A GREENHOUSE STUDY OF MINOR ELEMENTS
AND ORGANIC MATTER OEEICIENDIES IN
I RELATION TO THE UNPRODUDTIVENESS
OF THE A2 AND B HDRIZDNS OF
TWO MICHIGAN SOILS

THESIS FOR THE DEDREE OF M. OF S.

 

W. R. REYNOLDS
I 939

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IIIII IIIIIIIIIII III II IIIIIII

THESIS 312 01093 4259 5

A. GREENHOUSE STUDY OF TENDER EI.EI*-.E\TTS AND ORGAI‘TIC
ILATTER DEFICIENCIES IN REIJLTION TO THE UNPRODUC-
TIVENESS OF TEE A3 AND B HORIZONS OF TITO I‘lICHIGAN
SOILS.

nI

 

 

 

 

 

 

A GREENHOUSE STUDY OF MINOR ELEHENTS AND ORGANIC KATTER
DEFICIENCIES IN RELATION TO THE UNPRODUCTIVENESS OF
THE A2 AND B HORIZONS OF TWO MICHIGAN SOILS.

«
‘ H!

II. R.‘ "gmows

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements
for the degree of Master of Science in the
Graduate School, Michigan State College.
Department of Soils
June, 1989

 

 

THESIS

 

' ACICNOYJLED LENT

The writer is grateful to Dr. R. L. Cook for
guidance in the work reported in this paper
and for his time Spent offering his construc-
tive criticism in its presentation. He also
wishes to express his appreciation to Dr. Cook
for the photography work presented in this

manuscript.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page
I Title
II Introduction 1
A. The Importance of minor Elements 3
B. Organic Matter the Life of the
$0113 5

C. A.Comparison of Field Experiments

and Greenhouse Methods for Deter-
mining Fertilizer Needs of the Soil 8
III Review of Literature 11
IV Experimental 18
A. Soil Description, Location and Use 18

B. Experimental Procedure 21

V Observations and Discussions 25
VI Summary Bl
VII Tables 32
VIII Plates 37

IX Literature Cited 44

A.GREENHOUSE STUDY OF MINOR ELEMENTS AND ORGANIC MATTER
DEFICIENCIES IN RELATION TO THE UNPRODUCTIVENESS OF
THE Ag AND B HORIZONS OF TWO MICHIGAN SOILS.

"Subsoil farming" may be a new term in Agricultural
literature, but actually many thousands of farmers have been
farming subsoils in whole or in part for many years. Erosion
has removed surface soils until today the subsoil is being
cultivated on many acres of land. This is found to be cape-
cially true in the south and southeastern parts of the United
States where large acreages of clean-tilled crops such as
cotton and tobacco and comparatively small acreages of soil
building, and soil-conserving crops such as clover and alfalfa
are grown. The Southeast has a higher rainfall than the north,
and since a larger percentage of it falls during the Spring
and early summer when the soil is being cultivated, it is
easy to visualize that erosion is more serious in the south
than in the north.

Many farmers have experienced a decline in soil fer-
tility due to the removal of the surface soil. Through the
proper methods of soil management it is possible to restore
to some extent the fertility of these areas, and.many farmers
are already taking steps in this direction. The problem of
the correct management of subsoils, where the top soil has
been removed, should be carefully considered in the field of

research today and in the future.

This paper is presented to discuss the unproductiveness
of subsoils and the possibilities of minor element deficiencies
in the A3 and B horizons of two Michigan soils, namely, Miami
loam and Hillsdale fine sandy loam. Any true soil is the pro-
duct of the action of climate and living organisms upon the
parent material. Soils are mixtures of fragmented and partly
or wholly weathered rocks and minerals, organic matter, water
and air, in greatly varying proportions, with more or less
distinct layers or horizons developed under the influence of
climate, topography, and living organisms.. The soil forma-
tion is dependent upon intensity of the activity of the dif-
ferent soil forming processes. Due to the fact that these
soil forming processes are more active in the upper horizon
of the soil it seems logical to assume that the subsoils or
the B horizon of these soils could possibly be deficient in
minor elements or other plant nutrients. Based on the above
assumptions an experiment was set up to study the possibility
of deficiencies of boron, copper, magnesium and manganese,
and organic matter in the sub-surface horizon of Hillsdale
and Miami 80118. It was believed that research of this
nature might be valuable in the management of these soils

where erosion has removed a part or all of the surface soil.

-3-
The Importance of Minor Elements

In the early history of Plant PhysiolOgy there were
about 10 elements considered essential in plant growth. With
the introduction of pure chemicals for greenhouse research and
the use of concentrated fertilizer in field experiments it be-
came evident that some of the "minor" or "trace" elements were
essential for plant growth.

It has been shown by various investigators that many
of these elements, needed only in traces, are plentiful in
most soils and when supplied in larger quantities they become
toxic to certain plants. This is true of the elements studied
in this investigation; copper, boron, and manganese.

Previous to the period of research on the minor elements,
agronomists began to notice that many crops were affected by
what was known as deficiency diseases. Familiar examples of
these are the sand drown of tobacco, the magnesium disease of
potatoes, the chlorosis of tomatoes, and the heart rot of
sugar beets.

The sand drown of tobacco is caused by a deficiency
in magnesium. If the soil contains less than 0.2 per cent
of‘magnesium.oxide (Ugo) the tobacco plant is liable to suffer.

Magnesium disease of potatoes is prevalent on the high-
ly fertilized soils of Maine and the coastal plain, and is
cured by the addition of magnesium in the fertilizer. Heart
rot of sugar beets has been shown by several investigators to

be due to a deficiency of soil boron.

Some of the minor elements have a very narrow range
of concentration in which they can be used by the plant.
Boron is one of these elements. Only a few parts per
million is required for the normal development of plants
but it has been shown that top rot of tobacco, cracked stem
of celery, heart rot of sugar beets and similar diseases of
other plants are due to a deficiency of boron. On the other
hand, twenty or more parts per million of the element is
fatal to many plants. An example of boron toxicity occurred
during the World War when potash salts used in potato and
tobacco fertilizers contained considerable borax. In some
cases applicationsof 30 lbs. of borax per acre have resulted
in greatly reduced yields, and applications in excess of
50 lbs. have killed the plants.

Copper apparently occurs in all soils, ranging from
about one to over 50 parts per million in normal agricultural
soils. It functions in plant nutrition. It has been re-
cently found that dieback of citrus fruit can be remedied
by the application of copper salts. In New York and Florida
it has been found necessary to apply 25 to 50 pounds of copper
sulphate per acre to soils high in organic matter before
lettuce and other plants can be grown successfully. Plants
grown without copper have a characteristic appearance. The
upper leaves, unable to maintain their tugor, wilt badly.

Growth is reduced in proportion to the degree of shortage.

-5-

Copper affects the flowering stage and stiffness of the
stalk of plants.

Magnesium is a part of the chlorophyll molecule. On
an average surface soils contain less than one per cent of
magnesium, and in the case of coastal plain tobacco soils
deficiencies occur where the soil contains less than 0.2
per cent of magnesium. Most plants develop a characteristic
chlorosis when the magnesium supply is insufficient. The
lower leaves are first affected.

The recognition that manganese is an essential ele-
ment for normal plant development has been confirmed by
numerous investigators in the past few years. The gray
speck of cats has been attributed to a shortage of this
element. Manganese shortage has also been demonstrated with

the tobacco plant.
Organic Matter the Life of the Soils

It is generally recognized that a close correlation
exists between organic matter content and soil productivity
and for that reason soils should be managed in such a way
as to provide for regular additions of organic materials.

The statement that organic matter supplies the ”life”
of the soil is very true. Organic matter is the fuel for
bacterial fires in soils, which Operate as a factor for pro-
ducing plant nutrients. The matter is burned into carbon

dioxide, ash, and other residues. This provides carbonic

acid in the soil water, and the solvent effect of the acidi-
fied water on calcium, potassium, magnesium and phosphate,
minerals is many hundreds of times greater than that of rain
water. At the same time nitrogen in the form of ammonia is
converted into the nitrate form. Growing plants using the
energy of the sun, synthesize carbon, nitrogen and all elements
into complex compounds, and the energy stored up in these com-
pounds is used more or less completely by the microganisms whose
activity within the soil make nutrients more available for a
new generation of plants. Organic matter is truly the life

of the soil.

Subsoils used in this greenhouse experiment, contained
only a trace of organic matter, and only a limited plant growth
could be expected due to two or more reasons; first, the
plant nutrients present might be present in sufficient amount
but not available to plants, and second, the soils were poorly
aerated due to a poor physical condition. In the surface hor-
izon of the humid soils where most of the organic matter is
concentrated, the bacteria and other soil organisms play an
important part in breaking down the plant residues and making
plant nutrients readily available to a new generation of plants.

Aeration is very necessary for most plants to grow and
reproduce. The holes in the soil formed by the decayed plant
roots, the action of rodents, worms, soil bacteria, and other
soil organism on organic matter improves the structure of

heavy silty and clay soils. Aeration is also increased and

the environment for plant growth is greatly improved. Plant
roots are able to spread and penetrate and make more efficient
use of the available plant nutrients and moisture within the
soil.

The high productivity of most virgin soils has always
been associated with their high content of organic matter,
and the decrease in the supply with cultivation has generally
been paralled by a correSponding decrease in productivity.

The structure and other related physical properties
of very sandy soils as well as heavy clay soils are improved
by the addition of organic matter. In clay soils such as the
B horizons of the soils used in this eXperiment, porosity
should be increased and plasticity reduced by the addition
of organic matter. The physical effect of organic matter on
soil is very complex due to the complex nature of the two
materials concerned. However, the effect is significant in
connection with weight, cohesion, structure, porosity, color,
temperature, and tilth.

Chemically soil organic matter functions in three im-
portant ways: (1) It supplies direct sources of nitrogen and
other plant nutrients; (2) It aids in rendering available
soil calcium, magnesium, iron and phosphorus; and (5) its

humus colloidal substances function in base exchange and

other soil reactionfi

The soil horizon is made up of solids, liquids and
gaseous materials. Proper proportions of each of these are
necessary for a good medium for plant growth. The larger
particles of soil act as the framework and the fine parti-
cles, chiefly colloidal material, act as a bank for plant
nutrients. Soil solution consists of water containing vary-
ing quantities of dissolved mineral matter, carbon dioxide
and oxygen. If the soil is compact it is difficult for
plant roots to penetrate or secure an anchorage to obtain
nutrients and water. However, if the soil is too porous

it will not retain enough water to support good plant growth.

A Comparison of Field Experiments and Greenhouse Methods
For Determining Fertilizer Needs of the Soil

Pot experiments, particularly with rapid growing crops,
permit tests with a large number of soil treatments within
limited space, and in relatively short time. The results are
often directly applicable in practice, although allowance
must be made for the fact that the conditions of the test are
different from those in the field; the soil has been disturbed,
and the more uniformly controlled temperature, moisture, and
other factors modify the influences of the soil treatments
themselves. In supplying information on the fundamental fer-

tility characteristics of soils and particularly on the effects

-9-

of specific substances on plant growth, pot experiments have
the advantage of being less influenced by variable environ-
mental factors than are field trials. The pot test with soil,
sand, or solution culturesare most valuable in the study of
certain Specific factors such as the relative value of dif-
ferent forms of nitrogen or the toxicity of certain elements
to plants.

Pot tests have long been used and excellent results
have been secured, but considerable difficulty has arisen
from.their use. A heavy application of fertilizer, corres-
ponding to one ton per acre, would require only about one-third
of an ounce for the treatment of a 2 gallon pot containing
about 20 pounds of soil. Uniform.mixing is very necessary
for accurate results. If some treatment requires only minute
quantities of a constituent, such as used in this experiment,
the materials may be dissolved in water and Sprinkled over
the mass of soil.

It is important that light, heat, and moisture condi-
tionsbe kept as uniform as possible throughout the growing
period of the plants. Pot tests in the greenhouse work are
especially valuable in the determination of deficiences of
certain minor elements, such as boron, copper, manganese,
and others. Many greenhouse experiments have proven to be

very valuable; the unproductiveness of soils in many cases

-10-

has been demonstrated to be due to manganese deficiency or
other minor element deficiences. Numerous illustrations can
be chosen from the experiment station literature to show the
value of the pot method of eXperimentation.

For direct evaluation of fertilizer requirements,
taking into account all factors affecting crop production,
field trials remain the ultimate criteria. Field eXperiments
are, however, slow and expensive, particularly in regards to
labor, area of land required, and the necessity for replica-
tion of treatment.

The major advantage of field trials is that different
fertilizers and other cultural treatments are tested with
various crops under essentially the same conditions as prevail
in practice. The results reflect the affects of all climatic
and other influences to which the crops and soil are subjected
during the season. They are directly indicative of the re-
sults to be anticipated in practice under the same or similar

conditions.

ell-

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

A search of the literature reveals very little in-
formation on the effects of the minor elements on the pro-
ductivity of the subsoils of the humid region. However,
the farmer and research man through eXperience have found
that subsoils in general produce very poor crops unless
they are given proper attention such as the application
of barnyard manure and fertilizers. Agriculturists have
done a considerable amount of work studying the unproductive-
ness of subsoils, but their possible deficiencies in minor
elements were not considered in any of these studies in so
far as the writer is aware.

muckenhirn (16) reports the effect of boron, copper,
and manganese on the growth of various plants. In quartz
sand cultureslettuce was unable to make normal growth with-
out boron. Application of copper and manganese to peat soil
in pot cultures increased the growth of onions and sweet
clover.

Willis and Piland (25) reported three cases of a def-
inite reSponse from boron treatment on alfalfa, and two with
romaine. All three occurences were on highly limed soil.

Cook (8) reports boron deficiences for certain crops
on a number of soil types. Alfalfa and alsike clover were
grown on soil from fields where previous crops had shown
signs of boron deficiency. Two pounds of NagB4O7 Pér

acre on alfalfa resulted in an increase in yield of 4.3 per

-12-

per cent on Gilford soil while an increase in yield on Na-

panee soil amounted to 14.4 per cent. Boron treated soils

growing alsike plants caused them.to mature earlier than

those not treated. Experiments with sweet clover produced

results somewhat similar to those with alfalfa. Barley,

beans and corn showed no indication of a need for boron.

The effectiveness of boron as a control for heart rot of

sugar beets was pointed out.

COlling (9) reached the following conclusions in

studying the effects of boron on the growth of soybeans;

l.

3.

4.

5.

The presence of 250 Mgm. of Boron per
liter of soil prevented germination,
and only 10 Kgm. delayed germination.

Visible injury to leaves of the soybeans
if as much as one pound of Borax or its
equivalent was added per acre.

Boric acid, Potassium borate and Borax
reduced the dry weight of the plants when
applied in quantities equivalent to 7.5
pounds of borax per acre.

No marked stimulation of growth could be
detected from.soybeans growing in quartz
sand.

Boron was found not to be necessary in

the growth of soybeans during seedling
stage of growth, when grown in nutrient
solution. However, it was found necessary
for the production of a mature soybean
plant 0

The following section of the review of literature will

be based on the effects of organic matter on the physical prop-

erties of soil, and its effect on plant growth.

Smith, Brown, and Russell (21) found eight and six-
teen tons per acre of manure on Clarion loam, applied once
in a rotation of corn, oats, and red clover increased the
infilteration capacity for a two-hbur period from 1.7 for
the untreated soil to 5.06 and 4.65 surface inches, re-
spectively. This data emphasized the importance of organic
matter in improving the physical condition of soil and re-
ducing soil erosion.

Baver and Rhodes (4) found that soils high in organic
matter contained 15 to 50 per cent more granules than a soil
low in organic matter and that these granules were three times
more stable when shaken in water.

Paschal, Burke and Baver (20) obtained a positive and
significant correlation between the degree of aggregation and
the per cent of carbon in the different horizons of three soil
series. The carbon content of these soils ranged from 1.18
to 3.45 per cent.

Baver (2), working with seventy-seven non-lateritic
soils found a correlation between the quantity of aggregates
and the per cent of organic matter.

Data by Jenny (11) indicate that cultivation for forty
years reduced the amount of organic matter 58 per cent, which
resulted in a 28 per cent decrease in sand-size granules when

compared with virgin prairie soils.

-14-

Stauffer, (23) found that a good system.of soil man-
agement which includes regular applications of barnyard man-
ure increased the organic matter content, the moisture equi-
valent, the water-holding capacity, and also decreased the
dispersion and erosion ratios.

Burr and Russell (5) found that an increase in or-
ganic matter increased the stability of the granules and
increased soil porosity.

Browning (6) carried on considerable research work
studying the changes in the credibility of soils brought
about by the application of organic matter. His data pre-
sented show a wide variation as to the effect of organic
matter on the various soilsetudied. His conclusions were
that the organic matter added had increased the large-sized
aggregates, and the permeability had increased by the devel-
opment of a more favorable structural condition. One month
after organic matter was incorporated with the soil changes
in the physical condition of certain soils were noted.

Baver (3) suggested that irreversible colloids are
the best cements to develop a permanent aggregation of par-
ticles and that the calcium ion may cause floccules which may
be bound together into stable aggregates by organic matter.

Rhodes (21) found that 80.4 per cent of the material
in Grundy silt loams was in the form of stable aggregates,

as compared with 44.4 per cent of fine material in Marion

silt 1oam. The Grundy soil is high in total organic matter,
and the Xarion silt loam is low in this material.

Several early studies have been made of the "rawness"
of subsoils, which are reviewed beloW.

Alway, XcDole and Rest (1) made observations showing
certain soils of eastern Nebraska to be very unproductive
insofar as non-legumes are concerned, while inoculated legumes
thrive on these soils almost as well as on the surface soil.

KcCool, Veatch, and Spurway (l3) reached the conclusion
that the disagreement in the "rawness" of subsoil was due to
the lack of uniformity in securing the soil samples.

Lipman (12) concludes from his observations in Cali-
fornia that the subsoils of the arid regions are practically
as raw toward non-legumes, as are the typical subsoils of
humid regions.

Harmer (10) found that alfalfa grew as well on two
Kinnesota subsoils as on the surface soil. He also stated
that other subsoils were far less productive than the surface
soil. The unproductiveness of two of these same soils was
studied by Homiller (15) and it was found that the "rawness"
was overcome by an application of phosphate and potassum
salts.

Killar (17) studied the available nutrients in subsoil
and reached the conclusion that corn made very little growth

on that portion of the profile of Coloma loamy sand and Leslie

sandy loam below the surface or humus-bearing layer. The add-

ition of available nitrogen increased the growth of corn.
Miller (19) also made a study with alfalfa to determine if
this deep rooted crop removed any appreciable amount of nutri-
ents from.the subsoil. Glass cylinders were used to prevent
the roots from reaching the surface soil. Data were presented
showing that this crop removes considerable nutrients from the
lower horizons, and under extreme adverse conditions some of
these plants lived three years, for three cuttings yearly.

Crist and weaver (7) have shown that corn, oats, barley,
potatoes, and two native grasses of the western plains are ca-
pable of absorbing soluble nitrates and phOSphate from the lower
horizons.

McCool and Millar (14) studied the solubility of nu-
trients in subsoils from many sections of the 0.8. having widely
different climatic characteristics, and arrived at the conclu-
sion that very small amounts of mineral nutrients passed into
solution from.the lower soil horizons unless these horizons
were composed of alkali salts.

Due to the fact that plants vary in their feeding power
it seems advisable at this time to include several studies con-
cerning this subject.

Truog (24) reports the views of many investigators on
the utilization of phOSphate by agricultural crops and the
feeding power of plants. The feeding power of twelve common
agricultural plants for raw rock phosphate was determined, and
great differences in the feeding power were observed. He ex-

plained this difference in feeding power as follows:

-17-

"Plants containing a relatively high calcium oxide
content have a relatively high feeding power for the phos-
phorus in raw rock phosphate form. For plants containing a
relatively low calcium.oxide content the converse is true."

He also explained that there was a direct relation between
the relative feeding power of plants and the amount of car-
bonic acid given off by the respective plant roots.

Truog (25) points out that the feeding power of plants
is due to several factors, some of which are concerned with
external equilibrium conditions around the feeding roots, and
others with internal equilibrium conditions inside the plant
where the elements are actually used. The amount of acid
secreted as a cause of difference in feeding power of plants
was discussed. He also reports that the acidity of the plant
sap effects the feeding power of plants for potassium.and the
less acid the sap, the greater is the ability of the plant
to utilize potassium. The more acid the plant sap the more
easily can a plant compete with another acid system, as in acid
soil.

Many factors effecting the feeding power of a plant were
discussed, which demonstrate the fact that plants vary in their
feeding powers.

Millar (18) eXperimented with cats and inoculated sweet
clover on the different horizons of Fox sandy loam.and Miami
silt lowm showing that different crops may have quite markedly

different feeding powers on the various soil horizons.

-18-

EXPERIMENTAL

Soil Descriptions, Location and Use

The Miami and Hillsdale soils belong to the Gray-brown
Podzolic soils group. This group of soils of the eastern and
midwestern part of the United States is developed under de-
ciduous forest and in a humid temperate climate. Geographi-
cally, it lies between the Podzols on the north and the Red
and Yellow Podzolic soils on the south and joinswith the Prairie
soils on the west.

There are two important areas of the two soils used in
this eXperiment. The first area has been called the "Miami"-
Crosby - Brookston area" which forms the heart of a farming
country of central Indiana and west central Ohio; and the
second area has been the "Miami~Kewaunee area" which is located
in southern Michigan, extending southwest and into northern
Indiana, and an area in eastern Wisconsin extending southward
into northern Illinois. The first area is often called the
"Little Corn Belt" and its favorable climate and relief pro-
vide the physical basis for a prosperous and stable agricul-
ture. However, the latter area is not so productive and in
general it is a glaciated region that consists of roughly
rolling or hilly moraines, undulating till plains, with.marked

depressions, nearly level outwash plans and old lake beds.

-19-

Hiami loam is classed with the well drained groups of
soils of this section ranging from undulating to rolling in
relief. A very high percentage of this soil has been put into
cultivation and its influence on the development of the pre-
vailing agriculture is obvious.

The surface soil in the cultivated fields is grayish
brown loose friable loam. Although the quantity of organic
matter is small, much less than that of the poorly drained
soils, it is probably slightly higher in this soil than in
most of the other well drained soils. The organic material
in the cultivated soil is finely divided and thoroughly in-
corporated. The total content is not sufficient to produce
granulation of the soil, but the silt and sand is ample to
insure excellent tilth, aeration, and rapid absorption of
water.

The subsoil is largely silt and clay, with minor pro-
portions of coarser material.' The mass is distinctly yellow-
ish-brown. In the lower part of the subsoil the yellowish-
brown color is not nearly so prevalent or may disappear en-
tirely. The subsoil is permeable to air and water under field
conditions, and plant roots extend to considerable depth. .

This soil is not as rich in many of the more important
elements of plant nutrients as are the poorly drained soils,
although its natural fertility is well above average of the
region. The surface soil and upper subsoil layer has an acid

reaction, but below 2 or 3 feet lime is sufficiently abundant.

-20-

Eiami is closely associated with Hillsdale soil. The
Hillsdale soil is characterized by undulating or rolling re-
lief.

The surface soil of the Hillsdale plowed field is gray-
brown, loose, friable fine sandy loam to loam. The organic
content, although not high, is sufficient to give the surface
soil a brown tint. The surface of this soil is somewhat looser
and more open than the surface of the hiami soils.

The B horizon of the Hillsdale loam.consists of a yellow-
ish-brown friable sandy clay which, under moderate moisture
conditions, breaks down into a structureless mass when crushed.
On drying, this material does not assume the degree of hardness
that characterizes the dry subsoil material of the hiami. The
character of the subsoil should allow aeration and rather rapid
movement of water. As compared with the hiami soils it reflects
the effects of dry periods on crop yields to a greater extent.

The land use for the betterment of this area is for a
permanent prOSperous agriculture based on corn, small grain,
hay and pasture, and the feeding of hogs, cattle, and few sheep,
and the production.of milk. The well drained soils such as the
Miami and Hillsdale are only moderately fertile but generally

responsive to good soil management and fertilization.

-21-
EXperimental Procedure

Soil samples of the A2 and B horizons_of Hillsdale
fine sandy loam and Miami loam.were taken on the Michigan,
State College farm and from.a near-by road cut. The A0 and
A1 layers were removed from the profile before the samples
were taken. Sixteen inches of the top of the B horizons of
each soil were used for the samples. These soils were then
passed through a 4 mm. screen and allowed to dry two weeks.

4000 grams of soilvere packed into one gallon earth-
enware jars after nutrient solution had been mixed thoroughly
with the soil. Water was added to bring the water content up
to the point of optimum moisture.

Each treatment was repeated three times. Five hundred
pounds of 4-16-8 fertilizer was applied per acre, or an ap-
plication of .1886 grams of (NH4)2 804, .2841 grams of CaH4—
(P04)2.EZO and .1266 grams of K01 per jar, on all jars except
checks. Minor elements were applied at the rate of .015 grams
of CuSO4, .024 grams of En 804, .10 grams of Mg 804, and .006
grams Na23407 per pot. These will be referred to as minor
elements in this experiment, and the "minor element mixture"

will be referred to as a mixture of .01 grams Fe 804, .Olngrams

Ala (SO4J5, .005 grams Zn 804, .001 grams NaI and .005 grams of

NaCl. Reference is made to Table 1 for the different treatments.

-22-

Wheat was seeded on October 22, 1938 and harvested
in the early stage of vernalization on January 6, 1939. Dur-
ing this growing period the moisture content was keptas near
uniform.as possible by weighing the jars weekly.

After the wheat was harvested each jar was cultivated
and seeded to alfalfa on January 30, 1939. A good stand was
secured in all jars and the water content was regulated by
weighing the jars weekly.

The alfalfa crop seemed to indicate a complete failure
on the B horizon of each soil type, which prevented the study
of the effects from minor element treatment on these soils.

The eXperiment on the A2 and B horizons of‘miami soil
was continued, but the remaining part of the experiment was
discontinued. It seemed that this was an excellent chance to
make a study of the differences in various plants as to their
feeding power, or ability to grow in heavy sub-soils; and so
these jars of Hillsdale A2 and B horizon were seeded to soy-
beans on April 15, 1939. No further treatment was given this
soil when soybeans were seeded.

Observations of the poor growth of alfalfa and wheat
on the subsoils of the Miami and Hillsdale soils led to another
experiment which involved a study of the same minor elements
in combinations with organic matter. It seems possible that

the poor growth of alfalfa and wheat on the B horizon of both

soils might have been due to the physical condition of the
soil, rather than to plant food deficiencies. Briefly, the
plan was to apply barley as a green manure crop to one series
of pots and muck as another source of organic matter to the
other series of pets, each receiving the same minor element
treatment.‘

Samples of Miami and Hillsdale B horizons were taken
in the same manner as described earharin this paper and in
the same locations. They were mixed, screened, and allowed
to air-dry for two weeks.

Barley was grown in quartz sand for green manure crops
with only N., P., and K. added as nutrients in order that the
green manures would not contain any of the minor elements.
Acid muck was used for another type of organicmatter. The
process of setting up these jars was as follows:

In this eXperiment 3500 grams of soil, 1000 grams of
quartz sand and .35 grams of barley or 100 grams of muck were
used as organic matter. The organic matter and soil were
mixed together and water added to bring the percentage of
water up to the point of optimum moisture. The quartz sand
and organic matter were used to improve the physical condition
of the subsoils. ThiS'WaS done to offer better conditions for
plant growth.

A solution mixture of minor elements (composed of .015
grams of Cuso4, .024 grams Kn804, .10 grams MgSO4 and .006 grams
of Na23407) was applied per jar to one-half of all jars receiv-

ing each type of organic matter. A fertilizer analyzing 4-16-8

was also applied at the rate of 500 lbs. per acre. The rate
per Jar ‘wa’s , .1886 grams (NH4)ZSO4, .2841 grams Ca H2 (P04)2
.H30 and .1266 grams K Cl.

Soybeans were seeded in these jars April 16, 1959,
and managed the same way as previously described.

Another eXperiment was set up to study the effects of
different rates of application of Boron in the form.of Na2B407
on the growth of soybeans on kiami and Hillsdale B horizons.
The two soils used were selected and samples taken from the
same location as before; well mixed, screened, and air-dried
for two weeks as in the other eXperiments.

All jars except the check which did not receive any
treatment, received an application at the rate of 500 pounds
of 4-16-8 fertilizer per acre, 1500 grams of quartz sand per
Jar and all minor elements used in the previous eXperiments,
excepting Boron. EaZB4O7 was added at the rate of 5.2, 6.4,
9.6, and 12.8 pounds per acre to each of the two soils. Each
Jar except check received a complete nutrient solution.

In this eXperiment all nutrients in solution were added
to the 1500 grams of quartz sand before the sand was mixed with
the soil. The reason for this procedure was to find out if
there would be a difference in the growth of the soybeans as
compared with the other experiments in which all nutrients were
mixed with 500 c.c. of water and mixed with the soil by hand.
It was believed that the physical condition of the soil was
disturbed in the latter case, causing poor structure for plant

growth.

-25-

OBSERVATIONS AND DISCUSSIONS

The experiment to study the affects of Cu., Mh.,
Mg., and B. on yields of wheat grown on the A3 and B hori-
zons of Hillsdale and Miami soils did not Show any stimu-
lation in growth from.a;plications of any of the minor el-
ements. From observations there seem to be no differences
in growth except that the unfertilized jars yielded less
than those fertilized. The increase in yield as a result
of this treatment was greater on the B than on the A2 hor-
izons of each soil.

The yields of wheat presented in Table 1 do not show
any beneficial effect from the application of Cu., Mh., mg.,
or B. on either of the soil horizons.

The color of the wheat on the untreated B horizon of
each soil appeared to be of a yellowish-green during the
latter stage of growth. The color of the wheat on the un-
treated jars on the A2 horizon of both soils was normal,
but the plants were smaller in size than were the plants
which received complete treatments.

The B horizon of the Hillsdale resulted in higher
yields than did the corresponding Miami soil horizon. This
may have been due to the better physical condition, since the
Hillsdale soil contains more sand, or it may be that the par-

ticular sample was of higher than average fertility.

-26-

It is believed that watering the plants caused con-
siderable diSpersion of the larger soil aggregates in the B
horizon of each soil, but to a greater extent with the Miami.

The data presented in Table 2 indicate that the jars
which received the various combinations of Cu., mg., Mg., and
B. yielded slightly higher than those that received other mi-
nor elements. However, from observations it was not possible
to detect growth differences. It was not possible to con-
clude just what combinationsof these minor elements were
best.

Due to the poor growth of alfalfa on the B horizon
of the Hillsdale soil it was decided that this soil be cul-
tivated and seeded to soybeans to study the differences in
feeding power of various crops.

The alfalfa on A and B horizons of the Miami soil

2
was retained, and in the spring, with more sunlight the al-

falfa on the A horizon made a good growth, but the alfalfa

2
on the B horizon made a poor growth.

It is difficult to explain the poor growth of alfalfa
on the B horizon of this soil. The soil was not too acid for
the alfalfa plant, and it was treated with 500 pounds of 4-16-8
fertilizer per acre. This would indicate that the poor growth
was not due to plant food deficiencies, but some other cause.
Observations of the hardness of the subsoils when dry indicated
that the poor physical condition of the soil was possibly the

major cause of the poor growth. This subsoil is generally

low in nitrogen and phosphoric acid but the application of

-27...

fertilizer should have corrected these deficiencies.

The poor growth of alfalfa of the B horizon prevented
the study of the effects of minor elements on the yields.

Observations indicated that soybeans grew as well on
the B horizon as on the A2 horizon of the Hillsdale soil,
while alfalfa made very poor growth on the B horizon of this
soil. The comparison of the growth of the two crops on the
different horizons is most outstanding in that it demonstrates
the variations in the feeding power of different plants.

This crop was harvested May 22, 1959 and it is be-
lived that the effect of the minor elements might have been
greater had the plants been allowed to mature. Other investi-
gators have found that young seedingsof soybeans require very
little boron, while the mature plant requires greater quanti-
ties of this element for normal production. Colling (9) points
this out in his work on effects of boron on growth of soybeans.

Reference is made to plate 3 which shows an increase
in growth due to minor elements.

Table 5 also shows an average increase in yield of .2
grams over jars not receiving any minor elements, indicating
that these minor elements are necessary for normal plant growth.

Plate 2 shows little, if any, beneficial effects of
minor elements in combination with organic matter. It was
observed that pots receiving the minor element mixture indica-
ted a slightxrddmhxg and burning on the edge of the soybean
leaves. The toxic symptoms were the same as shown in Plate 4

from the effect of boron, and it is believed that the 3.2

-28..

pounds of boron in the minor element mixture caused this con-
dition.

The yields in Table 4 show a decrease in every case,
except one, from the application of minor elements. However,
these soybeans were harvested at the end of five weeks, and
no conclusions can be drawn regarding this toxic effect on
the young seedling.

The effects of organic matter on yields of soybeans
was not marked, but there was an increase in yield due to
the application of muck as a form of organic matter, but
in this case there was also a decrease in yields when the
minor element was applied.

In the experiment with different rates of application
of boron on the B horizon of the Miami and Hillsdale soil
marked differences were observed between the various treatments.

At the end of two weeks the soybeans receiving boron
showed no stimulation in growth, rather there was an indica-
tion of toxicity as result of all treatments of boron. The
seriousness of this toxic effect was in proportion to the
rate of application of the boron. The leaves showed a redden-
ing around the edges and a few Specks in the center parts of
the leaves. The symptoms gradually became more pronounced for
a period of thirty days, after which plants receiving the
smaller application of boron recovered and began to grow and
produce healthy leaves. This recovenris shown When Plate 6

is. compared with Plate 4.

Growth at the end of five weeks showed still greater
variation and greater toxicity from the higher two rates of
application of boron. Jars receiving 5.2 lbs. of borax in-
dicated better growth throughout than plants in both soils
receiving no borax. The effects appeared to be the same in
each soil, with over 6.4 lbs. giving a decrease in growth.
Shrinking and curling of the leaves, excessive amount of
reddening and drying up, and the dropping off of bottom leaves
were noted. Top leaves were yellow and shrunken to one-half the
size of leaves on healthy plants. All indication pointed to
the fact that 12.8 lbs. per acre would kill the plant in‘a few
weeks. At this stage of growth it seemed that 5.2 lbs. per
acre would increase the yield of soybeans but 6.4 lbs. per
acre was toxic, although it increased the size of the plants.
The check jars appeared to be lagging behind more than ever
at this time. The specking and reddening on the edge of the
leaves were only slightly visible on the plants receiving 5.2
lbs. of borax per acre.

The soybeans were harvested may 22nd, forty-eight days
after they were planted. At this stage the plants seemed to
be growing out of the injuries caused by the toxic effect of
boron. The applications of 5.2 and 6.4 lbs. of borax per acre
at this stage of growth indicated increaseSin yield. Table
5 shows this to be true in case of the 5.2 pounds treatment
but not with the 6.4 pounds per acre treatment. This is due
to the fact that the leaves on the bottom of plants receiving

6.4 pounds of borax dropped off. The weights were less for

this reason.

-50-

Observations indicate the fact that 5.2 to 6.4 pounds
of borax per acre would increase the dry weight of a mature
soybean plant but it does not increase the growth of the
young seedling.

Table 5 indicates an increase in yield of .4 grams
on the Miami soil and a decrease of .1 gram on the Hillsdale
soil from.the application of 5.2 pounds of borax per acre.

Six pounds and over of borax reduced the yields in case of
both soils. It was also observed that 9.6 and 12.8 pounds
of borax reduced the yields about one-half on each soil.

This study of the effects of different rates of appli-
cations of boron on soybeans agrees with Colling's (9) work.
He found that very small amounts of boron were toxic to soybeans
and that little boron was necessary for the growth of soybean
seedings while the element is definitely essential for the

production of a normal mature soybean plant.

-31-

SUHMARY

A greenhouse study of the effects of Cu., mn., and B.
on the yields of wheat, alfalfa and soybeans grown on the A2
and B horizon of Hillsdale fine sandy loam and Miami loam was
conducted. 'The effect of the combination of several minor
elements with organic matter and the effect of different rates
of applications of borax on the growth of soybeans grown on
the B horizon of Hillsdale and Miami soil was also studied.

From these eXperiments the following conclusions
were drawn:

(1) There was no increase in the yields of wheat
on either of the soils as the result of applications of any
of the minor elements studied.

(2) A_combination of minor elements resulted in
slight increases in the yields of alfalfa on the A3 horizon
of Miami soil. The alfalfa failed on the Hillsdale soil and
was almost a failure on the B horizon of Miami 8011.

(5) In one experiment a combination of Cu., Mh., Mg.,
and B. resulted in small increases in the yield of soybeans
on the Hillsdale B horizon but had no effect on the A2 horizon.
In another experiment designed to study the effect of organic
matter on the response to minor elements, no increases in
yields were obtained as a result of minor element applications

on either Miami or Hillsdale B horizons.

-Qla_

(4) In the early seedling stage of growth as little
as 5.2 pounds of borax per acre was toxic to soybeans but at
a later date (50 days after planting) it was evident that a
stimulation in growth had resulted from.reSpective applica-
tions of 5.2 and 6.4 pounds per acre. Applications greater

than 6.4 pounds per acre were toxic throughout the growth

period and resulted in greatly decreased yields.

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-35-

Table 4. The Effect of Organic matter in Combination with Minor
Element Mixture on Yield of Soybeans Grown on B Horizons
of Miami and Hillsdale Soil in Greenhouse Pot Culture.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Yields df—§cybéansln7§rams Basedul
*Treatment Jar 0n Air-DrE Weights
No. MiamifB s a e B
Horizon, Av. Horizon Av.
1 2.0 2.0
10 Tons of Chopped 2 2.0 1.7 2.0 2.0
Barley Per Acre 5 1.5 1.8
4 1.4 2.5
5 20:6 0
‘*10 Tons of Chopped 6 2.0 1.8 2.0 1.8
Barley Plus Minor 7 1.5 1.6
Element Mixture 8 1.5 1.5
9 ‘2.0 2.6
check 10 2.5 2.5 2.0 1.8
11 2.8 2.1
12 2.0 1.5
13?“ 1.4 '131
Check 14 1.8 1.6 1.8 106
Plus Minor Element 15 1.5 w 2.0
Milture 16 105 106
17 2.3— ' 1.?
50 Tons Acid muck 18 2.5 2.5 1.9 2.5
Per Acre 19 2.4 5.0
20 2.6 A 2.6
21 2.? 2.5
i so Tons Acid Muck as 2.0 2.1 2.0 2.2
Per Acre andeinor 25 2.0 2.0
_§lement Mixture 24 2.0 2.5
:"All jars received 500 lbs. 4-16-8 fertilizer per acre and

1000 grams of quartz sand per jar.
*‘Barley used as green manure crop.

composed of .015 gm. of CuSO
MgSO4, and .006 gm. of Nag '13

Note: Yields are based on weight of four soybean plants

per Jar.

B4

Minor element mixture
. .034 gm. Mh $04, .10 gm.
7P6? Jar.

 

-35-

Table 5. The Effect of Different Rates of Application of Boron
on the Yield of Soybeans Grown on B Horizons of Miami

*Treatment Jar
NO.

0
Acre

Acre
Per Acre
12.8 lbs.

Check

 

*All Jars except checks received 500 lbs. 4-16-8 fertilizer
per acre. All Jars received 1500 grams quartz sand, in which
nutrients were mixed before sand was mixed with soil.

Note: Yields are based on weight of five soybean plants
per jar.

-57- {

Plate 1. ‘
The effect of minor elements on the growth of alfalfa ‘
in the A2 and B horizons of Miami loam.

 

 

 

A. Jar No. l, 2, & 5, show very little diIferenc

in the growth of alfalfa due to the application of
minor elements. No. 1 received N. P. m.K.; N0. 2, N. P.
& K. plus Cu., mn., Mg., and B.; No. 5, no treatment.

 

 

 

3. The yield of alfalfa on the B horizon of “iami
loam. Jars No. l, 2, a 5 received same treatments
as stated above.

-38.-

Plate 20

The effects of minor elements in combination with
organic matter on the growth of soybeans grown in
the B horizon of Miami soil.

 

 

The three jars on the left (no. 1), no minor ele-
ments; and the three jars on the right (no. 2), re-
ceived Cu., Mh., Mg., and B. as shown in Table 4.
All the jars received barley as a green manure crop
at the rate of 10 tons per acre.

Plate 5.

The effect of a minor element mixture of Cu., mn.,
23., and B. on the growth of soybean seedlings.

 

 

 

Tie effect of minor element mixture on growth of soy-
bean plant grown in Hillsdale B horizon. Three plants
on left, no minor elements; three plants right received
a mixture of .005 gm. ousoé, .024 gm. nnso4, .624. gm.
15.111804, .10 an. M8304, and .006 we N32B4°7 Per Jar.

‘-40-
Plate 4.

Marked toxic effect on the young soybean plants
from.the application of beraX. ,

 

 

A.’ Thefeffect of borax in the soybean plants grown on
the B horizon of Hillsdale soil. No. 1, 12.8 lbs. of
Na2B4O7 per acre; No. 2, no borax. .

 

 

 

 

B. The effect of borax on the young soybean plants grown
on the B horizon of the Miami soil. No. 1, no borax; No. 2
12 8 lbs. of borax per acre; and No. 5, no treatment.

-41-

Plate 5.

A top view showing the effect of boren on soybean
plants 48 days old.

 

 

 

The effect of borax on the growth of soybeans. Left,
no borax; right, 12.8 lbs. of borax per acre.

-43-
Plate 6 e

A side view showing the effect of 5. 2 lbs. of borax
on the growth of soybean plants after 48 days grow-

ilrg period. n 7

 

 

A. The effect of 5. 2 lbs. of borax on growth of soy-
bean plants in Miami_ B horizon. No. 1, no borax; No. 2,

‘L- -n L-.____.

 

 

 

B. ThE’é'fi‘eTzibr 3.2 lbs. ~e borax on the growth of the
soybean plant in Hillsdale n Aorizon. No. 1, no borax;
No. 2, 5.2 lbs. borax per acre.

Plate 7.

The effect of borax on the growth of soybeans grown
on the B horizons of Miami and Hillsdale soil.

'7‘ 7

 

 

 

A. The effects of different rates of application or
borax on the growth of soybeans grown in Miami B hori-
zon. No. 1, 12.8 lbs.; No. 2, 9.6 lbs.; No. 5, 6.4 lbs.;
No. 4, 3.2 lbs.; of NagB407. No. 5, no borax; No. 6,

no treatment. - . _

 

 

 

‘r'f’f—f", - ' “ ‘- - i.
B. The effect of different rates of application of borax
on the growth of soybeans grown in Hillsdale B horizon.
All Jars received the same treatments as stated above.

 

l.

3.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

15.

14.

-44-

 

LITERATURE CITED

Alway, F. J., G. R. McDole, and C. 0. Post. The rela-
tive rawness of subsoil. Soil Sci. 5: 9-55. 1917.

Baver, L. D., Factors contributing to the genesis of soil
microstructure. Amer. Soil Survey Assoc. Bull. 16: 55-56.
1955.

The relation of exchangeable cations to the

 

physical properties of soils. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 20:
921-941. 1928.

and H. F. Rhodes. Aggregate analysis as an

 

aid in the study of soil structure relations. Jour. Amer.

Burr, W.W., and J. C. Russell. The importance of organic
matter in soil structure and tilth. Abst. Proc. First Int.
Cong. Soil Sci. 1: 67. 1927.

Browning, G. M. Changes in the erodibility of soils brought
about by the application of organic matter. Soil Sci. of
Amer. 9: 85-96. 1957.

CriSt,, J. W., & J. E. Weaver. Adsorption of nutrients from
BubSOll in relation to crop yield. Bot. Gaz. 77: 121-148.
1924.

Cook, R. L., Boron deficiency in Michigan soils. Soil Sci.

Coiling, Gilbert H. The influence of Boron on the growth
of the soybean plant. Soil Sci. 25: 85-95. 1926.

Harmer, P.M. The relative "rawness" of some humid subsoils.
Soil Sci. 5: 595-401. 1918.

Jenny, Hans. Soil fertility losses under Missouri conditions.
K0. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bull. 524: 5-10. 1955.

Lipman, C. B. The "Rawness" of subsoils. Science 46: 288-290.
19170 '

McCool, M.M. J. 0. Veatch and C. H. Spurway.‘ Soils profile
studies in Hichigan. Soil Sci. 16(2): 95-106. 1925.

and C. E. Miller. The formation of soluble
substances in the soil taken from widely separated regions.
Soil Sci. 10(5): 219-255. 1920.

 

 

15.

16.

17.

18.

19.

20.

21.

22.

25.

24.

25.

26.

~45-

MCMiller, P. R. Some notes on the causes of the unproduc-
tivity of raw subsoils in the humid regions. Soil Sci.

Huchenhirn, R. J. Response of plants to Boron, COpper,
and Kanganese. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 28: 824-842. 1956.

Millar, C. E. Availability of nutrients in subsoils.
Soil Sci. 19: 275-287. 1925.

The feeding power of plants in the different

 

horizons. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 17(5): 150-157. 1925.

Studies of the removal of nutrients from
subsoilsTby alfalfa. Soil Sci. 25: 261-267. 1927.

 

Paschal, A. H., R. T. A. Burke and L. D. Baver. Aggregate
studies on muekingum, cheater, landsdale silt loam. Amer.
Soil Survey Assoc. Bull. 16: 44-46. 1955.

Rhoads, H. F. Aggregate analysis as an aid in soil structure
studies. Amer. Soil Survey Assoc. Bull. 15: 165-169. 1952.

Smith, F. B., P. E. Brown, and J. A. Russell. The effects
of organic matter on the infiltration capacity of Clarion
loam. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 29: 521-525. 1957.

Stauffer, R. S. Influence of soil management on some phy-
sical properties of soil. Jour. Amer. Soc. Agron. 28:
900-906. 1956.

Troug, E. The utilization of phosphates by agricultural
crops, including a new theory regarding the feeding power
of plants. Univ. of Wisconsin Research Bull. 41: 1916.

The feeding power of plants. Science 56(1446):
294-298; 1922.

 

Willis, L. D., and J. R. Piland. Some recent observations
of the minor elements in North Carolina agriculture. Soil
Sci. 44: 251-264. 1957.

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