez and Bierry (#0) fed rats on a diet of water, salts,
egg-white, fat, sugar and free from vitamins. Ritr0genous
equilibrium could be maintained for 20 to 25 days provided the
amount of sugar reached a certain minimum. If the quantity of
sugar was reduced below this point, less of nitrogen occurred.
After 20 to 25 days the effect due to absence of vitamins
appeared.

Birabayaski (#1) obtained similar results, but his experi-
ment included only one dog which was placed for six days on a
vitamin-rich diet and then on a vitamin free diet which was con-
tinued until the death of the animal on the one hundred and
eighth day. In the vitamin-rich period there was a slight pin
in weight and a slight positive nitrogen balance. In the first
part of the vitamin free period the weight decreased very slight-
ly during the first 18 days, then increased up to the forty-
second day, after which, with the onset of gastric disturbances,
it again fell rapidly. In the remaining period loss in weight
and the nitr0gen balance were parallel, with occasional exceptions.

1?

litany: u-

Chose (3“) considers the vitamin A intake of domestic
animals very important, largely on account of the fact that
many of the ordinary farm concentrates tend to be somewhat
deficient in this respect. In his experiments with rats he
found.fish meal, poppy cake, linseed cake and clover meal to
be especially rich in vitamin A. Authorities as a whole seem
to agree that the chief sources of vitamin A are'butter, cream,
whole milk, egg-yolk, greens, carrots, cabbage, tomatoes, a1-
falfa, clover and cod liver oil.

Vitamin 'D'

The relation of vitamdn D to nitrogen digestion, assimila-
tion and retention has not been investigated although much has
been done on the relation of this factor to mineral retention.

The chief sources of vitamin D, it is believed, are car-
rots, cod.1iver 011, all green feeds, and properly cured hay.
Vitamin 'B'

Vitamin B is found chiefly in whole grains, cereal germs,
bran, nuts, vegetables, fruits, egg yolk, milk, yeast and yeast
extract.

Schaumann (35) reported results on an experiment with four
pigeons, in which he studied the increase in food intake and
the influence on the balance of nitrogen, phosphorus, calcium
and magnesium after the administration of vitamin B. The basal
diet consisted of polished rice, and as a source of vitamin B,

an extract of rice polishings was used. The experiment lasted

18

twenty days. A retention of nitrogen, phosphorus, and cal-
cium was secured, as shown by the following table.

Nitrogen Phosphoric Acid Calcium Oxide
Vitamin free diet -0.9l|-20 ~0.433 -0.l38
Plus vitamin B +0.003t2 -0.29# 10.0018

{arr (36) made some metabolism studies with diets deficient
in water soluble B and concluded that the lack of this accessory
does not effect the utilization of. the nitrogen in the alimentary
tract of the dog. It is probable, he states, that the lack of
vitamin B does not primarily effect the intermediary metabolism
of protein nitrogen.

Deuel and Weiss (37) using a respiration calorimeter studied
the basal metabolism of dogs, at various stages of vitamin B de-
ficiency.

In one dog the basal metabolism at the height of polyneuritis
was 25 per cent higher than normal, but fell to normal values
after the removal of polyneuritic symptoms. The basal nitrogen
elimination in this animal was three times as high during poly-
neuritis as after recovery. In a normal animal receiving an
amount of vitamin B greater than that necessary for maintenance
there was no alteration in basal metabolism. These results would
be far more valuable if a large number of animals had been used.

man 9.: man

The beneficial effects of sunligit and ultra-violet llglt
have been firmly established in relation to rickets. It is a

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19

ten known fact that such light aids in calcium retention.
Very little work has been done, however, on the relation of
light to nitrogen assimilation and retention.

sunlight '

rcketein (#2) found that the growth of young white rats.
as measured by length and weight, as well as development other-
wise, is independent of the quality of natural light (red, blue-
violet, or grey) and of its intensity. These results are in
accord with those of Loch. Artificial ultra-violet light pro-
duced a retardation in the growth of his animals.

The albumin metabolism was found by Graffenberger (43) to
be exactly the same for two rabbits, one of which was kept in
a light and the other in a dark hutch for a preliminary period
of forty-sir days and a subsequent observation period of eleven
days duration. with an entire supply of nitrogen of 17.2 grams
the one in light retained 2.8 grams, the other 2.5 grams, for
the whole period of examination.

Ultra-violet-light

lismer (N) in studying the action of ultra-violet light
on protein and purine metabolism in man used an 'Ultrasonne
Light". He concluded that the radiation caused a diminution
in total nitrogen and phosphorus excretion. The urinary sul-
phur was not changed.

20

ligcellaneous Factors

5a};

Killer, Brandt and Jones. (#6) studied the relation of
tale to nitrogen retention. A basal ration consisting of
red clover hay, cats and vetoh silage and a grain mixture of
corn, bran and oil meal was supplemented by kale. Only one
animal was used for this purpose and she was found to be in
negative nitrogmi balance during both the basal ration period
and the period when kale was supplemented. She changed, hw-
sver, from a negative balance of 23 grams to a negative bal-
ance of 1.7 grams daily, but the nitrogen in the feed increased
from 225 grams to 275.} grams daily. The investigators con-
cluded that kale increased the milk yield and absorption of
total solids from the intestine.
cottonseed pea; poisoning

Cottonseed meal is used almost universally as a constitu-
ent of dairy feeds and much has been said relative to its use,
chiefly because of the toxic principle, gossypol, which it cai-
tains.

llacy and Outhouse (#7), in their studies of cottonseed
meal injury with dogs, found that the protein of cottonseed
meal was adequate for maintenance and also for growth. Dogs
on cottonseed meal diets ate freely and gained in body weight.
Chemical analyses of the food intake and the excreta at various

periods during the development of cottonseed meal injury show

21

that there may be a positive nitrogen balance in the early
weeks of the feeding whereas after the meet of the disease
there is a distinct negative balance. This they stated,
migit indicate that gossypol impairs the digestion of food
materials in vivo.
Badium

Bosenbloom ("-5) studied the effects of radium on metab-

 

olism. Intravenous injections of 100 micrograms of radium in
dogs produced an increase in the nitrOgsn, the total stﬁphur
and the neutral sulphur excretion maintained over three days.
The excretion of creatinine and of uric acid was not affected.

Local application of 16 milligrams for four days and 70
milligrams for four days was studied in a case of carcinoma.
There was a nitrogen retention of 1.3- grams.
Temegature

Denis and Borgstrcm (ll-8) computed the average daily uri-
nary nitrogen of 233 male medical students of New Orleans to
be 10.63'grams. This indicates a mean protein intake much be-
low the average recorded for inhabitants of the United States,
and the investigators suggest that this limitation of protein
intake is associated with the high temperature of the semi-
tropics.
metration

Several investigators have studied the nitrogen metabolism
in animals after castration. Korenchersky (“-9) studied the re-
sults of these investigators and found that of the eleven animals

22

included in the various experiments whose nitrogen balance was
studied with satisfactory technique, a decrease of nitrogen
was found.in six, an increase in one, and.no change in four of
the animals.

Korenchersky than made a further study of the subject us-
ing eleven dogs (four males and seven females) and five rabbits
(four males and one female). as found that nitrogenous metabo-
lism was decreased after castration in 'fat' castrated dogs,
but that in 'thin' castrated dogs this fall in the nitrOgenous
metabolism was usually less pronounced or absent.

As an explanation of the different results of castration
upon metabolism Korenschersky suggested that these results are
due not only to the direct influence upon metabolism of the re-
moval of the sexual glands, but also to the secondary changes
produced by castration in the thyroid, hypOphysis, adrenals
and pancreas.

Summary of m of Literature

A review of the literature shows us that there are many
factors affecting the digestion, assimilation and retention
of nitrogen in dairy cattle.

The so called.'sparing action' of carbohydrates and fats
upon protein has been proven so that today it is an accepted
and.und1sputed fact.

It has‘been the consensus of opinion of all investigators

from the time of Isllner's work until the present day that the

23

withdrawal of carbohydrates or fate, or both, causes an in-
crease in protein metabolism. It has also been substantiated
that the carbohydrates act more favorably as sparers or pro-
tein than do the fate.

There is little information concerning the effect of the
administration of sulphur on the retention of nitrogen. Lewis,
however, makes the definite statement that the addition of oys-
tin diminishes the loss of nitrogen from the body and favorably
influences the nitrogen balance. Other investigators are not
clear on this point.

Kelly got an immediate increased retention of nitrogen
when potassium iodide was fed to half-grown pigs - which since
weaning, had not received any iodine rich food.

The statements of Van Noorden, while not entirely contra-
dictory, do not agree with those of Kelly. Van Nocrden states
that protein metabolism is not affected appreciably by iodides
in therapeutic doses, any more than is the respiratory inter-
change.

weiske, Van Ncorden and others seem to agree that protein
digestion is decreased when calcium carbonate is administered
and state this is probably due to a weakening of the acid re-
action in the stomach.

Bone meal as a supplement to grazing was found to be a
limiting factor in growth of young stock and as there was an
increase in body weight this might be interpreted to mean an

increase in nitrogen retention.

2“.

new rock phosphate, on the other hand, was found to be
of little value for growth, and presented difficulties in ad-
ministration. A possible increased retention of nitrOgen as
indicated by a greater gain in weight might also be assumed
from the feeding of various mineral mixtures. In general
those mixtures containing a high percentage of bone ash were
most beneficial.

Givens found that the administration of hydrochloric
said did not increase the protein metabolism while sen claims '
the same to be true for phosphoric acid.

Isrshe and rleshing got a loss of nitrogen when large
amounts of lactic and acetic acid were given but small amounts
had no effect.

Berg found that acid increased protein metabolism, which
was contradictory to the findings of Givens and Gail. Suffert
claims a nitrogen sparing action for single amino acids and
mixtures.

Schaummin got an increased retention d nitrogen when
vitamin B was fed as a supplement. Karr, on the other hand,
states that it is probable that the lack of vitamin B does
not primarily affect the intermediary metabolism of protein
nitrogen.

Almost all of the present day investigators agree that
nitrogenous equilibrium cannot be maintained in advanced stages
of avitaminosis. Eckstein, Loeb and Graffenberger agree that
the quality or intensity of natural light has no effect on

growth. Graffsnberger was not able to get any difference in
nitrogen retention in animals kept in light and dark rooms.

In cases of cottonseed meal injury it has been shown
that there may be a positive nitrogen balance in the early
weeks, whereas, after the onset of the disease there is a
distinct negative balance.

Intravenous injections of radium do not affect the ex-
cretion of creatinine and of uric acid.but local applications
in a case of carcinoma caused a small retention of nitrogen.
The limitation of protein intake is said by some investi-
gators, to be associated with the high temperature of the
semi-tropics.

Korenchewsky found that nitrogenous metabolism was de-
creased after castration in fat castrated dOgs, but that in
thin castrated dogs this fall in metabolism was usually less

pronounced or absent.

h‘l

26

OBJECT OF THE EXPERIMENT

The object of this experimmnt is to determine the
effect on nitrogen digestion, assimilation and retention
of adding mineral supplements in the form of calcium car-
bonate, calcium lactate and sulphur to the ration of grow-
ing calves. The work of 192% conducted at this Station,
comparing:bone meal and.raw rook phosphate will also be
repeated, giving more attention to the effect of these
mineral supplements on nitrogen digestion, assimilation
and retention. A ration low in lime will be fed to grow-
ing calves to determine the effect of such a ration on

nitrogen digestion, assimilation and retention.

27

PLAN 0! THE EXPERIMENT.

rive growing calves and three mature dairy cows will
be used in the experiment. The animals will be placed on
metabolism and the calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen balances
determined. Before and after each metabolism.period the
animals will be bled and the calcium, phosphorus, chlorine
and.alkaline reserve of the blood will be determined. They
will be weighed daily while on experiment.
1222 an. 223232-

1. The metabolism.period for the calves will last
seven days. .

2. The calves will be continued on the rations they
have been getting which are as follows:

‘ Oalf 128. Milk, with the addition of flowers of sul-

phur and salt.

Calf £21. Grain mixture, potatoes, and timothy hay
supplemented by four: per cent calcium carbonate.

Calf £13. Grain.mdxture, potatoes, and timothy hay
.supplemented.by four per cent calcium lactate.

Oalf £18. Grain mixture, potatoes and timothy hay.

Calf £20.. Grain, potatoes and timothy hay.

3. The calves will be exercised for twenty minutes,
out in the cpen, every day while on metabolism. When not

on metabolism the animals are allowed to run at will, weather
conditions permitting.

28

work with 3am m.

1. Three dairy cows will be placed, first on a basal
ration low in calcium and phosphorus, and after a prelimi-
nary period of fifteen days will be placed on metabolism for
five days.

2. During the second period they will receive the
basal ration, but in addition will receive bone meal as a
supplement and the procedure will be repeated.

3. The animals will next be put back on the basal
ration and the balances again determined.

It. In the fourth period the cows will receive the
basal ration supplemented by raw rock phosphate.

5. The animals will be exercised in the Open for
thirty minutes daily while on actual metabolism. When not
on metabolism the cots are allowed to be outside for much

longer periods, depending upon weather conditions.

29

METHOD OF EXPERIMENTATION

Selection‘gf Animals
91.3.1222

The calves used in this experiment were chosen be-
cause they were the individuals subject to the influence
of the factors being considered. Animals 0 18, 0 19, G 20,
and c 21 were raised under herd conditions until approxi-
mately four months of age.' Calf #28 was placed on experi-
ment when a few days of age. Calf #18 and calf #20 were
placed on a ration low in calcium to order that the effect
of such a ration on the health and growth of the animals
might be studied.

‘Oalf #19 and self #21 were fed a basal ration low in
lime. The ration of self #19 was supplemented by four per
cent of calcium lactate while that of calf #21 contained
four per cent of calcium carbonate.

The ration of calf #28 consisted of whole milk and
flowers of sulphur. This ration was fed in order to deter-
ndne whether flowers of sulphur would correct the deficiency
of milk when fed as the sole diet of calves.

Mature cows.

In selecting the cows an endeavor was made to get three
cows in normal lactation, showing ability to keep up their
milk production over a period of three months of experiments-

tion. For this reason, and not because of the difference in

breeds, one Holstein, one Guernsey and one Jersey were chosen.

3O

Hereafter the Holstein will be referred to as Oow #146,
the Guernsey as Cow #95, and the Jersey as Cow #73. All
of the animals appeared to be in good physical condition
at the beginning of the experiment. Cow #llt6, a three year
old, weighed about 1300 pounds at the beginning of the ex-
periment and was giving about 36 pounds of three per cent
milk daily. Gow #95, a four year old, weighed about 1030
pounds and was giving 31 pounds of four and five tenths
per cent milk a day. Gow #73, also a three year old,
weighed 900 pounds at the beginning of the experiment and
was giving 36 pounds of five and five tenths per cent milk
daily.

Equipment
seam

The calves were kept in a room in the experimental
barn. while on metabolism they were tied to wooden mangers
which were built for this purpOse. Large canvas bags, about
three and one-half feet by six feet were stuffed with shav-
ings and used as bedding.

Large sc00p shovels, one for each calf, were provided
for the collection of feces. Buckets were also provided to
hold the feces until the end of the day when it could be
weighed and sampled. Other buckets on long sticks were pro-
vided for the collection of the urine. From these buckets

the urine was transferred to large glass stOppered bottles.

31

As calf #28 was a bull it was possible to collect the
urine by an easier method. A piece of canvas was sewed to
a rubber hot water bottle and four straps were attached to
the canvas. This was strapped on the calf and emptied from
time to time.

A spring scale was provided for the weighing of the
water, and a gram balance capable of weighing up to 29,000
grams was used for the weighing of all other material.

Nature col;

The three cows were kept together in stanchions which
were a modification of those described by Forbes on page 18
of bulletin #363 of the Ohio Experiment Station. The mangers
were four and one-half feet high on the sides and front; this
prevented the cattle from throwing their feed out and thereby
causing a chance for error. The front of the mangers was re-
movable, permitting easy access at feeding time or whenever
necessary to clean out any feed which might have been left
uneaten.

A record of the barn temperature was taken daily from
a thermometer which hung near the cows.

In all other respects the equipment used was the same
as that employed in the metabolism work with calves previous-

ly mentioned.

32

.gggg‘gg‘thg Animals
22119.9.

The calves were placed on metabolism for seven days.
Before starting:on the actual metabolism, however, the ani-
mals were placed in their new surroundings for several days
in order that they might become accustomed to them.

The calves were started on metabolism at six o'clock
in the morning and the feces and urine weighed and sampled
at the end of each twenty-four hours. Before any feeding
was done in the morning the animals were weighed. This
record of the weights may be found in Table I in the appendix.
The feeding was done at six o'clock in the morning and six
at night.

All the feed, feces and urine were weighed on the gram
balance and the water was weighed on a spring scale. Water
was offered to the animals three times a day and the amount
drunk was recorded.

At eleven o'clock every morning during collection periods
the calves were taken out and exercised for twenty minutes.
An attendant followed each animal carrying with him a bucket
and a shovel.
22.22.22.992

As planned, the experiment with the three cows was di-
vided into four twenty day periods. Throughout the entire

experiment a grain mixture was fed. This consisted of:

33

200 pounds hominy feed
’100 pounds distillers' grains
100 pounds gluten meal
100 pounds oil meal
1 per cent salt

The grain mixtures were all mixed ten times to in-
sure uniformity and eliminate as far as possible error in
sampling. During the last five days of each twenty day
period the cows were placed on metabolism.

During the first period the basal ration low in cal-
cium and phosphorus was fed.

In the second or steam bone meal period the basal
ration was supplemented by the addition of three per cent
of steam bone meal to the grain mixture.

The third period was a repetition of the first, the
idea being to get a check on the first period and to allow
any possible after effects of the bone meal to pass off.

In the fourth period three per cent of raw rock phos-
phate was added to the basal ration and the cows went 'off
feed' making it necessary to etOp this procedure and after
some experimentation with different methods the raw rock
phosphate was finally administered in the form of capsules
but only to the extent of two per cent of the grain ration.
It was necessary also to change the basal ration of cow #95
in order to induce her to eat.any grain. Her ration was

changed to the following:

The cows were
schedule:
#:00 A.
#:30 A.
5:30 A.
6:00 A.
1:00 P.
5:00 P.
9:00 P.

60 pounds hominy feed

ll-O pounds Diamond gluten

30 pounds distillers' grains

30 pounds gluten feed

20 pounds oil meal

20 pounds cats

20 pounds bran

l per cent salt

taken care of according to the following

I.
M.
I.
H.
H.
M.
H.

Weighing

Silage and grain

Hay and water

Hulking

Milking and grain feeding
Silage, water and hay
Milking and grain feeding

Tables II and III in the appendix show the amount of

milk produced and the weights of animals from day to day.

During preliminary periods the cows were allowed to ex-

ercise in the lot for thirty minutes to one hour, according

to weather conditions.

Table IV in the appendix gives some

idea of the weather conditions. During collection periods

the same method of exercising‘as that employed.with the calves

was carried.out, but the period of exercise was increased to

thirty minutes.

35

COLLECTION OF EXPERIMENTAL DATA

Elves

weighing
As mentioned before, the animals were weighed every

morning before feeding and watering and the weights recorded.
29.1.12: 92.2 _.__z___ann m 21:. 9.2.42-

131- The timothy hay fed during the experiment was of
good quality. It was all ground before the metabolism ex-
periment started and was weighed out in bags. As the amount
of hay necessary for a seven day period for four calves was.
not very large, samples for analysis could be taken from the
pile before weighing and bagging. These samples were placed
in covered glass Jars and taken to the laboratory for analysis.
All analytical work connected with the experiment was dens by
the Experiment Station chemists. All feeds were ground so
that they'would pass through a 30 mesh wire sieve and samples
taken by the quartering method.

£12212- Samples of the grain mixture were taken as fed
and kept in covered glass jars. All the grain for the ex-
periment had been mixed at one time and turned over ten times.

Potatoes. Samples of potatoes were taken daily at the
time of cutting and placed in air tight glass jars for analysis.

36

gi_l_k_. Duplicate samples of the milk fed were taken
night and morning, making two composite samples each for
0 28 and 0 25. These were taken to the laboratory each
morning for analysis.

Collection and 22!2$$EE.2£ 32232.

The feces of the previous day were weighed on the gram
balance every morning at six o'clock and after they were
thoroughly mixed a representative sample was taken for analy-
sis. A portion of the sample was analyzed for nitrogen daily
and the remainder placed on drying racks for determination of
calcium and phosphorus.

Collection and smling 33 m.

The urine after being weighed and mixed was sampled at
the same time as the feces. A part of this sample was used
for the determination of nitrogen and the remainder analyzed
for calcium and phosphorus.

Analysis 23 eagles.

All samples were taken to the laboratory and analyzed

by the Experiment Station chemists.
15.3222 92::
Ieighing

The con were weighed daily at four in the morning on a
large platform scales. They were weighed before feeding or
watering, so as to eliminate unnecessary fluctuation in weight

which might be due to a difference in food and water intake.

Sampling and analysis of £9393.

331. All timothy hay needed for the experiment was cut
at one time and placed in a bin. This was done in order that
the quality of the hay might be constant throughout.the experi-
ment. The timothy used had a light green color and was of good
quality. Samples were taken as the hay was fed and these were
taken care of in the same manner as in the work with calves.

Silage. The silage was of good quality throughout the
experiment. Samples were taken at each feeding and a portion
placed in large glass, air-tight jars. From this large sample
two other samples were taken by the quartering method, dried,
ground and analyzed for calcium, phosphorus and nitrogen con-
tent. The sample for each period was analyzed separately.

M. The grain was handled in the same manner as des-
cribed in the experiment with calves.

[9593. Samples of water were taken every morning and
evening and a composite sample made for each of the periods.
These were analyzed for calcium.

Collection.and sampling 3: feces.

 

Practically the same method of collection and sampling
as that used in the work with calves was employed in this
metabolism. The feces were collected in large weighed gal-
vanized baskets instead of buckets and were mixed by hand.

Collection and sampling of urine.

 

The urine was collected in buckets and transferred to

large covered milk cans. The sampling and analyzing was the
same as previously described in the work with calves.

38

__1_;.
The milk was weighed on accurate spring scales and the

weight recorded. After weighing it was mixed thoroughly and

two samples of aliquot portions were taken for analytical

purposes. Analysis was made in the same way as before mentioned.

39

DISCUSSION OF RESULTS

Salve e

 

Llﬁ developed normally in weight and height as shown
by the tables in the appendix, and retained 20 grams of nitro-
gen daily during the seven day metabolism period.

939. The results with this animal were practically the
same as with C 18, but the nitrogen balance was less.

g_g_1_. As stated before c 21 was placed on metabolism
December 7. On December 11, while still on metabolism, she
had a brief collapse which resembled a short convulsion.

The four per cent of calcium carbonate did not seem to have
any effect on the digestion, assimilation and retention of
nitrogen. As shown by the tables, this calf retained 25 grams
of nitrogen daily during the metabolism period.

_C__2. This calf was placed on metabolism December 15.
She had convulsions every day while on metabolism except the
first day: on the second day she had two. The nitrogen bal-
ance was decidedly positive, averaging about 12.5 grams daily.

93g gained 14 pounds during the seven days on metabolism
although he had gained weight very slowly up until that time.
He showed a strong uniform nitrogen balance throughout the
period, averaging 19.9 grams daily. The digestibility of the
nitrogen was 90.1 per cent, which may be considered very good.
Henry and Morrison give the digestibility of crude protein in

#0

milk as 9“ per cent. 0 28 also manifested irritability
which resulted in a convulsion five days after the metabo-
lism period had been completed. He died December 25 in a
severe convulsion. I

Nature Cows

 

 

lgt Check Period

All three animals seemed to get along very nicely dur-
ing this period. Their appetites were very good.and.no
trouble was encountered.in getting them to eat their grain
or roughage after they had‘become accustomed to their eur-
roundings. As shown by the weight chart in the appendix
there was no considerable change in weight of the animals
during this period except in that of #73, which for some
reason fluctuated a great deal in the first few days on
metabolism.

Each of the three animals decreased about five pounds
in their daily milk production during the period. The tables
in the appendix show that during the actual metabolism period
all three were in negative calcium balance, positive nitrogen
balance, and cows #1#6 and #73 were in negative phosphorus
balance averaging-2.5% and.-1.64 respectively, while #95 had
an average positive phosphorus balance of 3.89 grams.

The blood picture can best be shown by the graph in the
appendix, but special attention should be called to the evi-

dence of increase in calcium.

4].

Bone Heal Period.

 

In this period the bone meal was mixed with the grain
as before mentioned and.this ration was substituted for the
basal ration without making an attempt to get the cows ac-
customed to it gradually. This was found to be a satisfactory
method because all three cleaned up their grain the first day
it was given and seemed to relish it. All cows ate satisfac-
torily throughout this period except for one day, the seventh
day of the period, when #146 refused to eat all of her hay,
but this was accounted for by the fact that she was in heat
and was bred. The body weights in this period showed quite
an appreciable increase, while the milk production remained
practically constant.

Although the animals were not brought into positive cal-
cium balance during this period there was quite a.noticeab1e
diminution in the average daily loss. The phosphorus balance
however, showed quite clearly the effect of the administration
of the bone meal which not only changed the balances from nega-
tive to positive,‘but resulted in a large phosphorus balance.
In only one case was there an increase in the nitrogen balance.
In the first period #lu6 had an average positive balance of
2h.u6 grams, while in the second this was increased to 25.96.
#95 and #73 showed a marked decrease in their average positive
balances as compared with the first period. The blood.picture

of this period shows a decided increase in the phosphorus and

calcium.

51a.

2nd Check 2.9.1222

The appetites of the animals remained normal during this
period. Numbers 95 and 1&6 continued to gain in body weight,
but the weight of #73 remained about constant. There was
practically no change in the milk production of numbers 1‘46
and 95 and only a slight drop in the production or #73.

The calcium balances for the period were all negative,
but they were not so great as in the former check period and
in the case of numbers 1&6 and 95 were not so large as the
balances of bone meal period. This may have been caused by
the lasting effect of the bone meal.

All three animals were in positive phosphorus balance
during the period.

An increase in the nitrogen balance over that of the
bone meal period was found to be characteristic of all the
animals during this period. The blood picture shows a drop
in phosphorus for all three animals and a further increase in '
calcium.

31! £93! Phosphate M

Trouble started with the administration of the raw rock
phosphate at the beginning of the fourth and last period. An
attempt was made to feed this Just as the bone meal had been
fed, but this method was soon found to be impracticable. The
animals went 'off feed' on the second day and refused to eat
' their grain and at the same time the bowels of nits became very

loose, but the other two animals continued to appear normal.

#2

An.attempt was then made to get the cows accustomed to the
ndneral. by starting with small amounts of it in the grain,
but this also was unsuccessful. It was then thought that
the raw rock phosphate might not be noticed so much if it
were fed with the silage, starting with 10 grams and doubling
the amount every day. This met with partial success for
several days and then #95 and #73 refused their hay and sil-
age although they did clean up their grain. After two weeks
of such experimenting, it was finally decided to administer
the phOsphate in one ounce capsules. With the aid of a cap-
sule gun, two of these capsules, containing a carefully
‘weighed portion of the mineral, were given each cow night and
morning. As a result, #146 seemed to eat fairly well, but
numbers 95 and 73 continued to refuse hay and silage and some-
times left the grain. After several days #95 refused the
grain entirely, so she was put on a different grain ration
which had, more variety and was also low in calcium and phos-
phorus. An improvement was seen almost immediately and after
an interval of several days she began cleaning up the grain.
Due to the'behavior of the animals it was considered
advisable to postpone the actual metabolism period so that
the preliminary period lasted 2% days tnstead of the usual 15.
letabolism was started 10 days after the initial administrap
tion of raw rock phosphate by use of the capsules. The animals

were not on full feed at this time, but as it seemed impossible

43

to devise a method for making them consume more it was
thought best to start the actual collection.

It was necessary to "weigh back' the feed left by the
cows after each feeding for the only thing that was cleaned
up entirely at all times during the five days was the silage
given to #95. It will be noticed from the tables that the
cows drank very little water during this period, as compared
with the other periods. The animals showed a constant de-
crease in weight during the entire period, losing what weight
they had gained on previous periods. Their milk production
also drOpped.considerably during the 29 days which is shown
very clearly by the tables. No. 73 had a larger negative
calcium balance during this period than in the previous
check period, but numbers 1%6 and 95 both had positive bal-
ances.

Regarding the phosphorus balance, ilu6 had almost as
large a balance during this period as in the bone meal period
but numbers 73 and 95 changed to a negative balance.

All three animals were in negative nitrogen balance dur-
ing the raw rock phosphate period, all other periods showing
a positive balance. This can be accounted for, however, by
the fact that the animals were 'off feed' and did not consume'
nearly so much feed. This is best shown by the accompanying
table which contains the results of figuring out the percent-
age digestibility. The table also gives the results of the

41+

1924 experiment at this Station and it can be seen that
there is very little difference in the figures for any
period, whether it be a mineral supplement period or a
check period. The fact remains, however, that the raw
rock phosphate had a direct effect on the appetite and
therefore, on the food consumption of the animals.

The blood picture is more difficult to interpret in
this pericdas far as phosphorus was concerned, but there
was a very decisive d‘r0p in calcium in the blood.

Results 3_f_ 1935 _o_f_: 1221:.

So far as digestibility is concerned these results
confirm those secured in the metabolism work of 1924. This
can best be seen by a study of the tables of animals num-
bers 33, 70 and 71, showing the nitrogen balances and by
the table showing the per cent digestibility.

CONCLUSIONS

1. The factor which causes death in calves fed on a
sole diet of concentrates apparently does not depress nitro-
gen digestion, assimilation and retention.

2. The administration of flowers of sulphur has no
effect on nitrogen retention.

3. Apparently nitrogen digestion and.retention are
not affected by irritability.

u. Calcium lactate did not favor or retard nitrogen
retention.

5. Calcium carbonate had no effect on the digestion,
assimilation and retention of nitrogen.

6. A low calcium ration does not affect nitrogen
digestion, assimilation and retention.

7. The digestion of nitrOgen, with lactating cows,
was not affected by the addition of bone meal or raw rock
phosphate.

8. Raw rock phosphate is unpalatable. The negative
nitrogen balances secured with the animals in this experi-
ment were probably due to a decreased food intake caused

by the administration of raw rock phosphate.

1.

2.

8.

9.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Armsby, H. P.

Nutrition of Farm.Animals, page 539.

Macuillan Co. 1917.

Lusk, G.

Zeitschrift fur Biologie. 1910, XXVII, 459.
Thomas.

Archiv fir Physiologie. 1910.

Cited by Lusk: Science of Nutrition, page 155.
Rubner

Gesetze des Energieverbrauches bei der Ernahrﬁng.
Pages 71, 78.

Landergren

'Skan. Archiv fﬁr Physiologie, XIV page 112, 1903.

Cathcart

Journal of Physiology, XXXIX page 311, 1909.
Bartmann

Zeitschrift fur Biologie, 1912, LVIII, 375.
Cited by Lusk: Science of Nutrition, page 248.
Armsby, H. P.

Nutrition of Farm Animals. Page 168.

Von Noorden, C.

Metabolism and Practical Medicine. Vol. 1, page 311.
W. T. Keener a 00., Chicago.

10.

11.

12.

13.

15.

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

Voit, C.

s.Nr.1 Page 127, lﬂh f.f. E.Voit u.Korkounoff: s.Nr.1
Page 118.

Kayeer

s.Nr.20. Cited by Von Noorden, Vol. 1, page 311.
Helleson

Cited by Von Noorden, Vol. I, page 311.

Landergren

Eiweissumsetz des Mensch. 8k. Ar. page 14, 112, 1903.
Cited by Von Noorden, Vol. 1, page 311.

Von Noorden, C.

Metabolism and Practical Medicine. Vol. 1, page 75.
Armsby, H. P.

Nutrition of Farm Animals, Page 179.

Von Noorden, C.

Metabolism and Practical Medicine. Vol. I, page lhl.
Lewis, H. B.

Journal of Biological Chemistry. Vol. 31, page 363-77.
Konschegg, A.

Archiv Expt. Path. Pharm. 62. 502-17.

Abstracted in Chemical Abstracts Vol. IV, page 32h5.
Cross.

2. Expt. Path. 9, 171.

Abstracted in Chemical Abstracts, Vol. VI, page 382.

20.

21.

22.

23.

2%.

25.

26.

27.

28.

29.

#8

Stookey

Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 22, page 125.
Rose, M.

Journal of Biological Chemistry, Vol. 22, page 125.
Von Noordan, C.

Metabolism and Practical Medicine, Vol. I, page 38.
Weiske, H.

Landw. Jahr., 21, page 790-807.

Abstracted in Experiment Station Records, Vol. Iv, page #37.
Von Noorden, C.

Metabolism and Practical Medicine, Vol. 1, page 38.
Sdborow

Cited by Von Noorden, Vol. 1, page 38.

Hildebrandt.

Zeitschrift Fur Physiol. Chem. xxxv, page lul-sa.
Cited in Journal of Biological Chem. Vol. X, page 222.
Theiler, Green and Du Toit.

Phosphorus in the Livestock Industry.

Reprint No. 18, 1929. Uhion of South Africa.
Salmon, w. D. ' ’

Science, Nov. 14, 1929.

Kennard, Holder and White.

Poultry Fleshing Investigations.

American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 59.

“9

30. Wershe H. and Flesching C.
Journal J. Landw. 37, page 199.
Abstracted in Experiment station Records, Vol.XI, page 651.
31. Keeton, R. W. .
Journal of Biological Chem. Vol. 49, page #11.
32, Denis W. and Minot A. S.
Journal of Biological Chem. Vol. 35, page 101.
33. Dubois and Stolte '
Journal of Biological Chem. Vol. 31, page #21.
3h. Chose, S. N.
Journal of Metabolic Research. Vol. IV, N. 5-6.
35. Schaumann.
Archiv fur Schiffs und Trapenhyg., 13 Beiheft 6, 1919.
36. Karr, W. C.
Journal of Biological Chem. Vol. nu, page 277.
37. Deuel, H. J. and Weiss, R.
Soc. Expt. Biol. and Med. Proc., 21, 1924.
38. Marchlewski and (M11e.) Nowotnouna
Physiol. Abstracts. Vol. 9 No. 9, page 1069.
39. Adachi, A.
Biochem. Zeit. 1923, 193, nos-22.
Physiol. Abstracts. Vol. VI, No. 11.

40.

41.

42.

43.

46.

1+7.

1+9.

Desgrez A. Bierry H.

Physiological Abstracts, Vol. VI, No. 1, page 58.
Hirabayashi N. .

Experiment Station Records. Vol. 52, No. 1, page
Eckstein A.

Archiv Kinderheilk 1923, 73, 1p28.

Physiol. Abst. Vol. 8 No. 10.

Graffenberger

Ar. P. M. 53. 238, 1893.

Cited in Von Noorden, Vol. 3, page 1214.

Weiner H.

Klin. woch. 1924, 3, 936-7.

Physiol. Absts. Vol. 9, No. 8.

Rosenbloom, J.

Journal of Metabolic Research, Vol. 4, 75-88.
Miller, Brandt and Jones

Journal of Physiology, Vol. 49, page 169.

Macy and Outhouse.

American Journal of Physiology, Vol. 49, page 78.
Denis W. and Borgstrcm P.

Journal of Biological Chem. 1924, 61, 109-16.
Korenchevsky V.

British Journal Exp. Physiol. Vol. VI, No. 1.

50

66.

50.

51.

52.

53-

54.

Kelly, F. C.

Journal of Physiol. Vol. 59, No. 6, page 79.
Kazuo, A.

Biochem. Zeit. 1923, 140, 326-47.

Givens, Me Be

Journal of Biol. Chem. Vol. 35, page 241.
Cell, F.

Physiole AbStBe V01. 9, Has “'e

Seuffert, P. W.

Physiol. Absts. Vol. IX, No. 9.

51

APPENDIX

TABLE I .

c 18

Date Weight Normal Per cent Height Normal Per cent
Weight Normal Shoulders Height Normal

11/12/23 86.0 96.20 89.40 72.5 72.79 99.60

12/2/23 94.0 116.86 80.35 76.3 76.11 100.25

1/1/24 134.0 152.20 88.04 80.3 81.30 98.77

1/31/24 157.0 194.26 80.82 85.5 86.16 ,99.24

3/1/24 222.0 242.46 91.56 91.0 91.30 99.68

3/31/24 244.0 294.93 82.74 94.5 95.90 98.55

4/30/24 272.0 342.73 79.37 96.3 100.31 96.00

5/30/24 315.0 383.58 82.12 101.7 103.56 98.20

6/29/24 333.3 420.20 79.32 104.0 106.79 97.39

7/29/24 374.0 460.54 81.21 105.8 108.81 97.24

8/28/24 425.0 496.34 85.63 109.0 110.92 98.28

9/27/24 462.0 525.26 87.96 112.5 112.40 100.10

10/27/24 507.3 554.14 91.55 114.0 113.79 100.20

11/26/24 545.3 571.85 95.36 112.0 115.45 97.02

12/15/24 572.0

12/16/24 571.0

12/17/24 576.0

12/18/24 571.0

12/19/24 571.0

12/20/24 572.0

12/21/24 568.0

12/26/24 587.0 593.05 98.98 118.0 117.15 100.80

C 19
Date

12/2/23
1/1/24
1/31/24
3/1/24
3/31/24
4/30/24
5/30/24
6/29/24
7/29/24'
8/28/24
9/27/24
10 /27/ 24
11/26/24
12/15/24
12/16/24
12/17/24
12/18/24
12/19/24
12/20/24
12/21/24
12/26/24

Weight Normal

Weight
86.0 98.26
117.0 130.60
157.0 168.46
197.0 213.06
231.0 263.13
274.0 314.50
321.0 359.60
344.0 398.60
394-? 435-93
445.0 475.34
505.3 508.46
523-6 536-73
524.3 562.26
559-0
552.0
554.0 ‘
558.0
558.0
540.0
548.0
574.0 579.86

TABLE I . (Cont .)

Per cent Height

Normal
87-53
89-59
93.20
92.47
87-79
87-13
89.27
86.20
90-55
93-53
99-38
97.55
93.20

98-99

Shoulders

73.20
77-57
84.00
90.00
93°00
98.00
101.00
103.20
106.80
111.00
111.00
114.00
117.00

118.00

Normal
Height

72.13
78.18
83.28
88.18

93.20

97-67
101.72
104.93
107.62
109. 66
111.56
112.96
114.44

116.14

Per cent

Normal
101.50
99.35
100.90
102.07
99.79
100.34
99-30
98.36
99.24
100.90
99-50
101.00
102.24

101.61

53

C 20
Date

 

12/2/23
1/1/24
1/31/24
3/1/24
3/31/24
4/30/24
5/30/24
6/29/24
7/29/24
8/28/24
9/27/24
10/27/24
11/26/24
12/15/24
12/16/24
12/17/24
12/18/24
12/19/24
12/20/24
12/21/24
12/26/24

Weight Normal

Weight
85.0 94.13
124.0 125.80
186.0 162.73
198.0 206.50
236.0 256.10
279.0 308.30
317.0 354.30
344.0 393.80
403.0 430.46
455.0 470.67
483.3 504.73
520.0 532.86
557.? 560-13
567.0
574.0
570.0
568.0
574.0

571.0
574.0

592-0 575-93

TABLE I. (Cont.)

Per cent Height

Normal
90.31
98-57

114.30
95-89
92.16
90.50
89.48
87.36
93.63
96.68
95-76
97-60
99~57

102.62

Shoulders

78.00
86.83
89.00
92.50
98.30
101.00
104.00
105.00
108.80
110.50
114.60
116.60

117.50

normal Per cent

Height Normal

77.49
82.64
87.49
92.60
97-08
101.31
104. 50
107.36
109.38
111.38
112.78
114.22

115.92

100.66
105.07
101.73
99-89
101.26
99.70
99.60
97.81
99-47
99.21
101.60
102.10

101.37

54

 

TABLE I. Went.)

c 21
Date Weight Normal Per cent Height [Normal ,Per cent

Weight Normal Shoulders Height Normal
12/22/23 73.0 97.23 75.08
1/1/24 86.0 107.56 79.96 72.0 74.62 96.50
1/31/24 120.0 141.40 84.90 79.0 79.74 99.08
3/1/24 154.0 181.36 84.92 83.5 84.72 98.56
3/31/24 201.0 227.76 88.26 88.0 89.74 98.07
4/30/24 224.0 279.03 80.28 91.3 94.55 96.57
5/30/24 265.0 328.63 80.64 95.3 98.99 96.28
6/29/24 291.0 371.61 78.31 98.2 102.63 95.69
7/29/24 340.0 409.40 83.05 101.7 105.85 96.08
8/28/24 394.0 448.23 87.91 107.0 108.22 98.88
9/27/24 438.3 485.83 90.22 110.0 110.29 99.80
10/27/24 486.3 516.86 94.10 114.0 111.98 101.90
11/26/24 520.7 545.44 95.47 116.0 113.38 102.40
12/7/24 524.0 '
12/8/24 524.0
12/9/24 536.0
12/10/24 533.0
12/11/24 533.0
12/12/24 539.0
12/13/24 540.0
12/26/24 556.0 567.06 98.05 117.3 114.95 102.00

TABLE I. (Cont.)
.c 28

 

.Date Weight.Normal Per cent.Height Norma1.Per cent
Weight Normal Shoulders Height Normal

5/20/24 101.0 99.30 101.70 .
5/30/24 96.0 109.60 87.60 76.0 75.00 101.30
6/29/24 130.0 143.80 90.41 79.8 80.09 99.64
7/29/24 156.0 184.23 84.68 85.3 85.04 100.31
8/28/24 181.0 231.03 78.35 88.0 90.09 97.70
9/27/24 215.0 282.56 76.10 92.0 94.85 97.00
10/27/24 255.3 331.76 75.95 95.0 99.26 195.70
11/26/24 274.7 374.27 73.40 100.0 102.83 97.25
12/7/24 277.0 '

12/8/24 280.0

12/9/24 283.0

12/10/24 286.0

12/11/24 288.0

12/12/24 290.0

12/13/24 289.0

Date

1/9

1/10
1/11
1/12
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
1/19
1/20
1/21

1/22'

1/23
1/24
1/25
1/26
1/27
1/28
1/29

.4146

lbs.
34.8
35-7
36.6
33-7
35.4
34-3
35.6
35.6
34.0
33-5
34.5
33.6
33-9

31.6
30.9
32-3
31.8
31-5
28.9

29.5

#95
lbs.

31~5
31.6
33~1
32.8
32.4
31.6
30.2
31-7
30.2
29.9
29.0
30-5
28.3
30-3
29.5
27.3
30.6
27.5
27.4
25.0
26.2

TABLE II.

#73
IbSe

34.7
36.7
35-7
36.4
37-2
35-5
36.1
35.7
34-9
35.0

33o8
34.6

34.1

33.5

33-0
31.2

31.8
30-5
30.3
28.4
28.4

Milk Production

Date

1/30
1/31
2/1
2/2
2/3
2/4
2/5
2/6
2/7
2/8
2/9
2/10
2/11
2/12
2/13
2/14
2/15
2/16
2/17
2/18
2/19

lbs.
30-9
32.0
28.7
28.1
30.5
31.0
28.5
31.8
33-2
33-5
32.2
31-9
33-6
32.1
33-8
33.2
32.7
32~9
32.8

30.2
31.0

#146 #95

1b8e
27.7

127.6

25.7
30.2
27.1
27.2
28.2
27.7
27.2
27.1
26.5
26.6
27.1
26.3
25.8
28.0
26.4
25.2
26.9

2309
26e2

#73
lee

26.2
27.1
27.7
28.6
28.7
28.1
28.1
26.3
27.3
27.4
27.7
27.8
28.3
26.8
26.7
27.1
26.8
25.6
26.7

22.5
25.8

57

.Date
2/20
2/21
2/22
2/23
2/24
2/25
2/26
2/27
2/28
3/1
3/2
3/3
3/4
3/5
3/6
3/7
3/8
3/9
3/10
3/11
3/12
3/13

3/14
3/15

4145
28.5
31.4
31.0
31.7
32.2
32.4
30.6
31.0
30.2
28.9
29-3
31.1
31.1
32.0
32.4
3107
31-5
30.4
30.1
28.6
22.7
25-5

27.8
25.0

495

25.8
26.2
24.6
25.4
24.4
24.7
24.0

I

25.5
25.5
24.4
24.8
24.0
25.2
25.3
23-7
25~5
22.7
25.5
19.3
19-5
15.4
20.4

19.2
17.7

TABLE II.

(Cont.)

#73 .Date #146
24.8 3/16 26.0
24.9 3/17 26.9
22.8 3/18 27.3
23-3 3/19 27.2
24.1 3/20 25.4
22.1 3/21 24.8
22.3 3/22 25.5
21.1 3/23 25.1
23.5 3/24 26.8
21.1 3/25 24.4
‘24.3 3/26 27.0
22.3 3/27 26.7
24.8 3/28 28.1
23.0 3/29 28.8
23.3 3/30 28.6
23~5 3/31 27~°
21.7 4/1 25.9
20.3 4/2 28.1
22.2 4/3 28.2
15.7 4/4 26.7
14.5 4/5 26.7
14-3 4/6 26.0
17-3 4/7 25.9
15.3 .

#95
21.3
19.3
20.7
23.4
22.2
18.9
17.6

- 17.3

17.2
17.2
16.1
15.8
17.1
16.7
16.1
16.5
16.2
17.4
15.9
16.6
15.3
14.3
14.6

#73

16.1
16.8
18.0
16.0
19.4
16.0
18.4
18.0
18.0
17.1
15.6
16.9
16.4
16.2
15.0
14.8
13.9
15.9
15.6
15.2
14.3
13.3
13.8

58

Date
1/9

1/10
1/11
1/12
1/13
1/14
1/15
1/16
1/17
1/18
1/19
1/20
1/21
1/22
1/23
1/24
1/25
1/26
1/27
1/28
1/29
1/30

#146

IbCe

1335
1332
1303
1283
1303
1302
1302
1300
1324
1314
1329
1310

1339 7

1324
1324
1329
1317
1315
1326
1316
1305
1329

£22.
1051
1037
1039
1032
1028
1040
1051
1049
1050
1050
1054
1051
1069
1065
1067
1057
1056
1054
1050
1055
1073
1056

TABLE III.

Body Weights

‘ #73

lbs.
976
1000
911
887
902
916
918
927
927
927
928
934
939
936
934
931
928
927
924
927
932
918

Date

1/31
2/1
2/2
2/3
2/4
2/5
2/6
2}?
2/8
2/9
2/10
2/11
2/12
2/13
2/14
2/15
2/16
2/17
2/18
2/19
2/20
2/21

#95

lbs.
1066
1069
1957
1072
1061
1066
1070
1073
1092
1070
1095
1083
1111
1081
1085
1100
1089
1076
1092
1077
1084
1087

#73
lbs.
931
929
931
931
929
925
936
947
936
942
923
946
952
958
941
952
950
951
950
946
953
955

59

.Date
2/22
2/23
2/24
2/25
2/26
2/27
2/28
3/1
3/2
3/3
3/4
3/5
3/6
3/7
3/8
3/9
3/10
3/11
3/12
3/13
3/14
3/15
3/16

,4146

1347
1352

1355

1364
1365
1377
1365
1375
1385
1390
1397
1373
1390
1380
1337

‘1372

1380

1393 ‘

1372
1391
1375
1366
1376

#95
1080

1102
1097
1052
1089
1087
1104
1085
1097
1113
1114
1109
1103
1100
1109
1113
1104
1100
1088
1118
1095
1090
1095

TABLE III.
#73 Date
954 3/17
951 3/18
953 3/19
952 3/20
942 3/21
953 3/22
953 3/23
950 3/24
956 3/25
962 3/26
957 3/27
950 3/28
953 3/29
945 3/30
956 3/31
949 4/1
943 4/2
965 4/3
942 4/4
955 475
970 4/6
961 4/7
956

(Cont.)

#146

1355
1376
1365
1380
1383
1360
1378
1360
1375
1375
1374
1370
1398
1358
1360
1367
1364
1360
1365
1353
1359
1351

#95

1071
1115
1062
1072
1083
1062
1094
1072
1065
1065
1066
1070
1054
1030
1065
1059
1046
1041
1039
1036
1029
1022

875
935
963
963
950
945
947
939
945

945 .
'932

949
936
940
926
935
915
915
920
911
900
896
902

60

TABLE TV.
Weather Conditions

 

 

 

Date - _ Timperature Character of:D§§
Highggt Lowegt, Meap __

1/9 36 12 24 Clear

1/10 31 13 22 Partly cloudy

1/11 21 5 13 Partly cloudy

1/12 19 4 12 cloudy

1/13 26 9 18 Partly cloudy

1/14 25 o 12 Clear

1/15 26 o 13 Cloudy

1/16 36 22 29 cloudy

1/17 26 3 14 Clear

1/18 24 - 4 10 Partly cloudy

1/19 25 - 5 10 Clear

1/20 33 6 20 Clear

1/21 36 6 21 Clear

1/22 35 5 20 Clear

1/23 17 ‘ 0 8 Clear

1/24 34 10 ' 22 Cloudy

1/25 35 24 30 cloudy

1/26 33 4 14 cloudy

1/27 9 -11 - 1 Clear

1/28 17 -12 2 Clear

1/29 20 7 14 Cloudy

 

 

 

TABLE IV. (Cont.)

'Date Timperature ICEEracter 6?"D§§_

Hughest Lowest Mean
1/30 35, 11 23 , Partly cloudy
1/31 ' 42 * 20 ‘31 Partly cloudy
2/1 22 11 16 Cloudy
2/2 19 6 12 Partly cloudy
2/3 27 3 15 Cloudy
2/4 37 23 30 Partly cloudy
2/5 47 24 36 Clear
2/6 50 22 36 Partly cloudy
2/7 47 29 38 Partly cloudy
2/8 56 44 ' 50 Cloudy
2/9 .52 33 42 Cloudy
2/10 34 30 32 Cloudy
2/11 30 20 25 Cloudy
2/12 37 19 28 Clear
2/13 33 21 27 Cloudy
2/14 38 17 28 Clear
2/15 40 24 32 Clear
2/16 28 17 22 Cloudy
2/17 24 - 2 11 Clear
2/18 38 3 20 Partly cloudy
2/19 39 16 28 Partly cloudy

TABLE Iv. (Cont.)

 

 

:ﬁite A ‘fimperature “’ Cﬁaraoter ofﬁﬁiy—
_3_ Biggest Lowest Mean '

2/20 41 15 28 Partly cloudy
2/21 48 31 4o Cloudy

2/22 38 29 34 Cloudy

2/23 38 32 35 Cloudy

2/24 39 26 32 Cloudy

2/25 41 22 32 Cloudy

2/26 22 6 14 Partly cloudy
2/27 10 O 5 Clear

2/28 30 2 16 Partly cloudy
3/1 32 4 18 Cloudy

3/2 13 -8 2 Partly cloudy
3/3 32 2 17 Partly cloudy
3/4 32 14 23 Cloudy

3/5 36 6 21 Clear

3/6 52 29 40 Clear

3/7 50 33 42 Cloudy partly
3/8 37 31 34 Cloudy

3/9 42 29 36 Cloudy

3/10 65 3“ 50 Partly cloudy
3/11 34 21 28 Partly cloudy
3/12 46 19 32 Clear

 

 

TABLE Iv. (Cont.)

'ﬁate ‘Timperature Cﬁaracter of—BE§_—

Highest Lowest Kean
3/13 39 3o 34 Cloudy
3/14 31 12 22 Partly Cloudy
3/15 32 lo 21 Partly cloudy
3/16 46 25 36 Partly cloudy
3/17 55 33 44 Clear
3/18 48 32 4o Cloudy
3/19 41 3O 36 Partly cloudy
3/20 50 27 38 Clear
3/21 50 32 41 Cloudy
3/22 43 24 34 Clear
3/23 53 28 40 Clear
3/24 69 37 53 Partly cloudy
3/35 62 31 46 Clear
3/26 75 39 57 Clear
3/27 50 33 42 Partly cloudy
3/28 47 28 38 Partly cloudy
3/29 36 27 32 Cloudy
3/30 48 3O 39 Partly cloudy
3/31 51 29 40 Clear *
4/1 62 28 45 Clear
4/2 59 32 46 Clear
“/3 65 29 47 Clear

TABLE Iv. (Cont .)

 

 

 

Date Hi#;:§:peiggggz Heagﬁ_ Character of;§5y__
4/4 49 28 38 Clear
”/5 51 24 38 Clear
4/6 60 23 42 Clear

4/7 72 3o 51 Clear

66

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70

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ouwoo. 3.35
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72

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74'

 

 

 

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75

 

 

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0.00000 .00» 00000 00 .00

 

 

76

 

 

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usuonnuonm. uoﬂnom noon»
A588 .2» 59: mi .oa

77

ma.~u ooaaadm owduopa

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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ooa¢a¢m Hana» add: oaﬂun coco» ”dean hwmv nﬂunu omaaam .aaa

rmuwnd . 1. oucana

nauonauonm noduom gonna
A.pnpov .HH> nam<e . aid .9:

76

 

 

3.3 353m omaoi
mm.~m ma.mm~ mm.m~ No.~ mm.mm mm.oma ma.:~ HM.-H 0:.ma mm\pa\m
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Q. .3”

 

 

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TABLE IX.

Digestibility of NitrOgen

 

 

Cb: Basal Ration Bone Heal _ﬁisal ﬁhtion Raw;§33E—

Phosphate

per cent per cent per can? per oenf'
# 95 70.96 66.79 69.u6 66.61
#1u6 67.93 67.03 66.22 69.75
# 73 67.27 67.06 67.96 67.99
# 33 67-55 67-59 64-92 67-95
# 70 66.09 66.37 72.06 67.27
#‘71 67.36 66.02 66.17 66.35

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