MICHIGAN STATE UN

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This is to certify that the

thesis entitled

WOMEN'S PERCEPTION OF FATHER PARTICIPATION IN
CHILD CARE AND WOMEN'S SATISFACTION IN THE
ROLES OF MARRIAGE, PARENTING AND JOB

presented by

Darcey A. Owings

has been accepted towards fulfillment
of the requirements for

MASTER OF SCIENCEdegreein NURSING

 

Major professor

Date 4//\30/7‘?

0-7639 MS U is an Affirmative Action/Equal Opportunity Institution

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DATE DUE DATE DUE DATE DUE

 

MAY 1 1 1993

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

WOMEN'S PERCEPTION OF FATHER PARTICIPATION IN
CHILD CARE AND WOMEN'S SATISFACTION IN THE
ROLES OF MARRIAGE, PARENTING AND JOB

BY
Darcey A. Owings

A THESIS
Submitted to
Michigan State University
in partial fulfillment of the requirements
for the degree of

MASTER OF SCIENCE IN NURSING

1997

ABSTRACT
WOMEN'S PERCEPTION OF FATHER PARTICIPATION IN

CHILD CARE AND WOMEN'S SATISFACTION IN THE
ROLES OF MARRIAGE, PARENTING AND JOB

BY
Darcey A. Owings

The purpose of this study was to determine the
relationship between employed women's perception of father
participation in child care and women's satisfaction in the
roles of marriage, parenting and job. The sample consists
of 138 married women with children who are either university
professors or business women. The women have been
participating in a longitudinal study examining role
conflict. Results indicated a relationship between women's
perception of father participation in child care and women's
satisfaction in the marriage role. When families were
divided into those with only preschool and school aged
children and those with only teens the results differed.
Father participation was not related to women's satisfaction
in the marriage role in families with only teens.

Implications for advanced practice nursing are discussed.

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The completion of this thesis has been a long process
of stops and starts. I would like to thank Dr. Linda Beth
Tiedje for her guidance, support and friendship over the
years. I would also like to thank Lisa Levitt Newman for
her help preparing the questionnaire and Dr. Elizabeth Price

for her detective work tracking the study participants.

iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . .
LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . .
INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . .
Problem Statement . . .
Research Questions . . .
REVIEW OF LITERATURE . . . .
Conceptual Definitions .
Literature Review . . .
Home Role . . . . .

Cultural Differences
Job Role . . . . .
Parenting Role . .

Marriage Role . . .

Summary and Critique of the Literature

Theoretical Framework .
METHODS . . . . . . . . . . .
Selection of Subjects .
Procedure . . . . . . .

Human Subjects . . . . .

iv

Page
. vi

vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS (Cont.)

Operational Definitions]Instrumentation/Scoring

Role Satisfaction . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Father Participation in Child Care . . . .

Research Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Descriptive/Demographic Statistics . . . . . . .

Father Participation/Role Satisfaction . .

Inferential Statistics . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Research Question 1 . . . . . . . . . . . .

Research Question 2 . . . . . . . . . . . .

Research Question 3 . . . . . . . . . . . .

Summary of Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Relationship of Findings to Existing Literature

DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Limitations of Study . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Future Research . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Implications for Advanced Nursing Practice . . .

LIST OF REFERENCES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

APPENDICES O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

Page

34

LIST OF TABLES

Page

1 Role Satisfaction/Father Participation:

Description Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

vi

1

LIST OF FIGURES

Women's Role Satisfaction and Father Participation
in Child Care. Adapted from King, I.M. (1981).

Toward a Theory of Nursing . . . . . . . . . . . .

vii

Page

. 13

INTRODUCTION

In 1960 19 percent of married women with children under
six worked outside of the home along with 31 percent of
women with children between six and seventeen (U.S. Census
figures, 1960). By 1990, 0.8. Census figures indicated that
less then 3 percent of American families are the
"traditional” family, with the bread winner father and the
stay at home mother. The dual-career family has thus
emerged. Several reasons include; greater opportunities for
education leading to professional careers for women, desire
for an increased standard of living and hope of buffering
against a changing economy and corporate downsizing. With
the surge of women into the workforce, men are doing more
work at home and are more involved than fathers of the past
in the day-to-day job of caring for their children (Barnett
& Rivers, 1996). However, a significant gap remains in the
division of household labor and child care between men and
women. Men often don't voluntarily take on more
responsibility for child care and household tasks until
there is a need (Peterson & Gerson, 1992; Baruch & Barnett,
1987a; Brayfield, 1995). Father participation in child care
increases as the number of children increase and the number

of hours worked by the woman increase (Peterson & Gerson,

1

2
1982; Darling-Fisher & Tiedje, 1990). A positive maternal
attitude toward the male role within the family also
increases father participation in child care (Barnett &
Baruch, 1987; Ferree, 1988). As dual career families take
on the renegotiation of household chores and child care both
husbands and wives face changing roles. The purpose of
this study was to investigate the relationship between
father's participation in child care and satisfaction with
life roles of women.

Dual career families with children must divide
household chores and child care activities and cope with
multiple roles. A study by Cove and Zeiss (1987) reported a
positive relationship between multiple role occupancy and
general overall happiness. Both men and women reported
increased happiness with multiple role involvement.

However, multiple role occupancy can also be problematic.
Role overload is the most commonly reported of all daily
stresses in dual income couples and may negatively influence
emotions in both husbands and wives (Bolger, DeLongis,
Kessler, & Wethington, 1989; Paden & Buehler, 1995; Tiedje,
Wortman, Downey, Emmons, Biernat, & Lang, 1990). In a study
by Pleck (1985) role overload was significantly associated
with decreased well-being among women when they perceived
their husbands did too little child care.

Men and women reported increased marital satisfaction
when each perceived a high level of participation in

household chores and child care by their spouse. Husband's

3
of working wives reported lower life satisfaction than
husbands of nonworking wives and were more satisfied with
their marriages if their wives did more than their "fair
share" of house work and child care (Staines, Pottick &
Fudge, 1985; Barnett 8 Baruch, 1987b). Among wives there is
positive marital satisfaction when husbands do only their
share of family work (Staines & Libby, 1986). In support of
earlier research, a study by Barnett and Rivers (1996)
showed that men's and women's work and home lives are
interconnected. For both men and women what happens at home
affects what happens at work and vise versa. These studies
show the beginning of a trend to examine the overflow
effects of spouse's roles.
W

This study examined the relationship between employed
women's perception of father's participation in child care
and the women's role satisfaction as a wife, professional
and mother.

By studying the issue of women's role satisfaction in
relationship to father participation in child care the APN
can gain knowledge about the influence of multiple roles in
dual career couples. This knowledge will also help identify
the need for social policy changes, client education

strategies, and changes in work place policies.

8W

1. Is there a relationship between employed women's
perception of husband's participation in child care and
women's satisfaction with parenting?

2. Is there a relationship between employed women's
perception of husband's participation in child care and
women's satisfaction with their job?

3. Is there a relationship between employed women's
perception of husband's participation in child care and
women's satisfaction with marriage?

REVIEW OF LITERATURE

WW
Bglg_53ti§fagtign. Role satisfaction is the presence

of positive emotions related to a set of behaviors that are

part of a socially expected behavior pattern (Biddle &

Thomas, 1966). In this study the presence of positive

emotions about three roles, job, parenting and marriage are

investigated.

WWW. Father's
participation in child care is conceptualized as a series of
tasks which reflect physical care, teaching, support and a
wide range of activities fathers engage in with children
during the preschool, school age, and teen years (Barnett &
Baruch, 1987).

W
The literature correlating father participation in

child care and women's satisfaction in the parenting, wife

5
and professional roles generally supports the notion of a
positive correlation between these variables: as women
perceive greater father participation in child care, their
reported satisfaction in work, marriage and parenting is
increased. However, much of the literature does not
distinguish between child care and house work but combines
it into the terms family work or household work.

Women are widely reported to be dissatisfied with the
division of family work (Pleck, 1985; McHale & Crouter,
1992; Demo & Acock, 1993; Stohs, 1995). Women argue that
they are unhappy because their husbands do not participate
equitably in the time devoted to "female" chores such as
housework and child care (Pleck, 1985; Stohs, 1995; Benin &
Agostinelli, 1988). Unequal division of household tasks is
a predictor of conflict over household labor (Mederer,
1993). Dissatisfaction with the household division of labor
is highly and negatively correlated with overall conflict
(Suitor, 1991). Conflicts occur over the division of
household labor largely because women are less satisfied
with this division of labor (Stohs, 1995; Pleck, 1985).
Since a good marital relationship involves spending time
together, avoiding cycles of negative emotion and
negotiating household duties, it is logical that conflicts
over division of household labor would decrease marital
satisfaction (Montemayor, 1982).

Traditional role attitudes and division of family labor

in a non-traditional family system are reported as a source

6
of conflict. In support of this trend is the growing number
of collaborative couples. The couple, not just the woman is
responsible for household chores and nurturing the family.
In collaborative couples (Barnett & Rivers, 1996) both
husband and wife share the economic and household management
functions of the family. Many men feel a greater sense of
satisfaction from caring for their family than in the past.
Some men and women believe that fathers who stay home and
care for their children are just as capable of good
parenting as mothers.

Hgmg_Rgle. Hoffman (1983) hypothesized that a more
active father would alleviate the overload and stress of the
employed mother. As the mother's tasks are lessened, her
responsibilities and anxieties would decrease and she would
have more time for leisure. However, Barnett and Baruch
(1986), found that increased father participation was not
always better for women. Employed mothers whose husbands
participated in child care tasks were more self-critical and
likely to report that their own work interfered with their
family responsibilities. Barnett and Baruch (1986) also
reported that women did not report a decrease in conflicts
and tension when their husbands participated in family
chores. For women, increased father participation in child
care might mean a loss of autonomy and/or the loss of a
source of feeling competent (Hoffman, 1983). Even when
husbands happily shared in child care their wives felt more

"responsible" for the children (Hochschild, 1989). Schwartz

v -

7
(1994) discusses the closely knit and guarded world of
mothers. A father participating in child care enters a
female environment and may be treated as a temporary
substitute. When women see themselves as the "exclusive
nurturing parent", they may be reluctant to relinquish that
role (Hock, McBride, 8 Gnezda, 1989). In summary, the
literature supports a potential decrease in women's role
satisfaction when the father participates in child care.

Cultural_diffgrgnces. Cultural norms and values can
influence the women's perception of father participation and
how it relates to her satisfaction in parenting wife and job
roles. Brayfield (1992) studied French-Canadian and
English-Canadian dual earner couples with children. The
study showed that Canadian women in general had a greater
responsibility than Canadian men for traditional female
household duties. The French-Canadian couples were
generally more equitable in sharing the traditional female
tasks than the English-Canadian couples.

A study by Mirande (1988) reported that among the
Mexican-American population men view their paternal
responsibility as providing finances for basic necessities
such as food and shelter. Within the Mexican-American
population, father participation in child care and household
chores has increased as the economy demands women
participate in the financial aspect of family life. Despite
this, Mexican-American women keep the traditional female

chores of feeding and bathing the children (Mirande, 1988).

 

8

A study of Black families (Broman, 1988) reported that
black women are twice as likely as men to feel overworked by
household chores. In addition, black men who perform most
of the household chores are less satisfied with family life.
In contrast, Orbuch and Custer (1995) reported that,
traditionally, black men have participated in routine child
care whether their wives work or not.

lgb_ng1g. In the literature, father participation in
child care is linked to both increased and decreased women's
satisfaction in the job role. Krause and Markides (1985)
report positive job satisfaction in women only when husbands
share family work. With increased father participation in
child care, women potentially have greater opportunity for
increased occupational commitment (Hoffman, 1983). Opposing
findings were reported by Barnett and Baruch (1988). Wives
whose husbands participated in child care tasks were self-
blaming and expressed conflict between work and family.
Role spillover has also been linked to women's satisfaction
in the job role. In one study women didn't show effects of
role spillover from work to home like men (Bolger et al.,
1989b). However, later studies have documented work to home
and home to work spillover by both husbands and wives
(Bolger et al., 1989a).

Parenting_ngle. In the literature, father
participation in child care is linked to an increase in
women's role satisfaction with parenting. Women who

perceive equal participation in child care by their husbands

9

report greater satisfaction with their role as parents
(Stohs, 1995). Hoffman (1983) proposed increased father
participation in child care can also allow for increased
joint parental participation in family activities. Wives
view their own time spent on child care negatively when they
are dissatisfied with their husband's level of participation
in child care (Pleck, 1985). One can logically deduce a
decreased satisfaction with the role of parenting by the
wife when the husband's level of participation is small.

Mazziagg_nglg. In the literature father participation
in child care is linked to an increase in women's marital
role satisfaction. Wives report greater marital
satisfaction when their husbands do a fair share of family
work (Yogev & Brett, 1985; Staines & Libby, 1986;
Hochschild, 1989; suitor, 1991). In a study that looked at
behavior and attitudes about family work the women who
reported non traditional role attitudes about father
participation in child care but functioned in a traditional
woman's child care role reported lower ratings of marital
satisfaction (McHale & Crouter, 1992). Wives who felt over
worked as mothers evaluate their husbands more critically
(Barnett 8 Baruch, 1987) and thus may evaluate marital
satisfaction more negatively.
MW

In summary, the literature has reported predominantly

negative effects from lack of father participation in child

10
care on women's satisfaction in the roles of wife, parent,
and professional.

One short coming is that most studies were done with a
sample of white, middle class Americans (Bolger et al.,
1989; Baruch 8 Barnett, 1986; Darling-Fisher 8 Tiedje, 1990;
Paden 8 Buehler, 1995; Staines et al., 1985; Peterson 8
Gerson, 1992). This study also has a predominantly white,
middle class sample. Other studies comparing low, middle
and high income families and studies of other culture/races
need to be done. Comparison within and between these groups
could yield interesting results.

A second shortcoming is that the literature
concentrates on father participation in household labor and
family work (Pleck, 1985; Stohs, 1995; Benin 8 Agostinelli,
1988). As investigation of this topic continues father
participation in child care needs to be clearly separated
out from family work and household labor in general.

A third shortcoming is that much of the literature
describes the negative consequences and outcomes of the
participation or lack of participation of father's in child
care/ household chores (Barnett 8 Baruch 1986; Crouter,
Perry-Jenkins, Huston 8 McHale, 1987; Blaisure 8 Allen,
1995). Further studies need to be published with the
positive outcomes clearly spelled out.

This study addressed these gaps in the literature by:

1) clearly linking father participation to outcomes for

11
women, and 2) clearly, focusing on participation in child
care, not family work in general.
W

King (1981) utilized a systems framework as the basis
for developing her conceptual framework. In her framework
human beings are viewed as open systems interaCting with the
environment, each with permeable boundaries allowing an
exchange of matter, energy, and information. There are
three dynamic interacting systems: Personal systems,
interpersonal systems, and social systems. These three
systems interact with'and influence one another.

Other concepts integral to King's framework and the
study variables are interaction, perception, role, self,
communication and time. Each of these concepts can be
applied to one of the dynamic interaction systems: personal,
interpersonal and social. An individual's perceptions,
expectations, needs, values and goals influence their
reaction to persons, events and objects in the environment
(Gonot, 1983). -

For the purpose of this study the areas of King's
theory that will be used are perception, interpersonal
relations, and social system interaction. The lives of the
couples are described as dynamic interaction (Barnett 8
Rivers, 1996). Men's and women's work and home lives are
interconnected: a tug in one area sends vibrations-to
another. There are no clear boundaries between work and

home. Good experiences at home may buffer against problems

12

at work and vise versa. A holistic view of people is
important. People do not separate themselves into
categories such as worker or father that have no
connections. This is consistent with King's model. The
three systems are open, interacting with one another with
permeable boundaries. Women are mothers, wives and
professionals regardless of which system they are
interacting in at any given time. How women's perceptions
of father participation in child care influences women's
satisfaction in any one of the three roles, job, marriage
and parenting may spillover into the other roles (See Figure
1).

. In this study the three roles, job, marriage and
parenting are interpersonal systems in King's model.
Women's perceived satisfaction in each of the roles are
personal systems. Father participation in child care, as an
activity, is (part of the) an interpersonal system. .In the
study, women's perception of father's participation in child
care is being measured and is an intzapersonal system that
can be influenced by any or all of the three systems in
King's model. Women's perception of father's participation
in child care, in the presence of positive or negative
interactions from the three systems, influences women's
satisfaction in each of the roles of job, marriage and

parenting. The reported levels of satisfaction within the

13

   
 

/ IN'I‘ERPERSONAL SYSTEMS \
| 0 Job Role

| 0 Marriage Role

| 0 Parenting Role

: 0 Father Participation in Child Care

I
I
I
I
L_Z \ 3
1mm Personal System + PERSONAL SYSTEMS
I Women's Perception OII - IWomen's Satisfaction in Rolesl I
I Father Participation inl I . Job :
I
I
|

I + . P .
_______ 1__ _*_ arentmg

Figure 1. Women's Role Satisfaction and Father Participation
in Child Care. Adapted from King, I.M. (1981).
Toward a Theory of Nursing.

14
personal system are influenced by father participation in
the interpersonal systems. For the purposes of this study
the influence of social systems were not assessed.
METHODS
W

The women for this study were selected in 1985-86 from
two broadly defined occupational groups, university
professors and business women. Subjects were identified
through their employers. University professors were
identified from lists of instructional faculty provided by
the four largest universities in Michigan and the two
largest in the Chicago area. Business women were selected
from companies in geographic proximity to the universities.
The companies were identified by the criteria of having 50
or more employees, being located within a five-county area
in Michigan or in Cook County Illinois and having one of
four Standard Industrial Classification(SIC) codes. The SIC
codes corresponded to four industries that tend to attract
female professional-level employees: banking, accounting,
law and advertising. The sampling frame was stratified by
size into small, medium and large companies.

Telephone screening interviews were conducted to
determine the eligibility of each woman on the list.
Eligibility criteria included that the woman worked at least
30 hours per week, was married and currently living with a
husband and had at least one child between the ages of 1 and

5 years.

15

The original study consisted of a personal interview
and self administered questionnaire filled out at four month
intervals over a one year period of time (Waves I-IV, 1985-
86). Self administered questionnaires were also completed
by the participant's spouses at the first and fourth data
collection times (Wave I and Wave IV). Seven years later a
follow-up questionnaire was administered (Wave V) which
collected the data that serves as the basis for this study.
Only women completed the questionnaire in Wave V. The
spouses did not participate.

Prior to the questionnaire mailing at Wave V an attempt
was made to contact the original 200 participants. Each
participant was sent a letter with a return postcard to
confirm current address and willingness to participate.
Phone contact was also made with many of the participants to
confirm address, phone number and further participation in
study. From the original 200 women, 190 were located. Ten
of these women indicated the desire to remain in the study
but did not wish to participate in Wave V.

Procedure

Questionnaires were mailed to 180 women in the fall of
1992. The questionnaire asked about many issues regarding
women's roles, including questions about women's perception
of father participation in child care and women's
satisfaction with job, marriage and parenting roles. Life
Roles Satisfaction, Section LRS, questions LRSl,a-f, LR82,a-

f, and LRS3,a-f, pertained to women's satisfaction with job,

16
marriage and parenting. See Appendix B Questions about
father participation in child care are under Parenting,
Section P, question P3,a-l. See Appendix A An instruction
sheet with sample questions was included with the
questionnaire. Throughout the questionnaire instructions
specific to each section were provided.

In spring of 1993 follow-up postcards were sent to
participants who had not yet responded. Each participant
was given three choices, to continue the study (a new
questionnaire would be mailed); to continue the study and a
shortened version of the questionnaire would be mailed; or
to participate in a phone interview. In early 1994, one
hundred fifty-four women returned questionnaires, for an 85
percent response rate. Twenty-six participants failed to
return a questionnaire after repeated attempts at data
collection.

For the purpose of this study, only women who remain
married to their husband named in the original questionnaire
will be included. One hundred forty women reported
remaining married to their same husband. One hundred
thirty-eight women completed the questions providing data
for this study, two are missing data. The sample for this
study is one hundred thirty-eight.

In fall 1994 postcards were sent to the women who had
not responded. The postcard let the participants know that
their continued participation was desired and asked the

participants to update demographic information.

17

Data entry of the completed questionnaires was done by
the Institute for Public Policy and Social Research.
W

This study is a secondary analysis of already approved
research. An exempt review was sought and approved through
UCRIHS.

II .1 E El II' [I I I II [S I

Rg1g_ga;1§fagtign. Women's satisfaction in three
roles, job, marriage and parenting were measured using a
parallel six item scale adapted from Pearlin and Schooler
(1978). This scale includes three strains and three
satisfactions for each role. Participants were asked six
distinct questions to rate how often they had felt happy,
satisfied, frustrated or angry, enjoy themselves, or felt
insecure and unhappy. The response options were 1, "never
or almost never"; 2, "rarely"; 3, "sometimes"; 4, "often";
and 5, "always or almost always". Alpha coefficients for
this scale in the original study were .81 (job);
.89(marriage); and .81(parenting) (Tiedje et al., 1990).
The alpha coefficients for this study were .86 (job); .92
(marriage); and .83 (parenting).

Scoring for role satisfaction included reversing all
strain items prior to scoring, and then summing the six
items for each domain. Means were calculated reflecting the
summed items, higher numbers reflecting greater
satisfaction. Scoring was done in the same manner for this

study.

18

W- Husband
participation examined how the division of child care was
perceived by the woman. Participation in child care was
scored in twelve areas with the response options of 1,"wife
much more than husband"; 2, wife more than husband"; 3,
”both about the same"; 4, husband more than wife"; and 5,
”husband much more than wife". The first four items of
father participation in child care were adapted from the
Child Care Activities scale (CCAS) by Cronenwett, Sampselle
and Wilson (1988) and include physical care activities,
playing interactively, playing to teach new skills and
getting up at night. This tool provides a measure of
specific activities and looks at the parent's perception of
his/her contribution to child care in relation to that of
the spouse. In a study using the original data the alpha
coefficient was .94 (Tiedje, et al. 1990). The last eight
items to measure father participation in child care were
adapted from'Barnett and Baruch (1987a). They included
staying home when your child is sick; responding when a
child asks for something; making alternative arrangements
when baby-sitter cancels; driving to day care, school or
activities; planning and putting on birthday parties;
participating actively as den leader, coach, Sunday School
teacher, etc.; taking kids to zoo, museums, ball games, ice
skating, etc.; and hanging out watching TV, reading, talking
or just being with them. The children were originally

preschoolers in the first wave of data collected in 1985-86

19
and in 1993 were teenagers. New children may have been born
into the families as well. These later items were included
to reflect the older age of the children. No alpha
coefficient was reported for this instrument as this
adaptation has not been used in a study before. The alpha
coefficient for this study was .87.

For the purpose of this study the 12 areas have been
divided into tasks related to age, preschool, school age and
teenagers. -All twelve items related to child care are
relevant to preschoolers and school age children. Seven
areas have been assigned to teens: teaching about skills,
playing interactively; responding to questions; driving to
school or other activities; planning and putting on parties;
active part as den leader, coach, Sunday School teacher,
etc.; and hanging out with children. This division was done
and validated by a family researcher. Alpha coefficient for
the seven item scale assigned to teens was .74.

The twelve items were summed to create a total child
care participation score for fathers. The higher the score
the higher the women's perception of father participation in
child care.

Researchmsiun

A descriptive correlational research design was chosen
for this study. Variables were related to each other rather
than trying to determine causation. Husband's participation
in child care was related to women's role satisfaction as a

wife, mother and professional.

20

Data_Anal¥ais

Descriptive statistics were used for summarizing the
personal and demographic attributes of the subjects. Data
processing and analysis included a correlation matrix of the
three role satisfaction scales, (job, parenting and
marriage) and the child care activity scale. The father
participation scores were also divided into categories of
families with preschool and school age children and families
with teenage children.

RESULTS

W

The mean age of women in this sample was 43. The
couples had been married an average of 15 years.- Median
family income was $100,000 to $125,000. All of the women
were employed, 48% were university professors and 52%
business women. Of the 154 Wave V participants, 140 (91%)
were still married to the same husband from Waves I through
IV. The participants reported children ranging in age from
less than 1 year to 18 years of age. The age groups
identified for the study are ages 0 to 5 years (preschool),
ages 6 to 12 years (school age), and ages 13 to 18 (teens)
{There were 59 preschoolers (23%), 159 school age children
(63%), and 36 teens (14%)}.

EaIhgI_2aIIiCiPiIiQnLEQl§_SaLififiantiQn. Descriptive
statistics for father participation and the three roles of

job, marriage, and parenting are reported in Table 1.

21

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Table 1.
{o - . : Q 0‘ ‘ o. o g I.
Mean Min Max Med Std Dev

Job 3.645 1.333 5.000 3.833 .674
Marriage 3.835 1.500 5.000 4.000 .769
Parenting 3.987 2.000 5.000 4.000 .584
Father 2.395 1.083 3.583 2.417 .550
Participation
Inferentialfiatistics

Researgh_Qneatign_£1. The first research question asks

about the possible relationship between women's perception
of father participation in child care and women's
satisfaction in the job role. A Pearson's R correlation was

computed at r=-.05, p=.493. No correlation was found. This
suggests there is not a relationship between women's
perception of father participation in child care and women's
satisfaction in the job role. Although correlation was not
significant it was negative.
WM.

asks about the possible relationship between women's

The second research question

perception of father participation in child care and women's
marriage satisfaction. A Pearson's R correlation matrix was
computed at r=.33, p=.000. This statistically significant,
positive correlation supports the research question

suggesting there is a relationship between father

22
participation and marriage satisfaction. One can conclude
that as women's perception of father participation increases
so does their satisfaction in the role of marriage.

Research_Questign_£3. The third research question asks
about the possible relationship between women's perception
of father participation in child care and women's parenting
satisfaction. A Pearson's R correlation matrix was computed
at r=-.06, p=.462. No correlation was found. This suggests
that there is not a relationship between women's perception
of father's participation in child care and women's
satisfaction in the role of parent. Although not
significant the correlation was negative.

Another statistically significant finding is a positive
relationship between women's marital role satisfaction and
women's parenting role satisfaction. Pearson's R was
computed at r=.266, p=.002. These results suggest that
women who report increased satisfaction in the marriage role
also report increased satisfaction in the parenting role.

The data was then divided into families with only
preschool and school age children and families with only
teenaged children. For the families with only preschool and
school age children a Pearson's R correlation reported
r=.343, p=.000 for women's perception of father
participation in child care and women's satisfaction in the
marriage role. Other statistically significant findings
are: 1) women's satisfaction in the job role and women's

satisfaction in the parent role, r=.253, p=009; and 2)

23
women's satisfaction in the parent role and women's
satisfaction in the marriage role, r=.223, p=.022.

For families with only teenaged children there were no
statistically significant correlations between women's
perception of father participation in child care and women's
satisfaction in the job, marriage and parenting roles. A
relationship between women's satisfaction in the role of
parenting and women's satisfaction in the role of marriage
was again reported r=.405, p=.019.

Summaz¥_of_nesults

Overall there was a statistically significant positive
correlation between women's satisfaction with father
participation in child care and women's satisfaction in the
marriage role. Although correlation does not determine
causation these findings suggest that as women perceive a
high level of father participation in child care their
satisfaction in the marriage role is greater.

A second overall statistically significant positive
correlation, regardless of the ages of the children, is
between women's satisfaction in the parent role and women's
satisfaction in the marriage role. These findings suggest
that women who are satisfied in the parent role are also
satisfied in the marriage role and is versa. One could
conclude that when women perceive their husband's help with
child care is satisfactory they report more satisfaction in
their marriage. One might also conclude that women who are

happy as parents are also happy in marriage. Thus, it may

24
be that, women who are satisfied with the division of labor
in child care enjoy their role as a parent and feel
satisfied in their marriage role.

In families with only preschool and school age children
there is a significant positive correlation between women's
satisfaction in the marriage role and women's perception of
father participation in child care. In families with only
teens no significant relationship between women's perception
of father participation in child care and women's
satisfaction in the marriage role was reported. One might
conclude that as children become more self sufficient,
parenting becomes less task oriented and division of labor
in child care is less of an issue.

The strong positive relationship found in this study
between women's perception of father participation in child
care and women's marital role satisfaction is supported in
the existing literature (Yogev 8 Brett, 1985; Staines 8
Libby, 1986; Hochschild, 1989; Suitor, 1991). McHale and
Crouter (1992) describe women's vulnerability to marital
dissatisfaction when they performed more housework than they
felt they ought to. It would follow that women would also
be more satisfied with their marriage when fathers
participate more in child care.

The mean scores for the job, marriage, and parent
satisfaction scales reflected a relatively high level of

satisfaction in all three roles. Yet further analysis

25
revealed non-significant negative correlations that supports
a trend to decreased satisfaction in the roles of job and
parenting as father participation in certain activities
increased. In support of this finding Tiedje et al. (1990)
reported that women who perceive their roles as conflicting
were less satisfied as parents. Job dissatisfaction is also
related to role conflict (Barnett 8 Baruch, 1988). Further
research is needed to sort out the multiple variables which
impact women's job, marital and parenting satisfaction.
‘DISCUSSION

1' II I' E 5! i

The study has several limitations. The first is that
this is a descriptive study. Women's self-reported
perception of father participation in child care was
assessed rather than observed as actual time spent by
fathers in active child care. Women's report of father
participation may not be an objective account of how much
time fathers actually spend in child care. I

A cross-sectional approach to the study limits results
as analysis was done on data collected from families at one
point in time. The cross-sectional data of this study was
unable to show a potential steady and gradual increase in
father participation in child care that other studies have
documented (Barnett 8 Rivers, 1996). Longitudinal studies
are needed to establish variation in patterns of father

participation over time. The data for this study was taken

26
from a longitudinal study and could lend itself to further
analysis looking at father participation trends.

The sample is made up of mostly white professional
couples. The results are not generalizable to other
cultural groups. .Although, because the study examined
women's perception of father participation in child care and
women's satisfaction in job, marriage and parenting roles,
the instruments could be used in future research with other
cultural groups.

The study was done on relatively affluent families who
may have had discretionary income and resources available
for outside assistance. Despite this, the results may be
carefully interpreted for other dual career couples with
children considering all parents participate in some aspect
of child care.

Another limitation of this study is data only on the
women's perception of the father's involvement in child care
was collected. Father perceptions were not assessed in this
wave of the study.

Future_Research

This study focused on father participation in child
care and did not include household chores. Much of the
literature combines household chores and child care. There
is debate among researchers whether the two should be
separate or not. Hawkins and Roberts (1992) described the
connection between household chores and child care. For

example, bathing a young child Or feeding him/her a bottle

27
may be preceded by scrubbing the bathroom and sterilizing
the bottle. More studies with a distinction between house
work and child care activities need to be done to help
understand how the "family work" is divided. The focus can
then be on how to help redistribute and divide household
chores and child care between husbands and wives to achieve
greater equity.

An attempt to support studies showing a steady, gradual
increase in father participation in child care would be
valuable. A study comparing women's perception of father
participation in child care and women's role satisfaction in
job, marriage, and parenting over Waves I through V could be
done. Another possibility would be to examine the data in
respect to ages of the children in the families to see if
adding children or older children influence father
participation.

Women have been socialized not to expect equity in
child care. Professional women also have not come to expect
equity in household responsibility despite their out-of-home
demands being equal or exceeding that of their husbands
(Wortman, Biernat 8 Lang, 1991). As women's expectations of
husband's participation in child care change there may be
more of an impact on role satisfaction for the women.
Further research on changing expectations and role

satisfaction could yield interesting results.

28
W

The Advanced Practice Nurse,(APN), in primary care, is
in an excellent position to have a positive impact on dual
career couples with children. The primary care APN works
with family members through out the life cycle and as a
clinician, utilizes many roles to assist clients to attain
and maintain optimal mental and physical health.

Prenatal visits offer a chance to begin assessing
current divisions of household labor and assumptions, by the
client, of how that division will change with the addition
of a child. The study findings can be incorporated into
prenatal classes to establish awareness of child care
issues, client's attitudes and how they impact life roles.
The APN can then lead a discussion of ideas and attitudes
surrounding child care participation and encourage
communication and negotiation between spouses.

Well child visits and adult health maintenance exams
are the opportune time to continue the assessment of
division of household labor and father participation in
child care. Guided by growth and development stages of the
children, the APN, as an educator, can incorporate child
care issues surrounding the mother's return to and continued
participation in the workforce. Child growth and
development discussions may also be initiated with fathers
during their health care encounters or when fathers

accompany children for health care.

29

The father participation scale adapted from Barnett and
Baruch (1987) and used in this study, may be used as a quick
assessment tool and updated annually. Both parents may fill
out assessment tools over time. The tools would then become
a permanent part of the client's medical record to allow
other providers to access the information and evaluate child
care participation over time.

Many acute illnesses and chronic health problems can be
brought on or worsened by stress. Dissatisfaction with
multiple roles and husband's participation in child care can
increase stress, exacerbating illness. The APN has the
ability to integrate cues of stress with other physical
findings and important client data to develop diagnoses and
identify needs.

Once the client has identified the need for assistance
in c6ping with multiple roles and division of child care
duties it is important to develop and offer appropriate
interventions as soon as possible. Referrals to parenting
classes that deal with dual career family issues may be
made. The APN can role play, with the client, to help
formulate new approaches to ongoing issues. Follow-up
visits with both spouses present offer opportunity for
counseling. The APN can encourage and facilitate
communication between spouses about child care and role
satisfaction issues. Focusing the discussion on the couple
rather than just the father's involvement reinforces that

change involves all members of the family. Follow-up visits

30
or phone calls between the client and APN are essential to
assess if the interventions are helping and to formulate new
interventions as needed. The father participation tool is
an excellent way to help assess if changes are being made
and interventions are successful. Special consideration for
the families' social structure and cultural forces is
important.

Community awareness of the issues dual career couples
face is important if any changes are to take place.
Presenting findings of the study to local groups such as
PTO's, churches, synagogues, and other parent groups will
increase awareness and provide a foundation for further
discussion and evaluation of child care and role
satisfaction'issues. Along with presenting findings and
facilitating discussion the APN can offer interventions by
helping families identify and redirect the current division
of child care tasks. Other interventions may include
promoting communication between spouses and helping families
identify time for individual, couple and family activities.
Since women are often reluctant to relinquish child care
activities it may be helpful to address the concept of the
”exclusivity of motherhood" phenomenon to help women
normalize their feelings.

The APN's knowledge of family theory is an important
aid in selecting the proper timing and approach to
facilitate the individual's and families' learning and

increasing their ability to cope. It can also serve as a

31
basis to coordinate assistance from other qualified
professionals. Depending on the current situation, it may
be important for the APN to act as a support person for the
client and his/her family undergoing role satisfaction
issues. Health care encounter time can be used to further
assess the best approach to helping a client and his/her
family to cope with multiple roles.

.In the current health care system of HMO's and managed
care the APN must remain focused on outcomes. Helping
clients deal with issues related to dual income families,
such as stress and coping with multiple roles and division
of child care duties, may lead to improved mental and
physical health of families. These outcomes must be
carefully tracked. Potentially decreasing visits to the
primary care provider, physician or APN, thus decreases the
cost of health care over time.

The APN in primary care can assist in nursing research
by identifying dual career families within their practice
and assessing for women's and men's satisfaction in the job,
parent and marital roles along with perception of father
participation in child care. The scales from this study can
easily be used or adapted. The scales can be used as data
for a study to track changes overtime and look for trends in
the individual's scale over time. Recognizing that
parenting changes are slow, long term assessment is needed
to examine if interventions helped. .New interventions may

then be formulated as needed. The data may also be used to

32
formulate new questions such as, Does satisfaction in
marriage, job and parenting change as the child gets older?.

The number of families with two working parents
continues to increase. The daily stresses associated with
dual income families will continue to affect the physical
and mental health of the family members. The APN must
continue to take a holistic approach to their client's
health and act as a role model and change agent for other
primary care providers. The APN can present the findings of
this study along with easily accessible interventions, such
as local parenting classes, articles or books, to local
physicians at grand rounds and with other APN's at the
quarterly NP meetings. This will encourage identification
of families who may benefit from further assessment and
facilitate access to interventions dealing with child care
and life role satisfaction issues. Publishing in scholarly
journals and lay magazines targeting working mothers and
young families will also increase awareness.

By presenting findings to local companies the APN can
advocate for companies to increase support for and make
policy changes for working parents. Supporting job sharing,
sick child day care or time off to care for sick children,
as well as flexible hours can lead to more satisfied and
productive employees. On a state and federal level, the
APN, can work with local congressman and representatives to
make changes in legislation that recognize families needs

such as the FMLA.

33

The number of dual career couples with children
continues to grow and traditional family roles are changing.
The results of this study suggest that as women report
increased satisfaction in their marital role they perceive
increased father participation in child care. The results
also suggest that women who are satisfied in the parenting
role are also satisfied in the marital role. More research
needs to be done to further understand how "family work" is
divided, if changes are occurring over time and how changes
are impacting women's role satisfaction. The Advanced
Practice Nurse in Primary Care is in a position to be able
to assess families for division of household labor and child
care and determine need for intervention in this area;
educate families, society, businesses and other primary care
providers about women's role satisfaction and father
participation in child care; and assist in further research
by collecting data, over time, using the scales from this
study when assessing families. With further understanding
of dual career families division of child care and it's
impact on women's role satisfaction more education can
occur. Awareness of issues surrounding dual career families
may allow for slow change. Over time the dual career family
may be regarded as the traditional family within our

society.

 

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LIST OF REFERENCES

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Psycholos¥1_51(5). 933'992-

Barnett, R. C., 8 Baruch, G. K. (1987a). Determinants
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W. 29-40.

Barnett, R. C., 8 Baruch, G. K. (1987b). Mother's
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F. A. Crosby (Ed). MW
multinlmles (pp- 91-108)

Barnett. R. C., 8 Baruch, G. K. (1988). Correlates of
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Barnett, R. C., 8 Rivers, C. (1996). Shg_wgzks+_ne

bettgz_gff1 San Francisco, Harper.

Benin, M. H., 8 Agostinelli, J. (1988). Husbands' and
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Blaisure, K. R., 8 Allen, K. R. (1995). Feminists and
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Bolger, N., DeLongis, A., Kessler, R. C., 8 Wethington,
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WW1 175-182 -

Bolger, N., DeLongis, A., Kessler, R. C., 8 Wethington,
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Win. New York: Plenum.

34

35

Brayfield, A. (1992). Employment resources and
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Brayfield, A. (1995). Joggling jobs and kids: The
impact of employment schedules on fathers' caring for
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Broman, C. (1988). Household work and family life
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59, 743-748.

Cronenwett, L. R., Sampselle, C., 8 Wilson, W. (1988)
The child care activities scale and parental role preference

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Crouter, A. C., Perry-Jenkins, M., Huston, T. L., 8
McHale, S. M. (1987). Processes underlying father
involvement in dual-earner and single-earner families.

Dexeloomental_£s¥cholos¥+_23(3). 431-440-

Darling-Fisher, C. S., 8 Tiedje,-L. B. (1990). The
impact of maternal employment characteristics on fathers'

participation in child care. £amlly_nelatlgn§+_12, 20-26.

Demo, D. H., 8 Acock, A. C. (1993). Family diversity
and the division of domestic labor: How much have things

really changed? £am11¥_Relationsl_Az.. 323- -331.

Ferree, M. M. (1988). Beyond separate spheres: Feminism
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886-884.

Gonot, P. J. (1983). Imogene M. King: A theory for
nursing. In J. Fitzpatrick 8 A. Whall (Eds. ), Conceptual
(pp. 221-243).
Maryland: Prentice-Hall.

Gove, W. R. 8 Zeiss, C. (1987). Multiple roles and
happiness. In F. J. Crosby (Ed),

Snousel_2arent1_norkeri_0n
aender_and_multinlelroles (pp. 125-137). New Haven, Yale

University Press.

Hawkins, A. J. 8 Roberts, T. (1992). Designing a
primary intervention to help dual-earner couples share

housework and child care. Family_Relatignsl_Al, 169- 177.

Hock, E, McBride, S. L. 8 Gnezda, M. T. (1989).
Maternal separation anxiety: Mother-infant separation from

the maternal Perspective. Child_DexelQPm£nt1_§Q. 793-302-

Hochechild. A- (1989). The_second_shift. New York:
Viking.

36

Hoffman, L. W. (1983). Increased fathering: effects on
the mother. In M. E. Lamb 8 A. Sagi (Eds), £atharhggd_and

famil¥_nolic¥ (PP. 167-190). Hillsdale, N.J.: Lawrence
Erlbaum.

King. I. M. (1981). Toward_a_theor¥_of_nursins (p. 11).
New York, John Wiley 8 Sons, Inc.

Krause, N. 8 Markides, K. (1985). Employment and
psychological well-being in Mexican-American women. Jaurnal
of_Hea1th_and_Socia1_Behaxior1_26. 15-26.

McHale, S. M. 8 Crouter, A. C. (1992). You can't always
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, 537- -547.

, Mederer, H. J. (1993). Division of labor in two-career
homes: Task accomplishment versus house hold management as
critical variables in perceptions about family work. lguznal

of_Harriase.and_the_2amil¥1_5§. 133-145.

Mirande, A. (1988). Chicano father, traditional
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Cowan (Eds). Eatherhood_toda¥1_nenls_chansinn_role_in_the
fam11¥.(PP- 93-105).

Montemayor, R. (1982). The relationship between
parent-adolescent conflict and the amount of time

adolescents spend alone or with peers. thld_naualgumgntl
51, 1515-1519. ,

Orbuch, T. L., 8 Custer, L. (1995). The social context
of married women's work and its impact on black and white

husbands. Journal_of_Harriaue_and_the_famil¥1_§1. 333-345.

Paden, S. L., 8 Buehler, C. (1995). Coping with the

duel-income lifestyle. Journal_of_Harriase_and_the_£amil¥1
51, 101-110.

Pearlin, L. I., 8 Schooler, C. (1978). The structure of
ceping. Iournal_of_Health_and_Social_Beha!iQII_12. 2- 12.

Peterson, R., 8 Gerson, K. (1992). Determinants of
responsibility for child care arrangements among dual-earner

couples. Iournal_of_Harriase_and_the_£amil¥1_5$. 527-536.

Pleck. J. (1985). Hork1ns_nixesi_uorkinu_husbandsl
Beverly Hills, CA: Sage.

SchwartZ. P. (1994).2eer_marriase1_nou_1oxe_betueen
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37

Staines, G. L., 8 Libby, P. L. (1986L Men and women in
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o .
00 01.8 00: w

W (pp. 211-258). New York:

Academic Press.

Staines, G. L., Pottick, K. J., 8 Fudge, D. A. (1985).
The effects of wives' employment on husbands' job and life

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Suitor, J. J. (1991L Marital quality and satisfaction
with the division of household labor across the family life

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Tiedje, L. B., 8 Darling-Fisher, C. S. (1993). Factors
that influence fathers' participation in child care. Haalth

WW. 99-107.

Tiedje, L. B. , Wortman, C. 8., Downey, G., Emmons, C.,
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San
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satisfaction. WW. 609-

618.

APPENDIX A

38

4. Section LRS: LIFE ROLES SATISFACTION

LRSl. Now I’d like you to think about all the good points and bad points that

characterize your day-to—day job. Taking everything into consideration, during the past

 

month how often did you:
Never or " Always or
- Almost Rarely Sorrctirms Often Almost
Never Always
(l) (2) (3) (4) (5)

 

LRSla. ...feel happy in your job?

 

LRSlb. ...feel satisfied in your job?

 

LRSlc. ...feel frustrated or angry in
your job?

 

LRSld. ...enjoy yoursdf in your job?

 

LRSle. ...feel insecure in your job?

 

LRSlf. ...feel unhappy in your job?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

39

LRSZ. l’d like you to think about all the pleasures and problems that go into daily life
with your husband. Taking everything into consideration, during the 21513191313, how

often have you :

 

Never or _ Always or
Almost Rarely Sommrms Often Almost
Never Always
( 1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

 

LRSZa. ...felt happy in your marriage?

 

LRSZb. ...fe1t satisfied in your marriage?

 

LRSZc. ...felt frustrated or angry in
your marriage? ~

 

LRSZd. ...enjoyed yourself in your
marriage? '

 

LRSZe. ...felt insecure in your marriage?

 

LRSZf. ...felt unhappy in your marriage?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

LRS3. Now I'd like you to think about all the pleasures and problems that go with
parenting. Taking everything into consideration, during the 2mm, how often has

parenting made you:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

Never or . Always or
m Rarely Sorrmmts Often Almost
Never Always
(l) (2) (3) (4) (5)

LRSSa. ...feel happy?

LRSBb. ...feel satisfied?

LRS3c. ...feel frustrated or angry?

LRS3d. ...enjoy yourself?

LRSBe. ...feel insecure?

LRS3f. ...feel unhappy?

 

 

 

APPENDIX B

40

P3. We are interested in how child care activities get divided up in your family. Place an
"X" in the box that best answers the question; When your child(ren) are at home

with you and your husband...

 

Wife Wife 80th Husband Husband
Much More About More Much
More than than the Same than More than
Husband Husband Wife Wife

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5)

 

P3a. Who cares for your child(rcn)’s
physical needs. things like bathing.
dressing. feeding. and putting your
child(rcn) to bed?

 

P3b. Who teaches your child(tcn) Skills
and things about the world?

 

P3c. Who gets up during the night when
your child(ren) have difficulty sleeping?

 

P3d. Who plays interacrivcly with your
child(rcn)?

 

P3a. Who Stays home when your
child(rcn) get sick?

 

P3f. Who responds when your child(ren)
ask for something?

 

P3g. Who makes alternate arrangements
when a child care provider/babysitter
cancels on short notice?

 

P3h Who drives your child(rcn) to
daycare, school, or other aetivitics?

 

P3i. Who plans and puts on birthday and
other parties?

 

P3}. Who takes an aetivc part as den
leader. coach. Sunday School teacher.
etc?

 

P3k. Who takes kids to the zoo. museums.
ball games. ice skating. etc?

 

P31. Who “hangs out" with your
child(rcn): watching TV. reading and
talking to them; jusr being with them?

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

APPENDIX C

 

OHKIOF
RESEARCH
AND
GRADUATE
STUDIES

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41

MICHIGAN STATE

UNIVERSITY

February 19, 1996

 

TO: Linda Beth Tiedje . _
A-23O Life Seiences Building

RE: IRBfl: 96-059
TITLE: MULTIPLE ROLE WOMEN: A FOLLOW UP
REVISION REQUESTED: N/A
CATEGORY: l-C
APPROVAL DATE: 02/19/96

The University Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects'(UCRIHS)
reView of this prOJect is,complete.~ I am pleased to adVise that the
rights and welfare of the human subjects appear to be adequately
protected and methods to obtain informed consent are appropriate.
gerefore, the UCRIHS approved this progect and any revisions listed
a 0V8.

RENEWAL: UCRIHS approval is valid for one calendar year, beginning with
the approval date shown above. Investigators planning to
continue a progeet beyond one year must use the green renewal
form (enclosed with t e original agproval letter or when a
project is renewed) to seek u te certification. There is a
maXimum of four such expedite renewals possible. Investigators
wishing to continue a progect beyond that time need to submit it
again or complete reView.

REVISIONS: UCRIHS must review any ehanges in procedures involving human
subjects, rior to initiation of t e change. If this is done at
the time o renewal, please use the green renewal form. To
revise an approved protocol at an other time during the year,
send your written request to the. CRIBS Chair, requesting revised
approval and referenCing the progect's IRB # and title._ Include
in your request a description of the change and any reVised
instruments, consent forms or advertisements that are applicable.

PROBLEMS

CHANGES: Should_either of the followin arise during the course of the
work, investigators must noti UCRIHS promptly: $1) roblems
(unexpected side effects, comp aints, etc.) involVing uman
subjects or (2) changes in the research environment or new
information indicating greater risk to the human sub ects than
eXisted when the protocol was previously reviewed an approved.

If we can be of any future help, lease do not hesitate to contact us
at (517)355-2180 or FAX ($17)4 2- 171.

Sincerely,

 
   
 

vid E. Wright, Ph.D.
UCRIHS Chair

APPENDIX D

 

OFFICE OF
RESEARCH
AND
GRADUATE
STUDIES

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FAX: 517/432-1171

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112

MICHIGAN STATE
u N l v E R s I T Y

May 1, 1996

 

To; Darcey A. Owings
459 Burr Oak Dr.
Ann Arbor, MI 48103

RE: IRB3: 96-273

TITLE: HOW FATHER'S PARTICIPATION IN CHILD CARE
INFLUENCES WOMEN‘S ROLE SATISFACTION AS WIFE,
PARENT AND PROFESSIONAL: SECONDARY ANALYSIS OF
MULTIPLE ROLE WOMEN DATA

REVISION REQUESTED: N/A

CATEGORY: , l-E

APPROVAL DATE: 05/01/96

The University Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects'(UCRIHS)
review of this project is complete._ I am pleased to advise that the
rights and welfare of the human subjects appear to be adequately

rotected and methods to obtain informed consent are appropriate.
gherefore, the UCRIHS approved this project and any reViSions listed
above.

RENEWAL:_ UCRIHS approval is valid for one calendar year, beginning with
the approval date shown above. Investigators planning to
continue a pr03ect beyond one year must use the green renewal
form (enclosed with t e original agproval letter or when a
project is renewed) to seek u date certification. There is a
maXimum of four such expedite renewals possible. Investigators
wishing to continue a preject beyond that time need to submit it
again or complete reView.

REVISIONS: UCRIHS must review any ehanges in procedures involving human
subjects, rior to initiation of t e change. If this is done at
the time o renewal, please use the green renewal form. To
revise an approved protocol at an 0 her time during the year,
send your written request to the. CRIHS Chair, requesting reVised
approval and referenCing the prOJect's IRB # and title. Include
in your request a description of the change and any revised
instruments, consent forms or advertisements that are applicable.

paostsns/ , , . ,

CKANGRS: Should_either of the followin arise during the course of the
work, investigators must noti UCRIHS promptly: (1) roblems
(unexpected Side effects, comp aints, etc.) involving uman
subjects or (2) changes in the research environment or new
information indicating greater risk to the human sub ects than
existed when the protocol was-previously reViewed an approved.

If we can be of any future heir, lease do not hesitate to contact us
at (517)355-2180 or FAX (517)452- 171.

Q
I
I,

avid E. Wright, Ph.
UCRIHS Chair

DEW:bed

Sincerel

cc: Linda Beth Tiedje

APPENDIX E

43

PARTICIPANT INFORMED CONSENT
Stress and Coping Among Women Professionals
Institute for Social Research

University of Michigan

I understand that the Institute for Social Research
wants to study stress and coping in married women
professionals who have small children. I understand that I
will be interViewed four times over the course of the study
about the problems I encounter in being a professional, a
wife, and a mother, how I view these problems and how I
manage them. I understand that my participation in this
study is completely voluntary, and that I may withdraw from
the study at any time. In addition, I understand that if I
do not wish to answer a particular question, I may refuse to

do so.

If I have any concerns or questions about the study, I
understand that I may contact Dr. Carol Emmons at (313)763'
4475 or Dr. Camille Wortman at (313)763-2359, and they will
try to answer my questions to my satisfaction. Finally, I
understand that the Institute for-Social Research will keep
all information completely confidential. Neither the
National Science Foundation (NSF) nor any other agency,
organization or academic institution will obtain information
about individual respondents. NSF will, however, be
provided with a final report with statistical.data from
everyone combined. '

Respondent's Name (please print):

 

Respondent's Signature:

 

 

witness:

Date:

 

ucnIHs APPROVAL FOR
nus project amass:

FEB 1 9 1997

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