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thesis entitled
COMPOST AND FERTILIZER EFFECTS ON NITROGEN

MOVEMENT WITHIN A CROPPING SYSTEM
DURING TRANSITION

presented by

Neva Christine Dehne

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

Master of Science degree in ACr‘op and'Soil Science

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COMPOST AND FERTILIZER EFFECTS ON NITROGEN
MOVEMENT WITHIN A CROPPING SYSTEM
DURING TRANSITION
By

Neva Christine Dehne

A THESIS

Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fiIlfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE

Department of Crop and Soil Sciences

1995

ABSTRACT
COMPOST AND FERTILIZER EFFECTS ON NITROGEN MOVEMENT
WITHIN A CROPPING SYSTEM DURING TRANSITION
by

Neva Christine Dehne

Michigan farmers who are concerned about the impacts of conventional farming practices
on the environment may be receptive to compost as an alternative to commercial fertilizer.
The goal of this Study was to compare compost and commercial fertilizer as nutrient
sources, specifically for nitrogen (N), in a standard four year Michigan crop rotation
consisting of corn (Zea Mays L.) followed by com followed by soybean [Glycine max (L)
Merr.] followed by wheat (T riticum aestivum L.). Soil, lysimeter leachate, and above-
ground plant tissue were tested to determine which nutrient source has less N leaching
into the groundwater and adequate available N for the plants. Cover crops, also a
component of this study, can provide N (if leguminous) or can decrease N leaching losses
by storing excess N. In the initial two years of compost use, compost treated plots had
less available soil NO3-N and less NO3-N leaching losses compared to fertilized plots.
Yield and above-ground biomass N were Similar in both compost treated and fertilized
soybean and wheat, but lower in compost treated corn. Plots with cover crops compared
to plots without cover crops had similar or less available soil N03-N and similar yields and
biomass N. Compost maintained adequate yields in wheat and soybean, but did not

maintain acceptable yields in com followed by com.

ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I would like to thank Dr. Richard Harwood, Dr. Lee Jacobs, and Dr. Ted Loudon, who
were my committee, for their time and their suggestions for my thesis. I am indebted to
the taxpayers of Michigan for their financial support. Thanks to all of the “little people”:
Anne, Elaine, Hugh, Todd, Gary, Luke, Tom, Sue Ellen, Jefl‘ and others— you know who
you are. I have to say a word of gratitude to Tim Pruden, who is irreplacable and who
kept the whole thing down to earth. Thanks Marcus, my co-worker, for your support and
friendship. To my family and friends- Thanks! And thank you Paul for always being there

with encouragement.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

List of Tables .................................................................................................... vi
List of Figures ................................................................................................... ix
Introduction and Literature Review .................................................................... 1
Objectives and Approach 6
Materials and Methods ........................................................................................ 7
Field Design 7
Crop Management Systems 10
Yield Determination and Biomass N Sampling 14
Soil Samples 15
Lysimeter Samples 16
Results ............................................................................................................... 17
Yield and Above-ground Biomass N Data 17
Soil Data 20
Lysimeter Data 26
Discussion .......................................................................................................... 32
Yield and Above-ground Biomass N 32
SO“ NO3-N 36
LYSUTICICT N03-N 38
Summary 38
Appendix A: Soil Types ...................................................................................... 42
Appendix B: Field Operations ............................................................................. 43
1992 43
1993 43
1994 46
Appendix C: Weather Data .................................................................................. 49
Appendix D: Statistical Analysis .......................................................................... 50

iv

Appendix E: Yield and Biomass N ....................................................................... 54

Appendix F: Soil Data ......................................................................................... 68

Appendix G: Lysimeter Data ................................................................................ 87
Appendix H: Graphs ........................................................................................... l l 1
List of References ............................................................................................... 125

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Compost analysis ............................................................................................. 13
Table 2. Crop yield comparing management type and cover crop in 1993 and 1994 ........ 18
Table 3. Crop above-ground biomass N comparing management type and cover

crap in 1993 and 1994 .............................................................................................. 19
Table 4. Soil N03-N comparing management type and cover crop on each date ............ 21

Table 5. Soil N03-N comparing management type and cover crop for each crop on

each date .................................................................................................................. 22
Table 6. Lysimeter leachate N03-N comparing management type at each pumping

and per day .............................................................................................................. 27
Table 7. Lysimeter leachate NO3-N comparing management type at each pumping

and per day for each crop ......................................................................................... 28
Table C. 1. Rainfall amounts between lysimeter pumpings .............................................. 49

Table D. l. Anova for a split block design used for yield analysis of crops with
management type as main plot and cover crop as sub plot ......................................... 50

Table D.2. Anova for a Split block design used for biomass N analysis of crops with
management type as main plot and cover crop as sub plot ......................................... 51

Table D3. Anova for a randomized complete block design used for biomass N
analysis of cover crops ............................................................................................. 51

Table D4. Anova for a split block within a split plot design used for soil analysis
with management type as main plot, crop as sub plot, and cover crop as sub-sub
plot on each date ...................................................................................................... 52

Table D5. Anova for a split block design used for soil analysis with management
type as main plot and cover crop as sub plot for each crop on each date ................... 52

Table D6. Anova for a split plot design used for lysimeter analysis on each date
with management type as main plot and crop as sub plot ......................................... 53

Table D7. Anova for a randomized complete block design used for lysimeter
analysis of each crop on each date ........................................................................... 53

Table E. 1. Crop yield comparing compost and fertilizer treatments with and without
cover crop in 1993 .................................................................................................. 54

Table E.2. Crop yield comparing compost and fertilizer treatments with and without
cover crop in 1994 .................................................................................................. 55

Table E.3. Crop total above-ground biomass dry weight comparing compost and
fertilizer treatments with and without cover crop in 1993 ........................................ 56

Table E.4. Cover crop total above-ground biomass dry weight comparing compost
and fertilizer treatments in 1993 .............................................................................. 57

Table ES. Crop total above-ground biomass percent N comparing compost and
ferteilizer treatments with and without cover crop in 1993 ...................................... 58

Table 13.6. Cover crop total above-ground biomass percent N comparing compost
and fertilizer treatments in 1993 .......................... ' .................................................... 59

Table E.7. Crop total above-ground biomass N comparing compost and fertilizer
treatments with and without cover crop in 1993 ...................................................... 60

Table E.8. Cover crop total above-ground biomass N comparing compost and
fertilizer treatments in 1993 ..................................................................................... 61

Table 5.9. Crop total above-ground biomass dry weight comparing compost and
fertilizer treatments with and without cover crop in 1994 ........................................ 62

Table E. 10. Cover crop total above-ground biomass dry weight comparing compost
and fertilizer treatments in 1994 .............................................................................. 63

Table E.11. Crop total above-ground biomass percent N comparing compost and
ferteilizer treatments with and without cover crop in 1994 ...................................... 64

Table E. 12. Cover crop total above-ground biomass percent N comparing compost
and fertilizer treatments in 1994 .............................................................................. 65

Table E. 13. Crop total above-ground biomass N comparing compost and fertilizer
treatments with and without cover crop in 1994 ...................................................... 66

vii

Table E.14. Cover crop total above-ground biomass N comparing compost and
fertilizer treatments in 1994 ..................................................................................... 67

Table F.1. Soil N03-N concentrations comparing compost and fertilizer treatments
with and without cover crop in 1993 ....................................................................... 68

Table F.2. Soil N03-N concentrations comparing compost and fertilizer treatments
with and without cover crop in 1994 ....................................................................... 80

Table G. 1. Lysimeter leachate volumes comparing compost and fertlizer treatments
on each sampling date in 1993 ................................................................................. 87

Table 6.2. Lysimeter leachate N03-N concentrations comparing compost and
fertilizer treatments on each sampling date in 1993 .................................................. 91

Table 6.3. Calculated lysimeter NO3-N leachate losses per acre comparing compost
and fertilizer treatments on each sampling date in 1993 ............ i ................................ 9 5

Table 6.4. Lysimeter leachate volumes comparing compost and fertlizer treatments
on each sampling date in 1994 ................................................................................. 99

Table 6.5. Lysimeter leachate NO3-N concentrations comparing compost and
fertilizer treatments on each sampling date in 1994 ................................................. 103

Table 6.6. Calculated lysimeter NO3-N leachate losses per acre comparing compost
and fertilizer treatments on each sampling date in 1994 .......................................... 107

viii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Living Field Laboratory plot plan ................................................................... 8
Figure 2. Lysimeter diagram ........................................................................................ 11
Figure 3. Grain yield for compost versus fertilizer in 1993 ........................................... 33
Figure 4. Grain yield for compost versus fertilizer in 1994 ........................................... 34
Figure 5. Soil NO3-N of lst yr corn with ryegrass/clover in 1994 ................................ 37
Figure 6. 1994 lysimeter N03 -N as a daily mean per time period ................................. 39
Figure A 1. Living Field Laboratory soil types ............................................................. 42
Figure H. 1. Crop above-ground biomass N in 1993 .................................................... 111
Figure H.2. Cover crop above-ground biomass N in 1993 ........................................... 112
Figure H.3. Crop above-ground biomass N in 1994 .................................................... 113
Figure H4. Cover crop above-ground biomass N in 1994 ........................................... 114
Figure H.5. Soil NOB-N of soybean in 1993 ................................................................ 115
Figure H6. Soil N03 -N of wheat with clover in 1993 ................................................. 116
Figure H.7. Soil N03 —N of lst yr com with ryegrass/vetch in 1993 ............................. 117
Figure H8. Soil N03 -N of 2nd yr corn with ryegrass in 1993 .................................... 118
Figure H9. Soil N03 -N of continuous corn with ryegrass/vetch in 1993 ..................... 119
Figure H. 10. Soil NO3-N of soybean in 1994 .............................................................. 120
Figure H. 1 1. Soil NO3-N of wheat with clover in 1994 ............................................... 121

ix

Figure H. 12. Soil NO3-N of 2nd yr corn with ryegrass in 1994 ................................... 122
Figure H. 13. Soil NO3-N of continuous corn with ryegrass/clover in 1994 ................. 123

Figure H 14. 1993 lysimeter NO3-N as daily mean per time period ............................. 124

LITERATURE REVIEW AND INTRODUCTION

Composting is one of the many pathways for breakdown of organic matter. There are
traditions, both mystical and practical, about the composting process. Golueke (1972)
simply says that “composting is the biological decomposition of the organic constituents of
wastes under controlled conditions.” Many materials can be composted, but it is not
necessarily known what the end product will contain. Interest in how compost may
contribute to preserving environmental quality has increased compost research and has
influenced this research.

Mineral fertilizer benefits and weaknesses have been well documented. The use of
compost on the farm has not received nearly as much attention. Much of the literature
pertaining to composting is currently found in popular literature, with a small but growing
amount found in scientific journals. Composting is not necessarily the answer for every
situation and may not be of use to some farmers, while it may work very well for others.

Five general guidelines for the composting process have been gleaned from many
sources and summarized (Anonymous, 1991a; Golueke and Diaz, 1989). First, the carbon
to nitrogen (CzN) ratio of the combined starting materials should be between 20:1 and
30:1. A high ratio will slow or stop composting and a low ratio will result in leaching and
volatilization of N. Straw or other plant material are good C sources and manure or
urban wastes such as sewage Sludge and vegetable matter are good N sources. Second,
the moisture content should be between 40% and 60%. A lower or higher moisture

content will slow microbiological activity and the composting process. If the moisture is

2

too low, the composting process may not readily occur due to moisture stress on
decomposing microorganisms. High moisture can cause insufficient aeration which will
hinder composting and encourage anaerobic decomposition and odors. Third,
microorganisms need oxygen (02) to break down organic materials. Proper aeration can
be maintained by having the correct moisture content, by having the right amount of
bulking material (C source), and either by tuming windrows to expose more material to 02
or by forcing air through the composting material by some other means. Fourth,
monitoring the temperature of the compost indicates how the composting process is
proceeding. A compost windrow temperature of 140 °F (60 °C) is needed to kill weed
seeds and pathogens. The windrow is “working” properly if the temperature remains
between 130-140 °F (5 5-60 °C). If the temperature drops below 100 °F, the windrow has
either finished composting (microbial activity has ceased) or needs to be turned to provide
the microorganisms with additional 0;. Proper temperatures can be maintained in a
windrow if the height and width of the pile are about 4 feet each, which is the optimum
surface-to-volume ratio. Fifih, innoculums, which are small amounts of microbes or
enzymes thought to speed composting, are optional. Some say that they are necessary to
start any composting process and others say they are nothing but “snake oil”.

These compost-making guidelines apply in general to the compost used in this field
study, which was made in windrows, as well as to several other methods of composting
(Alpert, 1987). In windrow systems the material is piled in long rows and aerated by

mechanically turning the piles. Static pile systems are similar to windrowing, but the pile

3
is not turned for aeration. Instead, perforated pipes connected to blowers aerate the piles.

Vessel systems are used to compost materials in enclosed areas in “batches”.

In this study, a mixture of dairy manure and straw was put into windrows and turned
mechanically to maintain desired levels of temperature, 02, and C02. From the preceeding
description of the factors involved in compost-making, it should be noted that the whole
process is dificult to monitor and to control. The composting process itselfwas not the
focal point for this study, but rather the use of compost versus conventional fertilizer in a
cropping system.

Highly soluble inorganic N fertilizers have long been effective in boosting crop growth.
Ifoverapplied, as was common in the past, excess soluble N may leach into the
groundwater of the surrounding community causing health concerns and degrading
environmental quality (Magdoff, 1991a; McCracken et. al., 1989; Roth and Fox, 1990).
Carefully selected management strategies, such as those that closely monitor the amounts
of N application as compared to N need and those that make better use of organic
resources, may decrease N leaching into the environment. One management strategy that
makes use of organic resources is composting.

The attributes of compost which make it a possible management strategy as well as
possible pitfalls associated with compost are summarized below (Anonymous, 1980; Dick
and McCoy, 1993; Land Stewardship Project, 1987; Pfirter et. al., 1981). 1)The nutrient
value of well-made compost is about 15-30 lbs of N, 5-10 lbs of phosphate, and 15-30 lbs
of potassium per ton. The nutrients in compost are more dilute than when applied as

mineral fertilizers, sometimes making it difficult to supply sufficient amounts of nutrients

4

at reasonable compost application rates, especially in the first few years of compost use.
Compost contains trace elements needed by crops that mineral fertilizers do not contain.
2)Composting can reduce the volume of manure and other organic material by 30-50%
through the breakdown of organic matter. Reduced volume means less material to haul
and so reduces the cost of handling (Logsdon, 1993). If large amounts of C must be
added to decrease the ON ratio of the compost, reduction in volume may not be as
significant. 3)Overall farm labor may be reduced in some cases except for short periods of
intense compost work to stack and turn the compost in windrows. 4)A major problem at
the rural-urban interface is odor complaints. Composting eliminates odor; the “finished”
product smells like and has the consistency of soil. 5)In contrast to some inorganic N
fertilizers which release N relatively quickly, compost is said to release N slowly. Slow
release of N can reduce leaching losses; however, this slow release may not provide
adequate N at critical crop growth stages. The amount of N actually available to the crop
depends on how much of the N in the compost is in fact mineralized. Mineralization rate
is dependent on environmental factors such as moisture, temperature, pH, and soil type.
6)The high temperatures of a windrow can reduce the need for pesticides by killing weed
seeds and pathogens. 7)Because compost is organic in nature, it adds organic matter to
the soil which improves soil structure. The benefits of decreased bulk density, higher
cation exchange capacity, and increased water holding capacity may take several years to
develop and may not be cost efficient initially, but are a major advantage of compost in the
long run. 8)The use of compost can mean less N leaching losses (Maynard, 1993) because

the N in compost is mostly in an organic form and is mineralized over time. 9)Composting

5
can provide an added source of income if sold in urban markets (Biocycle, 1994), but this

is dependent on the price at which compost can be sold and the cost to prepare the
compost for market. Because of some of these characteristics, compost has a potential to
be used as an alternative to or in conjunction with other management strategies.

Manure management and municipal solid waste composting are two topics related to
this study which have been researched far more than on-farm composting. Much
knowledge can be gained fiom the field of manure management as to nutrient availability
and soil benefits when trying to implement composting on the farm (Anonymous, 1980;
Vitosh et. al., 1990). The knowledge gained by the composting of municipal solid wastes
(MSW) can also be used for on-farm composting (O’Keefe et. al., 1986). Numerous
studies are being carried out as to the effects of MSW on farmers’ fields (Inman et. al.,
1982; Mays et. al., 1973). MSW are being hauled to farms to be composted and applied
to fields (Henkes and Maynard, 1994).

A management strategy that is used in this study in conjunction with compost is that of
cover crops. A common definition is that; “a cover crop is a crop whose main purpose is
to benefit the soil and/or other crops in one or more ways, but it is not intended to be
harvested for feed or sale” (Anonymous, 1991b). Cover crops can be used to meet
difi‘erent needs in different cropping systems, but there are general benefits associated with
cover crop use (Doran and Smith, 1991; Hesterman et. al., 1992). Cover crops reduce
soil and wind erosion by protecting the soil when the main crop is absent. Groundwater
pollution from N03-N leaching can be reduced with cover crops that take up excess N.

The efi‘ects of cover crops on leaching loss have been reviewed by Meisinger et. al.

6
(1991). A possible problem related to a reduction in N leaching is that cover crops may

compete for moisture and N when these factors are limiting, causing stress to the main
crop. Weeds can be controlled when cover crops are planted for competition. Cover
crops decrease insect and disease problems by increasing crop diversity. When plowed
down, leguminous cover crops can provide some N to subsequent main crops.

Even though herbicides were used, the compost treated plots can be expected to
exhibit many of the nutrient release characteristics of a conventionally fertilized system as
it converts to an organically managed system. One of the effects found in the conversion
to an organically managed system is an initial N deficiency which results in lower yields of
crops having high N requirements, such as corn (USDA Study Team on Organic Farming,

1980)

Objectives and Approach:

Two main objectives of this study were to detemrine: 1) the effect of N source, either
compost or conventional fertilizer, on N movement in a cropping system and 2) the effect
of cover crops on N movement in a compost versus a fertilizer management system.

The approach used in this Study is to test soil samples, lysimeter leachate samples, and
plant tissue samples for N. Nitrogen, specifically N03, can be easily tested because of its
solubility and mobility in soil-plant systems. This study attempts to quantify various
“pools” of N present in the cropping systems, except for that which is volatized and that

which is in the roots.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
Field Design:

The Living Field Laboratory (LFL) experiment was set up on the Kellogg Biological
Station (KBS) site at Hickory Comers, Michigan for the 1993 and 1994 growing seasons
(Figure l). The previous alfalfa crop was plowed down in the fall of 1992 and rye was
planted for ground cover over the winter. The soil types in the LFL are Kalamazoo loam
(fine-loamy, mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalt) and Oshtemo sandy loam (coarse-loamy,
mixed, mesic Typic Hapludalt) (see Appendix A for map). Two crop management
systems within the LFL, an integrated compost and an integrated fertilizer system, were
compared as to N use efficiency. An integrated system is defined in this study as one in
which herbicides and fertilizers are banded, soil tests such as the pre-sidedress nitrate test
are employed, several cultivations are used to control weeds, and cover crops and crop
rotations are used. Specific field operations for 1992-1994 are listed in Appendix B.

The field design of the Living Field Laboratory is a split-block within a split plot
design. Each management type was replicated four times. Within each management type
there are five plots each 30 by 50 feet. One plot was continuous corn and the other four
had crop rotation entry points using the rotation of corn followed by com (Pioneer 3751)
followed by soybean (BSR 101) followed by wheat (in 1993 Butte 86; in 1994 Augusta).
Spring wheat was used in 1993 because the experiment was begun at that time; winter
wheat was used in subsequent years. Entry points were configured so that each crop is
represented every year. Corn and soybean were planted at a 30 inch row spacing and
wheat was drilled at a 7 inch spacing. Throughout the experiment, the corn plots are
designated; “1st year com, 2nd year com, and continuous corn” as to their place in the
rotation for future reference even though in the initial year of the experiment there
obviously is no “2nd year corn” for example.

Each crop rotation plot is divided so that the west half of the plot has a cover crop and

the east half of the plot does not. Cover crops were broadcast using a hand seeder. In
7

FIELD SIZE

(plot borders) N
340' x 760'

PLOT SIZE

30' X 50'

TOP NUMBER = PLOT ID

BOTTOM NUMBER 1 I =

1st number
Management Type

 

1=organlc-cover crops
no pesticides

2 = Integrated/compost-
cover crops, low pesticide

3 = integrated/fertilizer-
cover crops, low pesticide

4sconventional-tult chemical,

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

no cover crops

2nd number

Rotation

93 94 95 96
1 0 ob w c
2 ob w c c
3 w c c ab
4 c c 3b w
5 continuous corn

w = wheat c = corn

sb = soybean

3rd number
Lysimeter Placement
O = None
1 - 12" Lysimeter
2 = 12" and 30' Lysimeter

 

COVER CROPS
Wheat- red clover
1st Year Corn - annual ryegrass/legume
2nd Year Corn- annual ryegrass
Continuous Corn- annual ryegrass/legume
A = cover
8 = no cover

Figure 1 . Living Field Laboratory plot plan.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

318 317 318 319 320
A I A I A I A I A I
13111 I321) I331) 13411 (3511
311 312 313 314 315
(440) (41 1) (452) (430) (420)
308 307 308 309 310
A I A I A I A I A I
12311 12511 12111 12211 (2411
N1 302 303 304 3%
A I A I A I A I A I
(140) (151) (130) (111) (120)
118 117 118 119 120
A I A I A I A I A I
12211 12111 (2311 (2411 12511
111 112 113 114 115
A I A I A B A I A I
(151) (130) (111) (120) (140)
108 107 108 109 110
A I A I A I A I A I
13111 (3211 13511 I331) 13411
101 102 103 104 105
(440) (452) (41 1) (420) (430)

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Figure 1. Living Field Laboratory plot plan.

 

 

 

 

415 417 418 419 420
(430) (420) (440) (452) (411)
411 412 413 414 415
IA 9 11 e 11 e 11 e 11 a
12411 12511 12211 12111 12311
408 407 408 409 410
A 13 A II IA 8 11 8 11 8
(151) (120) (111) (140) (130)
401 402 403 404 405
1A a. 11 s 11 e 11 s 11 9
13311 13211 13511 13111 13411
215 217 218 219 220
IA 8 11 B A. II IA 8 11 8
(151) (130) (140) (120) (111)
211 212 213 214 215
1A a 11 a 11 e 11 e 11 a
13311 13411 13111 13511 13211
205 207 208 209 210
(430) (42°) (440) (452) (41 1)
201 202 203 204 205
IA 8 11 s 11 s 11 e 11 9
12111 12211 12411 12511 1231)

 

 

 

 

10

1993 the cover crops were: a mixture of annual ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam.) and
hairy vetch (Vicia villosa Roth) in corn followed by com and in continuous corn; annual
ryegrass in corn followed by soybean; and Michigan mammoth red clover (T nfoliwn
pratense L.) in wheat followed by com. Red clover was seeded into spring wheat in May
of 1993 and frost swded into winter wheat in March of 1994. Cover crops were seeded
into corn in mid June. In 1994, Michigan mammoth red clover was substituted for hairy
vetch in the annual ryegrass—hairy vetch mixture because hairy vetch was inadequate and
unpredictable. In this study the role of annual ryegrass is to take up excess N and
decrease N leaching losses. The role of hairy vetch and red clover is to provide
supplemental N to the subsequent main crop.

Lysirneters (Brinsfield and Staver, 1991) were installed in the west halfof each plot,
which is the half of the plot with a cover crop present. The lysimeters (Figure 2) are intact
core lysimeters and are one foot underground to allow normal field Operations to occur.

Rainfall data was acquired from the K38 pond lab site and is summarized in Appendix
C. No soil physical measurements such as penetrometer readings or bulk density were
taken because the changes measured by these tests are long term, whereas this initial two
year study is short term. Therefore, these measurements would not be feasible or

meaningful for this study, but need to be studied in firture research.

Crop Management Systems:

Fertilizer was applied according to the recommendations given from the analysis of soil
samples and the yield goal of each crop (Christenson et. al., 1992). Nitrogen fertilizer was
applied to the corn in two applications, at planting as a starter and at sidedress in mid
June. The wheat was fertilized in two applications, at planting in the fall and in the spring.
The soil samples used for testing soil fertility were taken in early spring, in June for
sidedress application in com, and in the fall. Five one-foot cores were composited fiom

each plot. In 1993, these samples were firrther composited by management type and crop

11

8011 Surface II

112" —Access tube

or»

II

intact-
soll — ._____.‘2" 2‘"
core

 

 

 

 

 

 

C113“

— 20 liter carboy

Figure 2. Lysimeter diagram.

soil profile

A loam

top soil

BorBt

clay
loam

28t sandy loam

C sand

gravely
sand

12
Ge. all of the fertilized corn from each rep, regardless of cover crop, was composited; all
of the fertilized wheat from each rep was composited). In 1994, the corn samples were
not composited regardless of cover crop, but the crop rotation plots were kept separate
(1.6. fertilized corn was split into three groups depending on the cover crop present and so
was composited by management type, cover crop treatment, and rep). In the initial two
years, the cover crop and no cover crop halves of the crop rotation plots were also
composited, and the plots were fertilized based on the nutrient requirements of the half of
the plot without a cover crop. The cover crops were given no N credit. Applying
fertilizer (or compost) to the whole plot on the basis of the N requirements of the grain
crop, excluding any N needs of the cover crops, allowed us to determine what effect cover
crops may have had on the soil N mineralization over the season.

Compost was applied with regard to the soil sample and in general accordance with the
yield goal of each crop. Soil samples were taken in the same way and with similar
reasoning for the compost treated plots as that described above for the fertilized plots.
Compost application was more challenging than fertilizer application in that when applying
soluble fertilizer, we were relatively sure of the amount of N available to the crop;
however, we were unsure about N availability and mineralization in compost. The amount
of N available in the first year was estimated to be 15%. The reasoning behind this
estimation was that 25-3 5% of N in dairy manure is estimated to be available in the first
year (Vitosh et. al., 1990), whereas the N in compost is more decomposed and therefore
more stable or in a less available form than the N in raw dairy manure. Compost
application rate also took into account the % moisture and the total % N present, as well
as the 15% N estimated to be available in the first year. Compost was applied on the basis
of N requirements, but also had to take the estimated amount of P and K into account.
Compost was applied on a dry weight basis over all plots for all crop types in 1993, but
not to soybean plots in subsequent years. Wheat plots received compost in the fall. Corn

and soybean received compost in the Spring. Compost was incorporated prior to planting

Table 1. Compost analysis

13

 

 

 

 

 

APPLICATION DATE

4122/931 1011 819:12 4121/943 1014/94‘
Compost applied (wet lbs/a) 7600 65900 75300 67700
Compost applied (dry lbs/a) 3200 45500 39900 56800
Nitrogen supplied (105/8) 40 190 600 440
Estimated available IbsN/a (15%) <10 30 90 70
Nitrogen (96) 1.2 0.4 1.5 0.6
Carbon (96) 14.1 6.2 20.2 10.2
C:N ratio 12 15 13 13
Nitrate-Nitrogen (ug/mi) 4 1 3

0!.
Phosphorus 0.5 0.2 0.4 0.2
Potassium 0.3 0.5 1.7 0.6
Calcium 1.0 2.2 2.3 14.0
Magnesium 0.4 0.6 0.5 1 .8
POW-mm

Boron 10 20 50 40
Zinc 220 50
Manganese 210 100 190 420
Copper 130 20
Iron 2770 1510 0.2(%) 0.6(%)
Aluminum 2330 990
Sodium 200 1270 0.2(%) 740
pH 8.4 9.2
Electrical conductivity (mmhoslcm) 5.5 1 1.6
Moisture (96) 60 30 50 20

 

‘applied to all crops, lab analysis by MSU,

2 applied to wheat, lab analysis by MSU
3applied to com. lab analysis by Ohio State,
‘applied to wheat. lab analysis by Ohio State.

14

the crop. As seen in Table 1, compost composition and rate varied with each application.
Compost applied in the fall of 1993 and in 1994 contained sand fi'om dairy bedding which
reduced the nutrient concentration in those applications. Nitrogen amounts in compost
treated plots were not necessarily the same as that in fertilized plots, depending on how

well we estimated the available N, and this will affect interpretation of the data.

Yield Determination and Biomass N Sampling:

Soybean grain yield in each plot was determined by harvesting 10 rows by 50 feet in
1993 and 2 rows by 50 feet in 1994. Grain yield for each wheat plot was determined by
harvesting 49 inches by 50 feet. Corn ears were hand harvested from two 20-f00t long
random rows in each plot. The grain was shelled from the cob, weighed, and tested for
moisture to determine corn yield.

A total above ground biomass sample was taken from each crop just before its harvest,
and plant dry weight was measured (Shipley et al., 1992). Plant tissue samples were dried
and ground to be analyzed for %N with a mass spectrometer. Percent N was later
converted to lbs N/acre by multiplying the biomass dry weight in an acre by the %N. Five
feet of a random row was collected in each soybean plot prior to leaf drop. Soybean were
thrashed so the beans and stover were analyzed separately. A two square yard section
was collected from each wheat plot. In 1993, the whole wheat plant was separated from
the weeds for drying and weighing. In 1994, there were not enough weeds to separate
fi'om the wheat. Ten random stalks were collected fi'om each corn plot. An inch cross
section was cut from each ear and dried, ground, and analyzed for %N. The stover,
including car husk, was chopped, dried, and ground to be analyzed for %N as well. Two
random samples were collected from each of the cover crop plots prior to grain harvest
using a square fiame 10.75 inches on each side.

Crop yield and crop biomass N samples were analyzed using a split-block design within

each crop, and cover crop biomass N samples were analyzed using a randomized complete

15

block design within each crop (see Tables D. 1-D.3. for example ANOVA results). Both
of these analyses, as well as the following analyses of soil and lysimeter data, were subsets
of the overall experimental design selected for the treatments pertinent to this study (Little

and Hills, 1978; Ries, 1994).

Soil Samples:

Soil samples were taken 12 times in 1993 and 7 times in 1994. The sampling dates for
1993 were: April 14, May 6, May 19, May 26, June 3, June 11, June 16, July 14, Aug.
17, Sept. 16, Sept. 30, and Oct. 27. The sampling schedule was modified for 1994 to be:
April 11, May 4, May 18, June 10, July 11, Oct. 3, and Nov. 8. In the first spring
sampling and last fall sampling of each year, three 2-inch cores from both sides of each
plot were sampled to a depth of three feet and divided into three one-foot deep sections.
Only the top 1 foot section was used in this study to compare with the remaining samples
over the season, which were five 0.75 inch cores taken to a depth of one foot. The
samples were dried at 100 °F, The dried samples were processed through a 10 mesh
screen prior to analysis (Magdoff, 1991b).

Soil samples were extracted for soluble N, that is N03 and NIL, using a method
(Keeney and Nelson, 1982) modified in the following way. The samples were diluted in a
ratio of 10g of soil to 50ml of 1 N KCl, shaken at 180 oscillations per minute for 1/2 hour,
allowed to settle for 15 minutes, and filtered through Whatman No.1 paper. Filtrates were
analyzed for NO; and NH4 using the Lachat auto analyzer and reported in ppm.

Soil data were analyzed using a split-block within a split plot design on each date to
determine effect of management type, grain crop, and cover crop (ex. Table D4). Data
were analyzed using a split-block design within each crop for each date of sampling to
determine effect of management type and cover crop as shown in Table D5. (Little and

Hills, 1978; Ries, 1994).

l6

Lysimeter Samples:

In the summer of 1992, forty intact-core lysimeters, each with a leachate collection
reservoir having a removable access tube (Figure 2), were installed in the west, or cover
crop, halfof the plot. The removable access tubes allow uniform cultivation within the 1
foot zone directly above the lysimeters. Lysimeters were pumped dry on Nov. 24, 1992 to
begin the first sampling period. Lysimeters were then pumped in 1993 on Jan. 11, March
2, April 12, June 10, July 7, Sept. 22, Oct. 26, and Nov. 30. In 1994, the lysimeters were
pumped on March 2, April 4, June 27, July 29, Aug. 29, Oct. 21 and Dec. 5. Sampling
was to have been done monthly, but was modified because of cultivation and unfavorable
weather. At each pumping the volume of leachate was recorded. A subsarnple was
analyzed for total soluble N (N03 and NH. in ppm) using the Lachat auto analyzer
(Bergstrom, 1987; Martinez and Guiraud, 1990). Daily precipitation was obtained from
the weather station at KBS and summarized in Appendix C. The volume of leachate was
divided by the surface area of the lysimeter soil core, multiplied by the pounds of water in
an acre-inch, and multiplied by the ppm to come up with pounds of NO3-N per acre. The
lysimeters are still settling in the soil because they were installed only 3-6 months before
this study, which makes it difficult to draw any specific solid conclusions from the data.

Lysimeter data were analyzed using a split plot design on each sampling date to
evaluate effect of management type and grain crop on NO3-N losses (ex. Table D6).
Data were also analyzed using a randomized complete block design within each crop on
each sampling date to evaluate effect of management type alone, as shown in Table D7.

(Little and Hill, 1978; Ries, 1994).

RESULTS

Yield and Above-ground Biomass N:

As seen in Table 2, in 1993 management type was significant in the yield of soybean,
lst year com, and 2nd year corn. Compost treated soybean had a significantly higher yield
than fertilized soybean, whereas fertilized lst and 2nd year corn yielded significantly
higher than their compost treated counterparts. No significant differences in yield were
found whether or not cover crops were present. Fertilized lst year and continuous corn
had significantly higher biomass N than compost treated corn (Table 3). No Significance
was found in cover crop biomass N.

In 1994, only the yield of 2nd year corn was significantly difl‘erent in both management
type and cover (Table 2). Fertilized 2nd year corn yielded significantly higher than
compost treated 2nd year corn. Second year corn without a cover crop yielded
significantly higher than 2nd year corn with a cover crop. The biomass N of fertilized 2nd
year corn was significantly higher than compost treated corn (Table 3). One cover crop,
red clover frost seeded into wheat, had significantly higher biomass N in the compost

treated plots than in the fertilized plots. (See Appendix E for raw data)

17

16
Table 2. Crop yield comparinmanfiagement type and cover crop in 1993 and 1994.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Management Type Cover Crop

Grain Crop Compost Fertilizer Cover No Cover

bula

1993
Soybean 51 45 * 46 46 ‘
Wheat 23 16 21 21 ‘
1styrcom 132 157 “ 144 145
2nd yr com 129 161 " 143 147
Continuous com 126 1 55 142 1 39

1994
Soybean 47 39 41 45
Wheat 47 47 47 47
191 yr com 166 166 169 165
2ndyrcom 116 167 “ 132 153“
Continuous com 122 139 133 126

 

' P <= 0.05, ** P <= 0.01
‘plots not split because no cover crop was seeded

19

Table 3. Crop above-ground biomass N comparing management type and

 

 

 

 

 

 

cover crop in 1993 and 1994.
Managgnent Type Cover Cum
Crop Compost Fertilizer Cover No Cover
lbs Nla
Quin 1993
Soybean 191 189 160 160 ‘
Wheat 33 36 34 36
tst yr com 61 112 " 62 92
2nd yr com 66 64 75 76
Continuous com 65 105 “ 76 92
9.9!!!
clover in wheat 26 26
rylv in 1st yr corn2 3 6
ry in 2nd yr corn 5 9
rylv in cont com 5 7
9.01111 1994
Soybean 135 134 126 143
Wheat 40 63 53 50
1st yr com 203 219 215 206
2nd yr com 94 221 " 143 172
Continuous corn 1 11 147 122 137
9.931
clover in wheat 71 26 *
rylcl in 1st yr com 21 16
ry in 2nd yr com 12 20
rylcl in cont com 23 26

 

* P <= 0.05, “ P <= 0.01

‘plots not split because no cover crop was seeded
2ry=ar1nuai ryegrass, v=hairy vetch. cl=red clover

20
Soil Data:

Although NIL-N was tested at the same time as NOs-N, only Nog-N (in ppm) data
were used in the statistical analyses because NI-L-N amounts were not expected to be
significant and were in fact minimal (NIL-N: 1993 mean 6.26 lbs/acre; 1994 mean 3.31
lbs/acre). When averaged across all five crop treatments, 1993 and 1994 fertilized plots
appeared to have more NOs-N present in the soil than compost treated plots, but the
differences were significant on only four dates.

When considering the means on each date in 1993, fertilized plots had significantly
higher amounts of NO3-N than compost treated plots on June 11 and July 14 (Table 4).
The fertilized plots appeared to have consistently more available NO3-N than the compost
treated plots, though this was not significant. The cover crops showed no significant
N03-N differences in 1993.

When considering means on each date in 1994, fertilized plots had Significantly more
available N03-N on May 18 and Nov. 8 than compost treated plots (Table 4). All of the
fertilized plots appeared to have more available NO3-N than compost treated plots. In
1994, plots without a cover crop had significantly higher amounts of NO3-N on May 4 and
Nov. 8.

Considering each crop separately in 1993, only management type caused significant
differences in soil NO3-N levels (Table 5). Fertilized plots had significantly higher NO3-N
levels than compost treated plots in wheat on June 3 and June 11, in 1st year corn on July

14 and Oct. 27, in 2nd year corn on April 14 and July 14, and in continuous corn on May

21

Table 4. Soil "03-" comparing management type and cover crop on each date.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Management Type Cover Crop
Date Compost Fertilizer Cover No Cover
ppm NOTE|
1993
4114 2.5 3.1 2.9 2.9 ‘
516 4.2 5.7 4.9 4.9 ‘
5119 6.9 11.7 10.2 10.4
5126 10.6 10.7 10.6 10.7
613 10.0 12.6 10.5 11.2
6111 6.2 10.6 " 9.5 9.4
6116 6.9 10.9 7.0 6.6
7114 4.4 6.7 m 6.7 6.5
6117 2.3 5.2 3.2 4.3
9116 4.5 6.9 5.7 5.7
9130 3.9 4.3 4.3 3.9
10127 3.3 3.4 3.1 3.6
1994

4111 4.3 6.2 4.5 6.1
514 3.6 5.2 4.1 4.6 "
5116 3.9 5.6 m 4.4 5.1
6110 5.6 7.0 6.3 6.3
7111 3.6 6.6 5.2 5.3
1013 3.2 3.7 3.3 3.5
1116 3.6 4.6 * 3.6 4.6 **

 

‘ P <8 0.05, ** P <= 0.01. *** P <= 0.001
1plots not split because no cover crop was seeded

22

Table 5. Soil Nos-N comparing management type and cover crop
for each crop on each date.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Date Management Type Cover Crop
Crop Compost Fertilizer Cover No Cover

ppm NOTN

1993

51.1.4.
Soybean 2.4 2.0 2.2 2.2 ‘
Wheat 2.8 3.4 3.1 3.1 ‘
1st yr com 3.3 4.0 3.7 3.7 ‘
2nd yr corn 1.6 3.1 * 2.5 2.5 ‘
Continuous corn 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.0 ‘
£1!
Soybean 3.2 4.9 4.0 4.0 ‘
Wheat 5.0 6.5 8.7 8.7 ‘
1st yr 00m 5.2 8.0 5.8 5.6 ‘
2nd yr oorn 3.5 3.9 3.7 3.7 ‘
continuous corn 4.1 5.1 * 4.8 4.8‘
511.!
Soybean 8.2 8.1 8.1 6.1 ‘
Wheat 10.4 20.3 15.1 15.6
1st yrcom 10.1 11.1 10.6 10.8‘
2nd yr com 6.6 9.4 6.1 6.1 ‘
Continuous com 8.9 9.5 9.2 9.2 ‘
512!
Soybean 11.8 9.7 10.8 10.8 ‘
Wheat 5.1 13.2 9.5 8.8
1st yr com 10.4 10.9 10.7 10.7 ‘
2nd yr corn 13.3 6.1 10.7 10.7 ‘
Continuous corn 13.3 11.5 12.4 12.4 ‘
it!
Soybean 11.4 9.2 10.3 10.3 ‘
Wheat 7.2 15.8 *r 9.8 13.2
151 yr com 10.4 14.7 10.3 10.3 ‘
2ndyrcom 11.4 10.9 11.2 11.2‘

Continuous corn 9.5 12.8 11.1 11.1 ‘

 

23

 

Table 5 (dont'd).

5111

Soybean 9.2 9.3 9.2 9.2 ‘
Wheat 2.1 13.7 *- 6.1 7.7
1styrcom 9.8 10.5 10.1 10.1‘
2nd yr com 9.4 9.3 9.3 9.3 ‘
Continuous corn 10.5 11.1 10.8 10.6 ‘
5L1!

Soybean 8.9 9.0 7.4 7.4 ‘
Wheat 2.5 10.4 5.9 3.9
1st yr oorn 10.7 12.4 ~ 5.6 5.8 ‘
2nd yr corn 11.4 10.6 8.9 8.9 ‘
Continuous corn 10.9 12.0 6.6 6.6 ‘
ZLL‘.

Soybean 7.8 7.8 7.6 7.6 ‘
Wheat 1.6 2.5 2.2 2.0
151 yr corn 4.6 10.0 " 6.9 7.6
2nd yr com 4.0 10.9 m 6.9 8.5
Continuous com 3.9 12.5 ' 9.6 6.6
2111

Soybean 3.0 3.1 3.0 3.0 ‘
Wheat 2.7 4.2 2.9 3.9
191 yr com 2.0 9.0 3.1 7.9
2nd yr com 2.1 4.2 3.4 3.0
Continuous com 1.9 5.3 3.7 3.6
2L1!

Soybean 4.7 8.3 5.5 5.5 ‘
Wheat 5.0 5.9 5.3 5.7
tst yr 00m 4.3 6.1 6.4 6.0
2nd yr com 4.1 6.3 5.4 5.0
Continuous corn 4.5 7.6 * 6.1 6.1
9.19.9

Soybean 3.8 3.6 3.6 3.8 ‘
Wheat 3.4 5.0 4.3 4.1
1st yr com 3.7 4.7 3.9 4.5
2nd yr corn 5.4 3.6 5.5 3.5
Continuous corn 3.0 4.3 3.7 3.6

 

24

 

Table 5 (cont’d).
1931
Soybean 5.3 3.3 3.7 4.9
Wheat 3.0 3.1 3.5 2.7
151 yr corn 3.1 4.5 * 3.2 4.5
20d yr com 2.4 2.9 2.4 2.9
Continuous com 2.6 3.1 2.6 3.1
1994
5111
Soybean 3.9 5.4 4.3 5.1
Wheat 5.1 6.5 6.9 7.3
1st yr corn 4.7 5.9 4.4 6.2
2nd yr com 3.3 5.6 ' 3.2 5.9
Continuous com 4.6 5.4 3.9 6.1
5L4
Soybean 3.3 4.2 ‘ 2.9 4.6
Wheat 2.6 9.3 " 5.6 6.1
1st yr corn 5.7 3.6 5.3 4.0
2nd yr corn 3.5 4.7 * 3.3 4.9
Continuous com 3.7 4.2 3.3 4.5
21!
Soybean 3.6 4.6 3.4 4.6
Wheat 1.6 4.9 * 3.3 3.2
151 yr com 6.6 7.3 7.5 6.5
2nd yr corn 3.6 6.2 “ 4.1 5.7
Continuous com 4.1 5.0 3.9 5.1
9L1!
Soybean 5.9 6.1 6.9 7.0
Wheat 2.5 4.2 3.9 2.6
151 yr com 9.0 9.6 9.5 9.2
2nd yr com 5.0 6.5 5.6 5.9
Continuous corn 5.6 6.5 5.6 6.4
10.1
Soybean 4.1 4.5 3.9 4.6
Wheat 3.6 3.6 3.2 4.1
151 yr corn 4.3 9.5 * 7.0 6.6
2nd yr com 3.3 9.4 " 6.7 6.1
Continuous com 4.0 6.0 5.2 4.7

 

25

 

Table 5 (cont’d).

1.913

Soybean 3.5 5.2 3.5 5.3
Wheat 3.1 1.9 2.6 2.0
151 yr corn 1.6 2.4 2.0 2.0
2nd yr com 3.3 6.3 4.9 4.7
Continuous com 4.3 2.6 3.5 3.4
1.11!

Soybean 6.0 6.3 5.2 7.1 ‘*
Wheat 3.6 4.3 3.6 4.1
1st yr com 3.0 4.5 * 3.2 4.2
2nd yr corn 2.6 4.3 ** 3.9 3.1
Continuous com 3.5 3.6 3.0 4.3

 

. P <2 0.05, “ P <3 0.01, f“ P <= 0.001
1plots not split because no cover crop was seeded

26
6, July 14 and Sept. 16. All three fertilized corn treatments had significantly higher N03-

N levels than compost treated corn on July 14, 1993.

Considering each crop separately in 1994, both management type and cover crop
showed some significant differences (Table 5). Fertililized plots had significantly higher
Nos-N levels than compost treated plots in soybean on May 4, in wheat on May 4 and
May 18, in lst year corn on July 11 and Nov. 8, and in 2nd year corn on April 11, May 4,
May 18, July 11, and Nov. 8. Plots without a cover crop had significantly higher NO3-N
levels than plots with a cover crop in soybean on May 4, May 18, and Nov. 8, in 2nd year
corn on May 4 and May 18, and in continuous corn May 4. (See Appendix F for raw

data)

Lysimeter Data:

Even though NIL-N was tested at the same time as Nos-N, only NO3-N (in lbs/acre)
data were used in the statistical analyses because NI-L-N is not expected to leach and
amounts found were very small (1993 mean 0.67 lbs/acre; 1994 mean 0.13 lbs/acre). The
great variability of the lysimeter data make Specific results questionable. In 1993 the N03-
N that was lost through the lysimeters in compost and in fertilizer was relatively similar. .
When looking at the mean on each date in 1993 (Table 6) no significant difference
between compost and fertilizer were found. In 1994 fertilized plots had significantly more
NO3-N lost fi'om Dec. 1 - March 2 and from March 3 - April 4. All the fertilized plots

appeared to have consistently more NO3-N losses than the compost treated plots in 1994.

27
Table 5. Lysimeter leachate 1110.411 comparing management type at each

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

pumpingand per day.
Management Type
Dates Compost Prertilizer‘ Compost FeTtilizer
lbs Nos-Nlacre
1993
per 6411‘
11125 - 1111 16.9 23.5 0.4 0.5
1112 - 312 6.2 5.5 0.1 0.1
313 - 4112 9.6 5.3 0.2 0.1
4113 - 6110 15.3 11.6 0.3 0.2
6111 - 717 6.6 12.2 0.3 0.5
716 - 9122 3.6 2.4 0.1 0.0
9123 - 10126 5.3 6.5 0.2 0.2
10127 - 11130 1.3 0.6 0.0 0.0
1994
per day1
1211 - 312 10.0 20.5 * 0.2 0.2
313 - 414 3.0 6.6 *" 0.1 0.3
415 - 6127 5.6 10.2 0.1 0.1
6126 - 7129 1.9 3.5 0.1 0.1
7130 - 6129 0.5 4.0 0.0 0.1
6130 - 10121 1.1 1.6 0.0 0.0
10122 - 1215 1.4 6.0 0.0 0.1

 

' P<= 0.05, “ P <= 0.01

1numbers are calculated by dividing each of the first two columns by the number
of days between each pumping

28

Table 7. Lysimeter leachate 1110,41 comparing management type at each
pumpinLand per day for each crop.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dates Management Type
Crop Compost Fertilizer Compost Fertilizer
lbs NOg-Nlacre
1993
per day‘
1135:1111
Soybean 10.6 13.0 0.2 0.3
Wheat 26.3 6.2 0.6 0.1
151 yr com 26.1 26.1 0.6 0.5
2nd yr corn 10.9 57.0 0.2 1.2
Continuous corn 16.3 15.3 0.4 0.3
10.2-.22
Soybean 2.4 7.6 0.1 0.2
Wheat 0.6 1.2 0.0 0.0
1st yr corn 3.7 2.9 0.1 0.1
2nd yr com 19.2 10.0 0.4 0.2
Continuous com 4.6 5.9 0.1 0.1
11.1-.1111
Soybean 6.2 3.1 0.2 0.1
Wheat 19.9 2.7 0.5 0.1
151 yr corn 6.6 4.7 0.2 0.1
2nd yr corn 10.3 14.2 0.3 0.4
Continuous corn 5.0 1.6 0.1 0.0
1113 - 6119
Soybean 9.3 14.1 0.2 0.2
Wheat 6.3 ' 7.3 0.1 0.1
151 yr com 25.7 14.6 0.4 0.3
2nd yr com 27.2 14.1 0.5 0.2
Continuous corn 6.1 6.9 0.1 0.2
M
Soybean 13.4 16.5 0.5 0.6
Wheat 0.2 0.9 0.0 0.0
151 yr com 14.7 15.0 0.6 0.6
2nd yr 00m 10.2 14.6 0.4 0.6
Continuous com 5.3 13.7 0.2 0.5
119.2122
Soybea 9.6 3.9 0.1 0.1
Wheat 1.0 0.5 0.0 0.0
151 yr com 3.1 1.3 0.0 0.0
2nd yr 00m 2.0 3.9 0.0 0.1

Continuous corn 3.5 2.5 0.0 0.0

 

29

 

 

Table 7 (cont'd).
M25
Soybean 11.9 5.7 0.4 0.2
Wheat 4.7 4.4 0.1 0.1
191 yr 00111 0.6 2.1 0.0 0.1
2nd yr corn 7.1 6.1 0.2 0.2
Continuous com 2.1 12.0 0.1 0.4
M
Soybean 0.3 1.2 0.0 0.0
Wheat 0.6 0.6 0.0 0.0
1st yr com 0.3 0.1 0.0 0.0
2nd yr 00m 4.1 0.9 0.1 0.0
Continuous corn 0.6 1.1 0.2 0.0

1994

perday1

1:11:12
Soybean 3.7 22.0 0.0 0.2
Wheat 3.6 7.6 0.0 0.1
151 yr com 25.2 23.0 0.3 0.3
2nd yr com 6.7 30.6 0.1 0.3
Continuous corn 11.0 19.4 0.1 0.2
M
Soybean 2.7 6.0 0.1 0.2
Wheat 1.1 0.5 0.0 0.0
151 yr com 7.9 12.3 0.2 0.4
200 yr com 2.2 10.9 0.1 0.3
Continuous com 1.3 14.2 0.0 0.4
sit-.5121
Soybean 6.7 24.9 0.1 0.3
Wheat 0.1 0.0
tst yr com 10.6 7.6 0.1 0.1
2nd yr corn 7.2 6.6 0.1 0.1
Continuous corn 4.2 9.4 0.1 0.1
NIL-212.2
Soybean 2.4 2.9 0.1 0.1
Wheat 0.5 0.0
191 yr corn 4.4 9.9 0.1 0.3
2nd yr com 1.2 2.5 0.0 0.1
Continuous corn 1.2 2.4 0.0 0.1
1119:1122
Soybean 0.9 1.0 0.0 0.1
Wheat 0.6 2.2 0.0 0.1
1st yr com 11.4 0.4
2nd yr corn 0.7 5.3 0.0 0.2
Continuous corn 0.3 0.2 0.0 0.0

 

30

 

 

Table 7 (cont'd).

£30 - 10121

Soybean 1.5 0.7 0.0 0.0
Wheat 0.2 2.6 0.0 0.1
1st yr com 3.4 1.5 0.1 0.0
2nd yr com 0.3 1.2 0.0 0.0
Continuous com 0.4 1.9 0.0 0.0
1912241215

Soybean 1.1 6.7 0.0 0.2
Wheat 2.0 2.6 0.0 0.1
1st yr corn 2.7 3.7 0.1 0.1
2nd yr corn 0.7 12.5 0.0 0.3
Continuous com 0.2 4.2 0.0 0.1
‘ P <= 0.05

‘numbers are calculated by dividing each of the first two columns by the number
of days between each pumping

31

Considering each crop separately (Table 7), only one crop on one out of 15 sampling
dates showed any significant differences. From April 5 - June 27, 1994, fertilized
soybeans leached significantly more N03-N than did compost treated soybeans. No other
significant differences in NO3-N leaching losses between compost treated and fertilized

plots were found. (See Appendix G for raw data)

DISCUSSION

Yield and Above-ground Biomass N:

Higher grain and above-ground biomass N yields in 1994 as compared to 1993 (except
for soybean) may be due to more optimal growing conditions (Figures 3 and 4 and Figures
H. 1. and H3). Only soybean yielded higher and had more biomass N when compost
treated titan when fertilized. The reason for higher yields in compost treated soybean is
unclear. Wheat yield increase from 1993 to 1994 was because of a change fi'om spring to
winter wheat. Wheat yield was not significantly affected by whether its N source was
compost or fertilizer. Although wheat had higher biomass N in fertilized plots, grain
yields were slightly higher in compost treated plots (though not significant).

In 1994, lst year com following wheat yielded the highest of the corn plots, and was
not affected by management type or cover crop treatment. Lower yields in 2nd year and
continuous com com were probably because of lower N availability following depletion by
the previous corn crop. Fertilized corn yielded higher and had higher biomass N than
compost treated plots perhaps because corn requires a lot of N compared to the other
crops in the rotation. Compost treated plots did not supply adequate N for a second crop
of corn even with a cover crop present. When applying soluble mineral fertilizer, one is
relatively certain of the amounts of N needed to produce desired yields, but this is not the
case with compost. The 15% N availability estimate failed to produce the desired yields,
so according to the results from this study a 15% N availability estimate is not adequate to

produce desired yields in corn following com.

32

>~cm n—o~< son;

3
>

33

 

.5
Lil

-s
C)

50-

' P <= 0.05
" P <= 0.01

I. I

  

 

   

   

 

% I
I. .

1st yr corn 2nd yr corn cont corn

wheat

 

soybean

Figure 3. Grain yield for compost versus fertilizer in 1993.

 

Management
- compost
- fertilizer

>~cm n—o~< :00;

34

 

an
‘U

“ P <= 0.01

 

(VI

 

<3

 

soybean wheat

    

1st yr com 2nd yr corn c0

 

Management

- compost

  

nt corn

 

I fertilizer

Figure 4. Grain yield for compost versus fertilizer in 1994.

35
In general the halfof the plot without a cover crop yielded higher and had more

biomass N than the halfof the plot with a cover crop. Lower yields and biomass N with
cover crops may be because the cover crops competed with the main crop for the moisture
and the N that was available during the critical growth stages of the crop. Annual
ryegrass, which has been reported to be an efi'ective N scavenger, may not be a good
choice as a cover crop when N is limiting. In 1993 there were no significant difi'erences
in biomass N between compost treated and fertilized cover crop plots because a cover
crop shows its effects mainly on subsequent crops (Figure H.2.). In 1994, red clover in
compost treated wheat had a significantly higher biomass N level (Figure H4), and the
wheat biomass N was lower in compost treated plots (Figure H.3.), yet compost treated
and fertilized wheat yields were similar (Figure 4).

The initial small 1993 compost input and then the very large 1994 compost input
intended to quickly build the soil pool of mineralizable organic matter, adversely affected
the corn yields. The 1993 application rate was low and provided only about 6 lbs of
N/acre. Corn yield may have been subsidized by residual N fiom the alfalfa plowed down
in 1992. In the second year, 30 to 40 T/acre (wet) of compost was added to the plots.
Large applications of compost, though intended to build up mineralizable N, may in fact
cause a deficiency as microorganisms require large amounts of the N to breakdown the
compost itself. Immobilization of N by microorganisms was probably not the problem in
this case because the C:N ratio of the compost ranged between 12 to 15. The N content

ranged between 0.41% to 1.5%. More careful monitoring of the compost and more

36

experience in compost management is needed to ensure that com yields do not decrease

when using compost as a nutrient source.

Soil Nos-N:

Ideally, a soil Nos-N curve (ppm NO3-N) over a growing season should show an
adequate amount of available N03-N early in the season at critical grth stages of the
crop and a gradual decrease over the season until there is very little NO3-N left in the soil
to be a potential leaching problem over the winter. This ideal curve is similar to the data
in Figure 5. Although overall soil N03-N values were below those expected, soil NO3-N
curves in the LFL were similar to the ideal curve (Figures H.5.-H.13.). Compost treated
plots had less available soil NO3-N than fertilized plots, though this was significant only on
a few dates. Lower NO3-N availablility than estimated in the compost treated plots may
be because compost releases N more slowly over time and N mineralization depends on
environmental factors such as moisture and temperature.

Soybean and wheat yields were unaffected by lower soil NO3-N in compost treated
plots. Greater available soil NO3-N in fertilized corn plots did Show up in higher corn
yields. Compost treated wheat yield may be less affected by low N than compost treated
corn yield simply because wheat has a lower N requirement than corn at the yield levels
achievable at this location. Perhaps corn should not be used in the initial years of compost
use because of its high N requirements. Liebhardt et al. (1989) stated that com, which
requires high N levels, should not be grown in the first several years when changing from a

conventionally managed to an organically managed system (i.e. from using chemical inputs

39110:

2.0902 EDD

37

 

m 8 management type

 

 

 

 

‘ P <8 0.05
2
1
,m Management and cover
1 ‘cc--:“==. Jig
.. _._.‘o. H compost-cover

 
  
 
  

compost-n0 cover

l'fl aeaeaa

fertilizer-cover

 

 

 

 

0 ' . . ‘ ' fertilizer-no cover
4111 514 5116 6110 7111 1013 1116

Figure 5. Soil NO3-N of 1st yr corn with ryegrass/clover in 1994.

38
to using organic inputs). Although red clover in wheat showed significantly higher

biomass N in compost treated plots, no significant difference in soil NO3-N was found.
Preliminary laboratory incubation tests of soil N03-N mineralization potential from June
1994 (T .C. Willson, 1995, personal communication) Show that initially there was a higher
amount of N03-N available in fertilized plots, but that later in the incubation a similar

amount of N03-N was present in compost treated and fertilized plots.

Lysimeter Nos-N:

Ideally, lysimeter NO3-N data (lbs N03-N/ICI'O) would Show little leaching at any time
of the year especially in the fall when the most leaching usually takes place. Lysimeter
N03-N values were extremely variable, so the lysimeter data was difficult to interpret.
Compost neither decreased nor increased NO3-N leaching in 1993 (Figure H. 14.). In the
spring of 1994 fertilized plots leached significantly higher amounts of NO3-N than
compost treated plots. Overall in 1994 less N03-N was leached from compost treated
plots than from fertilized plots (Figure 6). A few more years of lysimeter data are needed

to draw more specific conclusions.

Summary:
Except for a few significantly lower corn yields, compost yields and biomass N grown
on compost treated soils were comparable to those grown on fertilized soils. F ertilized

plots had Significantly more available soil NO3-N than compost treated plots on several

~01: >\Z-woz encr- :00;

<00.

39

 

 

 

.20'

.1

 

0.00

12I1 -3/2

 

3/3-4/4

 

 

 

 

 

415-6127

 

6128-7129

 

7I30-8I29

  

1 0122-1215

8130-1 0121

 

 

Management

- compost

 

.fertilizer

Figure 6. 1994 lysimeter NO3-N as a daily mean per time period.

, 4o
dates, and the fertilized plots seem to have more available soil NO3-N in general. Corn

yields on compost treated soils were not comparable to fertilized corn yields, except for
first year corn in 1994. The no cover crop treatment had significantly more available soil
N03-N than the cover crop treatment on a few dates. This suggests that annual ryegrass
or other N scavengers are not necessarily useful, at least in these initial years of compost
use when N may be limiting.

The compost results of this experiment are those of the initial two years of compost
use. Compost may be a good alternative to conventional fertilizer in soybean, wheat, and
perhaps for corn not followed by com, with or without cover crops, but not necessarily a
good alternative for corn followed by com. In the second year of compost use, afier a
good red clover crop in wheat, 1st year corn had average yields, but future results are
needed to see how another year of corn will do. The hypothesized benefits from compost
of adequate N03-N availability, less NO3-N leaching, and comparable yields are not yet
apparent, but may materialize in the subsequent years of the experiment. After several
more years of compost use, wherein compost improves soil Structure because of added
organic matter, compost treated corn may do as well as fertilized corn. Ideally, crop
yields will be maintained at high levels with less leaching losses.

Compost treated plots compared to fertilized plots had less available soil NO3-N,
similar NO3-N leaching losses, and similar yields and biomass N in wheat and soybean but
lower yields and biomass N in corn. Cover crops as compared to no cover crops had
similar or less available soil N03-N and similar yields and biomass N. From this research it

does appear that soybean and wheat yields can be maintained and NO3-N leaching

41

decreased with compost, but the results of compost on corn followed by com are less
favorable. Further research is needed to establish whether or not compost has other
benefits besides reducing N03-N leaching losses. More data are needed to see if compost
does maintain soybean and wheat yields in subsequent years, as well as if corn following

corn can be grown with compost alone.

APPENDICES

T

K = Kalamazoo

0 = Oshtemo

APPENDIX A: Soil Types

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

\
318 317 318 9 320\ 415 417 418 419 420
I: 0 \ K
V \ ‘
311 312 313 314 315 41\ 412 413 414 415
0 |
.————’/ \
305 307 308 309 [m 407 408 409 410
O
1 \
301 302 3‘1 304 305 411 412 413 414 415
\
I: / \
119 117 /118 121x 216 217 218 219 220
o N
\ \\ \
v W-
11 112 13 114 115\ 21‘ 2'2 2'3 2'4 25
K
\
\
\16 117 118 “1'0 205 207 208 209 210
O K
\ K /
I V
101 102 103 104 105 201 202 203 204 205
0 K 0

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

\ 1
Figure A.1. Living Field Laboratory soil types.

42

199;
4/21:

4/23 :
512:
6/20:
8/7:
9/1 :
9129:
9/30:
1017:
10/9:
10/23 :

11/24:

1993
1/ l l:

212:

312:

Appendix B

Field Operations

classify soil

stake out plots
install 12 inch lysimeters-until 8/4 (30 inch lysimeter until 9/1)
classify soil profile for each plot and lysimeter
ready to disc

mow alfalfa in plots

lime plots- 2 ton/A

plow alfalfa down in plots

disc plots

fertilize plots- 200 lbs/A 0-0-60

plant rye on all plots- 110 lbs/A

pump lysimeters to “zero” subsequent measurements

pump lysimeters

make compost

pump lysimeters; turn compost

43

3130:
4/ 12:
4114:
4/22:
4123:
4/25:
4126:
4127:

5/6:

5/7:

5/8:

5/ 12:
5/13:
5/ 14:
5/19:
5/20:
5126

6/3:

44

n 9

turn 92019251

Pump lysimeters

sample soil- 3 foot depth, plots not split for cover crop

spread ms} 75801bs/A

chisel plow- all plots

disc plots twice; cultirnulch plots

plant wheat- 150 lbs/A Butte 86 Spring wheat

fefiflige wheat- 150 lbs/A 46-0-0 (70 lbs N actual)

field cultivate-all plots but wheat; sample soil- 1 foot depth, plots not split for
cover crop

plant corn- 25,680 seed/A Pioneer 3751; fertilize corn - 200 lbs/A 6-24-24

 

(12 lbs N actual)

Spray 8 'lizer and m corn plots- 10 inch band of 0.75 qt/A Atrazine,
1.5 qt/A Bladex , 2 qt/A Lasso

plant soybeans- 501bs/A BSR 101

plant red clover in wheat- 15 lbs/A

band spray fertilizer and compost soybeans- 0.6 pts/A Sencor, 2 qts/A Lasso

 

sample soil-1 foot depth, wheat plots split for cover crop
disc plots
sample soil- 1 foot depth, wheat plots split for cover crop

sample soil- 1 foot depth, wheat plots split for cover crop

46

 

W

10/18: spread mg, on wheat plots- 65,880 lbs/A

10/24: pick corn; cultirnulch corn plots; fertilize wheat plots- 60 lbs/A actual 0-46-0,
130 lbs/A actual 0-0-60; plant wheat- 2.5 bu/A Augusta

10/26: pump lysimeters

10127: sample soil- 3 foot depth, all plots split for cover crop

1 1130: pump lysimeters

.1291

3/2: pump lysimeters

3/17: fem wheat -175 lbs/A 46-0-0 (80 lbs N actual); plant red clover in

4/4:

4/11:

4120:

4/21:

4125:

4127:

5/3 :

5/4:

5/13:

wheat- 14 lbs/A Michigan mammoth
pump lysimeters
samfle soil- 3 foot depth, all plots split for cover crop
mow corn stalks
spread mt on corn plots- 75,290 lbs/A
chisel corn and soybean plots
disc corn and soybean plots

work up corn plots; fertilize com- 225 lbs/A actual 0-0-60

 

 

plant corn- 25,700 seeds/A Pioneer 3751; fertilize corn- 110 lbs/A 5-20-20
(5 lbs N actual); sample soil-1 foot depth, all plots split for cover crop

spray corn- band; fertilize soybeans- 120 lbs/A actual 0-0-60

47

WED
5/17: spray all wheat- 3/8 pint/A MCPA; field cultivated soybean plots; plant

5/18:

5/23:

5/25:

6/1:

6/7:

6/8:

6/10:

6/16:

6/17:

6/22:

6/29:

7/11:

7/12:

7/18:

7/29:

8/24:

8/25:

8/29:

8/30:

soybeans— 501bs/A BSR 101, no inoculum
sample soil-l foot depth, all plots split for cover crop
spray soybeans- banded Sencor and Dual
rotary hoe corn and soybean plots
cultivate all corn
irrigate west half of LFL- 2 inches
irrigate east half of LFL- 2 inches
sample soil-1 foot depth, all plots Split for cover crop

cultivate all soybeans; sidedress corn fertilizer plots- 75 lbs N actual

 

plant cover crops- red clover 15 lbs/A, annual ryegrass 25 lbs/A
cultivate soybeans
pump lysimeters
sample soil-l foot depth, all plots split for cover crop
wheat biomass— 2 square yards
harvest wheat- 49 inches by 50 feet
pump lysimeters
red clover (in wheat) biomass- 10.75 by 10.75 inches
mow wheat plots
pump lysimeters

spray for Japanese beetle- Sevin 80wp

48

rel . on ’
9/7: soybean biomass- 5 foot of row
9/26: corn biomass- 10 random stalks
9/30: harvest soybeans- 2 rows by 50 feet
10/3: sample soil-1 foot depth, all plots split for cover crop

10/4: fertilize wheat plots-110 lbs/A 0-0-60, 160 lbs/A 19-19-19 (30 lbs N actual);

 

spread mm on wheat- 67,6501bs/A; chisel wheat plots
10/5: hand harvest corn- 2 rows by 20 feet; cultimulch wheat plots; plant
wheat- l301bs/A
10/ 12: com cover crop biomass- 10.75 by 10.75 inches
11/3: clean corn plots
11/8: sample soil- 3 foot depth, all plots split for cover crop

12/5: pump lysimeters

Appendix C

Weather Data

Table 6.1. Rainfall amounts between lysimeter pumpings.

 

 

DATE INCHES DAYS m. PER DAY

1993
Nov. 25- Jan. 11 4.43 46 0.09
Jan. 12- Mar. 2 1.08 50 0.02
Mar. 3- Apt. 12 2.52 41 0.06
Apr. 13- June 10 6.46 59 0.11
June 11- July 6 4.56 26 0.18
July 7- Sept. 22 9.39 77 0.12
Sept. 23- Oct. 26 4.64 34 0.14
Oct. 27- Nov. 30 0.75 35 0.02

1994
Dec. 1- Mar. 2 1.83 92 0.02
Mar. 3- Apr. 4 1.50 33 0.05
Apr. 5- June 27 12.01 63 0.14 ‘
June 26- July 29 6.59 32 0.21
July 30- Aug. 29 6.13 31 0.20
Aug. 30- Oct. 21 2.64 53 0.05
Oct. 22- Dec. 5 5.88 45 0.13

 

‘ inciudes 2 inches irrigation

49

Appendix D

Statistical Analysis

Table 0.1. Anova for a split block design used for yield analysis of crops
with management type as main plot and cover crop as sub plot.
(syntax 8 rep vs 2 mgmnt vs 2 mgmnt‘rep = 2 cov vs 1 cov‘rep = 1

 

 

 

cov‘mgmnt.)
1994 Soybean example:
Source of Variation DF 88 Ms F Sig. of F

bulA

Residual 3 251 .36 83.79
Cover" Management 1 22.28 22.28 0.27 0.64
Error 1 3 54.65 18.22
Cover 1 75.34 75.34 4.14 0.14
Error 2 3 976.30 325.43
Rep 3 286.18 95.39 0.29 0.83
Management 1 267.65 267.65 0.82 0.43

 

50

51

Table 0.2. Anova for a split block design used for biomass N analysis of
crops with management type as main plot and cover crop as sub plot.
(syntax 8 rep vs 2 mgmnt vs 2 mgmnt‘rep I 2 cov vs 1 cov‘rep I 1

 

 

cov‘mgmry
1994 Soybean example:
Source of Variation DF 88 MS F Sig. of F

-----Ibs MIA—~—

Residual 3 4980.08 1660.03
Covet‘ Management 1 683.95 683.95 0.41 0.57
W 1 3 1863.84 621.28
Cover 1 1193.18 1193.18 1.92 0.26
5m 2 3 1 153.61 384.54
Rep 3 6872.71 2290.90 5.96 0.09
Management 1 10.58 10.58 0.03 0.88

 

Table 0.3. Anova for a randomized complete block design used for biomass
N analysis of cover crops.

 

 

(syntax a rep mmnt.)
1994 Red clover in wheat example:
Source of Variation DF SS MS F Sig. of F
-----lbs MIA—«~—
Residual 3 978.96 326.32
Rep 3 1147.65 382.55 1.17 0.45

Management 1 3669.67 3669.67 11.25 0.04

52

Table 0.4. Anova for a split block within a split plot design used for soil
analysis with management type as main plot. crop as sub plot.
and cover crop as sub-sub plot on each date.

(syntax I rep vs 3 mgmnt vs 3 mgmnt‘rep I 3 crop vs 2
crop'mgmnt vs 2 crop'rep + crop'mgmnt‘rep I 2
cover vs 1 cover‘rep I 1 cover‘mgmnt.)

 

1994 April 11 example:

 

Source of Variation DF 38 MS F Sig. of F
”ppm——

Residual 35 225.06 6.43

Cover‘Management 1 13.71 13.71 2.13 0.15
W 1 3 36.23 12.08

Cover 1 51.36 51.36 4.25 0.13
Error 2 24 137.53 5.73

Crop 4 67.23 16.81 2.93 0.04
Cmp‘ Management 4 24.85 6.21 1.08 0.39
Error 3 3 32.59 10.86

Rep 3 31.85 10.62 0.98 0.51
Management 1 77.78 77.78 7.16 0.08

 

Table 0.5. Anova for a split block design used for soil analysis with
management type as main plot and cover crop as sub plot
for each crop on each date.

(syntax = rep vs 2 mgmnt vs 2 mgmnt‘rep = 2 cover vs 1
cover‘rep I 1 cover‘mgmnt.)

 

1994 April 11 Soybean example:

 

Source of Variation DF SS MS F SE of F
”ppm...”

Residual 3 0.96 0.32

Cover‘Management 1 2.67 2.67 8.37 0.06
Error 1 3 6.96 2.32

Cover 1 2.68 2.68 1.16 0.36
Error 2 3 3.91 1 .30

Rep 3 7.41 2.47 1.90 0.31

Management 1 8.72 8.72 6.70 0.08

53

Table 0.6. Anova for a split plot design used for lysimeter analysis on each date
with management type as main plot and crop as sub plot.
(syntax I rep vs 1 mgmnt vs 1 mgmnt‘rep I 1 crop crop‘mgmnt.)

1994 March 2 example:

 

Source of Variation DF SS MS F SQ of F
-—---lbs NOa-N/Am

Residual 24 7274.74 303.1 1

Crop 4 1510.62 377.65 1.25 0.32
Crop‘ Management 4 897.58 224.40 0.74 0.57
Error 1 3 166.68 55.56

Rep 3 735.93 245.31 4.42 0.13
Managment 1 1093.70 1093.70 19.69 0.02

 

Table D.7. Anova for a randomized complete block design used for lysimeter
analysis of each crop on each date.
(syntax I rep mgmnt.)

 

 

1994 March 2 Soybean example:

Source of Variation DF SS MS F Sig. of F
----Ibs Nog-NlA-«m-

Residual 3 223.27 74.42

Rep 3 96.64 32.21 0.43 0.75

Management 1 671.43 671.43 9.02 0.06

Table E.1. Crop yield comparing compost and fertilizer treatments with and
without cover crop in 1993.

Appendix E

Yield and Biomass N

 

 

 

 

PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
bulacre
COMPOST
soybean cover1 54 45 58 45 50 2
soybean no cover 54 45 58 45 50 50
wheat clover 20 25 22 27 23 2
wheat no cover 20 25 22 27 23 23
1st year corn rygr/vetch 134 120 146 123 131
151 year corn no cover 142 131 125 136 134 132
2nd year com ryegrass 129 112 144 137 131
2nd year com no cover 121 128 123 140 128 129
continuous corn rygr/vetch 1 50 1 05 140 1 32 1 32
continuous com no cover 1 19 70 155 134 120 126
com rep mean 132 111 139 134 129
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 46 43 51 41 45 2
soybean no cover 46 43 51 41 45 45
wheat clover 19 15 19 19 16 2
wheat no cover 19 15 19 19 18 18
1st year corn rygr/vetch 162 163 162 141 157
tst year corn no cover 168 159 148 154 157 157
2nd year com ryegrass 147 172 136 169 156
2nd year com no cover 179 176 162 146 166 161
continuous corn rygr/vetch 154 1 58 135 164 153
continuous com no cover 192 138 152 148 158 155
com rep mean 167 161 149 154 158
soybean rep mean 50 44 54 43 48
wheat rep mean 20 20 20 23 21
corn rep mean 150 136 144 144 143

 

‘soybean has no cover crop present, but designation shows plot history

2plots not split for cover crop

54

55

Table E.2. Crop yield comparing compost and fertilizer treatments with and

without cover crop in 1994.

 

 

 

 

PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
bulacre
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 47 50 54 22 43
soybean no cover 53 52 49 47 50 47
wheat clover 48 46 49 42 46
wheat no cover 58 45 47 44 48 47
1st yearcom rygrlclover 185 189 184 190 187
1st yearcom no cover 181 219 166 176 186 186
2ndyearcom ryegrass 111 94 111 115 108
2nd year com no cover 147 98 119 145 127 117
continuous com rygr/clover 129 121 120 131 125
continuous com no cover 129 122 114 107 118 122
com rep mean 147 141 136 144 142
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 41 21 39 50 36
soybean no cover 40 22 49 47 40 39
wheat clover 49 47 49 41 47
wheat no cover 48 48 44 47 47 47
1st year com rygrlclover 184 202 198 182 191
1st year corn no cover 184 168 192 193 185 188
2nd year com ryegrass 156 158 145 168 157
2nd year com no cover 177 184 170 182 178 167
continuous corn rygr/clover 162 95 171 136 141
continuous com no cover 138 97 168 146 137 139
com rep mean 167 151 174 168 165
soybean rep mean 45 37 48 41 43
wheat rep mean 51 47 47 43 47
com rep mean 157 146 155 156 153

 

‘soybean has no cover crop present, but designation shows plot history

56

Table E.3. Crop total above-ground biomass dry weight comparing compost and

fertilizer treatments with and without cover crop in 1993.

 

 

 

 

PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
lbs biomass/acre
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 4390 5230 4650 3600 4520 2
soybean no cover 4390 5230 4650 3800 4520 4520
wheat clover 2120 2080 2510 1870 2150
wheat no cover 1860 1340 2710 2750 2170 2160
1st year com rygr/vetch 7960 5470 7910 5510 6710
1st year corn no cover 5950 6740 6550 7760 6750 6730
2nd year com ryegrass 7020 6420 6980 8320 7190
2nd year com no cover 6790 7410 5900 9000 7280 7240
continuous corn rygr/vetch 7470 6890 8500 5590 7110
continuous com no cover 6850 5780 5830 8430 6720 6920
corn rep mean 7010 6450 6950 7440 6960
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 4160 3090 4080 4720 4010 2
soybean no cover 4160 3090 4080 4720 4010 4010
wheat clover 2120 1830 1530 1430 1730
wheat no cover 1660 1410 2800 3300 2290 2010
1st year com rygr/vetch 10570 8510 6950 7030 8270
1st year com no cover 10700 10540 8490 8020 9440 8860
2nd year com ryegrass 8360 4830 7980 7310 7120
2nd year corn no cover 8700 7940 8200 8790 8410 7770
continuous corn rygr/vetch 8510 7750 5650 6250 7040
continuous corn no cover 10500 9330 7750 9160 9190 8120
corn rep mean 9560 8150 7500 7760 8240
soybean rep mean 4280 4160 4370 4260 4270
wheat rep mean 1940 1670 2390 2340 2090
corn rep mean 8280 7300 7220 7600 7600

 

' soybean has no cover crop present, but designation shows plot history

2 plots not split for cover crop

57

Table E.4. Cover crop total above-ground biomass dry weight comparing
compost and fertilizer treatments in 1993.

 

PLOT
TREATMENT CROP REP1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN

 

lbs biomass/acre--—-—-——-—-
COMPOST
red clover wheat 1590 730 1 180 1 180 1 170
a.rygrlr.clover 1st yr com 420 120 460 180 300
annual ryegrass 2nd yr cor 300 340 270 360 320

a.rygr/r.clover cont com 240 490 410 270 350
FERTILIZER
red clover wheat 1950 980 910 890 1180

a.rygr/r.clover 1st yr com 430 390 350 320 370
annual ryegrass 2nd yr cor 530 860 620 310 580
a.rygrlr.clover cont com 690 440 400 340 470

rep means 770 540 580 480 590

 

58

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59

Table E.6. Cover crop total above-ground biomass percent N comparing
compost and fertilizer treatments in 1993.

 

 

 

PLOT
TREATMENT CROP REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
- %N
COMPOST
red clover wheat 2.1 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.1
a.rygrlh.vetch 1st yr corn 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.2 1.2
annual ryegrass 2nd yr cor 1.3 1 5 1.6 1.3 1.4
a.rygrlh.vetch cont corn 1.8 1 1 1.5 1.5 1.5
FERTILIZER
red clover wheat 2.2 1.9 2.8 2.6 2.4
a.rygrlh.vetch 1st yr corn 1.7 1.8 1.3 1.5 1.6
annual ryegrass 2nd yr cor 0.9 2.2 1.2 1.8 1.5

a.rygrlh.vetch cont corn 1.4 1.8 1.6 1.5 1.6

 

60

Table E.7. Crop total above-ground biomass N comparing compost and fertilizer

treatments with and without cover crop in 1993.

 

 

 

 

PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
lbs N/acre
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 136 237 220 173 191 2
soybean no cover 136 237 220 173 191 191
wheat clover 37 30 44 29 35
wheat no cover 26 21 39 39 31 33
1st year corn rygrlvetch 76 36 83 49 61
1st year corn no cover 66 52 64 65 62 61
2nd year com ryegrass 65 56 68 72 65
2nd year corn no cover 74 61 50 86 68 66
continuous com rygrlvetch 79 66 72 51 67
continuous corn no cover 72 49 43 90 63 65
com rep mean 72 53 63 69 64
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 115 159 167 213 169 2
soybean no cover 115 159 187 213 169 169
wheat clover 42 36 28 29 34
wheat no cover 31 25 51 59 41 38
tst year com rygrlvetch 138 87 94 92 103
1st year corn no cover 166 105 116 101 122 112
2nd year com ryegrass 93 60 95 90 85
2nd year corn no cover 117 91 110 16 84 84
continuous corn rygrlvetch 1 13 97 77 72 90
continuous com no cover 152 116 103 114 121 105
com rep mean 130 93 99 81 101
soybean rep mean 125 198 204 1 93 1 80
wheat rep mean 34 28 40 39 35
com rep mean 101 73 81 75 82

 

‘ soybean has no cover crop present. but designation shows plot history

2 plots not split for cover crop

61

Table E.3. Cover crop total above-ground biomass N comparing compost
and fertilizer treatments in 1993.

 

 

 

 

PLOT
TREATMENT CROP REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
lbs N/acre
COMPOST
red clover wheat 34 16 25 27 25
a.rygrlh.vetch tst yr corn 4 2 5 2 3
annual ryegrass 2nd yr cor 4 5 4 5 5
a.rygrlh.vetch cont corn 4 6 6 4 5
rep means 12 7 10 10 9
FERTILIZER
red clover wheat 43 19 26 23 28
a.rygrlh.vetch 1st yr corn 7 7 5 5 6
annual ryegrass 2nd yr cor 5 19 8 5 9
a.rygrlh.vetch cont corn 1 0 8 6 5 7
rep means 16 13 11 10 12

rep means 14 10 11 10 11

62

Table E.9. Crop total above-ground biomass dry weight comparing fertilizer and
compost treatments with and without cover crop in 1994.

 

 

 

 

- PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
lbs biomass/acre
COMPOST
soybean cover1 4610 4630 5020 2330 4150
soybean no cover 4430 3680 4580 4350 4260 4210
wheat clover 3590 3250 5000 2540 3600
wheat no cover 5210 3160 4230 2650 3810 3710
1st year corn rygr/clover 18380 19170 19790 14140 17870
1st year corn no cover 15440 23170 16640 18660 18480 18180
2nd year com ryegrass 7390 8290 9750 11540 9240
2nd year com no cover 14740 9690 12710 11620 12190 10820
continuous com rygr/clover 14240 11750 10580 8580 11290
continuous corn no cover 13790 13630 14170 12950 13640 12470
corn rep mean 14000 14280 13940 12920 13790
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 4230 2800 3620 4040 3670
soybean no cover 5370 3460 6080 3680 4650 4160
wheat clover 4380 5610 3930 5140 4770
wheat no cover 4340 5140 3390 4580 4360 4570
1st year corn rygr/clover 18860 17030 20940 14910 17940
1st year corn no cover 18750 15810 15710 16760 16760 17350
2nd year com ryegrass 16700 18470 19370 17460 18000
2nd year com no cover 19460 19290 18900 16930 18650 18330
continuous corn rygr/clover 17420 8310 16930 9750 13100
continuous com no cover 12800 7580 18560 1 51 10 1 3510 1 3310
corn rep mean 17330 14420 18400 15150 16330
soybean rep mean 4660 3640 4830 3600 4180
wheat rep mean 4380 4290 4140 3730 4140
corn rep mean 1 5670 14350 161 70 14030 1 5060

 

‘ soybean has no cover crop present. but designation shows plot history

63

Table E.10. Cover crop total above-ground biomass dry weight comparing
compost and fertilizer treatments in 1994.

 

PLOT
TREATMENT CROP REP ‘l REP 2 REP 3 REP4 MEAN

 

lbs biomass/cerem—
COMPOST
red clover wheat 2000 1200 2790 2580 2000
a.rygrlr.clover 1st yr com 600 960 830 900 820
annual ryegrass 2nd yr cor 740 690 680 260 590

a.rygrlr.clover cont com 780 600 890 760 760
FERTILIZER
red clover wheat 1030 970 1070 1060 1030

a.rygrlr.clover 1st yr com 380 610 650 840 620
annual ryegrass 2nd yr cor 1 130 1410 900 440 970
a.rygrlr.clover cont com 660 980 1200 900 940

rep means 920 930 1 130 970 970

 

64

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65

Table E.12. Cover crop total above-ground biomass percent N comparing
compost and fertilizer treatments ln 1994.

 

 

 

PLOT
TREATMENT CROP REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
%N——--—-—-———-
COMPOST '
red clover wheat 3.6 3.3 3.6 2.7 3.5
a.rygr/ r.clover lst yr com 2.8 3.1 2.5 1.7 2.5
annual ryegrass 2nd yr cor 1.9 1.6 2.3 2.7 2.1
a.rygrl r.clover cont com 2.6 3.5 3.2 3.1 3.1
FERTILIZER
red clover wheat 1.5 3.2 3.2 3.0 2.7
a.rygrl r.clover 1st yr corn 2.8 1.9 2.8 2.7 2.5
annual ryegrass 2nd yr cor 1.8 2.5 1.7 2.5 2.1

“-W/ LCIOVBT cont com 2.4 3.3 3.7 2.2 2.9

 

Table E.13. Crop total above-ground biomass N comparing compost and fertilizer

treatments with and without cover crop in 1994.

 

 

 

 

PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
lbs N/acre
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 154 140 165 74 133
soybean no cover 136 1 13 150 150 137 1 35
meat clover 49 40 56 27 43
wheat no cover 50 36 34 30 38 40
1st year com rygrlclover 203 21 1 227 174 204
lst year corn no cover 147 266 194 1 97 201 203
2nd year com ryegrass 60 60 77 101 75
2nd year com no cover 169 69 1 11 104 1 13 94
continuous com rygr/clover 131 107 99 67 101
continuous com no cover 116 119 137 113 121 111
com rep mean 138 139 141 126 136
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 152 95 105 121 11a
soybean no cover 1 75 102 204 1 14 149 1 34
wheat clover 63 66 4O 66 64
wheat no cover 70 76 41 61 62 63
1st year com rygrlclover 233 202 281 188 226
1st year com no cover 250 187 199 21 1 21 1 219
2nd year corn ryegrass 191 196 268 191 212
2nd year corn no cover 231 222 259 210 230 221
continuous corn rygr/clover 210 62 204 92 142
continuous com no cover 1 35 57 234 183 152 147
com rep mean 203 145 233 178 190
soybean rep mean 154 113 156 115 134
wheat rep mean 100 89 103 76 92
com rep mean 155 129 176 140 150

 

‘ soybean has no cover crop present, but designation shows plot history

67

Table E.14. Cover crop total above-ground biomass N comparing compost
and fertilizer treatments in 1994.

 

 

 

 

PLOT
TREATMENT CROP REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
lbs N/acre
COMPOST
red clover wheat 72 40 101 69 71
a.rygr/ r.clover 1st yr com 17 29 20 16 21
annual ryegrass 2nd yrcor 14 11 15 7 12
a.rygrl r.clover cont com 21 21 28 24 23
FERTILIZER
red clover wheat 15 30 34 32 28
a.rygrl r.clover 1st yr corn 1 1 11 18 22 16
annual ryegrass 2nd yr cor 20 35 16 11 20
a.rygrl r.clover cont com 16 32 44 20 28

rep means 23 26 35 25 27

 

Appendix F

Soil Data

Table F.1. Soil NO;-N concentrations comparing compost and fertilizer
treatments with and without cover crop in 1993.

 

 

 

 

April 14, 1993 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
PP":
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.4 2
soybean no cover 2.6 2.3 2.2 2.4 2.4 2.4
wheat clover 2.1 3.7 2.3 3.3 2.3 2
wheat no cover 2.1 3.7 2.3 3.3 2.8 2.8
1st year com rygrlvetch 4.0 5.5 2.2 1.7 3.3 2
tst year corn no cover 4.0 5.5 2.2 1.7 3.3 3.3
2nd year corn ryegrass 2.2 2.1 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
2nd year com no cover 2.2 2.1 1.4 1.6 1.8 1.8
continuous corn rygrlvetch 3.4 3.2 1.9 3.1 2.9 2
continuous corn no cover 3.4 3.2 1.9 3.1 2.9 2.9
corn rep mean 3.2 3.6 1.8 2.1 2.7
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 2.1 2.3 1.3 1.7 2.0 2
soybean no cover 2.1 2.8 1.3 1.7 2.0 2.0
wheat clover 3.2 6.4 1.4 2.5 3.4 2
wheat no cover 3.2 6.4 1.4 2.5 3.4 3.4
1st year com rygrlvetch 5.5 4.5 1.4 4.5 4.0 2
1st year com no cover 5.5 4.5 1.4 4.5 4.0 4.0
2nd year com ryegrass 3.9 4.0 1.9 2.7 3.1 2
2nd year corn no cover 3.9 4.0 1.9 2.7 3.1 3.1
continuous com rygrlvetch 3.0 3.3 3.3 2.6 3.1 2
continuous com no cover 3.0 3.3 3.3 2.6 3.1 3.1
corn rep mean 4.1 3.9 2.2 3.3 3.4
soybean rep mean 2.3 2.6 1.8 2.1 2.2
wheat rep mean 2.6 5.0 1.8 2.9 3.1
corn rep mean 3.7 3.8 2.0 2.7 3.0

 

68

69

 

 

 

M
May 6, 1993 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
PP"i
COMPOST
soybean cover1 4.1 2.9 3.3 2.3 3.2 2
soybean no cover 4.1 2.9 3.3 2.3 3.2 3.2
wheat clover 5.8 6.4 3.6 4.1 5.0 2
wheat no cover 5.8 6.4 3.6 4.1 5.0 5.0
1st year com rygrlvetch 5.2 6.5 5.8 3.3 5.2 2
1st year com no cover 5.2 6.5 5.8 3.3 5.2 5.2
2nd year com ryegrass 2.7 4.4 3.5 3.2 3.4 2
2nd year com no cover 2.7 4.4 3.5 3.2 3.4 3.4
continuous com rygrlvetch 5.0 3.8 4.1 3.5 4.1 2
continuous corn no cover 5.0 3.8 4.1 3.5 4.1 4.1
corn rep mean 4.3 4.9 4.5 3.3 4.2
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 6.1 5.1 2.6 5.7 4.3 2
soybean no cover 6.1 5.1 2.6 5.7 4.8 4.8
wheat clover 9.2 15.3 5.2 4.4 8.5 2
wheat no cover 9.2 15.3 5.2 4.4 8.5 8.5
1st year com rygrlvetch 8.2 6.9 4.2 4.8 6.0 2
1st year com no cover 8.2 6.9 4.2 4.8 6.0 6.0
2nd year com ryegrass 4.5 3.2 2.8 5.2 3.9 2
2nd year corn no cover 4.5 3.2 2.8 5.2 3.9 3.9
continuous corn rygrlvetch 5.7 4.5 4.8 5.4 5.1 2
continuous corn no cover 5.7 4.5 4.8 5.4 5.1 5.1
corn rep mean 6.1 4.9 4.0 5.2 5.0
soybean rep mean 5.1 4.0 2.9 4.0 4.0
wheat rep mean 7.5 10.8 4.4 4.2 6.7
corn rep mean 5.2 4.9 4.2 4.2 4.6

 

7O

 

 

 

W
May 19. 1993 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
ppm
COMPOST
soybean cover1 9.5 5.3 10.5 7.4 8.2 2
soybean no cover 9.5 5.3 10.5 7.4 8.2 8.2
wheat clover 12.6 10.2 6.7 17.6 11.8
wheat no cover 10.0 7.6 10.0 8.3 9.0 10.4
1st year com rygrlvetch 11.7 3.4 12.2 7.0 10.1 2
1st year com no cover 11.7 9.4 12.2 7.0 10.1 10.1
2nd year com ryegrass 6.1 6.1 6.6 8.2 6.8 2
2nd year com no cover 6.1 6.1 6.6 8.2 6.8 6.8
continuous com rygrlvetch 12.0 8.3 7.3 8.0 8.9 2
continuous com no cover 12.0 8.3 7.3 8.0 8.9 8.9
com rep mean 9.9 7.9 8.7 7.7 8.6
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 11.2 9.9 5.8 5.6 8.1 2
soybean no cover 11.2 9.9 5.8 5.6 8.1 8.1
wheat clover 19.1 26.6 15.4 10.9 18.0
wheat no cover 36.1 31.5 13.9 8.8 22.6 20.3
1st year com rygrlvetch 12.8 10.8 10.6 10.1 11.1 2
1st yearcom no cover 12.8 10.8 10.6 10.1 11.1 11.1
2nd year corn ryegrass 10.4 12.2 6.4 8.6 9.4 2
2nd year com no cover 10.4 12.2 6.4 8.6 9.4 9.4
continuous corn rygrlvetch 12.3 9.5 9.9 6.3 9.5 2
continuous com no cover 12.3 9.5 9.9 6.3 9.5 9.5
corn rep mean 11.8 10.9 9.0 8.3 10.0
soybean rep mean 10.4 7.6 8.1 6.5 8.1
wheat rep mean 19.4 19.0 11.5 11.4 15.3

corn rep mean 10.9 9.4 8.8 8.0 9.3

 

71

 

 

 

F
May 26, 1993 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
ppm
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 12.4 16.1 9.9 14.9 11.8 2
soybean no cover 12.4 10.1 9.9 14.9 11.8 11.8
wheat clover 3.6 5.5 5.6 4.6 4.8
wheat no cover 5.8 4.6 5.3 6.1 5.5 5.1
151 year corn rygrlvetch 11.3 11.0 7.5 11.9 10.4 2
1st year com no cover 11.3 11.0 7.5 11.9 10.4 10.4
2nd year corn ryegrass 13.9 11.5 16.0 11.9 13.3 2
2nd year corn no cover 13.9 11.5 16.0 11.9 13.3 13.3
continuous com rygrlvetch 19.3 16.2 7.7 9.8 13.3 2
continuous com no cover 19.3 16.2 7.7 9.8 13.3 13.3
com rep mean 14.9 12.9 10.4 11.2 12.3
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 9.2 10.1 6.8 12.7 9.7 2
soybean no cover 9.2 10.1 6.8 12.7 9.7 9.7
wheat clover 7.5 24.4 16.2 8.6 14.2
wheat no cover 7.9 16.7 15.2 9.0 12.2 13.2
1st year com rygrlvetch 13.3 12.6 6.7 10.9 10.9 2
1st year com no cover 13.3 12.6 6.7 10.9 10.9 10.9
2nd year com ryegrass 10.6 8.1 5.6 8.1 6.1 2
2nd year com no cover 10.6 8.1 5.6 8.1 8.1 8.1
continuous corn rygrlvetch 9.9 13.2 14.4 8.7 11.5 2
continuous com no cover 9.9 13.2 14.4 8.7 11.5 11.5
corn rep mean 11.3 11.3 8.9 9.2 10.2
soybean rep mean 10.8 10.1 8.4 13.8 10.8
wheat rep mean 6.2 12.8 10.6 7.1 9.2
com rep mean 13.1 12.1 9.6 10.2 11.3

 

72

 

 

 

MM
June 3. 1993 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
PP"?
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 9.5 14.2 10.6 11.1 11.3 2
soybean no cover 9.5 14.2 10.6 11.1 11.3 11.3
wheat clover 6.2 11.5 5.3 4.9 7.0
wheat no cover 7.5 11.2 6.2 4.7 7.4 7.2
1st year com rygrlvetch 11.2 9.6 14.2 6.6 10.4 2
1st year corn no cover 11.2 9.6 14.2 6.6 10.4 10.4
2nd year com ryegrass 12.0 7.7 8.7 17.1 11.4 2
2nd year com no cover 12.0 7.7 8.7 17.1 11.4 11.4
continuous com rygrlvetch 13.5 7.6 7.4 9.7 9.5 2
continuous com no cover 13.5 7.6 7.4 9.7 9.5 9.5
corn rep mean 12.2 8.3 10.1 11.1 10.4
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 8.3 8.3 6.6 13.7 9.2 2
soybean no cover 8.3 8.3 6.6 13.7 9.2 9.2
wheat clover 14.8 13.1 8.5 14.0 12.6
wheat no cover 16.8 34.0 18.4 6.5 18.9 15.8
1st year corn rygrlvetch 25.1 15.9 6.2 11.4 14.6 2
1st year corn no cover 25.1 15.9 6.2 11.4 14.6 14.6
2nd year corn ryegrass 10.3 12.3 6.8 14.4 10.9 2
2nd year com no cover 10.3 12.3 6.8 14.4 10.9 10.9
continuous com rygrlvetch 13.2 14.0 11.0 12.2 12.6 2
continuous com no cover 13.2 14.0 11.0 12.2 12.6 12.6
corn rep mean 16.2 14.1 8.0 12.6 12.7
soybean rep mean 8.9 11.3 8.6 12.4 10.3
wheat rep mean 11.3 17.4 9.6 7 5 11.5

corn rep mean 14.2 11.2 9.1 11.9 11.6

 

73

 

 

 

19011134492033!)
June 11. 1993 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
ppm
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 8.2 9.7 10.7 8.2 9.2 2
soybean no cover 8.2 9.7 10.7 8.2 9.2 9.2
wheat clover 2.4 1.8 2.2 1 .8 2.0
wheat no cover 2.2 2.2 2.0 2.5 2.2 2.1
1st year corn rygrlvetch 10.7 9.1 10.3 8.5 9.6 2
1st year com no cover 10.7 9.1 10.3 8.5 9.6 9.6
2nd year com ryegrass 8.7 9.6 9.8 9.1 9.3 2
2nd year com no cover 8.7 9.8 9.8 9.1 9.3 9.3
continuous com rygrlvetch 13.8 8.5 10.5 9.2 10.5 2
continuous com no cover 13.8 8.5 10.5 9.2 10.5 10.5
com rep mean 11.1 9.1 10.2 9.0 9.8
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 8.0 11.3 6.8 11.0 9.3 2
soybean no cover 8.0 11.3 6.8 11.0 9.3 9.3
wheat clover 16.0 16.9 8.3 15.4 14.1
wheat no cover 17.2 18.5 9.1 8.1 13.2 13.7
1st year com rygrlvetch 11.7 10.9 9.5 9.8 10.5 2
lst year com no cover 11.7 10.9 9.5 9.8 10.5 10.5
2nd year com ryegrass 7.1 8.0 12.7 9.3 9.3 2
2nd year com no cover 7.1 8.0 12.7 9.3 9.3 9.3
continuous com rygrlvetch 11.1 13.8 10.3 9.4 11.1 2
continuous com no cover 11.1 13.8 10.3 9.4 11.1 11.1
com rep mean 10.0 10.9 10.8 9.5 10.3
soybean rep mean 8.1 10.5 8.7 9.6 9.2
wheat rep mean 9.4 9 8 5.4 6.9 7.9

com rep mean 10.5 10.0 10.5 9.2 10.1

 

74

 

 

 

June 18, 1993 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
PP"?
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 8.8 9.2 11.2 6.4 8.9 2
soybean no cover 8.8 9.2 11.2 6.4 8.9 8.9
wheat clover 3.1 3.5 2.3 2.8 2.9
wheat no cover 1.5 2.8 2.6 1.3 2.1 2.5
1st year corn rygrlvetch 14.9 7.9 13.9 6.2 10.7 2
1st year com no cover 14.9 7.9 13.9 6.2 10.7 10.7
2nd year com ryegrass 10.9 10.3 16.6 7.7 11.4 2
2nd year corn no cover 10.9 10.3 16.6 7.7 11.4 11.4
continuous com rygrlvetch 14.2 11.4 6.8 11.2 10.9 2
continuous com no cover 14.2 11.4 6.8 11.2 10.9 10.9
com rep mean 13.3 9.9 12.4 8.4 11.0
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 10.4 8.3 9.1 8.0 9.0 2
soybean no cover 10.4 8.3 9.1 8.0 9.0 9.0
wheat clover 9.5 14.1 7.6 12.3 10.9
wheat no cover 13.8 7.6 9.3 8.6 9.8 10.4
1st year corn rygrlvetch 16.1 13.8 6.9 10.8 12.4 2
1st year com no cover 16.1 13.8 8.9 10.8 12.4 12.4
2nd year com ryegrass 12.2 8.0 7.8 14.5 10.6 2
2nd year com . no cover 12.2 8.0 7.8 14.5 10.6 10.6
continuous corn rygrlvetch 12.3 13.5 13.0 9.1 12.0 2
continuous com no cover 12.3 13.5 13.0 9.1 12.0 12.0
corn rep mean 13.5 11.8 9.9 11.5 11.6
soybean rep mean 9.6 8.8 10.2 7.2 8.9
wheat rep mean 7.0 7.0 5.5 6.3 6.4
com rep mean 13.4 10.8 11.1 9.9 11.3

 

75

 

 

 

W
July 14, 1993 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
PPm
COMPOST ,
soybean cover‘ 8.4 5.6 6.1 9.4 7.8 2
soybean no cover 8.4 5.6 8.1 9.4 7.8 7.8
wheat clover 1.8 1.4 1.3 1.9 1.6
wheat no cover 0.8 2.8 1.6 1.6 1.7 1.6
1st year corn rygrlvetch 3.2 2.6 7.7 2.3 3.9
1st year com no cover 8.0 3.3 6.7 2.6 5.1 4.5
2nd year com ryegrass 3.7 2.7 3.2 4.2 3.5
2nd year com no cover 4.3 4.5 3.9 5.8 4.6 4.0
continuous com rygrlvetch 5.2 3.0 2.3 2.6 3.3
continuous com no cover 3.8 7.7 3.4 3.0 4.5 3.9
corn rep mean 4.7 4.0 4.5 3.4 4.1
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 5.2 9.5 6.6 9.7 7.8 2
soybean no cover 5.2 9.5 6.6 9.7 7.8 7.8
wheat clover 3.8 2.3 2.4 3.1 2.9
wheat no cover 2.4 3.0 1.0 2.1 2.5
1st year com rygrlvetch 12.2 7.6 8.3 11.6 9.9
tst year com no cover 10.4 9.8 9.2 10.9 10.1 10.0
2nd year com ryegrass 5.9 10.5 11.8 13.0 10.3
2nd year com no cover 12.3 12.0 9.6 12.2 11.5 10.9
continuous corn rygrlvetch 29.2 9.8 16.4 8.0 15.8
continuous com no cover 8.2 12.0 10.0 6.7 9.2 12.5
corn rep mean 13.0 10.3 10.9 10.4 11.1
soybean rep mean 6.8 7.5 7.3 9.5 7.8
wheat rep mean 2.2 2.4 1.6 2.2 2.1
corn rep mean 8.9 7.1 7.7 6.9 7.6

 

76

 

 

 

W
Aug. 17, 1993 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
PP"?
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 4.0 2.6 1.8 3.5 3.0 2
soybean no cover 4.0 2.6 1.8 3.5 3.0 3.0
wheat clover 2.4 2.6 2.3 2.6 2.5
wheat no cover 2.7 2.3 3.0 3.5 2.9 2.7
1st year com rygrlvetch 1.6 1.7 1.8 2.1 1.8
1st year com no cover 1.9 2.7 1.6 2.7 2.2 2.0
2nd year com ryegrass 2.3 2.7 2.0 2.1 2.3
2nd year com no cover 2.0 2.2 2.0 1.6 2.0 2.1
continuous com rygrlvetch 2.3 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.8
continuous com no cover 2.0 2.1 1.9 2.1 2.0 1.9
corn rep mean 2.0 2.2 1.8 2.0 2.0
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 3.0 2.9 1.8 4.5 3.1 2
soybean no cover 3.0 2.9 1.8 4.5 3.1 3.1
wheat clover 3.0 5.0 1.9 3.4 3.3
wheat no cover 7.3 3.9 2.2 6.5 5.0 4.2
1st year corn rygrlvetch 4.3 3.3 3.0 7.2 4.4
191 year com no cover 3.5 21.4 4.2 25.3 13.6 9.0
2nd year com ryegrass 2.8 7.7 2.3 5.2 4.5
2nd year com no cover 3.0 4.8 3.2 4.8 4.0 4.2
continuous corn rygrlvetch 4.0 11.6 3.2 3.7 5.6
continuous com no cover 2.6 7.1 5.9 4.7 5.1 5.3
corn rep mean 3.4 9.3 3.6 8.5 6.2
soybean rep mean 3.5 2.7 1.8 4.0 3.0
wheat rep mean 3.9 3.4 2.4 4.0 3.4
corn rep mean 2.7 5.8 2.7 5.2 4.1

 

77

 

 

 

Sept. 16, 1993 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
ppm
COMPOST
soybean cover1 5.5 3.4 6.5 3.4 4.7 2
soybean no cover 5.5 3.4 6.5 3.4 4.7 4.7
wheat clover 5.9 4.3 3.6 4.5 4.6
wheat no cover 5.0 5.7 6.7 4.4 5.5 5.0
1st year com rygrlvetch 4.1 3.7 5.0 3.1 4.0
1st year com no cover 4.7 3.6 6.4 4.0 4.7 4.3
2nd year com ryegrass 4.6 3.8 4.1 3.9 4.1
2nd year com no cover 4.2 3.7 5.5 3.4 4.2 4.1
continuous com rygrlvetch 4.2 4.3 6.6 2.9 4.5
continuous com no cover 4.2 4.6 6.1 3.3 4.6 4.5
corn rep mean 4.3 4.0 5.6 3.4 4.3
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 5.4 7.4 4.6 7.6 6.3 2
soybean no cover 5.4 7.4 4.6 7.6 6.3 6.3
wheat clover 6.5 7.8 3.3 6.2 6.0
wheat no cover 10.2 4.4 4.2 5.0 5.9 5.9
1st year com rygrlvetch 6.5 18.7 4.1 6.5 8.9
1st year com no cover 7.3 7.6 5.8 8.5 7.3 8.1
2nd year corn ryegrass 4.6 5.5 3.6 13.3 6.7
2nd year com no cover 6.3 6.1 4.2 7.1 5.9 6.3
continuous com rygrlvetch 7.1 11.2 7.0 5.4 7.7
continuous corn no cover 4.6 6.2 10.5 9.1 7.6 7.6
corn rep mean 6.1 9.2 5.8 8.3 7.3
soybean rep mean 5.4 5.4 5.5 5.5 5.5
wheat rep mean 6.9 5.5 4.4 5.0 5.5
com rep mean 5.2 6.6 5.7 5.9 5.8

 

76

 

 

 

mum
Sept. 30. 1993 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
ppm
COMPOST
soybean cover1 4.3 3.0 2.6 5.1 3.0 2
soybean no cover 4.3 3.0 2.6 5.1 3.8 3.8
wheat clover 4.5 4.1 2.8 3.4 3.7
wheat no cover 3.6 2.8 3.1 3.4 3.2 3.4
1st year com rygrlvetch 3.7 1.8 3.8 2.9 3.0
1st year com no cover 6.2 2.1 4.7 4.5 4.4 3.7
‘ 2nd year corn ryegrass 4.9 3.4 21.2 2.5 8.0
2nd year com no cover 3.9 2.8 1.8 2.6 2.8 5.4
continuous com rygrlvetch 4.4 2.2 1.4 2.7 2.7
continuous com no cover 6.0 1.7 3.1 2.7 3.4 3.0
corn rep mean 4.8 2.3 6.0 3.0 4.0
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 2.7 4.6 3.5 4.5 3.0 2
soybean no cover 2.7 4.6 3.5 4.5 3.8 3.8
wheat clover 3.3 7.8 5.0 3.9 5.0
wheat no cover 8.5 6.7 3.0 1.9 5.0 5.0
1st year com rygrlvetch 4.2 4.1 5.2 5.6 4.8
1st year com no cover 4.0 4.9 3.3 6.4 4.6 4.7
2nd year corn ryegrass 2.9 3.0 2.6 3.6 3.0
2nd year corn no cover 4.5 4.8 2.5 5.1 4.2 3.6
continuous corn rygrlvetch 5.2 5.2 4.2 4.4 4.8
continuous corn no cover 2.8 5.0 3.7 3.7 3.8 4.3
com rep mean 4.0 4.5 3.6 4.8 4.2
soybean rep mean 3.5 3.8 3.1 4.8 3.8
wheat rep mean 5.0 5.3 3.4 3.1 4.2
corn rep mean 4.4 3.4 4.8 3.9 4.1

 

79

 

 

 

W
Oct. 27, 1993 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
' PP"?
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 3.4 6.0 5.1 2.6 4.3
soybean no cover 4.5 5.9 10.3 4.5 6.3 5.3
wheat clover 1 .6 5.2 3.0 4.8 3.6
wheat no cover 2.5 3.5 1.7 2.0 2.4 3.0
lst year com rygrlvetch 2.3 3.7 5.3 1.7 3.2
1st year com no cover 1.9 5.7 2.8 1.8 3.0 3.1
2nd year com ryegrass 1.7 3.0 1.5 1.9 2.0
2nd year com no cover 2.4 3.0 2.6 3.0 2.7 2.4
continuous com rygrlvetch 2.0 3.4 1.2 3.8 2.6
continuous com no cover 2.7 5.0 2.6 2.2 3.1 2.8
corn rep mean 2.1 4.0 2.7 2.4 2.8
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 3.7 3.2 4.0 1.6 3.2
soybean no cover 3.4 4.3 4.0 2.1 3.4 3.3
wheat clover 2.6 4.1 2.5 3.8 3.3
wheat no cover 1.9 2.0 6.7 1.3 3.0 3.1
1st year corn rygrlvetch 1.8 3.9 3.9 2.9 3.1
1st year com no cover 3.5 9.8 6.7 3.8 5.9 4.5
2nd year corn ryegrass 2.0 2.6 2.5 3.8 2.7
2nd year corn no cover 3.0 3.0 1.8 4.7 3.1 2.9
continuous corn rygrlvetch 3.0 2.3 2.7 3.7 2.9
continuous corn no cover 1.9 3.9 3.8 3.2 3.2 3.0
com rep mean 2.5 4.2 3.6 3.7 3.5
soybean rep mean 3.8 4.9 5.9 2.8 4.3
wheat rep mean 2.1 3.7 3.5 3.0 3.1
com rep mean 2.3 4.1 3.1 3.0 3.1

 

1 soybean has no cover crop present, but designation shows plot history

2 plots not split for cover crop

Table F.2. Soil Nos-N concentrations comparing compost and fertilizer
treatments with and without cover crop in 1994.

60

 

 

 

 

April 11. 1994 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
PPm
COMPOST
soybean cover1 2.9 4.1 4.9 3.7 3.9
soybean no cover 3.1 3.3 3.8 5.5 3.9 3.9
wheat clover 5.5 6.2 4.3 4.2 5.1
wheat no cover 5.7 2.5 6.4 6.1 5.2 5.1
151 year com rygr/clover 5.0 6.3 2.6 5.7 4.9
1st year com no cover 2.4 5.1 4.9 5.3 4.4 4.6
2nd year corn ryegrass 2.0 2.5 2.1 2.5 2.3
2nd year com no cover 4.4 3.1 4.9 4.8 4.3 3.3
continuous com rygr/clover 4.6 2.3 2.7 4.6 3.5
continuous corn no cover 7.7 5.6 5.3 4.3 5.7 4.6
corn rep mean 4.3 4.1 3.7 4.5 4.2
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 5.1 3.3 4.9 5.0 4.6
soybean no cover 6.0 5.4 4.5 9.0 6.2 5.4
wheat clover 5.1 9.4 5.9 14.1 8.6
wheat no cover 5.8 10.7 8.6 8.4 8.5
tst year corn rygr/clover 2.2 6.1 3.5 3.7 3.9
1st year com no cover 4.2 2.5 20.6 4.7 8.0 5.9
2nd year com ryegrass 4.7 4.9 4.1 2.6 4.1
2nd year com no cover 3.0 6.5 8.3 12.0 7.4 5.8
continuous corn rygr/clover 4.1 4.5 5.4 2.9 4.2
continuous corn no cover 2.6 10.6 7.3 5.5 6.5 5.4
corn rep mean 3.5 5.8 8.2 5.2 5.7
soybean rep mean 4.3 4.0 4.5 5.8 4.7
wheat ‘rep mean 5.5 7.2 5.5 8.3 6.8
corn rep mean 3.9 5.0 6.0 4.9 4.9

 

81

 

 

 

M
May 4. 1994 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
PP":
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 1.8 2.4 2.7 3.5 2.6
soybean . no cover 4.2 4.0 3.9 3.9 4.0 3.3
wheat clover 2.3 2.7 3.2 2.2 2.6
wheat no cover 2.6 2.4 3.6 2.0 2.6 2.6
1st year com rygr/clover 4.3 14.7 7.0 3.4 7.3
1st year com no cover 3.5 6.0 2.8 4.2 4.1 5.7
2nd year com ryegrass 3.9 2.6 3.2 2.8 3.1
2nd year com no cover 4.3 3.6 4.2 3.0 3.8 3.5
continuous corn rygr/clover 4.0 3.5 3.0 2.4 3.2
continuous corn no cover 5.7 3.3 3.9 3.9 4.2 3.7
com rep mean 4.3 5.6 4.0 3.3 4.3
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 3.3 2.7 3.0 3.9 3.2
soybean no cover 5.5 5.1 4.3 5.8 5.2 4.2
wheat clover 9.2 7.6 6.2 12.9 9.0
wheat no cover 8.7 10.6 7.0 12.1 9.6 9.3
1st year com rygr/clover 3.5 3.3 2.6 3.4 3.2
1st year com no cover 4.4 4.0 2.6 4.7 3.9 3.6
2nd year com ryegrass 3.7 3.1 3.1 4.0 3.5
2nd year com no cover 6.6 6.5 4.8 5.9 5.9 4.7
continuous com rygr/clover 3.9 3.9 2.8 3.2 3.4
continuous corn no cover 4.9 5.1 5.3 4.3 4.9 4.1
corn rep mean 4.5 4.3 3.5 4.2 4.1
soybean rep mean 3.7 3.5 3.5 4.3 3.7
wheat rep mean 5.7 5.8 5.0 7.3 5.9
corn rep mean 4.4 5.0 3.8 3.7 4.2

 

82

 

 

 

May 17, 1994 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
ppm
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 2.7 2.9 2.8 3.9 3.1
soybean no cover 4.2 4.3 3.6 4.6 4.2 3.6
wheat clover 1.6 1.0 1.7 1.7 1.5
wheat no cover 1.7 2.2 1.4 2.0 1.8 1.6
1st year com rygr/clover 4.7 9.0 6.1 10.7 7.6
1st year corn no cover 5.6 4.8 4.6 7.6 5.7 6.6
2nd year com ryegrass 2.7 2.7 3.0 3.3 2.9
2nd year corn no cover 4.9 3.6 5.1 3.5 4.3 3.6
continuous com rygrlclover 4.2 3.3 3.1 2.8 3.3
continuous corn no cover 5.6 4.6 4.6 4.3 4.8 4.1
com rep mean 4.6 4.7 4.4 5.4 4.8
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 4.2 3.2 3.7 4.0 3.8
soybean no cover 5.1 5.3 6.0 5.0 5.3 4.6
wheat clover 6.7 6.2 1.7 6.1 5.2
wheat no cover 2.2 5.9 4.0 6.4 4.6 4.9
tst year corn rygr/clover 7.0 8.4 5.6 8.2 7.3
1st year com no cover 8.0 5.5 9.8 5.7 7.3 7.3
2nd year corn ryegrass 6.1 5.9 4.1 4.8 5.2
2nd year com no cover 7.5 7.2 6.6 7.6 7.2 6.2
continuous corn rygr/clover 5.2 3.8 6.5 2.6 4.5
continuous com no cover 4.5 4.7 4.3 8.0 5.4 5.0
corn rep mean 6.4 5.9 6.2 6.1 6.1
soybean rep mean 4.0 3.9 4.0 4.4 4.1
wheat rep mean 3.0 3.8 2.2 4.0 3.3
com rep mean 5.5 5.3 5.3 5.8 5.5

 

83

 

 

 

June 10. 1994 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
. PPm
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 7.2 8.8 3.3 2.6 5.5
soybean no cover 6.5 6.4 5.0 7.4 6.3 5.9
wheat clover 1.6 2.2 3.3 3.7 2.7
wheat no cover 2.5 2.3 1.8 2.8 2.3 2.5
lst year com rygr/clover 12.9 8.3 4.7 10.2 9.0
2 1st year com no cover 12.1 9.2 8.4 6.5 9.0 9.0
2nd year com ryegrass 7.2 4.3 5.3 2.1 4.7
2nd year corn no cover 7.6 3.0 7.8 3.1 5.4 5.0
continuous com rygr/clover 4.3 6.1 5.8 1.9 4.5
continuous com no cover 8.3 5.5 7.6 5.3 6.7 5.6
com rep mean 8.7 6.1 6.6 4.8 6.5
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 7.3 10.7 7.5 8.1 8.4
soybean no cover 7.8 9.3 9.3 4.7 7.7 8.1
wheat clover 6.7 4.5 1.1 8.3 5.1
wheat no cover 2.3 2.4 3.1 5.0 3.2 4.2
1st year com rygr/clover 9.2 6.1 10.3 14.7 10.1
1st year com no cover 10.7 10.0 10.7 6.4 9.4 9.8
2nd year com ryegrass 7.4 4.9 6.8 7.0 6.5
2nd year corn no cover 5.9 8.0 5.2 7.0 6.5 6.5
continuous corn rygr/clover 8.7 7.7 4.9 6.7 7.0
continuous com no cover 7.8 5.5 6.0 5.0 6.1 6.5
corn rep mean 8.3 7.0 7.3 7.8 7.6
soybean rep mean 7.2 8.8 6.3 5.7 7.0
wheat rep mean 3.2 2.8 2.3 4.9 3.3
com rep mean 8.5 6.5 7.0 6.3 7.1

 

 

 

 

W
July 11, 1994 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REF 4 MEAN MEAN
ppm
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 3.1 4.2 1.9 4.1 3.3
soybean no cover 6.2 3.2 2.6 5.2 4.8 4.0
wheat clover 3.5 3.2 2.3 4.4 3.3
wheat no cover 4.3 4.2 3.3 3.6 3.9 3.6
1st year com rygrlclover 5.7 4.4 2.0 3.6 3.9
lst year com no cover 4.1 5.2 3.2 6.1 4.6 4.3
2nd year com ryegrass 3.3 2.5 3.8 2.6 3.0
2nd year com no cover 2.6 5.6 3.6 2.6 3.6 3.3
continuous com rygrlclover 5.7 3.0 3.6 3.6 4.0
continuous corn no cover 3.8 2.9 2.3 6.8 4.0 4.0
corn rep mean 4.2 3.9 3.1 4.2 3.9
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 4.8 5.1 3.2 5.0 4.5
soybean no cover 3.6 4.3 5.3 4.8 4.5 4.5
wheat clover 1.6 3.0 2.8 4.5 3.0
wheat no cover 4.2 4.1 4.8 4.0 4.3 3.6
1st year com rygrlclover 8.1 17.6 9.6. 5.3 10.1
1st year com no cover 11.6 7.6 9.8 6.5 8.9 9.5
2nd year corn ryegrass 9.5 8.8 12.5 7.2 9.5
2nd year com no cover 6.8 9.3 16.8 4.6 9.4 9.4
continuous corn rygrlclover 11.0 4.0 8.0 2.8 6.4
continuous com no cover 5.5 3.7 7.0 5.7 5.5 5.9
corn rep mean 8.7 8.5 10.6 5.3 8.3
soybean rep mean 4.9 4.2 3.3 4.7 4.3
wheat rep mean 3.4 3.6 3.3 4.1 3.6
corn rep mean 6.5 6.2 6.8 4.8 6.1

 

85

 

 

 

W
Oct. 3, 1994 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
ppm
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 3.7 3.9 5.4 2.5 3.9
soybean no cover 3.4 4.5 1.9 2.6 3.1 3.5
wheat clover 4.4 4.2 2.7 3.1 3.6
wheat no cover 4.0 1.6 2.3 2.2 2.5 3.1
1st year com rygrlclover 2.2 1.1 1.0 2.5 1.7
1st year com no cover 1.7 1.2 1.4 2.2 1.6 1.6
2nd year com ryegrass 2.9 1.0 1.4 13.0 4.6
2nd year corn no cover 3.3 1.3 2.5 1.2 2.1 3.3
continuous com rygrlclover 1.5 2.5 2.9 11.2 4.5
continuous com no cover 2.3 2.0 1.4 10.9 4.1 4.3
com rep mean 2.3 1.5 1.8 6.8 3.1
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 2.2 2.5 3.6 3.8 3.0
soybean no cover 21.3 1.7 3.0 3.8 7.4 5.2
wheat clover 1.5 2.1 1.5 2.7 1.9
wheat no cover 1.9 2.0 2.1 1.6 1.9 1.9
1st year com rygrlclover 2.6 3.0 1.9 2.1 2.4
1st year com no cover 2.7 2.8 2.6 1.4 2.4 2.4
2nd year corn ryegrass 2.5 2.6 1.8 13.8 5.2
2nd year com no cover 3.0 21.9 3.0 1.7 7.4 6.3
continuous corn rygrlclover 3.5 1.1 3.9 1.8 2.6
continuous com no cover 2.6 1.0 4.6 2.1 2.6 2.6
corn rep mean 2.8 5.4 2.9 3.8 3.7
soybean rep mean 7.6 3.1 3.5 3.2 4.4
wheat rep mean 2.9 2.5 2.1 2.4 2.5
corn rep mean 2.6 3.5 2.4 5.3 3.4

 

86

 

 

 

W
Nov. 8, 1994 PLOT CROP
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN MEAN
PP":
COMPOST
soybean cover1 4.2 3.6 3.8 3.7 3.9
soybean no cover 5.2 15.4 7.4 4.9 8.2 6.0
wheat clover 3.0 4.1 2.8 3.5 3.4
wheat no cover 6.4 2.8 3.4 3.0 3.9 3.6
1st year com rygrlclover 3.2 0.7 2.6 5.4 3.0
1st year com no cover 3.9 0.4 2.9 4.4 2.9 2.9
2nd year com ryegrass 3.7 2.9 3.1 3.0 3.2
2nd year com no cover 2.6 2.1 3.1 1.6 2.3 2.7
continuous corn rygrlclover 4.3 3.7 3.6 1.1 3.2
continuous com no cover 4.0 5.1 2.9 3.0 3.7 3.4
corn rep mean 3.6 2.5 3.0 3.1 3.0
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 4.0 11.0 6.1 4.8 6.5
soybean no cover 4.9 4.1 7.2 8.2 6.1 6.3
wheat clover 4.3 5.4 2.1 5.0 4.2
wheat no cover 5.3 4.3 3.9 3.7 4.3 4.3
lst year com rygrlclover 4.9 1.0 3.4 4.5 3.5
1st year corn no cover 6.0 5.8 4.0 6.6 5.6 4.5
2nd year com ryegrass 5.7 4.9 5.0 2.7 4.6
2nd year corn no cover 4.3 3.7 2.9 4.9 3.9 4.3
continuous com rygrlclover 4.3 2.6 2.2 2.1 2.8
continuous com no cover 4.2 4.8 5.0 5.4 4.8 3.8
com rep mean 4.9 3.8 3.7 4.4 4.2
soybean rep mean 4.6 8.6 6.1 5.4 6.2
wheat rep mean 4.8 4.2 3.1 3.8 4.0
corn rep mean 4.2 3.1 3.4 3.7 3.6

 

‘soybean has no cover crop present, but designation shows plot history

Appendix G

Lysimeter Data

Table 6.1. Lysimeter leachate volumes comparing compost and fertilizer

treatments on each sampling date in 1993.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nov. 25. 1992- Jan. 11, 1 993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ml
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 1300 1220 4300 480 1630
wheat clover 1300 870 8720 1140 3010
1st year corn rygrlvetch 4600 1600 3640 3000 3210
2nd year corn ryegrass 680 1800 1900 500 1220
continuous corn rygrlvetch 1260 1240 7000 0 2380
rep means 1830 1350 5110 1020 2330
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 5400 780 2500 1320 2500
wheat clover 880 980 2800 960 1410
1st year com rygrlvetch 7800 1240 2560 380 3000
2nd year corn ryegrass 8140 1060 10060 4600 5970
continuous com rygrlvetch 2800 4200 1 160 500 2170
rep means 5000 1650 3820 1550 3010
rep means 3420 1500 4460 1290 2670
Jan. 12- March 2, 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ml
COMPOST
soybean cover1 23000 0 1100 0 6030
wheat clover 100 0 100 100 80
1st year corn rygrlvetch 600 100 150 200 260
2nd year com ryegrass 900 3700 50 200 1210
continuous corn rygrlvetch 500 3300 1 100 300 1300
rep means 5020 1420 500 160 1780
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 2600 16600 23100 0 10580
wheat clover 1200 250 0 200 410
1st year corn rygrlvetch 550 700 100 0 340
2nd year com ryegrass 6000 0 0 3700 2430
continuous corn rygrlvetch 500 1650 0 0 540
rep means 2170 3840 4640 780 2860
rep means 3600 2630 2570 470 2320

 

87

W
March 3- April 12. 1993

 

 

 

 

 

 

PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ml
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 100 400 2900 300 930
wheat clover 0 0 300 12450 3190
1st year com rygrlvetch 200 0 200 4300 1180
2nd year com ryegrass 22700 900 500 18900 10750
continuous com rygrlvetch 22400 12400 1600 0 9100
rep means 9080 2740 1100 7190 5030
FERTILIZER
soybean cover’ 22500 200 23200 100 11500
wheat clover 23000 23400 200 200 11700
tst year com rygrlvetch 23300 50 28500 0 12960
2nd year com ryegrass 23300 100 700 1600 6430
continuous corn rygrlvetch 5000 23200 100 13500 10450
rep means 19420 9390 10540 3080 10610
rep means 14250 6070 5820 5140 7820
April 13- June 10, 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ml
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 500 1250 3200 300 1310
wheat clover 0 0 1200 1700 730
1st year com rygrlvetch 1850 550 1700 6100 2550
2nd year corn ryegrass 500 8200 1000 1800 2880
continuous corn rygrlvetch 550 600 2300 400 960
rep means 680 2120 1880 2060 1690
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 1800 1700 2300 5250 2760
wheat clover 1200 200 1750 1300 1110
1st year com rygrlvetch 2600 0 1400 1000 1250
2nd year com ryegrass 2300 0 4000 2400 2180
continuous corn rygrlvetch 1500 700 200 300 680
rap means 1880 520 1930 2050 1600

rep means 1280 1320 1910 2060 1640

 

89

 

 

 

 

 

14912244926210
June 11- July 7, 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ml
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 0 ' 2900 1700 100 1180
wheat clover 0 0 50 50 30
1st year com - rygrlvetch 1350 0 1600 3700 1660
2nd year com ryegrass 0 1 100 900 2400 1 100
continuous com rygrlvetch 0 200 2350 250 700
rep means 270 840 1320 1300 930
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 1400 3300 3750 100 2140
wheat clover ' 500 0 300 0 200
1st year com rygrlvetch 2000 0 2300 , 200 1130
2nd year com ryegrass 2300 1800 1000 2300 1850
continuous corn rygrlvetch 2700 200 500 0 850
rep means 1780 1060 1570 520 1230
rep means 1030 950 1450 910 1080
July 8- Sept. 22, 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ml
COMPOST
soybean cover1 3400 so 550 500 1130
wheat clover 0 0 300 0 80
lst year com rygrlvetch 450 200 350 0 250
2nd-year com ryegrass 50 0 250 800 280
continuous com rygrlvetch 0 1800 0 100 480
rep means 780 410 290 280 440
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 400 600 550 400 540
wheat clover 0 0 300 0 80
1st year com rygrlvetch 0 50 350 0 100
2nd year com ryegrass 0 600 2700 0 830
continuous com rygrlvetch 500 0 50 300 210
rep means 180 290 790 140 350

rep means 480 350 540 210 400

 

90

 

 

 

 

 

W
Sept. 23- Oct. 26. 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ml
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 250 3700 950 0 1230
wheat clover 2800 0 450 300 900
lst year corn rygrlvetch 2650 0 0 1100 940
2nd year com ryegrass 0 0 4000 0 1000
continuous com rygrlvetch 0 700 2600 2800 1530
rep means 1 140 880 1600 840 1120
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 750 1600 1300 0 960
wheat clover 4300 2350 5700 0 3090
lst year com rygrlvetch 700 0 50 0 190
2nd year com ryegrass 1300 450 9900 3650 3840
continuous com rygrlvetch 4600 1600 0 0 1550
rep means 2330 1240 3390 730 1930
rep means 1740 1060 2500 790 1520
Oct. 27- Nov. 30, 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ml
COMPOST
soybean cover1 0 0 300 0 80
wheat clover 500 0 200 0 180
1st year com rygrlvetch 800 50 0 300 290
2nd year corn ryegrass 0 13900 700 250 3710
continuous com rygrlvetch 0 500 500 0 250
rep means 260 2890 340 1 10 900
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 300 0 325 50 170
wheat clover 500 300 700 0 380
1st year com rygrlvetch 0 0 50 0 10
2nd year corn ryegrass 300 100 900 0 330
continuous corn rygrlvetch 500 0 200 0 180
rep means 320 80 440 10 210
rep means 290 1490 390 60 560

 

‘ soybean has no cover crop present, but designation shows plot history

91

Table 6.2. Lysimeter leachate Nos-N concentrations comparing compost and
fertilizer treatments on each sampling date in 1993.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nov. 25. 1992- Jan. 11, 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
--------—-ppm in water
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 19.0 72.3 55.1 7.5 36.5
wheat clover 56.9 59.0 80.5 27.8 56.0
151 year com rygrlvetch 80.9 65.1 59.5 75.1 70.1
2nd year corn ryegrass 48.0 84.3 88.9 7.8 57.2
continuous corn rygrlvetch 77.9 26.0 66.8 0.0 42.7
rep means 56.5 61.3 70.2 23.6 52.9
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 37.6 30.7 60.0 35.4 41.0
wheat clover 18.0 7.9 45.3 53.7 31.2
1st year com rygrlvetch 80.9 11.8 78.9 17.7 47.3
2nd year com ryegrass 78.8 72.9 80.8 72.1 76.1
continuous com rygrlvetch 74.9 58.2 32.9 17.5 45.9
rep means 58.1 36.3 59.6 39.3 48.3
rep means 57.3 48.8 64.9 31.5 50.6
Jan. 12- March 2. 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ppm in water
COMPOST
soybean cover1 1.0 0.0 50.9 0.0 13.0
wheat clover 60.2 0.0 127.3 17.6 51.3
1st year com rygrlvetch 131.3 82.8 84.3 103.8 100.5
2nd year corn ryegrass 48.5 156.8 51.4 6.4 65.7
continuous com rygrlvetch 116.9 1.8 84.5 3.4 51.6
rep means 71.6 48.3 79.7 26.2 56.4
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 36.3 2.3 5.0 0.0 10.9
wheat clover 21.5 10.9 0.0 46.5 19.7
lst year corn rygrlvetch 139.5 10.8 113.7 0.0 66.0
2nd year com ryegrass 6.3 0.0 0.0 78.1 21.1
continuous com rygrlvetch 108.1 84.9 0.0 0.0 48.3
rep means 62.4 21.8 23.7 24.9 33.2

rep means 67.0 35.0 51.7 25.6 44.8

 

lemmas

 

 

 

 

 

March 3- April 12, 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ppm In water
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 5.1 116.2 53.3 13.3 47.0
wheat clover 0.0 0.0 109.0 49.6 39.6
tst year com rygrlvetch 129.2 0.0 66.0 42.9 59.5
2nd year com ryegrass 3.6 129.6 197.9 2.1 83.3
continuous corn rygrlvetch 1.5 1.5 68.7 0.0 17.9
rep means 27.9 49.4 99.0 21.6 49.5
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 2.2 11.0 2.1 16.9 6.0
wheat clover 2.3 1.1 36.5 10.2 12.5
1st year com rygrlvetch 3.3 66.9 2.6 0.0 18.2
2nd year com ryegrass 13.0 82.5 64.7 67.7 57.0
continuous com rygrlvetch 1.3 1.5 22.3 0.6 6.4
rep means 4.4 32.6 25.6 19.1 20.4
rep means 16.1 41.0 62.3 20.3 34.9
April 13- June 10, 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ppm in water
COMPOST
soybean cover1 40.9 134.9 35.2 16.5 56.9
wheat clover 0.0 0.0 100.5 88.4 47.2
1st year corn rygrlvetch 127.3 99.1 70.4 70.5 91.8
2nd year corn ryegrass 15.7 78.5 211.6 14.4 80.0
continuous com rygrlvetch 84.7 15.8 61.3 8.3 42.5
rep means 53.7 65.6 95.8 39.6 63.7
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 27.9 37.4 57.4 40.6 40.8
wheat clover 39.1 15.2 42.6 88.8 46.4
1st year corn rygrlvetch 120.6 0.0 95.5 36.8 63.2
2nd year com ryegrass 58.6 0.0 47.9 56.3 40.7
continuous corn rygrlvetch 150.8 75.1 38.2 14.2 69.6
rep means 79.4 25.5 56.3 47.4 52.2
rep means 66.6 45.6 76.0 43.5 57.9

 

93

 

 

 

 

 

museum
June 11- July 7. 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
---—--—---ppm in water
COMPOST ‘
soybean cover1 0.0 124.6 43.4 16.5 46.1
wheat clover 0.0 0.0 94.8 62.1 39.2
tst year com rygrlvetch 119.4 0.0 73.0 55.1 61.9
2nd year com ryegrass 0.0 54.5 211.9 34.2 75.2
continuous com rygrlvetch 0.0 64.1 67.7 7.4 34.8
rep means 23.9 48.6 98.2 35.1 51.4
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 40.4 64.9 70.1 47.6 55.6
wheat clover 31.0 0.0 51.0 0.0 20.5
1st year com rygrlvetch 115.0 0.0 109.8 36.2 65.2
2nd year com ryegrass 68.2 145.6 38.1 44.4 74.1
continuous com rygrlvetch 151.3 98.6 39.6 0.0 72.4
rep means 81.2 61.8 61.7 25.7 57.6
rep means 52.5 55.2 79.9 30.4 54.5
July 8. Sept. 22, 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ppm in water
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 60.5 121.7 45.5 17.6 66.4
wheat clover 0.0 0.0 103.5 0.0 25.9
1st year corn rygrlvetch 117.3 121.7 71.5 0.0 77.6
2nd year com ryegrass 20.9 0.0 147.2 34.4 50.6
continuous com rygrlvetch 0.0 61.4 0.0 24.2 21.4
rep means 43.7 61.0 73.5 15.3 48.4
FERTILZER
soybean cover‘ 45.4 61.6 75.2 45.6 57.0
wheat clover 0.0 0.0 48.9 0.0 12.2
1st year com rygrlvetch 0.0 24.1 116.4 0.0 35.1
2nd year com ryegrass 0.0 0.0 13.8 0.0 3.5
continuous com rygrlvetch 146.6 0.0 34.5 17.5 49.6
rep means 38.4 17.2 57.6 12.6 31.5

rep means 41.1 39.1 65.6 14.0 39.9

 

94

 

 

 

 

 

W
Sept. 23- Oct. 26, 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
---------ppm in water
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 90.1 90.1 34.1 0.0 53.6
wheat clover 35.3 0.0 38.5 95.0 42.2
1st year com rygrlvetch 2.5 0.0 0.0 16.1 4.7
2nd year com ryegrass 0.0 0.0 58.1 0.0 14.5
continuous com rygrlvetch 0.0 43.6 10.7 3.8 14.5
rep means 25.6 26.7 28.3 23.0 25.9
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 44.6 50.5 46.6 0.0 36.0
wheat clover 10.4 26.8 6.4 0.0 10.9
151 year corn rygrlvetch 91.7 0.0 114.8 0.0 51.6
2nd year com ryegrass 38.7 89.8 3.3 38.8 42.6
continuous corn rygrlvetch 54.5 88.0 0.0 0.0 35.6
rep means 48.0 51.0 34.6 7.8 35.3
rep means 36.8 38.9 31.4 15.4 30.6
Oct. 27- Nov. 30, 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ppm in water
COMPOST
soybean cover1 0.0 0.0 36.9 0.0 9.2
wheat clover 34.5 0.0 40.1 0.0 18.6
1st year com rygrlvetch 4.7 37.2 0.0 10.9 13.2
2nd year com ryegrass 0.0 3.8 115.3 6.6 31.4
continuous com rygrlvetch 0.0 49.8 5.0 0.0 13.7
rep means 7.8 18.1 39.5 3.5 17.2
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 52.1 0.0 54.4 130.3 59.2
wheat clover 9.5 34.6 8.3 0.0 13.1
1st year corn rygrlvetch 0.0 0.0 77.8 0.0 19.4
2nd year com ryegrass 50.3 91.8 5.1 0.0 36.8
continuous corn rygrlvetch 53.5 0.0 43.8 0.0 24.3
rep means 33.1 25.3 37.8 26.1 30.6
rep means 20.5 21.7 38.6 14.8 23.9

 

‘ soybean has no cover crop present, but designation shows plot history

95

Table (3.3. Calculated lysimeter Nos-N leachate losses per acre comparing
compost and fertilizer treatments on each sampling date in 1993.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Nov. 25. 1992- Jan. 11, 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
' lbs NOyN/acre
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 3.0 10.6 29.0 0.4 10.8
wheat clover 9.1 6.3 85.9 3.9 26.3
1st year com rygrlvetch 45.5 12.7 26.5 27.6 28.1
2nd year com ryegrass 4.0 18.6 20.7 0.5 10.9
continuous com rygrlvetch 12.0 3.9 57.2 0.0 18.3
rep means 14.7 10.5 43.8 6.5 18.9
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 25.0 2.9 18.3 5.7 13.0
wheat clover 1.9 0.9 15.5 6.3 6.2
1st year corn rygrlvetch 77.2 1.8 24.7 0.8 26.1
2nd year com ryegrass 78.4 9.5 99.4 40.5 57.0
continuous corn rygrlvetch 25.6 29.9 4.7 1.1 15.3
rep means 41.6 9.0 32.5 10.9 23.5
rep means 28.2 9.7 38.2 8.7 21.2
Jan. 12- March 2. 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
lbs NOa-N/acre
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 2.6 0.0 6.9 0.0 2.4
wheat clover 0.7 0.0 1.6 0.2 0.6
1st year corn rygrlvetch 9.6 1.0 1.6 2.5 3.7
2nd year corn ryegrass 5.3 70.9 0.3 0.2 19.2
continuous com rygrlvetch 7.2 0.7 11.4 0.1 4.8
rep means 5.1 14.5 4.3 0.6 6.1
FERTILIZER .
soybean cover‘ 11.5 4.7 14.1 0.0 7.6
wheat clover 3.2 0.3 0.0 1.1 1.2
1st year corn rygrlvetch 9.4 0.9 1.4 0.0 2.9
2nd year corn ryegrass 4.6 0.0 0.0 35.3 10.0
continuous corn rygrlvetch 6.6 17.1 0.0 0.0 5.9
rep means 7.1 4.6 3.1 7.3 5.5
rep means 6.1 9.6 3.7 4.0 5.8

 

lame—95M

 

 

 

 

 

March 3- April 12. 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
lbs NO3-N/acre
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 0.1 5.7 16.9 0.3 6.2
wheat clover 0.0 0.0 4.0 75.5 19.9
151 year com rygrlvetch 3.2 0.0 1.6 22.5 6.8
2nd year com ryegrass 9.9 14.3 12.1 4.9 10.3
continuous com rygrlvetch 4.2 2.2 13.4 0.0 5.0
rep means 3.5 4.4 10.0 20.6 9.6
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 5.9 0.3 5.9 0.2 3.1
wheat clover 6.5 3.2 0.9 0.3 2.7
1st year com rygrlvetch 9.4 0.4 9.0 0.0 4.7
2nd year com ryegrass 36.9 1.0 5.5 13.2 14.2
continuous corn rygrlvetch 0.8 4.3 0.3 0.9 1.6
rep means 11.9 1.8 4.3 2.9 5.2
rep means 7.7 3.1 7.2 11.8 7.4
April 13- June 10, 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
lbs NOg-N/acre
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 2.5 20.6 13.6 0.4 9.3
wheat clover 0.0 0.0 14.7 18.4 8.3
tst year corn rygrlvetch 28.8 6.7 14.6 52.6 25.7
2nd year com ryegrass 1.0 78.7 25.9 3.2 27.2
continuous com rygrlvetch 5.7 1.2 17.2 0.4 6.1
rep means 7.6 21.4 17.3 15.0 15.3
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 6.1 7.6 16.1 26.2 14.1
wheat clover 5.7 0.4 9.1 14.1 7.3
1st year corn rygrlvetch 38.4 0.0 16.4 4.5 14.8
2nd year com ryegrass 16.5 0.0 23.5 16.5 14.1
continuous corn rygrlvetch 27.7 6.4 0.9 0.5 8.9
rep means 18.9 2.9 13.2 12.4 11.8
rep means 13.2 12.2 15.2 13.7 13.6

 

lam-3.9.0131

 

 

 

 

 

June 11- July 7. 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
lbs NOeracre
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 0.0 44.2 9.0 0.2 13.4
wheat clover 0.0 0.0 0.6 0.4 0.2
1st year com rygrlvetch 19.7 0.0 14.3 25.0 14.7
2nd year com ryegrass 0.0 7.3 23.3 10.1 10.2
continuous com rygrlvetch 0.0 1.6 19.5 0.2 5.3
rep means 3.9 10.6 13.3 7.2 8.8
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 6.9 26.2 32.1 0.6 16.5
wheat clover 1.9 0.0 1.9 0.0 0.9
tst year com rygrlvetch 28.1 0.0 30.9 0.9 15.0
2nd year corn ryegrass 10.0 32.1 4.7 12.5 14.8
continuous com rygrlvetch 50.0 2.4 2.4 0.0 13.7
rep means 19.4 12.1 14.4 2.8 12.2
rep means 11.7 11.4 13.9 5.0 10.5
July 8- Sept. 22, 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
lbs NOyN/BCTB
COMPOST
soybean cover1 33.5 0.7 3.1 1.1 9.6
wheat clover 0.0 0.0 3.8 0.0 1.0
1st year com rygrlvetch 6.5 3.0 3.1 0.0 3.1
2nd year com ryegrass 0.1 0.0 4.5 3.4 2.0
continuous com rygrlvetch 0.0 13.5 0.0 0.3 3.5
rep means 8.0 3.4 2.9 1.0 3.8
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 2.2 6.0 5.1 2.2 3.9
wheat clover 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.0 0.4
1st year com rygrlvetch 0.0 0.2 5.0 0.0 1.3
2nd year corn ryegrass 0.0 10.9 4.6 0.0 3.9
continuous com rygrlvetch 9.0 0.0 0.2 0.6 2.5
rep means 2.2 3.4 3.3 0.6 2.4
rep means 5.1 3.4 3.1 0.8 3.1

 

 

 

 

 

 

W
Sept. 23- Oct. 25. 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
lbs N03-N/acre
COMPOST
soybean cover1 2.8 40.6 4.0 0.0 11.9
wheat clover 12.1 0.0 2.1 4.4 4.6
1st year com rygrlvetch 0.8 0.0 0.0 2.2 0.7
2nd year com ryegrass 0.0 0.0 28.4 0.0 7.1
continuous com rygrlvetch 0.0 3.7 3.4 1.3 2.1
rep means 3.1 8.9 7.6 1.6 5.3
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 4.1 11.1 7.7 0.0 5.7
wheat clover 5.5 7.7 4.4 0.0 4.4
1st year com rygrlvetch 7.9 0.0 0.7 0.0 2.1
2nd year corn ryegrass 6.2 4.9 4.0 17.3 8.1
continuous com rygrlvetch 30.7 17.2 0.0 0.0 12.0
rep means 10.8 8.2 3.4 3.5 6.5
rep means 7.0 8.5 5.5 2.5 5.9
Oct. 27- Nov. 30, 1993 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
lbs N03-N/acre
COMPOST
soybean cover1 0.0 0.0 1.4 0.0 0.3
wheat clover 2.1 0.0 1.0 0.0 0.8
tst year com rygrlvetch 0.5 0.2 0.0 0.4 0.3
2nd year corn ryegrass 0.0 6.5 9.9 0.2 4.1
continuous corn rygrlvetch 0.0 3.0 0.3 0.0 0.8
rep means 0.5 1.9 2.5 0.1 1.3
FERTILIZER
soybean cover' 1.9 0.0 2.2 0.6 1.2
wheat clover 0.6 1 .3 0.7 0.0 0.6
1st year com rygrlvetch 0.0 0.0 0.5 0.0 0.1
20d year com ryegrass 1.9 1.1 0.6 0.0 0.9
continuous corn rygrlvetch 3.3 0.0 1.1 0.0 1.1
rep means 1.5 0.5 1.0 0.2 0.8
rep means 1.0 1.2 1.7 0.1 1.0

 

‘ soybean has no cover crop present, but designation shows plot history

99

Table (3.4. Lysimeter leachate volumes comparing compost and fertilizer
treatments on each sampling date in 1994.

 

 

 

Dec. 1. 1993— March 2. 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ml
COMPOST
soybean cover1 0 23200 5800 6300 8830
wheat clover 600 500 800 0 480

1 st year com rygrlclove 4800 6100 6600 5000 5630
2nd year corn ryegrass 19600 1500 4900 5600 7900

 

 

 

 

continuous corn rygrlclove 7200 1650 11300 700 5210
rep means 6440 6590 5880 3520 5610
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 10600 2200 9600 6200 7700
wheat clover 800 200 0 2400 850
1st year com rygrlclove 6300 7400 8500 3250 6360
2nd year corn ryegrass 9400 400 5600 1800 4300
continuous corn rygrlclove 2900 2550 3350 3200 3000
rep means 6040 2550 5410 3770 4440
rep means 6240 4570 5650 3650 5030
March 3- April 4. 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ml
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 0 23400 6700 3200 6630
wheat clover 300 0 500 0 200
1st year com rygrlclove 2400 2000 2400 2900 2430
2nd year com ryegrass 7250 950 1800 2200 3050
continuous corn rygrlclove 900 200 4700 1000 1700
rep means 2170 5310 3620 1860 3240
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 4300 450 3700 2500 2740
wheat clover 100 200 0 0 80
1st year com rygrlclove 6000 2750 500 2400 2910
2nd year corn ryegrass 4700 600 3900 1500 2680
continuous com rygrlclove 1700 3250 2500 1500 2240
rep means 3360 1450 2120 1 580 2130

rep means 2770 3380 2870 1720 2690

 

100

 

 

19W!)

April 5- June 27, 1994 PLOT

TREATMENT COVER REP1 REP2 REP 3 REP4 MEAN
ml

COMPOST

soybean cover‘ 500 6000 12400 750 4910

wheat clover 50 0 0 0 10

1st year com rygrlclove 4600 4600 7800 1500 4630
2nd year com ryegrass 16900 1400 1500 2500 5580

 

 

 

continuous com rygrlclove 2900 650 10700 0 3560
rep means 4990 2530 6480 950 3740
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 9500 200 10500 11200 7650
wheat clover 0 0 0 0 0
151 year corn rygrlclove 5200 50 6300 0 2890
2nd year com ryegrass 1300 100 2700 2000 1530
continuous com rygrlclove 1400 23200 1800 1500 6980
rep means 3480 4710 4260 2940 3850
rep means 4240 3620 5370 1950 3790
June 28- July 29, 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ml
COMPOST
soybean cover1 0 250 1950 3750 1490
wheat clover 150 0 200 0 90
1st year com rygrlclove 0 1750 150 2300 1050
2nd year com ryegrass 400 2200 0 5100 1930
continuous com rygrlclove 0 250 1800 2450 1 130
rap means 1 10 890 820 2720 1 140
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 1600 650 700 500 860
wheat clover 0 0 0 0 0
1st year com rygrlclove 9950 0 0 450 2600
2nd year com ryegrass 1500 350 200 150 550
continuous com rygrlclove 350 1900 0 300 640
rap means 2680 580 180 280 930

rep means 1400 740 500 1 500 1030

 

101

 

 

 

 

 

liable 6,4, (cgnrgl
July 30- Aug. 29, 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ml
COMPOST
soybean cover1 150 0 3500 0 910
wheat clover 0 400 0 0 100
1st year com rygrlclove 0 0 0 0 0
2nd year com ryegrass 4500 6050 0 0 2640
continuous com rygrlclove 0 200 3350 0 890
rap means 930 1330 1 370 0 910
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 1150 0 0 100 310
wheat clover 2050 950 0 0 750
1st year com rygrlclove 4700 0 400 5000 2530
2nd year com ryegrass 3850 0 0 0 960
continuous com rygrlclove 350 0 0 0 90
rep means 2420 190 80 1020 930
rep means 1680 760 730 510 920
Aug. 30- Oct. 21, 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ml
COMPOST
soybean cover1 0 o 1050 3500 1140
wheat clover 0 0 300 0 80
1st year com rygrlclove 0 0 550 2500 760
2nd year com ryegrass 450 300 300 700 440
continuous corn rygrlclove 0 300 250 1500 510
rep means 90 120 490 1640 590
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 0 0 700 300 250
wheat clover 950 350 1000 . 0 580
1st year com rygrlclove 400 100 1000 400 480
2nd year corn ryegrass 650 0 550 150 340
continuous corn rygrlclove 700 1200 0 600 630
rep means 540 330 650 290 460

rep means 320 230 570 970 520

 

102

 

 

. d
Oct. 22- Dec. 5. 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ml
COMPOST
soybean cover1 0 0 3650 400 1010
wheat clover 0 1250 400 0 410
lst year com rygrlclove 5200 1 150 1450 1300 2280
2nd year corn ryegrass 850 7650 0 7500 4000
continuous com rygrlclove 100 0 1150 2000 810
rep means 1230 2010 1330 2240 1700
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 1500 3500 2500 1500 2250
wheat clover 1400 1600 1750 300 1260
lst year com rygrlclove 4500 100 5000 400 2500
2nd year com ryegrass 12900 0 1750 400 3760
continuous com rygrlclove 9300 800 1250 2650 3500
rep means 5920 1200 2450 1050 3650
rep means 3580 1600 1890 1650 2180

 

‘ soybean has no cover crop present, but designation shows plot history

103

Table 6.5. Lysimeter leachate NO;-N concentrations comparing compost
and fertilizer treatments on each sampling date in 1994.

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dec.1, 1993— March 2. 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ppm in water
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 0.0 1.6 8.0 5.8 3.6
wheat clover 90.4 89.6 23.9 0.0 51 .0
1st year com rygrlclove 20.4 29.3 19.8 83.3 38.2
2nd year com ryegrass 5.8 17.6 13.0 3.0 9.9
continuous com rygrlclove 36.1 35.3 2.9 11.4 21.4
rep means 30.5 34.7 13.5 20.7 24.9
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 24.5 61.6 7.2 25.0 34.6
wheat clover 50.2 53.7 0.0 81 .8 46.4
1st year com rygrlclove 6.9 26.8 3.5 147.7 46.2
2nd year com ryegrass 70.0 38.9 41.6 52.6 50.7
continuous corn rygrlclove 35.9 71.1 72.5 32.6 53.0
rep means 37.5 54.4 25.0 67.9 46.2
rep means 34.0 44.6 19.2 44.3 35.5
March 3- April 4. 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ppm in water
COMPOST
soybean cover1 0.0 1.1 5.0 4.7 2.7
wheat clover 86.9 0.0 24.2 0.0 27.8
1st year com rygrlclove 12.9 13.9 16.6 55.4 24.7
2nd year com ryegrass 6.2 10.7 6.1 1.8 6.2
continuous com rygrlclove 12.2 23.5 3.7 9.0 12.1
rep means 23.6 9.8 11.1 14.2 14.7
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 20.9 67.4 9.7 15.6 26.4
wheat clover 50.1 55.4 0.0 0.0 26.4
1st year com rygrlclove 7.3 17.9 4.4 128.2 39.5
2nd year com ryegrass 42.3 38.3 14.7 51.6 36.7
continuous com rygrlclove 31.0 57.5 70.7 31.6 47.7
rep means 30.3 47.3 19.9 45.4 35.7

rep means 27.0 28.6 15.5 29.8 25.2

 

MW!!!

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

April 5- June 27, 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ppm in water
COMPOST
soybean cover1 27.3 5.7 12.8 10.3 14.0
wheat clover 66.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 16.6
1st year com rygrlclove 16.0 2.1 27.5 37.6 20.8
2nd year com ryegrass 10.4 4.9 7.3 16.5 9.8
continuous com rygrlclove 11.7 17.1 8.6 0.0 9.4
rep means 26.3 6.0 11.2 12.9 14.1
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 25.5 43.7 17.0 18.1 26.1
wheat clover 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1st year com rygrlclove 29.0 15.6 12.4 0.0 14.3
2nd year corn ryegrass 34.6 39.5 9.1 45.9 32.2
continuous com rygrlclove 19.6 38.6 68.8 28.5 38.9
rep means 21.7 27.5 21.4 18.5 22.3
rep means 24.0 16.7 16.3 15.7 18.2
June 28- July 29, 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ppm in water
COMPOST
soybean cover1 0.0 12.9 15.4 12.1 10.1
wheat clover 70.7 0.0 24.4 0.0 23.8
151 year corn rygrlclove 0.0 30.0 34.8 37.8 25.7
2nd year com ryegrass 11.0 6.2 0.0 3.9 5.3
continuous com rygrlclove 0.0 17.8 10.7 6.0 8.6
rep means 16.3 13.4 17.1 12.0 14.7
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 26.2 43.0 19.9 22.6 28.0
wheat clover 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1st year com rygrlclove 31.3 0.0 0.0 60.0 22.8
2nd year com ryegrass 38.8 41.3 15.6 40.2 34.0
continuous corn rygrlclove 18.6 29.3 0.0 33.2 20.3
rep means 23.0 22.7 7.1 31.2 21.0
rep means 19.7 18.0 12.1 21.6 17.8

 

105

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

mm
July 30- Aug. 29, 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ppm in water
COMPOST
soybean cover1 21 .8 0.0 7.6 0.0 7.4
wheat clover 0.0 67.1 0.0 0.0 16.8
1st year com rygrlclove 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2nd year com ryegrass 2.7 1.8 0.0 0.0 1.1
continuous com rygrlclove 0.0 17.2 1.6 0.0 4.7
rep means 4.9 17.2 1.8 0.0 6.0
FERTILZER
soybean cover1 25.0 0.0 0.0 23.9 12.2
wheat clover 30.2 9.6 0.0 0.0 10.0
151 year com rygrlclove 15.6 0.0 15.0 58.8 22.3
2nd year com ryegrass 45.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.3
continuous corn rygrlclove 16.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0
rep means 26.4 1.9 3.0 16.5 12.0
rep means 15.7 9.6 2.4 8.3 9.0
Aug. 30- Oct. 21. 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ppm in water
COMPOST
soybean cover1 0.0 0.0 8.5 11.4 5.0
wheat clover 0.0 0.0 17.6 0.0 4.4
151 year corn rygrlclove 0.0 0.0 35.8 36.1 18.0
2nd year com ryegrass 3.5 2.5 10.5 5.5 5.5
continuous com rygrlclove 0.0 17.5 2.6 5.4 6.4
rep means 0.7 4.0 15.0 11.7 7.8
FERTILIZER
soybean cover' 0.0 0.0 21.0 22.9 11.0
wheat clover 29.8 10.4 52.1 0.0 23.1
1st year corn rygrlclove 20.8 15.6 13.0 62.2 27.9
2nd year corn ryegrass 44.4 0.0 11.4 34.1 22.5
continuous com rygrlclove 19.6 24.0 0.0 30.2 18.4
rep means 22.9 10.0 19.5 29.9 20.6

rep means 11.8 7.0 17.3 20.8 14.2

 

 

 

 

Oct. 22- Dec. 5. 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
ppm in water
COMPOST
soybean cover1 0.0 0.0 9.0 10.6 4.9
wheat clover 0.0 47.3 14.9 0.0 15.5
1st year com rygrlclove 8.7 8.9 11.7 12.1 10.3
2nd year com ryegrass 2.2 1.0 0.0 1.9 1.3
continuous corn rygrlclove 14.7 0.0 1.9 1.4 4.5
rep means 5.1 11.4 7.5 5.2 7.3
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 27.1 26.8 20.1 23.6 24.4
wheat clover 9.2 6.7 28.3 63.7 27.0
lst year corn rygrlclove 16.9 17.5 2.7 73.5 27.6
2nd year com ryegrass 29.8 0.0 6.3 33.6 17.5
continuous com rygrlclove 2.5 16.1 61.0 9.0 22.2
rep means 17.1 13.4 23.7 40.7 23.7
rep means 11.1 12.4 15.6 23.0 15.5

 

‘ soybean has no cover crop present, but designation shows plot history

107

Table 6.6. Calculated lysimeter NO3-N leachate losses per acre comparing

compost and fertilizer treatments on each sampling date in 1994.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Dec. 1, 1993- March 2. 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
lbs NO3-N/acre
COMPOST
soybean cover1 0.0 4.5 5.7 4.5 3.7
wheat clover 6.6 5.5 2.3 0.0 3.6
tst year com rygrlclove 12.0 21.9 16.0 50.9 25.2
2nd year corn ryegrass 13.8 3.2 7.8 2.1 6.7
continuous corn rygrlclove 31.8 7.1 3.9 1.0 11.0
rep means 12.8 8.4 7.2 11.7 10.0
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 32.4 22.0 8.5 25.1 22.0
wheat clover 4.9 1.3 0.0 24.0 7.6
151 year corn rygrlclove 5.3 24.2 3.6 58.7 23.0
2nd year com ryegrass 80.4 1.9 28.5 11.6 30.6
continuous corn rygrlclove 12.7 22.2 29.7 12.8 19.3
rep means 27.2 14.3 14.1 26.4 20.5
rep means 20.0 11.4 10.6 19.1 15.3
March 3- April 4, 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
lbs N03-Nlacre
COMPOST
soybean cover1 0.0 3.2 5.3 2.1 2.6
wheat clover 3.2 0.0 1.0 0.0 1.1
151 year com rygrlclove 3.8 3.4 4.9 19.7 7.9
2nd year corn ryegrass 5.5 1.2 1.4 0.6 2.2
continuous corn rygrlclove 1.3 0.6 2.1 1.1 1.3
rep means 2.8 1.7 2.9 4.7 3.0
FERTILIZER
soybean cover‘ 11.0 3.7 4.4 4.8 6.0
wheat clover 0.6 1.4 0.0 0.0 0.5
1st year corn ~ rygrlclove 5.3 6.0 0.3 37.6 12.3
2nd year com ryegrass 24.3 2.8 7.0 9.5 10.9
continuous com rygrlclove 6.4 22.9 21.6 5.8 14.2
rep means 9.5 7.4 6.7 11.5 8.8
rep means 6.1 4.5 4.8 8.1 5.9

 

108

 

 

 

 

 

19mm
April 5- June 27, 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
lbs NO3-Nlacre
COMPOST
soybean cover1 1.7 4.2 20.2 0.9 6.8
wheat clover 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.1
1st year com rygrlclove 9.0 1.2 26.2 6.9 10.8
2nd year corn ryegrass 21.5 0.8 1.4 5.1 7.2
continuous corn rygrlclove 4.2 1.4 11.3 0.0 4.2
rep means 7.3 1.5 11.8 2.6 5.8
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 29.7 19.8 25.2 24.9 24.9
wheat clover 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1st year com rygrlclove 18.5 3.3 9.6 0.0 7.8
2nd year com ryegrass 18.2 2.9 3.0 11.2 8.8
continuous com rygrlclove 3.4 13.7 15.1 5.2 9.4
rep means 13.9 7.9 10.6 8.3 10.2
rep means 10.6 4.7 11.2 5.4 8.0
June 28- July 29, 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
lbs NOyN/acre
COMPOST
soybean cover‘ 0.0 0.4 3.7 5.6 2.4
wheat clover 1.3 0.0 0.6 0.0 0.5
lst year corn rygrlclove 0.0 6.4 0.6 10.6 4.4
2nd year com ryegrass 0.5 1.7 0.0 2.4 1.2
continuous corn rygrlclove 0.0 0.6 2.4 1.8 1.2
rep means 0.4 1.8 1.5 4.1 1.9
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 5.1 3.4 1.7 1.4 2.9
wheat clover 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
1st year com rygrlclove 38.1 0.0 0.0 1.5 9.9
2nd year com ryegrass 7.1 1.8 0.4 0.7 2.5
continuous com rygrlclove 0.8 6.8 0.0 1.8 2.4
rep means 10.2 2.4 0.4 1.1 3.5
rep means 5.3 2.1 0.9 2.6 2.7

 

16916 6.9, (ggngg)

 

 

 

 

 

July 30- Aug. 29. 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 4 MEAN
lbs NOleacre
COMPOST
soybean cover1 0.4 0.0 3.2 0.0 0.9
wheat clover 0.0 3.3 0.0 0.0 0.8
1st year corn rygrlclove 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0
2nd year com ryegrass 1.5 1.3 0.0 0.0 0.7
continuous com rygrlclove 0.0 0.4 0.7 0.0 0.3
rep means 0.4 1.0 0.8 0.0 0.5
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 3.5 0.0 0.0 0.3 1.0
wheat clover 7.6 1 .1 0.0 0.0 2.2
151 year corn rygrlclove 8.9 0.0 0.7 36.0 11.4
2nd year com ryegrass 21.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 5.3
continuous com rygrlclove 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.2
rep means 8.4 0.2 0.1 7.3 4.0
rep means 4.4 0.6 0.5 3.6 2.3
Aug. 30- Oct. 21, 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 4 MEAN
lbs NOyN/acre
COMPOST
soybean cover1 0.0 0.0 1.1 4.9 1.5
wheat clover 0.0 0.0 0.7 0.0 0.2
151 year com rygrlclove 0.0 0.0 2.4 11.0 3.4
2nd year com ryegrass 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.3
continuous corn rygrlclove 0.0 0.6 0.1 1.0 0.4
rep means 0.0 0.1 0.9 3.5 1.1
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 0.0 0.0 1.8 0.6 0.7
wheat clover 3.5 0.4 6.4 0.0 2.6
151 year corn rygrlclove 1.0 0.2 1.6 3.0 1.5
2nd year corn ryegrass 3.5 0.0 0.8 0.6 1.2
continuous corn rygrlclove 1.7 3.5 0.0 2.2 1.9
rep means 1.9 0.8 2.1 1.3 1.6
rep means 1.0 0.5 1.5 2.4 1.3

 

110

 

 

. t'
Oct. 22- Dec. 5. 1994 PLOT
TREATMENT COVER REP 1 REP 2 REP 3 REP 4 MEAN
lbs NOyN/acre
COMPOST
soybean cover1 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.5 1.1
wheat clover 0.0 7.2 0.7 0.0 2.0
1st year com rygrlclove 5.5 1.3 2.1 1.9 2.7
2nd year com ryegrass 0.2 1.0 0.0 1.7 0.7
continuous com rygrlclove 0.2 0.0 0.3 0.4 0.2
rep means 1.2 1.9 1.4 0.9 1.3
FERTILIZER
soybean cover1 5.0 11.5 6.1 4.3 6.7
wheat clover 1.6 1.3 6.1 2.3 2.8
1st year corn rygrlclove 9.3 0.2 1.6 3.6 3.7
2nd year corn ryegrass 47.0 0.0 1.3 1.7 12.5
continuous corn rygrlclove 2.9 1.6 9.3 2.9 4.2
rep means 13.1 2.9 4.9 3.0 6.0
rep means 7.2 2.4 3.2 1.9 3.7

 

‘ soybean has no cover crop present, but designation shows plot history

o-ro>\z clar- also;

Appendix H

Graphs

 

25°F

'3P<'0.05
”-P<-0.01

 

 

 

 

 

 

soybean

wheat

 

  

   

1st yr corn 2nd yr corn cont com

Figure H.1. Crop above-ground biomass N in 1993.

111

_.—r

 

Management

- compost
I fertilizer

0H0>-Z 9961' :00;

112

 

 

 

20'

 

     

 

 

       

Management

- compost

. i B B l E . .fertilizer
clover ryegrass/vetch ryegrass ryegrass/vetch

Figure H.2. Cover crop above-ground biomass N in 1993.

afin>\z mar- :00:

113

 

an
‘3

an
‘V

-= P<= 0.05

 

   

 

Management

- compost

 

 

- fertilizer

soybean wheat 1st yr com 2nd yr corn cont corn

Figure H.3. Crop above-ground biomass N in 1994.

smog

ro-io)~z 0061"

114

 

‘a P<- 0.05

 

60'

 

20‘

 

clover

Figure H. 4. Cover crop above-ground biomass N in 1994.

 

 

............ ‘ p,

ryegrass/clover ryeg

 

   

1'383

  

    

ryegrass/clover

 

Management

- compost
H fertilizer

z—oooz 3'01: 3 lb 0 g

115

 

 

I.)

 

 

Management

 

’2 ~O-e

 

 

(ll
\

compost- cover

COMPOSt- no cover

3 \ ’ e e e e e a
4 N. fertilizer- cover

fertilizer- no cover

 

0
I j 1 I i

434 ' 5719 ' 613 6116 8117

5/6 5I26 6111 7/14 9I16

9130

Figure H.5. Soil NOS-N of soybean in 1993.

 

10127

z—woz 31m 3 n e g

116

 

m I management
2' P<- 0.01

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

O O m
. 9
I ‘. -\
. 3., l .
1.9—LA: . a. \ 2 'm
0. ‘
If . ;‘4,.,1'.V:.. Management
~ 0. —
O
9
1 I! I} 2.4 compost- cover
’ - - -
e I ‘ I g -
a compost no cover
’ ¢ ' as ea
’95:». . fertilizer- cover
- - ~ I — a -
0? ' ' . . . . . ' ' fertilizer- no cover
4114 5119 613 6116 8117 9130
516 5126 611 1 7114 9116 10127

Figure H.6. Soil NOS-N of wheat with clover in 1993.

Z—(A’OZ 3‘09 300:

 

117

 

 

 

 

 

m - management
‘ P<- 0.05
l'\ . .\ Management
. \ ./~ 17 —
compost- cover
[3 compost- no cover

 

 

' eeeeee
\ '0 ’-x
\ ’1 '- fertilizer- cover

or _ _ . _ . 1 _ _ fertilizer- no cover
4114 5119 613 6116 8117 9130
516 5126 6111 7114 9116 10127

 

Figure H.7. Soil NO3-N of 1st yr com with ryegrass/vetch in 1993.

2—002 3131: :l n o g

118

 

m = management

' P «0.05
m P <3 0.001

 

 

 

Management

 

 

compost- cover

compost- no cover

fertilizer- cover

 

 

 

 

fertilizer- no cover

 

4114 ' 5719 ' 673 7 6716 ' 6717 9130
516 5126 6111 7/14 9116 10127

Figure H.8. Soil NO3-N of 2nd yr corn with ryegrass in 1993.

Z-woz Bun zoo;

119

 

m I management
' P <- 0.05

 

N

 

 

Management

 

compost- cover

compost- no cover

 

 

0

 

fertilizer- cover

 

fertilizer- no cover

 

5719 6'13
516 5126

4714

6716 f 6717 9130
6111 7114 9116 10127

Figure H.9. Soil NO3-N of continuous corn with ryegrass/vetch in 1993.

z—woz Sun :00:

120

 

m-mmmmn
c-wm

 

“' P<= 0.05
“ P<- 0.01

 

 

Management

 

 

 

-fl::==a-ee

COMPOSt- no cover

I I.
E compost- cover
/'~ ’
, 1-

fertilizer- cover

fertilizer- no cover

 

 

4111 514 5716 6710 7711

 

1013 1118

Figure H.10. Soil NO3-N of soybean in 1994.

z-woz Btu smog

121

 

 

 

 

Management

 

compost- cover

COMPOSt- no cover

 

 

fertilizer- cover

 

fertilizer- no cover

 

m-mmwmn
'P<-0.05
’m
—.—I
111-9“""00
'm
5 w; ------ .h
N. ‘ I
~ I
6’ an..." —
o T I T T I
4111 514 5118 6110 7111 1013

11/8

Figure H.11. Soil NO3-N of wheat with clover in 1994.

Z—woz sou : at o g

122

 

m 8 management

63%

 

I.)

" P <8 0.05
” P <8 0.01

 

 

Management

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

compost- cover

 

compost- no COVGI’

fertilizer— cover

fertilizer- no cover

 

4111 511 5716 6710 7711

17u3

1116

Figure H.12. Soil NO3-N of 2nd yr com with ryegrass in 1994.

z—woz 3'01: 3 91 o g

123

 

 

 

 

Management

 

compost- cover

compost- no cover

 

 

 

3
C 3 Cover
” P <' 0.01
2
2
1
1
~ e86 “009......
5qb;\, .._‘.24‘fl'.~:--$r
.2.....~~-“.‘-.“ ‘
.‘:II‘|“
0

 
 

fertilizer- cover

  

fertilizer- no cover

 

4111 514 5716

6710

771 1

1013 1116

Figure H.13. Soil NOS-N of continuous corn with ryegrass/clover in 1994.

«0'0 >\z_woz mor— 3190;

<90.

124

 

in

 

 

 

1/12~312 4/1 3-6/1 0 7/8-91‘22

     

11/25-1/11 3/3-4/12 6/11-7/7 9/23-10/26

Management

- compost

 

l”. -fertilizer

1 0-27-1 1/30

Figure H14. 1993 lysimeter NO3—N as daily mean per time period.

LIST OF REFERENCES

LIST OF REFERENCES

Alpert, J .E. 1987. Compost process and operations. Proceedings, on-farm
composting conference. University of Massachusetts, Amherst.
Jan. 15, 1987. pp.36-46.

Anonymous. 1980. Composting of farm manure. Project focus #8. Small Farm Energy
Project Primer. July 1980. pp. 35-40.

Anonymous. 19916. Farm-scale composting information package. Appropriate
technology transfer for rural areas, P. 0. Box 3657, Fayetteville, Arkansas, 72702.

Anonymous. 1991b. Managing Cover Crops Profitably. Sustainable ag. research
and education program. U.S.D.A. 342 Aerospace Center, Washington DC. 20250.

Bergstrom, L. 1987. Nitrate leaching and drainage from annual and perennial
crops in tile-drained plots and lysimeters. J. Environ. Qua]. 16:11-18.

Biocycle. 1994. Transitional farmers expand compost markets. April 1994. pp. 54-55.

Brinsfield, RB, and K.W. Staver. 1991. Use of cereal grain cover crops for
reducing groundwater nitrate contamination in the Chesapeake Bay region.
pp. 79-82. In W. L. Hargrove (ed.). Cover crops for clean water. Proc. Int. Conf.
Jackson, TN. April 9-11, 1991. Soil and Water Conservation Society.

Christensen, D.R., DD. Wamcke, M.L. Vitosh, L.W. Jacobs and JG. Dahl. 1992.
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